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11942767 | Reference signs:10, fan;20, take-up and pay-off main machine;30, connecting hose;40, ventilation bin;50, wire wheel bin;60, electrical bin;70, fan connector;80, hose connector;90, wire inlet;100, wire outlet;110, wire wheel;120, strong wire;500, partition plate;130, wire wheel driving device;140, take-up state induction mechanism;150, bent pipe converging device;160, first rotating shaft;170, bent pipe converging device lifting spring;180, first microswitch;190, transmission shaft;200, take-up motor;210, driven gear;220, driving gear;230, motor base;240, clutch motor;250, spiral shaft;260, spiral sleeve;270, fin;280, clamping groove;290, tension spring;300, stand column;310, first electromagnet;320, brake pad;330, brake pad reset pull rod;340, first pull block;350, torsion spring;360, torsion spring mounting groove;370, groove cover;380, three-gear adjusting operation button;390, power supply conversion module;400, second microswitch;410, third microswitch;420, capacitor;430, first direct-current relay;4301, second electromagnet;4302, first contact switch;440, second direct-current relay;4401, third electromagnet;4402, second contact switch;450, third direct-current relay;4501, fourth electromagnet;4502, third contact switch;460, handle assembly;470, air opening pipe;480, pipe nozzle;490, D-shaped buckle; and530, observation window. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS The following clearly and completely describes the technical scheme in the embodiments of the present disclosure with reference to the attached figures in the embodiments of the present disclosure. Apparently, the described embodiments are merely a part rather than all of the embodiments of the present disclosure. Based on the embodiment in the present disclosure, all other embodiments obtained by the ordinary technical staff in the art under the premise of without contributing creative labor belong to the scope protected by the present disclosure. Referring toFIG.1, the present disclosure provides a threading device suitable for a building electrical pipeline, and the threading device comprises a fan10, a take-up and pay-off main machine20and a connecting hose30. Referring toFIG.2, the take-up and pay-off main machine20comprises a ventilation bin40, a wire wheel bin50and an electrical bin60; the ventilation bin40is arranged above the wire wheel bin50, a fan connector70and a hose connector80are arranged on the ventilation bin40, an air channel communicating with the fan connector70and the hose connector80is arranged in the ventilation bin40, the connecting hose30is connected with the hose connector80, and the fan10is connected with the fan connector70; a wire inlet90is formed in the side wall of the ventilation bin40, a wire outlet100of the wire wheel bin50communicates with the wire inlet90of the ventilation bin40, a wire wheel110is arranged in the wire wheel bin50, and a strong wire120is wound on the wire wheel110; the electrical bin60is tightly attached to the wire wheel bin50, the electrical bin60and the wire wheel bin50are separated through a partition plate500, the electrical bin60and the wire wheel bin50are designed to be separated, and later maintenance is facilitated. Referring toFIG.3, a wire wheel driving device130is arranged in the electrical bin60, and the wire wheel driving device130is used for driving the wire wheel110to rotate to take up wires when the threading device is in a take-up mode. Referring toFIG.4, a take-up state induction mechanism140is arranged in the ventilation bin40. Referring toFIG.5, the take-up state induction mechanism140comprises a bent pipe converging device150; the two ends of the bent pipe converging device150face the hose connector80and the wire inlet90respectively, namely, the bent pipe converging device150is bent in the direction of the wire wheel bin50, the end, facing the hose connector80, of the bent pipe converging device150is rotatably connected with the inner wall of the ventilation bin40through a first rotating shaft160, a bent pipe converging device lifting spring170is arranged on the first rotating shaft160, a first microswitch180is arranged in the wire outlet100of the wire wheel bin50, and the first microswitch180is connected to a power supply line of the wire wheel driving device130; in the present embodiment, the bent pipe converging device150comprises a large opening end and a small opening end, the small opening end is connected with the first rotating shaft160in a manner that a notch is formed in the middle of the first rotating shaft160in a bent manner, and the small opening end is clamped in the notch; the bent pipe converging device lifting spring170is a torsion spring, the bent pipe converging device lifting spring170is connected to the first rotating shaft160in a stringing manner, one end of the bent pipe converging device lifting spring170is inserted into the inner wall of the ventilation bin40, a hook is formed at one end of the bent pipe converging device lifting spring170, the hook is hung on the small opening end, the large opening end is inserted into the wire inlet90, the wire inlet90is large enough to ensure that the bent pipe converging device150has a sufficient rotation angle. A wiring channel is arranged in the bent pipe converging device150, and a wire end of the strong wire120penetrates through the wiring channel and penetrates out of a pipe opening of the connecting hose30; when the strong wire120is tightened, the bent pipe converging device150rotates around the first rotating shaft160and makes contact with the first microswitch180, the first microswitch180is disconnected with the power supply line of the wire wheel driving device130, and the wire wheel driving device130stops running; and when the strong wire120is loosened, the bent pipe converging device150is driven by the bent pipe converging device lifting spring170to reset, and the first microswitch180is connected with the power supply line of the wire wheel driving device130. In the present embodiment, the strong wire120is then tightened to a certain degree to drive the bent pipe converging device150to make contact with the first microswitch180, and the tightening degree of the strong wire120can be achieved by replacing the bent pipe converging device lifting spring170with a different elasticity coefficient. A take-up state induction mechanism mainly composed of a bent pipe converging device150, a first rotating shaft160, a bent pipe converging device lifting spring170and a first microswitch180is creatively arranged in a ventilation bin40; when a strong wire120is tightened, the bent pipe converging device150is easy to rotate along with tightening of the strong wire120, and the strong wire120makes contact with the first microswitch180in time when being tightened, so that the first microswitch180can be disconnected with a power supply line of a wire wheel driving device130in time, the wire wheel driving device130stops running, and the wheel driving device130is prevented from being damaged; and after the strong wire120is loosened, the bent pipe converging device150can automatically return under the action of the bent pipe converging device lifting spring170, and the take-up state of a wire wheel110is recovered. Referring toFIG.3, in an optional mode of execution in the present disclosure, the wire wheel driving device130comprises a transmission shaft190and a take-up motor200, the transmission shaft190penetrates through the partition plate500, one end of the transmission shaft190is connected with the wire wheel110, and a driven gear210is arranged at the other end of the transmission shaft190; and a driving gear220is arranged on the take-up motor200. In the present disclosure, the diameter of the driving gear220is larger than that of the driven gear210, the take-up speed of the wire wheel110can be adjusted by adjusting the diameter ratio between the driving gear220and the driven gear210, and the diameter of the driving gear220is larger than that of the driven gear210, so that a certain speed reduction effect can be achieved, and the wire wheel110is prevented from taking up too quickly. Referring toFIG.6andFIG.7, in an optional mode of execution in the present disclosure, a wire wheel driving clutch control device is further arranged in the electrical bin60and comprises a motor base230and a motor base pushing mechanism; the motor base230is rotatably connected to the partition plate500; the motor base pushing mechanism comprises a clutch motor240, a spiral shaft250connected with the clutch motor240and a spiral sleeve260arranged on the spiral shaft250in a sleeving mode; and the motor base pushing mechanism can be replaced by a screw rod motor or a linear motor, the spiral sleeve260is provided with a fin270, a clamping groove280is formed in the motor base230, and the fin270is clamped into the clamping groove280. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the motor base230is arranged on the right side of the transmission shaft190, the motor base pushing mechanism is arranged on the lower side of the transmission shaft190, the fin270extends into the clamping groove280, and the fin270and the clamping groove280are slidable. Referring toFIG.6, in an optional mode of execution in the present disclosure, the wire wheel driving clutch control device further comprises a tension spring290, a stand column300is arranged on the portion, close to the motor base pushing mechanism, of the partition plate500, one end of the tension spring290is connected with the stand column300, the stand column300can be a screw, the tension spring290is hooked on the motor base230, and the tension spring290is used for pulling the clamping groove280in the motor base230to rotate towards the fin270. In the present embodiment, there is no fixation between the fin270and the clamping groove280, and the tension spring290is arranged on the partition plate500to tightly connect the fin270and the clamping groove280. Referring toFIG.6andFIG.7, in an optional mode of execution in the present disclosure, brake assemblies are further arranged in the electrical bin60and comprise a first electromagnet310and a brake pad320, the transmission shaft190sequentially penetrates through the first electromagnet310and the brake pad320, the first electromagnet310is fixedly arranged on the partition plate500, the brake pad320is slidably arranged on the transmission shaft190, a brake pad reset pull rod330is arranged on the transmission shaft190, a first pull block340and a second pull block are symmetrically arranged on the periphery of the brake pad320, and the two ends of the brake pad reset pull rod330are connected with the first pull block340and the second pull block respectively. In the present embodiment, the first electromagnet310attracts the brake pad320to slide downwards after being powered on, the brake pad320enables the transmission shaft190to stop rotating through friction with the first electromagnet310, and after the first electromagnet310is powered off, the brake pad320is separated from the first electromagnet310under driving of the brake pad reset pull rod330. Referring toFIG.2, in an optional mode of execution in the present disclosure, a drive buffer mechanism is arranged between the wire wheel110and the transmission shaft190, the drive buffer mechanism comprises a torsion spring350, a torsion spring mounting groove360is formed in the center of the wire wheel110, a groove cover370is arranged at a groove opening of the torsion spring mounting groove360, and the groove cover370is fixedly connected with the wire wheel110; the torsion spring350is arranged in the torsion spring mounting groove360, the transmission shaft190sequentially penetrates through the groove bottom of the torsion spring mounting groove360, the torsion spring350and the groove cover370, and the groove bottom and the groove cover370are movably connected with the transmission shaft190; one end of the torsion spring350is connected with the transmission shaft190, the other end of the torsion spring350is connected with the groove cover370, and transmission force of the transmission shaft190is transmitted to the wire wheel110through the torsion spring350. In the present embodiment, the transmission shaft190and the wire wheel110are in buffer connection, and the buffer connection has the advantages that after the power failure of the take-up motor200is triggered by the strong wire120, the rotational inertia of the take-up motor200can be resolved by the torsion spring350, the transmission shaft190can rotate due to the inertia, and the wire wheel110can be stopped immediately, so that the phenomenon that the strong wire120is embedded in the wire wheel110and consequently paying off is difficult is avoided. Referring toFIG.8, in an optional mode of execution in the present disclosure, the take-up and pay-off main machine20further comprises a take-up and pay-off switch circuit, the take-up and pay-off switch circuit comprises a three-gear adjusting operation button380, a power supply conversion module390, the first microswitch180, a second microswitch400, a third microswitch410, the first electromagnet310, the fan10, the take-up motor200, the clutch motor240, a capacitor420, a first direct-current relay430, a second direct-current relay440and a third direct-current relay450; the three-gear adjusting operation button380has a threading gear, a standby gear and a take-up gear; and in the present embodiment, the three-gear adjusting operation button380is a boat-shaped button, the three-gear adjusting operation button380is located at the threading gear when being pressed forwards and is located at the take-up gear when being pressed backwards, and the three-gear adjusting operation button380automatically returns to the standby gear after being loosened. Referring toFIG.8, when the three-gear adjusting operation button380is located at the threading gear, the fan10is connected with an external power supply, the first direct-current relay430is connected with an internal power supply subjected to voltage reduction through the power supply conversion module390, a second electromagnet4301of the first direct-current relay430is powered on, and the second electromagnet4301is converted to enable a first contact switch4302of the first direct-current relay430to be switched on the capacitor420. Referring toFIG.8, the three-gear adjusting operation button380is converted to the standby gear from the threading gear, the fan10is powered off, the first direct-current relay430is also powered off, the first contact switch4302of the first direct-current relay430is changed to enable the capacitor420and the first electromagnet circuit310to be connected, and the first electromagnet310attracts the brake pad320to enable the transmission shaft190to stop rotating; and the capacitor420discharges electricity to the first electromagnet310until electric energy is completely released, the first electromagnet310loses the attraction force to release the brake pad320, and the brake pad320resets under the action of the brake pad reset pull rod330, so that the transmission shaft190restores a free state. Referring toFIG.8, when the three-gear adjusting operation button380is switched to the take-up gear from the standby gear, the take-up motor200is connected with the internal power supply subjected to voltage reduction through the power supply conversion module390; the second direct-current relay440and the third direct-current relay450are also connected with the internal power supply subjected to voltage reduction through the power supply conversion module390, a third electromagnet4401of the second direct-current relay440is powered on, a fourth electromagnet4501of the third direct-current relay450is powered on, a second contact switch4402of the second direct-current relay440is converted to enable a positive electrode of the clutch motor240to be connected to a negative electrode of the internal power supply, a third contact switch4502of the third direct-current relay450is converted to enable a negative electrode of the clutch motor240to be connected to a positive electrode of the internal power supply, the clutch motor240rotates backwards, the motor base230is driven by the tension spring290to drive the driving gear220on the take-up motor200to be meshed with the driven gear210on the transmission shaft190, after the driving gear220is meshed with the driven gear210, the second microswitch400makes contact with the motor base230, the second microswitch400disconnects the connection between the positive electrode of the clutch motor240and the negative electrode of the internal power supply, and the clutch motor240is powered off and stops running. Referring toFIG.8, when the three-gear adjusting operation button380is switched to the standby gear from the take-up gear, the take-up motor is powered off and stops running; and the second direct-current relay440and the third direct-current relay450are also powered off, the second contact switch4402of the second direct-current relay40is converted to enable the positive electrode of the clutch motor240to be connected to the positive electrode of the internal power supply, the third contact switch4502of the third direct-current relay450is converted to enable the negative electrode of the clutch motor240to be connected to the negative electrode of the internal power supply, the clutch motor240rotates forwards, the motor base230is driven by the motor base230pushing mechanism to enable the driving gear220on the take-up motor200to be separated from the driven gear210on the transmission shaft190, after the driving gear220and the driven gear210are separated to a certain distance, the third microswitch410makes contact with the motor base230, the third microswitch410disconnects the connection between the negative electrode of the clutch motor240and the negative electrode of the internal power supply, and the clutch motor230is powered off and stops running. Referring toFIG.1andFIG.3, in an optional mode of execution in the present disclosure, the power supply conversion module390, the second microswitch400, the third microswitch410, the capacitor420, the first direct-current relay430, the second direct-current relay440and the third direct-current relay450are all arranged in the electrical bin60, a handle assembly460is connected between the electrical bin60and the fan, and the three-gear adjusting operation button380is arranged on the handle assembly460. Referring toFIG.1andFIG.4, in an optional mode of execution in the present disclosure, an observation window530is formed in the wire wheel bin50at the wire outlet100, and a transparent and openable window cover is arranged on the observation window530. The observation window530is convenient for observing the storage condition of the wire wheel of the main machine and the working condition of the first microswitch180, and the observation window530can be quickly detached, so that small faults such as entanglement of the strong wire120and the like are convenient to maintain. Referring toFIG.1, in an optional mode of execution in the present disclosure, the pipe opening of the connecting hose30is rotatably connected with an air opening pipe470, the threading device further comprises at least one pipe nozzle480, and the pipe nozzle480is detachably connected with a pipe opening of the air opening pipe470. In the present embodiment, the air opening pipe470can replace the pipe nozzle480to meet the threading requirements of different pipe types and different pipe diameters in different application scenes. The operation of the threading device is briefly described as follows: during threading, a connecting hose30is aligned to a pipeline opening, a three-gear adjusting operation button380is pressed to a threading gear, a fan10is electrified to work, a strong wire120is blown by wind power to enter a pipeline and penetrate out of the other end of the pipeline, the three-gear adjusting operation button380is released, and the threading device immediately stops running; during take-up, an electric wire is hung on a wire ring of the strong wire120at the other end of the pipeline, the three-gear adjusting operation button380is pressed down to a take-up gear, a take-up motor200in a take-up and pay-off main machine20is electrified to work, the strong wire120starts to be automatically taken back, the strong wire120can be pulled back through manual assistance in the take-up process, the electric wire is driven to penetrate through the pipeline, and when the strong wire120is tightened, a bent pipe converging device150rotates to make contact with the first microswitch180, the take-up motor200is disconnected with an internal power supply, the take-up motor200automatically stops, and therefore the purpose that the take-up motor200automatically stores the strong wire120is achieved. Referring toFIG.1, in an optional mode of execution in the present disclosure, D-shaped buckles490are arranged on the ventilation bin40and the fan. In the present embodiment, shoulder straps are connected between the D-shaped buckles490in the present disclosure, so that the threading device is convenient to carry and use. In conclusion, disclosed is a threading device suitable for a building electrical pipeline. The threading device comprises a fan, a take-up and pay-off main machine and a connecting hose. A take-up state induction mechanism mainly composed of a bent pipe converging device, a first rotating shaft, a bent pipe converging device lifting spring and a first microswitch is creatively arranged in a ventilation bin; when a strong wire is tightened, the bent pipe converging device is easy to rotate along with tightening of the strong wire, and the strong wire makes contact with the first microswitch in time when being tightened, so that the first microswitch can be disconnected with a power supply line of a wire wheel driving device in time, the wire wheel driving device stops running, and the wheel driving device is prevented from being damaged; and after the strong wire is loosened, the bent pipe converging device can automatically return under the action of the bent pipe converging device lifting spring, and the take-up state of a wire wheel is recovered. It needs to be noted that in this specification, relational terms such as “first” and “second” are only used to distinguish one entity or operation from another, and do not necessarily require or imply that any actual relationship or sequence exists between these entities or operations. Moreover, the terms “include”, “comprise”, or their any other variants are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, so that a process, a method, an article, or a device that includes a list of elements not only includes those elements but also includes other elements that are not expressly listed, or further includes elements inherent to such a process, method, article, or device. Finally, it should be noted that the above description is merely a preferred example of the present disclosure and is not intended to limit the present disclosure. Although the present disclosure is described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they may still make modifications to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments or make equivalent replacements to some technical features thereof. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made without departing from the spirit and principle of the present disclosure shall fall within the protection scope of the present disclosure. | 23,667 |
11942768 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS First, embodiments of the present disclosure will be listed and described. A wire cover according to the present disclosure is as follows. First Aspect In a first aspect, a wire cover that holds a bent section of an electric wire, the wire cover including: an inner cover member that includes an inner cover body that covers the bent section from an inner peripheral side thereof, a first inner attachment portion provided at one end portion of the inner cover body, and a second inner attachment portion provided at the other end portion of the inner cover body, and an outer cover member that includes an outer cover body that covers the bent section from an outer peripheral side thereof, a first outer attachment portion provided at one end portion of the outer cover body, and a second outer attachment portion provided at the other end portion of the outer cover body, the inner cover member and the outer cover member are fixed through attachment of a first attachment portion that includes the first inner attachment portion and the first outer attachment portion and a second attachment portion that includes the second inner attachment portion and the second outer attachment portion, the one end portion of the inner cover body and the one end portion of the outer cover body sandwich the electric wire along a first direction, the other end portion of the inner cover body and the other end portion of the outer cover body sandwich the electric wire along a second direction that intersects the first direction, the first attachment portion and the second attachment portion are positioned outward of a surface of the inner cover body on the innermost side of the bent section or inward of a surface of the outer cover body on the outermost side of the bent section when observed from a third direction that intersects a plane that includes the first direction and the second direction, and the inner cover member and the outer cover member move relative to each other along the first direction such that the first attachment portion and the second attachment portion are attached to the inner cover member and the outer cover member. In the wire cover that holds the bent section of the electric wire, the first attachment portion and the second attachment portion are provided bypassing regions on the inner side and outer side of the bent section. For this reason, it is possible to secure a space on at least one of the inner side and the outer side of the bent section. Second Aspect In a second aspect, the wire cover according to the first aspect, at the one end portions that include the first attachment portion, the inner cover member and the outer cover member may engage with each other in all of the first direction, the second direction, and the third direction, and, at the other end portions that include the second attachment portion, the inner cover member and the outer cover member may overlap each other in the second direction and the third direction, and engage with each other in the second direction and the third direction of the first direction, the second direction, and the third direction. Accordingly, the inner cover member and the outer cover member can be easily fixed using the first attachment portion and the second attachment portion. Third Aspect In a third aspect, the wire cover according to the second aspect, at the other end portions that include the second attachment portion, the inner cover member and the outer cover member may overlap each other to form a three-or-more-layered structure along the second direction and the third direction. Accordingly, the second attachment portion is unlikely to open in the second direction and the third direction. Fourth Aspect In a fourth aspect, the wire cover according to the third aspect, at the other end portions that include the second attachment portion, the inner cover member and the outer cover member may overlap each other to form a four-or-more-layered structure along the second direction and the third direction. Accordingly, the second attachment portion is even less likely to open in the second direction and the third direction. Fifth Aspect In a fifth aspect, the wire cover according to any one of the first to the fourth aspects, a mount portion that is fitted into a rear end portion of a connector may be provided at one of the one end portion and the other end portion of the inner cover body and the outer cover body. Accordingly, the wire cover can be mounted to the connector, and hold the bent section of the electric wire extending from the connector. Sixth Aspect In a sixth aspect, the wire cover according to any one of the second to the fourth aspect, a mount portion that is fitted into a rear end portion of a connector may be provided at the one end portion of the inner cover body and the outer cover body, the mount portion may include an internal groove formed in an inner surface of the inner cover body and an external groove formed in an inner surface of the outer cover body, and a flange portion of the rear end portion of the connector may be fitted into the internal groove and the external groove. Accordingly, the flange portion of the rear end portion of the connector can be fitted into the internal groove and the external groove, and the mount portion can be provided at the one end portion that includes a locking portion, whereby the state in which the mount portion is mounted to the rear end portion of the connector is easily stabilized. Seventh Aspect In a seventh aspect, the wire cover according to any one of the first to the sixth aspects, a tubular member attaching portion that overlaps a tubular member may be provided at the other end portions of the inner cover body and the outer cover body. Accordingly, the tubular member such as a rubber hose can be attached to the wire cover. Eighth Aspect In an eighth aspect, the wire cover according to any one of the first to the seventh aspects, a water drainage hole may be formed in at least one of the inner cover body and the outer cover body. Accordingly, water in the wire cover can be escaped to the outside of the wire cover through the water drainage hole. Ninth Aspect In a ninth aspect, the wire cover according to any one of the first to the eighth aspect, the inner cover member and the outer cover member may be injection-molded articles obtained using metal molds, and may be formed into shapes that have no undercut so as to be removable upward and downward from the metal molds. Accordingly, the shapes of the metal molds are simplified and it is possible to suppress an increase in the cost. Tenth Aspect In a tenth aspect, the wire cover according to any one of the first to the ninth aspects, the first attachment portion and the second attachment portion may be positioned outward of the surface of the inner cover body on the innermost side of the bent section and inward of the surface of the outer cover body on the outermost side of the bent section when observed from the third direction. Accordingly, it is possible to secure a space on both the inner side and the outer side of the cover body. Eleventh Aspect In an eleventh aspect, a wiring member according to the present disclosure is a wiring member that includes an electric wire that includes a bent section that is disposed along a bent path, and the wire cover according to any one of the first to the tenth aspects attached to the bent section. Accordingly, it is possible to secure a space on at least one of the inner side and the outer side of the bent section while keeping the bent section of the electric wire held in the wire cover. Specific examples of the wire cover according to the present disclosure will be described with reference to the attached drawings. It should be noted that the present disclosure is not limited to these examples, but is indicated by the claims, and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to be embraced therein. First Embodiment A wire cover and a wiring member according to a first embodiment, the wiring member including the wire cover, will be described below.FIG.1is a perspective view showing a wire cover50and a wiring member10according to the first embodiment, the wiring member10including the wire cover50.FIG.2is a side view showing the wiring member10.FIG.3is an exploded perspective view showing the wiring member10.FIG.1shows an X direction, a Y direction, and a Z direction as three directions orthogonal to each other. The X direction, the Y direction, and the Z direction inFIG.2and onward correspond to the X direction, the Y direction, and the Z direction inFIG.1. Wiring Member The wiring member10includes an electric wire20and the wire cover50. It is envisioned that the wiring member10is disposed along a bent path in a vehicle or the like. For this reason, the electric wire20includes a bent section12disposed along the bent path. The wire cover50is attached to the bent section12. The bent section12is held in a bent state by the wire cover50. The shape into which the wiring member10is bent is determined in accordance with the positional relation of a portion to which an end portion of the wiring member10is attached, the layout of interfering members in a portion where the wiring member10is to be disposed, and the like. At least one electric wire20is provided. The electric wire20is a coated electric wire that includes a core wire and a coating layer, for example. The core wire is a stranded wire obtained by twisting a plurality of strands, for example. The strands may be made of a metal such as copper or aluminum. The coating layer is formed by performing extrusion coating using a resin around the core wire, for example. The resin may be polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, or the like. The electric wire20may be a cable in which a plurality of wires are covered by a sheath. The wiring member10may be disposed at any position in the vehicle. One end portion of the wiring member10may be connected to a device that is disposed at an underbody position of the vehicle, for example. The electric wire20may be used as a power supply line or a signal line. The electric wire20may be a power supply line for supplying power to an EPB (Electric Parking Brake) or an EMB (Electro-Mechanical Brake), for example. In addition, for example, the electric wire20may also be a signal line for transmitting a signal from a sensor for detecting wheel speed, or the like, in an ABS (Anti-Lock Brake System). A connector30is provided at an end portion of the electric wire20. The connector30is connected to a partner connector provided in a device or the like. The connector30includes a connector housing and a connector terminal. The core wire of the electric wire20is connected to the connector terminal. The electric wire20and a device are connected via the connector30. In this example, a description will be given assuming that the bent section12is provided in a portion of the electric wire20extending from the connector30. In this example, a flange portion32is provided in a rear end portion of the connector30. The flange portion32protrudes around the body portion of the connector housing. A tubular member40is provided at an intermediate section of the electric wire20. Here, the tubular member40is provided at a position away from the connector30along a direction in which the electric wire20extends. Here, the tubular member40is provided on the opposite side to the connector30side relative to the bent section12of the electric wire20. Here, the electric wire20extends from the connector30, and is bent via the bent section12, and the tubular member40is provided in a section of the electric wire20past the bent section12. The electric wire20passes through the tubular member40. One end portion of the tubular member40is attached to the wire cover50. The tubular member40in this example is continuous along the axial direction thereof with the same outer diameter. The tubular member40described above is a rubber tube, for example. The tubular member40may be configured such that the outer diameter thereof alternately changes along the axial direction in the manner of a corrugated tube or the like. Wire Cover The wire cover50will be described further with reference toFIGS.4to9.FIGS.4and5are exploded perspective views showing the wire cover50.FIGS.4and5are diagrams as seen from different viewpoints.FIG.6is an exploded side view showing the wire cover50.FIG.7is an exploded front view showing the wire cover50.FIG.8is an exploded plan view showing the wire cover50.FIG.9is an exploded bottom view showing the wire cover50. The wire cover50holds the bent section12of the electric wire20. A cover body51, a first attachment portion52, and a second attachment portion54are provided in the wire cover50. The wire cover50includes an inner cover member60and an outer cover member70. The inner cover member60includes an inner cover body61, a first inner attachment portion62, and a second inner attachment portion64. The inner cover body61covers the bent section12from the inner peripheral side thereof. The first inner attachment portion62is provided at one end portion of the inner cover body61. The second inner attachment portion64is provided at the other end portion of the inner cover body61. The outer cover member70includes an outer cover body71, a first outer attachment portion72, and a second outer attachment portion74. The outer cover body71covers the bent section12from the outer peripheral side thereof. The first outer attachment portion72is provided at one end portion of the outer cover body71. The second outer attachment portion74is provided at the other end portion of the outer cover body71. The inner cover body61and the outer cover body71form the cover body51that covers the bent section12. The first inner attachment portion62and the first outer attachment portion72form the first attachment portion52. The second inner attachment portion64and the second outer attachment portion74form the second attachment portion54. The inner cover member60and the outer cover member70are fixed to each other through attachment of the first attachment portion52and attachment of the second attachment portion54, and form the wire cover50. Cover Body The cover body51will be described further with respect toFIG.10. FIG.10is a cross-sectional view showing the cover body51.FIG.10is a cross-sectional view taken along the line X-X inFIG.2. The cover body51includes the inner cover body61and the outer cover body71. The inner cover body61includes a bottom wall61a, two side walls61b, and supporting portions61c. The outer cover body71includes a lid portion71aand two side walls71b. The two side walls61bprotrude from two sides of the bottom wall61a. A gutter-shaped housing portion is formed by the bottom wall61aand the two side walls61b. The lid portion71acovers the bottom wall61aand the two side walls61bfrom above. The two side walls71bprotrude from two sides of the lid portion71a. The two side walls61bare positioned between the two side walls71b. Accordingly, the inner cover body61and the outer cover body71are unlikely to be displaced in the Y direction. The two side walls71bare supported by the supporting portions61c. Accordingly, the inner cover body61and the outer cover body71are kept from inclining so as to open on one side in the Y direction, with a contact portion on the other side in the Y direction serving as a fulcrum. A gap between the inner cover body61and the outer cover body71is kept from opening. One end portion of the inner cover body61and one end portion of the outer cover body71sandwich the electric wire20along the first direction. The other end portion of the inner cover body61and the other end portion of the outer cover body71sandwich the electric wire20along a second direction that intersects the first direction. In this example, the electric wire20is bent by 90 degrees via the bent section12. For this reason, the first direction and the second direction are orthogonal to each other. Specifically, the electric wire20extends in the Z direction on one side of the bent section12, and extends in the X direction on the other side of the bent section12. The one end portion of the inner cover body61and the one end portion of the outer cover body71sandwich the electric wire20along the X direction. The other end portion of the inner cover body61and the other end portion of the outer cover body71sandwich the electric wire20along the Z direction. In this example, the first direction is the X direction, and the second direction is the Z direction. The electric wire20may be bent at an angle smaller than 90 degrees via the bent section12, or may be bent at an angle larger than 90 degrees. The electric wire20may extend in the Z direction on one side of the bent section12, and extend in a direction inclined from the X direction and the Z direction on the other side of the bent section12, for example. First Attachment Portion The first attachment portion52will be described further with reference toFIG.11.FIG.11is a cross-sectional view showing the first attachment portion52.FIG.11is a cross-sectional view taken along the line XI-XI inFIG.2. The first attachment portion52includes the first inner attachment portion62and the first outer attachment portion72. The first inner attachment portion62includes lock protrusions63. The first outer attachment portion72includes lock receiving portions73. The lock protrusions63protrude on two sides from the inner cover body61. The lock protrusions63protrude outward from the outer surfaces of the two side walls61b, respectively. Each of the lock protrusions63includes a guide surface63aand an engaging surface63b. The surface facing the negative side in the X direction of the lock protrusion63is the guide surface63a. The surface facing the positive side in the X direction of the lock protrusion63is the engaging surface63b. The lock receiving portions73protrude on two sides from the outer cover body71. The lock receiving portions73protrude from two end portions of the lid portion71a, respectively. The side walls71bof the outer cover body71end at the positions of the lock receiving portions73, and instead, the lock receiving portions73are provided. Each lock receiving portion73includes extending pieces73aand an engaging piece73b. Pairs of extending pieces73aprotrude from respective end portions of the lid portion71a. Each pair of extending pieces73aare distanced from each other in the Z direction, which is a direction in which the electric wire20extends. The engaging piece73bconnects the leading end portions of the pair of extending pieces73a. A lock recess73cis formed in a portion surrounded by the extending pieces73aand the engaging piece73b. When attaching the first attachment portion52, the engaging pieces73bmove along the guide surfaces63a. Accordingly, the inner cover member60elastically deforms such that the pair of lock protrusions63approach each other, the outer cover member70elastically deforms such that the distance between the pair of lock receiving portions73increases, or both the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70elastically deform such that the engaging pieces73bmove over the lock protrusions63. Accordingly, the lock protrusions63are accommodated in the lock recesses73c, and the first attachment portion52enters an attached state. A direction that intersects a plane that includes the first direction (the X direction) and the second direction (the Z direction) is designated as a third direction. The third direction is the Y direction, for example. When observed from the third direction (the Y direction), the first attachment portion52is positioned outward of the innermost surface of the inner cover body61or inward of the outermost surface of the outer cover body71. Here, when observed from the third direction (the Y direction), the first attachment portion52is positioned outward of the innermost surface of the inner cover body61and inward of the outermost surface of the outer cover body71. When observed from the third direction (the Y direction), the first attachment portion52overlaps the inner cover body61and the outer cover body71. FIG.2is a diagram as observed from the third direction (the Y direction). As shown inFIG.2, the first attachment portion52is positioned outward of (on the negative side in the X direction relative to) the surface of the inner cover body61on the innermost side of the bent section (the surface on the positive side in the X direction), or inward of (on the positive side in the X direction relative to) the surface of the outer cover body71on the outermost side of the bent section (the surface on the negative side in the X direction). Here, the first attachment portion52is positioned outward of (on the negative side in the X direction relative to) the surface of the inner cover body61on the innermost side of the bent section (the surface on the positive side in the X direction), and inward of (on the positive side in the X direction relative to) the surface of the outer cover body71on the outermost side of the bent section (the surface on the negative side in the X direction). The first attachment portion52overlaps the inner cover body61and the outer cover body71. The first attachment portion52in this example is a locking portion. At the one end portion that includes the first attachment portion52, the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70engage with each other in all of the first direction (the X direction), the second direction (the Z direction), and the third direction (the Y direction). Specifically, in the X direction, the engaging surfaces63band the engaging pieces73bengage with each other in a direction in which the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70move away from each other. In the X direction, the side walls61band the lid portion71aengage with each other in a direction in which the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70approach each other. In the Y direction, the lock receiving portions73and the side walls61bengage with each other. In the Z direction, the extending pieces73aof the lock receiving portions73and side surfaces of the lock protrusions63engage with each other. Second Attachment Portion The second attachment portion54will be described further with reference toFIG.12.FIG.12is a cross-sectional view showing the second attachment portion54.FIG.12is a cross-sectional view taken along the line XII-XII inFIG.2. The second attachment portion54includes the second inner attachment portion64and the second outer attachment portion74. At the other end portion that includes the second attachment portion54, the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70overlap each other in the second direction (the Z direction) and the third direction (the Y direction), and engage with each other in the second direction (the Z direction) and the third direction (the Y direction) of the first direction (the X direction), the second direction (the Z direction) and the third direction (the Y direction). Here, at the other end portion that includes the second attachment portion54, the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70overlap each other to form a three-or-more-layered structure along the second direction (the Z direction) and the third direction (the Y direction). Here, at the other end portion that includes the second attachment portion54, the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70overlap to form a four-or-more-layered structure along the second direction (the Z direction) and the third direction (the Y direction). Specifically, the second inner attachment portion64includes first inward-oriented protrusions65, second inward-oriented protrusions66, and outward-oriented protrusions67. The second outer attachment portion74includes inward-oriented protrusions75and outward-oriented protrusions76. Note that, inFIG.12, the cover body51is indicated by a virtual line. The protrusions65,66, and67of the second inner attachment portion64are portions that protrude from the inner cover body61. The protrusions75and76of the second outer attachment portion74are portions that protrude from the outer cover body71. The first inward-oriented protrusions65protrude inward from the inner surface of each side wall61b, at a leading end portion thereof. The second inward-oriented protrusions66protrude inward from the inner surface of each side wall61b, at a base end portion thereof. The first inward-oriented protrusions65and the second inward-oriented protrusions66are distanced from each other in the second direction (the Z direction). The outward-oriented protrusions67protrude outward from the supporting portions61c. The outward-oriented protrusions67cover the outer sides of the side walls71b, respectively. As shown inFIG.4, the first inward-oriented protrusion65is longer than the second inward-oriented protrusion66and the outward-oriented protrusion67in the X direction. The outward-oriented protrusions67are longer than the second inward-oriented protrusions66in the X direction. The inward-oriented protrusions75protrude inward from the inner surface of the lid portion71a. The outward-oriented protrusions76protrude outward from the outer surfaces of leading end portions of the inward-oriented protrusions75. The outward-oriented protrusions76are each fitted between a first inward-oriented protrusion65and a second inward-oriented protrusion66. As shown inFIG.5, the inward-oriented protrusions75and the outward-oriented protrusions76extend from the other end portion of the outer cover body71and reach the inner surface of the outer cover body71at the position of the bent section in the X direction. The inner cover member60and the outer cover member70form a four-layered structure in which four portions alternately overlap in the second direction (the Z direction). The lid portion71a, the first inward-oriented protrusions65, the outward-oriented protrusions76, and the second inward-oriented protrusions66overlap in the stated order from the positive side to the negative side in the second direction (the Z direction), so as to form a four-layered structure. Accordingly, the second attachment portion54is unlikely to detach in the second direction (the Z direction) and to allow a gap to open. The second inward-oriented protrusions66reach a connection portion of the bottom wall61ain the second direction (the Z direction). Also in this regard, the second attachment portion54is unlikely to detach in the second direction (the Z direction) and allow a gap to open. A configuration may also be adopted in which, for example, the second inward-oriented protrusions66are omitted, and the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70form a three-layered structure in which three portions alternately overlap in the second direction (the Z direction). It is preferable that the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70form a three-or-more-layered structure in which three or more portions alternately overlap in the second direction (the Z direction). The inner cover member60and the outer cover member70form a four-layered structure in which four portions alternately overlap in the third direction (the Y direction). On the two sides that sandwich the electric wire20, the outward-oriented protrusions76, the side walls61b, the side walls71b, and the outward-oriented protrusions67overlap in the stated order from the inner side (the electric wire20side) to the outer side in the third direction (the Y direction), so as to form a four-layered structure. Accordingly, the second attachment portion54is unlikely to detach in the third direction (the Y direction), and allow a gap to open. A configuration may also be adopted in which the outward-oriented protrusions67or the outward-oriented protrusions76are omitted, and the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70form a three-layered structure in which three portions alternately overlap in the third direction (the Y direction), for example. A configuration may also be adopted in which both the outward-oriented protrusions67and the outward-oriented protrusions76are omitted, and the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70form a two-layered structure in which two portions alternately overlap in the third direction (the Y direction). Portions of the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70overlap both on one lateral side and on the other lateral side in the third direction (the Y direction). For this reason, even if two layers, namely the side walls61band the side walls71boverlap in the third direction (the Y direction), the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70are kept from detaching. When observed from the third direction (the Y direction), the second attachment portion54is positioned outward of the surface of the inner cover body61on the innermost side of the bent, or inward of the surface of the outer cover body71on the outermost side of the bent. Here, when observed from the third direction (the Y direction), the first attachment portion52and the second attachment portion54are positioned outward of the surface of the inner cover body61on the innermost side of the bent section, and inward of the surface of the outer cover body71on the outermost side of the bent section. When observed from the third direction (the Y direction), the first attachment portion52and the second attachment portion54overlap the inner cover body61and the outer cover body71. Specifically, as shown inFIG.2, the second attachment portion54is positioned outward of (on the positive side in the Z direction relative to) the surface of the inner cover body61on the innermost side of the bent (the surface on the negative side in the Z direction), or inward of (on the negative side in the Z direction) relative to) the surface of the outer cover body71on the outermost side (surface on the positive side in the Z direction) of the bent section. Here, the second attachment portion54is positioned outward of (on the positive side in the Z direction relative to) the surface of the inner cover body61on the innermost side (the surface on the negative side in the Z direction), and inward of (on the negative side in the Z direction relative to) the surface of the outer cover body71on the outermost side of the bent (the surface on the positive side in the Z direction). The second attachment portion54overlaps the inner cover body61and the outer cover body71. The inner cover member60and the outer cover member70move relative to each other along the first direction (the X direction), and the first attachment portion52and the second attachment portion54are attached to the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70. At the other end portion that includes the second attachment portion54, the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70do not engage with each other in the first direction (the X direction). The second inner attachment portion64and the second outer attachment portion74are configured to be movable in the first direction (the X direction) as do a slider and rail, and to not detach in the second direction (the Z direction) and the third direction (the Y direction). Amount portion59that is fitted into the rear end portion of the connector30is provided at one of the one end portion and the other end portion of the wire cover50. In this example, the mount portion59that is fitted into the rear end portion of the connector30is provided at the one end portion of the wire cover50. The mount portion59includes an internal groove69formed in the inner surface of the inner cover body61and an external groove79formed in the inner surface of the outer cover body71. The flange portion32of the rear end portion of the connector30is fitted into the internal groove69and the external groove79. A region around the position of the inner cover body61where the internal groove69is formed is thick. The lock protrusions63are provided on the outer side relative to the internal groove69in the inner cover body61. A tubular member attaching portion58that overlaps the tubular member40is provided at the other end portion of the wire cover50. The tubular member40is attached by an inner attaching portion68of the inner cover body61and an outer attaching portion78of the outer cover body71. Leading edge portions of the second inward-oriented protrusions66form the inner attaching portion68. Leading edge portions of the inward-oriented protrusions75form the outer attaching portion78. The tubular member attaching portion58sandwiches the tubular member40. One end portion of the tubular member40is housed in the wire cover50through the tubular member attaching portion58. The other end portion of the tubular member40protrudes to the outside of the wire cover50through the tubular member attaching portion58. The inner surface of the tubular member attaching portion58has a shape that corresponds to the outer surface of the tubular member40. Here, the outer surface of the tubular member40is circular, and thus the inner surface of the tubular member attaching portion58is also circular. The inner attaching portion68and the outer attaching portion78have a semicircular shape. The tubular member attaching portion58holds the tubular member40without crushing it. The size of the inner surface of the tubular member attaching portion58is the same as or slightly larger than the size of the outer surface of the tubular member40. The tubular member attaching portion58may hold and crush the tubular member40. The size of the inner surface of the tubular member attaching portion58may be slightly smaller than the size of the outer surface of the tubular member40. The one end portion of the tubular member40may be inserted into the wire cover50through the tubular member attaching portion58after the wire cover50is attached to the bent section12. A configuration may be adopted in which, in a state where the one end portion of the tubular member40is positioned on the inner attaching portion68, the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70move relative to each other along the first direction (the X direction), and the wire cover50is attached to the bent section12. The other end portion of the tubular member40may be fixed to the electric wire20. A binding member such as adhesive tape or a cable tie may be wound around the tubular member40and the electric wire20, thereby fixing the tubular member40and the electric wire20. The tubular member attaching portion58may also be configured such that the tubular member40is attached thereto outside the wire cover50. A configuration may also be adopted in which the tubular member attaching portion58that has an outer diameter of about the same size as the inner diameter of the tubular member40protrudes outward from the cover body51along the direction in which the electric wire20extends, and the tubular member40covers the tubular member attaching portion58, for example. The inner cover member60and the outer cover member70are injection-molded articles made of a resin and obtained using metal molds. The inner cover member60and the outer cover member70have shapes that do not have an undercut so as to be removable upward and downward from the metal molds. Here, the X direction is a direction in which the injection-molded articles are removed from the metal molds. The inner cover member60and the outer cover member70are each formed into a shape that does not have an undercut in the X direction. A shape that does not have an undercut in the X direction means that a portion in which a protrusion, a recess, and a protrusion are continuous in the stated order in the X direction is not present at any position in a YZ plane. If there is a portion in which a protrusion, a recess, and a protrusion are continuous in the stated order in the X direction, the recess is hidden in bothFIGS.8and9that are views as observed from the two sides in the X direction. Therefore, it can be said that a shape that does not have an undercut in the X direction means that there is no hidden recess in bothFIGS.8and9that are views as observed from the two sides in the X direction. A water drainage hole80may be formed in at least one of the inner cover body61and the outer cover body71. InFIGS.8and9, the water drainage hole80is indicated by a virtual line. The water drainage hole80in the inner cover body61may be a through hole that passes through the bottom portion of the inner cover body61, for example. The water drainage hole80in the outer cover body71may also be a through hole that passes through the lid portion71aof the outer cover body71, for example. The water drainage hole80may be formed at any position of the inner cover body61and the outer cover body71. The water drainage hole80may be positioned on the one end portion side or on the other end portion side relative to the bent section12, for example. Here, the water drainage hole80is provided between the bent section12and the one end portion. Effects, Etc. With the wire cover50configured as described above and the wiring member10that includes the wire cover50, the first attachment portion52and the second attachment portion54of the wire cover50that holds the bent section12of the electric wire20are provided bypassing regions on the inner side and outer side of the bent section12. For this reason, it is possible to secure a space on at least one of the inner side and the outer side of the bent section12. In addition, the first attachment portion52is a locking portion in which the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70engage with each other in all of the first direction (the X direction), the second direction (the Z direction), and the third direction (the Y direction), and the second attachment portion54is an engagement portion in which the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70engage with each other in the second direction (the Z direction) and the third direction (the Y direction). Accordingly, it is easy to fix the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70using the first attachment portion52and the second attachment portion54. In addition, in the second attachment portion54, the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70overlap in a three-or-more layer manner along each of the second direction (the Z direction) and the third direction (the Y direction). Accordingly, the second attachment portion54is unlikely to open in the second direction (the Z direction) and the third direction (the Y direction). In addition, in the second attachment portion54, the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70form a four-or-more-layered structure manner in which four or more portions overlap along the second direction (the Z direction) and the third direction (the Y direction). Accordingly, the second attachment portion54is even less likely to open in the second direction (the Z direction) and the third direction (the Y direction). In addition, the mount portion59that is fitted into the rear end portion of the connector30is provided at one of the one end portion and the other end portion of the inner cover body61and the outer cover body71. Accordingly, the wire cover50can hold the bent section12of the electric wire20extending from the connector30that is mounted to the connector30. In addition, the mount portion59is provided at one end portion of the inner cover body61and the outer cover body71, and the flange portion32of the rear end portion of the connector30is fitted into the internal groove69and the external groove79in the mount portion59. Accordingly, since the flange portion32of the rear end portion of the connector30is fitted into the internal groove69and the external groove79and the mount portion59can be provided at the one end portion where the locking portion is present, the state in which the mount portion59is mounted to the rear end portion of the connector30is easily stabilized. In addition, the tubular member attaching portion58that overlaps the tubular member40is provided at the other end portion of the inner cover body61and the outer cover body71. Accordingly, the tubular member40, which is a rubber hose or the like, can be attached to the wire cover50. In addition, the water drainage hole80is formed in at least one of the inner cover body61and the outer cover body71. Accordingly, water in the wire cover50can be allowed to escape to the outside of the wire cover50through the water drainage hole80. In addition, the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70are injection-molded articles obtained using metal molds, and are formed into shapes that have no undercut so as to be removable upward and downward from the metal molds. Accordingly, the shapes of the metal molds are simplified and it is possible to suppress an increase in cost. In addition, with the wiring member10that includes the electric wire20and the wire cover50, it is possible to secure a space in at least on one of the inner side and the outer side of the bent section12, while the bent section12of the electric wire20is held in the wire cover50. [Supplementary Note 1]FIG.13is a side view showing a modification of the wiring member10. In the above example, an example has been described in which the wire cover50is attached to the bent section12of the electric wire20extending from the connector30, but the wire cover50may be attached to another bent section12. As with a wiring member110shown inFIG.13, for example, the wire cover50may be attached to a bent section12that is present in a branched section. In the example shown inFIG.13, a plurality of electric wires20are separated into a plurality of branch wires22from a main wire21. The main wire21has a bent section12. The bent section12of the main wire21is held in the wire cover50. The plurality of branch wires22extend from the wire cover50and are branched. The wire cover50may be attached to one of the branch wires22. A bent section of a branch wire22may be held in the wire cover50. In addition, a description has been given above assuming that the mount portion59is provided in the wire cover50, but this is not an essential configuration. As is the case with the example inFIG.13, if the wire cover50is not mounted to the rear end portion of the connector30, the mount portion59may be omitted. In addition, a description has been given above assuming that, at the other end portion of the second attachment portion54, the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70overlap each other in the second direction (the Z direction) and the third direction (the Y direction), and engage with each other in the second direction (the Z direction) and the third direction (the Y direction) of the first direction (the X direction), the second direction (the Z direction), and the third direction (the Y direction), but this is not an essential configuration. Also at the other end portion that includes the second attachment portion54, the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70may engage with each other in all of the first direction (the X direction), the second direction (the Z direction), and the third direction (the Y direction), for example. In addition, a description has been given above assuming that the tubular member attaching portion58is provided in the wire cover50, but this is not an essential configuration. The tubular member attaching portion58may be omitted. In addition, a description has been given above assuming that the water drainage hole80is provided in the wire cover50, but this is not an essential configuration. The water drainage hole80may be omitted. In addition, a description has been given above assuming that the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70are each formed into a shape that has no undercut, but this is not an essential configuration. One of or both of the inner cover member60and the outer cover member70may be formed into a shape that has an undercut. In this case, the inner cover member60or the outer cover member70that has an undercut can be formed using what is called as a slide metal mold. Note that the configurations described in the above embodiment and the modification can be combined as appropriate provided that no contradiction arises. | 44,387 |
11942769 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION TO EXECUTE THE INVENTION Description of Embodiments of Disclosure First, aspects of the present disclosure will be listed and described. A protector for a wire harness according to the present disclosure is: [1] a protector for a wire harness, the protector including a tubular protector main body portion into which a wire harness is to be inserted, and the protector main body portion being arranged vertically above an electrical component in a vehicle, and in a horizontal direction of the protector main body portion in a state in which the protector is mounted in the vehicle, there is a first region that is a region where the electrical component is located vertically below the protector main body portion, and a second region that is a region where there is no electrical component vertically below the protector main body portion, a groove that is open vertically upward is provided in an outer surface of the protector main body portion, the groove extends over the first region and the second region, and the groove is inclined vertically downward while extending toward the second region. According to the above aspect, due to the inclination of the groove, water attached to the protector main body portion can be guided to the second region of the protector main body portion, which is a region where there is no electrical component vertically below the protector main body portion. For this reason, it is possible to suppress the case where water that has dropped from the protector main body portion becomes attached to the electrical component located below the protector main body portion. [2] It is preferable that the first region and the second region are each one of a plurality of regions obtained by dividing the protector main body portion in a longitudinal direction of the protector main body portion, and the groove is inclined vertically downward while extending toward the second region in the longitudinal direction. According to the above aspect, a region (i.e., second region) that allows droplets to drop from the protector main body portion is more likely to be formed in the longitudinal direction of the protector main body portion than in a transverse direction. For this reason, it is possible to guide the droplets to the region that allows the dropping of droplets without increasing the size of the protector main body portion. [3] It is preferable that the groove includes a drain portion configured to drain water in the groove to an outside of the groove, in the second region. According to the above aspect, water flowing in the groove can be proactively drained from the second region. For this reason, water can be prevented from overflowing from an unintended position of the groove. [4] It is preferable that a holding portion configured to hold the electrical component is provided at a vertically lower surface of the protector main body portion. According to the above aspect, the protector main body and the electrical component, which is provided below the protector main body portion, can be configured as an integrated member. [5] It is preferable that the electrical component includes a connector provided at an end portion of the wire harness. According to the above aspect, the attachment of water to the connector can be suppressed. [6] It is preferable that the protector main body portion includes an upper wall and a side wall that extends vertically downward from the upper wall, and the groove is provided in an outer surface of the side wall. According to the above aspect, water that drops onto the upper wall of the protector main body portion, flows toward the side wall, and enters the groove can be guided to the second region. [7] It is preferable that the upper wall is inclined vertically downward while extending toward the side wall. According to the above aspect, water that drops onto the upper wall of the protector main body portion can be suitably caused to flow toward the side wall. [8] It is preferable that the protector main body portion is arranged vertically below a component of an air conditioning device mounted in the vehicle. According to the above aspect, dew condensation is likely to occur in the component of the air conditioning device, and water formed due to the dew condensation drops onto the protector main body portion. For this reason, water that drops from the protector main body portion can be prevented from attaching to the electrical component, and the effect of the above configuration can be more markedly achieved. DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF DISCLOSURE Specific examples of a protector for a wire harness according to the present disclosure will be described below with reference to the drawings. The present invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed herein, but rather is defined in the claims, and intended to include all modifications within the meaning and the scope equivalent thereof. Note that “parallel” does not mean “parallel” in the exact meaning, but rather means a broad range that should be considered as being “parallel” as long as the effects of the present invention can be achieved. Also, with respect to x, y, and z-axes that are orthogonal to each other in the drawings, the X axis direction corresponds to a longitudinal direction of a protector10, the Y axis direction corresponds to a depth direction of the protector10, and the Z axis direction corresponds to a height direction of the protector10. As shown inFIGS.1and2, the protector10of the present embodiment is to be mounted in a vehicle and protect a wire harness W1for the vehicle. More specifically, the protector10is to be arranged vertically below components D of an air conditioning device mounted in the vehicle. Note that the components D of the air conditioning device of the present embodiment are a cylindrical register D1that forms a blast port of the air conditioning device, and a duct D2(seeFIG.2) attached to the register D1so as to be continuous with the register D1. The protector10is located vertically below a coupling portion D3of the register D1and the duct D2. The protector10is mounted in the vehicle such that the height direction Z is parallel with the vertical direction, and the longitudinal direction X of the protector10is parallel with the horizontal direction. Also, in a state where the protector10is mounted in the vehicle, the depth direction Y of the protector10is parallel with the horizontal direction. Note that in the present embodiment, the protector10is mounted in the vehicle such that the depth direction Y of the protector10is parallel with the vehicle front-rear direction, and the longitudinal direction X of the protector10is parallel with the vehicle width direction. Also, in the description below, “vertically upward”, “vertically above”, “vertically downward”, and “vertically below” may be simply referred to as “upward”, “above”, “downward”, and “below”, respectively. Configuration of Protector10 As shown inFIGS.1and2, the protector10includes a tubular protector main body portion11into which a wire harness W1can be inserted and a connector holder12provided vertically below the protector main body portion11. The protector main body portion11includes an upper wall13that is substantially parallel with the horizontal direction, a pair of side walls, namely, a first side wall14and a second side wall15, extending downward from the two edges in the depth direction Y of the upper wall13, and a bottom wall16that joins the lower end portions of the first and second side walls14and15. In this manner, the protector main body portion11has a tubular shape that extends in the longitudinal direction X. In other words, a cross section that is orthogonal to the longitudinal direction X of the protector main body portion11has an annular shape. The dimension in the longitudinal direction X of the protector main body11is longer than the dimension in the depth direction Y of the protector main body portion11. The wire harness W1is inserted into the protector main body portion11in the longitudinal direction X. Note that, the protector main body portion11is formed in a tubular shape by a lower case K1and an upper case K2being combined with each other. The lower case K1forms the bottom wall16, part of the first side wall14, and the second side wall15of the protector main body portion11. The upper case K2forms the upper wall13and part of the first side wall14of the protector main body portion11. Note that the lower case K1and the upper case K2are injection molded components made of a synthetic resin. Configuration of Connector Holder12 The connector holder12is provided separately from the protector main body portion11. The connector holder12is fixed to a fixing portion17formed on the lower surface (i.e., lower surface of the lower case K1) of the bottom wall16. The connector holder12overlaps the protector main body portion11in the vertical direction (height direction Z). The connector holder12holds a first connector C1and a second connector C2. The first connector C1is mounted to the connector holder12from one side in the depth direction Y, and the second connector C2is mounted to the connector holder12from the other side in the depth direction Y. The first connector C1and the second connector C2are connected to each other inside the connector holder12. Note that in the present embodiment, the wire harness W1extending from the first connector C1is inserted into the protector main body portion11. As described above, in the present embodiment, an electrical component E including the connector holder12, the first connector C1and the second connector C2is arranged vertically below the protector main body portion11. Also, more specifically, the electrical component E is located vertically below the end portion (first end portion11a) on the first side wall14side in the depth direction Y of the protector main body portion11. Note that, as shown inFIGS.1and3, the wire harness W2extending from the second connector C2is supported by a harness supporting portion S. Note that the harness supporting portion S is provided separately from the protector10. Also, the harness supporting portion S and the wire harness W2supported by the harness supporting portion S are arranged vertically below the end portion (second end portion11b) on the second side wall15side in the depth direction Y of the protector main body portion11. First Region A1and Second Region A2Here, as shown inFIG.1, when the protector10is seen from the depth direction Y (direction orthogonal to the paper surface ofFIG.1) that is parallel with the horizontal direction, a region where the electrical component E is located vertically below the protector main body portion11is a first region A1, and a region where there is no electrical component E vertically below the protector main body portion11is a second region A2. Note that, the first region A1and the second region A2each are one of a plurality of regions obtained by dividing the protector main body portion11in the longitudinal direction X. In the first region A1, the vertically upward projection of the electrical component E overlaps the protector main body portion11(seeFIGS.1and2). Configuration of Groove21 A groove21that extends substantially in the longitudinal direction X is formed in an outer surface of the first side wall14. As shown inFIG.2, the groove21is formed in a recessed shape in which the cross section that is orthogonal to the longitudinal direction X is open vertically upward. Specifically, the protector main body portion11includes a protrusion22that protrudes from the outer surface of the first side wall14. The protrusion22extends substantially in the longitudinal direction X (seeFIG.1). An upper surface of the protrusion22is an inclined surface23that is inclined upward while extending away from the outer surface of the first side wall14. The inclined surface23faces the outer surface of the first side wall14in the depth direction Y. The recessed shape of the groove21that is recessed substantially in a V shape is formed by the first side wall14and the inclined surface23. As shown inFIG.1, the groove21formed by the protrusion22extends over the first region A1and the second region A2. The groove21is inclined vertically downward while extending toward the second region A2as seen in the depth direction Y. Further, the pitch of the inclination of the groove21is constant in the longitudinal direction. Note that it is preferable that the groove21is formed to have at least a length including the entirety of the first region A1. The groove21includes a drain portion24in the second region A2. The drain portion24of the present embodiment is formed at the end portion (left end portion inFIG.1) downstream of the groove21. As shown inFIGS.1and4, the drain portion24includes a pair of facing walls (a first facing wall25and a second facing wall26) that protrude from the first side wall14. The first and second facing walls25and26are formed along an up-down direction (z-axis direction) as seen in the depth direction Y. Also, the first and second facing walls25and26face each other in the longitudinal direction X. One of the facing walls (first facing wall25) is continuous with the protrusion22that forms the groove21. Also, as shown inFIG.1, a wall portion27that extends upward from the protrusion22is formed at the end portion (right end portion inFIG.1) upstream of the groove21. The wall portion27protrudes from the outer surface of the first side wall14. Note that in the above embodiment, it is preferable that the surface of the upper wall13of the protector main body portion11has an inclination pitch that is inclined slightly downward toward the first side wall14(toward the side wall including the groove21) of the depth direction Y. Also, a dam portion13athat is raised upward is formed at the end portion on the second side wall15side of the upper wall13. The operation of the present embodiment will be described below. As shown inFIG.2, when dew condensation occurs in the components D of the air conditioning device arranged above the protector main body portion11, the droplets formed due to the dew condensation drop onto the protector main body portion11. Note that, as shown inFIG.2, a dew condensation prevention sheet D4such as a non-woven fabric is adhered to the lower surface of the register D1in some cases, but dew condensation occurs at a location where the dew condensation prevention sheet D4cannot be placed, such as the coupling portion D3of the register D1and the duct D2. The droplets attached to the upper wall13of the protector main body portion11flow toward the first side wall14due to the inclination pitch of the upper wall13, and dammed by the groove21(inclined surface23of the protrusion22). Then, the droplets that have accumulated in the groove21of the first side wall14flow toward a region below which there is no electrical component E, and drop from the drain portion24within the second region A2to the region below the protector main body portion11. Note that the droplets attached to the upper wall13are unlikely to flow toward the second side wall15due to the inclination pitch of the upper wall13and the dam portion13a. Effects of the present embodiment will be described below. (1) The groove21provided on the outer surface of the protector main body portion11extends over the first region A1and the second region A2and is inclined vertically downward while extending toward the second region A2. In this manner, due to the inclination of the groove21, water attached to the protector main body portion11can be guided toward the second region A2, which is a region where there is no electrical component E vertically below the protector main body portion11. For this reason, it is possible to suppress the case where water that has dropped from the protector main body portion11becomes attached to the electrical component E located below the protector main body portion11. Also, the droplets attached to the protector main body portion11can be guided in the longitudinal direction X through the groove21, and thus as in the present embodiment, even if the wire harness W1is drawn out from the first connecter C1toward the first side wall14in the depth direction Y, attachment of droplets to the wire harness W1can be suppressed. (2) The first region A1and the second region A2are each one of a plurality of regions obtained by dividing the protector main body portion11in the longitudinal direction X of the protector main body portion11. The groove21is inclined vertically downward while extending toward the second region A2in the longitudinal direction X. A comparative configuration that is different from the present embodiment is also possible in which, due to extending the length of the first end portion11aof the protector main body portion11in the depth direction Y, droplets attached to the protector main body portion11are guided in the depth direction Y such that droplets dropping from the first end portion11aare unlikely to come in contact with the electrical component E. However, with this comparative configuration, the size of the protector main body portion11in the depth direction Y is increased. In view of this, in the present embodiment, since the groove21is inclined vertically downward while extending in the longitudinal direction X, the droplets attached to the protector main body portion11can be guided in the longitudinal direction X through the groove21. The dimension in the longitudinal direction X of the protector main body portion11, which extends in a direction in which the wire harness W1is inserted, is longer in order to ensure a predetermined length of the wire harness W1. In this manner, in the longitudinal direction X of the protector main body portion11, a region where droplets are allowed to drop from the protector main body portion11(region where there is no electrical component E below the first end portion Ila of the protector main body portion11, and in the present embodiment, the second region A2) is easily formed. For this reason, it is possible to guide droplets to the region that allows the dropping of droplets without increasing the size of the protector main body portion11. (3) The groove21includes the drain portion24for draining water in the groove21to the outside of the groove21, in the second region A2. In this manner, water flowing in the groove21can be proactively drained from the second region A2. For this reason, water can be prevented from overflowing from an intended position in the groove21. (4) The connector holder12for holding the electrical component E is provided on the vertically lower surface of the protector main body portion11. In this manner, the protector main body portion11and the electrical component E, which is provided below the protector main body portion11, can be configured as an integrated member. (5) The electrical component E includes the first connector C1provided at the end portion of the wire harness W1and the second connector C2provided at the end portion of the wire harness W2. In this manner, attachment of water to the first connector C1and the second connector C2can be suppressed. (6) The protector main body portion11includes the upper wall13and the first side wall14that extends vertically downward from the upper wall13, and the groove21is provided in the outer surface of the first side wall14. With this configuration, water that drops onto the upper wall13of the protector main body portion11, flows toward the first side wall14, and enters the groove21can be guided to the second region A2. (7) The upper wall13is inclined vertically downward while extending toward the first side wall14. In this manner, water that drops onto the upper wall13of the protector main body portion11can be suitably caused to flow toward the first side wall14. (8) The protector main body portion11is disposed vertically below the components D of the air conditioning device mounted in the vehicle. Dew condensation is likely to occur in the components D of the air conditioning device, and water formed due to the dew condensation drops onto the protector main body portion11. For this reason, the effect of the above configuration, that is to say that water that drops from the protector main body portion11can be prevented from attaching to the electrical component E, can be more markedly achieved. (9) Since the wall portion27that extends upward from the protrusion22is provided at the end portion upstream of the groove21, water in the groove21can be prevented from draining from the end portion upstream of the groove21. The present embodiment can be implemented by making modifications as follows. The present embodiment and the modifications below may be implemented in combination with each other as long as no technical contradictions arise. The configuration such as the shape of the groove21is not limited to the above embodiment, and can be modified as appropriate according to the configuration of the protector main body portion11, the positional relationship between the protector main body portion11and the electrical component E, and the like. For example, a configuration is also possible in which the inclined surface23of the groove21in the above embodiment is omitted, the bottom surface of the groove21is flat in the depth direction Y, a facing wall portion that extends in the height direction Z so as to face the outer surface of the first side wall14is provided, and a groove21is formed between the facing wall portion and the outer surface of the first side wall14. Further, the groove21may also be provided in the upper wall13instead of the first side wall14. Further, although it is described in the above embodiment that the groove21is formed in the upper case K2, the groove21may also be formed in the lower case K1.In the above embodiment, the connector holder12is separate from the protector main body portion11. However, there is no particular limitation to this, and the connector holder12may also be molded in one piece with the protector main body portion11.The configuration of the wire harness to be inserted into the protector main body portion11is not limited to the above embodiment, and may be modified as appropriate according to the configuration of the vehicle. For example, although it is described in the above embodiment that the wire harness W1, which extends from the first connector C1held by the connector holder12of the protector10, is inserted into the protector main body portion11, a wire harness other than this may also be inserted into the protector main body portion11. Also, a configuration is possible in which the wire harness W1of the first connector C1is not inserted into the protector main body portion11.Although the groove21in the above embodiment is provided with the drain portion24that is open vertically downward, there is no particular limitation to this. A configuration is also possible in which the drain portion24is omitted, and water that flows toward the second region A2along the groove21naturally overflows from the groove21.The configuration of the electrical component E arranged vertically below of the protector main body portion11is not limited to the above embodiment, and an electrical component other than this may also be used.In the above embodiment, the present invention is applied to the protector10arranged vertically below the component D of the air conditioning device. However, there is no particular limitation to this, and the present invention can be applied to a protector for a vehicle installed at another location.The dimension of the protrusion22that protrudes from the outer surface of the first side wall14and extends substantially in the longitudinal direction X may be greater than the dimension of the protrusion of the first facing wall25and the second facing wall26from the first side wall14. In this manner, water that flows in the groove21is prevented from overflowing from the groove21by the protrusion22, and the volume of the first facing wall25and the second facing wall26that occupy the drain portion24can also be reduced, thus making it possible to contribute to a reduction in the size of the protector.The upper wall13of the embodiment may be referred to as a drop receiving surface that is arranged such that liquid such as dew condensation water formed in the vehicle drops thereon.The first side wall14in the embodiment may be referred to as an inclined surface that is an outward surface of the protector main body portion11and is arranged at a location that is lower in the vertical direction than the liquid receiving surface.The first side wall14, the groove21, the protrusion22, the inclined surface23, the drain portion24, the first facing wall25, and the second facing wall26in the embodiment may be referred to as a liquid flow guide configured to guide the liquid that drops onto the liquid receiving surface of the protector main body portion11to a predetermined drain position via a predetermined liquid flow path.The groove21, the protrusion22, and the inclined surface23in the embodiment may be referred to as a lateral gutter that is formed at the first side wall14, is inclined downward from the first region to the second region, and guides liquid laterally toward the second region A2so as to not drop onto the electrical device E.The drain portion24, the first facing wall25, and the second facing wall26may be referred to as a vertical gutter that is formed at the first side wall14and is continuous with the lateral gutter in the second region A2, and guides liquid downward toward a predetermined drain position. The present disclosure includes implementation examples such as the following. Reference numerals are given to some constituent elements of the exemplary embodiment in order to facilitate understanding, and are not intended to be limiting. Some of the items described in the following implementation examples may be omitted, and some of the items described in the implementation examples may be selected or extracted for combination with each other. [Supplementary note 1] Some implementation examples of the present disclosure are directed to a protector (10) to be used with a wire harness (W1) that is to be routed in a vehicle and connected to an electrical device (E), wherein the protector (10) may include: a tubular protector main body portion (11) configured to house a first length portion of the wire harness (W1) and restrict the first length portion of the wire harness so as to extend along a predetermined routing path, the tubular protector main body portion (11) may have:a first region (A1) that is positioned directly above the electrical device (E) and is overlapped with the electrical device (E) in the vertical direction; anda second region (A2) that is different from the first region (A1), and is positioned so as to not vertically overlap the electrical device (E), the tubular protector main body portion (11) may include:a droplet receiving surface (13) that is arranged such that a droplet or liquid that may be dew condensation water formed inside the vehicle drops onto the droplet receiving surface (13); anda liquid flow guide (14,21,22,23,24,25,26) configured to collect the droplet or liquid that drops onto the liquid receiving surface (13) and guide the droplet or liquid toward a predetermined drain position via a predetermined liquid flow path (22), and the predetermined drain position may be determined within the second region (A2). [Supplementary note 2] In some implementation examples of the present disclosure, the liquid flow guide (14,21,22,23,24,25,26) may include: an inclined surface (14) that is an outward surface (13,14,15,16) of the tubular protector main body portion (11) and is arranged at a position lower in the vertical direction than the droplet receiving surface (13), a lateral gutter (21,22,23) that is formed at the inclined surface (14), is inclined downward from the first region (A1) toward the second region (A2), and guides the droplet or liquid laterally toward the second region (A2) so as to not drop onto the electrical device (E); and a vertical gutter (24,25,26) that is formed at the inclined surface (14) and is continuous with the lateral gutter (21,22,23) in the second region(A2), and guides the droplet or liquid downward toward the predetermined drain position. [Supplementary Note 3] In some implementation examples of the present disclosure, the inclined surface (14) of the tubular protector main body portion (11), the lateral gutter (21,22,23), and the vertical gutter (24,25,26) may be an integrated member made of a synthetic resin. [Supplementary Note 4] In some implementation examples of the present disclosure, the lateral gutter (21,22,23) and the vertical gutter (24,25,26) may be grooves that each include a flat inner surface. [Supplementary Note 5] In some of implementation examples of the present disclosure, the lateral gutter (21,22,23) and the vertical gutter (24,25,26) may be a groove that extends continuously and seamlessly. [Supplementary Note 6] In some implementation examples of the present disclosure, the first region (A1) and the second region (A2) may be adjacent to each other in the horizontal direction. [Supplementary Note 7] In some implementation examples of the present disclosure, the tubular protector main body portion (11) may include a bottom surface (16) that faces the electrical device (E) via only an air layer. [Supplementary Note 8] Some implementation examples of the present disclosure may be configured as an attachment structure for attachment of the protector (10) to a vehicle that includes a constituent component (D) of an air conditioning device and an electrical device (E). LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS 10Protector11Protector main body portion11aFirst end portion12Connector holder (holding portion)13Upper wall13aDam portion14First side wall15Second side wall16Bottom wall17Fixing portion21Groove22Protrusion23Inclined surface24Drain portion25First facing wall26Second facing wall27Wall portionA1First regionA2Second regionC1First connectorC2Second connectorD Constituent component of air conditioning deviceD1RegisterD2DuctD3Coupling portionD4Dew condensation prevention sheetE Electrical componentK1Lower caseK2Upper caseS Harness supporting portionW1Wire harnessW2Wire harnessX Longitudinal directionY Depth directionZ Height direction | 30,569 |
11942770 | REFERENCE NUMERALS IN THE DRAWINGS 10two-gang box12mounting wall14free side wall16bottom wall18top wall20boss22boss24boss26boss28mounting hole30mounting hole31rear wall32mounting hole33forward face34mounting hole36upper nail mount38nail40lower nail mount42nail44drywall standoff46drywall standoff48cable clamp50cable clamp52cable clamp54cable opening56stud58drywall60drywall opening62fiber optic cable64fiber optic cable66cable opening68loop70loop72binder74connector75forward face76expanded electrical box78two-gang opening80expanded enclosure81forward wall82coaming84mounting wall86free side wall87rear wall88bottom wall90top wall92cable opening94cable clamp96jacket98strand102strength filaments104protective layer106core and cladding layer110loop112loop114expanded electrical box116expanded enclosure118circular perimeter120cable entrance boss124tab126hole128metal stud130fastener DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIG.6depicts a preferred embodiment of the electrical box used to carry out the present invention. Expanded electrical box76includes many components. A significant feature is expanded enclosure80, which is best understood with respect to two-gang opening78. Two-gang opening78is the semi-standard opening that will actually be exposed through the wall. This is the opening used to conventionally mount a pair of light switches or a pair of electrical outlets. Coaming82extends forward from forward wall81—around the perimeter of the two-gang opening—in a direction that is perpendicular to forward wall81. The coaming defines the perimeter of the two-gang opening. The forward-most portion of the coaming ends in forward face75. Four mounting holes (such as34) are provided in forward face75. These four mounting holes are provided with the same standardized spacing as for the prior art (such as mounting holes28,30,32, and34inFIG.1). In comparingFIG.6to the prior art electrical box ofFIG.1, the reader will note that forward face75and coaming82represents the common size of a prior art two-gang box. Expanded enclosure80is considerably enlarged and provides more interior room than a conventional two-gang box. Hence the enclosure provided behind forward wall81is referred to as expanded enclosure80. Mounting wall84is configured to mate to the side of a wall stud as for conventional outlet boxes. Bottom wall88and top wall90are connected to mounting wall84. Free side wall86is connected to bottom wall88and top wall90. Rear wall87closes the rear of expanded enclosure80. Forward wall81closes the front side of expanded enclosure80. Two-gang opening78has a width between about 3.75 and 4.50 inches (95 mm to 114 mm). It has a height between about 3.75 inches and 4.25 inches (95 mm to 108 mm). Expanded enclosure80has a greater width and height. The width of expanded enclosure80is between about 5.25 inches and about 7.5 inches (133 mm to 191 mm). The expanded enclosure likewise has a height between about 5.25 inches and about 7.5 inches (133 mm to 191 mm). Many other conventional features can be added to expanded electrical box76. A plurality of openings92and associated cable clamps94can be provided on the bottom wall and the top wall. These can be provided on the side walls as well. Upper nail mount36mounts nail38—positioned for driving into a stud abutting mounting wall84. Lower nail42and nail mount40are likewise positioned to drive nail42into a wall stud. One or more knock out plugs can be provided. Mounting holes for the mounting of a partial or full cover plate or trim plate can also be provided. FIG.7depicts the operational advantage of expanded electrical box76. Fiber optic cables62,64have been fed through openings into expanded enclosure80and then out two-gang opening78. Loop68is formed in fiber optic cable62and loop70is formed in fiber optic cable64. Both loops have an outer diameter D2. D3is the overall width of expanded enclosure80. D4is the overall height of the expanded enclosure. In this version D3and D4are the same value. The interior width of expanded enclosure80is D3minus the wall thickness of mounting wall84and fee side wall86. The interior height of expanded enclosure80is D4minus the wall thickness of bottom wall88and top wall90. A goal of the present invention is to make the interior height and width of expanded enclosure80large enough to accommodate loops68,70without significant deformation. In other words, the expanded enclosure is made large enough to house the loops without having to bend them into a tighter loop. For many multi-mode fiber optic cables the minimum loop diameter is about 5.0 inches. This is too large for a standard two-gang box. However, expanded enclosure80is large enough to house such a loop if its overall height and width are equal to or greater than 5.25 inches. The upper limit on these dimension is one of practicality. Material cost becomes too great at some point and structural rigidity may be lost. An upper limit of about 7.5 inches on the height and width of expanded enclosure80is preferable—for the embodiment depicted inFIG.7. Of course, in order to place loops68,70into expanded enclosure80they may have to be bent into a smaller diameter to pass through two-gang opening78. The reader will recall that a fiber optic cable may be bent into a relatively small bend during installation without causing damage to the cable. It is only during operation that such a tight bend causes data transmission problems (since the light may pass out of the fiber rather than being internally reflected). Thus, a cable can be bent fairly sharply to place it into expanded enclosure80. Once inside, however the cable can expand to a larger loop in order to create a service loop lying within the expanded enclosure. Such a service loop has a sufficient diameter to prevent data corruption during operation. FIG.9shows the inventive expanded electrical box installed. The box has been secured to a wall stud56using the incorporated nails. A suitable opening has been cut in dry wall58so that the front face of coaming82is visible through the opening (and the front face lies roughly flush with the surface of the dry wall). Fiber optic cables62,64run up through the wall (behind the drywall) and into the interior of expanded enclosure80. The two cables are formed into service loops110,112within the expanded enclosure80. The free end of the fiber optic cables62,64extend out of two-gang opening78so that they can connect to a wall-mounted component such as a television. The reader will thereby appreciate that an enlarged service loop is provide for the fiber optic cables without altering the outward appearance of a two-gang box. The simple four-sided construction for the expanded portion in the example ofFIG.9is one example among many possibilities. Other shapes are possible and will in some instances be more advantageous.FIG.10provides an alternate expanded electrical box114including an expanded enclosure116that incorporates a circular portion. The circular portion allows an even larger diameter service loop to be maintained. FIG.11provides a perspective view of the embodiment ofFIG.10. Two-gang opening is the same configuration as the prior embodiment. Coaming82extends forward from forward wall81. In this configuration forward wall81mates against the rearward facing surface of the installed drywall. Coaming82extends through an opening cut in the drywall. Mounting holes34are provided for the mounting of a switches, outlets, faceplates, etc. Mounting wall84is preferably a planar surface that can be pressed laterally against a vertical stud in order to locate the expanded electrical box. Upper mail mount36and lower nail mount40are provided as for the prior examples. Nails38,42can be driven laterally into a vertical stud in order to secure the inventive device in place. Bolt or screw mounts can be provided as an alternative. FIG.12provides a hidden line view with a single fiber optic cable64installed in the inventive expanded electrical box114. The cable enters the box through cable entrance boss120. The cable is then formed into a loop within circular perimeter118. The center of the circular perimeter is preferably offset form the center of two-gang opening78as shown. This feature allows a cable and its attached connector74to exit through the two-gang opening without requiring a bend that is significantly sharper than the bend within the loop itself. The inner wall of circular perimeter118has a diameter D5. This can be significantly larger than the linear dimensions of the two-gang opening. The reader will recall that two-gang opening dimensions are not standardized. The width appears to vary between about 3.90 and 4.20 inches (99 mm to 107 mm). The height varies between about 3.90 and 4.10 inches (99 mm to 104 mm). A typical minimum service loop diameter for a fiber optical cable is 5.0 inches (127 mm). The configuration ofFIG.12can easily accommodate this requirement and more. D5is preferably at least 5.0 inches (127 mm) and even more preferably at least 7.0 inches (178 mm). In the example shown, D5has a value of 10.0 inches (254 mm). A significant factor in the present invention is the state of the fiber optic cable when it is in use (when light signals are actually traveling along the cable). It is advantageous to provide a cable entrance for the electrical box that does not cause the fiber optic cable to undergo a significant bend.FIG.12shows an exemplary location for cable boss120—which houses the cable entrance. This cable boss allows the cable to enter the box in a position and orientation that is approximately tangential to circular perimeter118. FIG.13shows this entrance in more detail. Cable boss120is located in an approximately tangential position relative to the circular perimeter. One or more cable openings92are provided. Each cable opening is preferably provided with a cable clamp assembly94. As for the prior art, the cable clamp assembly allows a cable to be easily pushed into the electrical box but resists the motion of the cable in the opposite direction. The invention is not limited to any particular type of cable clamp. The embodiment shown includes two clamps. Other embodiments will include three cable openings, four cable openings, or even more. It is preferable to mass produce the inventive enclosure using injection molding. Those knowledgeable in that field will recognize that a hollow enclosure such as depicted inFIG.11is difficult to mold as a single piece. In fact, the version shown inFIG.11is an assembly of at least two pieces. Forward wall81and coaming82are molded as one piece. The balance of the assembly is molded as a second piece. The two pieces can then be joined together using any suitable approach—including ultrasonic welding, gluing, separate fasteners, or the use of snap features. The embodiments disclosed thus far have been well-suited for use with wood wall studs. It is customary to drive nails laterally into a wood wall stud in order to mount an electrical enclosure such as the present invention. However—as those skilled in the art will know—modern construction often employs metal wall studs. This is particularly true for commercial construction. A laterally-driven nail is not well-suited to attachment to a metal wall stud. Such studs are generally a C-channel with thin walls. The wall thickness is typically in the range of 0.030 inches (0.76 mm). A nail driven through such a thin wall will not grip. Instead, electrical boxes configured for mounting on metal studs typically include a large, flat tab. This tab is placed on the side of the stud to which the dry wall will be attached. Threaded fasteners are then driven through the tab and through the metal of the wall stud. The wall stud typically includes a pattern of perforations or indentations configured to receive the pointed tip of a fastener. FIG.14shows an embodiment of the present invention configured for use with metal studs. Tab124extends laterally from one side of the enclosure. The tab can be located on the same side of the enclosure as the nail mounts—or it can be located on the opposite side (as shown inFIG.14). A pattern of holes126are preferably provided to accommodate the fasteners. FIG.15shows this alternate embodiment of expanded enclosure80attached to a metal stud128. The reader will note how fasteners130are driven through tab124and through the wall of the metal stud. The enclosure is thereby securely mounted. It is desirable to minimize the thickness of tab124. This is because of the fact that dry wall is often bonded to the outward facing surface of the metal stud using adhesive. The adhesive has some thickness and it is desirable for the tab124to have a similar thickness. Otherwise, the dry wall will bulge outward slightly in the vicinity of tab124. In the version shown, tab124is an integrally molded plastic component. Tab124can also be a metal piece that is attached to the enclosure. In addition to the tab, other reinforcing braces or brackets can be added. The inventive device therefore includes a standard forward-facing opening (such as a two-gang opening) and an expanded enclosure lying behind the opening. The expanded enclosure may include four side walls (including a mounting wall) and a rear wall. The expanded enclosure may assume other shapes—such as a circular perimeter joined to a mounting wall and a rear wall. This disclosure uses the term “electrical box” because that is standard within the industry. However, the use of the term “electrical” should not be viewed as limited the applications to electrical conductors. The inventive device can be used with electrical conductors, but it can also be used with fiber optic cables. The invention can be used with many other devices as well, including hollow and flexible “air logic” tubing. Although the preceding descriptions contain significant detail, they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but rather as providing illustrations of the preferred embodiments of the invention. Those skilled in the art will know that many other variations are possible without departing from the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should properly be determined with respect to the claims that are ultimately drafted rather than the examples given. | 14,328 |
11942771 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS A power distribution box assembly for accommodating a wire bundle is provided. The power distribution box assembly includes a connector assembly. The connector assembly includes a connector housing and a dress cover. The dress cover is coupled to the connector housing. The power distribution box assembly includes a lower cover. The lower cover includes an opening for receiving the wire bundle and a connector assembly pocket. The connector assembly pocket is configured to accommodate the connector assembly. The connector assembly pocket includes an engagement feature configured to engage the dress cover so as to retain the connector assembly in a fixed position with respect to the connector assembly pocket and overcome a load generated from a bend in the wire bundle. As such, the connector assembly is retained in a proper position suitable for additional assembly processes. With reference first toFIGS.2through6, an illustrative depiction of a power distribution box10according to the principles of the present disclosure is provided. The power distribution box10may be formed of any material suitable for an injection molding process illustratively including polypropylene, Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyoxymethylene, polycarbonate and the like. The power distribution box10is configured to accommodate a connector assembly12. The connector assembly12is preferably formed of a material suitable for an injection molding process, such as the materials listed above. The connector assembly12includes a connector housing14and a dress cover16. The connector housing14includes a plurality of terminal slots18for receiving terminals (not shown) to provide an electrical connection between various components such as fuses, relays and the like. The connector housing14is coupled to the dress cover16in a conventional manner. For illustrative purposes, the dress cover16is shown as having a plurality of resilient tabs20for engaging catches22disposed on a first sidewall24of the connector housing14. The connector housing14is a generally cuboidal member having a pair of first side walls24, a first front wall26and a first back wall28. The dress cover16is disposed at a bottom surface30of the connector housing14. The dress cover16is configured to route the wires from the connector assembly12to an opening32of a lower cover34. The dress cover16is a generally cylindrical member having a support wall36, a pair of second side walls38so as to define an open end40and an open top42, the open end40defining a wire route opening. The support wall36is opposite the open end40so as to define a closed end. The dress covers16has a generally u-shaped cross section. In one aspect of the connector assembly,12the support wall36includes a top edge36awhich is spaced apart from a bottom surface14aof the connector housing14so as to define a slit44. FIG.2depicts the connector assembly12fully seated within the lower cover34. In particular, the lower cover34is a generally cuboidal dimension having an outer wall46which bounds a floor48. The outer wall46includes a lower back wall46a, a pair of lower sidewalls46b, lower front wall46cand a floor48so as to be open at the top of the lower cover34. The lower front wall46cof the lower cover34is illustratively shown as having a pair of lower openings32. Each of the pair of lower openings32is configured to receive a wire bundle300(illustratively depicted in dashed lines inFIG.7). For illustrative purposes, the lower cover34is shown as having only one connector assembly12seated within one of a pair of connector assembly pockets50. Each of the connector assembly pockets50are illustratively shown as being generally dimensioned the same as the other and therefore each configured to receive a connector assembly12of the same shape and dimension as each other. However, it should be appreciated that the connector assembly pockets50may be shaped differently so as to receive connector assemblies12of different dimensions. The connector assembly pocket50is generally centered between the lower front wall46cand the lower back wall46aof the lower cover34. In particular, the connector assembly pocket50includes a pair of inner sidewalls52, an inner front wall54and an inner back wall56that are generally contiguous with each other and are dimensioned to bound a space configured to house the dress cover16, as shown inFIG.4. The connector assembly pocket50includes an engagement feature58. The engagement feature58is spaced apart from and opposite of the lower opening32of the lower cover34. The engagement feature58is configured to engage the dress cover16retain the connector assembly12within the connector assembly pocket50. In particular, the engagement feature58is configured to retain the dress cover16pressed against the floor48of the lower cover34. With reference now toFIG.4a top down view of the connector assembly pocket50is provided.FIG.4illustrates how the inner sidewalls52may be formed to provide resiliency to engage the sides of the dress cover16. In particular, each of the inner sidewalls52may include a plurality of inner slits52awhich define inner wall portions which are generally planar members.FIG.4illustrates how the inner sidewalls52may be dimensioned irregular and not necessarily symmetric with respect to each other so as to better accommodate the dimensions of the dress cover16. With reference now toFIG.3and also toFIG.5, an illustrative depiction of the engagement feature58is provided. The engagement feature58is disposed on the inner back wall56of the connector assembly pocket50. The engagement feature58is illustratively shown as a finger58ahaving a planar member60and a rib62. The rib62extends along a top edge of the planar member60and may be the width of the top edge of the planar member60. The rib62is a generally ramped shaped member having a catch portion62aand a ramp portion62b. The catch portion62ais a generally planar surface that is orthogonal to the planar member60and forms an undersurface of the catch portion62a. With reference now toFIGS.5and6, a depiction of the operation of the power distribution box10is provided wherein the connector assembly12is seated and is coupled together. The wire bundles300form a first bend defined by a routing path extending from an undersurface of the connector housing14through the open end40of the dress cover16and out the lower opening32of the lower cover34. As the dress cover16is pressed into the connector assembly pocket50, the engagement feature58is biased outwardly and the dress cover16is pressed down until a bottom surface16aof the dress cover16is seated against a top surface of the floor48of the connector assembly pocket50. The engagement feature58is shown as a resilient finger58awhich is returned to a neutral position and the catch portion62ais seated against the top edge of the back wall of the dress cover16and the ramp portion is disclosed within the slit44as shown inFIG.6. As such, in the event that the wire bundle300is routed to the undersurface of the lower cover34, the cantilevered force generated by a second bend in the wire formed about the opening32of the lower cover34is resisted by the engagement of the dress cover16and the engagement feature58of the connector pocket assembly50. Specifically, the top edge of the support wall36of the dress cover16is pressed against the catch portion62aof the finger58aso as to retain the dress cover16in a seated position against the floor48of the lower cover34. With reference now toFIG.7, a power distribution box assembly100is provided. The power distribution box assembly100is configured to accommodate a wire bundle300. The power distribution box assembly100includes an upper housing102, a lower housing104and a lower cover34. The upper housing102and the lower housing may be formed of a material suitable for injection molding illustratively including polypropylene, polyoxymethylene, polycarbonate and the like. The upper housing102is configured to accommodate a plurality of electric components such as switches, fuses, relays and the like and the lower housing104is configured to hold a plurality of terminals. In particular, male terminals which are seated into the connector housing14of a connector assembly12. The connector assembly12is secured to the upper and lower housings102,104using a bolt106. The upper housing102is a generally rectangular member and may include conventional attachment features such as resilient tabs20and hooks which are configured to secure the upper housing102to the lower housing104. Likewise, the lower housing104is a generally rectangular member configured to be covered by the upper housing102. The power distribution box assembly100includes a connector assembly12. The connector assembly12includes a connector housing14and a dress cover16. The connector housing14is a generally cuboidal member having a plurality of terminal slots18which extend between an upper and lower surface of the connector housing14so as to allow for an electrical connection between a pair of mating terminals. The dress cover16is attached to a bottom surface of the connector housing14. The dress cover16is configured to route the wires from the connector assembly12to an opening32of the lower cover34. The dress cover16is a generally cylindrical member having a support wall36, a pair of second side walls38so as to define an open end40and an open top42, the open end40defining a wire route opening. The support wall36being opposite the open end40so as to define a closed end. The dress covers16has a generally u-shaped cross section. In one aspect of the connector assembly,12the support wall36includes a top edge36awhich is spaced apart from a bottom surface14aof the connector housing14so as to define a slit44. The lower cover34includes a connector assembly pocket50. The connector assembly pocket50is configured to hold the connector assembly12. The connector assembly pocket50includes an engagement feature58which is configured to engage the support wall36of the dress cover16so as to retain the connector assembly12within the connector assembly pocket50. In one aspect, the engagement feature58is a finger58a. For instance, the finger58amay be the same as the finger58adescribed above. The finger58ais spaced apart from and opposite of the lower opening32of the lower cover34and the finger58ais configured to engage a structure of the support wall of the dress cover16so as to retain the connector assembly12within the connector assembly pocket50. In one aspect, the finger is configured to engage the slit44between the connector housing14and the dress cover16. In one aspect, the dress cover16includes an attachment member62configured to engage the connector housing14. The attachment member62may be a conventional attachment member currently known or later developed. For illustrative purposes, the dress cover16is shown as having a plurality of resilient tabs20for engaging catches22disposed on a first sidewall24of the connector housing14. The connector housing14is a generally cuboidal member having a pair of first side walls24, a first front wall26and a first back wall28. With reference again toFIG.7, the cross sectional view of an assembled view of the power distribution box assembly100is provided. During assembly the connector housing14is assembled together with the wires inserted into the terminal slits52aso as to form a wire bundle300. The wire bundle300is provided in dashed lines to facilitate explanation of the benefits of the power distribution box assembly100as described herein. As is illustrated, the wire bundle300includes a first bend202which routes the wire bundle300from the bottom surface of the connector housing14through the lower opening32of the lower cover34. The wire bundle300may include a second bend304the end of the lower opening32of the lower cover34and is routed to an undersurface of the lower cover34which generates a cantilevered force which urges the dress cover16away from the connector housing14, as indicated by the arrow. In particular, the cantilevered force urges the dress cover16and the connector housing14upward and away from the floor48of the lower cover34. As the engagement feature58engages the support wall36, the engagement feature58prevents the connector assembly12from being dislodged out of position. It should be appreciated that the connector assembly12should remain fixed within the connector assembly pocket50so as to facilitate the assembly of the remaining pieces of the power distribution box assembly100. Namely, once the connector assembly12is positioned, the lower housing104is mounted onto the connector assembly12and the upper housing102is then mounted onto the lower housing104. A bolt106is used to secure the connector assembly12the lower housing104and the upper housing102together. In instances where the connector assembly12is not properly seated within the connector assembly pocket50, there is a chance that the bolt hole extending through the upper housing102, lower housing104and connector housing14are not aligned, thus requiring the assembly worker to manually reposition the parts. Accordingly, the power distribution box assembly100prevents the routing of a wire bundle300from disengaging the connector housing14assembly so as to facilitate the assembly of the power distribution box10assembled. While particular embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it should be appreciated that various other changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed subject matter. Moreover, although various aspects of the claimed subject matter have been described herein, such aspects need not be realized in combination. It is therefore intended that the appended claims cover all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of the claimed subject matter. | 13,909 |
11942772 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION The illustration ofFIG.1shows a cable bushing1of a first embodiment. The three-dimensional view shows a frame2, in which a plurality of resilient cable grommets3are positioned. The cable grommets3, not all of which are provided with a reference sign, are each provided with a slit4in the embodiment shown here, such that they can be opened up in a manner known per se in order to receive prefabricated cables5provided with connectors. Some of the cables5are shown in part, and not all of the cables5are provided with their own reference sign here either. In the embodiment shown here, the frame2consists of a first frame part6, which forms a lid for a second U-shaped frame part7here. This shows one clamping lever8on the right and one clamping lever on the left of the frame2so as to be rotatably movably connected and articulated, respectively, to the first frame part6, which levers come to rest beside legs9of the second frame part7in the closed state of the clamping levers8shown here. Alternatively, the construction having two L-shaped frame parts would also be conceivable, such that one clamping lever8would be rotatably movably connected to one frame part7e.g. at the top right and the other clamping lever8would be rotatably movably connected to the other frame part6at the bottom left. The view inFIG.2is a plan view of the cable bushing1, again without the resilient cable grommets3and the cables5. For this purpose, spaces10for receiving the resilient cable grommets3are shown here in the U-shaped second frame part7. In the view inFIG.2, the spaces10are formed as five equal-sized spaces between the legs9of the second frame part7, purely by way of example. They are optional and, again purely by way of example, are separated from one another by dividers11. It would be equally conceivable to provide differently sized spaces10or just one single space, with it being possible for one or, as shown in the view inFIG.1, more of the cable grommets3to be received in each of the spaces, in particular in the stack direction one on top of the other. The dividers11may be constructed to be fixed to the second frame part or may be connected thereto in a plug-in manner. The crucial functionality of the cable bushing1then lies in the use of the clamping levers8, by means of which the first frame part6, in this case the lid, can be braced to the second frame part7when the resilient cable grommets3are inserted. The basic construction is shown in the sectional view inFIG.3, with the view of the cable grommets3being omitted from this figure and all the following figures for the sake of clarity. As shown here in the lower region, the second frame part7can be provided in part by a framework structure, in order to obtain a stable but still lightweight connection of the legs9by means of a base part12. The first frame part6, used as a lid, may in principle also be constructed in this manner, even if it is not shown in this way in the embodiment shown. There are then orienting projections13, in the second frame part7here, and corresponding recessed portions14, in the first frame part6here, between the first frame part6and the second frame part7, such that the frame parts are oriented relative to another during bracing in the bracing direction V indicated here and are mechanically secured in position relative to one another. The clamping levers8are each shown in their closed position here, and this will be discussed in greater detail below. They have a corresponding recess in a plane behind the sectional plane inFIG.3selected here, i.e. they are provided with a groove into which projections15of the legs9project. The groove itself is only directly shown in the view inFIG.10and is provided with reference sign16therein. The construction in which the groove16is in the leg8and the projection15is in the clamping lever8and/or which comprises a plurality of grooves16and projections15that lie beside one another and engage in one another would also be conceivable. During assembly, the two clamping levers8then brace the first frame part6, i.e. the lid, relative to the second frame part7, i.e. the U-shaped frame part, in which the spaces10for the resilient cable grommets3are provided. In the variant inFIGS.1to3, two of the clamping levers8are shown in each case, such that the construction can be braced equally on the left and the right during assembly, which is carried out simply and efficiently in the manner described in greater detail below. In the braced position and thus in the closed position of the clamping levers8, as shown inFIGS.1to3, holes17in the clamping levers8and holes18in the legs9or in the projections15of the legs9come into alignment with one another. Screws can be guided through these then congruently aligned holes17,18, for example in order to mount the frame2of the cable bushing1on the wall of a switchgear cabinet around an opening. At the same time, the screws guided through the congruently aligned holes17,18secure the closed position of the clamping levers8and thus secure the closed and braced position of the cable bushing1. FIGS.4and5then show an alternative variant of the cable bushing1or one that is similar to the view of its frame2inFIGS.2and3. The construction is substantially similar, but in the embodiment shown here, one of the two clamping levers8is omitted on the left-hand side. The left-hand leg9of the second U-shaped frame part7is accordingly constructed to be wider in order to achieve the same total width and in particular the same distance between the holes17,18on one side and the holes18on the other side, as in the above-described exemplary embodiments. The sectional view inFIG.5shows the principle. The first frame part6, used as a lid, comprises a projection19, which is designed for hanging and rotatably movably guiding the first frame part6or lid in a corresponding recess20in the second frame part, and in particular the left-hand leg9of the second frame part7here. The first frame part6, used as a lid, can therefore be pivoted together with its clamping lever8, provided that it is still in an open position, in order to thus accordingly close the second frame part7with increasing pivoting in the manner of the lid of a chest, the orienting projections13and recessed portions14also coming into engagement here again in a corresponding manner. The view inFIG.5also again shows the final closed position with the clamping lever8in the closed position here. This construction can also be accordingly produced with two L-shaped frame parts6,7. In the following figures, in particular the movement of the clamping lever8from its open position into its closed position and the mechanisms taking place in the process for bracing the first frame part6relative to the second frame part7will be discussed. This is described on the basis of a right-hand clamping lever8purely by way of example and therefore applies both to the variant inFIGS.1to3and that inFIGS.4and5. In the variant inFIGS.1to3, the left-hand clamping lever8functions in an accordingly similar manner. In this case, the sectional planes inFIGS.7and8have been selected to be slightly offset from those inFIGS.6and9, in order to thus illustrate the efficient, if again only exemplary, configuration of the rotatably movable reception of the clamping lever8on the first frame part6in the region of the fulcrum23. For this purpose, the clamping lever8comprises a shaft31attached by means of a plurality of connecting pieces32, which shaft is detachably mounted in a series of rounded teeth33of the first frame part6. In this case, latching to the ends of the shaft31is conceivable in order to hold the clamping lever8securely on the first frame part6even in the disassembled state. The forces are, however, not transmitted via said first frame part but instead via the shaft31and the teeth33, which allows for very high tensile forces owing to the large surface area. FIG.6shows the lid, which has been loosely placed onto the second frame part7, as the first frame part6, with the clamping lever8still in an open position. In this position, the clamping lever8may be loosely positioned beside the leg9of the second frame part7and the projection15thereof. The clamping lever8is not yet in engagement with the second frame part7or is not yet in considerable engagement therewith. As is important for the function and as can be seen in the view inFIG.6, the clamping lever8comprises a first sliding edge21in the form of a relatively small surface projecting into the image plane. This sliding edge21of the clamping lever8interacts with a first guide surface22of the second frame part, which is produced on the leg9and in connection with the projection15here. In the view inFIG.7, this can be seen after the clamping lever8has pivoted by an angle towards the leg9. The guide surface22is curved here and has an inclined position relative to the bracing direction V of the frame parts6,7relative to one another. The slope begins with a relatively large, steep slope, such that a relatively long path of the first frame part6relative to the second frame part7is obtained in the first part of the angular path of the clamping lever8. In this phase, the resilient cable grommets3, which are not shown but which are arranged in the recesses10, are still relatively easy to brace, since this is practically the start of their spring characteristic curve. A worker who is pressing on the clamping lever8according to the arrow F thus achieves, with relatively low force, a relatively long path along which the first frame part6is moved relative to the second frame part7. Owing to the relatively small angle between the surface of the clamping lever8in this position and the vertical, the effective force can be approximately equated with the applied force here, in particular since, depending on the worker in question, the forces are subjected to a different level of force anyway, and therefore the function can approximately be explained with a single indicated force F. In the view inFIG.8, the clamping lever8is then moved further about its rotary shaft23over a further portion of its angular path. The first sliding edge21has already slid a long way on the first guide surface22, and the two frame parts6,7have already clearly moved towards one another. The first sliding edge21approaches a recess24. A short way further along the angular path of the clamping lever8than in the view inFIG.8, the first sliding edge21is brought to rest above this recess and therefore is no longer in engagement. For this purpose, as shown in the view inFIG.8, a second sliding edge25is then in engagement with a second guide surface26. The second guide surface26and the second sliding edge25each consist of two parts formed to the right and the left of the groove16and the projection15, respectively. In this case, the engagement between the second sliding edge25and the second guide surface26remains in its closed position shown inFIG.9until the end of the movement of the clamping lever8. In this case, the slope is accordingly lower in particular at the end of the movement of the clamping lever8in its closed position at the second guide surface26, which is likewise oblique relative to the bracing direction V, in order to only provide a short path between the first frame part6and the second frame part7, but to apply a relatively high bracing force in the process. To do this, the distance of the second guide surface26and the second sliding edge25from the fulcrum23, about which the clamping lever8rotates relative to the first frame part6, is considerably shorter than that of the first guide surface22and the first sliding edge21, in the region of which the force F acts. The action of the force F in the region of the first guide surface22and the first sliding edge21is therefore a direct force action, while the action of the equal force F during the engagement of the second sliding edge25on the second guide surface26is accordingly intensified, since a lever stroke1indicated inFIG.8is then available for intensifying the action of the force F. This results in very forceful bracing of the resilient cable grommets3into the spaces10. As a result of the second guide surface26sloping upwards as far as the closed position of the clamping lever8, an increasingly great force is applied to the resilient cable grommets3until the closed position of the clamping lever8is reached without this being relieved again in the meantime. This results in extremely good sealing of the entire cable bushing1. In the closed position of the clamping lever8shown inFIG.9(similar toFIGS.3and5), the holes17in the clamping lever8and the holes18in the projection15of the leg9are then congruently aligned one over the other. If screws are then guided through, for example in order to screw the cable bushing1to the wall of a switchgear cabinet, the closed position of the clamping lever(s)8is secured at the same time and therefore the cable bushing1is reliably fixed in its closed and braced position of the frame parts6,7. Alternatively or in particular additionally, a latching hook27could also be provided. In the sectional view along line X-X inFIG.9, which can be seen inFIG.10, such a latching hook is shown by way of example. The projections15comprise ribs28as reinforcement. One of these ribs28can then for example be used to secure the closed position of the clamping lever8by means of the latching hook27. Purely by way of example, a latching hook27of this kind is formed on the part of the clamping lever8towards the projection15which supports the second sliding edge25at its other end. The construction will slide over the rib28due to a slant29of the latching hook27and its resilience achieved by a gap30and then accordingly be latched to said rib when the clamping lever8has reached its closed position. Additionally or alternatively, latching in the region of the recess24is also conceivable. | 13,961 |
11942773 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Before the present invention is described in further detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the claims of the present application. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, provided is a wall grommet10, which can be installed through the surface of a wall to route wiring in the wall's interior space. Grommet10can be used to route power cords and low-voltage cables for audio and video applications. In one embodiment, grommet10comprises a power module100, a back cover200, a wire egress cover300and a trim ring400. However, it is also contemplated that grommet10, in another embodiment, may comprise only a power module100and a back cover200. Still in other embodiments, grommet10may further optionally comprise a wire egress cover300or a trim ring400. As shown inFIGS.1and2, power module100comprises a housing110, which defines an interior space120that is adapted to hold either the female connector510(also referred to a “female end”) or male connector520(also referred to as a “male end”) of a power cord500. Housing110may comprise a tubular wall130having a substantially tubular shape that defines a front opening140and a back opening142. Tubular wall130extends between the front opening140and back opening142of housing110. Also, a wire-egress opening144may be provided in tubular wall130of housing110so that the interior space120of housing110communicates with a space outside of housing110, other than through the front and back openings140,142. Further, a relief cut148may be provided adjacent to back opening142for accommodating a power cord500. As shown in the embodiment illustrated inFIGS.1and2, housing110may have an irregular tubular shape. For example, the shape of a cross-section transverse to a longitudinal axis Z may be asymmetric about a horizontal axis X and/or a vertical axis Y. Further, the cross-sections transverse to the longitudinal axis Z may be non-uniform, i.e., the shape of the cross-sections transverse to the longitudinal axis Z may vary along the longitudinal axis Z. Additionally, as shown inFIG.3, housing110may comprise an interior wall150. Interior wall150is disposed inside housing110and extends from tubular wall130across interior space120of housing110to create a separation in the interior space120of housing110. Interior wall150defines a front interior space122and a back interior space124inside housing110. A first portion152of interior wall150preferably extends substantially vertically from the interior of tubular wall130and into interior space120of housing110. The first portion152of interior wall150includes an electrical-connector opening146that connects the front interior space122and the back interior space124of housing110. The back interior space124of housing110is adapted to receive the electrical connector510,520of a power cord500, such that the electrical connector510,520abuts interior wall150and the female receptacle or male prongs of electrical connector510,520are accessible through the electrical-connector opening146. As shown inFIGS.5and7, the electrical connector510,520may have a body comprising a flange512,522configured to engage the interior wall150of the housing110around the electrical-connector opening146. Further, the body of the electrical connector510,520may further comprise a front face514,524that is configured to be disposed substantially vertically when the electrical connector510,520is disposed inside the housing110and the grommet10is mounted on a surface of a vertical wall. The body of the electrical connector510,520extends back from the front face514,524generally perpendicularly to the plane of the front face514,524. As shown inFIGS.5and7, the power chord500of the electrical connector510,520may extend transversely to the body of the electrical connector510,520so that the power chord500can be routed vertically inside the wall. The front face514,524of the electrical connector510,520, which has the female receptacle or male prongs disposed thereon, may be configured to protrude from the flange512,522such that the front face of the electrical connector510,520extends through the electrical-connector opening146when the flange512,522engages the interior wall150of the housing110around the electrical-connector opening146. The front opening140and the front interior space122are adapted to provide access to the electrical connector510,520of power cord500, which is disposed in the back interior space124of housing110, so that the mating connector end of another power cord can be connected to the electrical connector510,520disposed in the back interior space124of housing110. Thus, grommet10can be mounted flush on a surface and the electrical connector510,520of power cord500may be recessed from the surface. As shown inFIGS.5-8, grommet10is configured such that when grommet10is mounted flush on the surface of a vertical wall, the front face514,524of the electrical connector510,520is disposed substantially vertically and parallel to the surface of the vertical wall, and the power cord500extends substantially transversely to the longitudinal axis Z of housing110and substantially vertically inside the wall. Further, as shown inFIG.3, a second portion154of interior wall150extends from the interior of the tubular wall130at the back edge of the wire-egress opening144and slopes/curves up and forward toward front interior space122and front opening140. This particular configuration of the second portion154of interior wall150guides any wires or cables that are inserted through wire-egress opening144toward front interior space122and front opening140. Thus, when grommet10is installed in a wall, wires or cables (e.g., low voltage audio/video cables) can be easily fed from the interior space of a wall out trough the wire-egress opening144of power module100. Further, screw posts156may disposed on the backside of the second portion154of interior wall150, in the back interior space124of housing110, for engaging fasteners158, which secure back cover200to power module100. Also, as shown inFIGS.1and2, power module100may comprise an annular flange160that extends outwardly from the front opening140of housing110and defines a substantially planar surface transverse to the longitudinal axis Z of housing110. Annular flange160comprises a front surface162and a back surface164. When the housing110of power module100is inserted through an appropriately sized hole in the surface of a wall, the back surface164of flange160abuts the surface of the wall and prevents power module100from falling through the hole. Extending from the front surface162through to the back surface164of flange160are at least two holes166adapted to receive and engage fasteners170(e.g. screws, nails, etc.) for securing power module100to a wall surface. Thus, once power module100is inserted through a hole in the surface of a wall, fasteners170can be inserted through holes166of flange160to secure power module100to the wall. Additionally, as shown inFIGS.1and2, in one embodiment, toggles172may be provided in conjunction with fasteners170to secure module100on the surface of a wall. Toggles172comprise bores174that are adapted to engage fasteners170. Toggles172may be disposed adjacent to the holes166on the back surface164of flange160, such that the bores174of toggles172are aligned with the holes166on the back surface164of flange160. As shown in the embodiment ofFIGS.1and2, toggles172may be held in mounts132provided on an outer surface of housing110. Toggles172and mounts132are preferably configured to allow toggles172to pivot about a longitudinal axis of bores174parallel to longitudinal axis Z. The configuration of toggles172and mounts132allow toggles172to rotate between a closed position (as shown inFIGS.4and6) to an open position (as shown inFIGS.1and2) when a fastener170is rotated in a tightening direction (e.g., clockwise). Likewise, when a fastener170is rotated in a loosening direction (e.g., counter clockwise), toggles172may rotate from an open position to a closed position. Preferably, mounts132include detents134that prevent toggles172from moving in an opening direction past a certain point, such that toggles172are substantially radially aligned with longitudinal axis Z of power module100. As power module100is inserted through a hole in the surface of a wall, toggles172may be held in a closed position. Once power module100has been inserted through a hole in the surface of a wall and fasteners170are tightened, toggles172may move into an open position and engage the backside of the wall to secure power module100to the wall. As shown inFIGS.5and7, grommet10further comprises back cover200that is adapted to engage housing110of power module100at the back opening142. Back cover200comprises at least two holes202for receiving fasteners158. The holes202are configured to align with the screw posts156so that fasteners158may be inserted through holes202in back cover200and engage screw posts156. Once the electrical connector510,520of power cord500is inserted into back interior space124of housing110, electrical connector510,520can be secured in housing110by attaching back cover200to power module100and inserting fasteners158through holes202and into screw posts156. Thus, by enclosing the back interior space124of housing110with back cover200, an electrical connector510,520can held and secured in the back interior space124such that the female receptacle or male prongs of electrical connector510,520can be accessed from the front opening140and front interior space through the electrical-connector opening146. Also, as shown inFIGS.5and7, Grommet10may further optionally comprise a wire egress cover300. Wire egress cover300preferably includes a planar surface310that is shaped to match the shape of a portion of a cross section of the interior space120of power module100such that the interior space—between the second portion154of interior wall150and the interior of tubular wall130—that leads to wire-egress opening144can be covered while still allowing wires or cables to be passed through. Wire egress cover may further include arms320that extend orthogonally from surface310. Arms320are adapted to fit in the front interior space122of housing110and engage the interior surface of tubular wall130so that wire egress cover300may be secured to power module100. Wire egress cover300may also include tabs330disposed on the free ends of arms320. Tabs330are configured to engage recesses136in the interior surface of tubular wall130. Wire egress cover300may further include a notch340cut out to allow wires or cables to be passed through the wire-egress opening144when the egress cover300is installed. Additionally, as shown inFIGS.5and7, grommet10may further optionally comprise a trim ring400. Trim ring400includes a substantially planar surface410that defines a central opening420for allowing access to the interior space120of power module100. Extending orthogonally from surface410is a semi-cylindrical wall430. Semi-cylindrical wall430partially encircles central opening420on surface410and is adapted to extend inwardly into interior space120of housing110. Semi-cylindrical wall430is adapted to engage the interior surface of tubular wall130so that trim ring400may be secured to power module100. Trim ring400is preferably adapted to securely fit on the flange160of power module100without the need for fasteners. Trim ring400is configured to cover fasteners170on flange160and provide an even finished surface around the front opening140of power module100. Thus, trim ring400provides a clean finished appearance to the portion of grommet10that is visible after installation in a wall. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, as shown inFIG.8, provided is a wall grommet assembly600. Wall grommet assembly600may comprise two wall grommets10′,10″ (as described above) and a power cord500. Power cord500preferably has a female connector510on one end and a male connector520on the other end. Further, power cord500preferably comprises type NM-B cable, or other type of cable that is rated for use inside walls. As shown inFIGS.4and5, grommet10′ is used in conjunction with the female connector510of power cord500, as shown inFIGS.4and5. As shown inFIGS.6and7, grommet10″ is used in conjunction with the male connector520of power cord500, as shown inFIGS.6and7. As shown inFIG.8, wall grommet assembly600may be installed by cutting out two holes on the surface of a wall and running power cord500inside the wall such that female connector510comes out of the wall through one hole and male connector520comes out of the wall through the other hole. Then, female connector510can be secured in grommet10′ and male connector520can be secured in the other grommet10″. Grommets10′,10″ can then be inserted through their respective holes in the wall and secured to the surface of the wall using fasteners (e.g. screws, nails, etc.) through holes166in flange160. Additionally, other cables (e.g., low-voltage audio/video cables) may be passed through the wire-egress opening144of one grommet10′, through the interior space of the wall, and out through the wire-egress opening144of the other grommet10″. Wire egress covers300and trim rings400may also be secured on the power modules100′,100″, as desired. In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, as shown inFIG.9, provided is a kit700for routing wiring in the interior spaces of walls. In one embodiment the kit700comprises a saw710, a fish stick720, two grommets10′,10″, and a power cord500. Saw710may be any conventional saw that can be used to cutout holes in the surface of walls (e.g., drywall saw). Fish stick720comprises a rod722with a hook724(or other means for holding a cable) on one end. The rod722may have a one-piece construction, or it may be provided in multiple sections (as shown) that are connected by connectors726. The two grommets10′,10″ and power cord500may be provided in accordance with the preceding descriptions. Saw710may be used to cut out holes on the surface of a wall. Once two holes are cut out, fish stick720may be inserted through one of the holes and into the wall such that the hook724on the end of the rod710can be accessed through the other hole. One end of the power cord500can be secured on the hook724and inserted through the hole such that the power cord500can be fished through the inside of the wall by pulling out the other end of fish stick720through the other hole. Power cord500may be fished through the inside of the wall such that one end of the cord comes out of the wall through one hole and the other end of the cord comes out of the wall through the other hole. Then, female connector510can be secured in grommet10′ and male connector520can be secured in the other grommet10″. Grommets10′,10″ can then be inserted through their respective holes in the wall and secured to the surface of the wall using fasteners (e.g. screws, nails, etc.) through holes166in flange160. Additionally, other cables (e.g., low-voltage audio/video cables) may be passed through the wire-egress opening144of one grommet10′, through the interior space of the wall, and out through the wire-egress opening144of the other grommet10″. Wire egress covers300and/or trim rings400may also be secured on the power modules100′,100″, as desired. While the invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that modifications can be made to the structure and elements of the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as a whole. | 15,817 |
11942774 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Embodiments of the present invention overcome the drawbacks of the state of the art by providing an arc fault detector that can be implemented easily, which requires only simple technical components, and which has a high capability in detecting arcs, and a low tendency for nuisance tripping. As a result, the arc fault detector of the present invention can be implemented with simple technical components. This arc fault detector has a high capability in detecting arcs and a low tendency for nuisance tripping. The arc fault detector combines the detection of two typical arc behaviors, the high slew rate at the moment of the beginning of the arc, and a high frequency behavior. These two behaviors are further combined with well-known arc pattern detection, helping to avoid typical false arc-detection situations of them. The actual arc fault detector combines the results of three different detectors in a specific manner to reduce nuisance tripping and to provide save arc detection. FIGS.1and3show preferred embodiments of an arc fault detector1with a first electric line2and at least a first sensor3adapted for monitoring an electric current and/or voltage spectrum in the first electric line2and outputting a broadband measurement signal, further comprising a signal-pattern-analyzing-unit4adapted to compare the broadband measurement signal with at least a first predefined arc pattern, and to output a first arc-detection-signal on a first output5in case the broadband measurement signal matches the arc pattern. The arc fault detector1further comprises:a slew-rate-detection-unit6adapted to determine a slew rate of the electric current in the first electric line2, comparing the determined slew rate with a threshold slew rate, and outputting a slew-rate-detection-signal on a second output7in case the determined slew rate is higher than the threshold slew rate,an envelope-step-detection-unit8adapted to determine a change of an envelope-value of at least a predefined frequency band of the broadband measurement signal within a predefined timespan, the envelope-step-detection-unit8being further adapted to output an envelope-step-detection-signal on a third output9in case that the determined change is higher than a threshold change,a first controller-unit10connected to the second output7and the third output9, the first controller-unit10being adapted to output a second arc-detection-signal on a fourth output11of the first controller-unit10in case the first controller-unit10receives the slew-rate detection signal and the frequency-detection-signal within a first predefined detection-time-window,a second controller-unit12connected to the first output5and the fourth output11, the second controller-unit12being adapted to output a trigger signal on a trigger output13in case the second controller-unit12receives the first arc-detection-signal and the second arc-detection-signal for at least a defined total time within a second predefined detection-time-window. As a result, the arc fault detector1of the present invention can be implemented with simple technical components. This arc fault detector1has a high capability in detecting arcs and a low tendency for nuisance tripping. The arc fault detector1combines the detection of two typical arc behaviors, the high slew rate at the moment of the beginning of the arc, and a high frequency behavior. These two behaviors are further combined with well-known arc pattern detection, helping to avoid typical false arc-detection situations of them. The actual arc fault detector1combines the results of three different detectors in a specific manner to reduce nuisance tripping and to provide save arc detection. In the example described, the arc fault detector1contains a first electric line2. Alternatively, the arc fault detector1contains also a second electric line14and can contain a number of further electric lines. The arc fault detector1can be a stand-alone component, comprising a casing and clamps for connecting the electric lines2,14. In the example described and accordingFIG.2, the arc fault detector1is an integral part of an arc fault circuit breaker17. The trigger output13of the arc fault detector1is connected to an actuator20and/or a switching mechanism21of the arc fault circuit breaker17, and the switching mechanism21is connected to at least one pair of switching contacts22arranged in the first electric line2and the further preferred second electric line14. The arc fault circuit breaker17further comprising a first clamps18and second clamps19. Alternatively the arc fault circuit breaker17can be implemented as a hybrid circuit breaker or a solid state circuit breaker. As indicated earlier, the arc fault detector1comprises the first current and/or voltage sensor3which monitors the electric current in the first electric line2. Preferably, the arc fault detector1comprises one current and/or voltage sensor3for each electric line2,14. According the second embodiment as shown inFIG.3the arc fault detector1further comprises a second sensor23, which is embodied as current sensor23. The first sensor3can be of any type of current and/or voltage sensor3which has a high or broad bandwidth. That means that the sensor3shall not monitor an electric signal only at a single frequency but over a broad spectrum of frequencies, especially containing high frequencies. The current sensor3outputs a broadband measurement signal. In the context of this embodiment, broadband means that the current and/or voltage sensor3is adapted to output the broadband measurement signal with a bandwidth from at least 10 Hz to 10 MHz. The bandwidth can even be broader. In another example, the current and/or voltage sensor3is adapted to output the broadband measurement signal with a bandwidth from 1 Hz to 20 MHz. It is not necessary that the first sensor3is linear over the whole bandwidth. Typical for the initial phase of an electric arc are a high rise of the current in short time together with the coming up of high frequency components. But these two phenomena are not sufficient for detecting an electric arc. The current and/or voltage in the electric line2are evaluated in parallel in at least three different units4,6,8. Preferably the broadband measurement signal is a digital signal. In case of an analogous current and/or voltage sensor3the broadband measurement signal is A/D-converted. The output of the current and/or voltage sensor3is connected to a signal-pattern-analyzing-unit4. The signal-pattern-analyzing-unit4is adapted to compare the broadband measurement signal with at least a first predefined arc pattern. Units for detecting an electric arc by analyzing the behavior of a measurement signal according specific pattern are well known in the technical field of arc fault detectors. They usually analyze high frequency noise. Such units are searching for specific noise pattern, which should be characterizing for noise generated by an arc. The actual arc fault detector1can be implemented with any kind of signal-pattern-analyzing-unit4. In case the broadband measurement signal matches the arc pattern, the signal-pattern-analyzing-unit4generates a first arc-detection-signal, and puts this signal out on the first output5of the signal-pattern-analyzing-unit4. Preferably the first arc-detection-signal is a Boolean signal, indicating the detection of an arc by setting the first arc-detection-signal from logic false to logic true. According the first preferred embodiment the output of the first current and/or voltage sensor3is connected to a slew-rate-detection-unit6. The slew-rate-detection-unit6is adapted to detect the occurrence of a signal with a slew rate higher a definite threshold slew rate. The slew rate is the rate of change of the current. The slew rate is defined as di/dt. The slew-rate-detection-unit6determines the slew rate of the incoming broadband measurement signal and compares this with a threshold slew rate. A typical threshold slew rate is in the range of 10.000 A/s. According the first preferred embodiment as shown inFIG.1, comprising only the first broadband sensor3it is suggested that a low-pass-filter29is arranged between the first sensor3and the slew-rate-detection-unit6. The broadband measurement signal contains high frequency components, which can jam the detection accuracy of the slew-rate-detection-unit6. A typical cutoff frequency of the low-pass-filter29is in the range of a few kHz. According the second preferred embodiment as shown inFIG.2the arc fault detector1further comprises a second sensor23adapted for monitoring the electric current in the first line2and outputting a low frequency measurement signal. Low frequency means a cutoff frequency in the range of a few kHz causing a narrow bandwidth. As this measurement signal does not contain high frequency components, a separate low-pass-filter29is not necessary and the second sensor23is preferably connected to the slew-rate-detection-unit6without an additional filter. In case that the determined slew rate is higher than the threshold slew rate, the slew-rate-detection-unit6is outputting a slew-rate-detection-signal on a second output7of the slew-rate-detection-unit6. Preferably the slew-rate-detection-signal is a Boolean signal, indicating the detection of a signal with high slew rate by setting the slew-rate-detection-signal from logic false to logic true. According a preferred embodiment, the slew-rate-detection-unit6is adapted to output the slew-rate-detection-signal for a predefined time. In case a slew rate being high enough for outputting the slew-rate-detection-signal is detected, the slew-rate-detection-signal is not switched off immediately in the same moment, the slew rate falls under the threshold slew rate, but is further outputted. The predefined time for outputting the slew-rate-detection-signal depends on the specific kind of the envelope-step-detection-unit8. It is preferred that the slew-rate-detection-unit6is adapted to output the slew-rate-detection-signal for a predefined time, especially 1 μs to 500 μs. The output of the first current and/or voltage sensor3is further connected to an envelope-step-detection-unit8. The envelope-step-detection-unit8analyzes the spectrum of the broadband measurement signal regarding the occurrence of a special behavior of higher frequency components. In case an arc occurs the arc will go out or extinguish near the zero crossing points and will reignite if the voltage is high enough during the next half cycle of an AC-voltage. The high rate of change cause broadband noise. The highest amplitude and the highest broadband will occur around the points of outgoing and/or reignition of the arcs. The high rate of change can also be named as a step. The envelope-step-detection-unit8analyses typically only a part respective a narrow frequency band of the broadband measurement signal. A center frequency of the frequency band is typically in the range of 4 MHz to 20 MHz. It is preferred that the envelope-step-detection-unit8contains a band-pass-filter24arranged at an input of the envelope-step-detection-unit8. The central frequency of the band-pass-filter24is preferably in the range between 5 MHz and 18 MHz. Analyzing only a part of the broadband measurement signal saves resources in the real implementation of the envelope-step-detection-unit8. According a special preferred embodiment the envelope-step-detection-unit8contains more than one band-pass-filter24and is embodied to analyze the broadband measurement signal in more than one low bandwidth frequency band. Alternatively the first voltage and/or current sensor3can be embodied as a sensor outputting a high frequency measurement signal with low bandwidth. As a result it would not be necessary to implement the band-pass-filter24. The envelope-step-detection-unit8is adapted to determine a change of an envelope-value in the frequency band within a predefined timespan. It is suggested that the signal within the analyzed frequency band is edited. According the preferred embodiments the envelope-step-detection-unit8further comprises an envelope determination unit25. The envelope determination unit25comprises a rectifier unit26coupled to the exit of the band-pass-filter24. The resulting signal contains only positive values. The exit of the rectifier unit26is connected to a unit27to detect the maximum values of the rectified signal and further interpolating a curve along the maximum values to build the envelope. According the preferred embodiments the predefined timespan is infinitesimal. According this feature the envelope-step-detection-unit8comprises a unit28to differentiate the envelope curve. The igniting and/or the outgoing arcs cause high and easy to detect values after differentiation of the envelope. The envelope-step-detection-unit8is further adapted to output an envelope-step-detection-signal on a third output in case that the determined change is higher than a threshold change. Preferably the envelope-step-detection-signal is a Boolean signal. The second output7of the slew-rate-detection-unit6and the third output of the envelope-step-detection-unit8are connected to a first controller-unit10. The first controller-unit10is adapted to output a second arc-detection-signal on a fourth output11in case the first controller-unit10receives the slew-rate detection signal and the envelope-step-detection-signal within a first predefined detection-time-window. This means, that both conditions: high slew rate and high change of the value of the envelope have to occur almost at the same time. Corresponding to this, the slew-rate-detection-signal and the envelope-step-detection-signal have to be received by the first controller-unit10almost at the same time. The first predefined detection-time-window is typically shorter than the duration of one half wave of the fundamental frequency of the protected electric network. For a 50 Hz network the first predefined detection-time-window typically is in the range of 100 μs to 1 ms. Preferably the second arc-detection-signal is a Boolean signal, indicating that a high slew rate and a high change of the value of the envelope are detected almost at the same time by setting the second arc-detection-signal from logic false to logic true. According to a preferred embodiment, the first controller-unit10is adapted to output the second arc-detection-signal for a predefined time. In case a high slew rate and a high change of the value of the envelope are detected at almost the same time, the second arc-detection-signal is not switched off immediately (in the same moment) if one of the conditions isn't met, but it is further outputted. Holding the second arc-detection-signal on logic true for a longer time enables the signal-pattern-analyzing-unit4to analyze the broadband measurement signal in a more detailed way. The predefined time for outputting the second arc-detection-signal depends on the specific kind of the signal-pattern-analyzing-unit4and the fundamental frequency of the protected electric network. It is preferred that this time is in the range of the duration of one half wave of the fundamental frequency up to the duration of three half waves. For a fundamental frequency of 50 Hz the predefined time is especially in the range from 10 ms to 60 ms. The first output5of the signal-pattern-analyzing-unit4and the fourth output11of the first controller unit10are connected to inputs of a second controller-unit12. The second controller-unit12is adapted to output a trigger signal on a trigger output13in case the second controller-unit12receives the first arc-detection-signal and the second arc-detection-signal for at least a defined total time within a second predefined detection-time-window. This means, that both signals have to be together logic true for a specific time, which is the defined total time. But it is accepted that the signals are interrupted and continued within the second predefined detection-time-window. The second predefined detection-time-window has typically the length of the duration of five to ten full waves of the fundamental frequency of the protected electric network. For a 50 Hz network the second predefined detection-time-window typically is in the range of 0.1 s to 0.2 s. The duration of the second predefined detection-time-window is preferably a constant value. According the preferred embodiment, the defined total time is defined as percentage of the duration of the second predefined detection-time-window. Especially the value of this percentage is not constant. It is set according at least one actual condition. According to a first embodiment, the duration of the defined total time is set according the presence of humans in a protected area. According to a second embodiment, the defined total time is a function of the actual root mean square value of the current. Corresponding to this embodiment andFIG.1, the arc fault detector1further comprises a RMS-current-measurement-unit15, with a fifth output16of the RMS-current-measurement-unit15being connected to the second controller-unit12, and that the second controller-unit12is adapted to adjust the total time depending on the RMS value of the current. Especially the second controller-unit12is adapted to lower the total time for high RMS value of the current, and rise the total time for low RMS value of the current. The first controller unit10and/or the second controller-unit12are preferably embodied comprising a microcontroller. Both controller-units10,12can be embodied in just one microcontroller. Further at least two of the signal-pattern-analyzing-unit4, the slew-rate-detection-unit6, the frequency-threshold-unit8or the RMS-current-measurement-unit15can be implemented together in one physical unit, especially comprising a microcontroller. Further all of the units4,6,8,10,12,15mentioned in this paragraph can be implemented together in just one microcontroller. Logic true is not a limitation regarding an implementation as a “high” or “positive” signal. Logic false is not a limitation regarding an implementation as a “low” or “negative” or “zero” signal. While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, such illustration and description are to be considered illustrative or exemplary and not restrictive. It will be understood that changes and modifications may be made by those of ordinary skill within the scope of the following claims. In particular, the present invention covers further embodiments with any combination of features from different embodiments described above and below. Additionally, statements made herein characterizing the invention refer to an embodiment of the invention and not necessarily all embodiments. The terms used in the claims should be construed to have the broadest reasonable interpretation consistent with the foregoing description. For example, the use of the article “a” or “the” in introducing an element should not be interpreted as being exclusive of a plurality of elements. Likewise, the recitation of “or” should be interpreted as being inclusive, such that the recitation of “A or B” is not exclusive of “A and B,” unless it is clear from the context or the foregoing description that only one of A and B is intended. Further, the recitation of “at least one of A, B and C” should be interpreted as one or more of a group of elements consisting of A, B and C, and should not be interpreted as requiring at least one of each of the listed elements A, B and C, regardless of whether A, B and C are related as categories or otherwise. Moreover, the recitation of “A, B and/or C” or “at least one of A, B or C” should be interpreted as including any singular entity from the listed elements, e.g., A, any subset from the listed elements, e.g., A and B, or the entire list of elements A, B and C. | 19,955 |
11942775 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS In order to further understand the present disclosure, preferred technical solutions of the present disclosure are described below in conjunction with embodiments. However, it should be understood that these descriptions are only used for further describing features and advantages of the present disclosure, rather than limiting the claims of the present disclosure. With the method in the conventional technology, in a case that an overcurrent fault such as a short-circuit fault or an overload fault occurs in a high voltage battery cluster, since two fuses are fused almost simultaneously, a drawn arc generated by the two fuses may results in a superposition of current change rates in a circuit, which may cause a large current change rate in the circuit and further cause a large voltage change rate in the circuit. In this case, a large current impulse and a large voltage impulse may be caused to a positive electrode and a negative electrode of the high voltage battery cluster in the circuit, resulting in a severe effect on electrical safety of the high voltage battery cluster. In order to solve the problem in the conventional technology that the large current impulse and the large voltage impulse are generated in the circuit when fuses are fused, an overcurrent protection circuit of a high voltage battery cluster is provided according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown inFIG.1, the overcurrent protection circuit includes a first fusing module110and a second fusing module120. The first fusing module110is arranged in a positive branch130of a switch box150of the high voltage battery cluster, and the second fusing module120is arranged in a negative branch140of the switch box150of the high voltage battery cluster. A withstand current-time curve of the first fusing module110is different from a withstand current-time curve of the second fusing module120. That is, a duration that the first fusing module110can withstand a withstand current is different from a duration that the second fusing module120can withstand the same withstand current. Therefore, when a overcurrent fault occurs in the high voltage battery cluster, one of the first fusing module110and the second fusing module120is fused to cause an open circuit in the high voltage battery cluster prior to another of the first fusing module110and the second fusing module120, thereby protecting the high voltage battery cluster from being broken by a large current. Compared with the conventional technology, according to the present disclosure, when the short-circuit fault occurs in the high voltage battery cluster, only one fuse module is fused to disconnect the high voltage battery cluster from the circuit, such that a superposition of current change rates in the conventional technology caused when two fuses are fused simultaneously can be avoided. In this way, the current change rate in the circuit is lower than that in the conventional technology caused in a case that the two fuses are fused simultaneously during the whole disconnecting process, thereby reducing a current impulse and a voltage impulse generated in the circuit, thus solving the problem in the conventional technology. In the conventional technology and the present disclosure, in a case that the short-circuit fault occurs in the high voltage battery cluster, a circuit structure of the high voltage battery cluster before two fuses or two fusing modules are fused may be simplified as shown inFIG.2. InFIG.2, F1and F2represent two fuses in the conventional technology and represent two fusing modules in the present disclosure. In the conventional technology, in a case that the short-circuit fault occurs in the high voltage battery cluster, a circuit structure of the high voltage battery cluster after two fuses are fused may be simplified as shown inFIG.3, and a circuit inductance formed in this case may be expressed as Lconventional=L1+L2+L3. In the present embodiment, in a case that the short-circuit fault occurs in the high voltage battery cluster, a circuit structure of the high voltage battery cluster after one of the two fusing modules is fused may be simplified as shown inFIG.4, and a circuit inductance formed in this case may be expressed as Lpresent=L1+L2+L3+L4+L5, which is greater than the circuit inductance Lconventionalformed in the conventional technology and has a better performance in impeding the change of a current in the circuit. In this way, the current in the circuit changes slowly and a fusing duration is prolonged, such that the current change rate di/dt is reduced, thereby reducing the current impulse and the voltage impulse generated in the circuit. In above expressions, L1represents a parasitic inductance of a series line between battery modules in the high voltage battery cluster, L2represents a parasitic inductance of a connection line between a positive electrode of a battery module branch and a positive input terminal B+ of the switch box150in the high voltage battery cluster, L3represents a parasitic inductance of a connection line between a negative electrode of the battery module branch and a negative input terminal B− of the switch box150in the high voltage battery cluster, and L4and L5respectively represent parasitic inductances of positive and negative leads by which the high voltage battery cluster is respectively connected to a battery collection panel (BCP) and a power conversion system (PCS). In a case that an overload fault occurs in the high voltage battery cluster, a process is the same as the above process, which is not described in detail herein. Moreover, in the embodiment, in a case that the short-circuit fault occurs in the high voltage battery cluster, in a process from a time when the short-circuit fault occurs in the high voltage battery cluster to a time when one of the two fusing modules is fused, since a resistance r of the circuit is reduced, a terminal voltage of the high voltage battery cluster is reduced, and a short-circuit current Isis increased rapidly. Changing curves of the short-circuit current Isand a reverse voltage U during this process are as shown in a process A inFIG.5. In addition, with the overcurrent protection circuit of a high voltage battery cluster in the embodiment, the current impulse and the voltage impulse generated in the circuit can be reduced. However, during a process from a time when one of the two fusing modules is to fuse to a time when the one of the two fusing modules is fused, since the high voltage battery cluster is connected to the battery collection panel BCP and the power conversion system PCS respectively by long positive and negative leads (as shown inFIG.6) and the battery modules of the high voltage battery cluster are connected in series by series lines, an inductance L generated in the circuit is large, such that a large current change rate di/dt may be caused by the fusing module during a time period during which a drawn arc is formed, which generally lasts tens of microseconds to hundreds of microseconds. In this case, a large reverse voltage may be generated, which is expressed as U=L*di/dt, where changing curves of the short-circuit current Isand the reverse voltage U are as shown in a process B inFIG.5. The time period during which the drawn arc is formed mainly depends on material characteristics and a fusing mechanism of the selected fuses. Specifically, the battery collection panel BCP includes a first fuse310, a second fuse320, a first direct current switch S3and a second direct current switch S4. The first fuse310is connected in series with the first direct current switch S3to form a branch, one terminal of the branch serves as a positive input terminal of the battery collection panel BCP, and another terminal of the branch serves as a positive output terminal of the battery collection panel BCP. The second fuse320is connected in series with the second direct current switch S4to form a branch, one terminal of the branch serves as a negative input terminal of the battery collection panel BCP, and another end of the branch serves as a negative output terminal of the battery collection panel BCP. Specifically, the power conversion system PCS includes a third fuse330, a fourth fuse340, a third direct current switch S5, a fourth direct current switch S6and an inverter350. The third fuse330is connected in series with the third direct current switch S5to form a branch, one terminal of the branch serves as a positive input terminal of the power conversion system PCS, and another terminal of the branch is connected to a positive input terminal of the inverter350. The fourth fuse340is connected in series with the fourth direct current switch S6to form a branch, one terminal of the branch serves as a negative input terminal of the power conversion system PCS, and another terminal of the branch is connected to a negative input terminal of the inverter350. A first output terminal of the inverter350serves as a first output terminal of the power conversion system PCS and is connected to a first input terminal of a power grid, a second output terminal of the inverter350serves as a second output terminal of the power conversion system PCS and is connected to a second input terminal of the power grid, and a third output terminal of the inverter350serves as a third output terminal of the power conversion system PCS and is connected to a third input terminal of the power grid. In an embodiment, in a case that the short-circuit fault occurs in the high voltage battery cluster, a maximum short-circuit current Imaximpose a large influence on safety and life of a battery, and even an electrical hazard such as thermal runaway may be caused to the battery in a severe case. Therefore, a fuse operating high-sensitively is used as one of the first fusing module110and the second fusing module120, to control the maximum short-circuit current Imaxto be in a small range. In addition, in order to control the current change rate di/dt to be in a small range and to reduce a peak value Umaxof the reverse voltage U, a fuse operating high-sensitively, which has a proper time period during which a drawn arc is formed, is required to be used. It is to be noted that, when the short-circuit fault occurs in the high voltage battery cluster, the fuse operating high-sensitively is fused to cause an open circuit in the high voltage battery cluster prior to another fusing module. In an embodiment, in order to ensure electrical safety of a high voltage battery cluster while meeting requirements on current flow capacity and operation sensitivity of the high voltage battery cluster when an overload fault occurs in the high voltage battery cluster, a fuse with both an overload breaking capacity and a short-circuit breaking capacity is used as another one of the first fusing module110and the second fusing module120. It is to be noted that, when the overload fault occurs in the high voltage battery cluster, the fuse with an overload breaking capacity and a short-circuit breaking capacity is fused to cause an open circuit in the high voltage battery cluster prior to another fuse. In an embodiment, the fuse operating high-sensitively may be an AR fast fusing fuse, and the fuse with an overload breaking capacity and a short-circuit breaking capacity may be a gPV slow fusing fuse. Moreover, in an actual application, a withstand current-time curve of the first fusing module110has an intersection point with a withstand current-time curve of the second fusing module120, as shown inFIG.7orFIG.8. In a case that the first fusing module110is the fuse operating high-sensitively, and the second fusing module120is the fuse with an overload breaking capacity and a short-circuit breaking capacity, the withstand current-time curve of the first fusing module110and the withstand current-time curve of the second fusing module120are as shown inFIG.7. In a case that the short-circuit fault occurs in the high voltage battery cluster, the first fusing module110is fused to cause an open circuit in the high voltage battery cluster prior to the second fusing module120, and in a case that the overload fault occurs in the high voltage battery cluster, the second fusing module120is fused to cause an open circuit in the high voltage battery cluster prior to the first fusing module110. In a case that the first fusing module110is the fuse with an overload breaking capacity and a short-circuit breaking capacity and the second fusing module120is the fuse operating high-sensitively, the withstand current-time curve of the first fusing module110and the withstand current-time curve of the second fusing module120are as shown inFIG.8. In a case that the short-circuit fault occurs in the high voltage battery cluster, the second fusing module120is fused to cause an open circuit in the high voltage battery cluster prior to the first fusing module110, and in a case that the overload fault occurs in the high voltage battery cluster, the first fusing module110is fused to cause an open circuit in the high voltage battery cluster prior to the second fusing module120. In addition, fusing curves of the first fusing module110and the second fusing module120should be below the withstand current-time curve of the direct current switch. That is, under the same withstanding current, both fusing duration of the first fusing module110and fusing duration of the second fusing module120are less than fusing duration of the direct current switch in the switch box150of the high voltage battery cluster, as shown inFIG.7orFIG.8. Before the direct current switch is broken, the first fusing module110or the second fusing module120is fused to disconnect the high voltage battery cluster from the circuit prior to the direct current switch, thereby ensuring an operation security of the direct current switch in the switch box150of the high voltage battery cluster. In another embodiment of the present disclosure, the following four arrangements of the first fusing module110and the second fusing module120are provided. A first arrangement is as shown inFIG.1, where the first fusing module110is arranged between a direct current switch S1in a positive branch130and an output terminal of the positive branch130, and the second fusing module120is arranged between a direct current switch S2in a negative branch140and an output terminal of the negative branch140. A second arrangement is as shown inFIG.9a, where the first fusing module110is arranged between the direct current switch S1in the positive branch130and the input terminal of the positive branch, and the second fusing module120is arranged between the direct current switch S2in the negative branch140and the input terminal of the negative branch140. A third arrangement is as shown inFIG.9b, where the first fusing module110is arranged between the direct current switch S1in the positive branch130and an output terminal of the positive branch130, and the second fusing module120is arranged between the direct current switch S2in the negative branch140and the input terminal of the negative branch140. A fourth arrangement is as shown inFIG.9c, where the first fusing module110is arranged between the direct current switch S1in the positive branch130and the input terminal of the positive branch130, and the second fusing module120is arranged between the direct current switch S2in the negative branch140and the output terminal of the negative branch140. It is to be noted that one of the four arrangements may selected as needed, which is not limited herein. It is to be noted that, in a case that a short-circuit fault occurs outside the high voltage battery cluster, that is, in a case that a short-circuit fault occurs at a short-circuit point B1, anyone of the four arrangements of the first fuse110and the second fuse120in the embodiment can be used to ensure electrical safety of the high voltage battery cluster, such that the high voltage battery cluster can be avoided from being broken due to a large short-circuit current Isas well as a large current impulse and a large voltage impulse caused during the time period in which the fuses are fused. In addition, in a case that a short-circuit fault occurs in the high voltage battery cluster, that is, in a case that a short-circuit fault occurs at a short-circuit point B2, anyone of the second arrangement, the three arrangement and the fourth arrangement can be used to ensure electrical safety of the high voltage battery cluster, such that the high voltage battery cluster can be avoided from being broken due to a large short-circuit current Isas well as the large current impulse and the larger voltage impulse caused during the time period in which the fuses are fused. In addition, anyone of the four arrangements of the first fuse110and the second fuse120in the embodiment can be used to ensure electrical safety of the high voltage battery cluster in a case that the short-circuit fault occurs in the high voltage battery cluster, such that the high voltage battery cluster can be avoided from being broken due to a large short-circuit current Isas well as a large current impulse and a large voltage impulse caused during the time period in which the fuses are fused. Other structures and operation principles are the same as that in the above embodiments, which are not described in detail herein. In another embodiment of the present disclosure, an overcurrent protection circuit of a high voltage battery cluster is provided. Based on any one of above embodiments, the overcurrent protection circuit further includes an RCD snubber circuit210, as shown inFIG.10orFIG.11(the switch box150is not shown inFIG.10andFIG.11). An input terminal of the RCD snubber circuit210is connected to a positive input terminal B+ of the switch box150in the high voltage battery cluster, and an output terminal of the RCD snubber circuit210is connected to a negative input terminal B− (as shown inFIG.10) or a positive output terminal P+ (as shown inFIG.11) of the switch box150in the high voltage battery cluster. It is to be noted that the RCD snubber circuit210may further reduce a reverse voltage U generated during the fusing process of the fuse, to reduce a peak value Umaxof the reverse voltage U, so as to reduce a current impulse and a voltage impulse generated in a circuit. Specifically, the RCD snubber circuit210includes a resistor R, a capacitor C and a diode D. A terminal of the capacitor C serves as an output terminal of the RCD snubber circuit210, another terminal of the capacitor C is connected to a terminal of the resistor R and a negative electrode of the diode D, and another terminal of the resistor R is connected to a positive electrode of the diode D, where a connection point of the another terminal of the resistor R and the positive electrode of the diode D serves as an input terminal of the RCD snubber circuit210. Other structures and operation principles are the same as that in the above embodiments, which are not described in detail herein. In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a switch box of a high voltage battery cluster is further provided, as shown inFIG.1,FIG.9a,FIG.9borFIG.9c. The switch box includes: a positive branch130, a negative branch140and the overcurrent protection circuit of a high voltage battery cluster described in any one of above embodiments. The positive branch130is arranged with a direct current switch S1, and the negative branch140is arranged with a direct current switch S2. An input terminal of the positive branch130serves as a positive input terminal B+ of the switch box150, and an output terminal of the positive branch130serves as a positive output terminal P+ of the switch box150. An input terminal of the negative branch140serves as a negative input terminal B− of the switch box150, and an output terminal of the negative branch140serves as a negative output terminal P− of the switch box150. It is to be noted that the RCD snubber circuit210in the overcurrent protection circuit of a high voltage battery cluster may be arranged in the switch box150, facilitating an installation of the high voltage battery cluster. In addition, the RCD snubber circuit210may also be arranged outside the switch box150, facilitating a disassembly of the RCD snubber circuit210, and it may be determined whether to arrange the RCD snubber circuit210as needed. One of two arrangements of the RCD snubber circuit210may be selected depending on actual needs, which is not limited herein. Other structures and operation principles are the same as that in the above embodiments, which are not described in detail herein. In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a high voltage battery cluster is further provided, as shown inFIG.1,FIG.9a,FIG.9borFIG.9c. The high voltage battery cluster includes N battery modules (a first string of battery modules, a second string of battery modules . . . and a (m)th string of battery modules) and the switch box150of a high voltage battery cluster described in the above embodiment. The N battery modules are sequentially connected in series to form a battery module branch. A positive electrode of the battery module branch is connected to the positive input terminal B+ of the switch box150, and a negative electrode of the battery module branch is connected to the negative input terminal B− of the switch box150. The positive output terminal P+ of the switch box150serves as a positive electrode of the high voltage battery cluster and is connected to a positive electrode of a circuit. The negative output terminal P− of the switch box150serves as a negative electrode of the high voltage battery cluster and is connected to a negative electrode of the circuit. Other structures and operation principles are the same as that in the above embodiments, which are not described in detail herein. The embodiments in this specification are described in a progressive way, each of which emphasizes the differences from others, and the same or similar parts among the embodiments can be referred to each other. With the description of the embodiments disclosed above, those skilled in the art may implement or use technical solutions of the present disclosure. Numerous modifications to the embodiments are apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, the present disclosure may not be limited to the embodiments described herein, but should comply with the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein. | 22,778 |
11942776 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Electricity begins with production of power, i.e. the source, in the form of any electric-producing-facility, fossil fuel power plant, hydroelectric, wind farm, solar farm, hybrid, co-generation, etc. When electricity is produced, it is next distributed and then consumed. The four major aspects are production, transmission, distribution and consumption. Transmission usually begins with high voltage (sometimes called high tension) lines transmitting from the source, through the lines, to the load. Distribution involves step-down substations with transformers and other components to regulate electric flow. It is well known that resistance will cause huge drops in delivered electricity to the load, and it is well known that the negative effect of resistance along the lines (wires) can be significantly reduced by lowering the current and increasing the voltage. As an example, a 110 volt line could lose over 70% of its value before reaching a load, depending upon line material and distance, whereas high voltage lines operating at very high voltages, such as 345 kilovolts, might lose only 0.5% of its value to the load over many miles. Large amounts of power can only be transmitted over long distances by very high and extremely high voltage transmission lines from a practical standpoint, otherwise resistive losses of energy are prohibitive. For decades (at least 50 years), high voltage transmission systems have grown into significant sizes that are interconnected into what is called a grid, e.g. the North America grid. The grid is a mixture of different transmission voltages that is utilized because it is often used to share production resources in one region, taking power from one region and sending it to another region. One significant disadvantage is that a downed line or lines, on one segment or region of a grid, may cause other operating segments or regions to overload and shut down. Hence, the domino theory (one falls down and others follow sequentially) has applied to grids around the world, causing hundreds of thousands or even millions of consumers to lose power for significant periods of time. To countermand these happenstances, grid reconfigurations, new equipment, new software, added redundancies and other support features have been added to the grid. In addition, line monitoring for short circuits, including ground faults, and shutting down circuits in response, is an integral part of high voltage (“HV”) transmission systems. For these reasons, programmable relays have been used to identify and respond to short circuits, for decades. The term “ground fault” as used herein, is meant to reference a disruption caused by a live wire or other live electric component unintentionally contacting a conductor, such as a conductive structure, the ground, a body of water, etc. The term “broken line” as used herein shall be taken broadly to include live wires, live connectors, live splices and splice components that have experienced a break in the circuitry with a short or fault that has or is about to occur. Referring now in detail to the drawings wherein like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the several views, various embodiments of the present invention system are shown. The standard in the industry is to monitor the transmission system to recognize a ground fault and to react to it using aforementioned low sensitivity relays. The conventional steps of the PRIOR ART are shown inFIG.1, block1(Prior Art High Voltage Electric Transmission Relay Protection System) are:(1) deploy programmable, communicating low sensitivity (LS) relays along transmission lines, block3;(2) program these LS relays to monitor macro changes in electric conditions along the lines to identify when a ground fault has occurred, block5;(3) communicate to the appropriate breaker to shut down the breaker after the ground fault has occurred with possible collateral damage and possible catastrophic damage, block7;(4) shift power as quickly as possible to by-pass (isolate) the broken line to other transmission lines to minimize disruption, block9(this occurs with existing equipment and grid configurations as the transmission system reconfigures);(5) locate the broken line and repair/replace it, block11, and;(6) restore power to the previously broken line, block13. This prior art procedure seems to be used frequently, if not universally, but has the disadvantage of collateral damage, ranging from minor property, livestock or flora and fauna damage, to significant collateral damage-fires, destruction and the like, to catastrophic collateral damage-loss life or many lives, destruction of valuable property, such as in the millions or even hundreds of millions of dollars, and even destruction of entire communities. The parameters relied upon in these prior art systems are affected after a fault occurs, i.e., when it is too late to prevent collateral ground damage. The present invention is directed to the elimination of all collateral and catastrophic damage caused by a short or ground fault in existing systems that presently use low sensitivity relays. This is achieved by utilizing micro monitoring programming in the high sensitivity relays to not look at ground faults, but to micro monitor small changes in capacitive current and capacitive voltage that occurs after a line is broken and before it shorts or grounds (that is, before it touches a tower, pole, ground or other grounding object). “Micro” as used herein does not mean one millionth or other exact measurement, but rather is intended to connote very small measurements on a relative basis, such measurements involving characteristics for which flows are below 0.1 amps, and more specifically, those parameters set forth above and below. In this context, the present invention measurements are typically at least an order of magnitude smaller than present commercial relays measurements that occur upon a short or ground fault. For lower range high voltage systems, the present invention methods are monitoring conditions that are two or even three orders of magnitude smaller. Further, in the present invention methods, timing is critical and the conditions measured are different and critical. This unique approach enables breakers to be shut down (and hence cease electric flow) before any collateral damage could otherwise occur. FIG.2shows the steps in the present invention ground fault prevention system with its high voltage transmission relay protection system, block21, and preferred embodiments include these steps:(1) deploy programmable, communicating high sensitivity relays along transmission lines in parallel with existing low sensitivity relays, preferably at or near the substations, block23. Communications must be very rapid, such as radio, and preferably optical fiber communications;(2) program these high sensitivity relays to monitor micro changes in electric conditions, namely:instantaneous undercurrent, and one other of the aforesaid operating conditions, namely, selected from the group consisting of a) line differential overcurrent; b) negative sequence overcurrent and c) combinations thereof, along the lines to identify when a line break has occurred and to do so before the broken line creates a fault, block25, (before it touches a tower, pole or ground), e.g., within a half-second and preferably within a few milliseconds;(3) rapidly communicate to the appropriate breakers to shut down the breakers at both ends of the break before the ground fault has occurred, block27(again within a half-second and preferably within a few milliseconds) to avoid collateral damage or catastrophe, had the ground fault actually occurred;(4) shift or by-pass (isolate) power as quickly as possible to minimize disruption, block29(this occurs with existing equipment and grid configurations as the transmission system reconfigures);(5) locate the broken line and repair/replace it, block31, and;(6) restore power to the previously broken line, block33. Thus, the present invention system includes the three-line transmission subsystem, the communicating relay protection subsystem and the communications subsystem. By the present methods and devices, it can now be seen that the speed in which the monitoring and corrective action takes place is a fraction of a second or a second. Due to the present invention methods, shut down occurs before a fault occurs, no damage results, and easier, safer and quicker broken line repair is achieved. FIG.3illustrates a diagram of a present invention ground fault prevention system using two programmable relays, one high sensitivity relay that is arranged in parallel with existing low sensitivity (LS) relay, located at opposing substations, with the high sensitivity relay monitoring at least two selected conditions that are not monitored by conventional low sensitivity relays. In one embodiment, these conditions are: a) instantaneous undercurrent, and b) line differential overcurrent. In another embodiment, these conditions are: a) instantaneous undercurrent, and b) negative sequence overcurrent. In another embodiment, these conditions are: a) instantaneous undercurrent, in combination with b) line differential overcurrent, as well as c) instantaneous undercurrent, in combination with d) negative sequence overcurrent. Another embodiment is a) instantaneous undercurrent, in combination with b) line differential overcurrent, as well as c) negative sequence overcurrent. Additional conditions could be added, such as may be described below in conjunction with the gates. One of the relays is shown in greater detail than the other, but both are similar except that the present invention high sensitivity relays have greater sensitivity in its internal structure (more sensitive chip readers and/or other components, such as higher resolution transformers or chip equivalents) and also, are set to monitor functions not being monitored in conventional low sensitivity relays, namely, the instantaneous undercurrent in combination as set forth in the paragraph immediately above. InFIG.3, a structurally conventional relay device50is shown with a present-day relay microprocessor with computer software, hardware, and firmware that processes the software for adjusting the input parameters of the electric conditions, voltages and currents, to determine when adverse conditions occur. A second, almost identical but high sensitivity, relay94is also shown. These two relays50and94are programmed differently from normal relays used in the industry, as they are programmed to measure sensitive readings and not large readings, and, more specifically, are programmed to measure/monitor changes that occur before fault occurs. These “micro” changes relate to what occurs at the broken ends of a line before either end touches anything to short or ground. Such readings are bypassed, or ignored, by the prior art systems programming, as breakers are not tripped in the prior art systems until after the short or fault occurs. Here the aforementioned conditions are monitored and when they deviate from the preset acceptable operating ranges, the breakers are tripped. These relays send trip signals to the circuit breaker(s) within a second, and even within 20 or so milliseconds to de-energize the line. In preferred embodiments, the present invention relays are programmed to monitor in both directions (upstream and downstream from current flow) and trip both related breakers. Table 1 lists the various components of the present invention protection system shown inFIG.3, and the detailed relationship of each component is set forth below Table 1: TABLE 1FIG. 3 Present Invention System Components(Drawing Reference Number and Component)50Present Invention First Relay.51Three Phase Power Grid.52A phase transmission line conductor.54B phase transmission line conductor.56C phase transmission line conductor.58A phase potential transformer.60B phase potential transformer.62C phase potential transformer.64A phase current transformer.66B phase current transformer.68C phase current transformer.70Wire connecting 58 to relay 50 for A phase voltage input. (VA)72Wire connecting 60 to relay 50 for B phase voltage input. (VB)74Wire connecting 62 to relay 50 for C phase voltage input. (VC)76Wire connecting 64 to relay 50 for A phase current input. (IA)78Wire connecting 66 to relay 50 for B phase current input. (IB)80Wire connecting 68 to relay 50 for C phase current input. (IC)82Wire connecting ground to relay 50 for ground potential for usein relay84Wire connecting the trip signal from Relay 50 to CircuitBreaker 86. The transmission lines of power grid51transport electric power to be delivered to meet customer demand. At the power generation end, a step-up transformer substation transmits the power through the transmission lines at very high voltages, and at the downstream end, a step-down transformer sends power through a distribution line at normal voltages. In between the beginning and end of a power grid, numerous intermediate substations are positioned to distribute power to local users. In thisFIG.3, adjacent (First and Second) substations100and200are shown to be 50 miles apart. Relay50monitors the currents in electric power grid51on the specific transmission line associated with this specific transmission line linked to Relay50at First Substation100. The power grid51transmission system is a three-phase system to transport power over long distances to safely and economically deliver energy to meet customer demand. The power grid51illustrated in this Figure is a three-phase alternating current system represented by transmission line conductors52,54, and56. Relay50monitors or senses the current and voltage levels in each of the phases of the three-phase system. A circuit breaker86is provided for disconnecting the transmission line being protected from the power grid51when a conductor (wire) fails for any reason, such as a broken conductor (wire), a failed splice, gunshot damage, failed connectors or other components resulting in an open conductor condition. Relay50receives input voltages from A, B, C phase potential transformers58,60, and62on transmission line conductors52,54, and56, and the proportional values are connected to Relay50by wires70,72and74to provide proportional voltage values to Relay50connections at VA, VB and VC, respectively. Current levels on the transmission line conductors52,54, and56are performed by connecting a current transformer or some type of coupling capacitor voltage transformer, or other current sensing device to the line conductors52,54and56at A, B, C phase current transformers64,66and68. The current flow output of A, B, C phase current transformers64,66and68are directly proportional to the line currents in line conductors52,54and56. These current transformers64,66and68are physically connected or magnetically coupled to each line as shown in the Figure. The primary windings of transformers64,66, and68are energized in accordance with the line currents in line conductors52,54, and56, respectively. The secondary windings of the transformers64,66and68are connected to Relay50via lines76,78and80, respectively at IA, IB and IC. Relay50is connected to the circuit breaker86via wire84connection at Relay50and terminating at the associated circuit breaker. This is commonly known as output contacts to perform the trip function located in the circuit breaker control cabinet. Wire82connects relay50to ground GND, as shown. There is a second present invention Relay94at substation200with circuit breaker88, that is 50 miles downstream from substation100. Relay94is identical to Relay50and therefore its details are not repeated. Relay50includes a communications port90, such as a RS-485 serial port, or RS-232 or Fiber Optic connection which is used to transfer data to/from a remote location communications center96and as a direct link between Relay50at substation100of a transmission line, and, Relay94at the next substation200at the other end of the transmission line to communicate the status of the line from both ends. Relay50also includes a second communications port92, such as a USB port which is provided for testing and local programming of Relay50. The relays50and94are coordinated by their programming and communications center96. In these preferred embodiments, at a minimum each relay would monitor three lines for capacitive potential or capacitive current to recognize deviations from preset (programmed) acceptable operating ranges. More preferably, they each monitor three lines for a) instantaneous undercurrent, in combination with b) line differential overcurrent, and/or c) instantaneous undercurrent, in combination with d) negative sequence overcurrent, to recognize deviations from preset (programmed) acceptable operating ranges. In some preferred embodiments, the current magnitudes and phase angles are compared. Degree of phase synchronization may be determinative or contribute to the analysis to determine whether a significant enough deviation has occurred to trigger tripping breakers. FIGS.4A and5show high voltage transmission lines before a break and after a break (before shorting), respectively, with existing low sensitivity relays (ERs) in parallel with present invention relays (PIRs) at each substation.FIG.4Brepresents a blow up of a portion ofFIG.4A, particularly clearly showing the in-parallel arrangement of the high sensitivity relays with the low sensitivity relays. All three Figures are taken together in this discussion and identical components are identically numbered. A power generating station201generates three phase electricity transmitted by lines203,205and207to step-up substation209. Substation209has an existing relay ER220, and an improved high sensitivity present invention relay PIR241that functions in like fashion to relay50ofFIG.3. The power is transmitted at high voltage over the three phase lines from tower211to subsequent towers213,219,221,223and225. There are large industrial consumers that draw from these lines such as factories215and239. There are substations along the way, including substations217,227and237and each has an existing relay ER230,240and250and a Present Invention Relay PIR243,245and247respectively, such as described above in conjunction with relay50ofFIG.3. The substations are step-down substations (with a step-down transformer to reduce voltage) that distribute power to users via conventional poles231and233to users such as school229and residence235. FIG.4Bshows one portion ofFIGS.4A and5, at substation209, and specifically showing the main three phase lines203,205and207passing through existing low sensitivity relay220. The new high sensitivity relay241is not in series but rather in parallel with relay220connected by three phase parallel take-off lines210,212and214. All of the pairs of PIRs and ERs ofFIG.4AandFIG.5are arranged in this fashion. The PIRs are programmed as high sensitivity relays to monitor micro changes in electric conditions, namely: instantaneous undercurrent, and one other of the aforesaid operating conditions, namely, selected from the group consisting of a) line differential overcurrent; b) negative sequence overcurrent and c) combinations thereof, along the lines to identify when a line break has occurred and to do so before the broken line creates a fault (before it touches a tower, pole or ground), e.g., within a half-second and preferably within a few milliseconds. The ERs are not capable of these measurements, reactions, etc. because they have neither adequate sensitivity, nor concomitant programming. Because the PIRs monitor upstream and downstream, when a line breaks (as shown inFIG.5between towers219and221) the nearest upstream and downstream PIRs (243and245) monitoring the aforesaid conditions, will see deviant conditions generated from both ends of the break, and will direct a breaker tripping associated with those two substations (217and227) for the broken line before the broken line segments (ends) touch a tower or ground or other short. This happens in less than 25 milliseconds and completely prevents any short or ground from occurring and eliminates any collateral damage or worse-catastrophic damage to person, structure, animal, flora and fauna. FIGS.6,7,8and9show various present invention AND gate/OR gate arrangements of the present invention systems, used to monitor conditions and initiate breaker tripping to prevent ground faults after a line break and before a line touches a tower, pole or ground. Identical components shown in each of these Figures are identically numbered. InFIG.6, gate diagram310, the preferred AND gate307and AND gate309are used to require a tripping signal directive303through OR gate305. At AND gate307, simultaneous deviations from preset ranges for line differential, block315and for undercurrent, block317, are necessary for an action signal to pass through the gate. At AND gate309, simultaneous deviations from preset ranges for directional overcurrent T-1, block319and for directional current T-2317, block321, are necessary for an action signal to pass through the gate. Once an action signal passes through one AND gate or the other AND gate, OR gate305sends the trip output directive303to trip the breakers. InFIG.7, gate diagram320, components shown inFIG.6are identically numbered here, except that there is a different AND gate311. This AND gate311illustrates a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Here at AND gate311, simultaneous deviations from preset ranges for a directional overcurrent, block323, and a negative sequence (current), block325, are both required for an action signal to pass through AND gate311. InFIG.8, gate diagram330, all that is shown inFIG.6is repeated and works the same way as inFIG.6, except that there is a third AND gate313. Here at AND gate313, simultaneous deviations from preset ranges for a negative sequence (voltage or current, preferably current), block327, and an undercurrent, block329, are both required for an action signal to pass through AND gate313. InFIG.9, gate diagram340, all that is shown inFIG.6is repeated and works the same way as inFIG.6, except that there are now four AND gates, namely, AND gates307,309,311and313each functioning as set forth above inFIGS.6,7and8. While these gates assure reliability of the system by building redundancy into it, other variations for gate requirements within the various conditions monitored in the present invention may be alternatively be used without exceeding the scope of the present invention. Examples 1 and 2—Prior Art Vs Present Invention Protection Systems—500 Kilovolts Transmission System FIGS.10and11, respectively, illustrate Prior Art protection systems and Present Invention protection systems analysis for an actual 500 kilovolt, 1500 amp high voltage transmission line, and the significant ability of the present invention system to completely eliminate collateral and catastrophic damage that is possible or even likely to occur with the Prior Art systems. InFIG.10, Example 1, the prior art system of shutting down power after a fault is identified, is shown in graphic format as current vs. time. (Note that as to allFIGS.10through13, the horizontal time segments and the vertical voltage segments are not intended to be proportional, only illustrative. The values in amps are accurate based on real conditions and calculations.) During t-1, the system is running with no breaks and hence has a normal average current of 1650 amps. At time t-2, a line breaks and current drops to approximately 100 amps. This when the broken line is falling but has not yet hit or touched a ground or short object, such as a tower or other structure or earth. This amperage stays at100until ground occurs at t-3, and then the current leaps to 3514 amps. This is enough to cause fires, destroy buildings and kill people, fauna and flora. (It is understood that any current/amperage hitting the ground could initiate a fire that could consequentially cause such damage.) At t-4, the breaker is tripped and current drops to 0, but it is too late as damage such as wildfires, has already occurred. InFIG.11, Example 2, the present invention system of shutting down power before a fault occurs, is shown in graphic format as current vs. time. During t-1, the system is running with no breaks and hence has a normal average current of 1650 amps. At time t-2, a line breaks and current drops to approximately 100 amps. This when the broken line is falling but has not yet hit or touched a ground or short object, such as a tower or other structure or earth. This amperage stays at100until the present invention recognizes micro condition changes and trips the breakers, typically within 20 to 30 milliseconds, and thus, no ground occurs at t-3. The current remains at 0 amps. Because no fault or short occurs, all possibility to cause fires, destroy buildings and kill people, fauna and flora, are mitigated or eliminated. At t-4, the breaker has already been tripped and current remains at 0, until repair and restoration are completed, and then, the transmission is back to normal. Examples 3 and 4—Prior Art Vs Present Invention Protection Systems—115 Kilovolts Transmission System FIGS.12and13, respectively, illustrate Prior Art protection systems and Present Invention protection systems analysis for an actual 115 kilovolt, 100 amp high voltage transmission line, and the phenomenal ability of the present invention system to completely eliminate collateral and catastrophic damage that is possible to occur with the Prior Art systems. In these examples,FIGS.12and13are compared: At time t-1, the system is running normal and the current is 503 amps, when at time t-2, a line break occurs, the current in the broken line drops to about 0.8 amps. This when the broken line is falling but has not yet hit or touched a ground or short object, such as a tower or other structure or earth. This amperage stays at 0.8 and in the prior art Example 3,FIG.12, when the short or fault occurs, the current jumps to 7000 amps with potentially catastrophic consequences. In the present invention Example 4, still in the time frame of t-2, the present invention recognizes micro condition changes and trips the breakers, typically within 20 to 30 milliseconds, and thus, no ground occurs at t-3. The current remains at 0 amps. Because no fault or short occurs, all possibility to cause fires, destroy buildings and kill people, fauna and flora, are mitigated or eliminated. At t-4, the breaker has already been tripped and current remains at 0, until repair and restoration are completed, and then, the transmission is back to normal. To further confirm the efficacy of the present invention, an independent consulting firm performed simulation testing at its test facilities. The consulting firm is a leading test facility for RTDS (Real Time Digital Simulator) and they test various dynamic simulations for leading utilities and national labs throughout the country. The tests were done on an actual model of a California power company's electric transmission system on voltages ranging from 500 k to 70 kV. The test results further demonstrated that the present invention technology described herein correctly tripped for open conductors in small fractions of a second and had not tripped unnecessarily for through fault conditions and low load conditions. Every correctly tripped open conductor was fast enough to shut down the system before ground faults (and concomitant collateral damage) could occur. Although particular embodiments of the invention have been described in detail herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to those particular embodiments, and that various changes and modifications may be affected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims. For example, the shapes of the various components herein may be changed; specific relays may be modified or enhanced; communications may be by radio or fiber optics or by any rapid communication system that is or becomes available. | 28,322 |
11942777 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Before any embodiments of the disclosure are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the following drawings. The disclosure is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. Use of “including” and “comprising” and variations thereof as used herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. Use of “consisting of” and variations thereof as used herein is meant to encompass only the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof. Unless specified or limited otherwise, the terms “mounted,” “connected,” “supported,” and “coupled” and variations thereof are used broadly and encompass both direct and indirect mountings, connections, supports, and couplings. In general, the present disclosure relates to an overvoltage protection assembly including a disconnector device and to a sleeve for use in a disconnector device. In some embodiments, the sleeve retains sparks, and other flammable materials, to prevent them from falling to the ground after the disconnector device is discharged. As shown inFIGS.1-6, a disconnector device10(FIG.2) includes a charge housing or isolator14containing a charge (e.g., an explosive charge) coupled to a first electrical lead or upper stud18and a second electrical lead or lower stud22. In other embodiments, the upper stud18and the lower stud22may be integrally formed with the isolator14. In the illustrated embodiment, the upper and lower studs18,22are made from an electrically conductive material (e.g., metal) and may provide electrical communication to the charge. As shown inFIGS.2-6, a first plate26(e.g., first connector or upper sleeve connector) is coupled to the upper stud18, and a second plate30(e.g., second connector or lower sleeve connector) is coupled to the lower stud22. An opening34,46in each upper and lower sleeve connector26,30is aligned with the respective stud18,22, enabling the upper and lower sleeve connectors26,30to be positioned around the studs18,22. In the illustrated embodiment, the studs18,22are threaded and nuts38,40(see e.g.,FIG.2) may be used to secure the respective upper and lower sleeve connector26,30, and limit relative movement with respect to the respective stud18,22. Each of the upper and lower sleeve connectors26,30may also include a groove42,44(FIGS.4and4A) that extends about a circumference of the respective upper and lower sleeve connectors26,30. In the illustrated embodiment, each of the upper and lower sleeve connectors26,30include a plurality of teeth43,45. A portion of each of the teeth43,45collectively define the respective grooves42,44. As shown inFIGS.2-4,6, and8, in some embodiments, a sleeve46(e.g., a fire resistant sleeve) is positioned around the isolator14and is coupled to each of the upper and lower sleeve connectors26,30. That is, the upper sleeve connector26and the lower sleeve connector30are also coupled (e.g., connected) via the sleeve46. In the illustrated embodiment, a respective end of the sleeve46is positioned within the groove42of the respective upper and lower sleeve connector26,30. Retaining members50,52(e.g., clips—FIG.4) are positioned over top of the ends of the sleeve46and around the groove42to couple the sleeve46to the connector26,30. The sleeve46is flexible so that it is collapsible (e.g., contractable) and expandable (e.g., extendable). The isolator14may be further enclosed by an arc quenching material53, which is contained by the upper and lower sleeve connectors26,30and the sleeve46. In some embodiments, the arc quenching material53of the disconnector device110may extinguish electrical arcs at current levels of 10 kA or less. In some embodiments, the arc quenching material53of the disconnector device10may extinguish electrical arcs at current levels of 20 kA or less. In some embodiments, the arc quenching material53of the disconnector device10may extinguish electrical arcs at current levels of 30 kA to 50 kA. The arc quenching material53may extinguish electrical arcs at other values as well. In other embodiments, the sleeve46may be omitted. As shown inFIGS.5-6, the disconnector device10is positioned with a housing to form a disconnector assembly10′. The housing is made up of a first housing member or cap58and a second housing member or bottom cover62. The bottom cover62is removably coupled to the cap58, and a cavity or chamber66is defined between the cap58and the cover62. The chamber66is sized to receive the disconnector device10and the sleeve46when it is collapsed or un-extended. That is, the sleeve46is longer than the distance between the upper and lower sleeve connectors26,30when both are positioned within the cavity66. In the some embodiments, the bottom cover62is loosely coupled to the cap58. In other words, the bottom cover62is not permanently fixed to the cap58, but cannot move relative to the cap58without applying a substantial amount of force (e.g., more than the force of gravity). For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the cover62is coupled to cap58using a bolted connection. In other embodiments, the cap58and cover62may be coupled in a different manner. A gasket65(FIG.2) is positioned between the cap58and the cover62. The housing helps protect the disconnector device10from weather (e.g., rain, snow, etc.). The cap58and the bottom cover62each include an opening70,72(FIG.6) that receive the respective stud18,22. The studs18,22extend through the openings70,72, so that a length of each stud18,22remains exposed. The studs18,22may connect to an electrical device and ground (discussed in greater detail below) and provide electrical communication into and out of the chamber66. The cap58and bottom cover62are each secured to the respective stud18,22in order to limit relative movement between the cap58, bottom cover62, and respective stud18,22. In the embodiments ofFIGS.1-6, an auxiliary or outer housing encloses the disconnector assembly10′. As shown inFIGS.1-2, the outer housing includes a first or upper housing part78and a second or lower housing part82that enclose the disconnector assembly10′. The first and second housing parts78,82are removably coupled (e.g., by a push-on or friction fit connection or the like) to one another. In the illustrated embodiment, the top stud18is in electrical communication with an electrical wire86that extends through an opening (not shown) in the upper housing part78. In the illustrated embodiment, the bottom stud22is in electrical communication with an electrical wire90that extends through an opening (not shown) in the lower housing part82. The outer housing helps to prevent access by humans and wildlife to the electrical components housed within and protects the electrical components from being tampered with by humans and wildlife. As shown inFIGS.5-6, the disconnector assembly10′ includes a closed configuration in which the sleeve46is in a collapsed or un-extended position between the upper and lower sleeve connectors26,30. That is, when the disconnector device10′ is in the closed configuration, the bottom cover62is coupled to the cap58, and the sleeve46is folded or collapsed such that it fits in the chamber66formed by the cap58and the bottom cover62. Accordingly, as shown, the isolator14, the upper and lower sleeve connectors26,30, and the sleeve46are positioned within the chamber66. During normal operation, the disconnector assembly10′ may electrically connect a first conductor and a second conductor. In one example, an energized conductor of an electrical device (e.g., an electrical grid line, a hot-line, a phase line, or the like) may be coupled to a high voltage terminal of a surge arrester, and the disconnector assembly10′ may be coupled between a ground terminal of a surge arrester and a conductor at ground potential, for example, system electrical ground. The disconnector assembly10′ and the surge arrester form an overvoltage protection assembly. One stud (e.g., the upper stud18) via the wire86is connected to a ground terminal of the surge arrester, and the other stud (e.g., the lower stud22) via the wire90is connected to the conductor at ground potential. Although the disconnector assembly10′ is typically in a closed configuration, a condition may be met such that the disconnector assembly10′ performs an operating function. This condition may be, for example, reaching a temperature threshold, a leakage current, an overvoltage threshold, an overcurrent threshold, or the like. The operating function may be, for example, a movement such that the cap58and the cover62are separated. The operating function may also be an action that breaks or disables a component (e.g., the isolator14) of the disconnector assembly10′. For example, the charge of the isolator14may include a cartridge containing gunpowder. When high temperature, high voltage, or high current are sustained, the gunpowder within the cartridge is ignited, causing an explosion that forces the cap58and the cover62apart. Alternatively, the gunpowder may ignite based on a leakage current through the arrester exceeding a safe amount. Additionally, if the arrester is in thermal runaway, the explosion will also break the electrical connection. If the arrester has already failed, the explosion will not break the electrical connection. One embodiment of operation of the disconnector assembly10′ may be as follows. When the electrical device experiences a fault condition (e.g., a leakage current, an overcurrent, an over voltage, etc.), current from the electrical device flows through the disconnector assembly10′, and specifically, the disconnector device10, towards ground. While current flows through the disconnector device10, the disconnector device10begins to heat up. That is, excess heat will build up in the disconnector assembly10′, and specifically within the isolator14. Once a temperature threshold has been reached, the disconnector device10operates such that current flow from the electrical device to the ground is interrupted. That is, as shown inFIGS.7and8, this excess heat will eventually cause the charge to detonate, and the fault condition will be isolated from the rest of the system. Accordingly, the isolator14may operate at or prior to failure of the surge arrester. In addition to the described disconnector assembly10′, the operating function to disrupt current flow could be performed by a fuse, a switch, or the like. Further with reference toFIGS.7and8, when the isolator14operates or detonates it breaks apart or fractures into a first section or top insulator14aand a second section or bottom insulator14b. Moreover, the detonation also causes the housing to break, destruct, fragment, melt or extend to facilitate movement of the sleeve46from the un-extended position to the extended position. That is, the detonation causes the cover62to separate from the cap58. Gravity and the force of the explosion causes the cover62and bottom insulator14bmove away from the cap58, which extends the sleeve46and may break the electrical contact between the upper and lower studs18,22. As discussed in greater detail below, potentially hot particles112may be contained inside extended sleeve246. FIGS.7and8also illustrate the disconnector device10in an operated configuration (after the charge has detonated). The lower sleeve connector30, cover62and the bottom stud22have moved in a direction substantially parallel to the top stud18and perpendicular to upper sleeve connector26. In the operated configuration, the cap58and the cover62are not coupled and in fact are spaced apart from one another. Thus, in the operated position, the top sleeve connector26and the bottom sleeve connector30are separate such that the sleeve46has been extended. Also, the top isolator14aremains connected to the top stud18and the top sleeve connector26and the bottom isolator14bremains connected to the bottom stud22and the bottom sleeve connector30. When the disconnector assembly10′ is in the operated configuration, this electrical connection is broken. In other words, if not already broken, the detonation of the charge may break electrical contact between the energized contact of the electrical device and ground. While the studs18,22remain electrically connected to the energized conductor of the electrical device and the ground, respectively, the fracturing of the isolator14into top and bottom isolators14a,14band the separation of the bottom cover62from the cap58creates an open circuit. As shown inFIG.8and noted above, each top and bottom isolators14a,14bremains connected to its respective stud18,22, but the top and bottom isolators14a,14bare not in contact and no current may pass between them. The open circuit prevents the system from faulting to ground after being energized without being removed. Electrical arcing occurs when the electrical contact is broken between the energized contact of the electrical device and ground. In order to prevent or limit electrical arcing, circuit breakers (not shown) may be placed within the system to stop the flow of power to the upper stud18. Once the flow of power stops, an arc cannot longer be sustained between the top and bottom isolators14a,14b. The distance between the fractured housings14a,14bis then too great for another arc to form. In some embodiments, the isolator14may also have (e.g., be made with, be coated with, etc.) an arc quenching material, which may suppress the arc produced as a result of the broken electrical contact. Suppressing the arc results in fewer hot or burning particles112as a result of the explosion. In the illustrated embodiment, alumina trihydrate (ATH) may be used as the arc quenching material, although different materials may also be used. Particles112are created as a result of both the explosion and subsequent fracturing of the charge housing, as well as the electrical arcing that may occur. These particles112are often hot or burning. As noted above, the sleeve46is heat resistant so that the explosion and the particles112do not destroy the sleeve46. For example, the sleeve46may be resistant to at least 500° C. In other embodiments, the sleeve46may be resistant to at least 600° C. In some embodiments, the sleeve46captures all of these particles112in order to prevent or substantially limit the number of particles112that fall to the ground. By containing the particles112within the sleeve46, fires may be prevented. If the operation takes place due to the requirement of leakage current being met, the distance between14aand14bwill be sufficient to break electrical contact without the use of breakers, fuses or other external equipment, and there for maintaining an energized state on the system. The disconnection of the upper and lower housing parts78,82may provide a visual indication of a fault condition having occurred. The sleeve46may also provide a visual indication of a fault condition having occurred. The extended position of the sleeve46may make it easier for an operator to identify where the fault occurred, so that it can be repaired. Additionally, the sleeve46may be made from a bright color (e.g., yellow, red, orange, or the like) that is visible for a long distance away, in order to further assist the operator in identifying where the fault occurred. The operator may then replace the disconnector assembly10′ such that the overall system does not continue to operate with a failed component. In another embodiment, as shown inFIG.9, during normal operation, the disconnector assembly10′ may electrically connect to an energized conductor of an electrical device100and the high voltage terminal of a surge arrester surge arrester120. The disconnector assembly10′, the electrical device100, and the surge arrester120form the overvoltage protection assembly inFIG.9. One stud (e.g., the upper stud18) is connected to the energized conductor of the electrical device100, and the other stud (e.g., the lower stud22) is connected to the high voltage terminal of the surge arrester120. The ground terminal of the surge arrester120is coupled to an electrical ground104. In the embodiment illustrated inFIG.9, the lower stud22is coupled to the surge arrester120by the wire90. In other words, the lower stud22is coupled to the surge arrester120indirectly. The surge arrester120may be any known type of surge arrester. One embodiment of operation of the disconnector assembly10′ may be as follows. The surge arrester120enters a conductive state once a predetermined current threshold is exceeded due to an overvoltage fault. Current from the electrical device100flows through the disconnector assembly10′ and the surge arrester120towards ground104. While current flows through the disconnector assembly10′, the disconnector assembly10′, and in particular the disconnector device10, begins to heat up. Once a temperature threshold has been reached, the disconnector device10operates such that current flow from the electrical device100to the surge arrester120and the ground104is interrupted. Accordingly, the isolator14may operate at or prior to failure of the surge arrester120. As discussed above, when the disconnector assembly10′ performs the operating function, the disconnector assembly10′ moves from the closed configuration to the operated configuration. In addition to the described disconnector assembly10′, the operating function to disrupt current flow could be performed by a fuse, a switch, or the like. In the illustrated embodiment, either the disconnector assembly10′ or the surge arrest120or both may then be replaced and the fault rectified. FIGS.10-14show a disconnector assembly210′ according to another embodiment. As shown inFIGS.10and11, the disconnector assembly210′ may be directly coupled to the surge arrester420. The disconnector assembly210′ and the surge arrester420form the overvoltage protection assembly inFIG.10. The disconnector assembly210ofFIGS.10-14is similar to the disconnector assembly210′ ofFIGS.1-8. Therefore like structure will have like reference numerals plus “200”. The disconnector assembly210′ includes a disconnector device210and a surge arrester assembly430that is directly and removably coupled to and extends from the disconnector device210. Like the embodiments ofFIGS.1-8, the disconnector device210includes a first housing member or cap258. The second housing part or cover262of the embodiments ofFIGS.1-8, is incorporated into the surge assembly430of inFIGS.10-14. The surge arrester assembly430includes the surge arrester420positioned between the first or top plate434and a second or bottom plate438. The top plate434is coupled to the cover262. The surge arrester420may be any known type of surge arrester. The disconnector device210is configured to electrically connect the electrical device100to the surge arrester420, which is electrically connected to ground104. In particular, and similar toFIGS.1-8, the disconnector device210can be coupled to the electrical device100by a first or top stud218(e.g., a first terminal) that extends from the cap258. The surge arrester420can be coupled to ground104via a third terminal442(e.g., the ground terminal), which extends from the bottom plate438of the surge arrester assembly430. The disconnector assembly210′ is movable between a first, closed, configuration (FIGS.11-12) and a second, operated, configuration (FIGS.13-14). In the closed configuration, the surge arrester assembly430is coupled to the disconnector device210. More specifically, in the closed configuration the cover262of the surge arrester assembly430is coupled to and abuts the cap258, and the surge arrester420is positioned relative to the cap258by a first distance. In the illustrated embodiment, the first distance is approximately equal to the height of the cover262but the first height can be greater or smaller in other embodiments. Like the cover262ofFIGS.1-8, the cover262has a locking mechanism (e.g., bolted connection) that couples the cover262to an interior surface of the cap258. In the operated position, the cover262and the surge arrester assembly430is spaced apart from the disconnector device210. In particular, the cover262, therefore, the surge arrester420, is spaced apart from the cap258. That is, the surge arrester420is spaced apart from the cap258by a second distance that is greater than the first distance. In the closed configuration, the disconnector device210and the surge arrester assembly430enclose several components. In particular, and like the embodiments ofFIGS.1-8, in the closed configuration the cap258and the cover262encase the isolator214, the sleeve246, the upper sleeve connector226, and the lower sleeve connector230encased within the cap258. The isolator214may be further enclosed by an arc quenching material, as discussed above with respect toFIGS.1-8. The upper sleeve connector226and the lower sleeve connector230are coupled to one another via the sleeve246in the closed configuration. When the disconnector device210is in the closed configuration, the sleeve246is folded or collapsed (e.g., un-extended) such that it fits in a chamber266formed by the isolator214and the cap258. As shown inFIGS.2and4, the top stud218extends from the upper sleeve connector226through the cap258thereby projecting from the cap258. The second terminal222extends through the cover262to electrically and physically couple or affix the lower sleeve connector230to the high-voltage terminal of the surge arrester420. Although the disconnector assembly210′ is typically in a closed configuration, a condition may be met such that the disconnector assembly210′ performs an operating function. This condition may be, for example, reaching a temperature threshold, a leakage current threshold, an overvoltage threshold, an overcurrent threshold, or the like. The operating movement may move the surge arrester assembly430from the closed configuration to the operated configuration. That is, the operating function may be, for example, a movement such that the cap258and the cover62are physically separated, thereby physically distancing the surge arrester assembly430from the disconnector device210. The operating function may also be an action that breaks or disables one or more components of the disconnector device210. For example, like the isolator14ofFIGS.1-8, the isolator214may include a cartridge containing an explosive. When leakage current exceeds a predetermined threshold, the explosive within the cartridge is ignited, causing an explosion that forces the cap258and the cover262apart, breaking the electrical connection. One embodiment of operation of the disconnector assembly210′ may be as follows. The surge arrester420enters a conductive state once a predetermined current threshold is exceeded due to an overvoltage fault. Current from the electrical device100flows through the disconnector assembly210′ towards ground104. That is, current from the electrical device100flows through the cap258of the disconnector device210and the surge arrester420towards ground104. While current flows through the disconnector assembly210′, the disconnector device210begins to heat up. Once a temperature threshold has been reached, the disconnector device210operates such that current flow from the electrical device100to the surge arrester420and the ground104is interrupted. Accordingly, the isolator214may operate at or prior to failure of the surge arrester420. In addition to the described disconnector device210, the operating function to disrupt current flow could be performed by a fuse, a switch, or the like. In accordance with at least one embodiment, when the disconnector device210operates it enters the operated configuration, shown inFIGS.13and14. When the disconnector device210is in the operated configuration, the electrical connection is broken. As shown, the entire surge arrester assembly430, with the cover262, has moved in a direction substantially parallel to and away from the top stud218and perpendicular to the upper sleeve connector226. That is, in the operated configuration, the entire surge arrester assembly430is spaced apart from the disconnector device210. More specifically, in the operated configuration, the top plate434is spaced apart from the cap258of the disconnector device210. Also, the top sleeve connector226and the bottom sleeve connector230have been separated such that the fire resistant sleeve246has been extended. The isolator214has been broken such that there is a top isolator214aconnected to the top sleeve connector226and a bottom isolator214bconnected to the bottom sleeve connector230. In some embodiments, breaking the isolator214may result in debris caught in the chamber formed between the bottom isolator214band the fire resistant sleeve246, as discussed above. Also, in some embodiments, as discussed above, the physical distance created between of the top and bottom isolators214a,214band the arc quenching material252prevent electrical arcs from forming. As discussed above with respect toFIGS.1-8, if the operation takes place due to the requirement of leakage current being met, the distance between214aand214bwill be sufficient to break electrical contact without the use of breakers, fuses or other external equipment, and there for maintaining an energized state on the system. Although aspects have been described in detail with reference to certain preferred embodiments, variations and modifications exist within the scope of one or more independent aspects as described. Various features and advantages of the present application are set forth in the following claims. | 25,923 |
11942778 | DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG.1shows a structure of a conventional H-bridge2, which comprises, inter alia, four power switches each formed for example of a power MOS (“metal-oxide semiconductor”) transistor. The H-bridge2is coupled to a positive power supply via a first terminal4and to a negative power supply via a second terminal6. The positive power supply may be a battery of a motor vehicle delivering a voltage +Vbat, and the negative power supply may be an electrical ground of the battery and/or of the motor vehicle. The H-bridge2furthermore comprises a first control output8and a second control output10. An inductive load12is coupled between the first control output8and the second control output10. The inductive load12is an electric motor, for example. The H-bridge2also comprises a first transistor M1coupled between the first terminal4and the first control output8; a second transistor M2coupled between the second terminal6and the first control output8; a third transistor M3coupled between the second terminal6and the second control output10, and lastly a fourth transistor M4coupled between the first terminal4and the second control output10. The first transistor M1and the fourth transistor M4may also be called high-side transistors. The second transistor M2and the third transistor M3may also be called low-side transistors. To control the inductive load12, a first analog signal S1, a second analog signal S2, a third analog signal S3and lastly a fourth analog signal S4are applied to the transistors M1to M4, respectively. The H-bridge2, through the state of the transistors M1to M4, thus controls the inductive load12. The analog signals S1to S4originate from a control signal (not shown inFIG.1) having a variable duty cycle, or also called initial PWM (“pulse width modulation”) signal. The initial PWM signal has a frequency that may reach at least 10 kHz (1 kHz=1000 Hz), thereby giving a period T of around 100 is (1 μs=10−6s) or less. As shown inFIG.2a, such an initial PWM signal is, at each period T, in a given first logic state from among the high and low logic states during a first fraction of the period T, and in another logic state during the rest of the period T. In the example shown inFIG.2a, the initial PWM signal is in the high logic state for a duration to shorter than the period T, called activation duration. The duty cycle of the initial PWM signal dcomis given by: dcom=t0/T(1) The duty cycle of the initial PWM signal dcommay vary between 0% and 100%. FIG.2bshows the evolution of the instantaneous value of a current IMin the inductive load12, obtained in response to the initial PWM signal ofFIG.2a. During the activation duration of the initial PWM signal, that is to say, in the example shown here, when this signal is in the high logic state, the current IMincreases in the inductive load12toward a given maximum value. This maximum value corresponds to the ratio between the positive supply voltage +Vbat divided by the value of a total resistance. The H-bridge2is then controlled in a first or a second state, as will be presented later on. During the deactivation period of the initial PWM signal, that is to say, in the example, when this signal is in the low logic state, the current IMdecreases toward a zero value. Due to the inductive nature of the inductive load12, the rises and falls of the current IMhave a shallow slope, rather than following the pattern of the square edges of the initial PWM signal. The average value<IM> of the current IMis then given by: <IM>=dcom×Vbat×1/R(2) where R is essentially the value of the impedance of the inductive load12. The other resistive elements are values of the resistances, in the on state, of the transistors M1to M4, called RDSON, and of the resistances of the wires, of the connections and of the tracks of the printed circuit board. Depending on the state of the initial PWM signal and therefore on the state of the analog signals S1to S4, the H-bridge2is preferably able to be controlled in accordance with three possible states or configurations, described below with reference toFIGS.3a,3band3c. In a first state, the pair formed of the first transistor M1and of the third transistor M3makes it possible, when these transistors are in the on state (switches closed), to channel a current through the inductive load12in a first direction, from the positive supply voltage +Vbat to electrical ground, as indicated by an arrow inFIG.3a. The second transistor M2and the fourth transistor M4are then in the off state (switches open). By contrast, in a second state, the pair formed of the second transistor M2and of the fourth transistor M4makes it possible, when these transistors are in the on state (switches closed), to channel a current through the inductive load12in the other direction, still from the positive power supply +Vbat to electrical ground, as indicated by the arrow inFIG.3b. The first transistor M1and the third transistor M3are then in the off state (switches open). Lastly, in a third state illustrated byFIG.3c, the first transistor M1and the fourth transistor M4are in the off state (switches open) and the second transistor M2and the third transistor M3are in the on state (switches closed). This makes it possible to evacuate the power accumulated in the inductive load12, in the form of a current flowing to electrical ground through the second transistor M2and the third transistor M3, as shown by the two arrows inFIG.3c. The direction of the current is then imposed by the inductive load12. This state is called a “freewheeling” state. It is able to be controlled following operation of the H-bridge2in the first state or the second state, mentioned above, after the opening of the first transistor M1or of the fourth transistor M4, respectively. It should be noted that the freewheeling state described above and shown inFIG.3cmay also be produced using other means. Specifically, it is also possible to use structural diodes, making it possible to have a single transistor in the on state. However, the H-bridge2may also be put into a fourth state, illustrated byFIG.3d. In this fourth state, the first transistor M1and the fourth transistor M4are in the on state (switches closed) and the second transistor M2and the third transistor M3are in the off state (switches open). This makes it possible to evacuate the power accumulated in the inductive load12, in the form of a current flowing to the positive power supply +Vbat, through the first transistor M1and the fourth transistor M4, as shown by the two arrows inFIG.3d. This state is called a “high-side” freewheeling state. It is able to be controlled following operation of the H-bridge2in the first state or the second state, mentioned above, after the opening of the second transistor M2or of the third transistor M3, respectively. The direction of the current is then imposed by the inductive load12. By contrast, other configurations of the H-bridge2are prohibited, such as for example a configuration in which the first transistor M1and the second transistor M2would be in the on state, so as to avoid connecting the positive power supply through the first terminal4to electrical ground through the second terminal6of the H-bridge2. Other configurations are also prohibited, and will be presented later on. It will be appreciated that the invention is not limited to this type of switching structure. In particular, it also applies to a half-bridge switching structure, that is to say with just two power MOS transistors, and after having reconstructed an H-bridge from two half-bridges. Also, the embodiment of the power switch or switches shown inFIGS.3a,3b,3cand3dis merely a nonlimiting example. These switches may each comprise a type of transistor other than the transistor, such as for example a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) or an insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) rather than a MOS transistor. They may also comprise an assembly of such transistors, possibly with other components such as resistors, capacitors, etc. When such an H-bridge2is used to control the inductive load12, physical anomalies external to the structure of the H-bridge2may occur at the first control output8and the second control output10, but also at the inductive load12. These anomalies are in particular short circuits at the first control output8and the second control output10, in particular with possible short circuits:between the first control output8and electrical ground,between the first control output8and the voltage +Vbat,between the second control output10and electrical ground,between the second control output10and the voltage +Vbat, andbetween the first control output8and the second control output10. In addition, the anomalies may also be disconnected load anomalies. The present invention proposes, inter alia, a method for controlling the H-bridge2that is capable of discriminating a short circuit on at least one of the two control outputs8,10of the H-bridge2anomaly, but also a disconnected load between the two control outputs8and10anomaly. The anomaly diagnosis will preferably be performed with the four transistors M1to M4of the H-bridge2in an open position, that is to say that the transistors M1to M4are in an off state. Advantageously, in order to improve the detection of an anomaly, that is to say to significantly reduce the risk of a diagnosis error, the present invention furthermore proposes original measuring techniques for measuring electrical parameters on the H-bridge2, as illustrated inFIG.4. The example illustrated inFIG.4is a symbolic view of the H-bridge2and its associated connections; in no case is this view limiting with regard to the scope of the invention. In the remainder of the description, the four transistors M1to M4may also be called switches M1to M4. As mentioned above, to detect an anomaly on the H-bridge2, the method of the invention preferably positions the four switches M1to M4in an off state. As those skilled in the art are aware, a transistor, for example a MOS transistor, in an off state may also be symbolized by a switch in an open position coupled in parallel to a diode that is representative of the leakage current of said MOS transistor. The first transistor M1is thus now represented inFIG.4by a first switch M1_C1, in the open position, and a first diode M1_D1. The first switch M1_C1comprises a first terminal M1_C1_1and a second terminal M1_C1_2. The first diode M1_D1comprises a first cathode M1_D1_K1and a first anode M1_D1_A1. The first terminal M1_C1_1is coupled to the first cathode M1_D1_K1and represents a drain of the first transistor M1. The second terminal M1_C1_2is coupled to the first anode M1_D1_A1and represents a source of said first transistor M1. The second transistor M2is now represented by a second switch M2_C2, in the open position, and a second diode M2_D2. The second switch M2_C2comprises a first terminal M2_C2_1and a second terminal M2_C2_2. The second diode M2_D2comprises a first cathode M2_D2_K1and a first anode M2_D2_A1. The first terminal M2_C2_1is coupled to the first cathode M2_D2_K1and represents a drain of the second transistor M2. The second terminal M2_C2_2is coupled to the first anode M2_D2_A1and represents a source of said second transistor M2. The third transistor M3is now represented by a third switch M3_C3, in the open position, and a third diode M3_D3. The third switch M3_C3comprises a first terminal M3_C3_1and a second terminal M3_C3_2. The third diode M3_D3comprises a first cathode M3_D3_K1and a first anode M3_D3_A1. The first terminal M3_C3_1is coupled to the first cathode M3_D3_K1and represents a drain of the third transistor M3. The second terminal M3_C3_2is coupled to the first anode M3_D3_A1and represents a source of said third transistor M3. Lastly, the fourth transistor M4is represented by a fourth switch M4_C4, in the open position, and a fourth diode M4_D4. The fourth switch M4_C4comprises a first terminal M4_C4_1and a second terminal M4_C4_2. The fourth diode M4_D4comprises a first cathode M4_D4_K1and a first anode M4_D4_A1. The first terminal M4_C4_1is coupled to the first cathode M4_D4_K1and represents a drain of the fourth transistor M4. The second terminal M4_C4_2is coupled to the first anode M4_D4_A1and represents a source of said fourth transistor M4. FIG.5shows the diagram of the H-bridge2fromFIG.4with measuring devices and associated connections so as to be able, using the method of the invention, illustrated inFIG.6, to detect a short circuit or disconnected load anomaly in a manner substantially more reliable than those from the prior art. In order to simplify the diagram ofFIG.5, the inductive load12is not shown and is considered as a first approximation to be an open circuit. To detect a short circuit anomaly on the H-bridge2, the anomaly detection device according to the present invention proposes to use a first voltage generator14coupled to the first control output8and a second voltage generator16coupled to the second control output10. The first voltage generator14comprises a first voltage generator output14_1designed to deliver a controlled and modifiable DC voltage V_ref_1. In one preferred embodiment, the first voltage generator14also comprises a first current limiter15. The first current limiter15is coupled to the first voltage generator output14_1and is designed to limit the current on the output14_1of the first voltage generator. Advantageously, limiting the current of the first voltage generator14makes it possible to avoid destruction of the H-bridge2when a short circuit to the positive power supply +Vbat is present, for example, but also to electrical ground, or even to prevent activation of the inductive load12. Using such current limiters furthermore also makes it possible to limit the current in the load during the diagnostic phase a. In one exemplary embodiment, the first current limiter15is integrated into the first voltage generator14. The anomaly detection device furthermore comprises a first current measuring device18. The latter comprises a first current measuring device input18_1coupled to the first voltage generator output14_1and a first current measuring device output18_2. A first circuit switch20comprising a first circuit switch input20_1and a first circuit switch output20_2is positioned between the first control output8and the first current measuring device output18_2. Thus, in one exemplary embodiment and as illustrated inFIG.5, the first circuit switch input20_1is coupled to the first current measuring device output18_2, and the first circuit switch output20_2is coupled to the first control output8, allowing an instantaneous measurement of the current flowing through the H-bridge2. The second voltage generator16comprises a first voltage generator output16_1designed to deliver a controlled and modifiable DC voltage V_ref_2. Preferably, the DC voltages V_Ref1and V_Ref_2have similar but different values. In one preferred embodiment, the second voltage generator16also comprises a second current limiter17. The second current limiter17is coupled to the second voltage generator output16_1and is designed to limit the current thereof. The anomaly detection device also comprises a second current measuring device22. The latter comprises a second current measuring device input22_1coupled to the second voltage generator output16_1and a second current measuring device output22_2. A second circuit switch24comprising a second circuit switch input24_1and a second circuit switch output24_2is positioned between the second control output10and the second circuit switch output24_2. Thus, in one exemplary embodiment, the second circuit switch input24_1is coupled to the second current measuring device output22_2; and the second circuit switch output24_2is coupled to the second control output10. In order to detect the current variation in each branch of the H-bridge2with relatively high accuracy, it is cleverly proposed to integrate additional measuring devices into the internal structure of the H-bridge2. Thus, as illustrated inFIG.5, it is furthermore proposed to position a third current measuring device26between the first control output8and the first transistor M1. The third current measuring device26has a third current measuring device input26_1coupled both to the second terminal M1_C1_2of the first switch M1_C1and to the first anode M1_D1_A1of the first diode M1_D1. It furthermore has a third current measuring device output26_2coupled to the first control output8. In one preferred embodiment, the third current measuring device is designed firstly to detect and deliver measurement information on the instantaneous current flowing in the branch of the H-bridge2where it is coupled, and secondly to detect and deliver information on the current variation in said same branch of the H-bridge2. Also, a fourth current measuring device28is connected between the first control output8and the second transistor M2. The fourth current measuring device28has a fourth current measuring device input28_1coupled both to the first terminal M2_C2_1of the second switch M2_C2and to the first cathode M2_D2_C1of the second diode M2_D2. It also has a fourth current measuring device output28_2coupled to the first control output8. In one preferred embodiment, the fourth current measuring device28has the same technical features as those of the third current measuring device26. In addition, a fifth current measuring device30is connected between the second control output10and the third transistor M3. The fifth current measuring device30comprises a fifth current measuring device input30_1coupled both to the second terminal M3_C3_2of the third switch M3_C3and to the first anode M3_D3_A1of the third diode M3_D3. It also has a fifth current measuring device output30_2coupled to the second control output8. Lastly, a sixth current measuring device32is also used and coupled between the second control output10and the fourth transistor M4. The sixth current measuring device32has a sixth current measuring device input32_1coupled both to the first terminal M4_C4_1of the fourth switch M4_C4and to the first cathode M4_D4_C1of the fourth diode M4_D4. It has a sixth current measuring device output30_2coupled to the second control output10. The fifth current measuring device30and the sixth current measuring device32have the same technical features as for example the third current measuring device26. It is also proposed to position a seventh voltage measuring device34on the first control output8. The seventh voltage measuring device34is designed firstly to measure the voltage present on the first control output8, and secondly also to detect and measure a voltage variation on the first control output8. Lastly, it is proposed to position an eighth voltage measuring device36on the second control output10. The eighth voltage measuring device36advantageously has the same technical features as the seventh voltage measuring device34. In one exemplary embodiment, the abovementioned voltage and/or current measuring devices are devices external to the circuit of the H-bridge2. In another exemplary embodiment, the abovementioned voltage and/or current measuring devices are integrated partially (some of the measuring devices) into the circuit of the H-bridge2. As an additional variant, they may be integrated fully into the circuit of the H-bridge2. The method for detecting at least one anomaly according to the present invention will now be presented. The steps of the method according to the present invention are shown on the flowchart inFIG.6. The method according to the present invention thus comprises a first step e1, during which the first transistor M1, the second transistor M2, the third transistor M3and the fourth transistor M4are put into an off state. The transistors are put into an off state for example by setting the first analog signal S1, the second analog signal S2, the third analog signal S3and the fourth analog signal S4to “0”. Of course, those skilled in the art will understand the concept of the off state of a transistor to mean putting it into an open state. In a second step e2, a step of verifying the state of the transistors M1to M4is performed. If the four transistors M1to M4are indeed respectively in an off state, then a third step e3is performed. If at least one of the four transistors is not yet in an off state, then the second step e2is executed again. The third step e3of the method of the present invention consists of a test for the presence or absence of a current flowing through the first control output8and/or the second control output10without using a voltage and/or current source external to the H-bridge2. Specifically, as those skilled in the art are aware, even if the transistors M1to M4are in an off state, it is possible for a current to flow through the internal diodes of the transistors M1to M4, which may be synonymous with an anomaly. Thus, in one exemplary embodiment of the method of the invention, during this third step e3, the third current measuring device26is activated and interrogated by a control device, such as for example an electronic computer, in order to verify the presence or the absence of a reverse current flowing through the first transistor M1and more precisely through its internal diode D1. If no current is detected by the third current measuring device26, which is synonymous with no anomaly being detected on the first transistor M1, then a fourth step e4is executed. If a current is detected by the third current measuring device26, then the method of the invention makes provision to move to a fifth step e5. The fourth step e4consists in verifying whether all of the transistors of the H-bridge2have been tested. If all of the transistors have been tested, then an eleventh step e11is executed. If not (there is still at least one transistor of the H-bridge2to be tested), then the third step e3is executed again on the transistor of the H-bridge2to be tested. Of course, the measuring devices linked to the transistor to be tested during the third step e3will be activated accordingly. During the fifth step e5, which is synonymous according to the invention with the possible detection of a current flowing in at least one of the transistors of the H-bridge2, a first time counter is activated. In one exemplary embodiment of the method of the invention, said first time counter is programmable and has for example a duration of 10 ms (10 ms=0.01 s). This duration may for example correspond to the nominal discharge duration of the inductive load12. Once the duration of 10 ms has passed, the method of the invention makes provision to move to a sixth step e6. During the sixth step e6, a new measurement of the presence of a current flowing through said transistor, under test in the third step e3, of the H-bridge2is performed again. Advantageously, the actions performed here are identical to those presented in the third step e3. The method cleverly makes provision to move to the fourth step e4if no current is detected in said transistor under test of the H-bridge2. Furthermore, if a current is detected in said transistor under test, then the method of the invention makes provision to move to a seventh step e10, synonymous with the presence of at least one anomaly at the H-bridge2. During the seventh step e10, the current measuring devices are activated again. Cleverly, firstly the measurement of a current through the first transistor M1and then through the fourth transistor M4is tested, making it possible to detect the presence of a short circuit to a voltage greater than the positive voltage +Vbat anomaly, which is able to occur only on the first transistor M1and the fourth transistor M4, which are also called high-side transistors by those skilled in the art. Thus, for example, the third current measuring device26is first of all activated and interrogated in order to detect the presence of a current through the first transistor M1. If a current is detected by the third current measuring device26, this is synonymous, according to the method of the invention, with the presence of a short circuit to a voltage greater than the positive voltage +Vbat on the first control output8anomaly. In this case, the method according to the present invention makes provision to move to an eighth step e8. If no current is detected through the first transistor M1, the third current measuring device26is deactivated and the sixth current measuring device32is in turn activated in order to detect the presence of a potential current in the fourth transistor M4. If a current is detected by the sixth current measuring device32, this is synonymous, according to the method of the present invention, with the presence of a short circuit to a voltage greater than the positive voltage +Vbat on the second control output10anomaly. In this case, the method according to the present invention makes provision to move to the eighth step e8. If no current is detected through the fourth transistor M4, the sixth current measuring device32is deactivated and the method makes provision to move to a ninth step e9. The eighth step e8advantageously makes provision to save the information on the anomaly observed in the seventh step e7. For example, during the eighth step e8, the engine control computer is informed of the presence of a short circuit to the positive voltage greater than +Vbat anomaly by a dedicated memory cell being set to “1”. Those skilled in the art will clearly understand that this example is given by way of illustration and is in no way limiting with regard to the scope of the invention. As a variant, the method of the invention, after the eighth step e8, once the engine control computer has been informed of the proven anomaly, may for example position the H-bridge2in a protection mode. The ninth step e9consists in activating the other current measuring devices. Cleverly, firstly the measurement of a current through the second transistor M2and then through the third transistor M3is tested, in order to detect the presence of a short circuit to electrical ground anomaly, which is able to occur only on the second transistor M2and/or the third transistor M3, which are also called low-side transistors by those skilled in the art. Thus, for example, the fourth current measuring device28is first of all activated and interrogated in order to detect the presence of a current through the second transistor M2. If a current is detected by the fourth current measuring device28, this is synonymous, according to the method of the invention, with a short circuit to a potential lower than electrical ground on the first control output8. In this case, the method according to the present invention makes provision to move to a tenth step e10. If no current is detected through the second transistor M2, the fourth current measuring device28is deactivated and the fifth current measuring device30is in turn activated in order to detect the presence of a potential current in the third transistor M3. If a current is detected by the fifth current measuring device30, this is synonymous, according to the method of the invention, with a short circuit to a potential lower than electrical ground on the second control output10. In this case, the method according to the present invention makes provision to move to the tenth step e10. If no current is detected, then the method of the invention again moves to the second step e2. The tenth step e10advantageously makes provision to save the information on the anomaly observed in the ninth step e9. For example, during the tenth step e10, the engine control computer is informed of the presence of a short circuit to a potential lower than electrical ground anomaly by a dedicated memory cell being set to “1”. The method furthermore makes provision, during this tenth step e10, once the engine control computer has been informed of the proven anomaly, to exit the method of the invention and for the H-bridge2to again be controlled in a normal operating mode. By virtue of using the first time counter and the measurement of the current in each transistor before and after a determined duration, the risk of a diagnosis error is substantially reduced. The method of the invention furthermore proposes to detect the presence of an electromotive force at the terminals of the first control output8and of the second control output10; representative for example of a rotation resulting from the inductive load12. After verifying the presence of a short-circuit current in the H-bridge2, the method makes provision, in an eleventh step e11, to sequentially or simultaneously activate the seventh voltage measuring device34and the eighth voltage measuring device36in order to record the voltage on the first control terminal8and on the second control voltage terminal10. Once the two measurements have been performed, it is proposed in this eleventh step e11to subtract the absolute values of the two recorded voltages. Thus, for example, the value of the voltage recorded on the first control voltage terminal8is subtracted from the value of the voltage recorded on the second control voltage terminal10. The method of the present invention makes provision, when the result of the subtraction is nil, that is to say equal to zero, to move to a twelfth step e12. Advantageously, this result of the comparison of the two voltages means that there is no electromotive force present on the two control outputs of the H-bridge2and that the inductive load12is therefore stationary. If the result of said subtraction is not zero, then the method moves to a thirteenth step e13; according to the present invention, this means that a resulting electromotive force is present on the control outputs of the H-bridge2. In order to ensure that the electromotive force is stopped, corresponding to stoppage of the electric motor, it is cleverly proposed, in the thirteenth step e13, to apply a time delay using a second time counter, which is set for example to a value of 1 s. Once the time of 1 s has elapsed, if no electromotive force is detected, then the method according to the invention proposes to move to the twelfth step e12, otherwise an electromotive force anomaly alert is for example saved in a dedicated memory in a step e13bis). Thus, by virtue of the method of the invention, it is possible to avoid potential detection of an anomaly that has not been proven on at least one control output terminal of the H-bridge2that is caused by the presence of an electromotive force present on said control output terminals8and10. Advantageously, it is now possible to make an improved diagnosis of the presence of at least one anomaly on at least one of the transistors of the H-bridge2. Specifically, the state of the four transistors is known and fixed, as is the absence of an electromotive force on at least one of the control output terminals of the H-bridge2. In the twelfth step e12of the method of the invention, the first voltage generator14and the second voltage generator16are now activated. In order for the first voltage V_ref_1delivered by the first voltage generator output14_1to be applied to the first control output terminal8of the H-bridge2, the first circuit switch20is activated, for example in one embodiment of the invention. Likewise, with regard to the application of the second reference voltage V_ref_2, the second voltage generator16is activated during this same twelfth step e12. In order for the second reference voltage V_ref_2to be applied to the second control terminal10, the second circuit switch24is activated. Once the voltage sources have been activated and the voltages have been applied to the two output terminals of the H-bridge2, a fourteenth step e14is executed. In this fourteenth step e14, a variation in the voltage V_out_1at the first control terminal8is measured using the seventh voltage measuring device34. To measure the variation in the voltage V_out_1, for example, a first measurement of the voltage V_out_1is performed and is stored in a dedicated memory space, and then, after a settable and determined duration, for example 100 μs, a second measurement of the voltage V_out_1is performed. The two values are compared and a slope is deduced therefrom through a mathematical calculation that is known to those skilled in the art. In another variant embodiment of the method, the seventh voltage measuring device34automatically performs and determines the measurement of the slope of the voltage V_out_1. Those skilled in the art are well aware of these automated measuring techniques. During this fourteenth step e14, the slope of the output voltage V_out_2is also measured. In one exemplary embodiment, the same measuring technique as the one for the first output voltage V_out_1is used. Furthermore, for example, the time gaps between two measurements of the output voltages are identical. In one exemplary embodiment, the output voltages are measured simultaneously. Once the two slopes have been deduced and/or measured, the method makes provision to move to a fifteenth step e15. In the fifteenth step e15, if at least one of the two slopes is non-zero, then the method makes provision to execute a sixteenth step e16, and if the two slopes are zero, then the method makes provision to execute a twentieth step e20. During this sixteenth step e16, a third time counter is activated. The duration may be settable and has for example a value of 10 ms. Once the duration has elapsed, the method moves to a seventeenth step e17. During this seventeenth step e17, the same measurements as in the fourteenth step e14are performed in order to collect a second slope of the first output voltage V_out_1and of the second output voltage V_out_2. The method then makes provision to move to an eighteenth step e18. The eighteenth step e18consists in comparing the two slopes of the output voltages V_out_1and V_out_2, and the result is for example stored in a memory. If at least one of the two results of comparing the slopes of the first output voltage V_out_1or of the second output voltage V_out_2is non-zero (which means a voltage variation), then the method makes provision to move to a nineteenth step e19. If no variation is observed, then the method makes provision to move to the twentieth step e20. The nineteenth step e19consists in generating a frequency interference alert at the engine control computer, for example. Specifically, in this case, according to the method of the invention, an anomaly, for example electromagnetic coupling to one of the two outputs at the H-bridge2, is present. In one exemplary embodiment, the method of the invention then makes provision, after the nineteenth step e19, to end the execution of the method of the invention and therefore for example to control the H-bridge2normally. In the twentieth step e20, the first current measuring device18is activated and the current flowing through it, for example called I_out_1, is measured. The recorded value is for example stored in a memory dedicated for this purpose. Likewise, during this twentieth step e20, the second current measuring device20is activated and the current I_out_2flowing through it is measured. The recorded value I_out_2is itself also stored in a dedicated memory. Cleverly, during a twenty-first step e21, the two current values I_out_1and I_out_2are then compared. This comparison may be performed by a computer. When the result of the comparison between the values I_out_1and I_out_2is almost identical or for example within a difference of a value of the order of 2% of the absolute value of the current I_out_1, then, according to the method of the invention, this means that there is no anomaly observed at the H-bridge2, and that, accordingly, the H-bridge2is in a normal operating state. The method of the invention thus makes provision, in this scenario, to move to a twenty-second step e22. Cleverly, there is provision for the values of the two output currents to be substantially different due to the connections and the components that are coupled to the first control output8and to the second control output10. This variation may stem from a resistor coupled to a single control output, and which therefore causes a variation in the output currents. In addition, capacitors may also be coupled to at least one output, such as for example a filtering capacitor. This capacitor may thus also create interference at at least one control output of the H-bridge2. Advantageously, by virtue of this tolerance with regard to the values of the output current, it is possible, unlike the prior art, to avoid potential errors in the diagnosis. If the two output current values are outside the desired measurement range, for example 2% of the absolute value of the current I_out_1, then the method makes provision to move to a twenty-third step e23. During the twenty-second step e22, the method of the invention makes provision for example to generate a message to the microcontroller about the correct operation of the H-bridge2, synonymous with no short circuit or open circuit anomaly. During the twenty-third step e23, the values of the output voltages V_out_1and V_out_2are recorded by the seventh voltage measuring device34and by the eighth voltage measuring device36. During a twenty-fourth step e24, the two values are compared. The method makes provision to move to a twenty-fifth step e25if the comparison result is within a difference between +/−2% of the absolute value of a measurement of an output voltage, for example V_out_1, and if the result of the comparison is greater, the method makes provision to move to a twenty-sixth step e26. During the twenty-fifth step e25, the value of the output voltage V_out_1and of the reference voltage Vref1are compared. If the first measured output voltage V_out_1is greater than the reference voltage V_ref1and than the reference voltage V_ref2, then the method moves to a twenty-seventh step e27. If the first output voltage V_out_1is lower than the reference voltage V_ref1and than the reference voltage V_ref2, then the method moves to a twenty-eighth step e28. During the twenty-seventh step e27, an alert is generated to the engine control computer stipulating that an anomaly is detected and is a battery short circuit anomaly. The method of the invention is then for example stopped and the H-bridge2may again be controlled by the engine control computer for example. During the twenty-eighth step e28, an alert is advantageously generated to the engine control computer, for example mentioning that a short circuit to electrical ground anomaly is observed at the H-bridge2. The method of the invention is then for example stopped and the H-bridge2may for example be controlled again. During the twenty-sixth step e26, an alert is generated to the engine control computer stipulating that an anomaly is detected and is a disconnected load or open circuit at the two control outputs8,10anomaly. The method of the invention then furthermore makes provision to end the execution of the method of the invention and therefore for example to control the H-bridge2normally. The present invention thus proposes a device and a method for detecting an anomaly in an H-bridge control circuit that make it possible to improve the reliability of the detection of short circuit and open circuit anomalies. Advantageously, the method of the present invention makes it possible to identify the origin of a short circuit or of an open circuit in the structure of the H-bridge, but also at the load controlled by said H-bridge. The method of the invention furthermore also makes it possible to measure the electromotive force of the controlled load and makes it possible to detect new fault cases in comparison with the prior art. Furthermore, the method of the present invention has a significantly faster execution time than that from the prior art. Of course, the present invention is not limited to the preferred embodiment described above and illustrated in the drawing and to the variant embodiments mentioned, but extends to all variants within the scope of those skilled in the art. | 40,343 |
11942779 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Examples of the methods and systems discussed herein are not limited in application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The methods and systems are capable of implementation in other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Examples of specific implementations are provided herein for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to be limiting. In particular, acts, components, elements and features discussed in connection with any one or more examples are not intended to be excluded from a similar role in any other examples. Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. Any references to examples, embodiments, components, elements or acts of the systems and methods herein referred to in the singular may also embrace embodiments including a plurality, and any references in plural to any embodiment, component, element or act herein may also embrace embodiments including only a singularity. References in the singular or plural form are no intended to limit the presently disclosed systems or methods, their components, acts, or elements. The use herein of “including,” “comprising,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” and variations thereof is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. References to “or” may be construed as inclusive so that any terms described using “or” may indicate any of a single, more than one, and all of the described terms. In addition, in the event of inconsistent usages of terms between this document and documents incorporated herein by reference, the term usage in the incorporated features is supplementary to that of this document; for irreconcilable differences, the term usage in this document controls. As discussed above, devices implemented for use in Cat NB1 low-data-rate applications may be subject to strict design requirements. For example, controllers implemented for use in Cat NB1 low-data-rate applications may have ultra-low off-state current requirements and fast wakeup time requirements from an off state to a transmitting (TX) or receiving (RX) state. In one example, an off-state current requirement may be limited to less than 400 nA in a nominal case, and less than 1 μA over process, voltage, and temperature (PVT). In another example, a wakeup time requirement from an off state to a TX or RX state may be limited to less than 30 μs. Generally speaking, a wakeup time of a device may be inversely proportional to a current consumed by the device. Accordingly, decreasing a device's off-state current may be in tension with reducing the wakeup time of the device. Thus, adhering to the design requirements of controllers implemented in Cat NB1 low-data-rate applications may be difficult where wakeup time and off-state current are in tension. Accordingly, it may be beneficial to provide a controller that is capable of providing both an ultra-low off-state current and fast wakeup times discussed above. In one example, a controller implements a shutdown operation to physically shut down current paths throughout the controller which might otherwise conduct high off-state leakage currents. For example, such current paths may include a battery supply voltage source and certain modules or components which otherwise might conduct high leakage off-state currents, such as a bandgap core, level shifter, power amplifier bias circuit, and so forth. In one example, a switching circuit is implemented in a current path connecting the battery supply voltage source and at least one component or module, such as those discussed above. The switching circuit is configured to control a current between the battery supply voltage source and the at least one component or module. The switching circuit is, in turn, controlled by a control circuit configured to control the switching circuit based on a mode of operation of the controller (including, for example, an off mode, a TX mode, an RX mode, and so forth) and based on a battery supply voltage. In various examples, the switching circuit and the control circuit are implemented using components that respond quickly to changes in the mode of operation of the controller to reduce a wakeup time of the controller. An example of the foregoing is provided with respect toFIG.1.FIG.1illustrates a block diagram of certain components of a controller100according to an example. The controller100includes one or more voltage supply nodes102, a mode of operation node104, one or more switching circuits106, one or more powered components108, and one or more power supply detectors110. The controller100is configured to operate in at least two modes of operation, including an off mode and an on mode, where the on mode may include one of a TX state and an RX state. It may be beneficial to reduce a leakage current consumed by the powered component(s)108and reduce a wakeup time of the powered component(s)108for the reasons discussed above. The voltage supply node(s)102are electrically coupled to the switching circuit(s)106and the power supply detector(s)110, and are configured to be electrically coupled to a voltage source, such as a battery. The mode of operation node104is electrically coupled to the power supply detector(s)110, and is configured to be electrically coupled to a mode of operation signal source to provide the mode of operation signal to the power supply detector(s)110. The switching circuit(s)106are electrically coupled to the voltage supply node(s)102, the powered component(s)108, and to the power supply detector(s)110. The powered component(s)108are electrically coupled to the switching circuit(s)106. The power supply detector(s)110are electrically coupled to the voltage supply node(s)102, the mode of operation node104, and to the switching circuit(s)106. It may be beneficial to minimize a leakage current consumption by the powered component(s)108from the voltage supply node(s)102while the controller100is in the off mode, or when an adequate supply voltage is not provided by the voltage supply node(s)102. As discussed in greater detail below, the power supply detector(s)110are configured to determine a mode of operation of the controller100based at least in part on a mode of operation signal received from the mode of operation node104, and determine a supply voltage received from the voltage supply node(s)102. Based on these values, the power supply detector(s)110are configured to control the switching circuit(s)106. The switching circuit(s)106, in turn, control a current between the voltage supply node(s)102and the powered component(s)108. In various examples, the switching circuit(s)106may include at least one voltage-controlled switching device, such as a p-channel field-effect transistor (referred to herein as a “PFET”), connected in series between the voltage supply node(s)102and the powered component(s)108. In these examples, the switching circuit(s)106may allow a current to pass through the switching circuit(s)106when the PFET is in a closed and conducting position, and may prevent an appreciable current from passing through the switching circuit(s)106when the PFET is in an open and non-conducting position. As discussed above, the switching circuit(s)106may be controlled by the power supply detector(s)110. For example, where the switching circuit(s)106include voltage-controlled switching devices, the power supply detector(s)110may control a voltage on a control connection of the voltage-controlled switching devices (for example, a gate of a PFET) based on the signals received from the voltage supply node(s)102and from the mode of operation node104. In various examples, the power supply detector(s)110may control the switching circuit(s)106by providing a high biasing current to enable fast wakeup times. Thus, the power supply detector(s)110may determine a mode of operation of the controller100, and responsively control a state of the switching circuit(s)106to minimize power consumption and wakeup times. To illustrate the foregoing principles, an example is provided with respect toFIG.2.FIG.2illustrates a process200of operating the controller100according to an example. At act202, the process200begins. At act204, a determination is made by the power supply detector(s)110as to a mode of operation of the controller100. For example, the determination may be made by the power supply detector(s)110based at least in part on a mode of operation signal received from the mode of operation node104. The mode of operation signal may be a binary signal with a magnitude having one of a first value indicative of an off mode (for example, a logical LOW value), and a second value indicative of an on mode (for example, a logical HIGH value) which may, in turn, correspond to one of a TX state and an RX state. If the power supply detector(s)110determine, based on the mode of operation signal, that the controller100is in an on mode (204ON), then the process200continues to act206. Otherwise, if the power supply detector(s)110determine, based on the mode of operation signal, that the controller100is in an off mode (204OFF), then the process200continues to act210. At act206, a determination is made by the power supply detector(s)110as to whether an adequate supply voltage is being received from the voltage supply node(s)102. In various examples, the power supply detector(s)110may implement a minimum voltage threshold value to determine if an adequate supply voltage is being received. That is, act206may include determining if a magnitude of a supply voltage received from the voltage supply node(s)102meets or exceeds the minimum voltage threshold value, which corresponds to a logical HIGH value. If the power supply detector(s)110determine that the adequate supply voltage is not being received from the voltage supply node(s)102(206NO), then the process200continues to act210. Otherwise, if the power supply detector(s)110determine that the adequate supply voltage is being received from the voltage supply node(s)102(206YES), then the process200continues to act208. At act208, upon determining that the controller100is in an on mode of operation and that an adequate supply voltage is being received, the power supply detector(s)110control the switching circuit(s)106to allow current to pass through the switching circuit(s)106from the voltage supply node(s)102to the powered component(s)108. As discussed above, the switching circuit(s)106may include one or more voltage-controlled switches. Accordingly, controlling the switching circuit(s)106to allow current to pass through the switching circuit(s)106may include providing a biasing current to a control connection of the voltage-controlled switches such that the voltage-controlled switches are in a closed and conducting state. In another example, controlling the switching circuit(s)106to allow current to pass through the switching circuit(s)106may include withholding a biasing current to a controller connection of the voltage-controlled switches, such as examples in which the voltage-controlled switches are “normally on” switches which conduct in the absence of a bias signal. As discussed above, in some examples, the power supply detector(s)110may provide a high biasing current to the switching circuit(s)106. Providing a high biasing current may be particularly advantageous where the controller100is transitioning from an off mode to an on mode, at least because a high biasing current may expedite a switching time of the switching circuit(s)106. Accordingly, controlling the switching circuit(s)106to allow the current to pass through the switching circuit(s)106may facilitate fast wakeup times where the mode of operation of the controller100transitions from the off mode to the on mode. The process200returns to act204from act208. If the power supply detector(s)110determine that the controller100is in an off mode of operation (204OFF) or that an adequate supply voltage is not being received from the voltage supply node(s)102(206NO), the process200continues to act210. At act210, the power supply detector(s)110control the switching circuit(s)106to disallow current to pass through the switching circuit(s)106from the voltage supply node(s)102to the powered component(s)108. As discussed above, the switching circuit(s)106may include one or more voltage-controlled switches. Accordingly, controlling the switching circuit(s)106to disallow current to pass through the switching circuit(s)106may include providing a biasing current to a control connection of the voltage-controlled switches such that the voltage-controlled switch is in a closed and conducting state. In another example, controlling the switching circuit(s)106to disallow current to pass through the switching circuit(s)106may include withholding a biasing current to a controller connection of the voltage-controlled switches, such as examples in which the voltage-controlled switches are “normally off” switches that do not conduct in the absence of a bias signal. The process200returns to act204from act210. Accordingly, the process200may be repeatedly (for example, continuously, periodically, or aperiodically) executed by the power supply detector(s)110to control the switching circuit(s)106pursuant to a mode of operation of the controller100. For example, and as discussed in greater detail below, the power supply detector(s)110may include one or more logic gates having at least one input connection to receive a mode of operation signal from the mode of operation node104such that the power supply detector(s)110responds quickly to changes in the mode of operation signal. It is to be appreciated that each of the components102,106-110may respectively include any number of components, including one component. For purposes of illustration, an example is provided with respect toFIGS.3A-4in which the voltage supply node(s)102include two voltage supply nodes, the switching circuit(s)106include three switching devices, the powered component(s)108include two powered components, and the power supply detector(s)110include two power supply detectors. In other examples, however, the components102,106-110may include any other number of components, including one component, independent of a number of other components. FIGS.3A-3Billustrate a schematic diagram of a controller300according to an example. It is to be appreciated thatFIGS.3A-3Bcollectively illustrate a single circuit topology that has been separated into two figures for clarity of illustration only. As discussed above, the controller300may be implemented in connection with an NB-IoT device. For example, the controller300may be configured to enable communication with external devices via a network connection, such as a wireless connection. Certain aspects of the controller300be similar to, and illustrative of, certain aspects of the controller100. Components of the controller300that may be similar to or illustrative of corresponding components of the controller100are indicated as such, as explained in greater detail below. More particularly, a first region301of the controller300includes components that may be similar to or illustrative of corresponding components of the controller100. Accordingly, components within the first region301of the controller300are discussed in greater detail with respect toFIG.4, which illustrates a schematic view of the first region301in greater detail. As illustrated inFIG.4, the controller300includes a first voltage supply node302aand a second voltage supply node302b(collectively, “voltage supply nodes302”); a mode of operation node304; a first switching device306a, a second switching device306b, and a third switching device306c(collectively, “switching devices306”); a first powered component308aand a second powered component308b(collectively, “powered components308”); and a first power supply detector310aand a second power supply detector310b(collectively, “power supply detectors310”). The voltage supply nodes302may illustrate an example of the voltage supply node(s)102. The mode of operation node304may illustrate an example of the mode of operation node104. The switching devices306may illustrate an example of, or be included in an example of, the switching circuit(s)106. The powered components308may illustrate an example of the powered component(s)108. The power supply detectors310may illustrate an example of the power supply detector(s)110. The first voltage supply node302ais electrically coupled to the first switching device306a, the second switching device306b, and the first power supply detector310a, and is configured to be coupled to a first voltage supply providing a first supply voltage (referred to herein as “VDD”). The second voltage supply node302bis electrically coupled to the third switching device306cand the second power supply detector310b, and is configured to be coupled to a second voltage supply providing a second supply voltage (referred to herein as “VCC1”). The mode of operation node304is electrically coupled to the power supply detectors310, and is configured to be coupled to a source of a mode of operation signal. The mode of operation signal may be a binary signal with a magnitude having one of a first value (for example, a logical LOW value) indicative of an off mode of the controller300, and a second value (for example, a logical HIGH value) indicative of an on mode of the controller300. The first switching device306ais electrically coupled to the first voltage supply node302aat a first connection, the first powered component308aat a second connection, and the first power supply detector310aat a control connection. The second switching device306bis electrically coupled to the first voltage supply node302aat a first connection, the second powered component308bat a second connection, and the first power supply detector310aat a control connection. The third switching device306cis electrically coupled to the second voltage supply node302bat a first connection, the second powered component308bat a second connection, and the second power supply detector310bat a control connection. The first powered component308ais electrically coupled to the first switching device306a. The first powered component308amay be electrically coupled to the first voltage supply node302avia the first switching device306awhere the first switching device306ais in a closed and conducting state. The second powered component308bis electrically coupled to the second switching device306b, and is electrically coupled to the third switching device306c. The second powered component308bmay be electrically coupled to the first voltage supply node302avia the second switching device306bwhere the second switching device306bis in a closed and conducting state, and may be electrically coupled to the second voltage supply node302bvia the third switching device306cwhere the third switching device306cis in a closed and conducting state. The first power supply detector310ais electrically coupled to the first voltage supply node302a, the mode of operation node304, and the control connection of each of the switching devices306aand306b. The second power supply detector310bis electrically coupled to the second voltage supply node302b, the mode of operation node304, and the control connection of the third switching device306c. For purposes of clarity, certain connections are not specifically identified. That is, the example connections discussed above may not be an exhaustive list of connections between components of the controller300. Each of the power supply detectors310a,310bmay independently execute the process200to control the switching devices306a,306band the third switching device306c, respectively. For example, and as discussed in greater detail below with respect toFIG.5, the first power supply detector310amay determine, at act204, whether a mode of operation signal received from the mode of operation node304is indicative of an off state or an on state of the controller300. If the mode of operation signal received from the mode of operation node304is indicative of the on state of the controller300(204ON), then the process200continues to act206. Otherwise, if the mode of operation signal received from the mode of operation node304is indicative of the off state of the controller (204OFF), then the process200continues to act210. At act206, the first power supply detector310adetermines whether an adequate supply voltage VDD is being provided by the first voltage supply node302a. If so (206YES), then the process200continues to act208. At act208, the first power supply detector310acontrols the switching devices306a,306bto allow current to conduct from the first voltage supply node302ato the powered components308through the switching devices306a,306b. For example, the first power supply detector310amay provide a biasing current to a control connection to one or both of the switching devices306a,306b(for example, where one or both of the switching devices306a,306bis normally off and thus conductive in the presence of a biasing current) or withhold a biasing current from a control connection of one or both of the switching devices306a,306b(for example, where one or both of the switching devices306a,306bis normally on and thus conductive in the absence of a biasing current). The process200then returns to act204. Otherwise, if the first power supply detector310adetermines that the mode of operation signal received from the mode of operation node304is indicative of the off state of the controller300(204OFF), or that an adequate supply voltage VDD is not being provided by the first voltage supply node302a(206NO), then the process200continues to act210. At act210, the first power supply detector310acontrols the switching devices306a,306bto disallow current to conduct between the first voltage supply node302aand the powered components308through the switching devices306a,306b. For example, the first power supply detector310amay provide a biasing current to a control connection of one or both of the switching devices306a,306b(for example, where one or both of the switching devices306a,306bis normally on and thus non-conductive in the presence of a biasing current) or withhold a biasing current from a control connection of one or both of the switching devices306a,306b(for example, where one or both of the switching devices306a,306bis normally off and thus non-conductive in the absence of a biasing current). The process200then returns to act204. Although the foregoing example is provided with respect to the first power supply detector310a, similar principles may apply to the second power supply detector310b. For example, the second power supply detector310bmay execute the process200to control the third switching device306cbased on signals received from the second voltage supply node302band the mode of operation node304. For purposes of illustration, an example implementation of a power supply detector is provided with respect toFIG.5.FIG.5illustrates a schematic diagram of a power supply detector500according to an example. For example, any of the power supply detectors110,310may be implemented in connection with the topology of the power supply detector500. The power supply detector500includes a voltage supply node input502, a mode of operation signal input504, a first logic component506, a second logic component508, a third logic component510, and a power supply detector output512. The first logic component506includes a first input514, a second input516, and an output518. The second logic component508includes an input520and an output522. The third logic component510includes an input524and an output526. Furthermore, the first logic component506includes a first substrate connection528, the second logic component508includes a second substrate connection530, and the third logic component510includes a third substrate connection532, each of which is configured to be coupled to a substrate (or “SUB”) input to connect to a silicon substrate in which the logic components are implemented. In some examples, such as in silicon-on-insulator (“SOT”) implementations, the SUB input may be floating, or grounded (that is, shorted to VSS). The voltage supply node input502is coupled to the first input514of the first logic component506, and is configured to be coupled to a voltage supply node, such as one of the voltage supply nodes102,302. The mode of operation signal input504is coupled to the second input516of the first logic component506, and is configured to be coupled to a mode of operation node, such as one of the mode of operation nodes104,304. The first input514of the first logic component506is coupled to the voltage supply node input502, and is configured to receive a supply voltage from the voltage supply node input502. The second input516of the first logic component506is coupled to the mode of operation signal input504, and is configured to receive a mode of operation signal from the mode of operation signal input504. The output518of the first logic component506is coupled to the input520of the second logic component508, and is configured to provide an output signal to the input520of the second logic component508based on signals received at the inputs514,516. The input520of the second logic component508is coupled to the output518of the first logic component506, and the output522of the second logic component508is coupled to the input524of the third logic component510. The second logic component508is configured to receive an input signal from the first logic component506at the input520, and provide an output signal to the input524of the third logic component510from the output522based on the input signal received from the first logic component506. The input524of the third logic component510is coupled to the output522of the second logic component508, and the output526of the third logic component510is coupled to the power supply detector output512. The third logic component510is configured to receive an input signal from the second logic component508at the input524, and provide an output signal to the power supply detector output512based on the input signal received from the second logic component508. In various examples, the power supply detector500is configured to provide an output signal at the power supply detector output512based on input signals received at the voltage supply node input502and the mode of operation signal input504. The power supply detector output512may be coupled to a control connection of at least one switching device. Thus, the power supply detector500may control a switching state of at least one switching device based on input signals received at the voltage supply node input502and the mode of operation signal input504. More particularly, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize the first logic component506as a NAND gate, and the second logic component508and the third logic component510as inverters collectively acting as an output buffer to the power supply detector output512. That is, an output signal at the output518of the first logic component506may have the same logical value as an output signal at the power supply detector output512. The first logic component506may be designed to interpret voltages having magnitudes above a certain value as a logical HIGH value, and having magnitudes below the certain value as a logical LOW value. For example, the first logic component506may be designed to interpret magnitudes of voltage values received from the voltage supply node input502above the adequate supply voltage value as a logical HIGH value, and magnitudes of voltage values received from the voltage supply node input502below the adequate supply voltage value as a logical LOW value. In various examples, the first logic component506may be an asymmetrical NAND gate. An asymmetrical NAND gate is a NAND gate in which a logical effort for one input differs from a logical effort of the other input. This feature may be leveraged to decrease a leakage current of the first logic component506and increase a speed at which the first logic component506responds to changing input conditions. For example, the second input516may be configured to respond more quickly to a changing input condition than the first input514as a result of the asymmetry of the NAND gate. In other examples, the first input514may respond more quickly than the second input516. TABLE 1 illustrates output signal values provided by the power supply detector500to the power supply detector output512based on input signals received at the voltage supply node input502and the mode of operation signal input504. In summary, the power supply detector500is configured to provide a logical LOW, or “0,” output signal to the power supply detector output512where an logical HIGH, or “1,” input signal is received at both of the inputs502,504, and to otherwise provide a logical HIGH, or “1,” output signal to the power supply detector output512for all other input value combinations. It is to be appreciated that a logical HIGH value at the voltage supply node input502may correspond to a first threshold voltage value and a logical HIGH value of the mode of operation signal input504may correspond to a second threshold value, different than the first threshold voltage value. TABLE 1Power Supply Detector 500 Truth TableSignal at VoltageSignal at ModeSignal at PowerSupply Nodeof OperationSupply DetectorInput 502Signal Input 504Output 512001011101110 For example, the power supply detector500may be an example of, or included in, the power supply detectors310. Using the first power supply detector310aas an example, the voltage supply node input502may be coupled to the first voltage supply node302a, the mode of operation signal input504may be coupled to the mode of operation node304, and the power supply detector output512may be coupled to the control connection of the first switching device306aand to the control connection of the second switching device306b. Similar principles apply to examples of the second power supply detector310b, which may be coupled to the second voltage supply node302b, the mode of operation node304, and the control connection of the third switching device306c. A topology of the power supply detectors310may vary based on a device type of the switching devices306. In examples in which the switching devices306are implemented as PFET switching devices, for example, it is to be appreciated that the switching devices306are normally closed and conducting devices that enter an open and non-conducting state responsive to receiving a biasing current on a control terminal of the switching devices306. As discussed above, it may be beneficial for the power supply detectors310to control the switching devices306to conduct (that is, by providing a logical LOW signal to the control connections of the switching devices306) if both the supply voltage and mode of operation signal are at a logical HIGH value, and to otherwise control the switching devices306not to conduct (that is, by providing a logical HIGH signal to the control connections of the switching devices306). Accordingly, the power supply detectors310may be implemented using a topology such as that of the power supply detector500at least because, as indicated in TABLE 1, the power supply detector500is configured to meet these output signal logical requirements. Accordingly, examples have been provided in which a leakage current to components such as the powered components108,308is minimized (for example, limited to less than 400 nA in a nominal case, and less than 1 μA over PVT). The switching circuit(s)106and/or switching devices306, in combination with the power supply detectors110,310, prevent a significant leakage current from being consumed by the powered components108,308while the powered components108,308are off or otherwise not in a fully on mode of operation. When the powered components108,308awaken, the power supply detectors110,310control the switching circuit(s)106and/or switching devices306such that the switching circuit(s)106and/or switching devices306may quickly transition to a closed and conducting mode to expedite the wakeup process (for example, by limiting the wakeup time to less than 30 μs). Accordingly, examples advantageously provide herein minimize both current consumption and a component wakeup time. It is to be appreciated that certain examples have been provided for purposes of illustration only. For example, although the switching devices306are illustrated as PFET-type switching devices, other types of switching devices may be implemented. For example, one or more of the switching devices306may be implemented as an n-channel field-effect transistor (NFET) switching device, a bipolar junction transistor, and so forth. Similarly, althoughFIG.5provides an example topology of a power supply detector500as an example of the power supply detectors110,310, other examples are within the scope of the disclosure. For example, a topology of the power supply detectors110,310may be implemented based at least in part on an implementation of the switching circuit(s)106and/or switching devices306to which the power supply detectors110,310are coupled. For example, whereas the output signals provided by the power supply detector500as detailed above with respect to TABLE 1 may be appropriate where the switching devices306are implemented as PFET-type devices, the output signals may not be appropriate where the switching devices306are implemented as NFET-type devices. For example, it may be beneficial to implement the first logic component506with an AND gate rather than a NAND gate where a switching device to which the power supply detector output512is coupled is implemented as an NFET-type device. Furthermore, it is to be appreciated that, where the power supply detector(s)110include more than one power supply detector, not every one of the power supply detector(s)110may have an identical or substantially similar topology. For example, a first one of the power supply detector(s)110may include an AND gate, whereas a second one of the power supply detector(s)110may include a NAND gate. Similar principles apply to the switching circuit(s)106, such that a first one of the switching circuit(s)106may be implemented as a PFET-type switching device, and a second one of the switching circuit(s)106may be implemented as an NFET-type switching device. As discussed above, the components102,106-110may include any number of components, regardless of a number of other components. Accordingly, it is to be appreciated that the examples provided in connection withFIGS.3A-5are provided for purposes of explanation only, and are not intended to be limiting. Furthermore, although examples provided herein may include components of a controller, such as the controllers100,300, it is to be appreciated that the principles disclosed herein may be applicable to other circuit topologies. For example, examples provided herein may be applicable in reducing a leakage current and wakeup time of any powered components operating in any other circuit topologies. Accordingly, no limitation is implied by the examples provided above with respect to controller topologies. Having thus described several aspects of at least one embodiment, it is to be appreciated various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part of, and within the spirit and scope of, this disclosure. Accordingly, the foregoing description and drawings are by way of example only. | 35,925 |
11942780 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG.1illustrates one example of a semiconductor switch having an active clamping circuit for protection in the case of electrostatic discharges. The semiconductor switch can be a power semiconductor switch and is designated by MLinFIG.1. The semiconductor switch MLis connected between two pins PIN1and PIN2of a semiconductor chip and is implemented as a MOS field effect transistor (for example as a DIMS transistor) in the present example. The semiconductor switch is switched on and off depending on a control signal (MOS=metal-oxide semiconductor, DMOS=double-diffused metal-oxide semiconductor) that is fed to the control electrode of the transistor ML. In the case of MOS transistors, the control signal is the gate voltage VGof the MOS transistor, which voltage is applied to the gate electrode thereof. In order to keep the drawing simple,FIG.1contains substantially only the transistor MLand the active clamping circuit. In accordance withFIG.1, the clamping circuit comprises an amplifier circuit, which is substantially constructed by means of a resistor and a further MOS transistor MPand is operated as a common-source connection. The amplifier circuit comprises an amplifier input and an amplifier output. The latter is connected to the control electrode of the semiconductor switch ML. Specifically, the load current path (drain-source current path) of the MOS transistor MPis connected between the gate electrode of the semiconductor switch MLand the first pin PIN1, and a resistor RGSnis connected between the gate electrode of the semiconductor switch ML and the second pin PIN2. The MOS transistor MPis a p-channel transistor; its drain electrode is connected to the gate electrode of the semiconductor switch ML. The gate electrode of the MOS transistor MPis the amplifier input, and the drain electrode of the MOS transistor MPis the amplifier output. The voltage drop across the resistor RGSncan be regarded as an amplifier output signal, which is fed as gate voltage to the gate electrode of the semiconductor switch ML. To summarize, it can be stated that a signal present at the amplifier input (i.e., in the present example, a gate-source voltage VINof the MOS transistor MP) is amplified, and the amplified signal is fed as control signal (gate voltage VG) to the control electrode of the semiconductor switch ML. The input signal (voltage VIN) of the amplifier circuit is generated by means of a trigger circuit, which is implemented by means of an RC circuit in the example fromFIG.1. The RC circuit is a series circuit formed by a resistor and a capacitor. In the present case, the resistor RGSpis connected between the first pin PIN1and the amplifier input (i.e., in the present example, the gate electrode of the MOS transistor MP) and the capacitor C is connected between the amplifier input and the second pin PIN2. As can be seen inFIG.1, a current iESDwill occur in the case of an electrostatic discharge between the pins PIN1and PIN2, which current flows from the first pin PIN1to the second pin PIN2. It is assumed for the following explanations that the semiconductor switch ML, is initially in a switched-off state. In such a situation, the discharge current iESD(which may arise on account of an electrostatic discharge at the pin PIN1) will firstly flow through the trigger circuit (that is to say through the RC circuit RGSp, C), as a result of which an input voltage VIN(i.e. discharge current iESDtimes resistance value of the resistor RGSp) arises at the amplifier input, which input voltage is amplified by the transistor MP. The amplified signal (gate voltage VGand the resulting gate current) thereupon switches on the semiconductor switch ML, which then establishes a low-resistance current path between the pins PIN1and PIN2and enables the discharge current iESDto flow away, without the latter being able to cause damage. The chains of Zener diodes DGSpand DGSnserve merely for voltage limiting in order to protect the gate electrodes (and in particular the gate oxide) against excessively high voltages. Zener diodes for protecting gate electrodes against overvoltages are known per se and will not be explained in further detail here. It should be mentioned at this juncture that the RC circuit (trigger circuit) enables the clamping circuit to be dynamically activated. That is to say that the clamping circuit is activated by a rapid rise in the discharge current iESD. The switch-on time of the clamping circuit is substantially determined by the time constant τ=RGSp·C, wherein the capacitor C must be designed to withstand the maximum possible voltage between the pins PIN1and PIN2(HV capacitor). In the case of HV pins (i.e. designed for more than 20 V), said capacitor must be implemented by means of metal plates arranged in the metallization layers of the chip. Such a capacitor occupies a considerable chip area. By way of example, the capacitor C may make up 20-30% of the area of the clamping circuit. A static activation by a DC voltage between the pins PIN1and PIN2is not possible (and not actually desired). Such a DC voltage would only result in the capacitor C being charged, without switching on the MOS transistor MPfor an appreciable time (apart from a short time during a rapidly rising edge). FIG.2illustrates, as a first exemplary embodiment, the semiconductor switch having an improved clamping circuit. The circuit fromFIG.2differs from the circuit fromFIG.1substantially in the implementation of the trigger circuit, which is designated by TRIG inFIG.2. The other parts of the circuit (in particular the amplifier circuit AMP, the Zener diode chains DGSn, DGSpand the semiconductor switch MLconnected between the pins PIN1and PIN2) are identical and reference is made to the explanations above. The pins PIN1and PIN2can be any chip contacts of a semiconductor chip. The form of the pins depends on the chip package used. Depending on the chip package, the contacts can be configured e.g. as solder pins or solder balls or the like. In accordance with the exemplary embodiment fromFIG.2, the trigger circuit TRIG of the clamping circuit includes the resistor RGSpconnected between the first pin PIN1 and the amplifier input (e.g. gate electrode of the MOS transistor MP). However, the trigger circuit TRIG does not include a capacitor as an independent, dedicated component, in particular does not include an HV capacitor, which as mentioned would occupy a relatively large area. instead, the trigger circuit TRIG comprises a further MOS transistor MX, the load current path of which is connected between the amplifier input and the second pin PIN2, wherein the gate electrode of the MOS transistor MXis likewise coupled to the second pin PIN2via a further resistor RGSn,2. Like every MOS transistor, the latter has intrinsic capacitances CGSand CDG(gate-source capacitance and gate-drain capacitance), which however are not independent components and, in particular, do not require additional chip area. The intrinsic capacitances and other parasitic capacitances as such would be much too low to perform the function of the capacitor C from the example fromFIG.1. However, as a reaction to an ESD event (discharge current iESD), the transistor MXcan be controlled into a conducting state via the intrinsic capacitances, in particular the drain-gate capacitance CDG. If the transistor MXbegins to conduct, a voltage swing (input voltage VIN) is generated at the input of the amplifier circuit AMP (i.e. at the gate of the transistor MP), which voltage swing—amplified by the amplifier circuit—switches on the power transistor ML. As in the previous example, too, it is assumed for the following explanations that the semiconductor switch MLis initially in a switched-off state. In the case of an ESD event, in such a situation, the discharge current iESDwill firstly flow through the trigger circuit since the MOS transistor MPinitially is not yet conducting. A rapid, transient rise in the discharge current iESDcauses the MOS transistor MXto be switched on account of the capacitive coupling between drain and gate (gate-drain capacitance CGD). As a consequence of this, the current iESDcan flow via the resistor RGSpand the MOS transistor MX, as a result of which a voltage signal VINarises at the amplifier input. The amplified signal (gate voltage VGand the resulting gate current) thereupon switches on the semiconductor switch ML, which then establishes a low-resistance current path between the pins PIN1and PIN2and enables the discharge current iESDto flow away, without the latter being able to cause damage. For the purpose of ESD protection, the semiconductor switch MLcan be regarded as a shunt that conducts the discharge current iESDaway via a low-resistance current path. The trigger circuit TRIG allows a dynamic activation of the clamping circuit, which can be activated by a rapid rise in the discharge current iESD. In the present example, the time constant ρ is τ=RGSn,2·CGS, wherein CGSdenotes the gate-source capacitance. The desired time constant can be set by way of a suitable dimensioning of the resistance value of the resistor RGSn,2. Static activation of the clamping circuit is not affected. On account of the possibility of the dynamic activation of the clamping circuit, it is not necessary that a static (predefined) threshold voltage must be exceeded in order to activate the clamp. The trigger circuit reacts to a steep edge of the current iESDat the pin PIN1. Large capacitors (with regard to area consumption) are not required, for which reason the clamping circuit overall can be realized on a relatively small chip area. The MOS transistor MXin the trigger circuit TRIG can be of the same transistor type as the semiconductor switch ML. The maximum permitted voltage between the pins PIN1and PIN2is thus defined by the breakdown voltage of the transistors MX, ML. and not by other components such as e.g. the capacitor C in the example fromFIG.1. Furthermore, a simple deactivation of the trigger circuit (and thus a deactivation of the clamping circuit) is possible in a comparatively simple manner. One example of this is illustrated inFIG.3. FIG.3illustrates a modification/extension of the circuit fromFIG.2. The circuit fromFIG.3is identical to the circuit fromFIG.2, but includes three additional transistors MP0, MX0and ML0. Only these additional transistors and their function will be discussed below. For the rest, reference is made to the explanations concerningFIG.2. The load current path of the transistor MP0connects the gate electrode of the transistor MPto the source electrode thereof. If the transistor MP0is switched on, gate and source electrodes are short-circuited and the transistor MP0of the amplifier circuit ANT can no longer be driven in a conducting manner. In other words, the transistor MP0is coupled to the amplifier circuit and configured such that it can deactivate the amplifier circuit AMP and prevent an activation of the clamping circuit. The transistor MP0can be a p-channel MOSFET and can receive a logic signal EN as gate signal. The load current path of the transistor MX0connects the gate electrode of the transistor MXto the source electrode thereof. If the transistor MX0is switched on, gate and drain electrodes are short-circuited and the transistor MXof the trigger circuit TRIG can no longer be driven in a conducting manner. In other words, the transistor MX0is coupled to the trigger circuit TRIG and configured such that it can deactivate the bigger circuit TRIG and prevent an activation of the clamping circuit. The transistor MX0can be an n-channel MOSFET and can receive a logic signalENas gate signal, said logic signal being an inverted version of the logical signal EN. In the example shown inFIG.3, the load current path of the transistor ML0connects the gate electrode of the transistor ML(semiconductor switch) to the source electrode thereof. The transistor ML0can likewise be switched on by means of the logic signalEN, as a result of which gate and source of the transistor MLare short-circuited and the transistor MLis prevented from switching on. A low level of the logic signal EN (corresponds to a high level of the inverted logic signalEN) results in a deactivation of the clamping circuit. The deactivation of the clamping circuit by means of the EN orENsignal can optionally be carried out by one of the transistors MP0, ML0or MX0or by the use of a combination of two or more of these transistors. It goes without saying that, in the examples described here, MOS transistors can be replaced by other types of transistors. By way of example, bipolar transistors, in particular insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) can be used instead of MOS transistors. In this case, the terms source and drain refer to the emitter and collector, respectively, of the respective IGBT. 4illustrates a further exemplary embodiment, in which two clamping circuits1aand1bare connected in series (stacked configuration), The extensions explained with reference toFIG.3can also be used in the example fromFIG.4. The clamping circuit1acomprises the semiconductor switch ML,1, which is connected between the first pin PIN1and the circuit node N, and also an associated amplifier circuit AMP1and a trigger circuit TRIG1. The clamping circuit1ais identical to the clamping circuit1fromFIG.2with the sole difference that it is not connected between two pins (PIN1and PIN2), but rather between the first pin PIN1and an internal circuit node N. The clamping circuit1bcomprises the semiconductor switch ML,2, which is connected between the circuit node N and the second pin PIN2, and also the associated amplifier circuit AMP2and the trigger circuit TRIG2. The clamping circuit1bis likewise identical to the clamping circuit1fromFIG.2, but—as mentioned—connected between the internal circuit node N and the second pin PIN2. It goes without saying that it is also possible for more than two clamping circuits to be connected in series in order to further increase the dielectric strength of the arrangement. In general, the clamping circuit is connected between an input pin (or output pin, e.g. PIN1) and a ground pin (e.g. PIN2) in order to protect the electronics coupled to the input pin against potentially harmful ESD events. The example inFIG.5illustrates one example involving a clamping circuit1bfor protecting a plurality of pins PIN1A, PIN1B, PIN1Cagainst ESD events. To that end, the clamping circuit1bis connected between a circuit node N and a chip pin, e.g. a ground pin (PIN2inFIG.5). Each of the pins PIN1A, PIN1B, PIN1C(input/output pins) is coupled to the circuit node N via a diode D1, and the pin PIN2is coupled to the pins PIN1A, PIN1B, PIN1Cby way of the diodes D2, wherein the cathodes of the diodes D1and the anodes of the diodes D2are connected to the clamping circuit1b. In the case of an ESD event e.g. at the pin PIN1A, a discharge current iESDcan flow away e.g. via the associated diode D1and the clamping circuit1btoward the pin PIN2connected to the ground. | 15,092 |
11942781 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION It is to be understood that the following disclosure describes many example implementations for different aspects introduced herein. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are merely examples, and are not intended to be limiting. In addition, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples. This repetition is for simplicity and clarity, and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various implementations described herein. Moreover, the formation of a first feature over or on a second feature in the description that follows may include implementations in which the first and second features are formed in direct contact, and may also include implementations in which additional features may be formed interposing the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact. Systems and methods (e.g., processes, operations) according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure may be utilized or otherwise implemented in association with an automated well construction system (i.e., well construction rig) at an oil and gas wellsite, such as for constructing a well (including drilling a wellbore) for extracting hydrocarbons (e.g., oil and/or gas) from a subterranean formation. However, one or more aspects of the present disclosure may be utilized or otherwise implemented in association with other automated systems in the oil and gas industry and other industries. For example, one or more aspects of the present disclosure may be implemented in association with wellsite systems for performing fracturing, cementing, acidizing, chemical injecting, and/or water jet cutting operations, among other examples. One or more aspects of the present disclosure may also be implemented in association with mining sites, building construction sites, and/or other work sites where automated machines or equipment are utilized. FIG.1is a schematic view of at least a portion of an example implementation of a well construction system100according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The well construction system100represents an example environment in which one or more aspects of the present disclosure described below may be implemented. The well construction system100may be or comprise a well construction (or drilling) rig and associated well construction equipment. Although the well construction system100is depicted as an onshore implementation, the aspects described below are also applicable or readily adaptable to offshore implementations. The well construction system100is depicted in relation to a wellbore102formed by rotary and/or directional drilling from a wellsite surface104and extending into a subterranean formation106. The well construction system100comprises or is associated with various well construction equipment (i.e., wellsite equipment), including surface equipment110located at the wellsite surface104and a drill string120suspended within the wellbore102. The surface equipment110may include a mast, a derrick, and/or other support structure112disposed over a rig floor114. The drill string120may be suspended within the wellbore102from the support structure112. The support structure112and the rig floor114are collectively supported over the wellbore102by legs and/or other support structures (not shown). The drill string120may comprise a bottom-hole assembly (BHA)124and means122for conveying the BHA124within the wellbore102. The conveyance means122may comprise a plurality of interconnected tubulars, such as drill pipe, heavy-weight drill pipe (HWDP), wired drill pipe (WDP), tough logging condition (TLC) pipe, and drill collars, among other examples. The conveyance means122may instead comprise coiled tubing for conveying the BHA124within the wellbore102. A downhole end of the BHA124may include or be coupled to a drill bit126. Rotation of the drill bit126and the weight of the drill string120collectively operate to form the wellbore102. The drill bit126may be rotated from the wellsite surface104and/or via a downhole mud motor184connected with the drill bit126. The BHA124may also include various downhole devices and/or tools180,182. The support structure112may support a driver, such as a top drive116, operable to connect (perhaps indirectly) with an upper end of the drill string120, and to impart rotary motion117and vertical motion135to the drill string120, including the drill bit126. However, other driver, such as a kelly and rotary table (neither shown), may be utilized instead of or in addition to the top drive116to impart the rotary motion117to the drill string120. The top drive116and the connected drill string120may be suspended from the support structure112via a hoisting system or equipment, which may include a traveling block113, a crown block115, and a drawworks118storing a support cable or line123. The crown block115may be connected to or otherwise supported by the support structure112, and the traveling block113may be coupled with the top drive116. The drawworks118may be mounted on or otherwise supported by the rig floor114. The crown block115and traveling block113comprise pulleys or sheaves around which the support line123is reeved to operatively connect the crown block115, the traveling block113, and the drawworks118(and perhaps an anchor). The drawworks118may thus selectively impart tension to the support line123to lift and lower the top drive116, resulting in the vertical motion135. The drawworks118may comprise a drum, a base, and a prime mover (e.g., an electric motor) (not shown) operable to drive the drum to rotate and reel in the support line123, causing the traveling block113and the top drive116to move upward. The drawworks118may be operable to reel out the support line123via a controlled rotation of the drum, causing the traveling block113and the top drive116to move downward. The top drive116may comprise a grabber, a swivel (neither shown), elevator links127terminating with an elevator129, and a drive shaft125operatively connected with a prime mover (e.g., an electric motor) (not shown), such as via a gear box or transmission (not shown). The drive shaft125may be selectively coupled with the upper end of the drill string120and the prime mover may be selectively operated to rotate the drive shaft125and the drill string120coupled with the drive shaft125. Thus, during drilling operations, the top drive116, in conjunction with operation of the drawworks118, may advance the drill string120into the formation106to form the wellbore102. The elevator links127and the elevator129of the top drive116may handle tubulars (e.g., drill pipes, drill collars, casing joints, etc.) that are not mechanically coupled to the drive shaft125. For example, when the drill string120is being tripped into or out of the wellbore102, the elevator129may grasp the tubulars of the drill string120such that the tubulars may be raised and/or lowered via the hoisting equipment mechanically coupled to the top drive116. The grabber may include a clamp that clamps onto a tubular when making up and/or breaking out a connection of a tubular with the drive shaft125. The top drive116may have a guide system (not shown), such as rollers that track up and down a guide rail on the support structure112. The guide system may aid in keeping the top drive116aligned with the wellbore102, and in preventing the top drive116from rotating during drilling by transferring reactive torque to the support structure112. The drill string120may be conveyed within the wellbore102through various fluid control devices disposed at the wellsite surface104on top of the wellbore102and perhaps below the rig floor114. The fluid control devices may be operable to control fluid within the wellbore102. The fluid control devices may include a blowout preventer (BOP) stack130for maintaining well pressure control and comprising a series of pressure barriers (e.g., rams) between the wellbore102and an annular preventer132. The fluid control devices may also include a rotating control device (RCD)138mounted above the annular preventer132. The fluid control devices130,132,138may be mounted on top of a wellhead134. A power unit137(i.e., a BOP control or closing unit) may be operatively connected with one or more of the fluid control devices130,132,138and operable to actuate, drive, operate, or otherwise control one or more of the fluid control devices130,132,138. The power unit137may be or comprise a hydraulic fluid power unit fluidly connected with the fluid control devices130,132,138and selectively operable to hydraulically drive various portions (e.g., rams, valves, seals) of the fluid control devices130,132,138. The power unit137may comprise one or more hydraulic pumps actuated by electric motors and operable to pressurize hydraulic fluid for operating the fluid control devices130,132,138as described herein. The well construction system100may further include a drilling fluid circulation system or equipment operable to circulate fluids between the surface equipment110and the drill bit126during drilling and other operations. For example, the drilling fluid circulation system may be operable to inject a drilling fluid from the wellsite surface104into the wellbore102via an internal fluid passage121extending longitudinally through the drill string120. The drilling fluid circulation system may comprise a pit, a tank, and/or other fluid container142holding the drilling fluid140(i.e., drilling mud), and one or more mud pump units144(i.e., drilling fluid pumps) operable to move the drilling fluid140from the container142into the fluid passage121of the drill string120via a fluid conduit146extending from the pump units144to the top drive116and an internal passage extending through the top drive116. Each pump unit144may comprise a fluid pump (not shown) operable to pump the drilling fluid140and a prime mover (e.g., an electric motor) (not shown) operable to drive the corresponding fluid pump. The fluid conduit146may comprise one or more of a pump discharge line, a stand pipe, a rotary hose, and a gooseneck connected with a fluid inlet of the top drive116. The pumps144and the container142may be fluidly connected by a fluid conduit148, such as a suction line. During drilling operations, the drilling fluid may continue to flow downhole through the internal passage121of the drill string120, as indicated by directional arrow131. The drilling fluid may exit the BHA124via ports128in the drill bit126and then circulate uphole through an annular space108(“annulus”) of the wellbore102defined between an exterior of the drill string120and the wall of the wellbore102, such flow being indicated by directional arrows133. In this manner, the drilling fluid lubricates the drill bit126and carries formation cuttings uphole to the wellsite surface104. The returning drilling fluid may exit the annulus108via different fluid control devices during different stages or scenarios of well drilling operations. For example, the drilling fluid may exit the annulus108via a bell nipple139, the RCD138, or a ported adapter136(e.g., a spool, cross adapter, a wing valve, etc.) located below one or more rams of the BOP stack130. During normal drilling operations, the drilling fluid may exit the annulus108via the bell nipple139and then be directed toward drilling fluid reconditioning equipment170via a fluid conduit158(e.g., gravity return line) to be cleaned and/or reconditioned, as described below, before being returned to the container142for recirculation. During managed pressure drilling operations, the drilling fluid may exit the annulus108via the RCD138and then be directed into a choke manifold152(e.g., a managed pressure drilling choke manifold) via a fluid conduit150(e.g., a drilling pressure control line). The choke manifold152may include at least one choke and a plurality of fluid valves (neither shown) collectively operable to control the flow through and out of the choke manifold152. Backpressure may be applied to the annulus108by variably restricting flow of the drilling fluid or other fluids flowing through the choke manifold152. The greater the restriction to flow through the choke manifold152, the greater the backpressure applied to the annulus108. The drilling fluid exiting the choke manifold152may then pass through the drilling fluid reconditioning equipment170before being returned to the container142for recirculation. During well pressure control operations, such as when one or more rams of the BOP stack130is closed, the drilling fluid may exit the annulus108via the ported adapter136and be directed into a choke manifold156(e.g., a rig choke manifold, well control choke manifold) via a fluid conduit154(e.g., rig choke line). The choke manifold156may include at least one choke and a plurality of fluid valves (neither shown) collectively operable to control the flow of the drilling fluid through the choke manifold156. Backpressure may be applied to the annulus108by variably restricting flow of the drilling fluid (and other fluids) flowing through the choke manifold156. The drilling fluid exiting the choke manifold156may then pass through the drilling fluid reconditioning equipment170before being returned to the container142for recirculation. Before being returned to the container142, the drilling fluid returning to the wellsite surface104may be cleaned and/or reconditioned via the drilling fluid reconditioning equipment170, which may include one or more of liquid-gas (i.e., mud gas) separators171, shale shakers172, and other drilling fluid cleaning and reconditioning equipment173. The liquid-gas separators171may remove formation gases entrained in the drilling fluid discharged from the wellbore102and the shale shakers172may separate and remove solid particles141(e.g., drill cuttings) from the drilling fluid. The drilling fluid reconditioning equipment170may further comprise other equipment173operable to remove additional gas and finer formation cuttings from the drilling fluid and/or modify chemical and/or physical properties or characteristics (e.g., rheology, density, etc.) of the drilling fluid. For example, the drilling fluid reconditioning equipment170may include a degasser, a desander, a desilter, a centrifuge, a mud cleaner, and/or a decanter, among other examples. The drilling fluid reconditioning equipment170may further include chemical containers and mixing equipment collectively operable to mix or otherwise add selected chemicals to the drilling fluid returning from the wellbore102to modify chemical and/or physical properties or characteristics of the drilling fluid being pumped back into the wellbore102. Intermediate tanks/containers (not shown) may be utilized to hold the drilling fluid while the drilling fluid progresses through the various stages or portions171,172,173of the drilling fluid reconditioning equipment170. The cleaned and reconditioned drilling fluid may be transferred to the fluid container142, the solid particles141removed from the drilling fluid may be transferred to a solids container143(e.g., a reserve pit), and/or the removed gas may be transferred to a flare stack174via a conduit175(e.g., a flare line) to be burned or to a container (not shown) for storage and removal from the wellsite. The surface equipment110may include a tubular handling system or equipment operable to store, move, connect, and disconnect tubulars (e.g., drill pipes) to assemble and disassemble the conveyance means122of the drill string120during drilling operations. For example, a catwalk161may be utilized to convey tubulars from a ground level, such as along the wellsite surface104, to the rig floor114, permitting the elevator129to grab and lift the tubulars above the wellbore102for connection with previously deployed tubulars. The catwalk161may have a horizontal portion and an inclined portion that extends between the horizontal portion and the rig floor114. The catwalk161may comprise a skate163movable along a groove (not shown) extending longitudinally along the horizontal and inclined portions of the catwalk161. The skate163may be operable to convey (e.g., push) the tubulars along the catwalk161to the rig floor114. The skate163may be driven along the groove by a drive system (not shown), such as a pulley system or a hydraulic system. Additionally, one or more racks (not shown) may adjoin the horizontal portion of the catwalk161. The racks may have a spinner unit for transferring tubulars to the groove of the catwalk161. The tubular handling system may comprise a plurality of actuators collectively operable to move various portions of the tubular handling equipment to perform the methods and operations described herein. The actuators may be or comprise electric motors and/or hydraulic cylinders and rotary actuators. The hydraulic cylinders and rotary actuators may be powered by hydraulic power packs comprising hydraulic pumps actuated by electric motors to pressurize hydraulic fluid. An iron roughneck165may be positioned on the rig floor114. The iron roughneck165may comprise a torqueing portion167, such as may include a spinner and a torque wrench comprising a lower tong and an upper tong. The torqueing portion167of the iron roughneck165may be moveable toward and at least partially around the drill string120, such as may permit the iron roughneck165to make up and break out connections of the drill string120. The torqueing portion167may also be moveable away from the drill string120, such as may permit the iron roughneck165to move clear of the drill string120during drilling operations. The spinner of the iron roughneck165may be utilized to apply low torque to make up and break out threaded connections between tubulars of the drill string120, and the torque wrench may be utilized to apply a higher torque to tighten and loosen the threaded connections. The iron roughneck may comprise a plurality of actuators collectively operable to move various portions of the iron roughneck to perform the methods and operations described herein. The actuators may be or comprise electric motors. A set of slips119may be located on the rig floor114, such as may accommodate therethrough the drill string120during tubular make up and break out operations and during the drilling operations. The slips119may be in an open position during drilling operations to permit advancement of the drill string120, and in a closed position to clamp the upper end (e.g., the uppermost tubular) of the drill string120to thereby suspend and prevent advancement of the drill string120within the wellbore102, such as during the make up and break out operations. During drilling operations, the various well construction equipment of the well construction system100may progress through a plurality of coordinated operations (i.e., operational sequences) to drill or otherwise construct the wellbore102. The operational sequences may change based on a well construction plan, status of the well, status of the subterranean formation, stage of drilling operations (e.g., tripping, drilling, tubular handling, etc.), and type downhole tubulars (e.g., drill pipe) utilized, among other examples. During drilling operations, the hoisting system lowers the drill string120while the top drive116rotates the drill string120to advance the drill string120downward within the wellbore102and into the formation106. During the advancement of the drill string120, the slips119are in an open position, and the iron roughneck165is moved away or is otherwise clear of the drill string120. When the upper end of the drill string120(i.e., the upper end of the uppermost tubular of the drill string120) connected to the drive shaft125is near the slips119and/or the rig floor114, the top drive116ceases rotating and the slips119close to clamp the upper end of the drill string120. The grabber of the top drive116then clamps the uppermost tubular connected to the drive shaft125, and the drive shaft125rotates in a direction reverse from the drilling rotation to break out the connection between the drive shaft125and the uppermost tubular. The grabber of the top drive116may then release the uppermost tubular. Multiple tubulars may be loaded on the rack of the catwalk161and individual tubulars may be transferred from the rack to the groove in the catwalk161, such as by the spinner unit. The tubular positioned in the groove may be conveyed along the groove by the skate163until the box end of the tubular projects above the rig floor114. The elevator129of the top drive116then grasps the protruding box end, and the drawworks118may be operated to lift the top drive116, the elevator129, and the new tubular. The hoisting system then raises the top drive116, the elevator129, and the new tubular until the tubular is aligned with the upper portion of the drill string120clamped by the slips119. The iron roughneck165is moved toward the drill string120, and the lower tong of the torqueing portion167clamps onto the upper end of the drill string120. The spinning system threadedly connects the lower end (i.e., pin end) of the new tubular with the upper end (i.e., box end) of the drill string120. The upper tong then clamps onto the new tubular and rotates with high torque to complete making up the connection with the drill string120. In this manner, the new tubular becomes part of the drill string120. The iron roughneck165then releases and moves clear of the drill string120. The grabber of the top drive116may then clamp onto the drill string120. The drive shaft125is brought into contact with the upper end of the drill string120(e.g., the box end of the uppermost tubular) and rotated to make up a connection between the drill string120and the drive shaft125. The grabber then releases the drill string120, and the slips119are moved to the open position. The drilling operations may then resume. The tubular handling equipment may further include a tubular handling manipulator (THM)160disposed in association with a vertical pipe rack162for storing tubulars111(e.g., drill pipes, drill collars, drill pipe stands, casing joints, etc.). The vertical pipe rack162may comprise or support a fingerboard164defining a plurality of slots configured to support or otherwise hold the tubulars111within or above a setback166(e.g., a platform or other area) located adjacent to, along, or below the rig floor114. The fingerboard164may comprise a plurality of fingers (not shown), each associated with a corresponding slot and operable to close around and/or otherwise interpose individual tubulars111to maintain the tubulars111within corresponding slots of the fingerboard164. The vertical pipe rack162may be connected with and supported by the support structure112or other portion of the wellsite system100. The fingerboard164/setback166provide storage (e.g., temporary storage) of tubulars111during various operations, such as during and between tripping out and tripping of the drill string120. The THM160may comprise a plurality of actuators collectively operable to move various portions of the THM160to perform the methods and operations described herein. The actuators may be or comprise electric motors. The THM160may be operable to transfer the tubulars111between the fingerboard164/setback166and the drill string120(i.e., space above the suspended drill string120). For example, the THM160may include arms168terminating with clamps169, such as may be operable to grasp and/or clamp onto one of the tubulars111. The arms168of the THM160may extend and retract, and/or at least a portion of the THM160may be rotatable and/or movable toward and away from the drill string120, such as may permit the THM160to transfer the tubular111between the fingerboard164/setback166and the drill string120. To trip out the drill string120, the top drive116is raised, the slips119are closed around the drill string120, and the elevator129is closed around the drill string120. The grabber of the top drive116clamps the upper end of a tubular of the drill string120coupled to the drive shaft125. The drive shaft125then rotates in a direction reverse from the drilling rotation to break out the connection between the drive shaft125and the drill string120. The grabber of the top drive116then releases the tubular of the drill string120, and the drill string120is suspended by (at least in part) the elevator129. The iron roughneck165is moved toward the drill string120. The lower tong clamps onto a lower tubular below a connection of the drill string120, and the upper tong clamps onto an upper tubular above that connection. The upper tong then rotates the upper tubular to provide a high torque to break out the connection between the upper and lower tubulars. The spinning system then rotates the upper tubular to separate the upper and lower tubulars, such that the upper tubular is suspended above the rig floor114by the elevator129. The iron roughneck165then releases the drill string120and moves clear of the drill string120. The THM160may then move toward the drill string120to grasp the tubular suspended from the elevator129. The elevator129then opens to release the tubular. The THM160then moves away from the drill string120while grasping the tubular with the clamps169, places the tubular in the fingerboard164/setback166, and releases the tubular for storage. This process is repeated until the intended length of drill string120is removed from the wellbore102. The surface equipment110of the well construction system100may also comprise a control center190from which various portions of the well construction system100, such as the top drive116, the hoisting system, the tubular handling system, the drilling fluid circulation system, the well control system, and the BHA124, among other examples, may be monitored and controlled. The control center190may be located on the rig floor114or other location of the well construction system100. The control center190may comprise a facility191(e.g., a room, a cabin, a trailer, etc.) containing a control workstation197, which may be operated by rig personnel195(e.g., a driller or other human rig operator) to monitor and control various well construction equipment or portions of the well construction system100. The control workstation197may comprise or be communicatively connected with a central controller192(e.g., a processing device, a computer, etc.), such as may be operable to receive, process, and output information to monitor operations of and provide control to one or more portions of the well construction system100. For example, the central controller192may be communicatively connected with the various surface and downhole equipment described herein, and may be operable to receive signals from and transmit signals to such equipment to perform various operations described herein. The central controller192may store executable computer program code, instructions, and/or operational parameters or set-points, including for implementing one or more aspects of methods and operations described herein. The central controller192may be located within and/or outside of the facility191. Although it is possible that the entirety of the central controller192is implemented within one device, it is also contemplated that one or more components or functions of the central controller192may be implemented across multiple devices, some or an entirety of which may be implemented as part of the control center190and/or located within the facility191. The control workstation197may be operable for entering or otherwise communicating control data (e.g., commands, signals, information, etc.) to the central controller192and other equipment controller by the rig personnel195, and for displaying or otherwise communicating information from the central controller192to the rig personnel195. The control workstation197may comprise a plurality of HMI devices, including one or more input devices194(e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, a joystick, a touchscreen, etc.) and one or more output devices196(e.g., a video monitor, a touchscreen, a printer, audio speakers, etc.). Communication between the central controller192, the input and output devices194,196, and the various well construction equipment may be via wired and/or wireless communication means. However, for clarity and ease of understanding, such communication means are not depicted, and a person having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that such communication means are within the scope of the present disclosure. Well construction systems within the scope of the present disclosure may include more or fewer components than as described above and depicted inFIG.1. Additionally, various equipment and/or subsystems of the well construction system100shown inFIG.1may include more or fewer components than as described above and depicted inFIG.1. For example, various engines, electric motors, hydraulics, actuators, valves, and/or other components not explicitly described herein may be included in the well construction system100, and are within the scope of the present disclosure. The present disclosure further provides various implementations of systems and/or methods for controlling one or more portions of the well construction system100.FIG.2is a schematic view of at least a portion of an example implementation of a drilling rig control system200(hereinafter “rig control system”) for monitoring and controlling various well construction equipment of the well construction system100shown inFIG.1. The rig control system200may comprise one or more features of the well construction system100, including where indicated by the same reference numerals. Accordingly, the following description refers toFIGS.1and2, collectively. The rig control system200may be in real-time communication with, and utilized to monitor and/or control, various portions, components, and equipment of the well construction system100described herein. The equipment of the well construction system100may be grouped into several subsystems, each operable to perform a corresponding operation and/or a portion of the well construction operations described herein. The subsystems may include a tubular handling (TH) system211, a fluid processing (FP) system212, a managed pressure drilling (MPD) system213, a drilling fluid circulation (DFC) system214, a drill string rotation system (DSR) system215, a choke pressure control (CPC) system216, a well pressure control (WC) system217, and a power supply (PS) system218. The TH system211may include the support structure112, a tubular hoisting system (e.g., the drawworks118, the elevator links127, the elevator129, and the slips119), a tubular handling system or equipment (e.g., the catwalk161, the THM160, the setback166, and the iron roughneck165), and/or other tubular handling equipment. Accordingly, the TH system211may perform tubular handling and hoisting operations. The TH system211may also serve as a support platform for tubular rotation equipment and a staging ground for rig operations, such as connection make up and break out operations described above. The FP system212may include the drilling fluid reconditioning equipment170, the flare stack174, the containers142,143, and/or other equipment. Accordingly, the FP system212may perform fluid cleaning, reconditioning, and mixing operations. The MPD system213may include the RCD138, the power unit137, the choke manifold152, and/or other equipment. The DFC system214may comprise the pumps144, the drilling fluid container142, the bell nipple139, and/or other equipment collectively operable to pump and circulate the drilling fluid at the wellsite surface and downhole. The DSR system215may include the top drive116and/or the rotary table and kelly. The CPC system216may comprise the choke manifold156, the ported adapter136, and/or other equipment, and the WC system217may comprise the BOP stack130, the power unit137, and a BOP control station for controlling the power unit137. The PS system218may comprise various sources of electrical power operable to power the well construction equipment of the well construction system100, including the well construction equipment of the well construction subsystems211-217. The PS system218may also include various means for transferring and/or distributing electrical power and fuel to the well construction equipment and between various pieces of equipment of the PS system218, including electrical power conductors, electrical connectors, electrical relays, fluid conductors, fluid connectors, and fluid valves, among other examples. The sources of electrical power may include combustion engine/electrical power generator units, solar/electrical power generation units, electrical power regeneration units, wind/electrical power generation units, electrical power grid, electrical power storage units (e.g., batteries, capacitors, etc.), and fuel storage devices, among other examples. Each of the well construction subsystems211-218may further comprise various communication equipment (e.g., modems, network interface cards, etc.) and communication conductors (e.g., cables), communicatively connecting the equipment (e.g., sensors and actuators) of each subsystem211-218with a central controller192and a control workstation197. Although the well construction equipment listed above and shown inFIG.1is associated with certain wellsite subsystems211-218, such associations are merely examples that are not intended to limit or prevent such well construction equipment from being associated with two or more wellsite subsystems211-218and/or different wellsite subsystems211-218. The rig control system200may include various local controllers221-228, each operable to control various well construction equipment of a corresponding subsystem211-218and/or an individual piece of well construction equipment of a corresponding subsystem211-218. As described above, each well construction subsystem211-218includes various well construction equipment comprising corresponding actuators241-248for performing operations of the well construction system100. Each subsystem211-218may include various sensors231-238operable to generate sensor data (e.g., signals, information, measurements, etc.) indicative of operational status of the well construction equipment of each subsystem211-218. Each local controller221-228may output control data (e.g., commands, signals, information, etc.) to one or more actuators241-248to perform corresponding actions of a piece of equipment or subsystem211-218. Each local controller221-228may receive sensor data generated by one or more sensors231-238indicative of operational status of an actuator or other portion of a piece of equipment or subsystem211-218. Although the local controllers221-228, the sensors231-238, and the actuators241-248are each shown as a single block, it is to be understood that each local controller221-228, sensor231-238, and actuator241-248may be or comprise a plurality of local controllers, sensors, and actuators. The sensors231-238may include sensors utilized for operation of the various subsystems211-218of the well construction system100. For example, the sensors231-238may include cameras, position sensors, speed sensors, acceleration sensors, pressure sensors, force sensors, temperature sensors, flow rate sensors, vibration sensors, electrical current sensors, electrical voltage sensors, resistance sensors, gesture detection sensors or devices, voice actuated or recognition devices or sensors, chemical sensors, exhaust sensors, and/or other examples. The sensor data may include signals, information, and/or measurements indicative of equipment operational status (e.g., on or off, percent load, up or down, set or released, etc.), drilling parameters (e.g., depth, hook load, torque, etc.), auxiliary parameters (e.g., vibration data of a pump), flow rate, temperature, operational speed, position, and pressure, among other examples. The acquired sensor data may include or be associated with a timestamp (e.g., date and/or time) indicative of when the sensor data has been acquired. The sensor data may also or instead be aligned with a depth or other drilling parameter. The local controllers221-228, the sensors231-238, and the actuators241-248may be communicatively connected with the central controller192. For example, the local controllers221-228may be in communication with the sensors231-238and actuators241-248of the corresponding subsystems211-218via local communication networks (e.g., field buses) (not shown) and the central controller192may be in communication with the subsystems211-218via a central communication network209(e.g., a data bus, a field bus, a wide-area-network (WAN), a local-area-network (LAN), etc.). The sensor data generated by the sensors231-238of the subsystems211-218may be made available for use by the central controller192and/or the local controllers221-228. Similarly, control data output by the central controller192and/or the local controllers221-228may be automatically communicated to the various actuators241-248of the subsystems211-218, perhaps pursuant to predetermined programming, such as to facilitate well construction operations and/or other operations described herein. Although the central controller192is shown as a single device (i.e., a discrete hardware component), it is to be understood that the central controller192may be or comprise a plurality of equipment controllers and/or other electronic devices collectively operable to monitor and control operations (i.e., computational processes or methods) of the well construction system. The central controller192may be located within or form a portion of a control center190, although a portion of the central controller192may instead be external to the control center190. The sensors231-238and actuators241-248may be monitored and/or controlled by corresponding local controllers221-228and/or the central controller192. For example, the central controller192may be operable to receive sensor data from the sensors231-238of the wellsite subsystems211-218in real-time, and to output real-time control data directly to the actuators241-248of the subsystems211-218based on the received sensor data. However, certain operations of the actuators241-248of each subsystem211-218may be controlled by a corresponding local controller221-228, which may control the actuators241-248based on sensor data received from the sensors231-238of the corresponding subsystem211-218and/or based on control data received from the central controller192. The rig control system200may be a tiered control system, wherein control of the subsystems211-218of the well construction system100may be provided via a first tier of the local controllers221-228and a second tier of the central controller192. The central controller192may facilitate control of one or more of the subsystems211-218at the level of each individual subsystem211-218. For example, in the FP system212, sensor data may be fed into the local controller242, which may respond to control the actuators232. However, for control operations that involve multiple subsystems211-218, the control may be coordinated through the central controller192operable to coordinate control of well construction equipment of two, three, four, or more (or each) of the subsystems211-218. For example, coordinated control operations may include the control of downhole pressure during tripping. The downhole pressure may be affected by the DFC system214(e.g., pump rate), the MPD system213(e.g., position of the choke152), and the TH system211(e.g., tripping speed). Thus, when it is intended to maintain certain downhole pressure during tripping, the central controller192may output control data to two or more of the participating subsystems211-218. As described above, the central controller192may control various operations of the subsystems211-218via analysis of sensor data from one or more of the wellsite subsystems211-218to facilitate coordinated control between the subsystems211-218. The central controller192may generate control data to coordinate operations of various well construction equipment of the subsystems211-218. The control data may include, for example, commands from rig personnel, such as turn on or turn off a pump, switch on or off a fluid valve, and update a physical property set-point, among other examples. The local controllers221-228may each include a fast control loop that directly obtains sensor data and executes, for example, a control algorithm to generate the control data. The central controller192may include a slow control loop to periodically obtain sensor data and generate the control data. The central controller192, the local controllers221-228, and/or other controllers or processing devices (referred to hereinafter as “equipment controllers”) of the rig control system200may each or collectively be operable to receive and store machine-readable and executable program code instructions (e.g., computer program code, algorithms, programmed processes or operations, etc.) on a data storage device (e.g., a memory chip) and then execute the program code instructions to run, operate, or perform a control process for monitoring and/or controlling the well construction equipment of the well construction system100. The central controller192may run (i.e., execute) a control process250(e.g., a coordinated control process or other computer process) and each local controller221-228may run a corresponding control process (e.g., a local control process or other computer process, not shown). Two or more of the local controllers221-228may run their local control processes to collectively coordinate operations between well construction equipment of two or more of the subsystems211-218. The control process250of the central controller192may operate as a mechanization manager of the rig control system200, coordinating operational sequences of the well construction equipment of the well construction system100. The well construction system100may instead be operated manually by the rig personnel (e.g., a driller) via the control workstation197. The control workstation197may be utilized to monitor, configure, control, and/or otherwise operate one or more of the subsystems211-218by the rig personnel. The control workstation197may be communicatively connected with the central controller192and/or the local controllers221-228via the communication network209and operable to receive sensor data from the sensors231-238and transmit control data to the central controller192and/or the local controllers221-228to control the actuators241-248. Accordingly, the control workstation197may be utilized by the rig personnel to monitor and control the actuators241-248and other portions of the subsystems211-218via the central controller192and/or local controllers221-228. During manual operation, the rig personnel may operate as the mechanization manager of the rig control system200by manually coordinating operations of various well construction equipment, such as to achieve an intended operational status (or drilling state) of the well construction operations, including tripping in or drilling at an intended rate of penetration (ROP). The control process of each local controller221-228may facilitate a lower (e.g., basic) level of control within the rig control system200to operate a corresponding piece of well construction equipment or a plurality of pieces of well construction equipment of a corresponding subsystem211-218. Such control process may facilitate, for example, starting, stopping, and setting or maintaining an operating speed of a piece of well construction equipment. During manual operation of the well construction system100, the rig personnel manually controls the individual pieces of well construction equipment to achieve the intended operational status of each piece of well construction equipment. The control process250of the central controller192may output control data directly to the actuators241-248to control the well construction operations. The control process250may also or instead output control data to the control process of one or more local controllers221-228, wherein each control process of the local controllers221-228may then output control data to the actuators241-248of the corresponding subsystem211-218to control a portion of the well construction operations performed by that subsystem211-218. Thus, the control processes of equipment controllers (e.g., central controller192, local controllers221-228) of the rig control system200individually and collectively perform monitoring and control operations described herein, including monitoring and controlling well construction operations. The program code instructions forming the basis for the control processes described herein may comprise rules (e.g., algorithms) based on the laws of physics for drilling and other well construction operations. Each control process being run by an equipment controller of the rig control system200may receive and process (i.e., analyze) sensor data from the sensors231-238according to the program code instructions, and generate control data (i.e., control signals or information) to operate or otherwise control the actuators241-248of the well construction equipment. Equipment controllers within the scope of the present disclosure can include, for example, microprocessor-based computers (PCs), programmable logic controllers (PLCs), industrial computers (IPCs), soft PLCs, variable frequency drives (VFDs) and/or other controllers or processing devices operable to store and execute program code instructions, receive sensor data, and output control data to cause operation of the well construction equipment based on the program code instructions, sensor data, and/or control data. The well construction system100may comprise a power manager262(e.g., a processing device, a computer, a controller, any form of micro processing device, or plurality of aforementioned devices, etc.) operable to receive and store machine-readable and executable program code instructions on a data storage device and then execute such program code instructions to run, operate, or perform a power management (or control) process operable to monitor and control the PS system218of the well construction system100. The program code instructions forming the basis for the power manager262described herein may comprise or be based on, for example, optimal efficiency performance curves or data of the various pieces of equipment forming the PS system218. The power manager262may operate to monitor and control electrical power generation and distribution performed by the PS system218. The power manager262may be communicatively connected directly or indirectly with the PS system218and operable to control operations of the PS system218. The power manager262may also be communicatively connected with the central controller192. Therefore, the power manager262may be directly communicatively connected with the PS system218(e.g., via the communication network209) or the power manager262may be indirectly communicatively connected with the PS system218via the central controller192. A direct communicative connection within the scope of the present disclosure may refer to communication of data between communicating devices (e.g., the power manager262and the PS system218) along a communication path that does not process (e.g., analyze) the data. Such direct communication path may contain intermediate communication devices (e.g., connectors, relays, amplifiers, switches, remote input/output devices, etc.) that receive and output the data, but do not process the data. An indirect communicative connection within the scope of the present disclosure may refer to communication of data between communicating devices (e.g., the power manager262and the PS system218) along a communication path containing an intermediate processing device (e.g., a PC, a PLC, an equipment controller, any form of microprocessor based controller, or plurality of aforementioned devices, etc.) that receives the data, processes the data, and outputs the processed data. Thus, an indirect communicative connection may refer to communication of data between communicating devices via an intermediate processing device located along a communication path between the communicating devices. The power manager262may receive and process (i.e., analyze) sensor data from the sensors238according to the program code instructions to monitor performance of the PS system218and output control data (i.e., power management control data) to operate or otherwise control the actuators248of the PS system218, thereby controlling operations of the PS system218. The power manager262may output the control data directly to the actuators248to control the generation and distribution of electrical power. The power manager262may also or instead output the control data to one or more local controllers228, wherein each of the local controllers228may then output the control data to the actuators248of the PS system218to control a portion of the power generation and distribution operations performed by the PS system218. The power manager262may also or instead output control data to the actuators248and/or one or more local controllers228via the central controller192. The electrical actuators248may comprise one or more of electrical motors, linear actuators, magnetic coils, switches, and relays, among other examples. The power manager262may also be operable to exchange (i.e., output and receive) control data and/or sensor data with the central controller192and, thus, collectively operate with the central controller192to control operation of the PS system218. For example, the power manager262may receive control data generated by one or more of the processes (e.g., the control process250) executed by the central controller192and output power management control data based on the power management process executed by the power manager262and based on the control data from the central controller192to control operation of the PS system218. The rig control system200may comprise a data storage device operable to receive and store a well construction plan252(or drilling plan) for drilling and/or otherwise constructing a planned well. The well construction plan252may include well specifications, operational parameters, and other information indicative of the planned well and the well construction equipment of the well construction system100. For example, the well construction plan252may include properties of the subterranean formation through which the planned well is to be drilled and otherwise constructed, the path (e.g., direction, curvature, orientation, etc.) along which the planned well is to be formed through the formation, the depth (e.g., true vertical depth (TVD) and/or measured depth (MD)) of the planned well, operational specifications (e.g., power output, weight, torque capabilities, speed capabilities, dimensions, size, etc.) of the well construction equipment (e.g., top drive, mud pumps,144, downhole mud motor184, etc.) that is planned to be used to construct the planned well, and/or specifications (e.g., diameter, length, weight, etc.) of tubulars (e.g., drill pipe) that are planned to be used to construct the planned well. The well construction plan252may include knowledge (e.g., efficiency of various parameters) learned from offset wells that have been drilled. Optimal parameters associated with the offset wells may then be used as the recommended parameters in a current well construction plan252. The knowledge learned from the offset wells, including operation limits, such as maximum WOB, top drive speed (RPM), ROP, and/or tripping speed versus depth, may be applied and used as an operation limit within the well construction plan252. The well construction plan252may further include well construction operations schedule (e.g., order and/or time of well constriction operations) for a plurality of planned well construction tasks (i.e., well construction objectives) that are intended to be achieved to complete the well construction plan252. Each planned task may comprise a plurality of operational sequences and may be performed by the well construction equipment to construct the planned well. A planned task may be or comprise drilling a predetermined portion or depth of the planned well, completing a predetermined portion or stage of drilling operations, drilling through a predetermined section of the subterranean formation, and performing a predetermined plurality of operational sequences, among other examples. Each operational sequence may comprise a plurality or sequence of physical (i.e., mechanical) operations (i.e., actions) performed by various pieces of well construction equipment. Example operational sequences may include operations of one or more pieces of the well construction equipment of the well construction system100described above in association withFIG.1. The well construction plan252may further include planned operational parameters of the well construction equipment during each planned stage, portion, sequence, task, and/or operation of the well construction operations, such as WOB, RPM, and ROP as a function of wellbore depth. The well construction plan252may further include a planned electrical power demand profile (or schedule) indicative of electrical power demand for performing or otherwise associated with each planned stage, portion, sequence, task, and/or operation of the well construction operations contained in the well construction plan252. Thus, the planned electrical power demand profile may be or comprise a schedule (e.g., sequence or order) of expected electrical power demand levels for predetermined pieces of well construction equipment that are to be met to perform each planned stage, portion, sequence, task, and/or operation of the well construction operations. The planned electrical power demand profile may comprise information indicative of planned generation and/or distribution of electrical power generated by one or more pieces of electrical power generating equipment of the PS system218to the various well construction equipment of the well construction system100, including the well construction equipment of the subsystems211-218, such as to facilitate performance of the well construction operations pursuant to the well construction plan252. The information forming or otherwise from the well construction plan252may originate or be delivered in a paper form, whereby the rig personnel manually input such information into the data storage device containing the well construction plan252. However, the information forming the well construction plan252may originate or be delivered in digital format, such that it can be directly loaded to or saved by the data storage device or plurality of data storage devices. The data storage device, or plurality of data storage devices, containing the well construction plan252may be communicatively connected to the central controller192and/or the power manager262such that the central controller192and/or the power manager262can receive and process (or analyze) the well construction plan252. The well construction plan252may be analyzed programmatically by the central controller192and/or the power manager262without human intervention. The data storage device storing the well construction plan252may be directly or indirectly communicatively connected with the central controller192and the power manager262. The data storage device storing the well construction plan252may instead be or form a portion of the central controller192. The central controller192and/or the power manager262may analyze the well construction plan252and generate or output control data to the local controllers221-228or directly to the actuators241-248to control the well construction equipment to cause, facilitate, or otherwise implement one or more aspects of methods and operations described herein. An equipment controller of the rig control system200for controlling the well construction system100may be operable to automate the well construction equipment to perform well construction operations and change such well construction operations as operational parameters of the well construction operations change and/or when an abnormal event (e.g., state, condition, etc.) is detected during the well construction operations. An equipment controller may be operable to detect an abnormal event based on the sensor data received from the sensors231-238and cause the predetermined operations to be performed or otherwise implemented to stop or mitigate the abnormal event or otherwise in response to the abnormal event, without manual control of the well construction equipment by the rig personnel via the control workstation197. For example, an equipment controller may be operable to make decisions related to selection of actions or sequences of operations that are to be implemented during the well construction operations and/or the manner (e.g., speed, torque, mechanical power, electrical power, etc.) in which such selected operational sequences are to be implemented to stop or mitigate a detected abnormal event. An equipment controller may be further operable to receive and store information that may be analyzed by the control process250to facilitate the equipment controller to detect the abnormal event, and select and implement the operational sequences to stop or mitigate the abnormal event. The central controller192may be operable to receive and store machine-readable and executable program code instructions on a data storage device and then execute such program code instructions to run, operate, or perform an abnormal event detector254(e.g., an abnormal event detecting computer process), which may be operable to analyze or otherwise process the sensor data received from the sensors231-238and detect an abnormal event (e.g., status, condition, etc.) experienced by or otherwise associated with one or more pieces of well construction equipment, and/or an abnormal event experienced by or otherwise associated with a wellbore (e.g., the wellbore102shown inFIG.1). The abnormal event detector254may be operable to detect the abnormal events based on the sensor data and output abnormal event data indicative of the detected abnormal event. One or more of the local controllers221-228may also execute program code instructions to execute a corresponding abnormal event detector254to detect a local abnormal event. The local controllers221-228may then transmit data indicative of the local abnormal event to the central controller192for analysis. One or more of the processes of the central controller192may then re-plan well construction tasks, operational sequences, and other processes based on the detected abnormal events or otherwise based on the condition of the well and/or the well construction equipment. For example, an abnormal event may be or comprise an abnormal operational surface event experienced by surface equipment (e.g., the surface equipment110shown inFIG.1) and/or an abnormal operational downhole event experienced by a drill string (e.g., the drill string120shown inFIG.1). An example abnormal operational downhole event may include stick-slip, axial vibrations, lateral vibrations, rotational vibrations, and stuck drill pipe. The abnormal event may instead be or comprise an abnormal downhole fluid event experienced by a downhole fluid, such as wellbore fluid (e.g., drilling fluid, formation fluid, fracturing fluid, etc.) within the wellbore, and/or formation fluid within a subterranean formation (e.g., the subterranean formation106shown inFIG.1) through which the wellbore extends. An example abnormal downhole fluid event may include underpressure of the formation fluid, overpressure of the formation fluid, gains of the wellbore fluid, and losses of the wellbore fluid. The central controller192may be operable to receive and store machine-readable and executable program code instructions on a data storage device and then execute such program code instructions to run, operate, or perform an operational state detector256(e.g., an operational state detecting computer process), which may be operable to analyze or otherwise process the sensor data received from the sensors231-238and detect a state (e.g., a status, a stage, etc.) of the well construction operations that the well construction system100is performing. The operational state detector256may then output operational state data indicative of the operational state of the well construction system100. Operational states of the well construction system100may comprise, for example, drilling, tripping, circulating, and reaming, among others. The central controller192may be operable to receive and store machine-readable and executable program code instructions on a data storage device and then execute the program code instructions to run, operate, or perform an operational sequence selector258(e.g., an operational sequence selecting computer process) operable to select and output an operational sequence (e.g., a plurality or series of physical or mechanical operations, actions, or movements) and an electrical power demand profile associated with the selected operational sequence to be performed by the well construction equipment. Thus, an operational sequence selected by the sequence selector258may include or comprise an electrical power demand profile associated with the physical or mechanical operations specified in the selected operational sequence. The operational sequence selector258(or generator) may be operable to receive and analyze or otherwise process various data to select (or generate) the operational sequence. For example, the operational sequence selector258may be operable to receive and analyze the well construction plan252, the sensor data from the sensors231-238, the operational state data from the operational state detector256, and/or the abnormal event data from the abnormal event detector254, and select the (e.g., optimal) operational sequence to be performed by the well construction equipment based on such well construction plan252, sensor data, operational state data, and/or abnormal event data. The operational sequence selector258may be operable to analyze or otherwise process the well construction plan252and discretize (e.g., break up or segment) the well construction plan252into a plurality of planned tasks or operational sequences that can be implemented (i.e., caused to be performed) by the central controller192. For example, the operational sequence selector258may be operable to analyze or otherwise process the well construction plan252and discretize each planned task (e.g., step) defined in the well construction plan252into one or more discrete operational sequences that can be received and implemented by the central controller192. A planned task may include, for example, drilling from depth A to depth B with the set of operation parameters, performing a survey, or performing a telemetry operation. Thus, the operational sequence selector258may be operable to select an operational sequence and an associated electrical power demand profile to be performed by the well construction equipment to perform a planned task defined in the well construction plan252. The central controller192and/or the power manager262may then receive the selected operational sequence to be performed by the well construction equipment and, based on such selected operational sequence, output control data to cause the well construction equipment to perform the selected operational sequence and, thus, the corresponding planned task. The operational sequence selected and output by the operational sequence selector258based on the well construction plan252may be referred to hereinafter as a planned operational sequence. The operational sequence selector258may also or instead be operable to analyze or otherwise process the detected abnormal event and select an operational sequence to be performed by the well construction equipment based on such abnormal event to stop or otherwise mitigate the detected abnormal event. The central controller192and/or the power manager262may then receive the selected operational sequence to be performed by the well construction equipment and, based on such selected operational sequence, output control data to cause the well construction equipment to perform the selected operational sequence, thereby mitigating the abnormal downhole event. The central controller192and/or the power manager262may cause the well construction equipment to perform the operational sequence selected based on the detected abnormal event while the planned operational sequence is still being performed. However, the central controller192and/or the power manager262may instead output control data to cause the well construction equipment to stop performing the planned operational sequence, before outputting the control data to cause the well construction equipment to perform the operational sequence selected based on the detected abnormal event. The operational sequence selected and output by the operational sequence selector258based on the detected abnormal event may be referred to hereinafter as a mitigating operational sequence. The rig control system200may further comprise a data storage device operable to receive and store a database260(e.g., a library) of operational sequences that may be performed by the well construction equipment. Each stored operational sequence may comprise a plurality or series of physical or mechanical operations (e.g., actions, movements, etc.) that may be performed by one or more pieces of the well construction equipment and a corresponding electrical power demand profile associated with each plurality or series of physical or mechanical operations. Some of the operational sequences (e.g., planned operational sequences) may be performed by corresponding pieces of the well construction equipment to perform a corresponding planned portion of the well construction operations (e.g., to drill a corresponding stage of the planned well). The database260may store operational sequences for performing each planned well construction task of the well construction plan252. The database260may store a plurality of alternate operational sequences associated with (i.e., for performing) a planned well construction task or a procedure (e.g., a portion of a well construction task comprising a plurality of mechanical operations) to be performed by the well construction equipment, such as when a status or certain condition of well construction operations changes. Thus, each well construction task or procedure may be associated with a plurality of different and/or alternate planned operational sequences for performing a planned well construction task or procedure. Accordingly, each planned operational sequence associated with a planned well construction task may comprise a different plurality of actions or movements to be performed by the well construction equipment to perform the planned well construction task or procedure. Some of the operational sequences (e.g., mitigating operational sequences) may be performed by corresponding pieces of the well construction equipment to stop or otherwise mitigate a detected abnormal event. The database260may store a plurality of alternate operational sequences associated with (i.e., for performing) various types and/or levels of abnormal events that can take place during well construction operations. For each abnormal event, one or more operational sequences may be defined in association with corresponding priority and/or decision making steps, and saved in the database260and/or as part of the operational sequence selector258. The operational sequence selector258may automatically select one or more of the most responsive or optimal operational sequences based on parameters (e.g., type, severity, duration of time, etc.) of the abnormal event. Some abnormal events may be associated with a plurality of different and/or alternate planned operational sequences for performing a planned well construction task or procedure while stopping or otherwise mitigating the detected abnormal event and/or the effects of the detected abnormal event. Some abnormal events may be associated with a plurality of different and/or alternate planned operational sequences that are performed to stop or otherwise mitigate the detected abnormal event after a previously selected planned operational sequence is stopped. Thus, each mitigating operational sequence associated with a different abnormal event may comprise a different plurality of actions or movements to be performed by the well construction equipment to stop or otherwise mitigate the detected abnormal event. Thus, when an abnormal event is detected, the central controller192and/or the power manager262may stop performance of a previously selected planned operational sequence, the operational sequence selector258may select a mitigating operational sequence based on the detected abnormal event, and the central controller192and/or the power manager262may output control data to cause the well construction equipment to perform the selected mitigating operational sequence, thereby mitigating the abnormal downhole event without manual control of the well construction equipment by the rig personnel via the control workstation197. The data storage device containing the database260may be communicatively connected to the central controller192and/or the power manager262such that the central controller192and/or the power manager262can receive and process (or analyze) the database260. The data storage device storing the database260may be stored on a data storage device external from the central controller192and directly or indirectly communicatively connected with the central controller192. The data storage device storing the database260may instead be or form a portion of the central controller192. For example, the database260may be stored on a data storage device (e.g., a memory chip) of the central controller192that is different from the data storage device on which the executable program code instructions for the control process250and/or the operational sequence selector258are stored. The database260may also or instead be stored on the same data storage device that stores the executable program code instructions for the control process250and/or the operational sequence selector258. The database260may be or form a portion of the operational sequence selector258or the operational sequence selector258may have access to the planned and mitigating operational sequences stored in the database260. Therefore, the operational sequence selector258may be operable to select from the database260an operational sequence to be performed by the well construction equipment. The central controller192and/or the power manager262may be operable to receive a selected operational sequence from the sequence selector258and automatically operate the well construction equipment accordingly to implement the selected operational sequence. For example, if the selected operational sequence is to trip in a stand within a particular tripping speed, with the pump turned off, the central controller192can ensure that the pump is turned off and that the drawworks118is running at an intended speed, and the power manager262can ensure that the PS system218outputs sufficient electrical power to operate the drawworks118and does so at optimal energy efficiency. If the selected operational sequence is to trip in a drill string from depth A to depth B, which may mandate the well construction system100to run multiple stands automatically, the control process can automatically manage and synchronize multiple pieces of well construction equipment, including tripping, setting slips, breaking connections, picking up a new stand, making connections, releasing slips, and tripping in, without manual control of the well construction equipment by the rig personnel via the control workstation197. The power manager262may be communicatively connected with the PS system218. For example, the power manager262may be directly communicatively connected with each local controller228of the PS system218, such as via the communication network209. The power manager262may instead be indirectly communicatively connected with each local controller228of the PS system218via the central controller192. The power manager262may be designed as part of the well construction system100(or drill rig) before the well construction system100is constructed and installed or otherwise implemented as part of the well construction system100while the well construction system100is being constructed. However, the power manager262may be retrofitted (or added) into a fully constructed and operational well construction system100after the well construction system100is constructed. The power manager262may be configured to communicate with the central controller192and/or the equipment of the PS system218, including with the central controller192and/or the equipment of the PS system218utilizing a communication protocol that is different from the communication protocol utilized by the power manager262. Thus, the power manager262may be installed on or integrated with well construction systems constructed by different manufacturers. The power manager262may be physically installed or installable within the control center190. However, the power manager262may instead be installed or installable at a different location of the well construction system100or at a location remote from the well construction system100. Communication between the power manager262and the central controller192and/or PS system218may be via wired and/or wireless (e.g., Wi-Fi) communication means. The power manager262may be operable to automate selected well construction operations of the well construction rig and, thus, cause the selected well construction operations to be performed without manual control of the well construction equipment by the rig personnel (e.g., the driller) via the rig control workstation197. The power manager262may be operable to make decisions related to selection of actions or sequences of operations that are to be implemented during the well construction operations and/or the manner in which such selected operations are to be implemented. The power manager262may be communicatively connected with an HMI264(or a plurality of HMIs) usable by the rig personnel to monitor and control the power manager262to monitor and control the well construction equipment of the well construction system100. The HMI264may be communicatively connected with the power manager262and operable for entering or otherwise communicating control data to the power manager262by the rig personnel for controlling the power manager262and the PS system218. The HMI264may be further operable for displaying or otherwise communicating sensor data and other information from the power manager262to the rig personnel, thereby permitting the rig personnel to monitor the power manager262and the PS system218. For example, the HMI264may be operable to display to the rig personnel the current operational status of the well construction equipment of the PS system218. The HMI264may be or comprise a control workstation, a terminal, a computer, or other device comprising one or more input devices (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, a joystick, a touchscreen, etc.) and one or more output devices (e.g., a video monitor, a touchscreen, a printer, audio speakers, etc.). The HMI264may be physically installable in association with the control workstation197of the well construction system100, such as may permit the rig personnel using the control workstation197to also use the HMI264. However, the HMI264may instead be disposed at a different location of the well construction system100or at a location remote from the well construction system100. The HMI264may also include, but not limited to, the utilization of existing rig HMIs (or plurality of existing rig HMIs) configured to function in conjunction with the HMI264that is specifically designed and developed to interface to the power management system262. Communication between the HMI264and the power manager262may be via wired and/or wireless (e.g., Wi-Fi) communication means. On most drilling rigs, there are two electrical buses (or conductors) where electrical power is managed, a direct-current (DC) electrical power bus and an alternating-current (AC) electrical power bus. Electrical power equipment (i.e., electrical power sources) available at a drilling rig may be managed independently directly through the AC electrical power bus. The present disclosure is directed to a power manager (or power management controller) operable to manage various electrical power equipment of a PS system electrically connected to the main (or primary) AC electrical power bus of a well construction system. The power manager may be a PC, a PLC or equivalent (e.g. a dedicated control system (DCS), a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), etc.), or a combination of the aforementioned devices. Execution of desired output(s) to achieve optimal AC power management (or control) by the power manager may be accomplished using various inputs, such as feedback devices, sensors, equipment, and data and/or information from data sources. Such inputs may be connected or interfaced via hardwire, fiber optic, and/or wirelessly to: one or more controller math, power, or equivalent processing modules; mathematical, power, and statistical analysis algorithms, programs, or subroutines nested within a controller; and/or commercially available power analysis programs (e.g., including but not limited to PSIM, MS Excel, E-Tap, etc.) nested within one or more controllers and/or other algorithms, programs, or modules suitable for the analysis of data. Calculation results that identify optimal control will generate appropriate control outputs, which may be managed via the power manager to electrical power and/or other energy sources of a well construction system at a wellsite, which may include, for example, engine/generator units (e.g., diesel, hydrogen mix diesel, natural gas or diesel/natural gas blend (DGB/DGE), etc.), gas turbines, an electrical power grid (e.g., hi-line power), electrical energy storage via battery, capacitors, ultra-capacitors, or equivalent energy storage devices, solar-generated electrical power, regenerative electrical power, and thermal generated electrical energy. FIG.3is a schematic view of an example implementations of a well construction system300according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The well construction system300may be an example implementation of and comprise one or more features and/or modes of operation of the well construction system100shown inFIG.1. For example, the well construction system300comprises one or more of a power manager310, a central controller312, and a PS system314, each being an example implementation of and comprising one or more features and/or modes of operation of the power manager262, the central controller192, and the PS system218, respectively, shown inFIGS.1and2. Accordingly, the following description refers toFIGS.1-3, collectively. The well construction system300may be located at a wellsite302and comprise well construction equipment316(e.g., the equipment subsystems211-217shown inFIG.2) operable to perform well construction operations to construct (e.g., drill) a well102. The PS system314may be or comprise a plurality of electrical power supply equipment320-325(hereinafter “power equipment”) operable to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment316to permit the well construction equipment316to perform the well construction operations described herein. The power equipment320-325of the PS system314may comprise a plurality of electrical power sources, including one or more combustion engine/electrical power generator units320(hereinafter “generator units”), an electrical power grid321, one or more electrical energy storage units322(hereinafter “storage units”), one or more electrical power regeneration units323(hereinafter “regen units”), one or more solar/electrical power generation units324(hereinafter “solar power units”), and/or other electrical power sources325(e.g., wind turbine power). The power equipment320-325may be electrically connected to the well construction equipment316via an electrical power bus318(hereinafter “bus”) operable to transmit electrical power from the power equipment320-325to the well construction equipment316to thereby permit the well construction equipment316to perform the well construction operations. The bus318may be or comprise an electrical power supply line (e.g., 600 Volt/60 Hertz main line or bus, but not limited to 600 Volt/60 Hertz) electrically connected to an electrical output of each piece of the power equipment320-325. The well construction system300may further comprise a plurality of operational data sources328operable to output operational data indicative of or otherwise associated with various operational aspects of the well construction system300and/or well construction operations performed by the well construction equipment316. The central controller312may be communicatively connected with the well construction equipment316, the power equipment320-325of the PS system314, and the operational data sources328. The central controller312may comprise a processor and a memory storing a computer program code that, when executed by the processor of the central controller312, may cause the central controller312to receive and process (or analyze) the operational data and output well construction control data (or commands) to the well construction equipment316based on the operational data to cause the well construction equipment316to perform the well construction operations described herein. The power manager310may be communicatively connected with the power equipment320-325and the operational data sources328. The power manager310may comprise a processor and a memory storing a computer program code that, when executed by the processor of the power manager310, may cause the power manager310to receive and process (or analyze) the operational data and output power control data based on the operational data to cause the power equipment320-325to perform power management operations described herein. For example, the power control data may control the power equipment320-325to thereby control the electrical power being supplied by the power equipment320-325to the well construction equipment316via the bus318during the well construction operations. The power manager310may be communicatively connected with the central controller312. For example, the power manager310may be interfaced directly with the central controller312via direct communication interface or hardwire signals. The central controller312may be communicatively connected directly with one or more of the operational data sources328via corresponding communication conductors (or networks). The power manager310may be communicatively connected directly with one or more of the operational data sources328via corresponding communication conductors (or networks). The power manager310may also or instead be communicatively connected indirectly with one or more of the operational data sources328via the central controller312. The operational data sources328may be or comprise data storage devices350-355storing various operational data generated at or by the well construction system300and/or operational data generated for use by the power manager310. The data storage devices350-355may each be or comprise a volatile memory device and/or a tangible, non-transitory data storage medium. One or more of the data storage devices350-355may be located at the wellsite302. For example, one or more of the data storage devices350-355may be located within the control center190and/or form a portion of the rig control system200described above and shown inFIG.2. However, one or more of the data storage devices350-355may instead be located remote from the wellsite302. Although the data storage devices350-355are shown as separate and discrete devices, it is to be understood that the data storage devices350-355may be separate partitions of the same data storage device, separate virtual locations (e.g., folders) of the same data storage device, or otherwise implemented as part of the same data storage device. The data storage devices350-355may be communicatively connected with the central controller312directly via communication conductors356(e.g., a network or a plurality of networks) configured to communicate the stored operational data to the power manager310. The conductors356may be or comprise a portion of the communication network209shown inFIG.2. The data storage devices350-355may be communicatively connected with the power manager310indirectly via the central controller312. The operational data stored on the data storage device350may be or comprise emissions sensor data indicative of characteristics of emissions discharged by the generator units320. The operational data stored on the data storage devices351,352, may be or comprise real-time and historical well construction equipment sensor data indicative of real-time and historical operational parameters of the well construction equipment316, such as generator unit fuel consumption, fuel rate, exhaust temperatures, and power flow, among other examples. The operational data stored on the data storage device353may be or comprise a well construction plan for drilling and/or otherwise constructing a planned well, and may include well specifications, operational parameters, and other information indicative of the planned well and the well construction equipment of the well construction system300. The well construction plan stored on the data storage device353may be or comprise the well construction plan252described above and shown inFIG.2. The data storage device354may store energy cost data indicative of cost of various raw sources of energy used by the power equipment320-325to generate or otherwise output electrical power. For example, the energy cost data may include current and/or forecasted cost of fuel (e.g., gasoline, diesel fuel, natural gas, hydrogen, etc.) for operating the generator units320and/or current and/or forecasted cost of electrical power supplied by an electrical utility company to or via the electrical power grid321. The data storage device355may store other data and/or provide access to cloud computing services (or cloud based analytics) that can receive data from or generated by the well construction system300, process such data, and output operational data for use by the power manager310. The data storage device355may thus be or form a portion of a remote server operable to execute service provider tools and/or other remote applications operable to output operational data for use by the power manager310. The operational data sources328may further comprise well construction equipment sensors317associated with the well construction equipment316. The operational data output by the well construction equipment sensors317may be or comprise real-time well construction equipment sensor data indicative of operational status of the well construction equipment316. The well construction equipment sensor data may be stored on the data storage device351in real-time and be transmitted to the power manager310in real-time via the conductors356while the well construction equipment sensor data is stored on the data storage device351. Historical well construction equipment sensor data from historical (i.e., previous) well construction operations performed by the well construction system300at the wellsite302or from historical well construction operations performed by the well construction system300at a different wellsite may be stored on the data storage device352. The historical well construction equipment sensor data may be transmitted to or received by the power manager310via the conductors356. The power manager310may receive and process the operational data from the data storage devices351,352and then output control data to various power equipment320-325to control the power equipment320-325based on the operational data, including to control generation and distribution of electrical power to the bus318by the power equipment320-325. For example, the power manager310may control generation and distribution of electrical power to the bus318by the power equipment320-325based on the most efficient sources of power available, taking into consideration directives to reduce total fuel consumption, reduce wear and tear on the power equipment320-325, and reduce emissions into the local environment. The well construction equipment sensors317may include sensors utilized for operation of the various subsystems211-217of the well construction system300and may be or comprise the sensors231-237, as described above and shown inFIG.2. For example, the well construction equipment sensors317may include cameras, position sensors, speed sensors, acceleration sensors, pressure sensors, force sensors, temperature sensors, flow rate sensors, vibration sensors, electrical current sensors, electrical voltage sensors, resistance sensors, gesture detection sensors or devices, voice actuated or recognition devices or sensors, chemical sensors, exhaust sensors, and/or other examples. The well construction equipment sensor data may include signals, information, and/or measurements indicative of equipment operational status (e.g., on or off, percent load, up or down, set or released, etc.), drilling parameters (e.g., depth, hook load, torque, etc.), auxiliary parameters (e.g., vibration data of a pump), flow rate, temperature, operational speed, position, and pressure, among other examples. The acquired well construction equipment sensor data may include or be associated with a timestamp (e.g., date and/or time) indicative of when the sensor data has been acquired. The well construction equipment sensor data may also or instead be aligned with a depth or other drilling parameter. The operational data sources328may further comprise one or more electrical power bus sensors319associated with the bus318. The operational data output by the electrical power bus sensor319may be or comprise electrical power bus sensor data indicative of properties of the electrical power transmitted through the bus318. The electrical power bus sensor319may be electrically connected to or along the bus318or otherwise between the bus318and the well construction equipment316. The electrical power bus sensor319may be or comprise one or more kilowatt/kilovolt-amperes reactive (kW/kVAR) transducers. The electrical power bus sensor319may output electrical power bus sensor data indicative of various electrical properties (e.g., voltage, current, real and reactive electrical power, total electrical power demand, etc.) of the electrical power supplied to the bus318by the power equipment320-325and/or electrical power demand via the bus318by the well construction equipment316. The electrical power bus sensor319may be communicatively connected with the central controller312directly via communication conductors (or network)358configured to communicate the electrical power bus sensor data to the central controller312. The conductors358may be or comprise a portion of the communication network209shown inFIG.2. The electrical power bus sensor319may be communicatively connected with the power manager310indirectly via the central controller312. The power manager310may receive and process the electrical power bus sensor data and, thus, monitor or measure the electrical properties of the electrical power made available by the power equipment320-325to the well construction equipment316based on the electrical power bus sensor data and other data. The power manager310may then output control data to various power equipment320-325to control the power equipment320-325based on the electrical power bus sensor data, including to control generation and distribution of electrical power to the bus318by the power equipment320-325. The operational data sources328may also comprise power equipment sensors340-345associated with the power equipment320-325. The power equipment sensors340-345may be or comprise the sensors238described above and shown inFIG.2. The power equipment sensors340-345may be or comprise, for example, power monitoring devices (e.g., power quality meters, power analyzers, PLC power analyzer modules, kW/kVAR transducers, current transfomlers (CTs), Potential Transfomlers (PTs), etc.). The operational data output by the power equipment sensors340-345may be or comprise power equipment sensor data (e.g., feedback data) indicative of operational status of the power equipment320-325. The power manager310may receive and process the power equipment sensor data from the power equipment sensors340-345to permit the power manager310to monitor operational status of the power equipment320-325. The power manager310may then output power equipment control data (e.g., control commands) to the power equipment320-325to permit the power manager310to control the power equipment320-325based on the power equipment sensor data. The power equipment320-325(and the power equipment sensors340-345) may be communicatively connected with the central controller312directly via communication conductors326(e.g., a network or plurality of networks) configured to communicate the power equipment sensor data. The conductors326may be or comprise a portion of the communication network209shown inFIG.2. The power equipment320-325may be communicatively connected with the power manager310indirectly via the central controller312. However, the power equipment320-325may also or instead be communicatively connected directly with the power manager310via the communication conductors326and communication conductors327. The conductors327may be or comprise a portion of the communication network209(or a plurality of networks). Each of the power equipment320-325may comprise a corresponding local controller330-335. Thus, the power manager310of the well construction system300may be interfaced with the local controllers330-335directly via the communication conductors326,327and/or indirectly via the communication conductors326and the central controller312(or a plurality of central controllers). The power manager310may receive (or pull) the operational data from the power equipment sensors340-345and output power control data directly and/or indirectly to the local controllers330-335(or a plurality of local controllers) of the power equipment320-325to cause the power equipment320-325to perform power generation operations in an optimal or otherwise intended manner. The power equipment320-325of the PS system314may comprise, for example, two, three, four, five, six, or more generator units320. Each generator unit320may comprise a combustion engine (e.g., a diesel engine, a diesel/natural gas mixture engine, a gas turbine, a plurality of one or more of the aforementioned equipment, a hybrid combination of the aforementioned equipment, etc.) mechanically connected with and configured to rotate or otherwise actuate an electrical generator to output electrical power to the bus318. Each generator unit320may further comprise a local controller330(e.g., one or more PCs, PLCs, DCSs, or combination thereof) comprising various electrical controllers and actuators (e.g., speed controller, voltage controller, electrical connectors, switches, circuit breakers, and/or relays) for controlling operational parameters of the generator unit320. Each generator unit320may also comprise one or more sensors340for monitoring operational status of the generator unit320. Each generator unit320may be communicatively connected (e.g., directly or indirectly via a rig central controller, a generator unit controller, other microprocessor based controller or a plurality of the aforementioned devices) with the power manager310to permit control of each generator unit320, including to control operational status (e.g., on/off status) of each generator unit320and/or to control the amount of electrical power that is output by each generator unit320to the bus318or otherwise made available to the well construction equipment316via the bus318. The power manager310may receive various sensor data (i.e., feedback data) from the generator unit sensors340, analyze such sensor data, and output control data to the generator units320(e.g., directly or indirectly via a rig central controller, a generator unit controller, other microprocessor based controller or a plurality of the aforementioned devices) to control operation of the generator units320based on the received sensor data and other data. The sensor data output by the sensors340of each generator unit320to the power manager310may comprise data indicative of, for example, current operational status of the engine and/or the electrical generator, current fault status, current operating speed of the engine and/or the electrical generator, current throttle position of the engine, current engine load (e.g., load percentage with respect to maximum engine load), current electrical power generated, current engine power output, current electrical voltage generated, current electrical current generated, current fuel (e.g., diesel fuel or natural gas) consumption rate (e.g., flow rate) of the engine, current temperature of the engine and/or the electrical generator, and other information the engine/generator manufacturer provides via existing equipment or via added devices for obtaining salient critical feedback data. The local controller330and the sensors340may be communicatively connected with the power manager310via the conductors326. The power manager310may be operable to monitor operational status of the generator units320, analyze sensor data from the sensors340, and output control data to the generator units320to control operation of the generator units320based in part on the received sensor data. The control data output by the power manager310to each generator unit320may comprise data indicative of, for example, intended operational status of the engine and/or the electrical generator, intended operating speed of the engine and/or the electrical generator, intended throttle position of the engine, intended engine load, intended electrical power generated, intended engine power output, intended electrical voltage generated, intended electrical current generated, intended fuel consumption rate of the engine, and intended blackout limits. The sensors340may include one or more exhaust sensors (e.g., sniffers) operatively connected with or along an exhaust port of each generator unit320. The exhaust sensors may be operable to output emissions sensor data (e.g., sensor signals or measurements) indicative of various quantitative and qualitative properties of the exhaust output by the engine of each generator unit320. The emissions sensor data output by the exhaust sensors may comprise data indicative of, for example, quantity of particulate material (PM), quantity of carbon monoxide (CO), quantity of carbon dioxide (CO2), quantity of nitric oxide (NOx), quantity of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (collectively referred to hereinafter as “exhaust emissions”), and exhaust temperature. The emissions sensor data may be recorded to the data storage device350or other mass data storage device either associated with power manager320, rig controller312, historical data352, other data355, or a plurality of the aforementioned devices or other equivalent mass data storage devices. The data storage device350containing the emissions data may be directly communicatively connected with the power manager310via the communication conductor357extending between the data storage device350and the power manager310. The data storage device350containing the emissions data may also or instead be indirectly communicatively connected with the power manager310via the communication conductors356and the central controller312. The electrical power grid321(also referred to as an electrical hi-line) may be or comprise an electrical power distribution unit (e.g., a system, skid, or station) electrically connected with the bus318. The electrical power grid321may be located at the wellsite302or at a distance from the wellsite302. The electrical power grid321may comprise an electrical power transformer (e.g., a step-down transformer) operable to step down voltage supplied to the electrical power grid321. The electrical power grid321may comprise an electrical connector (e.g., an electrical switch and/or relay) operable to connect the electrical power transformer (or other portion of the electrical power grid321) to the bus318. The electrical power grid321may further comprise a local controller331comprising various electrical controllers and actuators (e.g., electrical connectors, switches, circuit breakers, power meters, power quality analyzers, and/or relays or plurality of the aforementioned devices) for controlling operational parameters of the electrical power grid321. The electrical power grid321may also comprise one or more sensors341for monitoring operational status of the electrical power grid321. The electrical power grid321may be communicatively connected (directly or indirectly) with the power manager310to output control data to control operation of the electrical power grid321, including to control operational status (e.g., on/off status, electrical connection status, etc.) of the electrical power grid321and/or to control the amount of electrical power that is output by electrical power grid321to the bus318or otherwise made available to the well construction equipment316via the bus318. The power manager310may receive various sensor data (i.e., feedback data) from the electrical power grid sensors341, analyze such sensor data, and output control data to the electrical power grid321to control operation of the electrical power grid321based on the received sensor data and other data. The storage unit322may be operable to selectively receive and store electrical energy generated by the generator units320, the regen units323, and the solar power units324and/or supplied by the electrical power grid321or other available alternative power source, and then selectively output the stored electrical energy to the various electrical actuators of the well construction equipment316. The storage unit322may comprise a plurality of electrical storage devices (e.g., batteries, capacitors) connected in series and in parallel, and collectively operable to store sufficient amount of electrical energy to operate predetermined one or more of the well construction equipment316for a predetermined period of time. The storage unit322may be operable to store, for example, between about 240 kilowatt-hours and 2.5 megawatt-hour of electrical power. The storage unit322may be operable to output the stored electrical energy at maximum rates ranging, for example, between about 250 kilowatts and about 5 megawatts. The storage unit322may further comprise a bi-directional inverter operable to change the AC power supplied by the generator units320and the electrical power grid321to DC power for storage by the electrical storage devices, and change the DC power stored by the electrical storage devices to AC power for use by the well construction equipment316. The storage unit322may further comprise a local controller332(or a plurality of controllers, such as battery management system controllers) comprising various electrical controllers and actuators (e.g., electrical connectors, switches, circuit breakers, and/or relays) for controlling operational parameters of the storage unit322. The storage unit322may also comprise one or more sensors342for monitoring operational status of the storage unit322. The electrical energy storage unit322may be communicatively connected (directly or indirectly) with the power manager310, such as may permit the power manager310to receive sensor data and output control data to control operation of the storage unit322, including to control operational status (e.g., on/off status, charge/discharge, rate of charge/discharge, etc.) of each storage unit322and/or to control the amount of electrical power that is output to the bus318or otherwise made available to the wellsite equipment via the bus318. The power manager310may receive various sensor data (i.e., feedback data) from the sensors342of the storage unit322, analyze such sensor data, and output control data to the storage unit322to control operation of the storage unit322based on the received sensor data and other data, such as from the rig equipment (e.g., total rig power demand data), rig controller312, and/or other data355. The sensor data output by the sensors342of the storage unit322to the power manager310may comprise data indicative of, for example, current operational status, current fault status, current battery health status, current status of electrical connection with the bus318, current state of battery charge (e.g., current battery charge percentage with respect to maximum battery capacity), current battery efficiency, current power output (e.g., real and reactive power) to the bus318, current rate of power storage to the storage device, current AC and DC electrical voltage, current AC and DC electrical current, current AC electrical frequency, quantity of charge cycles, current peak load shaving, current load applied to the engine of the generator units320, current temperature of the battery and/or the inverter. The control data output by the power manager310to the storage unit322may comprise data indicative of, for example, intended operational status, intended status of electrical connection with the bus318, intended battery charge, intended battery efficiency, intended power output to the bus318, intended AC and DC electrical voltage, intended AC and DC electrical current, intended AC electrical frequency, intended quantity of charge cycles, intended peak load shaving, and intended load to be applied to the engine of the generator units320. The storage unit322may be selectively electrically connected to the bus318by the power manager310to thereby selectively permit the power manager310to receive and store the electrical power output to the bus318by the other power equipment320,321,323-325. The storage unit322may be electrically connected to the generator units320in parallel, such that the storage unit322operates or appears as a load to the generator units320when the storage unit322is storing electrical power output by the generator units320. Utilization of the storage unit322as a load facilitates a more efficient operation of the engines (e.g., low engine load results in higher fuel consumption and emissions) of the generator units320. Thus, when one or more of the generator units320operate at low efficiency, the storage unit322can be operated to a “charge” state to store the electrical energy output by the generator units320, thereby causing a higher load demand on the generator units320that will result in lower fuel consumption and emissions by the engines of the generator units320as well as improved work output per gallon of fuel consumed (e.g., kWh/gal). The storage unit322may also be selectively operated by the power manager310to output the stored electrical energy at a selected rate to the well construction equipment316via the bus318to provide electrical power to operate the well construction equipment316that will permit the rig to shut down generator unit engine operations, such as to eliminate fuel consumption and emissions discharged. The power equipment of the PS system314may comprise, for example, one, two, three, four, or more electrical regen units323distributed throughout the well construction system300. Each regen unit323may be or comprise an electrical motor/generator unit or a four (4) quadrant regenerative rectifier unit implemented as an actuator of a piece of well construction equipment316. An example regen unit323may be a motor/generator operable to actuate the drawworks118(shown inFIG.1) for lifting the drill string120and individual tubulars111. During well construction operations, the regen unit323may generate electrical power when the drawworks118is used to lower the drill string120and individual tubulars111and the gravitational weight of the drill string120and individual tubulars111rotate the regen unit323to generate electrical power. The electrical power generated by the regen units323implemented as part of the well construction equipment316may be fed to the bus318, such as by way of a regenerative rectifier or equivalent regenerative component/device (e.g., active front end or AFE), and used by other well construction equipment316or stored in the storage unit322. Each regen unit323may further comprise a local controller333comprising various electrical controllers and actuators (e.g., speed controller, voltage controller, electrical connectors, switches, circuit breakers, and/or relays) for controlling operational parameters of the regen unit323. Each regen unit323may also comprise one or more sensors343for monitoring operational status of the regen unit323. Each regen unit323may be communicatively connected directly or indirectly (e.g., via an interface to the central controller312) with the power manager310, such as may permit the power manager310to receive sensor data and output control data to control operation of each regen unit323, including to control operational status (e.g., on/off status) of each regen unit323and/or to control the amount of electrical power that is output by each regen unit323to the bus318or otherwise made available to the well construction equipment316via the bus318. The power equipment of the PS system314may comprise, for example, one, two, three, four, or more solar power units324. Each solar power unit324may comprise one or more solar panels and an electrical inverter operable to change the DC power generated by the solar panels to AC power for use by the well construction equipment316. Each solar power unit324may further comprise a local controller334comprising various electrical controllers and actuators (e.g., speed controller, voltage controller, electrical connectors, switches, circuit breakers, and/or relays) for controlling operational parameters of the solar power unit324. Each solar power unit324may also comprise one or more sensors344for monitoring operational status of the solar power unit324. Each solar power unit324may be communicatively connected with the power manager310, such as may permit the power manager310to receive sensor data and output control data to control operation of each solar power unit324, including to control operational status (e.g., on/off status) of each solar power unit324and/or to control the amount of electrical power that is output by each solar power unit324to the power bus318or otherwise made available to the well construction equipment316via the bus318. The power equipment of the PS system314may also comprise other power sources325. Each power source325(e.g., wind turbines) may further comprise a local controller335comprising various electrical controllers and actuators (e.g., speed controller, voltage controller, electrical connectors, switches, circuit breakers, and/or relays) for controlling operational parameters of the power source325. Each power source325may also comprise one or more sensors345for monitoring operational status of the power source325. Each power source325may be communicatively connected with the power manager310, such as may permit the power manager310to receive sensor data and output control data to control operation of each power source325, including to control operational status (e.g., on/off status) of each power source325and/or to control the amount of electrical power that is output by each power source325to the bus318or otherwise made available to the well construction equipment316via the bus318. The power manager310may be communicatively connected with an HMI311(or other available HMIs on the rig) usable by a human user (e.g., a driller or other rig personnel) to monitor and control the power manager310to thereby monitor and control the power equipment320-325of the PS system314. The HMI311may be communicatively connected with the power manager310and operable for entering or otherwise communicating control data to the power manager310by the human user for controlling the power manager310and the power equipment320-325. For example, the HMI311may be usable by the human user to enter a plurality of power management settings into the power manager310, wherein each power management setting is associated with a corresponding mode of operation of the power manager310. The HMI311may therefore be used to change the mode of operation of the power manager310to the mode of operation associated with each power management setting. The HMI311may be further operable to display or otherwise communicate sensor data and other information from the power manager311to the human user, thereby permitting the human user to monitor the power manager310and the power equipment320-325. For example, the HMI311may be operable to display to the human user the current operational status of the power equipment320-325, including information or recommendations indicative of how efficiently the system is operating versus how it could be operating if changes were made to the equipment operating (e.g., if multiple engines running at low loads HMI311could provide feedback on current kWh/gal or cost per kWh with all the engines running at that time and how much more efficient the system would operate if some engines were turned off or power supplemented via alternative power sources321-325). The HMI311may be or comprise a control workstation, a terminal, a computer, other device, or a plurality of the aforementioned devices comprising one or more input devices (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, a joystick, a touchscreen, etc.) and one or more output devices (e.g., a video monitor, a touchscreen, a printer, audio speakers, etc.). The HMI311may be located in association with the control workstation197shown inFIGS.1and2, such as may permit the human user using the control workstation197to also use the HMI311. However, the HMI311may instead be disposed at a different location of the well construction system300or at a location remote from the well construction system300and may be incorporated into the rig's existing rig control system. For example, the HMI311may be disposed the company man's office or the rig manager's office. Communication between the HMI311and the power manager310may be via wired and/or wireless (e.g., Wi-Fi) communication means or may be via way of an existing rig control system controller312and/or other data (355). The power manager262and the HMI311may be designed as part of the well construction system300(or drill rig) before the well construction system300is constructed and installed or otherwise implemented as part of the well construction system300while the well construction system300is being constructed. However, the power manager310and the HMI311may be retrofitted (or added) into a fully constructed and operational well construction system300after the well construction system300is constructed. The power manager310may be communicatively connected with or configured for direct communicative connection with the power equipment320-325and the operational data sources328via the conductors326,356,357,358(e.g., the communication network209). The power manager310may also or instead be communicatively connected with or configured for indirect communicative connection with the power equipment320-325and the operational data sources328via the central controller312. The power manager310may be configured to communicate with and/or control the power equipment320-325and the operational data sources328, including the power equipment320-325and the operational data sources328that utilize a communication protocol that is different from the communication protocol utilized by the power manager310. Thus, the power manager310may be installed on or integrated with well construction rigs constructed by different manufacturers. The power manager310may be physically installed or installable within the control center190. However, the power manager310may instead be installed or installable at a different location of the well construction system300or at a location remote from the well construction system300. FIG.4is a schematic view of at least a portion of an example implementation of a processing device400(or system) according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The processing device400may be or form at least a portion of one or more equipment controllers and/or other electronic devices shown in one or more of theFIGS.1-3. For example, the processing device400may be or form at least a portion of one or more of the central controller192,312, the power manager262,310, the local controllers221-228,330-335, and the HMI264,311. Accordingly, the following description refers toFIGS.1-4, collectively. The processing device400may be or comprise, for example, one or more processors, controllers, special-purpose computing devices, PCs (e.g., desktop, laptop, and/or tablet computers), personal digital assistants, smartphones, IPCs, PLCs, servers, internet appliances, and/or other types of computing devices. Although it is possible that the entirety of the processing device400is implemented within one device, it is also contemplated that one or more components or functions of the processing device400may be implemented across multiple devices, some or an entirety of which may be at the wellsite and/or remote from the wellsite. The processing device400may comprise a processor412, such as a general-purpose programmable processor. The processor412may comprise a local memory414, and may execute machine-readable and executable program code instructions432(i.e., computer program code) present in the local memory414and/or other memory device. The processor412may be, comprise, or be implemented by one or more processors of various types suitable to the local application environment, and may include one or more of general-purpose computers, special-purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and processors based on a multi-core processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. Examples of the processor412include one or more INTEL microprocessors, microcontrollers from the ARM and/or PICO families of microcontrollers, embedded soft/hard processors in one or more FPGAs. The processor412may execute, among other things, the program code instructions432and/or other instructions and/or programs to implement the example methods and/or operations described herein. For example, the program code instructions432, when executed by the processor412of the processing device400, may cause the processor412to receive and process (e.g., compare) sensor data (e.g., sensor measurements). The program code instructions432, when executed by the processor412of the processing device400, may also or instead output control data (i.e., control commands) to cause one or more portions or pieces of well construction equipment (including power equipment) of a well construction system to perform the example methods and/or operations described herein. The processor412may be in communication with a main memory416, such as may include a volatile memory418and a non-volatile memory420, perhaps via a bus422and/or other communication means. The volatile memory418may be, comprise, or be implemented by random-access memory (RAM), static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), RAMBUS DRAM (RDRAM), and/or other types of RAM devices. The non-volatile memory420may be, comprise, or be implemented by read-only memory, flash memory, and/or other types of memory devices. One or more memory controllers (not shown) may control access to the volatile memory418and/or non-volatile memory420. The processing device400may also comprise an interface circuit424, which is in communication with the processor412, such as via the bus422. The interface circuit424may be, comprise, or be implemented by various types of standard interfaces, such as an Ethernet interface, a universal serial bus (USB), a third generation input/output (3GIO) interface, a wireless interface, a cellular interface, and/or a satellite interface, among others. The interface circuit424may comprise a graphics driver card. The interface circuit424may comprise a communication device, such as a modem or network interface card to facilitate exchange of data with external computing devices via a network (e.g., Ethernet connection, digital subscriber line (DSL), telephone line, coaxial cable, cellular telephone system, satellite, etc.). The processing device400may be in communication with various sensors, video cameras, actuators, processing devices, equipment controllers, and other devices of the well construction system via the interface circuit424. The interface circuit424can facilitate communications between the processing device400and one or more devices by utilizing one or more communication protocols, such as an Ethernet-based network protocol (such as ProfiNET, OPC, OPC/UA, Modbus TCP/IP, EtherCAT, UDP multicast, Siemens S7 communication, or the like), a proprietary communication protocol, and/or other communication protocol. One or more input devices426may also be connected to the interface circuit424. The input devices426may permit a human user to enter the program code instructions432, which may be or comprise control data, operational parameters, operational set-points, a well construction plan, and/or a database of operational sequences. The program code instructions432may further comprise modeling or predictive routines, equations, algorithms, processes, applications, and/or other programs operable to perform example methods and/or operations described herein. The input devices426may be, comprise, or be implemented by a keyboard, a mouse, a joystick, a touchscreen, a track-pad, a trackball, an isopoint, and/or a voice recognition system, among other examples. One or more output devices428may also be connected to the interface circuit424. The output devices428may permit visualization or other sensory perception of various data, such as sensor data, status data, and/or other example data. The output devices428may be, comprise, or be implemented by video output devices (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light-emitting diode (LED) display, a cathode ray tube (CRT) display, a touchscreen, etc.), printers, and/or speakers, among other examples. The one or more input devices426and the one or more output devices428connected to the interface circuit424may, at least in part, facilitate the HMIs described herein. The processing device400may comprise a mass storage device430for storing data and program code instructions432. The mass storage device430may be connected to the processor412, such as via the bus422. The mass storage device430may be or comprise a tangible, non-transitory storage medium, such as a floppy disk drive, a hard disk drive, a compact disk (CD) drive, and/or digital versatile disk (DVD) drive, among other examples. The processing device400may be communicatively connected with an external storage medium434via the interface circuit424. The external storage medium434may be or comprise a removable storage medium (e.g., a CD or DVD), such as may be operable to store data and program code instructions432. As described above, the program code instructions432may be stored in the mass storage device430, the main memory416, the local memory414, and/or the removable storage medium434. Thus, the processing device400may be implemented in accordance with hardware (perhaps implemented in one or more chips including an integrated circuit, such as an ASIC), or may be implemented as software or firmware for execution by the processor412. In the case of firmware or software, the implementation may be provided as a computer program product including a non-transitory, computer-readable medium or storage structure embodying computer program code instructions432(i.e., software or firmware) thereon for execution by the processor412. The program code instructions432may include program instructions or computer program code that, when executed by the processor412, may perform and/or cause performance of example methods, processes, and/or operations described herein. The present disclosure is further directed to methods (e.g., operations and/or processes) for monitoring and controlling individual and collective operation of the power equipment320-325at a wellsite302to optimize the individual and/or collective operation of such power equipment320-325to thereby optimize well construction and/or other operations at the wellsite302. The methods may be performed by utilizing (or otherwise in conjunction with) at least a portion of one or more implementations of one or more instances of the apparatus shown in one or more ofFIGS.1-4, and/or otherwise within the scope of the present disclosure. The methods may be caused to be performed, at least partially, by a controller (e.g., the control device400, the power manager262,310, etc.) executing computer program code according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure is also directed to a non-transitory, computer-readable medium comprising computer program code that, when executed by the controller, may cause such controller to perform the example methods described herein. The methods may also or instead be caused to be performed, at least partially, by rig personnel utilizing one or more instances of the apparatus shown in one or more ofFIGS.1-4, and/or otherwise within the scope of the present disclosure. Thus, the following description of example methods refer to apparatus shown in one or more ofFIGS.1-4. However, the methods may also be performed in conjunction with implementations of apparatus other than those depicted inFIGS.1-4that are also within the scope of the present disclosure. During well construction operations, electrical power demand changes frequently and significantly (i.e., to a high degree) during different stages of the well construction operations. For example, electrical power demand may be relatively high during actual drilling, when the top drive116rotates the drill string120and the mud pumps144are circulating drilling fluid into the wellbore102via the drill string120. Such electrical power demand may increase as the total and/or true vertical depth of the wellbore102increases. Electrical power demand may be relatively low during make-up operations, when the iron roughneck165is operating and the top drive116is not rotating the drill string120and the mud pumps144are not circulating the drilling fluid. The electrical power demand may suddenly increase to relatively high levels during tripping operations, when the drawworks118lifts the drill string120upward. Electrical power demand may be relatively low during break out operations, when the iron roughneck165is operating to disconnect each subsequent tubular joint and the drawworks118is not lifting the drill string120upward. Electrical power demand may progressively decrease during tripping operations as the total length of the drill string120decreases after each tubular joint is disconnected from the drill string120. Electrical power demand changes significantly during transitions between actual drilling operations and make-up operations, and during transitions between tripping operations and break out operations. For example, during a spudding stage of the well construction operations, electrical power demand may range between about 0.18-0.6 megawatts. During connection (e.g., make-up or break out) operations, electrical power demand may range between about 0.3-0.7 megawatts. During tripping operations, electrical power demand may range between about 0.3-1.5 megawatts or higher depending, for example, on trip speed and bit depth at time tripping cycle begins. During actual drilling operations, electrical power demand may range between about 2.0-3.0 megawatts or higher depending, for example, on well formation. Efficiency of a generator unit320increases as load on its engine increases (e.g., total work per gallon of fuel consumed (kWh/gal)). For example, fuel efficiency of a generator unit320(e.g., diesel fuel generating units) may be optimal at engine loads ranging between, for example, about 50% and about 100%. However, during well construction operations, the generator units320collectively output electrical power to match electrical power demand of the well construction equipment316, regardless of fuel efficiency. Thus, during stages of well construction operations demanding relatively low levels of electrical power, the generator units320collectively operate at low efficiency. Efficiency of the generator units320is also relatively low during generator warm-up periods, which may take several minutes. However, during stages of well construction operations utilizing relatively high levels of electrical power, one or more additional generator units320may be turned on to provide additional electrical power without permitting the additional generator units320to properly warm up. While operating at low efficiency or before a proper warm-up, the generator units320also discharge pollutants (or exhaust emissions) and unburnt fuel at higher rates. For example, when a diesel engine is not completely burning diesel fuel (“wet stacking”) at lower loads, the unburned fuel can cause higher oily sludge discharge that can foul turbos of the engines, gum up exhaust systems of the engines, and generate pollutants. The power manager310may be operable to automate selected operations of the power equipment320-325and, thus, cause the selected operations to be performed without manual control of the power equipment320-325by a human user (e.g., the driller or other rig personnel). The power manager310may be operable to receive and store machine-readable and executable program code instructions on a data storage device. After operation of the power manager is initiated, the power manager310may be operable to execute the program code instructions to run, operate, or perform one or more power management operations for controlling the power equipment320-325to cause the power equipment320-325to operate in a predetermined manner. The operating power manager310may be further operable to receive the power equipment sensor data output by the power equipment sensors340-345and receive the power management settings from the HMI311. Each power management setting may be associated with a corresponding mode of operation of the power manager. Each power management setting may be manually entered to the power manager310by a human user via the HMI311(or other HMI). The power manager310may then, for each power management setting, change the mode of operation of the power manager to the mode of operation associated with that power management setting. The power manager310may then output power control data to the power equipment320-325based on the operational data and the mode of operation that the power manager310is in to control the manner in which the electrical power is being supplied by the power equipment320-325to the well construction equipment316via the bus318during the well construction operations. Thus, for each mode of operation, the power manager310may cause the power equipment320-325to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment316in a predetermined manner with respect to that mode of operation. In an example implementation, the power manager310may cause the power equipment320-325to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment316in an optimal or otherwise predetermined manner with respect to a corresponding mode of operation. For example, for each mode of operation, the power manager310may be operable to make decisions related to the selection of actions to be performed by the power equipment320-325to cause the power equipment320-325to operate in an optimal or otherwise predetermined manner, such as with respect to rate of pollutant emissions by the power equipment, fuel efficiency of the power equipment, operational life of the power equipment, and cost of operating the power equipment. Accordingly, one or more aspects of the present disclosure are directed to systems and methods for monitoring and controlling collective operations of the power equipment320-325of the PS system314at the wellsite302to optimize individual and/or collective operation of such power equipment320-325with respect to a corresponding mode of operation. The following paragraphs describe several example modes of operation of the power manager310and the corresponding manner in which the power manager310causes the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment316. The modes of operation of the power manager310may be or comprise, for example, a minimum pollution mode of operation, a minimum fuel consumption mode of operation, a maximum operational life mode of operation, and a hybrid mode of operation comprising a combination of the other modes of operation. Depending on the mode of operation, the power manager310may be operable to adjust the manner of operation of one or more of the power equipment320-325to operate the power equipment320-325in an optimal or otherwise predetermined manner with respect to that mode of operation. The power manager310may be operable to cause the power equipment320-325, such as the generator units320, to achieve optimal or otherwise predetermined operation based on additional sensor data from various sensors (i.e., feedback sources). The sensor data may comprise qualitative and quantitative emissions data and engine status data from local engine controllers330, including engine speed data, fuel consumption data, fuel rack position data, turbo boost pressure data, cylinder temperature data, and air intake/exhaust temperature data. The sensor data may further comprise electric generator data from local microprocessor, central controller312, or analog or digital based generator controllers330or plurality of controllers, including sensor data indicative of total work (e.g., kWh/MWh, phase current, phase-to-phase voltage, real power (kW), reactive power (kVAR), etc.). Such electric generator data may be output or otherwise facilitated by power monitoring equipment or devices, including power quality analyzers, kVAR/kW transducers, central controller312, and power analyzer I/O modules related to microprocessor based controllers (e.g., PLCs, PCs, DCSs, etc.) or plurality of aforementioned devices. When the power manager310is in the minimum pollution mode of operation, the power manager310may cause the power equipment320-325to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment316in a manner that minimizes emission rate of pollutants by the power equipment320-325. For example, the power manager310may determine which of the available power equipment320-325is to be operated to supply electrical power and at what optimal or otherwise predetermined operational parameters in order to minimize emission rate of pollutants, such as PM, CO, CO2, NO, and NO2. The power manager310may utilize emission sensor data, calculate pollutant emission rates based on data provided by engine manufacturer, or utilize a combination of emission sensor data and calculated pollutant emission rates to record and evaluate the pollutant emission rates to determine the amount of each pollutant type based upon the amount of work output (e.g., measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh)), number of generator units320online (or operating), generator unit load, source of electrical power (e.g., energy storage unit), and total fuel consumed. As the total work done increases and fuel consumption decreases per unit of work (i.e., the ratio of work per gallon of fuel consumed increases), the pollutant emission rates per unit of work will decrease. The total amount of work done (e.g., measured in kWh) along with various other data values (e.g., fuel consumption, engine load, engine speed, generator power output, etc.) may then be further evaluated utilizing various statistical analytics or mathematical formulas to determine if operation of the power equipment320-325has been efficiently optimized with respect to the minimum pollution mode of operation. For example, if three 1.0 Megawatt (MW) generator units are each operating at 25% load for one hour, the net work done is 750 kWh. If one 1.0 MW generator unit operating at 75% load for one hour, the net work done is also 750 kWh. However, based on the emissions data reported by the engine manufacturers, the three generator units operating at 25% load will emit more CO2than one generator unit operating at 75% load. Furthermore, if the rig is connected to a hi-line, solar, or other renewable energy source, the power manager310may turn off all generator units320and operate the alternative energy/power sources321-325. The modes of operation of the power manager310may be or comprise, for example, a plurality of minimum pollution modes of operation, wherein each minimum pollution mode of operation may be associated with a corresponding pollutant emitted by the power equipment. When the power manager310is in one of the minimum pollution mode of operation, the power manager310may cause the power equipment320-325to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment316in a manner that minimizes emission rate by the power equipment320-325of the pollutant associated with that minimum pollutant mode of operation. For example, each minimum pollution mode of operation may be associated with one or more (or a combination) of the pollutants PM, CO, CO2, NO, and NO2, and cause the power manager310to cause the power equipment320-325to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment316in a manner that minimizes emission rate by the generator unit320of a set (or selected) one or more of the pollutants PM, CO, CO2, NO, and NO2or by means of turning off all engines and utilizing energy/power available from the power sources321-325. FIG.5is a flow-chart diagram of at least a portion of an example method (or operation)500implemented by the power manager310of the well construction system300shown inFIG.3when the power manager310is in the minimum pollution mode of operation. Accordingly, the following description refers toFIGS.3and5, collectively. During the minimum pollution mode of operation, the power manager310may determine (or sense)502if the well construction equipment316of the well construction system300demands power via the bus318for performing the well construction operations. If the well construction equipment316demands power, the power manager310may then determine504if the PS system314includes one or more generator units320. If the PS system314does include one or more generator units320, the power manager310may then determine506if the PS system314includes one or more alternative energy electrical power equipment321-325. If the PS system314does include one or more alternative energy electrical power equipment321-325, the power manager310may then determine508if the use of one or more of such alternative energy electrical power equipment321-325reduces the emission rate of pollutants by the engines of the generator units320. If the use of one or more of such alternative energy electrical power equipment321-325does reduce the emission rate of pollutants by the engines of the generator units320, the power manager310may then select and operate510(i.e., turn on or otherwise use) one or more of the alternative energy electrical power equipment321-325to reduce the emission rate of pollutants. However, if the PS system314does not include one or more alternative energy electrical power equipment321-325or if the use of one or more of alternative energy electrical power equipment321-325does not reduce the emission rate of pollutants by the engines of the generator units320, the power manager310may then operate512the generator units320in a load-dependent start/stop (LDSS) mode of operation. When the power manager310is in the minimum fuel consumption mode of operation, the power manager310may cause the power equipment320-325to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment316in a manner that minimizes the consumption of fuel by the power equipment320-325. For example, when the generator units320powered with a combustible fuel (e.g., diesel, natural gas, diesel/gas blend, etc.) are used to generate electrical power for the well construction equipment316, the power manager310may determine which of the available generator units320and other power equipment321-325are to be used and at what optimal or otherwise predetermined operational parameters to minimize the amount of fuel that is consumed by each of the generator units320. The method for minimizing fuel use (or optimizing fuel efficiency of the generator units320) may be similar to the methods used for minimizing the rate of pollutant emissions. For example, fuel efficiency of the engines of the generator units320can be determined by calculating total work done (e.g., measured in kWh or MWh) by the generator units320and comparing the total work done to the total fuel consumed. The rate of fuel consumed per amount of work performed may therefore be optimized by increasing the total work done while minimizing the amount of fuel consumed. FIG.6is a flow-chart diagram of at least a portion of an example method (or operation)520implemented by the power manager310of the well construction system300shown inFIG.3when the power manager310is in the minimum fuel consumption mode of operation. Accordingly, the following description refers toFIGS.3and6, collectively. During the minimum fuel consumption mode of operation, the power manager310may determine (or sense)522if the well construction equipment316of the well construction system300demands power via the bus318for performing the well construction operations. If the well construction equipment316demands power, the power manager310may then determine524if the PS system314includes one or more generator units320. If the PS system314does include one or more generator units320, the power manager310may then determine526if the PS system314includes one or more alternative energy electrical power equipment321-325. If the PS system314does include one or more alternative energy electrical power equipment321-325, the power manager310may then determine528if the use of one or more of such alternative energy electrical power equipment321-325reduces the rate of fuel consumption by the engines of the generator units320. If the use of one or more of such alternative energy electrical power equipment321-325does reduce the rate of fuel consumption by the engines of the generator units320, the power manager310may then select and operate530(i.e., turn on or otherwise use) one or more of the alternative energy electrical power equipment321-325to reduce the rate of fuel consumption. However, if the PS system314does not include one or more alternative energy electrical power equipment321-325or if the use of one or more of alternative energy electrical power equipment321-325does not reduce the rate of fuel consumption by the engines of the generator units320, the power manager310may then operate532the generator units320in the LDSS mode of operation. When the power manager310is in the maximum operational life mode of operation, the power manager310may cause the power equipment320-325to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment316in a manner that maximizes operational life of the power equipment320-325. For example, when the generator units320powered with a combustible fuel are used to generate electrical power for the well construction equipment316, the power manager310may determine which of the available generator units320are to be used and at what optimal operational parameters, such as to minimize the amount of runtime (or operating time) each of the generator units320is to be operated and therefore minimize the amount of wear experienced by each of the generator units320. The power manager310may control when the engine of each generator unit320starts or stops, such as based on electrical power demand by the well construction equipment316. The power manager310may control when the engine of each generator unit320starts further based on number of generator units320that are online and load per generator unit engine. For example, if multiple engines are online and running at low loads, the power manager310may turn off one or more generator units320. A human user may input into the power manager310via the HMI311operational specifications of the generator units320and/or a maintenance schedule (i.e., a plan or timeline) of the generator units320to permit the power manager310to allocate to the generator units320intended operational goals (or plans) listed in the maintenance schedule. The power manager310may therefore be operable to align operations of each generator unit320with the operational goals listed in the maintenance schedule. The operational goals may include, for example, maintenance programs, timelines for moving generator units320to another wellsite, reliability of a generator unit320with respect to another generator unit320at the same wellsite308, and/or simply to even the runtime (e.g., measured in hours) to extend the general life of (e.g., the engines) of the generator units320. The operational goals may include, for example, tasks, operations, and/or timetables listed in the well construction plan252. By monitoring the engine runtime hours and engine loads, and providing the ability to control which generator unit320is started and how long it is run, the human user can ensure that each generator unit320is operated in a manner that optimizes (or maximizes) its operational life. FIG.7is a flow-chart diagram of at least a portion of an example method (or operation)540implemented by the power manager310of the well construction system300shown inFIG.3when the power manager310is in the maximum operational life mode of operation. Accordingly, the following description refers toFIGS.3and7, collectively. During the maximum operational life mode of operation, the power manager310may determine (or sense)542if the well construction equipment316of the well construction system300demands power via the bus318for performing the well construction operations. If the well construction equipment316demands power, the power manager310may then determine544if the PS system314includes one or more generator units320. If the PS system314does include one or more generator units320, the power manager310may then determine546if the PS system314includes one or more alternative energy electrical power equipment321-325. If the PS system314does include one or more alternative energy electrical power equipment321-325, the power manager310may then determine548if the use of one or more of such alternative energy electrical power equipment321-325reduces the total runtime (or operating time) of the engines of the generator units320. If the use of one or more of such alternative energy electrical power equipment321-325does reduce the total runtime of the engines of the generator units320, the power manager310may then select and operate550(i.e., turn on or otherwise use) one or more of the alternative energy electrical power equipment321-325to reduce the total runtime of the engines of the generator units320. However, if the PS system314does not include one or more alternative energy electrical power equipment321-325or if the use of one or more of alternative energy electrical power equipment321-325does not reduce the total runtime of the engines of the generator units320, the power manager310may then operate552the generator units320in the LDSS mode of operation. The power manager310may also determine554if maintenance performed on the generator units320is based on a maintenance schedule. If the maintenance performed on the generator units320is based on a maintenance schedule, the power manager310may then operate556the generator units320such that the operations (e.g., runtime) of the generator units320are aligned with the operational (e.g., maintenance) goals listed in the maintenance schedule. However, if the maintenance performed on the generator units320is not based on a maintenance schedule, the power manager310may then bias558operation of the generator units320such that the total runtime (or operating time) of the generator units320is evenly distributed between the generator units320. When the power manager310is in the hybrid mode of operation, the power manager310may cause the power equipment320-325to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment316in a manner that achieves one or more operational goals. The operational goals may include minimizing the emission rate of pollutants by the power equipment320-325, minimizing the consumption of fuel by the power equipment320-325, and maximizing operational life of the power equipment320-325, as exemplified in the flow charts500,520,540shown inFIGS.5-7. While in the hybrid mode of operation, the power manager310may determine which of the power equipment320-325to operate (or turn on) and determine the operational parameters for operating the power equipment320-325resulting in an optimal balance (or combination) of the individual operational goals of the hybrid mode of operation. For example, while in the hybrid mode of operation, the power manager310may be operable to permit the human user to rank (e.g., select as first, second, and third) the individual operational goals of the hybrid mode of operation in order of preference or importance. While in the hybrid mode of operation, the power manager310may also or instead permit the human user to adjust (increase and decrease) relative weight (e.g., in terms of percentage) that is given to each individual operational goal. The power manager310may then determine the operational parameters of the power equipment320-325resulting in optimal performance of the power equipment320-325while being constrained by the intended operational goals of the hybrid mode of operation. The present disclosure is further directed to an HMI usable by a human user during well construction operations to monitor and control the power manager310to thereby monitor and control the power equipment320-325of the well construction system300. For example, the HMI may be usable by the human user to enter a plurality of power management settings into the power manager310. Each power management setting may be associated with a corresponding mode of operation of the power manager310. The power manager310may then, for each power management setting, change its mode of operation to the mode of operation associated with that power management setting. The HMI may be operable to display (or output) a display screen showing to the human user predetermined performance metrics associated with each of the modes of operation of the power manager310. The HMI may also be used to provide real time feedback on how the mode of control is performing relative to an alternative mode of control. For example, the user may choose to operate in emissions reduction mode, but due to the performance of the equipment, the emissions may not be able to be reduced. If emissions reduction is not possible due to equipment performance, the HMI may display that the operator should switch to fuel economizing mode in order to reduce fuel consumption and equipment performance. FIG.8is an example implementation of a display screen602that may be displayed by an HMI600according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The HMI600may be or comprise an example implementation of the HMIs264,311shown inFIGS.2and3, respectively. The following description refers toFIGS.1-8, collectively. The display screen602may comprise a power management setting and mode of operation confirmation area (or window)604, which may be utilized by the human user to set (or select) the mode of operation of the power manager310and to visually confirm in which mode of operation the power manager310is operating. For example, the power manager310may be operated in the minimum pollution mode of operation, in which the power manager310causes the power equipment320-325to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment316in a manner that minimizes emission rate of pollutants by the power equipment320-325. The power manager310may instead be operated in a minimum fuel consumption mode of operation, in which the power manager310causes the power equipment320-325to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment316in a manner that minimizes the consumption of fuel by the power equipment320-325. The power manager310may instead be operated in a maximum operational life mode of operation, in which the power manager310causes the power equipment320-325to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment316in a manner that maximizes operational life of the power equipment320-325. The power manager310may instead be operated in a hybrid mode of operation, in which the power manager310causes the power equipment320-325to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a manner that minimizes the emission rate of pollutants by the power equipment, minimizes the consumption of fuel by the power equipment, and maximizes operational life of the power equipment. The window604may comprise a plurality of virtual (or software) buttons containing a description (e.g., text, icons, graphics, etc.) of the modes of operation of the power manager310. One of the buttons may be operated (e.g., touched, clicked on, etc.) by the human user to cause the HMI311to output (or transmit) power management settings (or signals) to the power manager310to set (or select) the mode of operation in which the power manager310is to operate. The button associated with the set or otherwise current mode of operation of the power manager310may appear or become lit, highlighted, or otherwise marked to indicate to the human user the current mode of operation of the power manager310. The window604may further include a plurality of virtual (or software) indicators (e.g., lights), each associated with a corresponding button listing the modes of operation of the power manager310. One of the indicators may activate (e.g., light up, change color, etc.) to visually confirm or otherwise indicate to the human user the current mode of operation of the power manager310. The display screen602may comprise a power management mode of operation options area (or window)606, which may be utilized by the human user to set (or select) various available options associated with each mode of operation of the power manager310and to visually confirm which options of each mode of operation have been set by the human user. For example, while the power manager310is operated in the minimum pollution mode of operation, the human user may set the power manager310to minimize the emission of one or more of the pollutants PM, CO, CO2, NO, and NO2, such that the power manager310causes the power equipment320-325to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment316in a manner that minimizes the emission rate of the set (or selected) one or more of the pollutants PM, CO, CO2, NO, and NO2by the generator unit320of the power equipment320-325. Furthermore, while the power manager310is operated in the hybrid mode of operation, the human user may rank the individual operational goals of the hybrid mode of operation in order of preference or set (increase and decrease) relative weight that is given to each individual operational goal. The window606may comprise a plurality of virtual (or software) buttons containing a description (e.g., text, icons, graphics, etc.) of the available options associated with the selected mode of operation of the power manager310. One or more of the buttons may be operated by the human user to set (or select) one or more options associated with each mode of operation of the power manager310. The button associated with the set option may appear or become lit, highlighted, or otherwise marked to indicate to the human user which options of each mode of operation have been selected. The window606may further include a plurality of virtual (or software) indicators (e.g., lights), each associated with a corresponding button listing an option of a corresponding mode of operation. One or more of the indicators may activate to visually confirm or otherwise indicate to the human user which options of the set mode of operation of the power manager310have been selected. The display screen602may further comprise an operational status area (or window)608, displaying selected sensor signals or information indicative of operational status (e.g., performance metrics or measurements) of selected power equipment320-325. The operational status window608may display information, such as rate of pollutants emitted by the power equipment320-325(e.g., the engines of the generator units320) and rate of fuel consumed by the power equipment320-325. The operational status window608may also or instead display projected (or calculated) remaining operational life of the power equipment320-325, such as current total (or cumulative) runtime (or operating time) or remaining runtime until maintenance should be performed. The operational status window608may also or instead display current or total (or cumulative) cost of operating one or more of the power equipment320-325, such as based on fuel cost (e.g., gasoline cost), utility cost (e.g., electricity cost), and maintenance cost (e.g., labor cost, replacement parts cost, etc.). The information displayed in the operational status window608may change during the well construction operations as different power equipment320-325is operated or taken offline. The information in the operational status window608may be displayed in the form of numerical values, tables, graphs, bars, gauges, lights, and/or schematics, among other examples. The display screen602may further comprise optimization gains area (or window)610displaying information indicative of optimization gains (or optimized operational statuses) for one or more of the power equipment320-325. The optimization gains may be determined (or calculated) with respect to normal operational status of the power equipment320-325, such as when the power manager310in not used to optimize operation of the power equipment320-325. The optimization gains may be determined for operational statuses managed by or otherwise associated with the set mode of operation of the power manager310. For example, the optimization gains information shown in the optimization gains area610may include a decrease of the emission rate of pollutants by the power equipment320-325, a decrease in the rate of fuel consumption (or increase in fuel efficiency) by the power equipment320-325, and an increase in operational life (or decrease of wear or break-downs) of the power equipment320-325. The optimization gains area610may display information (e.g., text) identifying the type of optimization gains shown and information (e.g., bars, graphs, numerical values, etc.) indicative of the magnitude of the optimization gains. As described above, the modes of operation of the power manager310may be or comprise, for example, a minimum pollution mode of operation, a minimum fuel consumption mode of operation, a maximum operational life mode of operation, and a hybrid mode of operation comprising a combination of the other modes of operation. Depending on the mode of operation, the power manager310may be operable to adjust the manner of operation of one or more of the power equipment320-325to operate the power equipment320-325in an optimal or otherwise predetermined manner with respect to that mode of operation. The following description is directed to example logic (or reasoning) based on which the power manager310selects which of the power equipment320-325is to be operated to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment316and the manner (e.g., operational parameters) in which the selected power equipment320-325is to be operated. The following description refers toFIGS.1-8, collectively. When the power manager310is in the minimum fuel consumption mode of operation, the power manager310may be operable to monitor and control operations (e.g., start/stop and engine load percentage) of the generator units320based on measured load demand by the well construction equipment316and electrical power that is available from the power equipment320-325. For example, during times (e.g., stages or periods) of lower peak electrical power demand (e.g., below about 1.0 megawatt) during which the well construction operations utilize relatively low levels of electrical power, the power manager310may turn off one or more of the generator units320, thereby causing the remaining generator units320to meet the electrical power demand and, thus, operate at higher efficiencies. For example, during times of lower average electrical power demand by the well construction equipment316, the power manager310may also or instead maintain each generator unit320as operational or turn off fewer generator units320while simultaneously establishing an electrical connection between one or more of the operating generator units320and the storage unit322to charge the storage unit322while the generator units320continue to provide electrical power to the well construction equipment316. The charging of the storage unit322increases the load on each operating generator unit320, thereby causing each operating generator unit320to operate at a high efficiency. Operating each generator unit320at higher efficiency reduces the amount of fuel consumed by each generator unit320per unit of electrical power produced. When the storage unit322becomes charged to a predetermined level (e.g., between about 80% and about 100%) before the time of lower average electrical power demand by the well construction equipment316is over, then the power manager310may turn off one or more of the generator units320, such as may permit the operating generator units320to continue to operate at high efficiency. However, when the storage unit322becomes charged to a predetermined level while the average electrical power demand by the well construction equipment316is relatively low (e.g., below about 400 kilowatts), then the power manager310may turn off each of the generator units320and cause the storage unit322, the regen unit323, and the solar power unit324to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment316. For example, during drill string tripping operations, the average electrical power demand may be about 460 kilowatts and the peak intermittent electrical power demand may be about 1.5 megawatts. During such drill string tripping operations, the power manager310may operate the storage unit322and just one generator unit320and/or one or more of the regen unit323and the solar power unit324collectively capable of generating about 1.0 megawatt to collectively supply electrical power to the well construction equipment316(e.g., the drawworks118) to facilitate the drill string tripping operations. That is, the power manager310may cause the generator unit320and the storage unit322to collectively supply electrical power to the well construction equipment316when the drill string120is being lifted. However, during break out operations, the power manager310may cause some of the electrical power from the generator unit320to supply electrical power to other well construction equipment316(e.g., the iron roughneck165and other auxiliary devices) and some of the electrical power to be stored by the storage unit322, thereby retaining a high load on the generator unit320while continually charging and discharging the storage unit322. The power manager310may turn on one or more of the generator units320, the regen units323, and solar power units324when the storage unit322becomes discharged or when the average electrical power demand by the well construction equipment316increases. Regardless of whether the power manager310is in the minimum pollution mode of operation, the minimum fuel consumption mode of operation, the maximum operational life mode of operation, or the hybrid mode of operation, the power manager310may be operable to monitor and control operations of the power equipment320-325based on the well construction plan252uploaded or saved to the data storage device353or otherwise made accessible to the power manager310. As described above, the well construction plan252may comprise a planned drilling profile and other information indicative of upcoming (i.e., near future) operations (e.g., events) to be performed by the well construction equipment316. The well construction plan252may also comprise a planned electrical power demand profile indicative of electrical power demand levels for performing or otherwise associated with each planned stage, portion, sequence, task, and/or operation of the well construction operations. The drilling plan252may also comprise information indicative of electrical power output (or supply) capabilities of each of the power equipment320-325. The power manager310may instead be operable to monitor and control operations of the power equipment320-325based on an operational sequence selected from the sequence database260by the sequence selector258based on a detected abnormal event or operational state of the well construction system300. The power manager310may receive and analyze the well construction plan252to ensure that the storage unit322is optimally charged to facilitate optimal distribution and utilization of electrical energy output by the energy storage unit322, the generator units320, the electrical power grid321, the regen unit323, and the solar power unit324. For example, when the power manager310is in the minimum fuel consumption mode of operation or the hybrid mode of operation, the power manager310may be operable to turn on or turn off one or more of the generator units320and/or charge the storage unit322based on information indicative of upcoming operations contained in the drilling plan252. During times of lower average electrical power demand, the power manager310may cause one or more of the generator units320to output electrical power and cause the storage unit322to receive and store the electrical power. The charging of the storage unit322increases the load on the operating generator units320, thereby causing the operating generator units320to operate at higher efficiency. Such operations of the generator units320and the storage unit322may be caused by the power manager310based on the drilling plan252. For example, when the power manager310determines that a time period (or stage) of lower power demand (e.g., average or intermittent) is coming up in the near future, then the power manager310may turn off a generator unit320or increase load on the generator unit320via the storage unit322at a substantially (or mostly) exact time at which the time of lower power demand starts, because such time is indicated in the drilling plan252. When the power manager310determines that a time period of lower power demand is coming up in the near future, then the power manager310may turn off most or each generator unit320and turn on or maintain operation of the power grid321, the storage unit322, the regen unit323, and/or the solar power unit324, or other power source325(e.g., a wind turbine) at a substantially exact time at which the time of lower power demand starts based on the drilling plan252. Conversely, when the power manager310determines that a time period of higher power demand (e.g., average or intermittent) is coming up in the near future, then the power manager310may turn on a generator unit320a predetermined amount of time (e.g., a few minutes) before the period of higher power demand starts, thus permitting that generator unit320to properly warm-up. The starting time of the period of higher power demand is known because such time is indicated in the drilling plan252. Furthermore, when the power manager310determines that a period of higher power demand (e.g., average or intermittent) is coming up in the near future, then the power manager310may cause the storage unit322to stop charging and output electrical power to the bus318at a substantially exact time the period of higher power demand starts. Also, when the power manager310determines that a time period of intermittent higher power demand, but relatively low average power demand (e.g., the drill string tripping operations), is coming up in the near future, the power manager310may cause the storage unit322to store electrical energy to meet such electrical power demand. For example, the power manager310may cause the storage unit322to increase the electrical load of the currently operating generator units320or the power manager may turn on an additional generator unit320, the regen unit323, and/or the solar power unit324, whereby electrical power generated in excess of current electrical power demand can stored by the storage unit322for use during the time period of intermittent high power demand. When the high power demand period is over, the power manager310may operate or utilize the energy storage unit322as a load to help maintain a more steady-state power load demand on the generator units320. The power manager310may be further operable to optimize electrical power limit process (i.e., anti-blackout process) and/or provide advance warning for or otherwise determine when electrical load demand will exceed electrical power that is available from the power equipment320-325, based on the drilling plan252. When the power manager310is in the minimum pollution mode of operation, the minimum fuel consumption mode of operation, the maximum operational life mode of operation, or the hybrid mode of operation, the power manager310may also or instead cause the storage unit322output more electrical power to the bus318when the generator units320that are about to experience and/or are experiencing a high transient load (i.e., heavy block load or unload) based on the drilling plan252. A high transient load can cause the engine of the generator unit320to significantly increase power output to accelerate the electrical generator of the generator unit320to ramp up electrical power output, such as based on sensor data from the electrical power bus sensor319. During such high transient load, fuel is injected into the engine and burned at relatively high rates, resulting in relatively high output rates of exhaust emissions and unburnt fuel. During such high transient load, the engine and various other mechanical components (e.g., gears, shafts, belts) of a generator unit320experience high rates of wear caused by high levels and/or sudden changes in torque, backlash, and impacts experienced during high rates of acceleration of the engine. High rates of engine acceleration can also result in overshoot of engine speed and electrical power output, mandating the engine to slow down to a steady-state speed associated with the intended electrical power output, which causes further engine wear and efficiency. Likewise, during high transient unloading of the generator unit320, the engine power output is suddenly decreased (e.g., by reducing fuel flow) to decelerate the engine, thereby permitting the speed of the generator unit to decrease. However, when the electrical power output of the generator unit320reaches its intended level, the engine again accelerates at a high rate to maintain a steady-state speed and the associated electrical power output. Such repetitive heavy loading and unloading of the generator units320causes high rates of mechanical wear to the generator units320. Therefore, during a high transient load, the power manager310may cause the storage unit322to output more electrical power to the bus318, such that the generator units320experience a gradual increase in load (i.e., a soft load). The power manager310may cause the storage unit322to output more electrical power to the bus318before or substantially at the same time as the generator units320that are experiencing the high transient load, based on the drilling plan252. Outputting more electrical power into the bus318by the storage unit322reduces the rate of load increase (i.e., soft loading) to the generator units320, causing the generator units320to ramp up output of electrical power slowly, thereby burning less fuel and reducing output rates of exhaust emissions and unburnt fuel. Soft loading the generator units320prevents or inhibits high acceleration rates and overshooting the intended speed and electrical power production of the generator units320, thereby reducing rates of mechanical wear of the generator units320. During this mode of operation, the power manager310may continuously monitor the output from the generator units320and the storage unit322, and continuously adjust power output of each in an attempt to maintain a constant power output from the generator units320such that the generator units320can operate in a load leveling mode, such as when electrical power output of the generator units320remains constant throughout transient periods, such as during tripping. When the power manager310is in the minimum pollution mode of operation or the hybrid mode of operation, the power manager310may be operable to monitor and control operations of the generator units320based further on sensor data output by the exhaust sensors340indicative of properties of the exhaust emissions output by the engine of each generator unit320. For example, when the power manager310determines that higher quantities or proportions of particulate material and/or gases are present in the engine exhaust, the power manager310may turn off the generator unit320or increase load on the generator unit320via the storage unit322. The power manager310may be operable to monitor operations of the generator units320and control (e.g., adjust) operation of a hydrogen source325to optimize operations of the generator units320by selectively injecting hydrogen into the engines of the generator units320. The benefits of introduction of hydrogen into the engines is weighted against the effects of hydrogen embrittlement, which is a loss of ductility and reduction of load bearing capability of metal due to the absorption of hydrogen atoms or molecules by the metal. Therefore, the power manager310may cause the hydrogen source325to inject hydrogen into the engines of the generator units320on a limited basis, such as when hydrogen improves efficiency and/or reduces exhaust emissions. The power manager310may monitor power output by the engines of the generator units320and change the flow rate of hydrogen into the engines based on the measured power output and/or fuel efficiency. The power manager310may maintain the flow rate of hydrogen at a level resulting in the highest or otherwise optimal power output (e.g., when more engine torque is needed) and/or at a level resulting in the highest or otherwise optimal fuel efficiency (e.g., when steady-state electrical power output is attained). The power manager310may also or instead cause the hydrogen source325to inject hydrogen into the engine of one or more of the generator units320that are about to experience a high transient load based on information in the well construction plan252indicative of upcoming operations. Injecting hydrogen into the engine that is experiencing a high transient load improves burning of the fuel and/or reduces the flow rate of fuel into the engine and, thus, reduces output rates of exhaust emissions and unburnt fuel. The power manager310may be operable to monitor and control operation of the hydrogen source325based further on sensor data output by the exhaust sensors340. For example, the power manager310may monitor levels of exhaust emissions within the exhaust of the engines and change the flow rate of hydrogen into the engines based on the measured levels of exhaust emissions. When the power manager310determines that higher quantities or proportions of exhaust emissions are present in the engine exhaust, the power manager310may increase the flow rate of hydrogen into the engines to enhance combustion and, thus, reduce output of the exhaust emissions. The power manager310may maintain the flow rate of hydrogen at a level resulting in minimum output of the exhaust emissions. When the power manager310is in the minimum pollution mode of operation, the maximum operational life mode of operation, or the hybrid mode of operation, the power manager310may be further operable to output control data to the electrical power grid321to electrically connect the electrical power grid321to the bus318to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment316and/or to supply electrical power to the storage unit322to be stored for later use. The power manager310may determine whether to direct the electrical power from the electrical power grid321to the bus318for use by the well construction equipment316and/or for storage by the storage unit322based on the power grid data stored on the data storage device354. As described above, the power grid data may comprise current cost (i.e., price) of the electrical power supplied by the electrical utility company to or via the electrical power grid321. Thus, when the cost of electrical power from the electrical power grid321is less than the cost of operating the generator units320(e.g., fuel and maintenance costs), the regen unit323, the solar power unit324, and/or the hydrogen source325, then the power manager310may direct the electrical power from the electrical power grid321to the bus318for use by the well construction equipment316. The power manager310may also cause the storage unit322to receive electrical power from the electrical power grid321via the bus318and store the electrical power for later use. The power manager310may be further operable to direct the electrical power from the electrical power grid321to the bus318for use by the well construction equipment316when the generator units320and the storage unit322are not collectively operable to supply sufficient electrical power to the well construction equipment316to perform the well construction operations, regardless of cost of electrical power from the electrical power grid321. Such scenario may be caused by an unforeseen or otherwise unplanned event, such as an unforeseen drilling event mandating additional flow rate of drilling fluid or fast withdraw of the drill string120from the wellbore102. Such scenario may also or instead be caused by an unforeseen breakdown in one or more of the generator units320, the storage unit322, the regen unit323, and/or the solar power unit324, mandating such piece of equipment to be taken offline for maintenance. When the power manager310is in the minimum pollution mode of operation or the hybrid mode of operation, the power manager310may also or instead determine whether to direct electrical power from the electrical power grid321to power the well construction equipment316and/or to the storage unit322for storage based on the current amount of exhaust emissions discharged by the engines of the generator units320. Thus, when the generator units320are producing high quantities of exhaust emissions, then the power manager310may direct the electrical power from the electrical power grid321to the bus318for use by the well construction equipment316and/or for storage by the storage unit322. Regardless of whether the power manager310is in the minimum pollution mode of operation, the minimum fuel consumption mode of operation, the maximum operational life mode of operation, or the hybrid mode of operation, the power manager310may be further operable to change, adjust, or otherwise control operation of the well construction equipment316when electrical power demand of the well construction equipment316exceeds available power from the power equipment320-325. Such operation, which may be referred to as an anti-blackout protection, is configured to prevent overload of the bus318or other electric circuitry of the well construction system. Such scenario may happen, for example, when sufficient electrical power is not available from the electrical power grid321and an unplanned event takes place at the wellsite. An unplanned event may include, for example, an unforeseen drilling event mandating additional flow rate of drilling fluid or fast withdraw of the drill string120from the wellbore102. An unplanned event may also include an unforeseen breakdown in one or more of the generator units320, the electrical power grid321, the storage unit322, the regen unit323, and/or the solar power unit324, mandating such piece of equipment to be taken offline for maintenance. In response to such electrical power demand, the power manager310may slow down or otherwise adjust operations of selected pieces of the well construction equipment316, such as the drawworks118, the top drive116, the pumps144, and various pipe handling equipment collectively operable to move tubulars during the well construction operations. The power manager310may also or instead turn off predetermined operations of the well construction system300, such as well construction equipment316not essential to performing the well construction operations. The power manager310may control operations of the well construction equipment316directly or via the control process250. In view of the entirety of the present disclosure, including the figures and the claims, a person having ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that the present disclosure introduces a system comprising: well construction equipment operable to perform well construction operations to construct a well; power equipment electrically connected to the well construction equipment, wherein the power equipment is operable to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment to permit the well construction equipment to perform the well construction operations; a plurality of power equipment sensors operable to output power equipment sensor data indicative of operational status of the power equipment; an HMI usable by a human user to enter a plurality of power management settings; and a power manager communicatively connected with the power equipment, the power equipment sensors, and the HMI. The power manager comprises a processor and a memory storing a computer program code that, when executed by the processor, causes the power manager to: receive the power equipment sensor data; receive the power management settings, wherein each power management setting is associated with a corresponding mode of operation of the power manager; for each power management setting, change the mode of operation of the power manager to the mode of operation associated with that power management setting; and for each mode of operation, cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a predetermined manner with respect to that mode of operation. An instance of the modes of operation may be or comprise a minimum pollution mode of operation, wherein when the power manager is in the minimum pollution mode of operation, the computer program code, when executed by the processor, may cause the power manager to cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a manner that minimizes emission rate of pollutants by the power equipment. An instance of the modes of operation may be or comprise a minimum fuel consumption mode of operation, wherein when the power manager is in the minimum fuel consumption mode of operation, the computer program code, when executed by the processor, may cause the power manager to cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a manner that minimizes consumption rate of fuel by the power equipment. An instance of the modes of operation may be or comprise a maximum operational life mode of operation, wherein when the power manager is in the maximum operational life mode of operation, the computer program code, when executed by the processor, may cause the power manager to cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a manner that maximizes operational life of the power equipment. When the power manager is in a first instance of the modes of operation, the computer program code, when executed by the processor, may cause the power manager to cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a manner that minimizes emission rate of pollutants by the power equipment. When the power manager is in a second instance of the modes of operation, the computer program code, when executed by the processor, may cause the power manager to cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a manner that minimizes consumption rate of fuel by the power equipment. When the power manager is in a third instance of the modes of operation, the computer program code, when executed by the processor, may cause the power manager to cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a manner that maximizes operational life of the power equipment. An instance of the modes of operation may be or comprise a hybrid mode of operation, wherein when the power manager is in the hybrid mode of operation, the computer program code, when executed by the processor, may cause the power manager to cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a manner that: minimizes emission rate of pollutants by the power equipment; minimizes consumption rate of fuel by the power equipment; and maximizes operational life of the power equipment. The power equipment may comprise: (A) an electric generator unit having: (i) an electric generator operable to generate electrical power; and (ii) an internal combustion engine operatively connected to and operable to actuate the electric generator; and (B) an electrical energy storage unit electrically connected to and operable to store the electrical power generated by the electric generator. The present disclosure also introduces an apparatus comprising a power manager installable in association with a well construction rig, wherein the well construction rig comprises: well construction equipment operable to perform well construction operations to construct a well; power equipment electrically connected to the well construction equipment, wherein the power equipment is operable to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment to permit the well construction equipment to perform the well construction operations; and a plurality of power equipment sensors associated with the power equipment and operable to output power equipment sensor data indicative of operational status of the power equipment. The power manager is communicatively connectable with the power equipment and the power equipment sensors. The power manager comprises a processor and a memory storing a computer program code that, when executed by the processor, causes the power manager to: receive the power equipment sensor data; receive power management settings entered by a human user via an HMI, wherein each power management setting is associated with a corresponding mode of operation of the power manager; for each power management setting, change the mode of operation of the power manager to the mode of operation associated with that power management setting; and for each mode of operation, cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a predetermined manner with respect to that mode of operation. An instance of the modes of operation may be or comprise a minimum pollution mode of operation, wherein when the power manager is in the minimum pollution mode of operation, the computer program code, when executed by the processor, may cause the power manager to cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a manner that minimizes emission rate of pollutants by the power equipment. The modes of operation may be or comprise a plurality of minimum pollution modes of operation, each minimum pollution mode of operation may be associated with a corresponding pollutant emitted by the power equipment, and for each minimum pollutant mode of operation, the computer program code, when executed by the processor, may cause the power manager to cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a manner that minimizes emission rate of the gas associated with that minimum pollutant mode of operation. An instance of the modes of operation may be or comprise a minimum fuel consumption mode of operation, wherein when the power manager is in the minimum fuel consumption mode of operation, the computer program code, when executed by the processor, may cause the power manager to cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a manner that minimizes consumption rate of fuel by the power equipment. An instance of the modes of operation may be or comprise a maximum operational life mode of operation, wherein when the power manager is in the maximum operational life mode of operation, the computer program code, when executed by the processor, may cause the power manager to cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a manner that maximizes operational life of the power equipment. When the power manager is in a first instance of the modes of operation, the computer program code, when executed by the processor, may cause the power manager to cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a manner that minimizes emission rate of pollutants by the power equipment. When the power manager is in a second instance of the modes of operation, the computer program code, when executed by the processor, may cause the power manager to cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a manner that minimizes consumption rate of fuel by the power equipment. When the power manager is in a third instance of the modes of operation, the computer program code, when executed by the processor, may cause the power manager to cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a manner that maximizes operational life of the power equipment. An instance of the modes of operation may be or comprise a hybrid mode of operation, wherein when the power manager is in the hybrid mode of operation, the computer program code, when executed by the processor, may cause the power manager to cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a manner that: minimizes emission rate of pollutants by the power equipment; minimizes consumption rate of fuel by the power equipment; and maximizes operational life of the power equipment. The present disclosure also introduces a method comprising initiating operation of a power manager at a well construction rig, wherein the well construction rig comprises well construction equipment, power equipment electrically connected to the well construction equipment, and a plurality of power equipment sensors operable to output sensor data indicative of operational status of the power equipment, and wherein the operating power manager: receives the power equipment sensor data; receives power management settings entered via an HMI, wherein each power management setting is associated with a corresponding mode of operation of the power manager; for each power management setting, changes the mode of operation of the power manager to the mode of operation associated with that power management setting; and for each mode of operation, causes the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a predetermined manner with respect to that mode of operation. An instance of the modes of operation may be or comprise a minimum pollution mode of operation, wherein when the power manager is in the minimum pollution mode of operation, the operating power manager may cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a manner that minimizes emission rate of pollutants by the power equipment. An instance of the modes of operation may be or comprise a minimum fuel consumption mode of operation, wherein when the power manager is in the minimum fuel consumption mode of operation, the operating power manager may cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a manner that minimizes consumption rate of fuel by the power equipment. An instance of the modes of operation may be or comprise a maximum operational life mode of operation, wherein when the power manager is in the maximum operational life mode of operation, the operating power manager may cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a manner that maximizes operational life of the power equipment. When the power manager is in a first instance of the modes of operation, the operating power manager may cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a manner that minimizes emission rate of pollutants by the power equipment. When the power manager is in a second instance of the modes of operation, the operating power manager may cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a manner that minimizes consumption rate of fuel by the power equipment. When the power manager is in a third instance of the modes of operation, the operating power manager may cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a manner that maximizes operational life of the power equipment. An instance of the modes of operation may be or comprise a hybrid mode of operation, wherein when the power manager is in the hybrid mode of operation, the operating power manager may cause the power equipment to supply electrical power to the well construction equipment in a manner that: minimizes emission rate of pollutants by the power equipment; minimizes consumption rate of fuel by the power equipment; and maximizes operational life of the power equipment. The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that a person having ordinary skill in the art may better understand the aspects of the present disclosure. A person having ordinary skill in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifying other processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/or achieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein. A person having ordinary skill in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the scope of the present disclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. The Abstract at the end of this disclosure is provided to permit the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. | 196,858 |
11942782 | DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS In illustrative embodiments, an aggregated distributed energy resources system (“DERs system” as noted above), such as a microgrid, a group of microgrids, and/or a larger grid, distributes intelligence between some or all of its assets to more efficiently manage power generation, use, and/or distribution. To that end, a DERs system configured in this manner may operate using a system-level cost function that is managed at the asset level. Specifically, each asset has an independent cost function that it and/or an asset manager (discussed below) maintains. Among other ways, some embodiments may implement such a system with a central controller in a manner that dynamically and more efficiently updates the system-level cost function. Accordingly, the day-to-day operation of the DERs system typically should be more efficient and responsive than known prior art techniques, while at the same time being less cumbersome to manage. Details of illustrative embodiments are discussed below. FIG.1schematically shows an exemplary DERs system implemented in accordance with illustrative embodiments of the invention. The DERs system includes an electrical power network that interconnects the loads and DERs, including cables, transformers, switches, etc. Furthermore, the DERs system may include a grid connection. Among other ways, this DERs system may be implemented as a microgrid that connects with a larger grid (“Utility” inFIG.1) through a central controller12/SCADA device12; i.e., a supervisory control and data acquisition device. For simplicity, this description discusses various microgrid embodiments, although those skilled in the art should understand that various embodiments apply to other grid structures beyond microgrids. Accordingly, discussion of a microgrid is by example only and thus, not intended to limit various DERs system embodiments. Generically, the microgrid ofFIG.1is a grid entity capable of generating, storing, and/or distributing electrical energy and thus, also is identified by reference number10. The microgrid10ofFIG.1may supply energy for a specific purpose, such as to a prescribed business (e.g., a power-hungry data center), a neighborhood, or for distribution to remote consumers via a larger power grid. As known by those in the art and defined by the US Department of Energy, a microgrid may be a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the larger grid. In a microgrid implementation of a DERs system, a microgrid can connect and disconnect from the larger grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island-mode. Accordingly, the microgrid10ofFIG.1has a plurality of assets14connected by conventional interconnect techniques, such as with cables and other peripheral equipment (e.g., transformers). As also known by those in the art, an asset14can be a load or a distributed energy resource. Specifically, a device that transforms electricity into different types of energy may be considered a load. Exemplary loads often found in microgrids may include motors, pumps, HVACs, and illumination systems. Conversely, storage (e.g., batteries, flywheels, etc.) and generation devices (e.g., solar panels, wind turbines, diesel generators, gas turbine generators, etc.) may be considered distributed energy resources.FIG.1schematically shows several of these different types of assets14. As noted above, however, the DERs system ofFIG.1may be configured to have many of the functions of a microgrid, but not meet the precise definition of the US Department of Energy. For example, the DERs system ofFIG.1may operate in a manner that does not necessarily operate as in island mode, while also having many corresponding functions to those of a microgrid. For example, the DERs system may include a feeder in a distribution network that has dozens or hundreds of assets14. In accordance with illustrative embodiments, each asset14in the microgrid10ofFIG.1has a dedicated asset manager16to manage and control at least portions of its operation within the network. Assets14having asset managers16thus may be referred to as “controllable assets14.” As such, the asset managers16effectively may be considered to form a distributed intelligent network that can be controlled and used by the central controller12. The asset managers16ofFIG.1are co-located with and connected to assets14, and can perform one or more of the following functions:1) control the asset's output, such as its real and reactive power output, and/or output voltage and frequency;2) measure qualities of the asset14and the system (e.g., at the point where the asset14connects with the system), such as the asset's terminal voltage and frequency, operating parameters, and other variables related to the asset14itself and/or the environment; and3) communicate with other assets14or devices through a variety of known methods. In preferred embodiments, the asset managers16enable a plug-and-play solution for simple, modular deployment. As such, the asset managers16may automatically reconfigure operation as assets14are added, removed, or modified from the microgrid10. Moreover, the asset managers16also may have self-learning intelligence using machine learning and artificial intelligence technology, enabling the microgrid10to attain and preferably maintain optimal, close to optimal, or otherwise enhanced performance. When implemented with an open framework, third party software developers can add specially tailored software to the asset manager functionality to customize operation for specific customer needs. It should be noted that althoughFIG.1shows all assets14as having an asset manager16, some embodiments deploy the asset managers16for fewer than all assets14. Other embodiments deploy single asset managers16or groups of asset managers16to be shared among two of more sets of assets14. Accordingly, discussion of each asset14having a dedicated asset manager16is for convenience and not intended to limit various embodiments. Furthermore, some asset managers16may be physically located in close proximity to its asset(s)14(e.g., physically adjacent to the asset14). Other embodiments, however, may couple an asset manager16remotely from its asset. For example, some embodiments may use a cloud model and implement the asset manager16functionality on a device remote from the asset14it manages. The asset14therefore may be located in Massachusetts, while the asset manager16may be deployed in California or China. Those skilled in the art may deploy the asset manager16in a distributed manner local to the asset14, remote from the asset14, or both local/and remote to/from the asset. For example, the asset manager16may be implemented using a plurality of different, spaced apart modules around the asset14itself. As another example, the asset manager16may be implemented using a local set of one or more module(s) and a remote set of one or more module(s). Accordingly, the form factor and location of the asset manager16as being a single unit in a single housing physically adjacent to its asset14is for illustrative purposes only and not intended to limit various embodiments of the invention. The overall microgrid10has a system cost function (discussed below) used to control its operation based on a variety of factors (also discussed below). Specifically, microgrids are complex systems that require “dispatch logic” (i.e., a way to control the amount of power each asset14may consume or produce at any given time). Such dispatch logic may be configured to achieve a variety of potentially overlapping and/or conflicting goals, which may include one or more of (a) minimizing operating and fuel costs, (b) reducing carbon emissions, and (c) prolonging equipment lifetime, etc. Prior art technologies known to the inventors use one of two main ways in to produce this dispatch logic:Rules-Based Expert System: With this approach, system experts heuristically create the dispatch logic. These rules might include, for example, to charge batteries during the day when there is solar energy available, to start diesel generators when the batteries are low, or to export/import energy to a battery according to a specific market price. Though directionally correct, this approach undesirably often requires customization to each specific system and can lead to underperforming systems, especially because many edge cases are not properly managed.Centralized optimization: With this approach, a central controller executes an optimization algorithm. To do so, the central controller 1) collects information from the devices in the microgrid to create appropriate models, 2) sets up a variety of constraints, 3) solves the overall system optimization function, and then 4) obtains the dispatch logic from it. While this latter approach can result in higher performing microgrids than for the prior noted rules based expert systems, it has several drawbacks. First, this approach still requires a degree of customization (e.g., adding or removing agents changes the optimization function and its constraints). Second, the communication network has real-world limitations on how much data can be transferred (and analyzed) in real time. For example, battery assets14typically send numerous unique outputs, including real and reactive power, state of charge, temperature, voltages, etc. Meanwhile, gas turbines with CHP (combined heat and power) generally transmit their own set of outputs, real and reactive power, efficiency, water flow, water temperature, etc. The quantity and diversity of output variables can dramatically slow down the optimization algorithms, making them incapable of reaching optimized solutions rapid enough for microgrid operations. These solutions therefore highlight technical difficulties encountered in attempting to solve a difficult technical problem—efficiently managing assets14in the microgrid10to operate in a rapid, scalable, efficient, and effective manner. At a generic level, the inventors solved these technical problems by pushing cost functions to the asset managers16. Specifically, each asset manager16, which has control and a virtual and/or hard local connect to its asset14, produces, maintains, and executes a local, customized cost function for the asset14it manages. To those ends, each asset14includes a local cost function. In general, as known by those in the art, a cost function quantifies losses in a system and enables an asset14to operate at a specified operating point. To that end, a system cost function is a mathematical function constructed with variables from grid assets14(in some cases, the system as well) in such a way that obtains an operating point by minimizing or otherwise processing it. Preferably, this operating point is a peak efficiency, optimal, or desired operating point for a given system. Indeed, in illustrative embodiments, each asset manager16only has to manage the variables of the particular asset14to which it is connected. However, by aggregating the asset managers16in the microgrid10, as well as their corresponding local cost functions, the system cost function can account for all assets14. In preferred embodiments, the cost function relates asset variables together to achieve an operating point in which multiple objectives are achieved at the same time. These objectives may be on an asset14by asset14basis, or on a grid-wide basis. Depending on the system requirements, the cost functions of some or all the assets14may be used to form a grid-level cost function. Among others, those objectives may include:(1) Power Rating: Assets14respond according to their power capacity (i.e., larger assets14provide more power with everything else being equal). This ensures larger assets take a larger part of the load(2) Long Term Effects: Each asset manager16uses real data to consider the long-term effects on its own asset of any action when deciding how to operate.(3) Efficiency: Asset losses are minimized by taking into account the asset's efficiency.(4) Opportunity Cost: Assets14account for expected conditions in the future to adjust its present behavior by tuning some parameters specific to maximize a local profit function.(5) Response Limitations: Each asset manager16considers its asset's own output response limitations when deciding how to operate so that the resulting planned output power is feasible. Accordingly, in preferred embodiments, the local cost functions are formed with information relating to one or more of objectives 1-5 above. For example, some embodiments may include objectives 1-3, 2-5, 3-4, 1-2, and 4, 1 and 3-4, or other combination of 2 or more objectives. Accordingly, in preferred embodiments, the local cost functions are formed with information relating to one or more of objectives 1-4 above. For example, some embodiments may include objectives 1-3, 2-4, 3-4, 1, -2, and 4, 1 and 3-4, or other combination of 2 or more objectives. The operating point that results from accounting for all of these objectives is referred to herein as the “optimal” operating point. As suggested above, other embodiments may not tune the parameters and variables to the optimal operating point and instead, account for fewer than all of these objectives. FIG.2schematically shows one of the asset managers16ofFIG.1configured in accordance with illustrative embodiments of the invention. As shown, the asset manager16ofFIG.2has a plurality of components that together perform some of its functions. Each of these components is operatively connected by any conventional interconnect mechanism.FIG.2simply shows a bus communicating each the components. Those skilled in the art should understand that this generalized representation can be modified to include other conventional direct or indirect connections. Accordingly, discussion of a bus is not intended to limit various embodiments. Indeed, it should be noted thatFIG.2only schematically shows each of these components. Those skilled in the art should understand that each of these components can be implemented in a variety of conventional manners, such as by using hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software, across one or more other functional components. For example, the controller18(discussed below) may be implemented using a plurality of microprocessors executing firmware. As another example, the controller18may be implemented using one or more application specific integrated circuits (i.e., “ASICs”) and related software, or a combination of ASICs, discrete electronic components (e.g., transistors), and microprocessors. Accordingly, the representation of the controller18and other components in a single box ofFIG.2is for simplicity purposes only. In fact, in some embodiments, the controller18ofFIG.2is distributed across a plurality of different machines—not necessarily within the same housing or chassis. It should be reiterated that the representation ofFIG.2is a significantly simplified representation of an actual asset manager16. Those skilled in the art should understand that such a device may have many other physical and functional components, such as central processing units, communication modules, protocol translators, sensors, meters, etc. Accordingly, this discussion is in no way intended to suggest thatFIG.2represents all of the elements of an asset manager16. The asset manager16thus includes the noted controller18configured to, among other things, use local cost functions to manage operation of its asset14, and determine an operating point. The asset manager16also includes memory24for storing asset data, an interface20to communicate with the asset14and other devices, and a function generator22configured to produce a local cost function. Although the interface20may communicate with the asset14using a protocol that may be proprietary to its assigned asset14, it preferably also communicates with the central controller12and/or other asset managers16using a communication protocol common to the microgrid10. Each of these components and other components cooperate to perform the various discussed functions. Accordingly, illustrative embodiments implement a decentralized dispatch approach. For effective operation, the cost function is minimized (e.g., using a Lagrange multiplier) and, by way of example, may be represented as follows: minPJ(P,x,Θ)(1)s.t.∑iPi-PDwhere J is the cost function,P is a vector of the output of all controllable assets14,PDthe “demanded power”,x is all the assets14states relevant to the cost function, andΘ (theta) are external parameters relevant to the cost function. As noted, in some embodiment implementing a decentralized dispatch approach, the “dual-decomposition” method may be used to allow the system cost function to be written as a combination of the cost functions for individual assets14. In some embodiments, the optimization is framed as a “broadcast” and “gather” procedure, where a “master” device (e.g., the central controller12or asset manager16of one of the assets14) is only required to perform a simple calculation. The bulk of the optimization is performed by each asset manager16in the DERs system10and/or the asset14itself. The decentralized approach may be considered a “virtual market” in which a signal generated in a coordinated DERs system acts as a “price signal”, that increases in value when there is more demand than supply of energy, and decreases when there is more supply than demand, and it is used by the asset managers16to determine the asset response of their own assets14. The asset response is the determination of the real and reactive power outputs of the asset obtained by minimizing a cost function of a plurality of its variables with respect to power. Illustratively, at least one of the following may be used to make the virtual market function efficient, accurate, and generic:I. One or more techniques implement the market without detailed knowledge of loads and renewable generation,II. One or more techniques extend the framework to other energy types,III. One or more techniques automatically construct a cost function in the assets14,IV. One or more techniques incorporate assets14with discontinuous power output or consumption, andV. One or more techniques extend the virtual market concept to multiple DERs systems. Each of the above as implemented in various embodiments and is explained further in the corresponding sections that follow. I) Implement the Market without Detailed Knowledge of Loads and Renewable Generation. One drawback of many optimization techniques known to the inventors is that they typically require knowledge of the power consumed by the loads and generated by all sources at all times to determine the value of the demanded power PDin Eq. 1. This is often hard to achieve because it requires many technical challenges, such as monitoring points, causing an increase in the cost and complexity of the system, as well as making it more prone to failure. The inventors recognized, however, that even without knowledge of the exact load and renewable generation:1) when a microgrid10is connected to the grid, only one power flow monitoring point is required to fully implement the virtual market and2) when the microgrid10is off-grid, no additional monitoring points are required at all. The following analysis of each use case is presented: Grid-Connected Systems: As shown inFIG.3A, all assets calculate their optimal power output (P0*), and the price signal is generated measuring the power sent to the grid and compared to the desired power to be sent to the grid. If more power is sent to the grid than desired, then there is excess energy and price decreases. The opposite for when less power is sent to the grid than desired. In various embodiments the demanded power is calculated as follows: PD=∑iPi+ΔPgrid(2) where Pi is the output of a controllable asset14(which is known), and ΔPgridis the difference between the power flowing to the grid and the desired power flowing to the grid. The amount of power that is desired to flow to the grid (to achieve a particular service to the utility) is determined by the central controller12or a peer asset manager16. Illustrative embodiments only need to measure the power flowing to/from the grid to run an optimization (i.e., one monitoring point only). By reviewing this equation, the inventors recognized that information for renewable generation and for loads is not required to calculate demanded power. Off-Grid Systems, Master-Slave Control: For an off-grid system, in various embodiments, the approach used to calculate demanded power may be determined based on whether the system is in master-slave mode or droop control mode. In Master-Slave control architectures, as shown inFIG.3B, one of the controllable assets14operates as a Master (i.e., it sets the voltage and frequency) and the rest of the assets14operate as Slaves (i.e., they inject real and reactive power). The Master cannot set its output power, since it is determined by the system, and so there is an error between what the Master desired output is and real output (ΔPM). This difference is used to calculate the price signal. The demanded power is calculated as: PD=∑slavesPi+ΔPM(3) It is the sum of the power injections by the slave devices (which are known) plus ΔPM. Specifically, ΔPM=PM−PM* is the difference between the power produced by the Master source (PM) and the power that the Master source should produce (PM*). Since the Master source is a controllable asset14, the value of its output power is known. And since the asset14participates in the “virtual market” optimization (i.e., the Master source sends bids and receive prices just as any other asset14, even though it is not dispatchable), the amount of power it should produce to operate in the most optimal point is known. Therefore, no additional measuring points are needed to implement the optimization. It should be noted that the equations for grid-connected and off-grid systems are the same if the grid itself is considered to be a Master source. The difference is that the power produced by the Master in the off-grid case is automatically known, whereas the grid-connected case requires a measurement of the grid's power flow. Off-Grid Systems, Droop Control: In droop-controlled microgrids, there is no concept of Master or Slave sources because all assets14simultaneously react to changes in system loads and generation by varying individual output voltage and frequency. In such a system, all assets act like Masters, they all calculate their optimal output but cannot set it, so there is an error in all assets (ΔP0). The aggregation of all errors is used to calculate the price signal. Because of this, the sum of these differences (ΔPi) will be the demanded power by the system. PD=∑iΔPi(4) In some embodiments, the fact that the assets14are implementing a droop function is relied on to calculate the demanded power (based on the network's droop coefficients and the associated changes in voltage and frequency). For example, if the assets14are implementing a P-f droop, in some embodiments the demanded power is calculated as: PD=(f-fref)∑imp,i(5) where:f is the measured frequency,fref the nominal frequency, andMpi the Pf droop coefficient for each individual controllable asset14. Thus, as in the previous two cases, no measurement of load or renewable generation is needed to implement this equation. In addition, although other droop implementations (such as power-voltage relationships) will lead to different equations, the result is the same. II.) Include Additional Energy Types in the Optimization Framework The description above relates to optimization around the assets'14real power output Pi. However, by analyzing systems in terms of analogies, the framework described above operates as well for other energy types, including reactive power, heat, hydrogen, diesel fuel, gas, etc. The same equations described above can be used by defining a “demanded power” for virtually any energy type (e.g., reactive power or heat), calculating a price signal for it following demand and supply rules, sending the price to all asset managers and allowing them to calculate an operating point for the new energy type using a local cost function. Cost function calculation for different energy types can also make use of analogies.FIGS.4A-4Cshow three different but equivalent systems. All three tie to the power system through a specific device (e.g., inverter, VFD, power supply, etc.), referred to as a “system interactive device” (“SID”). In each system, there are also one or more power processing devices (e.g., DC/DC converter, motor, pump, electrolyzer, compressor, etc.), and finally one or more storage devices (e.g., battery, pressure tanks, etc.). In the connections between the SID, power processing devices, and storage components, there is a pair of variables that transmit the power through a medium (e.g., wires, pipes, shaft, etc.): (1) An across variable that is measured from a point in the medium and a reference (examples shown inFIGS.4A-4Care Vdc, Vac, rotational speed ω, pressure p); and (2) a through variable that is measured flowing through the medium (examples shown inFIGS.4A-4Care IdcIac, torque τ, mass flow). The efficiency associated with the SID, each power processing devices, and storage components can be calculated from the power flows at both ends of a power device, or with the input energy to a storage device. A further construction can be completed for a more detail analysis of the losses associated with a device to analyze serial losses (associated with the through variables) and parallel losses (associated with the across variables). An example of the former is the copper loss on the wires connecting a battery to an inverter or the pressure drop in a pipe, while an example of the latter is the self-discharge of batteries or leakage in pressurized hydrogen tanks.FIGS.5A-5Dshow examples of how the losses elements (serial R, parallel L) of the four asset types sources, loads, bidirectional elements and power processing. In those figures, S represents a storage reservoir and P and ideal processing device (no losses). In addition, “x” is a through variable, and “y” an across variable. The concept of price signal for energy types distinct from electricity can also be used. III.) Construct the Cost Function in the Assets14 One technical optimization challenge involves determining how to create the cost function for each asset14. As discussed above, the cost function is often a combination of pre-determined terms: 1) the power rating capability of the asset, 2) the real efficiency of the asset, which can vary depending on factors such as state of charge, temperature, etc., 3) the long-term effects of a given operation on the asset (e.g., battery degradation due to charge/discharge cycles), 4) the asset's opportunity cost (i.e., the ability of an asset to change its operation in the present time to obtain more value in the future), and 5) the response limitations of the asset. Illustrative embodiments determine these cost function terms with machine learning techniques and other means. By measuring input and output variables at each asset14over time, various embodiments can accurately calculate many different cost drivers, such as the actual efficiencies of an asset14as a function of multiple variables. For example, consider a cost function used to estimate losses within a battery. It is possible to construct an appropriate relationship of energy loss with a number of variables, and then use that function in the optimization framework. Losses, however, will likely depend on various dynamically changing properties, such as the amount of power being processed, the temperature of the battery, the temperature of the inverter, the state of charge of the battery, the grid voltage, etc. This underlying complexity historically leads to heuristic simplifications of the cost function, which undesirably can result in inaccurate estimates. The same holds true for the cost functions of other types of assets14, including those of diesel generators, gas turbines, hydrogen electrolyzers, thermal storage systems, etc. To mitigate these technical problems, illustrative embodiments use machine learning techniques to create and continually refine asset cost functions. The discussed decentralized microgrid10is well suited for this approach: every asset14can monitor its own variables at a higher rate, leading to higher accuracy and faster convergence. For example, a regularized least squares regression technique may be used. In some embodiments, quadratic relationships between each variable associated with asset14losses/efficiencies may be used to estimate the impact of asset14variables on cost. Two challenges may arise, however, from this approach.(a) The amount of data needed to be stored and processed is substantial and consequently, possibly impractical, and(b) The choice of variables from inputs in the learning algorithm may provide poor results if these variables do not accurately encompass key drivers of the underlying cost functions. Each of these technical problems and corresponding technical solutions is discussed immediately below. (a) The amount of data needed to be stored and processed is impractical. The use of machine learning can result in the accumulation of a large amount of data. In addition, the data might be mostly redundant. For example, various states of an asset14might stay the same for some time period (e.g., constant frequency set point), so significant amounts of data may not be worth storing. In various embodiments, one or more of the following techniques mitigate and/or resolve these technical issues:i) Define a minimum change in at least one state for the input/output pair to be stored for future processing,ii) Use of purely online learning technique for cost calculation. This is useful because only the present relevant input/output data is required to refine the cost calculation, so there is no need to store large amounts of data. A disadvantage is that this likely would be less accurate than batch algorithms,iii) Use of a combination of batch and online learning with a function determining when enough information has been gathered to perform a new regression. This technique calculates the range and variance of a set of input values and waits until they both go above a threshold.FIG.6shows a process of implementing a procedure for such a solution. The process may be performed in whole or in part by the asset manager16, its controller18, and/or another device (e.g., the central controller12). It should be noted that this process is substantially simplified from a longer process that may be used to measure the object. Accordingly, the process can have many steps that those skilled in the art likely would use. In addition, some of the steps may be performed in a different order than that shown, or at the same time. Those skilled in the art therefore can modify the process as appropriate. The process ofFIG.6begins at step600by storing a new input/output point, and then determining (step602) if the variance and range of the stored data is above a threshold. If not, the process loops back to the beginning step600. If above the threshold, however, then the process continues to step604by performing a batch regression technique, updating loss function coefficients (step606), and deleting or externally backing up stored data (step608). The process then loops back to the first step600to repeat the process. Accordingly, this process is intended to update the loss function coefficient while limiting unnecessary data storage. (b) The choice of variables for inputs into the learning algorithm will provide poor results if these variables do not accurately encompass key drivers of the underlying cost functions. Selecting the input variables for the regression technique requires knowledge of the asset14under consideration. In some embodiments, the following approach can select such set of input variables for any type of energy resource. First, energy resources are divided into the following building blocks.Sources: Their power flow is unidirectional from a reservoir (internal or external to the system) into the system. This could be the microgrid utility connection, the gas flow from the gas utility, the diesel flow from a diesel tank, etc.Loads: Their power flow is unidirectional from the system into a reservoir (including its conversion into heat or work). Lighting and HVAC systems are examples of loads.Bi-directional storage: Assets14with bi-directional power flow and thus, they can take power or return power into a reservoir. Examples include electrical batteries and thermal storage systems.Power processing: Assets14that take one form of energy and convert in a different form. Examples include inverters, heat exchangers, diesel generators, etc. Various embodiments optimize the microgrid10at least in part by first associating an asset14with a generic cost function and then improving the cost estimate over time. As an example, one might set the initial cost function for all assets14to have a constant efficiency with respect to power, only to update the function appropriately based on actual data. The same can be done for other variables in the same way.FIG.4A-4Cshow how the approach for efficiency calculation can be applied to a system of multiple energy types, andFIGS.5A-5Dshow a possible generic representation of where the losses are expected in the four asset types discussed above. In various embodiments, the system learns over time better ways to dispatch the assets14. There is no need for manual customization, and this general framework provides a powerful starting point for calculating an asset's loss or efficiency. Apart from these fundamental variables, it should be noted that illustrative embodiments also include external parameters that affect losses (ambient temperature, humidity, etc.) in the machine learning algorithms. To illustrate this,FIG.7graphically shows how efficiency can be calculated using real data to then use it in the function generator22to construct the cost function for the asset14. In various embodiments, as shown inFIG.8, the asset managers16can combine variables measured at the present time from the asset14with variables estimated for future times to calculate the cost function at future times. It is possible that the “price signal” at future times can also be given by an external device, although that is not a requirement as it can also be estimated by each asset manager16. The asset14response is calculated by minimizing a weighted sum of the cost functions at present and future times. The future times can be uniform or non-uniform and range from very fast (i.e., sub-second and seconds) to very slow (i.e., hours and days). In various embodiments, the asset managers16can change the asset14operation in the present time to obtain more value in the future. This may be achieved by accounting for future values, stored energy variables and degradation variables in the cost function. The impact of those variables on the cost function can be adjusted within a range with tunable parameters. This capability gives each asset manager16some ability to change its own asset's14cost function to try to maximize its performance. The asset's performance measure is completed on each asset independently and is given by the “revenue of the asset”, which is defined as the integral over time of the “price signal” multiplied by the optimal output power found by the minimization of the cost function. This technique can be applied in a discrete or continuous time and fosters “competition” between all the assets in the DERs system to maximize their own revenue, where each asset changes its own parameters based on its own predictions about the future. The disclosed optimization technique advantageously can be applied to various embodiments of DERs systems, such as a system of individual microgrids10as well as individual assets14. Consider the example shown inFIG.10, where one or more microgrids10(or other system) can participate alongside one or more individual assets to form a nested system (e.g., systems inside systems) under a utility feeder. Each individual microgrid10and asset could participate (and bid) into this larger virtual market. The resulting dispatch command for the microgrids becomes the “Demanded” power within a microgrid10, which becomes an input into the internal optimization for each individual asset14. In this nested optimization scheme, in some embodiments, a new demanded power for the feeder results in a “price signal” that is send to every microgrid10and independent asset14. Each microgrid10and asset14can then adjust its output power based on their individual cost function. The construction of a cost function of a microgrid10can be determined with either a rule-based approach or a market-based system; i.e., the individual microgrids10can use the same optimization price signal procedure to dispatch their internal assets14. Accordingly, illustrative embodiments may be used to build distributed virtual markets for microgrid optimization. The optimization of microgrid operations can be improved by performing any one or more of the following, as discussed above:1. Implement the market without detailed knowledge of loads and renewable generation.2. Extend the framework to other energy types,3. Construct a cost function in the assets14,4. Incorporate assets14with uncertain or discontinuous power output or consumption.5. Extend the virtual market concept to the optimization of multiple microgrids10. Accordingly,FIG.9Ashows a generalized process of managing a grid (e.g., a microgrid10) in accordance with illustrative embodiments of the invention. In a manner similar toFIG.6, this process may be performed in whole or in part by one or more of the asset managers16, and/or other device(s) (e.g., the central controller12). It should be noted that this process is substantially simplified from a longer process, and details of various implementations are discussed above. The process therefore can have many steps that those skilled in the art likely would use. In addition, some of the steps may be performed in a different order than that shown, or at the same time. Those skilled in the art therefore can modify the process as appropriate. The process begins at step900, in which each asset manager16interrogates its assigned asset14. To that end, the controller18of each asset manager16may simply receive, via its interface20, real time and non-real time operational data from its asset14, and information related to its asset14(e.g., temperature local to the asset14). In addition, the controller18may forward signals to the asset14to determine other information about the asset14, such as its reaction to certain stimuli, and information requiring requests for access. For example, as noted above, the cost function of one or more of the assets14may include at least a portion relating to response limitations of the asset14relative to a function of the asset14. Among other things, such a response limitation may include the maximum amount of power the asset14may produce. Thus, the controller18may command its asset14, via the interface20, to produce a given response with response data from the given asset14, and then measure the response data from the asset14. The asset managers16may store and retrieve relevant information in its memory24, which may include one or both of long-term and short-term data storage. Illustrative embodiments may interrogate using other techniques. As a second example, a given asset14may have an asset efficiency at a given operating point, and that asset14may have a cost function that is inversely proportional to its efficiency at the given operating point. Thus, the controller18may provide commands to the given asset14to produce a response with response data from the given asset14and measure the response data. The controller18may use that measured response data to calculate efficiency as a function of multiple variables. The function generator22then may use the calculated efficiency to produce the local cost function of the given asset14(e.g., during below discussed step902). As a third example, the controller18may receive, via the interface20, operating data from a given asset14, and use the operating data to determine given asset response time. The desired result of the cost function minimization is the optimal output powers at present and in future times (P*); and since, assets14might not always react immediately to a command, usually taking some time to start (while staying in its current output power) and then ramping to the new value (ramp rate), the optimal output (P*) must be adjusted to the shape given by the response limitations. In this method, the “response limitations shape” must shift to the left continuously to account for the fact that the command was sent. In some cases, an asset might decide to avoid sending any other command until the “response limitation shape” has been shifted completely out to the left. The “response limitations shape” might not be known a priori, but the asset manager16can learn it over time. Illustrative embodiments may use two methods to account the response limitations: (1) Find the optimal response as if there were no limitations and then force them afterwards, or (2) solve the optimization of the cost function as a constrained problem. As a fourth example, the controller18may receive, via the interface20, operating data from a given asset14, and use the operating data along with the expected price signal in the future to determine the ideal turn-on and turn-off conditions and times of the asset14, as shown inFIG.11(discussed below). Assets can be on or off, and some might take a significant amount of time to change their state, making the decision of when to turn-on and off an impactful one. Asset managers16can define and use turn-on and turn-off threshold curves and compare them with the expected price signal, to determine when a start or stop command should be sent to the asset. Consider the case when an asset is off: If the “turn-on threshold curve” intersects the “expected price signal” curve, an “on time” (ton) when the asset should be operational can be defined. The start signal must be sent if “ton” is less than the “turn-on time” of the device. The exact same procedure can be done to determine when to stop an asset. The turn-on and turn-off threshold curves should be different to give the on and off conditions some hysteresis and can be modified depending on the asset conditions (e.g., state of charge, fuel level, etc.). As with the response limitations, the turn-on and turn-off times of an asset14might not be known a priori but can be learned by the corresponding asset manager16over time. As yet a fifth example, the controller18may receive, via the interface20, operating data from a given asset14, and use the operating data to extend the concept of turn-on/turn-off conditions and apply threshold curves to assets that have discrete power levels, as shown inFIG.12(discussed below). There must be a level on and level off threshold curve to provide a hysteresis to the response an avoid oscillations. Thus, using the information from the memory24and/or controller18of step900(among other information), the function generator22generates a local cost function for the given asset14as discussed above (step902). Moreover, each asset manager may determine, using the local cost function, an operating point for the given asset, and then use the determined operating point for the given asset to manage operation of the given asset in the DERs system. Using the plurality of local cost functions, step904then produces a system cost function. As also discussed above, the central controller12may complete this step and communicate with the asset managers16via their interfaces20. Finally, at step906, an asset manager16and/or the central controller12may manage energy generation and/or distribution in the microgrid10using the system cost function. As discussed above, management preferably is dynamically controlled based on changing conditions in the microgrid10and assets14, which can dynamically change the local cost functions—consequently dynamically changing the system cost function. Accordingly, compared to centralized prior art management schemes discussed above, managing the microgrid10in this local and distributed manner enables the local asset managers to more rapidly and efficiently generate their local cost functions, which can be more easily integrated into the system cost function. FIG.9Bshows a more specific process of managing a grid in accordance with illustrative embodiments of the invention. In a manner similar toFIGS.6and9A, this process may be performed in whole or in part by one or more of the asset managers16, and/or other device(s) (e.g., the central controller12). It should be noted that this process is substantially simplified from a longer process, and details of various implementations are discussed above. The process therefore can have many steps that those skilled in the art likely would use. In addition, some of the steps may be performed in a different order than that shown, or at the same time. Those skilled in the art therefore can modify the process as appropriate. The process begins at step910, which defines grid-level/system-level objectives, and then reads grid-level/system level power flows (step912). Next, the process produces price signals (step914) and then, at step916, shares price signals among all. The process then monitors and/or interrogates the asset at step918, and produces the cost function at step920. The process then calculates the operation/operating point for each controllable asset at step922, and concludes by managing energy distribution at step924. FIG.13graphically shows an example of using limited tunable parameters to adjust the cost function at each asset independently. As such, some embodiments use limited tunable parameters to adjust the cost function at each asset independently. To that end, “opportunity cost” refers to the ability of an asset to change its operation in the present time to obtain more value in the future. This may be achieved by accounting for future values, stored energy variables, and degradation variables in the cost function. The impact of those variables on the cost function can be adjusted within a range with tunable parameters. Accordingly, this concept gives each asset some ability to change its cost function in an effort to maximize performance. The performance measure preferably is completed at each asset independently, and is given by the “Revenue” of the asset. “Revenue” may be calculated as the integral over time of the price signal multiplied by the optimal output power found by the minimization of the cost function. It can be completed either in discrete or continuous time. This concept opens up a “competition” between assets attempting to maximize their own Revenue, with each changing its own parameters based on its own predictions about the future. FIG.14graphically shows an example of accounting for the asset's response limitations to determine the asset optimal response and using real data to tune the response limitations parameters over time. The result of the cost function minimization is the optimal output powers at present and in the future times (P*). Assets typically do not react immediately to a command, but usually take some time to start (while it stays in its current output power) and then ramp to the new value (ramp rate). The optimal output (P*) preferably is adjusted to the shape given by the response limitations. Note that the “response limitations shape” has to shift to the left continuously to account for the fact that the command was sent. An asset might decide to avoid sending any other command until the “response limitation shape” has been shifted completely out to the left. Also note that the “response limitations shape” might not be known a priori, but the asset manager can learn it over time. Various embodiments may use two ways to account for the response limitations:Option 1: Find the optimal response as if there were no limitations and then force them afterwards, orOption 2: Solve the optimization of the cost function as a constrained problem. FIG.11, noted above, graphically shows an example of using real data to learn the turn-on, turn-off times of the assets, and leveraging those to define the optimal turn-on and turn-off conditions. Specifically, assets can be on or off, and some of them take a significant amount of time to change its state, making the decision of when to turn-on and off important. For example, a gas turbine might take 3-4 minutes to be ready to export power. Illustrative embodiments may use turn-on and turn-off threshold curves and compare them with the expected price signal to determine when the start or stop signal should be sent to the asset. As an example, consider the case when an asset is off: If the “turn-on threshold curve” intersects the “expected price signal” curve, an “on time” (ton) or can be defined. That is when the asset should be operational. The start signal will be sent if “ton” is less than the “turn-on time” of the device. The same procedure may be completed to determine when to stop an asset. The turn-on and turn-off threshold curves should be different to give the on and off conditions some hysteresis. Moreover, the threshold curves can be modified depending on the asset conditions (for example, state of charge, fuel level, etc.). As with the response limitations, the turn-on and turn-off times might not be known a priori, but can be learned by the asset manager16. FIG.12, noted above, graphically shows an example of defining level threshold curves and using those to change the output power of an asset within discrete power levels. Specifically, illustrative embodiments extend the concept of turn-on/turn-off conditions by applying the same idea of threshold curves to assets that have discrete power levels. The concept is similar as the turn-on/turn-off. Preferably, a level on and level off threshold curve provide a hysteresis to the response and avoid oscillations. FIGS.3A-3C, mentioned above, schematically show the different types of use cases for microgrid control: Grid connected, off-grid (Master-Slave), and off-grid (Droop). This concept illustratively applies for actual microgrids only. The typical implementation may include grid-connected, where all assets calculate their optimal power output (P0*), and the price signal is generated measuring the power sent to the grid and compared to the desired power to be sent to the grid. If more power is sent to the grid than desired, then there is excess energy and price decreases. The opposite for when less power is sent to the grid than desired. In Master-Slave, all assets14(including Master) calculate their optimal output. The Master cannot set its output power (this is determined by the system), and so there is an error between the Master desired output and real output (ΔPM). This difference is used to calculate the price signal. In droop, all assets14act like Masters. In addition, all assets14calculate their optimal output but cannot set it, so there is an error in all assets (ΔP0). The aggregation of all errors is used to calculate the price signal. In the context of distributed asset managers16, the above approach may be advantageous because of the way distributed asset managers16preferably are sited in front of microgrid assets14, or simply assigned to control specific microgrid assets14, and are able to collect data, process data, and dispatch assets14in real time. Some embodiments, as noted above, further may be applied to centralized optimization approaches. Various embodiments of the invention may be implemented at least in part in any conventional computer programming language. For example, some embodiments may be implemented in a procedural programming language (e.g., “C”), or in an object-oriented programming language (e.g., “C++”). Other embodiments of the invention may be implemented as a pre-configured, stand-along hardware element and/or as preprogrammed hardware elements (e.g., application specific integrated circuits, FPGAs, and digital signal processors), or other related components. In an alternative embodiment, the disclosed apparatus and methods (e.g., see the various flow charts described above) may be implemented as a computer program product for use with a computer system. Such implementation may include a series of computer instructions fixed either on a tangible, non-transitory medium, such as a computer readable medium (e.g., a diskette, CD-ROM, ROM, or fixed disk). The series of computer instructions can embody all or part of the functionality previously described herein with respect to the system. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that such computer instructions can be written in a number of programming languages for use with many computer architectures or operating systems. Furthermore, such instructions may be stored in any memory device, such as semiconductor, magnetic, optical or other memory devices, and may be transmitted using any communications technology, such as optical, infrared, microwave, or other transmission technologies. Among other ways, such a computer program product may be distributed as a removable medium with accompanying printed or electronic documentation (e.g., shrink wrapped software), preloaded with a computer system (e.g., on system ROM or fixed disk), or distributed from a server or electronic bulletin board over the network (e.g., the Internet or World Wide Web). In fact, some embodiments may be implemented in a software-as-a-service model (“SAAS”) or cloud computing model. Of course, some embodiments of the invention may be implemented as a combination of both software (e.g., a computer program product) and hardware. Still other embodiments of the invention are implemented as entirely hardware, or entirely software. The embodiments of the invention described above are intended to be merely exemplary; numerous variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such variations and modifications are intended to be within the scope of the present invention as defined by any of the appended claims. Various innovations are listed immediately below, and those innovations may be combined to include one or more of the specified innovations: 1. An asset manager configured to control distribution of power within an aggregated distributed energy resources system (“DERs system”) having a plurality of assets, the asset manager being configured to operate with a given asset in the DERs system, the asset manager comprising:an interface configured to receive asset information relating to the given asset and to communicate with at least one other asset manager or a central controller in the DERs system;a function generator operatively coupled with the interface, the function generator configured to produce a local cost function using data relating to the given asset only, the local cost function representing a portion of a system cost function for the overall DERs system; anda controller operatively coupled with the function generator, the controller configured to determine, using the local cost function, an operating point for the given asset,the controller also being configured to use the determined operating point for the given asset to manage operation of the given asset in the DERs system. 2. The asset manager of innovation 1 wherein the interface is configured to receive one or more cost functions from other asset managers, the controller configured to forward control signals to the other asset managers to manage distribution of energy of the DERs system as a function of the local cost function and the received one or more cost functions. 3. The asset manager of innovation 1 wherein the local cost function includes at least a portion relating to opportunity cost. 4. The asset manager of innovation 3 wherein the opportunity cost comprises tunable parameters that the controller is configured to modify to improve revenue of the given asset. 5. The asset manager of innovation 1 wherein the local cost function includes at least a portion relating to response limitations of the given asset relative to a function of the given asset. 6. The asset manager of innovation 1 further comprising: the controller being configured, in response to receipt of commands to the given asset, to produce a given response with response data relating to the given asset, the controller being configured to measure the response data and calculate one or more response limitations of the given asset using the measured response data. 7. The asset manager of innovation 1 wherein the given asset has an asset efficiency at a given operating point, the local cost function being inversely proportional to the asset efficiency at the given operating point. 8. The asset manager of innovation 1 wherein the given asset has a power rating, the local cost function being inversely proportional to the power rating. 9. The asset manager of innovation 1 wherein the local cost function includes expected future conditions at non-uniform time intervals relating to the given asset. 10. The asset manager of innovation 1 wherein the controller is configured to receive operating data from the given asset, and then use the operating data to determine given asset response time and/or given asset efficiency,the function generator using the given asset response time and/or the given asset efficiency to produce the local cost function of the given asset. 11. A method of distributing power from an aggregated distributed energy resources system (“DERs system”) having a plurality of assets, the method comprising:using a plurality of asset managers to manage the assets, each asset including a local dedicated asset manager separate from the other asset managers or a central controller, each asset manager having an interface to receive asset information relating to its asset;for each asset, producing a local cost function using its local dedicated asset manager, each local dedicated asset manager producing its local cost function using data relating to its local asset only, the cost functions of the plurality of assets in the DERs system together representing a system cost function for the overall DERs system;determining, using the local cost function, an operating point for the given asset,using the determined operating point for the given asset to manage operation of the given asset in the DERs system. 12. The method of innovation 11 wherein a central agent uses the cost function for each of the plurality of assets to manage distribution of energy of the DERs system, the central agent being at least one of the asset managers. 13. The method of innovation 11 wherein each cost function is customized to each asset. 14. The method of innovation 11 wherein the cost function of each asset includes at least a portion relating to opportunity cost. 15. The method of innovation 14 wherein the opportunity cost comprises tunable parameters that its asset manager can modify to improve profit of its asset. 16. The method of innovation 11 wherein the cost function of each asset includes at least a portion relating to response limitations of the asset relative to a function of the asset. 17. The method of innovation 16 further comprising:providing commands to a given asset, using its given asset manager, to produce a given response with response data from the given asset; andmeasuring the response data,one or more response limitations of the given asset being calculated by its given asset manager using the measured response data. 18. The method of innovation 11 wherein the asset includes one or more of a load, storage device, and an energy generation device. 19. The method of innovation 11 wherein each asset has an asset efficiency at a given operating point, the cost function of each asset being inversely proportional to the asset efficiency at the given operating point. 20. The method of innovation 19 further comprising:providing commands to a given asset, using its given asset manager, to produce a given response with response data from the given asset; andmeasuring the response data,measured response data by the asset manager being used to calculate efficiency as a function of multiple variables, the calculated efficiency used to create the local cost function of the given asset. 21. The method of innovation 11 wherein each asset has a power rating, the cost function of each asset being inversely proportional to its power rating. 22. The method of innovation 11 wherein a given cost function of a given asset includes expected future conditions relating to the given asset. 23. The method of innovation 11 further comprising:receiving operating data from a given asset; andthe asset manager of the given asset using the operating data to determine given asset response time and/or given asset efficiency,said producing a local cost function comprising using the given asset response time and/or the given asset efficiency to produce the local cost function of the given asset. 24. A computer program product for use on a computer system for distributing power from an aggregated distributed energy resources system (“DERs system”) having a plurality of assets, the computer program product comprising a tangible, non-transient computer usable medium having computer readable program code thereon, the computer readable program code comprising:program code for communicating with a plurality of asset managers to manage the assets, each asset including a local dedicated asset manager separate from the other asset managers, each asset manager having an interface;program code for producing, for each asset, a local cost function using its local dedicated asset manager, each local dedicated asset manager producing its local cost function using data relating to its local asset only, the cost functions of the plurality of assets in the DERs system together representing a system grid cost function for the overall DERs system;program code for determining, using the local cost function, an operating point for the given asset; andprogram code for using the determined operating point for the given asset to manage operation of the given asset in the DERs system. 25. The computer program product of innovation 24 further comprising program code for to control a central agent to use the cost function for each of the plurality of assets to manage distribution of energy of the DERs system, the central agent being at least one of the asset managers. 26. The computer program product of innovation 24 wherein the cost function of each asset includes at least a portion relating to opportunity cost. 27. The computer program product of innovation 26 wherein the opportunity cost comprises tunable parameters that its asset manager can modify to improve profit of its asset. 28. The computer program product of innovation 24 wherein the cost function of each asset includes at least a portion relating to response limitations of the asset relative to a function of the asset. 29. The computer program product of innovation 24 further comprising:program code for providing commands to a given asset, using its given asset manager, to produce a given response with response data from the given asset; andprogram code for measuring the response data,one or more response limitations of the given asset being calculated by its given asset manager using the measured response data. 30. The computer program product of innovation 24 wherein each asset has an asset efficiency at a given operating point, the cost function of each asset being inversely proportional to the asset efficiency at the given operating point. 31. The computer program product of innovation 30 further comprising:program code for providing commands to a given asset, using its given asset manager, to produce a given response with response data from the given asset; andprogram code for measuring the response data,program code for controlling the asset manager to use measured response data to calculate efficiency as a function of multiple variables, the calculated efficiency used to create the local cost function of the given asset. 32. The computer program product of innovation 24 wherein each asset has a power rating, the cost function of each asset being inversely proportional to its power rating. 33. The computer program product of innovation 24 wherein a given cost function of a given asset includes expected future conditions relating to the given asset. 34. The computer program product of innovation 24 further comprising:program code for receiving operating data from a given asset; andprogram code for using the operating data to determine given asset response time and/or given asset efficiency,said program code for producing comprising program code for using the given asset response time and/or the given asset efficiency to produce the local cost function of the given asset. | 65,627 |
11942783 | Unless otherwise indicated, the drawings provided herein are meant to illustrate features of embodiments of this disclosure. These features are believed to be applicable in a wide variety of systems including one or more embodiments of this disclosure. As such, the drawings are not meant to include all conventional features known by those of ordinary skill in the art to be required for the practice of the embodiments disclosed herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION In the following specification and the claims, reference will be made to a number of terms, which shall be defined to have the following meanings. The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event occurs and instances where it does not. Approximating language, as used herein throughout the specification and claims, may be applied to modify any quantitative representation that could permissibly vary without resulting in a change in the basic function to which it is related. Accordingly, a value modified by a term or terms, such as “about,” “approximately,” and “substantially,” are not to be limited to the precise value specified. In at least some instances, the approximating language may correspond to the precision of an instrument for measuring the value. Here and throughout the specification and claims, range limitations may be combined and/or interchanged; such ranges are identified and include all the sub-ranges contained therein unless context or language indicates otherwise. As used herein, the terms “processor” and “computer” and related terms, e.g., “processing device”, “computing device”, and “controller” are not limited to just those integrated circuits referred to in the art as a computer, but broadly refers to a microcontroller, a microcomputer, a programmable logic controller (PLC), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), and other programmable circuits, and these terms are used interchangeably herein. In the embodiments described herein, memory may include, but is not limited to, a computer-readable medium, such as a random-access memory (RAM), and a computer-readable non-volatile medium, such as flash memory. Alternatively, a floppy disk, a compact disc—read only memory (CD-ROM), a magneto-optical disk (MOD), and/or a digital versatile disc (DVD) may also be used. Also, in the embodiments described herein, additional input channels may be, but are not limited to, computer peripherals associated with an operator interface such as a mouse and a keyboard. Alternatively, other computer peripherals may also be used that may include, for example, but not be limited to, a scanner. Furthermore, in the exemplary embodiment, additional output channels may include, but not be limited to, an operator interface monitor. Further, as used herein, the terms “software” and “firmware” are interchangeable and include any computer program storage in memory for execution by personal computers, workstations, clients, and servers. As used herein, the term “non-transitory computer-readable media” is intended to be representative of any tangible computer-based device implemented in any method or technology for short-term and long-term storage of information, such as, computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules and sub-modules, or other data in any device. Therefore, the methods described herein may be encoded as executable instructions embodied in a tangible, non-transitory, computer readable medium, including, without limitation, a storage device and a memory device. Such instructions, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform at least a portion of the methods described herein. Moreover, as used herein, the term “non-transitory computer-readable media” includes all tangible, computer-readable media, including, without limitation, non-transitory computer storage devices, including, without limitation, volatile and nonvolatile media, and removable and non-removable media such as a firmware, physical and virtual storage, CD-ROMs, DVDs, and any other digital source such as a network or the Internet, as well as yet to be developed digital means, with the sole exception being a transitory, propagating signal. Furthermore, as used herein, the term “real-time” refers to at least one of the time of occurrence of the associated events, the time of measurement and collection of predetermined data, the time for a computing device (e.g., a processor) to process the data, and the time of a system response to the events and the environment. In the embodiments described herein, these activities and events occur substantially instantaneously. The present systems and methods herein advantageously utilize an adjacent, optionally secure, and alternatively powered communications network to collect data metrics and/or record the status of, for example, a power grid or other systems(s) and/or network(s). The present embodiments may be implemented to augment or, in some circumstances, replace conventional data metrics and power monitoring practices at a more reliable and granular level. Conventional system include costly dedicated power monitoring units with mobile wireless connections (e.g. LTE, 3G, satellite etc.) at substations (which typically serve about 1000 homes) or attached to specific meters which must be collected manually through near-field wireless technologies (e.g. NFC, Bluetooth, etc.). The adjacent, optionally secure communications network described and illustrated herein may include, for example, an adjacent communications network supported by a secondary power source located at the communications service nodes (typically serving 1-500 homes) configured as a data metrics system for monitoring and optionally analyzing a network, such as but not limited to one or more power grids. For ease of explanation, the following description references broadband communication network(s) as one exemplary embodiment of the adjacent, optionally secure, communication network, which is configured with a secondary power capability. A person of ordinary skill in the art, upon reading and comprehending the present description and associated illustrations, will understand that other examples of communications network technologies may be implemented according to the novel and advantageous principles herein. The embodiments described herein are particularly useful for reliable collection and analysis of power grid network metrics on a geographic scale beyond the broad coverage of any individual electricity provider's network, for example. There are numerous power utility companies that serve only a relatively small portion of the entire energy market. This results in fragmented data from one or more small utility companies that each only cover a portion of a geographic area. The preference, which does not exist today, is a utility data based or manipulated into more traditional geographies and markets such as neighborhoods, cities, regions, states, territories, nations, or other geographies. For monitoring and analysis to be valuable an aggregated data source or scale adjustable data source may be required. One example of where it may be particularly true is for network and infrastructure security on nationwide or global scale where key analyses would only be possible with a comprehensive data stream that spans multiple utility markets in order to analyze broader trends, outages, or anomalies. Some exemplary embodiments described herein provide systems and methods for monitoring and maintaining a backup or alternative stream of data at a greater detail than is currently achievable with low resolution power grid substation data. In one embodiment of invention herein each monitoring sensor covers a much small geographic area, typically only 1-500 homes depending on the architecture of the deployment of the out-of-band or adjacent network. In these embodiments an alternative data stream may be leveraged to protect, for example, first responders, network technicians, etc. by providing a high quality, detailed/granular, alternatively powered, communicatively coupled out-of-band picture/data of a power grid's status via a variety of possible metrics (including, but not limited to, voltage, currently, direction of electricity flow, quality of the electricity, voltage/current variance, etc.) during normal activity or outage or brown out events providing critically improved situational awareness to, for example first responders, emergency personnel, maintenance personnel, administrators, etc. Nevertheless, a person of ordinary skill in the art will understand, upon reading and comprehending the present application, how the systems and methods described herein apply to other fields (e.g., first responders, commercial or residential insurance, smart contracts, power generation siting, power transaction markets, etc.) where tracking the status and metrics of a network (such as a power grid) through an adjacent communications network with independent/secondary power is valuable. In some instances, the data collected in real-time can also be securely stored in an aggregation and processing server(s) or, alternatively, in other secure storage, in order to construct a historic dataset. Such a data set enables analysis and could be leveraged for a variety of uses including, but not limited to, power quality metrics over time, restoration and recovery prediction capabilities, or other analysis. In one exemplary embodiment a historical dataset and quality analysis is used to improve insurance policy writing inputs and improve overall cost prediction in a variety of scenarios where the power grid is an integral factor. The highly granular nature of sensor data combined with in-network machine learning enables a system with significant event (e.g. outage, cybersecurity breach, etc.) prediction capabilities due to the significant amount of raw data input in real-time and historically. Further enabling the predictive processing value and monitoring applications is the agnostic platform nature of the adjacent communications network and back-up power. While network equipment can easily monitor characteristics of electricity (e.g. voltage, current, resistance), because of its modular upgradability and underlying out-of-band communications and power supplies, can be easily configured to monitor an extremely wide range of network, environmental, atmospheric, and other conditions. This flexibility of data input coupled with unconfined geospatial boundaries enables next-generation monitoring, analysis, and prediction for critical infrastructure, such as power grids. FIG.1shows a schematic illustration of a resilient first-network-monitoring system configured with distributed data collection elements associated with an adjacent second-communications network/system100. Network100utilizes one or more connected sensors150(distributed data collection elements) to collect substantially real-time metrics (e.g. multiple readings on a per second or sub-minute basis) and/or interval data (e.g. 1-minute, 5-minute, or hourly readings). FIG.1is shown having a communication network162, an adjacent network, here shown and described as a power grid network160, and a monitoring system164associated with communication network162for monitoring power grid network162. Power grid network160is shown to include a generation station142connected through a network of transmission power lines172to a substation140. Substation140is connected with a network of distribution power lines170to a series of transformers144connected together by power lines170. Distribution power lines170(1) connect the power grid to power users, such as residential homes146. Communication network162is shown to include a modem termination system102, A node104(although more nodes may be included), amplifiers122linked through communications lines106(such as DSL, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, wireless links, etc.), and taps108. An exemplary communications network162typically includes a head-end (not shown) connected with one or more modem termination system(s)102. Taps108are in communication with communications network delivery technologies, such as a remote radio heads124(such as a Wi-Fi access point, a small cell or a microcell or similar, etc.) or a customer premise equipment (CPE)120(e.g. a modem, a laptop, a smart phone, a tablet, a smart TV, small cell (or similar), or similar networking devices). Power grid monitoring system164is shown to include an aggregation server or servers110(also understood as sensor data processing elements) connected, directly or indirectly, with a modem termination system102. Aggregation server110may optionally be connected with a modem termination system102directly or through an intermediary data collection controller112. In an embodiment, power grid monitoring system164may be coupled with communication network162via power supplies (PS)126which supply primary electrical power to network components (such as nodes104, some versions of taps108, amplifiers122, or CPE120) throughout a communications network162. PS126may condition, received conditioned power, or be directly or indirectly coupled to a power conditioning element (not shown). Upstream data107related to the power/electricity quality or power/electricity metrics of the power grid may be derived from the conditioning elements communication network162power conditioning elements, which are utilized to regulate and condition the power provided to communication network162's active components, such as but not limited to amplifiers122and nodes104, see below for more details. Power grid monitoring system164is coupled with power grid network160through an aggregation server110through the communications network162. The power grid monitoring system164utilizes the aggregation server110to connect to a modem termination system102within the communications network162. The communications network162contains the plurality of power supplies (PS)126which supply primary electrical power to network components (such as nodes104, taps108, amplifiers122, or CPE120). These components are part of the communications network162and the power grid monitoring164. For purposes of clarity they are collectively also shown as sensors150in system100when utilized by the power grid monitoring system164. Through its components and connections to the power grid network160and communication network162power grid monitoring system164may monitor, for example, power grid metrics, such as but not limited to status (on/off), voltage, current, reflections, phase, resistance, etc. Power grid monitoring system164, through its association to communication network162, has an independent communication path for conveying recorded power grid network160metrics. Power grid monitoring system164may also have an independent power supply that provides electricity to at least power grid monitoring system164if power grid160loses capacity or has reduced or limited capacity. In such a situation power grid monitoring system164is capable of extended monitoring and communication regarding the status of power grid network160even when power grid network160does not provide electricity to power grid monitoring system164and communication network162. In some embodiments, the power grid monitoring system164of system100and aggregation server110may collect a variety of different power grid metrics simultaneously. In this example some sensors150collect real-time measurements while other sensors150within the same power grid monitoring system160collect interval power grid data at, for example, 1-hour intervals. In some embodiments of power grid monitoring system160all sensors150may be deployed for a single purpose and collect identical types of data (e.g. electrical current, voltage, humidity, temperature, light, sound, particle or chemical readings, etc.). In other implementations, aggregation server110aggregates and analyzes a combination of mixed sensor150types and transmission frequencies and pathways. In one embodiment, sensors150(1-5) may be communications network nodes and/or their power supplies150(4), customer network equipment and/or their power supplies attached to the power grid150(1-3). In this embodiment modem termination systems102, network amplifiers150(1-3), remote radio heads124, and/or taps108may be, act as or include all or a portion of sensors150. Additionally, indoor or outdoor wireless communications equipment150(5) (e.g. small cells, femtocells, picocells, Wi-Fi access points, eNodeBs, gNodeBs, or similar devices) could be used. System100is illustrated as an exemplary architecture to implement the power gird monitoring system164embodiments of the present disclosure. Other architectures are contemplated by the present inventors, which do not depart from the scope herein. Furthermore, for ease of explanation, redundant components that may be implemented within system100are not illustrated, nor are link-level objects or implementations, security authentication objects/sequences/implementations, or other components that may be conventionally utilized in a communications network for communication, availability, or security purposes. In an exemplary embodiment of power grid monitoring system164, sensor150readings are sent directly or indirectly via wired or wireless communications to a modem termination system102, where it is processed. Indirect communication may, for example, pass through a node104first as shown by connections106to then be aggregated. In one embodiment, aggregation server110utilizes an optional data collection controller102to request and securely receive the sensor150readings from the power grid monitoring system164network. Alternatively, the upstream data107is sent to server110, which may exist on the internet, where it is accumulated, processed, and analyzed. FIG.2is a block diagram200illustrating one exemplary embodiment of a sensor202deployable in a distributed data collection system, such as power grid monitoring system164ofFIG.1, in association with communications network, such as communication system162ofFIG.1. Sensor202is one example of sensor150orFIG.1. System200is shown to include a sensor202, a remote sensing element224, an optional secondary power supply220(2), an optional data collection controller212, a modem termination system211, and an aggregation server210. Sensor202is shown including a network interface204, data processor206, and optionally, a modem222, sensing element(s)226(1-n) (in which n can be 0 or any integer, representing a single or a plurality of different or the same sensors), secondary power220(1), and primary power supply230. The modem termination system211may be the same or similar to the modem termination system102ofFIG.1. The primary power supply230may be the same or similar to the power supply126ofFIG.1. Additionally, sensor202is optionally connected with external remote sensing element(s)224via a wired or wireless communications connection250, and/or an external secondary power source220(2). Sensor202is shown connection to or otherwise in communication (directly or indirectly) with aggregation server210via modem termination system211. Sensor202can be connected in to aggregation server210directly, or, indirectly through a modem termination system211. Optionally, sensor202is connected to or in direct or indirect communication with sensing element224, secondary power220(2), and data collection controller212. Non-limiting examples of power sources220include but are not limited to a battery, universal power supply (UPS), and/or an energy generation component such as a solar panel a wired or wireless secondary power source, such as backup generator. In one exemplary embodiment of system200, a sensor202(which may be the same or similar to sensor150in system100ofFIG.1) is connected to an aggregation server210(which, may be the same or similar to aggregation server110as shown in system100ofFIG.1) through a wired or wireless communications channel. In one or more embodiments, an aggregation server210is securely connected with sensor(s)202. Such an association enables secure data transmission of raw sensor data collected at the modem222, power supply230, remote sensing element224, or other sensing elements226(1-n), in which n can be 0 or any integer. A network interface204and data processor206are utilized within sensor202to process, receive, transmit, and interact with sensing elements226(1-n), remote sensing element224, power supply230, or modem222. In further operation, system200may utilize a network interface204to communicate directly with an aggregation server210, or through intermediary network elements (not pictured). Optionally, sensor202employs a data collection controller212to coordinate data requests and deliveries from sensor202to an aggregation server210. In one exemplary embodiment the data collection controller212or aggregation server210may use secure data transmission (e.g. simple network management protocol). Data collection can occur within or remotely to sensor202either directly through internal sensing elements226(1-n) or other internal or external components such as an optional modem222, primary power supply230, or other means. In some embodiments of system200data collection may take place remotely from sensor202using external remote sensing element(s)224and through either wired or wireless connection250to sensor202. Additionally, a data processor206may use an analog to digital processor208to convert analog signals received into digital ones for re-transmission to aggregation server210. FIG.3is a schematic illustration of an exemplary a power grid monitoring system300and operates in association with communications network and a power grid network. The power grid monitoring system may be the same or similar to the power grid monitoring system164ofFIG.1. The communications system may be the same or similar to the communication system162ofFIG.1. The power grid network may be the same or similar to the power grid160ofFIG.1. Power grid monitoring system300utilizes communications network elements, such as sensors150ofFIG.1, to collect, aggregate, store, and analyze metrics in an aggregation server310. Server310may be either the same or a different embodiment as the aggregation server210in system200or the aggregation server110in system100. System300is shown to include an aggregation server310, a modem termination system302, and/or other network equipment304. Modem termination system302and network equipment304are configured to optionally include a data collection element308, and/or remote collection element330. Modem termination system302may be either the same or a different embodiment as modem termination system102ofFIG.1and modem termination system211ofFIG.2. System300is further shown to include sensors320(1-2), such as CPE322or other communications network elements, such as sensors150ofFIG.1and/or sensing element226(1-n) ofFIG.2. Aggregation server310is shown in connection to or otherwise in communication (directly or indirectly) with modem termination system(s)302, sensor(s)320(1), and/or network equipment304through communications connections340. Communication connection340may be wired (e.g. DSL, coaxial cable, fiber optic cables, etc.) or wireless (e.g. LTE, 3G, satellite, Wi-Fi, etc.). A modem termination system302or network equipment304is further shown in connection with sensors320(1-2) through connections342(1-2). Communications connections342(1-2) may be wired (e.g. DSL, coaxial cable, fiber optic cables, etc.) or wireless (e.g. LTE, 3G, satellite, Wi-Fi, etc.). In a non-limiting exemplary network configuration shown in system300, an aggregation server310is optionally located on cloud-based computing servers, and is configured to collect power grid metrics from one or more sensors320(1-2). The aggregation server310securely stores, processes and analyzes a power grid network (e.g. power grid160ofFIG.1) via a communications network (e.g. communications network162ofFIG.1). In one embodiment of system300, a modem termination system302, other network equipment304, or sensors320(1-2) are connected to an aggregation server310through secure communications connections340. Each of these network components may optionally include a data collection element308(a-b) or remote collection elements330(some not pictured). Sensors320(1-2) may be the same or different embodiments as sensors202in system200and150in system100. Additionally, sensors320(1-2) may be contained within or connected to customer premise equipment (CPE)322in some embodiments. In the exemplary embodiment of a data collection network shown in system300, an aggregation server310utilizes secure communications channels340to request and receive sensor320(1-2) data. Such sensor data may be sent back to the aggregation server310on either a time interval or real-time basis. Exemplary secure channel configurations may include virtual private networks (VPNs), traffic tunnels, HTTP/S, or alternative similar secure network communication means deployable over communications network340. Alternatively, an aggregation server310may communicate indirectly with sensors320(1-2) through a modem termination system302or other network equipment304. Remote sensors320(2) may be deployed for additional monitoring uses which in some embodiments include additional metrics such as temperature, noise, humidity etc. In such embodiments, an optional remote collection element330is configured to receive wireless data communications342(2) from remote sensors320(2) using wireless protocols such as LTE, 3G, satellite, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, etc. FIG.4is a flowchart illustrating one exemplary method400that an aggregation server may use to complete a secure push or pull data request430to individual or groups of sensors. The data request can collect real-time or time interval metrics, or both. In one exemplary method400, power grid metrics (such as status, voltage, current, resistance, etc.) are sent to an aggregation server via data request430. Method400includes a request initiation step402, a request validation step404with optional rejection412, a decision step405, a retrieve call step406, a send step408, and a processing and analysis step410. In step402an aggregation server makes a call to a sensor or a sensor's optional internal data collection element(s). One example of step402is aggregation server310,210,110sending a rest API call to a sensor for data. In method step404a sensor receives the request via a channel (e.g. HTTP/S or other similar communication protocol or secure communication protocol) and validates the request. In decision step405if valid, the sensor then makes a request to any other sensor(s) downstream or internal sensing elements. If the request is invalidated the request is rejected through optional step412and the aggregation server is notified. Valid data requests to sensor(s) are made through a secure data collection channel (e.g. simple network management protocol or similar secure protocol). One example of method step404is sensor320,202,150receiving a request from server310,210,110via a secure channel or communication protocol. In method step406the aggregation server retrieve data collected from each validated data collection element. One example of step406is aggregation server310,210,110, receiving data from sensor320,202,150. In step408the data collection element(s) sensor data received from sensors is sent back to the aggregation server via a secure channel, completing that data request cycle. In some embodiments the exemplary data request cycles shown in method400could occur at a variety of intervals, from sub-second requests to daily ones. In step410sensor data is received from the collection element in the aggregation server where it is processed by applying granular-level consensus voting and predictive machine learning analysis to construct network visualizations tailored for a variety of uses cases, such as power grid monitoring, outage management and mitigation, power and communications network restoration estimates, adjacent network confirmation of network status, etc. FIG.5schematically illustrates one embodiment of a network data aggregation and processing system500that enables advanced situational awareness, prediction, and anomaly detection in a network. In this embodiment the data collected can be processed using a machine learning to improve anomaly and cybersecurity threat detection and visualization capabilities across an entire power grid. These capabilities has the benefit of being irrespective of individual power company boundaries and can provide previously unavailable cross-boundary perspectives. Data aggregation and processing system500is shown to include a data gathering and processing stack502that contains layers of geospatial data, including network data504. Network data504may be the same or similar network data as collected through the power grid monitoring system164ofFIG.1, for example. The data gathering and processing stack502can optionally include additional other layers of geospatial data, such as utility data506, weather data508, parcel data510, or other data layers512(1-n), in which n can be 0 or any integer. Data aggregation and processing system500is shown to include a power flow and threat modelling element520, a visualization application526, a machine learning application522, and, optionally, a training application524. Data aggregation and processing system stack (“data stack”)502is coupled with a visualization application526via a real-time data communications channel530, which delivers real-time data from the data stack524to the visualization application526. The data stack502is further coupled with a power flow and threat modeling element520via communications channel536which delivers historical data into the power flow and threat modeling element520. The power flow and threat modeling element520is connected with the machine learning application (“MLA”)522via a communications channel538. The MLA522is also directly coupled with the data stack502via communications channels532and534and receives both real-time and historical data from the data stack. The visualization application526and the MLA522are connected via communications channel544such that analysis in the MLA522can be visualized in the visualization application526. The MLA522and visualization application526can, optionally, be connected through an intermediary training application524via communications channels542and540. Communications channels530,532,534,536,538,540,542, and544discussed herein are a means for secure data transfer, such as through a wired connection (e.g. Ethernet, DSL, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, etc.), or through a wireless one (e.g. Bluetooth, Zigbee, LTE, 3G, satellite, Wi-Fi, etc.). In one embodiment, a data gathering and processing stack502is utilized to aggregate communications network data layer504alongside any number of optional secondary data layers. While the complementary data layers needed will vary by application and analysis requirements, some examples of commonly utilized data layers would be network data506, weather data508, and/or parcel data510. Additionally, other data layers512(1-n) may be included in the data gathering and processing stack502as required by a specific application (n may be 1 or any integer). In this exemplary embodiment the data gathering and processing stack502is configured to produce geospatial data visualizations through a visualization application526. In this or other embodiments, the data processing and intelligence system500can be configured to deliver real-time power flow and threat modelling through a power flow and threat modelling element520. In any such embodiment a machine learning application522with optional training application524may be utilized to increase accuracy and efficiency of the visualization application526or power flow and/or threat modelling element520. In this exemplary embodiment the data gathering and processing stack502delivers real-time sensor data to the visualization application526which utilizes said sensor data to produce visualizations based on specific application requirements (e.g. sensor mapping, voltage over time, power outages, etc.). Additionally, the visualization application526can be configured to utilize a machine learning application522to improve the quality of data used in the visualizations. The machine learning application receives data from the data stack502and applies machine learning algorithms to increase predictive capabilities. One example of which would be anticipating power outages through historical trends implying a correlation between weather events and power outages. This machine processed and classified data544is returned to the visualization application526. Optionally, the machine learning application522may use an intermediary training application524to take real-time data observations542from the visualization application and apply training intelligence to the observed data. In this example, annotated data540is then feed into the machine learning application522to improve predictive abilities and accuracy. One example of a training application524would be adding a human ‘trainer’ to the system to annotate data and correct the machine learning application522and improve classification. In one embodiment the power flow and threat modelling element520receives historical data from the data processing and gathering stack502which is utilized to create cybersecurity or national security threat models. These models can be used to identify and/or anticipate attacks, false-alarms, outages, or other non-regular events on the network (e.g. power grid). Threat models can further, in some embodiments, be delivered to the machine learning application522via communications channel538to add an additional training mechanism. FIG.6shows one example of an aggregate sensor data visualization600across a geographically distributed sensor network using an example consensual voting implementation. In one embodiment an example geography602has a plurality of sensors610(1-n) (in which n may be 0 or any integer) located throughout the geography. The data visualization can employ a new method of consensus voting amongst the sensors610(1-n) to determine consensus among a sub-geography or cluster604(1-n)(in which n may be 0 or any integer) In existing large sensor datasets, there are a number of ways that one can perform sensor fusion so as to obtain a consensus reading of the sensors in a given area. A very simple one is to take an average over all readings, but it suffers from the fact that unless the variance in readings is small, it can wash out particular sensors with problematic readings. A better option is to take the majority vote of binary readings (e.g. anomalous or not), a method whose validity is based on the Condorcet Jury theorem from political science. The theorem addresses the relative probability of a given group of individuals arriving at a correct decision. Using such a technique a group that wishes to reach a decision by majority vote. One of the two outcomes of the vote is correct, and each voter has an independent probability p of voting for the correct decision. The theorem asks how many voters should be included in the group. The result depends on whether p is greater than or less than ½:If p is greater than ½ (each voter is more likely to vote correctly), then adding more voters increases the probability that the majority decision is correct. In the limit, the probability that the majority votes correctly approaches 1 as the number of voters increases.On the other hand, if p is less than ½ (each voter is more likely to vote incorrectly), then adding more voters makes things worse: the optimal jury consists of a single voter. This technique has been used in ensemble learning in the field of artificial intelligence. An ensemble method combines the predictions of many individual classifiers by majority voting. Assuming that each of the individual classifiers predict with slightly greater than 50% accuracy, then the ensemble of their predictions will be far greater than their individual predictive scores. While useful, this technique suffers from the fact that it can only address a binary situation, as to whether or not the voltage is above or below a given set point. It thus misses a lot of fine detail that might be of relevance to monitor the state of the grid. A major improvement over majority voting is disclosed herein and is illustrated in one example by ranking the relative readings of all sensors involved using a new variant of Borda Counting. One key advantage of this new method over simply finding the “worst” case sensor, is that the entire sensor suite is ranked so that the most extreme n sensors can be identified. The Borda count is intended to elect broadly-acceptable options, rather than those preferred by a majority, and so is known as a consensus-based voting system rather than a majoritarian one. A network has both local and system-wide issues. Local issues can be investigated by analyzing data emanating from a single modem connected to a power supply in the grid. System wide issues involve multiple sensors/modems distributed over an area that stream data which fluctuates over time. We here describe a method that creates a consensus among many sensors and provides information on a system-wide basis or among clusters within the network. The system does not identify particular nodes that are causing a problem, only that the overall network or significant parts of it are mis-behaving in a particular way, i.e., one or more sensors are far out of range in a significant part of the network. In one embodiment, this consensus voting method can be applied to sensor data collected on a power grid. In one example voltage issues in network devices within a given area and timeframe can be classified using both unsupervised learning and sensor fusion techniques. This method enlarges the scope of data analysis from single sensors to any number of those covering a potentially large given area. The architecture considered here consists of a number of devices, each of which has one or more sensor values associated with it (e.g. queue length, power level, latency, etc.) Each device may have different sensors measuring the certain quantities, possibly different levels of resolution and accuracy. There must be a means of ranking the different sensor values for voting purposes. Sensor values can either have a pre-defined discretization or use historical data to define normalized ranges. For example, in the discrete case a three-state scheme could be green-yellow-red and the node would rank its current state preferences based on these three candidate choices—e.g., yellow-red-green, yellow-green-red, etc. In this example, if the value of the sensor is in the yellow range then yellow is top choice, and if the sensor value is closer to red than green, then red is the second choice. In one example embodiment, a search for issues with voltages in a particular area at a given time can be completed. The voltage thresholds can be broken into 5 classes as a ratio of the 120V reference voltages and their respective labels are shown in Table 1, below. TABLE 1Example Voltage LabelsVoltage (120 V)Label(1.05,inf)5(1.02,1.05]4(0.98,1.02]3(0.95,0.98]2[0,0.95]1 Depending on the measured voltage, the device will be in one of the 5 states listed in the example shown in Table 1. These values can be used in conjunction with a Borda ranking as follows. For a given voltage the ranking is made according to the labels in order of their closeness to the given voltage. For example, if the given voltage is in the range [1.02, 1.035] then the Borda ranking is, in order of the labels, [1, 2, 4, 5, 3]. That is, label 4 gets a rank of 5 because the voltage is in the window of 4 and closer to label 3 than 5, etc. The results obtained from this example are shown in Tables 2 and 3, along with the majority vote results described above. As can be seen are cases where the majority vote and the consensual Borda count disagree on the state of the cluster. These differences can have implications for any actions to take. In particular, most of the majority labels are 5, which is the maximum out of bound range which could indicate a significant action should be taken. However, Borda count found the consensus voltage label to be only a 4, which requires less intervention. In this scenario the device owners may make unnecessary and costly changes if they used a majority voting scenario. TABLE 2Majority and Borda Voting with 100 clusters.Majority labelBorda label% cases55354694427341 TABLE 3Majority and Borda Voting with 200 clusters.Majority labelBorda label% cases55154574441.5340.5 Although specific features of various embodiments may be shown in some drawings and not in others, this is for convenience only. In accordance with the principles of the systems and methods described herein, any feature of a drawing may be referenced or claimed in combination with any feature of any other drawing. Some embodiments involve the use of one or more electronic or computing devices. Such devices typically include a processor, processing device, or controller, such as a general purpose central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a microcontroller, a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic circuit (PLC), a programmable logic unit (PLU), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a digital signal processing (DSP) device, and/or any other circuit or processing device capable of executing the functions described herein. The methods described herein may be encoded as executable instructions embodied in a computer readable medium, including, without limitation, a storage device and/or a memory device. Such instructions, when executed by a processing device, cause the processing device to perform at least a portion of the methods described herein. The above examples are exemplary only, and thus are not intended to limit in any way the definition and/or meaning of the term processor and processing device. This written description uses examples to disclose the embodiments, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the embodiments, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the disclosure is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims. Changes may be made in the above methods and systems without departing from the scope hereof. It should thus be noted that the matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings should be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. The following claims are intended to cover all generic and specific features described herein, as well as all statements of the scope of the present method and system, which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall there between. | 43,749 |
11942784 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present invention will be further described in detail below in combination with the drawings and the embodiments. A device for formulating a coordinated action strategy of SSTS and DVR in the present invention comprises three modules: “module I: sensitive load grouping mitigation module”, “module II: voltage sag duration time Tsagclassification module” and “module III: SSTS and DVR coordinated action strategy module” to realize a coordinated action strategy of SSTS and DVR for voltage sag mitigation. An overall flow chart is shown inFIG.2. Module I: sensitive load grouping mitigation module The module is a sensitive load grouping mitigation module, which considers the whole industrial process of a sensitive user, and realizes the grouping of two groups of sensitive loads of SSTS mitigation and DVR mitigation; grouping optimization is conducted again for the sensitive loads with the installation of DVR for compensation and mitigation; and a grouping matrix and grouping compensation voltage are finally outputted. The module comprises the following steps:Step 1: sensitive load grouping Igrouping the sensitive loads according to connection modes and function types of the sensitive loads in the industrial process.(1) electrical series (S1): sensitive loads which cause a sub-process to be interrupted when tripping;(2) electrical parallel (S2): sensitive loads which may not cause the sub-process to be interrupted when tripping and assuming that the sub-process is interrupted when all the S2-type sensitive loads trip;(3) control parallel (S3): sensitive loads which act on the industrial process through signal control, which are not directly connected to the industrial process, but may cause a control process to be interrupted when tripping. It is assumed that an industrial user has n sensitive loads and M sensitive industrial processes; j is made to represent a sensitive load, and m represents a sensitive industrial process, i.e., j=1,2, . . . ,n, m=1,2, . . . , M. It is assumed that the SSTS switching time is T1and DVR switching time is T2. In practice, T1>T2. The tripping probabilities Pprocess-m1, Pprocess-m2and Pprocess-m3of the sub-processes of the three types of sensitive loads are respectively: Pprocess-m1=1-∏j=1A(1-PS1-j)(1)Pprocess-m2=∏j=1BPS2-j(2)Pprocess-m3=1-∏j=1C(PS3-jPS3-control-j)(3) wherein A, B and C are the number of three types of sensitive loads respectively; PS1-j, PS2-jand PS3-jare the tripping probabilities of the three types of sensitive loads respectively; and PS51-control-jis the tripping probability of a device controlled by the S3-type sensitive loads. It is assumed that an m-th industrial process contains K, L and Q of the above three sub-processes respectively, the interruption probability of the industrial process is: Pprocess-m=∏m1=1KPprocess-m1∏m2=1LPprocess-m2∏m3=1QPprocess-m3(4) Step 2: sensitive load grouping II (1) dividing the S2-type sensitive loads into two categories according to whether the loads can recover automatically after suffering from voltage sag: sensitive loads capable of automatic recovery and sensitive loads incapable of automatic recovery; (2) dividing the S1-type and S3-type sensitive loads and the sensitive loads incapable of automatic recovery in the S2-type sensitive loads into two categories Ttolerance≤T1and Ttolerance>T1according to tolerant voltage sag duration time Ttolerance, wherein the former is compensated and governed by installing DVR, and the latter is governed by SSTS switching lines; (3) conducting grouping optimization of DVR mitigation on the sensitive loads with the tolerant voltage sag duration time ≤T1. Step 3: sensitive load grouping mitigation optimization conducting grouping optimization on the sensitive loads with installed DVR for compensation and mitigation, with a grouping goal to install minimum-capacity DVR, and a governance goal to achieve a minimum interruption probability of a sensitive industrial process of the user; and therefore, constructing a grouping optimization model of the sensitive loads by taking the minimization of the capacity of the installed DVR and the minimization of the interruption probability of the sensitive industrial process as an objective function, wherein decision variables are the grouping matrix and the grouping compensation voltage. (1) Objective function setting the grouping matrix [α0,α1, . . . ,αn]i=1, wherein i represents an i-th group, αj=0 or 1, αj=0 indicates that the sensitive load is not in the i-th group, and αj=1 indicates that the sensitive load is in the i-th group; a first optimization objective is to minimize the sum of the capacities of installed DVR: minSDVR=∑i=1N(UiUn·Sload-i)(5) wherein SDVR is the sum of the capacities of i DVRs, N is the number of groups, U1is the grouping compensation voltage, Unis the rated voltage of the sensitive user, and Sload-iis the sum of the capacities of the i-th group of sensitive loads to be governed. In addition, because each group has one DVR, i groups have i DVRs. A second optimization objective is to minimize the interruption probability of the sensitive industrial process: minPprocess=∑m=1MPprocess-m(6) wherein Pprocess-mis the interruption probability of an m-th sensitive industrial process. (2) Constraints {circle around (1)} Capacity constraints of the sensitive loads Sload-i=∑j=1n(αjSj)(7) wherein Sjis the rated capacity of a jth sensitive load. {circle around (2)} Tripping probability constraints of the sensitive loads the tripping probability Pjof a single sensitive load is Pj=∫∫Ωp(Tsag)p(Usag)dUsagdTsag(8) wherein Usagand Tsagare amplitude and duration time of voltage sag respectively; p(Usag) and p(Tsag) are probability density functions of the amplitude and the duration time of voltage sag respectively, which are obtained by fitting according to the historical monitoring data; Ω is a fault region determined by a load VTC. with the change of Ui, a knee point of the VTC changes, and Ω changes accordingly. The specific data of each sensitive load is substituted into the above formula to obtain PS1-j, PS2-jand PS3-j. {circle around (3)} DVR compensation voltage constraints Uiis a compensation voltage amplitude that the DVR installed in the i-th group should output, i.e., a maximum value of compensation voltage required by the sensitive load with αj=1 in the grouping matrix of the i-th group, and an expression is: Ui=max{Uα0, Uα1, . . . , Uαn|αj−1} (9) Uαj≤Udemand-αj(10) wherein Uα1is the compensation voltage of the jth sensitive load, and Udemand-αjis the highest compensation voltage of the jth sensitive load to satisfy the requirement for voltage sag mitigation. {circle around (4)} Grouping constraints of the sensitive loads There are only two cases for the grouping of any sensitive load: a. the sensitive load does not belong to any group, i.e.: αj=0∈[α0,α1, . . . ,αn]i, and αj=0∈[α0,α1, . . . ,αn]else-i; b. if the sensitive load is divided into a certain group, the sensitive load is and can only be in the group. i.e.: when αj=1∈[α,α1, . . . ,αn]i, αj=0∈[α0,α1, . . . ,αn]else-i. Wherein [α0,α1, . . . , αn]else-iis a grouping matrix of other groups except the i-th group. (3) Model solving The minimum DVR capacity in the optimization model and the minimum interruption probability in the industrial process are two contradictory goals. When the decision variable is changed in a given feasible region, the optimization of the DVR capacity will cause the degradation of the interruption probability of the industrial process, so that a set of solutions which make the objective functions reach the minimum values at the same time does not exist, and the Pareto solution set can only be solved. NSGA-II algorithm is an effective method for searching Pareto frontier based on a genetic algorithm, and is suitable for solving the multi-objective optimization model here. The specific solving process is shown inFIG.3. After solving the Pareto optimal solution set by the NSGA-II algorithm, a set of optimal compromise solutions needs to be selected as a final solution for sensitive load grouping and compensation voltage for each group. Two objective functions of the optimization model here pursue the minimum values. Satisfaction is given to each objective function corresponding to each group of solutions in the Pareto optimal solution set by a slightly small fuzzy satisfaction function, as shown in formula (11): μvo={1,fvo≤fominfomax-fvofomax-fomin,fomin≤fvo≤fomax0,fvo≥fomin(11) in the formula, o∈{1,2, . . . ,O}; O is the number of objective functions; μvois the satisfaction of an oth objective function corresponding to a vth group of Pareto solutions; fvois a function value of the oth objective function corresponding to the vth group of solutions in the Pareto solution set; fominis a minimum value of the function values of the oth objective function corresponding to all the solutions in the Pareto solution set; and Lax is a maximum value of the function values of the oth objective function corresponding to all the solutions in the Pareto solution set; The satisfaction μvof each Pareto solution is solved based on the satisfaction of each objective function corresponding to each Pareto solution; μv=1O∑v=1Oμvo(12) A Pareto solution with largest satisfaction μvis used as a final solution of a decision variable. Module II: voltage sag duration time Tsagclassification module The module is a voltage sag duration time Tsagclassification module which constructs a decision tree based on the characteristics of historical voltage sag monitoring data to predict the classification of the duration time Tsag<T1of the newly generated voltage sag event: yes or no. “Yes” indicates Tsag<T1and “No” indicates Tsag>T1. The module comprises the following steps: Step 1: discretizing conditional attribute data For the classification of the voltage sag duration time, selecting four characteristics of amplitude, phase jump, date and weather from multi-dimensional attributes as conditional attributes. For two types of continuous attribute data of the “amplitude” and the “phase jump”, merging adjacent sections according to chi-square test by a ChiMerge discrete method until criterion conditions are met; when discretizing “date” data, converting the date data into a digital quantity having a value changed continuously between “1 and 365” by taking days as a unit and years as a cycle; for the language description data of “weather”, dividing the weather into four categories: “sunny, snowy, thunderstorm and cloudy”. Step 2: building a decision tree root node (1) Calculating an information entropy E(T) of the voltage sag duration time Tsag<T1: E(T)=−(p1log2p1+p2log2p2) (13) wherein p1and p2are probabilities that a datum≥T1and <T1is randomly selected from a historical data set T of the voltage sag duration time. (2) Calculating a conditional entropy E(T,X) between the four conditional attributes and Tsag<T1: E(T,X)=∑c∈XP(c)E(c)(14) wherein X represents four conditional attributes; c represents a conditional attribute; P(c) is a joint probability that a conditional attribute and Tsag<T1appear at the same time; and E(c) is a conditional probability of Tsag<T1under a conditional attribute and with different values. (3) Calculating mutual information Gain(T,X) between the four conditional attributes and Tsag<T1: Gain(T,X)=E(T)−E(T,X) (15) The larger the value of mutual information is, the higher the correlation with Tsag<T1is. A conditional attribute with largest mutual information is selected as a decision tree root node. Step 3: building decision tree branch nodes and leaf nodes A specific operation process is the same as three points in step 2: calculating the information entropy, the conditional entropy and the mutual information; gradually discretizing results with the largest mutual information with Tsag<T1from results by using the conditional attributes, and attributes with largest mutual information with Tsag<T1from other conditional attributes as branch nodes; and iterating the process repeatedly until a complete decision tree with “Yes, No” of Tsag<T1as a leaf node is finally constructed based on historical data. Step 4: conducting classification by the decision tree When a monitoring device monitors a voltage sag event, inputting four conditional attribute data, and classifying the duration time of the new voltage sag event by a generated decision tree logic; and when the input data is consistent with the decision tree, entering a next branch for judgment, until a classification result of yes or no is obtained finally through the leaf node. Module III: SSTS and DVR coordinated action strategy module The module is an SSTS and DVR coordinated action strategy module. The output result of module I is used to determine the grouping mitigation solution for the sensitive loads. When the voltage sag event is monitored, the module II is used to output Tsagclassification. Based on the output results of module I and module II, when voltage sag is monitored, the action strategy of SSTS and DVR is formulated as follows: (1) If Tsag<T1, SSTS acts; and if Tsag≥T1, SSTS does not act. (2)Usag≤Utolercance-i, and the i-th group of DVR acts. Utolercance-iis the minimum value of the voltage sag tolerance amplitude in the i-th group of sensitive loads. To sum up, the solution of the present invention is summarized as follows:1) For the problems that whether the sensitive load should be governed and mitigation is conducted by SSTS or DVR, the present invention proposes a grouping method for sensitive loads with consideration of the whole industrial process of the user. From the perspective of the probability that a single sensitive load trips and causes interruption of the whole industrial process of the user, the method divides the loads into two categories based on the operating characteristics of SSTS and DVR;2) For the sensitive loads governed by DVR, the present invention proposes a grouping mitigation optimization model for the sensitive loads. The model takes the minimum sum of capacities of installed DVR and the minimum interruption probability of the industrial process of the user as the goals, and considers four constraints. The NSGA-II algorithm and the slightly small fuzzy satisfaction function are used to finally determine the grouping solution and the compensation voltage of each group;3) For the problem that whether the SSTS acts depends on the key factor of the voltage sag duration time, the present invention proposes a method for classifying Tsagthrough the decision tree, and finally outputs the classification of yes or no for Tsag<T1;4) Based on the above three points, the present invention finally proposes a coordinated action strategy of SSTS and DVR for voltage sag mitigation. The action basis of SSTS is determined through points 1) and 3), and the action basis of each group of DVRs is determined through points 1) and 2). | 15,042 |
11942785 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION The disclosure relates to a power electronics device having at least two inverters and a transformer apparatus. The inverters are connected on the AC side to the transformer apparatus, and the transformer apparatus is able to be connected on the secondary side to a power distribution grid. In order to transform a voltage level or for galvanic isolation between the inverters and the power distribution grid, the transformer apparatus comprises a core arrangement, at least one primary winding and at least one secondary winding that wind around the core arrangement at least in sections. The disclosure also relates to a transformer apparatus that is able to be used as a transformer apparatus of the power electronics device. The disclosure also relates to a method for damping high-frequency components in the output current of a power electronics device. The method may be performed using the power electronics device according to the disclosure. FIG.1shows a circuit diagram of a power electronics device4according to the prior art. The power electronics device4comprises three three-phase inverters1,2,3, which are electrically connected on the AC side to a transformer5on the primary side. The transformer5is electrically connected on the secondary side to a power distribution grid6, which is at a higher voltage level. The inverters1,2,3each have a positive pole7and negative pole8on the input side, each of which may be connected to a generator (not shown) that generates DC voltage. The inverters1,2,3that are shown comprise three half-bridges (not illustrated), which are fed by the DC voltage present on the input side of the inverter, and provide a respective output voltage at the phase outputs1a,1b,1cor2a,2b,2cor3a,3b,3c, which output voltages are phase-shifted by 120 degrees with respect to one another. The output voltages present at the phase outputs have a sinusoidal profile with high-frequency components, for which reason sinusoidal filter chokes9a,9b,9cand10a,10b,10cfor damping these high-frequency components are connected downstream of the phase outputs1a,1b,1c, etc. in the electrical connections11a,11b,11cbetween the inverters1,2,3and the transformer5. The phase outputs1a,2a,3aof the same phase are electrically connected to one another via the sinusoidal filter choke9aand are connected to the transformer5on the primary side via the further sinusoidal filter choke10a. The same applies to the other phase outputs. To increase the damping, the three electrical connections11a,11b,11care connected to one another via a delta connection12of capacitors, wherein the capacitors and the sinusoidal filter chokes form an LC filter. FIG.2shows a schematic illustration of a circuit diagram of a power electronics device13according to a first example embodiment of the disclosure. The power electronics device13has three three-phase inverters14,15and16, which are each connected to one or more generators (not illustrated) that generate DC voltage via a positive pole7and a negative pole8. The inverters14,15,16form an inverter arrangement23. The inverters14,15,16are connected to a transformer apparatus22on the primary side, which transformer apparatus is connected on the secondary side to a power distribution grid6. The power distribution grid6provides a three-phase current system for consumers (not illustrated) and has three lines27a,27band27cfor the three phases A, B, C of the three-phase current, wherein the three lines27a,27band27care connected to phase terminals22a,22b,22cof the transformer apparatus22. The lines of the power distribution grid6are electrically connected to one another via a delta connection26of capacitors, such that the phase terminals22ato22cof the transformer apparatus22are also electrically connected to one another via this delta connection. The transformer apparatus22has three transformer subunits28,29,30, each of which is assigned to an inverter. For each of the three phase outputs14ato16cof the assigned inverter, exactly one primary winding (not illustrated) is contained in the transformer subunit, the primary winding start (not illustrated) of which is electrically connected to the associated phase output via a special electrical connection18ato20cand is free from choke coils. The phase outputs14ato16cof the inverters are therefore all connected to a primary winding start (not illustrated) of a primary winding (not illustrated), assigned to the phase output, of the transformer apparatus22via exactly one special electrical connection, and the transformer apparatus22has nine primary windings, corresponding to the number of phase outputs. The primary winding ends (not illustrated—seeFIG.5) of the primary windings (not illustrated—seeFIG.5) of each transformer subunit28,29,30are combined at a star point (not illustrated—seeFIG.5). The transformer apparatus22comprises exactly one secondary winding21a,21band21cper phase. The secondary winding ends of the three secondary windings21a,21band21care combined at a common star point24. Each of the secondary windings21a,21band21cruns through all three transformer subunits28,29and30and is inductively coupled, according to its phase, to the primary windings, arranged in the transformer subunit28,29,30, of this phase. By way of example, the secondary winding21ais inductively coupled to the three primary windings whose primary winding starts are connected to the phase outputs14a,15a,16a. The phases A, B, C have a phase shift of 120 degrees with respect to one another, such that the sum of this phase shift corresponds to 360 degrees. In order to additionally increase the damping of the output voltages of the inverters14,15and16, the power electronics device13comprises a controller17. The controller17is connected to the inverters14,15and16via control lines25and is designed and configured, during operation of the power electronics device13, to at least temporarily shift the clocking of the half-bridges of the inverters14,15,16with respect to one another such that, for each phase A, B and C, the sum of the voltages present at the primary winding start of the primary windings belonging to this phase corresponds to a voltage profile with a higher clock frequency than the clock frequencies of the voltage profiles of the individual voltages present at these primary windings. To this end, the controller17may, for example, transmit corresponding control signals to a control device (not illustrated) of the inverters14,15,16. The thus-shifted clocking of the inverters14,15,16with respect to one another induces sinusoidal voltages with particularly high-frequency components in the secondary windings21a,21b,21c. Since the damping effect of the secondary windings21a,21b,21cincreases with frequency, the power electronics device13enables particularly good damping of the high-frequency components in the output current of the power electronics device13. FIG.3shows a simplified equivalent circuit diagram of a single-phase transformer33according to the prior art. The transformer33has a primary winding34, a secondary winding35and a leakage inductance36. FIG.4shows an equivalent circuit diagram of a single-phase transformer apparatus38according to a second example embodiment of the disclosure. The transformer apparatus38comprises three transformer subunits39,40and41, each of which has a primary winding42,43,44. The primary windings42,43,44each extend from a primary winding start42a,43a,44ato a primary winding end42b,43b,44band are all inductively coupled to a common secondary winding45, which extends via the three transformer subunits39,40and41and has a secondary winding start45aand a secondary winding end45b. The leakage inductance and thus the damping properties of the transformer apparatus38are represented in the equivalent circuit diagram by a series connection of the leakage inductances39a,40a,41aof the transformer subunits39,40,41. FIG.5shows an extract of the transformer apparatus22illustrated inFIG.2in the region of the transformer subunit28in a sectional view and in a schematic illustration. A section of the core arrangement48of the transformer apparatus22is illustrated, which section is formed of a row of core limbs49,50,51arranged adjacent to one another and two yoke connections52,53. The yoke connections52,53connect the core limbs49,50,51to one another. In the extract that is illustrated, the core arrangement48has two core windows56,58and is wound around in a core arrangement by three primary windings60,61,62, wherein the primary winding60is wound around the core limb49adjoining the core window56, the primary winding61is wound around the core limb50adjoining the core windows56and58and the primary winding62is wound around the core limb51adjoining the core window58. The three core limbs49,50,51are each also wound around by a section of the secondary winding21a,21band21c. The sections of the secondary windings21a,21band21care wound around the primary windings60,61,62in the example illustrated. The sections of the secondary windings could however alternatively also be wound around by the primary windings or be arranged in alternating layers therewith on the respective core limbs. The primary windings60,61,62comprise primary winding starts60a,61aand62a, which are connected to the associated phase outputs14a,14band14cof the inverter14(not illustrated) via the special electrical connections18a,18b,18caccording to their phase association. The primary windings60,61,62also comprise primary winding ends60b,61b,62bthat are connected to one another at a star point64. FIG.6shows the transformer apparatus22illustrated inFIG.2in a sectional view and in a schematic illustration. In comparison withFIG.5, not only is an extract of the transformer apparatus22illustrated, but details regarding the connections of the windings have been omitted in the figure for the sake of better clarity. The core arrangement48comprises three rows66,67,68of core limbs that are arranged adjacent to one another and that are connected to one another via yoke connections in each row. In the row66, the core limbs49,50and51are arranged adjacent to one another and connected to one another via the yoke connections52and53. The remaining core limbs and yoke connections are, if they are not necessary, not given their own reference symbols for the sake of clarity. The structure of the core arrangement48corresponds to a stack of three three-phase transformer cores148,248,348, which are formed with a core design, wherein the transformer cores148,248,348are arranged in a row in the direction of the core limbs with yoke connections facing one another and that are formed together. For example, the yoke connection53is encompassed both by the transformer cores148and248and the yoke connection54is encompassed by the transformer cores248and348. The yoke connection53arranged between the core limbs of rows66and67and the yoke connection54arranged between the core limbs of rows67and68each comprise two inserts69,70and71,72made of ferromagnetic material to form leakage channels for transverse fluxes. The areas of the yoke connections53and54shown in dashed lines are each formed in one piece with adjacent core limbs. In the context of this disclosure, the feature “rows of core limbs that are arranged adjacent to one another and that are connected to one another via yoke connections in each row” is therefore not a statement with regard to a one-piece or multi-piece design of the components of the core arrangement and/or a separate and joined design of the core limbs and yoke connections. In the example embodiment shown in the figure, for example, the end faces of the core limbs are in part only theoretical dividing lines between the core limb and the yoke connection. By way of example, the core limbs49,73and74are formed in one piece with the sections of the yoke connections53and54that extend between these core limbs and are shown in dashed lines. The yoke connections53and54have a thickness76,77pointing parallel to the core limbs that is less than the thickness78,79of the yoke connections52and55terminating the core arrangement48. The number of rows66,67,68in this case corresponds to the number of inverters illustrated inFIG.2(not illustrated—seeFIG.2), wherein each row66,67,68is assigned to exactly one of the inverters (not illustrated—seeFIG.2) and each of the three phase outputs of the inverter is electrically connected to exactly one of the three primary windings of the assigned row66,67,68. Primary windings that are assigned to the same phase are arranged along a column80a,80b,80cof the transformer apparatus22, wherein the secondary winding21a,21b,21cbelonging to this phase extends along the corresponding column80a,80b,80cand is wound in sections around the core limbs of the corresponding column80a,80b,80cthat are wound around by the primary windings. By way of example, the core limbs49,73,74of the column80aform core sections83,84,85around which the secondary winding21ais wound in sections. The core sections83,84,85adjoin the core windows56,81,82, wherein the core sections83,84,85are each spaced from the other two core windows and are wound around by the primary windings60,63and65. Output voltages of the inverters are applied to the primary windings of the transformer apparatus22during operation, wherein output voltages are applied to the primary windings arranged along a row, which output voltages have a phase shift of 120 degrees with respect to one another, and output voltages are applied to the primary windings arranged along a column80a,80b,80cin order to increase a damping effect, the voltage profiles of which output voltages have pulses in the voltage profile that are at least temporarily shifted with respect to one another—that is to say, may have time-shifted edges of the pulses due to time-offset (shifted) clocking of the half-bridges, which is such that the sum of the voltages present at the primary winding start of the primary windings of a column80a,80b,80ccorresponds to a voltage profile of a higher clock frequency than the clock frequencies of the voltage profiles of the individual voltages. As a result of the inventive connection of the inverters (not illustrated—seeFIG.2) to the transformer apparatus22, no disruptive circulating currents form between the inverters, despite the lack of choke coils in the special electrical connections (not illustrated—seeFIGS.2and5), not even in the case of shifted clocking of the half-bridges (not illustrated—seeFIGS.2and5), connected upstream of the phase outputs, of the same phase with respect to one another. FIG.7shows a flowchart of a method according to a third example embodiment of the disclosure. The method is used to damp high-frequency components in the output current of a power electronics device. The method is performed in a first method step88using a power electronics device that comprises an inverter arrangement and a transformer apparatus, and the inverter arrangement is electrically connected to the transformer apparatus on the primary side, and at least two primary windings are inductively coupled to a common secondary winding in the transformer apparatus at least for a first phase. In a second method step89, during operation of the power electronics device, different output voltages of the inverter arrangement are at least temporarily applied to at least the two primary windings, by virtue of the inverter arrangement being clocked/switched with clock edges that are shifted with respect to one another with respect to the two output voltages, such that the sum of the two output voltages corresponds to a voltage profile with a higher clock frequency than the clock frequency of the voltage profiles of the individual output voltages. FIG.8shows a graph on the x-axis90of which the time t [ms] is plotted and on the y-axis91of which a voltage is plotted in voltage units. The voltage profile92and94is intended to illustrate the method shown inFIG.7. The voltage profile92corresponds to a voltage profile that drops across the secondary winding that is inductively coupled to the at least two primary windings. The voltage profile94corresponds to the sum of the output voltages present at the at least two primary windings, which output voltages have pulses that are shifted with respect to one another in the voltage profile. The shift of the pulses in the voltage profile leads to compression of the rectangular-wave voltage profiles produced in the pulse width modulation, such that the sum of the output voltages96corresponds to a voltage profile with a higher clock frequency than the clock frequencies of the voltage profiles of the individual voltages. The clock frequency of the voltage profile94is in this case so high that, in the selected illustration, the rectangular-wave voltage profiles appear as areas formed in the manner of a mosaic. In the case of a higher resolution, each rectangle of the mosaic would be represented as a high-frequency rectangular-wave voltage profile. | 17,051 |
11942786 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Embodiments of the present invention will be described clearly and fully hereunder in conjunction with the appended drawings so that objects, aspects and advantages of the invention will become more apparent. Evidently, the embodiments set forth herein are merely some but not all possible embodiments of this invention. Any and all other embodiments devisable by skilled artisans in light of the disclosed embodiments without paying any creative effort are considered to fall within the scope of protection of this invention. The terms “first,” “second,” and the like in the description, claims and drawings of this application are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the terms so used are inter-changeable under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments described herein are capable of operation in sequences other than those illustrated or otherwise described herein. FIG.1is a schematic diagram of a conventional switched-mode power supply. As shown inFIG.1, the switched-mode power supply includes a rectifier bridge and an input filter capacitor (IFC) C1. The IFC C1is configured to convert an alternating current (AC) input voltage to a direct current (DC) voltage. The DC voltage is then converted by the switched-mode power supply to a power source required by a load. InFIG.1, the input current Iac is the sum of a current Ic1for charging or discharging the IFC C1and a current Isw flowing through a main power stage. That is, Iac=Ic1+Isw. Where, Ic1=C1*dVin(t)/dt. Reference is made toFIGS.2to3to describe how the IFC C1affects total harmonic distortion (THD). It is assumed that the main power stage is a constant-power purely resistive load with a resistance Rsw which is 10 kΩ at 220 Vrms, or 2.5 kΩ at 110 Vrms. It is also assumed that fac=50 Hz and C1=220 nF. Related waveforms at Vac=110 and 220 Vrms are shown inFIGS.2and3respectively.FIG.2shows waveforms with input current distortion caused by C1at Vac=110 Vrms, andFIG.3shows waveforms with input current distortion caused by C1at Vac=220 Vrms. It can be seen fromFIGS.2and3that: 1) Iac distortion is manifested as asymmetric of Vac absolute value rising (a rising phase of each cycle) and Vac absolute value falling (a falling phase of each cycle) and valley cut-off distortion, which contribute much to THD; and 2) when Vac value is high, Tel increases while Isw decreases, leading to greater Iac distortion. Therefore, the IFC C1contributes more to input current THD at high Vac value, it is necessary to optimize the circuit. To sum up, as reactive power caused by harmonic currents will increase loss of a power grid, speed up aging of the grid and electricity consuming devices and interfere with communication, radar, audio/video and other devices in the grid, the problem to be solved by the present invention is the suppression of harmonic currents and total harmonic distortion (THD) optimization of IFC circuitry. It should be noted that a power supply circuit provided in the present invention is applicable to a LED driving power supply in need of low THD. A power supply circuit, a method of implementation, a switched-mode power supply and an electronic device according to the present invention will be described below with reference toFIGS.4to11. FIG.4is a schematic diagram of the power supply circuit of the present invention. As shown inFIG.4, the power supply circuit includes a rectifier and filter module, a main power stage module, a voltage waveform detection module and a compensation module. The rectifier and filter module is connected to a power source in order to receive an AC voltage. It then converts the AC voltage to a DC voltage having a periodic dome-shaped waveform. For example, the rectifier and filter module includes a rectifier bridge and an input filter capacitor (IFC) C1. An input terminal of the rectifier bridge is connected to the AC power source (L, N) to receive the AC voltage. It then converts the AC voltage to the DC voltage. For example, the input terminal of the rectifier bridge is connected to the AC power source. Moreover, a positive output terminal of the rectifier bridge is connected to the IFC C1, and a negative output terminal of the rectifier bridge is connected to a load of the main power stage. The DC voltage is provided at the positive and negative output terminals of the rectifier bridge. The IFC C1is connected respectively at the positive and negative output terminals of the rectifier bridge in order to filter the DC voltage. The positive output terminal of the rectifier bridge is connected to the voltage waveform detection module. For example, the main power module is connected to the rectifier and filter module to receive the DC voltage and provide power to the load based on the DC voltage. An input current Iac is the sum of a current Ic1for charging or discharging the IFC C1and a current Isw through the main power stage. That is, Iac=Ic1+Isw. Where, Ic1=C1*dVin(t)/dt. For example, the voltage waveform detection module is electrically connected to the rectifier and filter module to detect the DC voltage and output waveform information thereof. The voltage waveform detection module is electrically connected to the positive output terminal of the rectifier bridge. The voltage waveform detection module gains rising phase information and falling phase information of each DC voltage cycle of the DC voltage according to the detected waveform of the DC voltage Vin. In this way, the voltage waveform detection module gains information about variation of the DC voltage Vin over time in each cycle. The compensation module is electrically connected to both the voltage waveform detection module and the main power stage module and is adapted to generate a compensation signal based on the rising phase information and the falling phase information in each DC voltage cycle derived from the waveform information and trigger the main power stage module to perform a compensation operation based on the compensation signal. The compensation operation is performed for THD compensation of the power supply circuit. The compensation signal indicates adjusting an on-time and/or an off-time of a power switch in the main power stage module, i.e., an amount of compensation time. During the on-time of the power switch in the main power stage, the compensation signal triggers the main power stage module to operate at least one of:decreasing the on-time in the rising phase of each cycle of the DC voltage; andincreasing the on-time in the falling phase of each cycle of the DC voltage. During the off-time of the power switch in the main power stage, the compensation signal triggers the main power stage module to operate at least one of:increasing the off-time in the rising phase of each cycle of the DC voltage; anddecreasing the off-time in the falling phase of each cycle of the DC voltage. Rising portion of the DC voltage waveform represents rising phase of each cycle, and falling portion of the DC voltage waveform represents falling phase of each cycle. It is to be noted that the performance of the compensation operation based on the compensation signal means calculation of compensation times Ton_comp (t) and Toff_comp (t) (as shown inFIGS.6and7) based on the compensation signal. Therefore, the present invention calculates the corresponding compensation times according to the detected waveform of the DC voltage Vin, and adjusting the on-time and/or off-time of the power switch in the main power stage module to compensate for the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the power supply circuit, thereby decreasing the total harmonic distortion (THD). Thus, taking into account the nature of the contribution of charging and discharging of the IFC C1to THD, the present invention accomplishes compensation through detecting the waveform of the DC voltage Vin and identifying the rising and falling phases of each cycle of the Vin waveform, thereby reducing asymmetric of the rising and falling phases and valley cut-off distortion. The compensation operation during the rising and falling phases of each cycle of the DC voltage Vin and during the on- and off-times will be described below with reference toFIGS.5to7. FIG.5shows an input voltage waveform according to the present invention.FIG.6schematically illustrates a compensation time for Ton according to the present invention.FIG.7schematically illustrates a compensation time for Toff according to the present invention. The waveform shown inFIG.5represents variation of the DC voltage Vin over time (t). The rising phase in each cycle lasts from 0 ms to 5 ms (i.e., from 0 s to 0.005 s), and the DC voltage Vin increases with time in this phase. The falling phase in each cycle lasts from 5 ms to 10 ms (i.e., from 0.005 s to 0.01 s), and the DC voltage Vin decrease with time in this phase. As shown inFIGS.6and7, in the rising phase of each cycle, Ton (on-time) is negative (indicating “decrease”), and Toff (off-time) is positive (indicating “increase”). That is, negativity indicates “decrease”, and positivity indicates “increase”. Specifically, the amount of compensation time includes an amount of compensation time for the on-time (Ton) and an amount of compensation time for the off-time (Toff). There exist many mechanisms for turning on and off the switch in the main power stage, and the present invention is not limited to any particular one of such mechanisms. As shown inFIG.6, when the amount of compensation time is for Ton, in the rising phase of each cycle (from 0 s to 0.005 s), a compensation time for Ton is negative, resulting in a decrease in Ton. With the DC voltage Vin rising (as shown inFIG.5), an absolute value of the compensation time decreases, and the amount of compensation time reduces to zero at a peak of the input voltage (as can be seen, the peak of the rising phase of each cycle inFIG.5and the amount of compensation time is zero of the rising phase of each cycle inFIG.6). In the falling phase of each cycle (from 0.005 s to 0.01 s), the amount of compensation time for Ton is positive, resulting in an increase in Ton. With the DC voltage Vin decreasing, the absolute value of the compensation time increases, and the amount of compensation time increases to maximum at a valley of the input voltage (as shown inFIG.6, the maximum of the amount of compensation time is 5×10−4). As shown inFIG.7, when the amount of compensation time is for Toff, in the rising phase of each cycle (from 0 s to 0.005 s), the compensation time for Toff is positive, resulting in an increase in Toff. In the falling phase of each cycle (from 0.005 s to 0.01 s), the compensation time for Toff is negative, resulting in a decrease in Toff. The amount of compensation time is zero at peaks of the DC voltage Vin and maximum at valleys thereof. It is to be noted that the compensation time waveforms shown inFIGS.6and7are merely exemplary, and the present invention is not limited to these examples. For example, the start points shown in the figures may be delayed, and the end points may be advanced. The maximal absolute values and ramping slopes may be not constants. However, the absolute value must be minimum closing to peaks of the DC voltage Vin and maximum at valleys thereof. Specific circuit implementations and operating principles of the voltage waveform detection module and the compensation module will be described below with reference toFIGS.8and9. FIG.8shows a circuit diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention, andFIG.9shows a waveform in the embodiment ofFIG.8. For example, the voltage waveform detection module includes a voltage divider, a first comparator and a second comparator. The DC voltage is received at an input terminal of the voltage divider, and both a positive input terminal of the first comparator and a negative input terminal of the second comparator are connected to an output terminal of the voltage divider. A negative input terminal of the first comparator is connected to a first comparison voltage, and a positive input terminal of the second comparator is connected to a second comparison voltage. For example, the aforementioned waveform information of the DC voltage includes a first comparison signal reflecting a result of a comparison between the DC voltage and the first comparison voltage and a second comparison signal reflecting a result of a comparison between the DC voltage and the second comparison voltage. A value of the first comparison voltage is greater than a value of the second comparison voltage. For example, the voltage divider includes a resistor R1and a resistor R2. As shown inFIG.8, the voltage waveform detection module includes the resistor R1, the resistor R2, the first comparator1(“Comparator1” in the figure) and the second comparator2(“Comparator2” in the figure). The resistor R1and the resistor R2are connected in series and then ground. Both the first comparator1and the second comparator2are connected to a node between the series-connected resistor R1and resistor R2. As a result of the DC voltage Vin passing through the resistor R1, a divided voltage detection signal DET is output. The divided voltage detection signal DET is coupled to both the “+” terminal of the first comparator1and the “−” terminal of the second comparator2. Vref1denotes a reference voltage1that is coupled to the “−” terminal of the first comparator1, and Vref2denotes a reference voltage2that is coupled to the “+” terminal of the second comparator2. An output signal of the first comparator1is denoted as cmp1o, and an output signal of the second comparator2as cmp2o. The reference voltages1and2are output from reference sources. For example, the compensation module receives the first and second comparison signals and produces, on the basis thereof, a count signal reflecting a number adapted to indicate the rising and falling phases of each cycle of the DC voltage. For example, if a post stage connecting to the compensation module is a digital control circuit, then the count signal is directly used as the compensation signal. If a post stage connecting to the compensation module is an analog control circuit, then it generates the compensation signal according to the count signal. For example, based on the first comparison signal, the compensation module takes a period of time that the DC voltage is higher than the first comparison voltage in each cycle as a first count. Moreover, based on the first and second comparison signals, in each cycle, a counter is started upon the DC voltage rising to the first comparison voltage and a second count is output until the DC voltage drops to the second comparison voltage. The count signal reflects the second count minus half the first count. For example, the compensation module includes a flip-flop, a counter, an inverter, an oscillator, a register, a subtractor and a digital-to-analog converter. The first comparison signal is received at an S terminal of the flip-flop and passed on to the register via the inverter. The second comparison signal is received at an R terminal of the flip-flop, and the counter is coupled to a Q terminal of the flip-flop, the oscillator, the register and the subtractor. The count signal output from the subtractor to the digital-to-analog converter. The digital-to-analog converter is connected to the main power stage module in order to provide the compensation signal to the main power stage module. The operating principles of the voltage waveform detection module and the compensation module are explained below. The DC voltage Vin is attenuated by the resistors R1and R2, and the divided voltage detection signal DET is obtained thereby. The divided voltage detection signal DET is then input to both the first comparator1and the second comparator2. At the same time, the reference voltage1Vref1and the reference voltage2Vref2are input to the first comparator1and the second comparator2, respectively, and comparisons are then performed, resulting in the output signals cmp1oand cmp2o. Wherein, Vref1>Vref2. If DET>Vref1, cmp1ois at a high level. Otherwise, it is at a low level. If DET>Vref2, cmp2ois at a low level. Otherwise, it is at a high level. The reference voltage1Vref1and the reference voltage2Vref2are output from reference sources. The two output signals cmp1oand cmp2o, which are output from the first comparator1and second comparator2, respectively, are input to the RS flip-flop, and an enable signal encot is responsively produced and input to the counter. The oscillator outputs a clock signal clk to the counter. As can be seen fromFIG.9, when the divided voltage detection signal DET rises beyond the reference voltage1Vref1(at a rising edge of cmp1o), if the enable signal encot transitions from the low level to the high level, the counter starts to increment from 0. When the divided voltage detection signal DET beyond the reference voltage2Vref2(at a rising edge of cmp2o), if the enable signal encot transitions from the high level to the low level, the counter is stopped and reset to zero. Q<n:1> represents an n output of the counter, which indicates a final result that is equal to k. Upon the divided voltage detection signal DET decreasing beyond the reference voltage1Vref1(at a rising edge of cmp1ob), the result of the counter is provided to the register. At this time, Q<n:1>=m. Responsively, an output R<n:1> of the register is updated to m. At a steady state, R<n:1> is constantly maintained at m. An output C<n:1> of the subtractor is the counter output Q<n:1> minus half the register output R<n:1>. That is, C<n:1>=Q<n:1>−m/2. As can be seen fromFIG.9, when the DC voltage Vin is rising, C<n:1> is away below 0, and the amount of compensation time for Ton is zero (assuming C<n:1> must be positive). With the DC voltage Vin decreasing from a peak, C<n:1>, as well as the amount of compensation time of the Ton compensation signal, starts to increase from 0. The counter is stopped at the maximum value k−m/2. At this time, the amount of compensation time for Ton is maximum. Optionally, the amount of compensation time may vary linearly over one half of a mains cycle, as represented by the following formula: delta(Ton)(t)=k*t, where, Ton denotes the on-time, t is the time in the rising and falling phases of each cycle, and k is the aforementioned counter output. Through adding the amount of compensation time for Ton to power control in the main power stage, Ton starts to increase from a peak in the falling phase of each cycle and increase to maximum at a valley. This can reduce asymmetry of the rising and falling phases of each cycle of the input current and suppress valley cut-off distortion, thus resulting in reduced total harmonic distortion (THD). It is to be noted that the present invention is not limited to the positive compensation for Ton only in the falling phase of each cycle as described above in connection with the foregoing embodiments for reducing asymmetry of the rising and falling phases of each input current cycle caused by the input filter capacitor (IFC), because any such compensation approach based on the use of the detected waveform of the DC voltage Vin and identification of the rising and falling phases of each cycle is considered to fall within the scope of protection of the present invention. As can be seen from the above description, the power supply circuit of the present invention is effective, simple and reliably and dispenses with the need for a compensation logic built based on complicated digital circuit modules. Therefore, it is convenient to complement and low in cost. In other embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a compensation circuit suitable for use for THD compensation in a switched-mode power supply system. The compensation circuit includes: a voltage waveform detection module adapted to detect a DC voltage having a periodic dome-shaped waveform and output waveform information of the DC voltage. The voltage waveform detection module receives the waveform information and is adapted to generate a compensation signal based on a rising phase information and a falling phase information in each cycle of the DC voltage derived from the waveform information. The compensation signal indicates a compensation operation to be performed for the switched-mode power supply system to accomplish THD compensation in the switched-mode power supply system. For example, the compensation signal indicates adjusting an on-time and/or an off-time of a power switch in the switched-mode power supply system. For example, during the on-time of the power switch, the compensation signal triggers the power switch to operate at least one of: decreasing the on-time in the rising phase of each DC voltage cycle; and increasing the on-time in the falling phase of each DC voltage cycle. For example, during the off-time of the power switch, the compensation signal triggers the power switch to operate at least one of: increasing the off-time in the rising phase of each DC voltage cycle; and decreasing the off-time in the falling phase of each DC voltage cycle. It to be noted that reference can be made to the above description of the power supply circuit for details in the compensation circuit and a further detailed description thereof is deemed unnecessary. A harmonic distortion compensation method for a switched-mode power supply according to the present invention will be described below. Cross-reference may be made between the harmonic distortion compensation method described below and the power supply circuit described above. FIG.10is a flow diagram of the harmonic distortion compensation method for a switched-mode power supply according to the present invention. The harmonic distortion compensation method is used in a circuit for providing a power source for a load in a main power stage using an input voltage and includes the steps as follows. Step1001: Detect a rectified and filtered DC voltage having a periodic dome-shaped waveform. Step1002: Derive, from the waveform, a rising phase information and a falling phase information of each cycle of the DC voltage. Optionally, steps1001and1002can be implemented by a voltage waveform detection module. Reference can be made to the above description for a circuit structure of the voltage waveform detection module. Step1003: Generate a compensation signal based on the rising phase information and the falling phase information of each cycle. The compensation signal is used to trigger a main power stage module containing a power switch to perform a compensation operation based on the compensation signal. The compensation operation is performed to accomplish THD compensation of the switched-mode power supply. Rising portions of the DC voltage waveform represent rising phases of individual cycles, and falling portions of the DC voltage waveform represent falling phases of individual cycles. Optionally, step1003can be implemented by a compensation module. Reference can be made to the above description for a circuit structure of the compensation module. Optionally, triggering the main power stage module containing the power switch to perform the compensation operation based on the compensation signal which is generated based on the rising phase information and the falling phase information of each cycle includes:during an on-time of the power switch in the main power stage module, the compensation signal triggering the main power stage module to operate one of:decreasing the on-time in the rising phase of each cycle of a input voltage; increasing an on-time in the falling phase of each cycle of the input voltage; simultaneously decreasing the on-time in the rising phase of each cycle of the input voltage and increasing the on-time in the falling phase of each cycle of the input voltage;during the off-time of the power switch in the main power stage module, the compensation signal triggering the main power stage module to operate one of:increasing the off-time in the rising phase of each cycle of the input voltage; decreasing the off-time in the falling phase of each cycle of the input voltage; and simultaneously increasing the off-time in the rising phase of each cycle of the input voltage and decreasing the off-time in the falling phase of each cycle of the input voltage. The compensation signal indicates whether to change the on-time or off-time of the power switch in the main power stage, or to simultaneously change both the on-time and off-time of the power switch in the main power stage. Optionally, the present invention further provides a switched-mode power supply including the power supply circuit as defined above. FIG.11shows a schematic diagram showing the structure of an exemplary electronic device. As shown inFIG.11, the electronic device may include a processor1110, a communications interface1120, a memory1130and a communications bus1140. The processor1110, the communications interface1120and the memory1130communicate with one another via the communications bus1140. The processor1110can invoke logic instructions in the memory1130to implement the harmonic distortion compensation method for a switched-mode power supply. The method includes:detecting a rectified and filtered DC voltage having a periodic dome-shaped waveform;deriving, from the waveform, a rising phase information and a falling phase information of each cycle of the DC voltage; andgenerating a compensation signal based on the rising phase information and the falling phase information of each cycle. The compensation signal is used to trigger a main power stage module containing a power switch to perform a compensation operation based on the compensation signal. The compensation operation is performed to accomplish THD compensation of the switched-mode power supply. Rising portions of the DC voltage waveform represent rising phases of individual cycles, and falling portions of the DC voltage waveform represent falling phases of individual cycles. When implemented as a software functional block and sold or used as a separate product, the logic instructions in the memory1130may be stored on a computer-readable storage medium. With this in mind, the subject matter of the present invention is per se, or the part thereof that is advantageous over the prior art, or part of the subject matter, may be embodied as a software product stored on a storage medium and containing a number of instructions for causing a computing device (which may be a personal computer, a server, a network appliance, etc.) to carry out all or some steps in methods provided in various embodiments of this application. Examples of the storage medium include various media that can store program codes, such as flash memory, removable hard disk drives, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage devices and optical disk storage devices. In another aspect, the present invention provides a computer program product including a computer program stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. The computer program includes program instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to implement the harmonic distortion compensation method for a switched-mode power supply as described above in connection with the foregoing embodiments. In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing thereon a computer program, which when executed by a processor, implements the harmonic distortion compensation method for a switched-mode power supply as described above in connection with the foregoing embodiments. The device embodiments described above are only illustrative. Modules that have been described as separate components herein may be physically separated or not, and components that have been shown as modules may be physical modules or not. They may be deployed in a single location or distributed across a plurality of network devices. As actually needed, either all or some of such modules may be selected in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein. Those of ordinary skill in the art may understand and practice them without paying any creative effort. From the description of the above embodiments, it is apparent to those skilled in the art that the various embodiments may be implemented by a combination of software and a necessary generic hardware platform. Of course, it may also be implemented by hardware. With this understanding in mind, the above embodiments are per se, or the part thereof advantageous over the prior art, may be embodied as a software product, which is stored on a computer-readable storage medium, such as a ROM/RAM, magnetic disk or CD-ROM, and contains a number of instructions for causing a computing device (which may be a personal computer, a server, a network appliance, etc.) to carry out the methods according to the various embodiments or part thereof. Finally, it is to be noted that the foregoing embodiments are provided merely to illustrate the techniques of the present invention and are not intended to limit it in any sense. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that modifications to those embodiments are still possible, or all or some of the technical features thereof can be equivalently substituted, without causing the essence of them to depart from the scope of the various embodiments of the present invention. | 29,793 |
11942787 | DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. While a plurality of embodiments will be described below, it has been originally intended at the time of filing of the present application to appropriately combine the configurations described in the embodiments unless technically contradicted. In the accompanying drawings, the same or corresponding components are denoted by the same reference characters, and the description thereof will not be repeated. First Embodiment <Overall Configuration of Distribution System> FIG.1is a block diagram showing an overall configuration example of a distribution system to which a power conversion device according to the first embodiment of the present invention is connected. Referring toFIG.1, distribution systems24(24ato24d) are connected to a substation20, and a plurality of automatic voltage regulators23(23ato23c) are provided in series in each distribution system24. In the present first embodiment, each automatic voltage regulator23is formed of an SVR, and will be hereinafter referred to as an SVR23. Further, distribution system24is connected to a town100(a town A100a, a town B100b, a town C100c, a town D100d), a factory101, a building102, an apartment103, a mega-solar power conversion device27, and a distribution system storage battery power conversion device29(each of which may be hereinafter referred to as a “consumer”). Further, distribution system24is equipped with a plurality of voltmeters22(22a,22e,22f,22i,22j, and22x), and the measurement results of the voltmeters are periodically transmitted to a distribution automation system21(which will be hereinafter referred to as “DSO” (Distribution System Operator)). Further, DSO21is also notified of the tap position information, the primary-side voltage information, and the secondary-side voltage information of each SVR23. In the present first embodiment, in each SVR23, DSO21is periodically notified of the tap position information, the primary-side voltage information, and the secondary-side voltage information. Also at the time of tap changing (irregularly), DSO21is notified of each pieces of the above-mentioned information. AlthoughFIG.1shows SVR23ato SVR23c, any number of SVRs may be disposed. Although town A100ato town D100dare shown, any number of towns may also be disposed. Although voltmeters22a,22e,22f,22i,22j, and22xare shown, any number of voltmeters may be disposed. From each consumer, DSO21periodically collects information such as various measurement results obtained at each consumer. Further, for each distributed power supply in each consumer, DSO21calculates various pieces of control command information used for system voltage stabilization control using a distributed power supply installed on the consumer side, and then gives a notification about the calculation result. A panel of a mega-solar system26is connected to mega-solar power conversion device27, and a distribution system storage battery28is connected to distribution system storage battery power conversion device29. <Configuration of Town> FIG.2is a block diagram showing a configuration example of a town100to which the power conversion device according to the first embodiment is applied. Referring toFIG.2, town100is formed of a collection of a plurality of sections (e.g., about 30 sections). Each section is constituted of a plurality of consumer houses (e.g., about ten houses) connected to a common pole-mounted transformer.FIG.2shows sections19Q,19R, . . . , and19Z, and pole-mounted transformers9Q,9R, . . . , and9Z that correspond to their respective sections19Q,19R, . . . , and19Z, but any number of sections may be provided. Further, consumer houses18a,18b, . . . , and18nare shown in section19Q, but any number of consumer houses may also be provided in each section. FIG.2shows the configurations of consumer houses18a,18b, . . . , and18nin section19Q with suffixes “a”, “b”, . . . , and “n” added to reference numerals of the respective elements. However, since the configurations of the consumer houses are the same, the elements are denoted by reference numerals without suffixes “a”, “b”, . . . , and “n” when the description is common to the consumer houses. Similarly, the pole-mounted transformers will be also denoted simply as a pole-mounted transformer9without suffixes “Q”, “R”, . . . , and “Z” when the description is common to the sections. Each consumer house18includes a solar cell1, a solar cell power conversion device2, a storage battery3, a storage battery power conversion device4, a load5in consumer house18, a power switchboard6, a home energy management system (HEMS)7, a smart meter8, a consumer premises distribution system10, a consumer premises communication network11, and a signal line12. Consumer premises communication network11connects HEMS7to devices installed in each house. Signal line12serves as a signal line through which consumed power and the like of each device measured by power switchboard6are transmitted to HEMS7. The primary side of each pole-mounted transformer9is connected to distribution system24. The secondary side of each pole-mounted transformer9is connected to a distribution system14in the corresponding section19. Each town100is provided with an outside premises communication network13and a community energy management system (CEMS)15. CEMS15manages demand and supply of electric power in a city section constituted of sections19Q,19R, . . . , and19Z. Outside premises communication network13connects communication between HEMS7in each consumer house18and CEMS15. In the following description of the present first embodiment, solar cell1and storage battery3are installed as distributed power supplies in each consumer house18. Solar cell1corresponds to one example of an “energy creation device”. Storage battery3corresponds to one example of an “energy storage device”. All of the consumer houses do not need to have both solar cell1(energy creation device) and storage battery3(energy storage device), but each consumer house may have only one of solar cell1and storage battery3. <Configuration of Consumer House> FIG.3is a block diagram for further illustrating configurations of various devices in consumer house18shown inFIG.2. Referring toFIG.3, solar cell1and solar cell power conversion device2constitute an energy creation device while storage battery3and storage battery power conversion device4constitute an energy storage device. As described above, each consumer house may be provided with only one of a distributed power supply configured by an energy creation device and a distributed power supply configured by an energy storage device. Load5includes an air conditioner52, a refrigerator53, a lighting device54, and an IH cooking heater55, for example. Load5operates with electric power supplied from consumer premises distribution system10. Inside power switchboard6, a power measurement circuit61is provided for measuring power consumption per breaker. The value measured by power measurement circuit61is transmitted to HEMS7through signal line12. HEMS7is capable of transmitting and receiving data to and from each device of load5and smart meter8through consumer premises communication network11. Further, HEMS7is capable of transmitting and receiving data to and from CEMS15through outside premises communication network13. FIG.4is a block diagram showing a configuration example of solar cell power conversion device2and storage battery power conversion device4. Referring toFIG.4, solar cell power conversion device2includes a voltmeter201, an ammeter202, a first DC/DC conversion circuit203, a first control circuit204, a DC bus205, a voltmeter206, an ammeter207, a first DC/AC conversion circuit208, a second control circuit209, a voltmeter210, an ammeter211, and a communication interface circuit212. Voltmeter201measures the voltage (DC) output from solar cell1. Ammeter202measures the current (DC) output from solar cell1. First DC/DC conversion circuit203converts the DC power of the first DC voltage output from solar cell1into DC power of the second DC voltage. First control circuit204controls first DC/DC conversion circuit203. Through DC bus205, the second DC voltage output from first DC/DC conversion circuit203is supplied to first DC/AC conversion circuit208. Voltmeter206measures the voltage on DC bus205. Ammeter207measures the current (DC) output from first DC/DC conversion circuit203. First DC/AC conversion circuit208converts the DC power output from first DC/DC conversion circuit203into AC power. Second control circuit209controls first DC/AC conversion circuit208. Voltmeter210measures the voltage (AC) output from first DC/AC conversion circuit208. Ammeter211measures the current (AC) output from first DC/AC conversion circuit208. Communication interface circuit212establishes communication between solar cell power conversion device2and HEMS7. Storage battery power conversion device4includes a voltmeter401, an ammeter402, a second DC/DC conversion circuit403, a third control circuit404, a DC bus405, a voltmeter406, an ammeter407, a second DC/AC conversion circuit408, a fourth control circuit409, a voltmeter410, an ammeter411, and a communication interface circuit412. Voltmeter401measures the voltage (DC) output from storage battery3. Ammeter402measures the current (DC) output from storage battery3. Second DC/DC conversion circuit403converts the DC power of the third DC voltage output from storage battery3into DC power of the fourth DC voltage. Third control circuit404controls second DC/DC conversion circuit403. Through DC bus405, the fourth DC voltage output from second DC/DC conversion circuit403is supplied to second DC/AC conversion circuit408. Voltmeter406measures the voltage on DC bus405. Ammeter407measures the direct current output from second DC/DC conversion circuit403. Second DC/AC conversion circuit408converts the DC power output from second DC/DC conversion circuit403into AC power. Fourth control circuit409controls second DC/AC conversion circuit408. Voltmeter410measures the voltage (AC) output from second DC/AC conversion circuit408. Ammeter411measures the current (AC) output from second DC/AC conversion circuit408. Communication interface circuit412establishes communication between storage battery power conversion device4and HEMS7. First DC/DC conversion circuit203, second DC/DC conversion circuit403, first DC/AC conversion circuit208, and second DC/AC conversion circuit408can be formed in configurations of a known DC/DC converter and inverter as appropriate. In the configuration inFIG.4, each of first DC/AC conversion circuit208and second DC/AC conversion circuit408corresponds to one example of an “inverter”, and each of second control circuit209and fourth control circuit409corresponds to one example of a “controller”. FIG.5is a block diagram showing a configuration example of first control circuit204that controls first DC/DC conversion circuit203in solar cell power conversion device2, as shown inFIG.4. Referring toFIG.5, first control circuit204includes a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control circuit2041, a voltage control circuit2042, a switching circuit2043, and a fifth control circuit2044. Based on the values measured by voltmeter201and ammeter202, MPPT control circuit2041searches for the maximum power point of solar cell1in order to extract electric power, as much as possible, generated by solar cell1for, what is called, maximum power point tracking control. Specifically, MPPT control circuit2041generates a control command value of first DC/DC conversion circuit203for controlling the DC voltage measured by voltmeter201to be set at a voltage corresponding to the above-mentioned maximum power point. Based on the value measured by voltmeter206, voltage control circuit2042generates a control command value of first DC/DC conversion circuit203for maintaining the DC voltage (the second DC voltage) on DC bus205at a predetermined target voltage (for example, 350V). Fifth control circuit2044outputs a control parameter, a control target value and the like to MPPT control circuit2041and voltage control circuit2042, and also manages the power generation state of solar cell1, and the like. Fifth control circuit2044further outputs a control signal for switching circuit2043. According to the control signal from fifth control circuit2044, switching circuit2043selectively outputs one of the outputs from MPPT control circuit2041and voltage control circuit2042as a control command value for first DC/DC conversion circuit203. As described below, first DC/DC conversion circuit203(FIG.4) is controlled in an MPPT mode or a voltage control mode. In the MPPT mode, switching circuit2043is controlled to output the control command value generated by MPPT control circuit2041. In the voltage control mode, switching circuit2043is controlled to output the control command value generated by voltage control circuit2042. FIG.6is a block diagram showing a configuration example of second control circuit209that controls first DC/AC conversion circuit208in solar cell power conversion device2, as shown inFIG.4. Referring toFIG.6, second control circuit209includes a phase detection circuit2091, a reactive current control circuit2092, a reactive current waveform generation circuit2093, an active current control circuit2094, an active current waveform generation circuit2095, an adder2096, a sixth control circuit2097, an effective voltage calculation circuit2098, a voltage control target value generation circuit2099, a dead zone table generation circuit2100, a system voltage monitoring circuit2101, a system voltage change factor determination circuit2102, and an apparent current limiter circuit2103. Phase detection circuit2091detects a phase from the voltage waveform of the alternating current measured by voltmeter210. Reactive current control circuit2092generates an amplitude command of the reactive current output from first DC/AC conversion circuit208(FIG.4) based on the effective voltage of the AC voltage in the distribution system that is output from effective voltage calculation circuit2098, the voltage control target value generated by voltage control target value generation circuit2099, the dead zone width information generated by dead zone table generation circuit2100, and the output from system voltage change factor determination circuit2102. The details of reactive current control circuit2092will be described later. In the present first embodiment, reactive current control circuit2092starts calculation of the amplitude command of the reactive current based on the zero-cross point information of the AC voltage phase detected by phase detection circuit2091(the reactive current command value is calculated in the cycle of the AC voltage). Reactive current waveform generation circuit2093generates a reactive current waveform output from first DC/AC conversion circuit208based on the phase detection information (zero-cross point detection information) about the AC voltage output from phase detection circuit2091and the amplitude command value generated by reactive current control circuit2092. Active current control circuit2094generates an amplitude command value of the active current to be output from first DC/AC conversion circuit208based on the voltage on DC bus205measured by voltmeter206, the current flowing through DC bus205and measured by ammeter207, the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10that is output from effective voltage calculation circuit2098, the voltage control target value generated by voltage control target value generation circuit2099, the reactive current amplitude information output from reactive current control circuit2092, and the dead zone width information generated by dead zone table generation circuit2100, each of which is given through sixth control circuit2097. In the present first embodiment, active current control circuit2094starts calculation of the amplitude command of the active current based on the zero-cross point information of the AC voltage phase detected by phase detection circuit2091(the active current command value is calculated in the cycle of the AC voltage). Then, active current control circuit2094calculates the current amplitude value of the active current by proportional-integral (PI) control for bringing the voltage on DC bus205to be close to a predetermined target voltage (for example, 350V). Active current waveform generation circuit2095generates an active current waveform output from first DC/AC conversion circuit208based on the phase detection information (zero-cross point detection information) of the AC voltage output from phase detection circuit2091and the amplitude command value generated by active current control circuit2094. Adder2096adds the reactive current waveform output from reactive current waveform generation circuit2093and the active current waveform output from active current waveform generation circuit2095to thereby generate an AC current target value to be output from first DC/AC conversion circuit208. The output from adder2096is subjected to a limiter process in apparent current limiter circuit2103so as to prevent the output current from exceeding the rated current of first DC/AC conversion circuit208. Based on the AC current target value output from apparent current limiter circuit2103and the result of measuring the AC current output from ammeter211, sixth control circuit2097generates a control command value of first DC/AC conversion circuit208for controlling the output current from first DC/AC conversion circuit208to be set at an AC current target value. Effective voltage calculation circuit2098calculates an AC effective voltage from the AC voltage in consumer premises distribution system10that is output from voltmeter210. Voltage control target value generation circuit2099generates a control target value of the AC voltage (AC effective voltage) from the AC effective voltage output from effective voltage calculation circuit2098. Dead zone table generation circuit2100generates dead zone width information. The dead zone width information will be described later. At the time of generation of reactive power, sixth control circuit2097calculates apparent power. When the calculated apparent power exceeds the capacity of first DC/AC conversion circuit208, sixth control circuit2097corrects the AC current target value output from apparent current limiter circuit2103to thereby control the output power (output current) from first DC/AC conversion circuit208to become equal to or less than the capacity of first DC/AC conversion circuit208. System voltage monitoring circuit2101captures the effective voltage information calculated by effective voltage calculation circuit2098based on the phase detection information (zero-cross point detection information) output from phase detection circuit2091. Effective voltage calculation circuit2098calculates the effective voltage for one cycle of an alternating current based on the phase detection information output from phase detection circuit2091, and then, outputs the calculation result to voltage control target value generation circuit2099, system voltage monitoring circuit2101, reactive current control circuit2092, active current control circuit2094, and sixth control circuit2097. Then, system voltage monitoring circuit2101calculates a difference value between the effective voltage information captured based on the zero-cross point detection information and the effective voltage information captured one cycle before, and then, outputs the difference value to system voltage change factor determination circuit2102. When system voltage change factor determination circuit2102receives the difference value of the effective voltage from system voltage monitoring circuit2101, it determines based on the received effective voltage difference value whether the change in effective voltage is caused by the tap changing in SVR23or caused by the change in electric power generated by the load or the energy creation device, and then, outputs the determination result to reactive current control circuit2092and sixth control circuit2097. FIG.7is a block diagram showing a configuration example of third control circuit404that controls second DC/DC conversion circuit403in storage battery power conversion device4, as shown inFIG.4. Referring toFIG.7, third control circuit404includes a charge control circuit4041, a discharge control circuit4042, a switching circuit4043, and a seventh control circuit4044. Charge control circuit4041generates a control command value of second DC/DC conversion circuit403that is used when performing charging control for storage battery3. Discharge control circuit4042generates a control command value of second DC/DC conversion circuit403that is used when performing discharging control for storage battery3. Seventh control circuit4044outputs a control parameter, a control target value and the like to charge control circuit4041and discharge control circuit4042, and also, manages the charge amount, the charge current, the discharge power amount and the like of storage battery3. Seventh control circuit4044further outputs a control signal for switching circuit4043. According to the control signal from seventh control circuit4044, switching circuit4043selectively outputs one of the outputs from charge control circuit4041and discharge control circuit4042as a control command value of second DC/DC conversion circuit403. Switching circuit4043is controlled to output the control command value generated by charge control circuit4041when it receives an instruction to charge storage battery3, and also controlled to output the control command value generated by discharge control circuit4042when it receives an instruction to discharge storage battery3. FIG.8is a block diagram showing a configuration example of fourth control circuit409that controls second DC/AC conversion circuit408in storage battery power conversion device4shown inFIG.4. Referring toFIG.8, fourth control circuit409includes a phase detection circuit4091, a reactive current control circuit4092, a reactive current waveform generation circuit4093, an active current control circuit4094, an active current waveform generation circuit4095, an adder4096, an eighth control circuit4097, an effective voltage calculation circuit4098, a voltage control target value generation circuit4099, a dead zone table generation circuit4100, a system voltage monitoring circuit4101, a system voltage change factor determination circuit4102, and an apparent current limiter circuit4103. Phase detection circuit4091detects a phase from the AC voltage waveform measured by voltmeter410. Reactive current control circuit4092generates an amplitude command of the reactive current output from second DC/AC conversion circuit408(FIG.4) based on the effective voltage of the AC voltage in the distribution system that is output from effective voltage calculation circuit4098, the voltage control target value generated by voltage control target value generation circuit4099(consumer premises distribution system10), the dead zone width information generated by dead zone table generation circuit4100, and the output from system voltage change factor determination circuit4102. The details of reactive current control circuit4092will be described later. In the present first embodiment, reactive current control circuit4092starts calculation of the amplitude command of the reactive current based on the zero-cross point information of the AC voltage phase detected by phase detection circuit4091(the reactive current command value is calculated in the cycle of the AC voltage). Reactive current waveform generation circuit4093generates a reactive current waveform to be output from second DC/AC conversion circuit408, based on the phase detection information (zero-cross point detection information) about the AC voltage output from phase detection circuit4091and the amplitude command value generated by reactive current control circuit4092. Active current control circuit4094generates an amplitude command value of the active current to be output from second DC/AC conversion circuit408, based on the voltage on DC bus405that is measured by voltmeter406, the current flowing through DC bus405and measured by ammeter407, the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10that is output from effective voltage calculation circuit4098, the voltage control target value generated by voltage control target value generation circuit4099(consumer premises distribution system10), the reactive current amplitude information output from reactive current control circuit4092, and the dead zone width information generated by dead zone table generation circuit4100, each of which is given through eighth control circuit4097. In the present first embodiment, active current control circuit4094starts calculation of the amplitude command of the active current based on the zero-cross point information of the AC voltage phase detected by phase detection circuit4091(the active current command value is calculated in the cycle of the AC voltage). Active current waveform generation circuit4095generates an active current waveform to be output from second DC/AC conversion circuit408, based on the phase detection information (zero-cross point detection information) about the AC voltage output from phase detection circuit4091and the amplitude command value generated by active current control circuit4094. Adder4096adds the reactive current waveform output from reactive current waveform generation circuit4093and the active current waveform output from active current waveform generation circuit4095, to thereby generate an AC current target value to be output from second DC/AC conversion circuit408. The output from adder4096is subjected to a limiter process in apparent current limiter circuit4103so as to prevent the output current from exceeding the rated current of second DC/AC conversion circuit408. Based on the AC current target value output from apparent current limiter circuit4103and the result of measuring the AC current output from ammeter411, eighth control circuit4097generates a control command value of second DC/AC conversion circuit408for controlling the output current from second DC/AC conversion circuit408to be set at an AC current target value. Effective voltage calculation circuit4098calculates an AC effective voltage from the AC voltage in consumer premises distribution system10that is output from voltmeter410. Voltage control target value generation circuit4099generates a control target value of the AC voltage (AC effective voltage) based on the AC effective voltage output from effective voltage calculation circuit4098. Dead zone table generation circuit4100generates dead zone width information. At the time of generation of reactive power, eighth control circuit4097calculates apparent power. When the calculated apparent power exceeds the capacity of second DC/AC conversion circuit408, eighth control circuit4097corrects the AC current target value output from apparent current limiter circuit4103to thereby control the output power (output current) from second DC/AC conversion circuit408to become equal to or less than the capacity of second DC/AC conversion circuit408. System voltage monitoring circuit4101captures the effective voltage information calculated by effective voltage calculation circuit4098based on the phase detection information (zero-cross point detection information) output from phase detection circuit4091. Effective voltage calculation circuit4098calculates an effective voltage for one cycle of an alternating current based on the phase detection information output from phase detection circuit4091, and then, outputs the calculation result to voltage control target value generation circuit4099, system voltage monitoring circuit4101, reactive current control circuit4092, active current control circuit4094, and eighth control circuit4097. Then, system voltage monitoring circuit4101calculates a difference value between the effective voltage information captured based on the zero-cross point detection information and the effective voltage information captured one cycle before, and then, outputs the difference value to system voltage change factor determination circuit4102. When system voltage change factor determination circuit4102receives the difference value of the effective voltage from system voltage monitoring circuit4101, it determines based on the received effective voltage difference value whether the change in effective voltage is caused by the tap changing in SVR23or caused by the change in electric power generated by the load or the energy creation device, and then, outputs the determination result to reactive current control circuit4092and eighth control circuit4097. Then, the details of main blocks inFIGS.6and8will be further described. FIG.9is a block diagram showing a configuration example of effective voltage calculation circuit2098and4098shown inFIGS.6and8, respectively. Since effective voltage calculation circuit4098has the same configuration as that of effective voltage calculation circuit2098, effective voltage calculation circuit2098will be representatively described below. Referring toFIG.9, effective voltage calculation circuit2098includes a multiplier20981, an integrator20982, a square root calculator20983, and a divider20984. Multiplier20981multiplies the values of the AC voltages in the consumer premises distribution system that are measured by voltmeter210to thereby calculate a voltage square value. The output from multiplier20981is input into integrator20982. Thereby, a total sum of the voltage square values is calculated. Specifically, based on the phase detection information output from phase detection circuit2091, for example, in each one cycle of the distribution AC system, the total sum calculated by integrator20982is latched into a register (not shown) and the integrated value is reset to zero. The output from integrator20982(i.e., the register output (not shown)) is input into square root calculator20983to calculate the square root of the total sum of the voltage square values. Further, divider20984divides the output value from square root calculator20983by an integration sample number N (N: natural number) obtained by integrator20982and corresponding to one cycle period in the distribution AC system. As a result, the output value from divider20984corresponds to the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10. FIG.10is a block diagram showing a configuration example of voltage control target value generation circuits2099and4099shown inFIGS.6and8, respectively. Since voltage control target value generation circuit4099has the same configuration as that of voltage control target value generation circuit2099, voltage control target value generation circuit2099will be hereinafter representatively described. Referring toFIG.10, voltage control target value generation circuit2099includes a multiplier20991, registers20992ato20992min a plurality of stages, and adders20993ato20993min a plurality of stages. The multiplier, the registers, and the adders mentioned above constitute a finite impulse response (FIR) filter. Multiplier20991multiplies the AC effective voltage output from effective voltage calculation circuit2098by a predetermined coefficient M, and outputs the calculation result to register20992aand adder20993a. A set of register20992and adder20993is prepared by the number of samples for which the moving average is calculated. Register20992is connected in a shift register configuration. Coefficient M is provided as a reciprocal of the number of samples of the AC effective voltage for which the moving average is calculated. According to such a configuration, voltage control target value generation circuit2099calculates the moving average value of the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10that is calculated by effective voltage calculation circuit2098. In the present first embodiment, for example, a moving average value of the AC effective voltage for one minute is calculated. Then, the moving average value of the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10that is calculated by voltage control target value generation circuit2099is output as a voltage control target value of consumer premises distribution system10to reactive current control circuit2092, active current control circuit2094, and sixth control circuit2097. FIG.11is a block diagram showing a configuration example of system voltage monitoring circuits2101and4101shown inFIGS.6and8, respectively. Since system voltage monitoring circuit4101has the same configuration as that of system voltage monitoring circuit2101, system voltage monitoring circuit2101will be representatively described below. Referring toFIG.11, system voltage monitoring circuit2101includes a register21011and a subtractor21012. Based on the zero-cross point information detected by phase detection circuit2091, register21011delays the AC effective voltage output from effective voltage calculation circuit2098by one cycle of an alternating current. If the AC frequency is 60 Hz, register21011outputs the AC effective voltage received from effective voltage calculation circuit2098with a delay of 1/60 seconds. From the AC effective voltage (the present AC effective voltage) received from effective voltage calculation circuit2098, subtractor21012subtracts the AC effective voltage that is output from register21011by one cycle of an alternating current before. According to such a configuration, system voltage monitoring circuit2101receives the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10that is calculated by effective voltage calculation circuit2098, and subtracts the effective voltage, which has been calculated by one cycle of an alternating current before, from the received effective voltage, and thereby, calculates the amount of change in the effective voltage for one cycle of an alternating current. The amount of change in the effective voltage calculated by system voltage monitoring circuit2101is output to system voltage change factor determination circuit2102. FIG.12is a block diagram showing a configuration example of system voltage change factor determination circuits2102and4102shown inFIGS.6and8, respectively. Since system voltage change factor determination circuit4102has the same configuration as that of system voltage change factor determination circuit2102, system voltage change factor determination circuit2102will be representatively described below. Referring toFIG.12, system voltage change factor determination circuit2102includes registers21021ato21021nin a plurality of stages, adders21022ato21022nin a plurality of stages, and an absolute value comparison circuit21023. The amount of change in the effective voltage output from system voltage monitoring circuit2101is input into register21021aand adder21022a. In system voltage change factor determination circuit2102, by registers21021ato21021nand adders21022ato21022n, the amount of change in the effective voltage calculated in system voltage monitoring circuit2101is added with the number of stages of registers21021ato21021nand plus 1. Then, the result is input into absolute value comparison circuit21023. In the present example, five sets of registers21021and adders21022are provided. Accordingly, the difference value of the AC effective voltage for one cycle of an alternating current that is output from system voltage monitoring circuit2101is added by six cycles of an alternating current (corresponding to 100 ms at an AC frequency of 60 Hz). Note that the number to be added is not limited to six cycles of an alternating current, but may be two cycles or ten cycles, or may be changed in accordance with the AC frequency. When the cycle of the AC voltage changes due to the tap changing in SVR23, in the present first embodiment, the notification about the zero-cross point detection result to be given to voltage control target value generation circuit2099(4099), system voltage monitoring circuit2101, reactive current control circuit2092, and active current control circuit2094is masked on the phase detection circuit2091(4091) side. Absolute value comparison circuit21023compares the absolute value of the result about addition of the effective voltage change amount by registers21021ato21021nand adders21022ato21022nwith the threshold value output from sixth control circuit2097. When the absolute value of the result about addition of the amount of change in the effective voltage is greater than the threshold value, absolute value comparison circuit21023determines that the change in the effective voltage is caused by the tap changing in SVR23, and then, outputs the determination result to reactive current control circuit2092and sixth control circuit2097. System voltage change factor determination circuit2102also outputs the result about addition of the amount of change in the effective voltage. FIG.13is a block diagram showing a configuration example of reactive current control circuits2092and4092shown inFIGS.6and8, respectively. Since reactive current control circuit4092has the same configuration as that of reactive current control circuit2092, reactive current control circuit2092will be representatively described below. Referring toFIG.13, reactive current control circuit2092includes a target value generation circuit20921, a low pass filter (LPF)20922, a subtractor20923, a dead zone determination circuit20924, and a reactive current command value computing circuit20925. Target value generation circuit20921generates a target voltage used when generating a reactive current command value. In a normal state (when there is no voltage fluctuation resulting from distribution system voltage stabilization facilities such as SVR23), target value generation circuit20921outputs the target voltage received from voltage control target value generation circuit2099. When a voltage fluctuation resulting from distribution system voltage stabilization facilities such as SVR23is detected, target value generation circuit20921generates a target voltage based on an instruction from sixth control circuit2097and outputs the generated target voltage. Specifically, in the present first embodiment, sixth control circuit2097calculates the amount of change in the effective voltage in distribution system10based on the voltage step width caused by the tap changing in SVR23. Then, target value generation circuit20921adds the amount of change in the effective voltage calculated by sixth control circuit2097to the target voltage received from voltage control target value generation circuit2099, and then, outputs the result. Based on the result about addition of the amount of change in the effective voltage output from system voltage change factor determination circuit2102, sixth control circuit2097determines whether the voltage rises or falls due to the tap changing in SVR23. LPF20922removes a high frequency component of the effective voltage output from effective voltage calculation circuit2098. Specifically, LPF20922can be formed, for example, of a primary infinite impulse response (IIR) filter having a time constant of several seconds. In the case where LPF20922is formed of a digital filter, LPF20922is configured to be capable of changing (initializing) an internal register value based on the determination by sixth control circuit2097when a voltage fluctuation resulting from distribution system voltage stabilization facilities such as SVR23is detected. In the present first embodiment, when a voltage fluctuation resulting from distribution system voltage stabilization facilities such as SVR23is detected, LPF20922is initialized upon detection of this voltage fluctuation such that the effective voltage calculation result output from effective voltage calculation circuit2098is output. From the output of LPF20922, subtractor20923subtracts the output of target value generation circuit20921. Based on the dead zone width information output from dead zone table generation circuit2100, dead zone determination circuit20924determines whether the output of subtractor20923falls within the dead zone width or not. In the present first embodiment, dead zone determination circuit20924is configured by table data deployed in a RAM or the like, and dead zone table generation circuit2100writes table data as shown inFIG.31(which will be described later in detail) in the RAM or the like in dead zone determination circuit20924. When a voltage fluctuation resulting from distribution system voltage stabilization facilities such as SVR23is detected, dead zone determination circuit20924changes the table data deployed in the RAM or the like based on the instruction from sixth control circuit2097. In the present first embodiment, the contents of the table data deployed in the RAM or the like are not changed. The output from dead zone determination circuit20924is input into reactive current command value computing circuit20925. Based on the output from dead zone determination circuit20924, reactive current command value computing circuit20925calculates the amplitude of the reactive current output from first DC/AC conversion circuit208. In the present first embodiment, commonly used proportional-integral control (PI control) is used for controlling the reactive current in reactive current command value computing circuit20925. Note that reactive current command value computing circuit20925is configured to be capable of changing the control parameter for PI control and also capable of maintaining (fixing) the reactive current command value based on the instruction from sixth control circuit2097upon detection of a voltage fluctuation resulting from the distribution system voltage stabilization facilities such as SVR23. In the present first embodiment, when a voltage fluctuation resulting from the distribution system voltage stabilization facilities such as SVR23is detected, reactive current command value computing circuit20925outputs the reactive current command value that is kept based on the instruction from sixth control circuit2097. FIG.14is a block diagram showing a configuration example of reactive current waveform generation circuits2093and4093shown inFIGS.6and8, respectively. Since reactive current waveform generation circuit4093has the same configuration as that of reactive current waveform generation circuit2093, reactive current waveform generation circuit2093will be representatively described below. Referring toFIG.14, reactive current waveform generation circuit2093includes a phase shift circuit20931, a limiter20932, a multiplier20933, a reactive power output time measurement circuit20934, and a reactive power measurement circuit20935. Phase shift circuit20931shifts, by π/2 (90°), the phase information output from phase detection circuit2091, to generate a cosine wave (cos waveform) used as a reference when generating a reactive current. Limiter20932limits the reactive current amplitude output from reactive current control circuit2092so as not to exceed a predetermined upper limit value. When the reactive current amplitude from reactive current control circuit2092does not exceed the upper limit value, this reactive current amplitude is not limited by limiter20932but is output to multiplier20933as it is. On the other hand, when the reactive current amplitude from reactive current control circuit2092exceeds the upper limit value, limiter20932outputs the above-mentioned upper limit value to multiplier20933. Multiplier20933multiplies the reference cosine wave (COS waveform) output from phase shift circuit20931by the amplitude information about the reactive current having passed through limiter20932, to thereby generate a reactive current command value. Reactive power output time measurement circuit20934measures the output time of the reactive power based on the amplitude information about the reactive current output from reactive current control circuit2092. Reactive power measurement circuit20935measures the reactive power output from first DC/AC conversion circuit208based on the amplitude information about the reactive current output from reactive current control circuit2092. FIG.15is a block diagram showing a configuration example of active current control circuits2094and4094shown inFIGS.6and8, respectively. Since active current control circuit2094has the same configuration as that of active current control circuit4094, active current control circuit2094will be hereinafter representatively described. Referring toFIG.15, active current control circuit2094includes an active current dead zone control command generation circuit20941, an active current control command generation circuit20942, a subtractor20943, an output suppression control circuit20944, an active power measurement circuit20945, and an output suppression time measurement circuit20946. Active current dead zone control command generation circuit20941generates a command value for suppressing the active power based on the voltage control target value output from voltage control target value generation circuit2099, the reactive current amplitude information output from reactive current control circuit2092, the effective voltage calculation result output from effective voltage calculation circuit2098, and the dead zone width information output from dead zone table generation circuit2100. Active current control command generation circuit20942generates an active current command value for controlling the active power based on the measurement result by voltmeter206and the measurement result by ammeter207that are input through sixth control circuit2097. Subtractor20943subtracts the output of active current dead zone control command generation circuit20941from the output of active current control command generation circuit20942to thereby generate an active current command value. Based on the output suppression command output from sixth control circuit2097, output suppression control circuit20944suppresses the active current command value output from subtractor20943when suppression of the output power is required. DSO21gives a notification about this output suppression command through CEMS15and HEMS7. Active power measurement circuit20945measures the active power amount based on the active current command value that has passed through output suppression control circuit20944. Based on the output from active current dead zone control command generation circuit20941and the output from output suppression control circuit20944, output suppression time measurement circuit20946measures the time period during which the output of active power is suppressed. In the description of the present first embodiment, solar cell1that harnesses natural energy is used as an “energy creation device” as illustrated inFIG.2, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and a fuel cell, a wind power generation facility and the like may also be used, for example. Alternatively, a combination of solar cell1and another energy creation device may be disposed as an “energy creation device” in a consumer. Since the configuration and the operation of mega-solar power conversion device27shown inFIG.1are the same as those of solar cell power conversion device2shown inFIG.2except for the capacity of the power conversion device, solar cell power conversion device2will be representatively described. Further, in the description of storage battery3as an “energy storage device”, a fixed stationary battery is used, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and an on-vehicle battery for an electric vehicle may also be used as a storage battery, for example. Alternatively, a combination of the stationary battery and the on-vehicle battery may be used as an “energy storage device”. Further, when a lithium-ion battery is used, strictly speaking, a battery management unit incorporated on the battery side manages the power storage amount, the possibility of charge and discharge, the maximum charge current during charging, and the like, and notifies third control circuit404about the management results. In the present first embodiment, however, it is assumed that third control circuit404collectively manages the power storage amount, the possibility of charge and discharge, the maximum charge current during charging, and the like, for simplifying the description. Since the configuration and the operation of distribution system storage battery power conversion device29shown inFIG.1are the same as those of storage battery power conversion device4shown inFIG.3except for the capacity of the power conversion device, storage battery power conversion device4will be representatively described. <Description of Operation of Power Conversion Device> The following describes a specific operation of the power conversion device in the present first embodiment. Referring again toFIG.1, in the present first embodiment, in order to control the distribution system voltage from substation20to fall within an appropriate voltage range in distribution system24, three SVR23ato SVR23care provided in series between substation20and mega-solar power conversion device27(or distribution system storage battery power conversion device29and town D100d). More specifically, building102and apartment103are connected between substation20and SVR23cthrough distribution system24d, and also, town C100cand factory101are connected between SVR23band SVR23cthrough distribution system24c. Further, town A100aand town B100bare connected between SVR23aand SVR23bthrough distribution system24b, and also, mega-solar power conversion device27, distribution system storage battery power conversion device29, and town D100dare connected on the secondary side of SVR23athrough distribution system24a. DSO21manages distribution system24based on: the system voltage information from each of voltmeters22ato22xinstalled in distribution system24; the system voltage information on the primary side and the secondary side of each SVR that is given from SVR23ato SVR23c; the tap position information about each of SVR23ato SVR23c; the system voltage information of distribution system24given from substation20; and the system voltage information of each consumer house given from CEMS15(FIG.2). DSO21and CEMS15communicate with each other through a communication line25. Referring again toFIG.2, the following describes a conceivable case where, in a town100equipped with a distributed power supply system to which the power conversion device according to the first embodiment is applied, each consumer house18is configured as a ZEH house, and solar cell1(for example, having a capacity of about 4 kW to 6 kW) is installed in each consumer house18. In this case, a so-called “mega-solar” system is formed in the entire town. For each consumer house18, electric power is supplied from pole-mounted transformer9through smart meter8to consumer premises distribution system10. Further, CEMS15is connected to HEMS7through outside premises communication network13. The following describes system voltage stabilization control for consumer premises distribution system10using the power conversion device constituted of solar cell power conversion device2and storage battery power conversion device4. Referring again toFIG.3, HEMS7, solar cell power conversion device2, storage battery power conversion device4, load5such as air conditioner52, and power switchboard6are connected to consumer premises communication network11. When HEMS7is activated, HEMS7checks the statuses of solar cell power conversion device2, storage battery power conversion device4, and load5. In this case, when CEMS15notifies each power conversion device about the target voltage information, the threshold voltage (dead zone width information) and the like for control, HEMS7processes part of the information that is to be given through consumer premises communication network11, and notifies solar cell power conversion device2and storage battery power conversion device4about the processed information. As a protocol of consumer premises communication network11, Echonet Light (registered trademark) can be used. As a physical layer, Ethernet (registered trademark) can be used. Note that the protocol of consumer premises communication network11is not limited to Echonet Light, but other protocols or original protocols may be applicable. Similarly, a physical layer that is applicable is also not limited to Ethernet but may be a wireless network such as wireless smart utility network (Wi-SUN) or specified low power radio, a power line communications (PLC) network using electric-light wiring, an optical network, or the like. Outside premises communication network13connects between HEMS7and CEMS15. Transmission and reception of information between HEMS7and CEMS15will be described later. After checking the status of each device, HEMS7monitors the operation of each device. Specifically, HEMS7monitors the values measuring: the electric power consumed by each device; the electric power generated by solar cell1; and the charge/discharge power of storage battery3. Further, upon reception of a command from CEMS15, HEMS7gives an instruction to each device according to the command. Further, HEMS7transmits various types of measurement values (power consumption amount and the like) and the status information to CEMS15. The following describes a specific operation principle of stabilization control for the system voltage in distribution system14(on the secondary side of pole-mounted transformer9) by the power conversion device according to the present first embodiment. When the amount of electric power generated by the distributed power supply such as solar cell1increases and the AC voltage (the AC effective voltage) in distribution system14that corresponds to an interconnection point with the consumer premises rises, reactive power is output from solar cell power conversion device2, and thereby, a rise in AC voltage (AC effective voltage) can be suppressed. Thus, solar cell power conversion device2is configured to have a function of monitoring the AC effective voltage value of the AC voltage in consumer premises distribution system10, and outputting reactive power when the AC effective voltage value rises. FIG.16is a diagram illustrating a principle of system voltage stabilization control for suppressing an increase in AC effective voltage value by output of reactive power. Referring toFIG.16, the circle graph having an origin point O at its center has a horizontal axis representing active power (or an active current) and a vertical axis representing reactive power (or a reactive current). In general, the capacity (the maximum power or the maximum current that can be output) of solar cell power conversion device2connected to solar cell1is often equal to the maximum electric power generated by solar cell1. For example, when solar cell1of 4 kW is installed, solar cell power conversion device2is also generally designed to have a capacity of 4 kW. The circle graph shown in the figure represents the maximum electric power (equivalent to the radius of the circle graph) that can be output from solar cell power conversion device2. In other words, solar cell power conversion device2can supply electric power in a range inside the circle graph to consumer premises distribution system10. The circle graph will be hereinafter further described. For example, when reactive power is zero, solar cell power conversion device2can output the maximum electric power generated by solar cell1. The output power at this time is equivalent to the magnitude of the vector represented as active power (maximum) in the figure. However, when reactive power is output for suppressing a rise of the system voltage in the state where solar cell1generates maximum electric power, the end point of the vector to which reactive power and active power are added is located on the outside of the circle graph as shown in the figure. Such electric power cannot be output from solar cell power conversion device2. Thus, when the reactive power is output, the reactive power needs to be added in the state where the output of active power is suppressed. The Grid-interconnection Code specifies that the power factor is 0.85 or more. Accordingly, θ in the figure represents a phase difference between the active power and the reactive power in which cos θ=0.85. Thus, the maximum value (Pimax) of the reactive power that can be output from solar cell power conversion device2is a product of the rated capacity of solar cell power conversion device2and sin θ. This is a cause of the limitation on the current command value by apparent current limiter circuits2103and4103, and the limitation on the apparent power by sixth control circuit2097and eighth control circuit4097, as will be described later in detail. By suppressing the voltage rise in consumer premises distribution system10by system voltage stabilization control by solar cell power conversion device2and/or storage battery power conversion device4, the voltage rise in distribution system14(on the secondary side of pole-mounted transformer9) can be suppressed. In other words, the above-mentioned system voltage stabilization control can stabilize the voltage in each of consumer premises distribution system10and distribution system14. In this way, the distributed power supply system disposed in each consumer house can eliminate the need to provide distribution system14with expensive distribution system stabilization facilities such as an SVC and a system storage battery, or can reduce the capacity of the distribution system stabilization facilities, and thereby, can suppress the voltage rise in distribution system14, so that the cost can be reduced. Further, in the present first embodiment, system voltage stabilization control targeting the AC voltage in consumer premises distribution system10is described, but if measurable, any AC voltage in other parts, for example, the AC voltage on the input side of smart meter8or directly below pole-mounted transformer9can also be targeted for system voltage stabilization control. In the present first embodiment, a dead zone described below is set as a condition for starting the above-described system stabilization control. In the present first embodiment, solar cell power conversion device2and storage battery power conversion device4operate without directly exchanging information with each other through a communication line. Thus, HEMS7processes the dead zone width information received from CEMS15, and notifies solar cell power conversion device2and storage battery power conversion device4about the processed information. FIG.17is a diagram illustrating an operation image of system voltage stabilization control utilizing a distributed power supply. In the present first embodiment, for dealing with an abrupt change in the electric power generated by an energy creation device such as solar cell1, the power conversion device in the distributed power supply installed in each consumer house is utilized to stabilize the system voltage, and the voltage fluctuation in a long cycle is addressed by tap changing in SVR23installed in distribution system24(on the primary side of pole-mounted transformer9). InFIG.17, the horizontal axis represents the time axis, and the vertical axis represents the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10. Referring toFIG.17, a thick solid line represents a voltage control target value Vr* for the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10that is generated by each of voltage control target value generation circuits2099and4099. As described with reference toFIG.10, voltage control target value Vr* is set in accordance with the moving average value of the AC effective voltage for one minute in consumer premises distribution system10that is calculated by effective voltage calculation circuits2098and4098. The method of setting voltage control target value Vr* is not limited thereto, but voltage control target value Vr* may be generated, for example, from a value obtained by removing a high frequency component of the AC effective voltage through the LPF. On the other hand, a thin solid line represents the AC effective voltage (instantaneous value) in consumer premises distribution system10, and this AC effective voltage changes sequentially in a shape of a line graph in accordance with a change in amount of solar radiation. The diagonally shaded region shows the voltage range in the dead zone width centering on voltage control target value Vr* of the AC effective voltage. When an abrupt change in solar radiation causes the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10to steeply change and thereby deviate from the voltage range of the dead zone width, system voltage stabilization control is performed for suppressing the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10to fall within the range of the dead zone width by control of the active power and the reactive power that are output from the power conversion device (solar cell power conversion device2and/or storage battery power conversion device4). When the system voltage stabilization control performed by the power conversion device cannot sufficiently suppress the voltage rise or fall, tap changing in SVR23is performed as the AC voltage of the distribution system voltage (distribution system24) deviates from the operational voltage range of SVR23(between the operational upper limit voltage and the operational lower limit voltage). Thereby, the distribution system voltage can be stabilized. In the example shown in the figure, at time tc, tap changing in SVR23is performed for suppressing an increase in distribution system voltage. At this timing, the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10also decreases. In this way, the combination of the system voltage stabilization control by the power conversion device and the tap changing in SVR23allows stabilization of the system voltage by tap changing in SVR23, and also, the power conversion device on the consumer side outputs reactive power for addressing the change in system effective voltage caused by an abrupt change in electric power generated by solar cell1due to an abrupt change in solar radiation or caused by an abrupt change in electric power consumed by the load in a consumer house. Thereby, the AC voltages in distribution system24and consumer premises distribution system10can be stabilized in the state where the number of times of operation (tap changing) in SVR23is suppressed, as compared with the case where the system voltage is stabilized only by tap changing in SVR23. Then, a specific operation image will be hereinafter described. The dead zone width information given from CEMS15to solar cell power conversion device2and storage battery power conversion device4installed in each consumer house is received once by HEMS7, and thereafter, partially processed in the present first embodiment, and then delivered as a notification to solar cell power conversion device2and storage battery power conversion device4. The details will be described later. Upon reception of the dead zone width information from HEMS7, each of solar cell power conversion device2and storage battery power conversion device4calculates the upper limit voltage value and the lower limit voltage value of the dead zone width (the diagonally shaded region inFIG.17) that is not subjected to system voltage stabilization control, based on the voltage control target values output from voltage control target value generation circuits2099and4099and the received dead zone width information. Then, it is determined whether the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10falls within the range of the calculated dead zone or not. When it is determined that the AC effective voltage does not fall within the range, the system voltage stabilization control is started. A specific process flow will be described later. The following describes the outline of the operation of the power conversion device according to the present first embodiment with reference toFIGS.18to20. FIG.18is a block diagram showing a configuration example of the distribution system facility and the distributed power supply. In the following description with reference toFIG.18, in order to explain the outline of the operation in a comprehensible manner, SVR23is formed in two stages of an SVR23hand an SVR23i, and distributed power supplies are collectively provided in power conversion devices40hand40iand solar cell systems41hand41iand connected to the distribution system. Further, solar cell systems41hand41ioutput active power Ph and active power Pi, respectively, and power conversion devices40hand40ioutput reactive power Qh and reactive power Qi, respectively. FIG.19is a timing chart showing operations of a distributed power supply and a distribution system facility in a comparative example in the configuration shown in FIG.18.FIG.19shows the operation performed when a conventional power conversion device is used as a comparative example. In thisFIG.19and the subsequently mentionedFIG.20, SVRi and SVRh indicate SVR23iand SVR23h, respectively, and power conversion devices i and h indicate power conversion devices40iand40h, respectively. InFIG.19, the horizontal axis indicates time. The solid line in (b) indicates generated electric power Pi of the solar cell that is output from solar cell system41i, the broken line in (b) indicates generated electric power Ph of the solar cell that is output from solar cell system41h, (c) indicates a system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23i, (d) indicates a tap position in SVR23i, (e) indicates a target voltage of power conversion device40ithat outputs reactive power Qi, and (f) indicates reactive power Qi output from power conversion device40i. Further, (g) indicates a system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23h, (h) indicates a tap position in SVR23h, (i) indicates a target voltage of power conversion device40hthat outputs reactive power Qh, the solid line in (j) indicates reactive power Qh output from power conversion device40h, and the broken line in (j) indicates reactive power (Qi+Qh) flowing through SVR23h. Although the reactive power flowing through SVR23his actually not a simple sum of reactive power Qi and reactive power Qh, the reactive power flowing through SVR23his herein assumed to be a sum of reactive power Qi and reactive power Qh for the sake of simplicity of explanation. Referring toFIG.19, when generated electric power Pi of solar cell system41idecreases shortly before time t0, the system voltages on the secondary sides of SVR23iand SVR23hdecrease ((c) and (g)). When the system voltage decreases below the lower limit of the dead zone (FIG.17), power conversion devices40iand40hstart to output reactive power Qi and reactive power Qh, respectively ((f) and (j)). The target voltages for power conversion devices40iand40hare calculated based on the moving average of the effective voltage, and therefore, gradually change ((e) and (i)). Since the system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23idoes not fall within the operational voltage range (FIG.17) at time t1 (see (c)), the tap position in SVR23ichanges (see (d)). Also, since the system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23hfalls within the operational voltage range before time t1 (see (g)), the tap position in SVR23hdoes not change at time t1 (see (h)). Since SVR23his disposed closer to substation20than SVR23i, the system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23his not influenced by tap changing in SVR23i, but influenced by the power flow change (active power and reactive power). When the tap position in SVR23ichanges, the system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23ifalls within the operational voltage range (see (c)). However, since the target voltage of power conversion device40igradually changes, the target voltage after the tap changing is still low, and the system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23iis above the upper limit of the dead zone. Accordingly, power conversion device40icontrols reactive power Qi to raise the system voltage until before the tap changing in SVR23i, but starts to control reactive power Qi to lower the system voltage (see (f)) by tap changing. On the other hand, in SVR23h, reactive power Qi output from power conversion device40ichanges from the direction in which the system voltage raises to the direction in which the system voltage decreases. Thus, under the influence of such a change, the system voltage on the secondary side decreases (see (g)). In response to the voltage decrease on the secondary side of SVR23h, power conversion device40hincreases the output of reactive power Qh in order to raise the system voltage (see (j)). Even though power conversion device40houtputs maximum reactive power Qh that can be output in order to raise the system voltage, power conversion device40ioutputs reactive power Qi in the direction in which the system voltage decreases. Thereby, the voltage decrease on the secondary side of SVR23hcannot be sufficiently eliminated (see time t1 to time t2 in (g)). Also, the system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23hfalls below the lower limit of the operational voltage at time t2, and thus, the tap position in SVR23hchanges (see (h)), with the result that the system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23hrises. Since the system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23hrises due to the changing in SVR23h, the system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23iinstalled downstream of SVR23hwith respect to substation20also rises at time t2 (see (c)). Under the influence of such a change, power conversion device40istarts to control the reactive power to lower the system voltage. However, since the system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23idoes not fall within the operational voltage range of SVR23iat time t3 (see (c)), the tap position in SVR23ichanges again (see (d)). In other words, the tap position in SVR23ireturns to the state before time t1. SVR23his slightly influenced by the power flow change, but the system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23hfalls within the operational voltage range of SVR23h, and thus, no further tap changing occurs. As described above, in the comparative example, under the influence of the tap changing in SVR23ion the downstream side, the tap changing in SVR23hoccurs, and under the influence thereof, the tap changing in SVR23ioccurs again. In SVR23, tap changing mechanically occurs, but unnecessary tap changing unnecessarily shortens the lifetime of SVR23. Thus, it is necessary to avoid controlling the once-changed tap in SVR23to return to its original tap position again in a short time period as described above. FIG.20is a timing chart showing operations of the distributed power supply and the distribution system facility in the first embodiment in the configuration shown inFIG.18. Also, (k) to (s) inFIG.20respectively correspond to (b) to (j) inFIG.19. Referring toFIG.20, also in the present example, shortly before time t0, generated electric power Pi of solar cell system41idecreases, and the system voltages on the secondary sides of SVR23iand SVR23hdecrease. Since the system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23idoes not fall within the operational voltage range of SVR23iat time t1 (see (l)), the tap position in SVR23ichanges (see (m)). When the tap position in SVR23ichanges, the system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23irises (see (l)). At this time, the system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23his hardly influenced by the tap changing in SVR23i(see (p)). In fact, the power flow (active power and reactive power) changes due to the tap changing in SVR23i, but is less influenced thereby if other conditions are the same. In the present first embodiment, power conversion device40(40i,40h) monitors a voltage change in the distribution system. Then, power conversion device40determines whether the voltage change in the distribution system is caused by a change in the electric power generated by a load and an energy creation device, or caused by tap changing in SVR23. When power conversion device40determines that the voltage change in the distribution system is caused by tap changing in SVR23, power conversion device40operates to maintain, for a prescribed time period, the reactive power output immediately before or immediately after the distribution system voltage changes (before the reactive power significantly changes). In the present example, it is determined that the voltage change in the distribution system is caused by the tap changing in SVR23i, and thus, the output of reactive power Qi is maintained (fixed) by power conversion device40iduring the time period from time t1 to time t3. Thereby, the system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23hcan be controlled to fall within an appropriate range (the operational voltage range of SVR23h) by reactive power control (see (s)) by power conversion device40h(see (p)). In the present first embodiment, tap changing in SVR23occurs when the system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23exceeds the operational voltage range for a prescribed time period (this prescribed time period will be hereinafter also referred to as a “dead zone time”). In the present example, the time period (time t1 to time t3) during which the output of reactive power Qi is maintained is approximately twice as long as the dead zone time. The time period during which the output of reactive power Qi is maintained is not limited thereto, but for example may be a moving average time (for example, one minute, which is determined by a time constant) adopted when voltage control target value generation circuit2099generates a voltage control target value, or may be the above-mentioned dead zone time, or may be a time period longer than twice as long as the dead zone time. Note that DSO21may notify each distributed power supply about this time period so as to be set. By performing the reactive power control of power conversion device40ias described above, the voltage control target value of power conversion device40irises (see (n)). After the system voltage control by reactive power is restarted (at and after time t3), the voltage control target value rises and the distribution system voltage decreases near the dead zone voltage range in which power conversion device40idoes not perform reactive power control. Therefore, reactive power Qi gradually decreases (see (o)). The distribution system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23his maintained under little influence of the tap changing in SVR23i(see (p)), no tap changing in SVR23hoccurs (see (q)), and the control is stably continued also at and after time t3. Controlling power conversion device40ias described above can suppress the influence of the tap changing in SVR23iupon other SVR23h, and also can suppress occurrence of unnecessary tap changing in SVR23h. <Description of Operation Sequence> FIG.21is an operation sequence diagram between various devices related to system voltage stabilization control in the first embodiment. Referring toFIG.21, the following describes the process flow of generation and notification of the dead zone width information for system voltage stabilization control by DSO21, CEMS15, and HEMS7. Referring toFIG.21, the measurement results (AC effective voltage) obtained by voltmeters22ato22x(FIG.1) disposed in distribution system24are collected by DSO21, for example, in a 30-minute cycle. Also, DSO21is notified, for example, in a 30-minute cycle about the statically set value of SVR23(the winding ratio information about the transformer that is currently used). Further, the distribution system impedance information and the information about voltmeter22installed in the distribution system are collected once by DSO21and then given to CEMS15. Note that the notification cycle is not limited to 30 minutes, but can be set in any time length. Further, different notification cycles may be set between the information related to voltmeter22and the information related to SVR23. The notification about the information related to SVR23is not necessarily given in a certain cycle, but may be given for each execution of the above-mentioned tap changing. DSO21notifies CEMS15in a 30-minute cycle about the voltage measurement result obtained by voltmeter22, the statically set value information of SVR23, and additionally, the impedance information about the distribution system that is possessed by this DSO21. On the other hand, CEMS15calculates the dead zone width information for each consumer based on: the above-mentioned information transmitted from DSO21; the system voltage control target value measured in each consumer and transmitted in a 5-minute cycle (specifically, the moving average value of the AC effective voltage value for 1 minute in the distribution system in the present first embodiment); the active and reactive power control amounts of each distributed power supply installed in a consumer (including active power and reactive power); the reactive power output time; and the active power output suppression information (this information is collected by HEMS7in a 5-minute cycle from solar cell power conversion device2, storage battery power conversion device4, and power measurement circuit61). Although the details of the method of calculating a dead zone width will not be described, this dead zone width can be calculated by creating any calculation formula or any calculation table in advance. The dead zone width information about each consumer calculated by CEMS15is given in a 30-minute cycle to HEMS7installed in each consumer house18. Further, CEMS15calculates the dead zone width information also about mega-solar power conversion device27and distribution system storage battery power conversion device29based on the system voltage control target values collected in a 5-minute cycle, the active and reactive power control amounts (including active power and reactive power), the reactive power output time, the active power output suppression information, and various types of information given from DSO21. Then, CEMS15gives a notification about the calculated information in a 30-minute cycle. Referring toFIGS.1to28, the operation of the power conversion device according to the present first embodiment will be described focusing on solar cell power conversion device2and storage battery power conversion device4. FIG.22is a flowchart illustrating a control process of HEMS7related to system voltage stabilization control. A series of processes shown in this flowchart is repeatedly performed in a constant cycle. Referring toFIG.22, HEMS7checks in step (hereinafter also simply abbreviated as “S”)101whether the collection time for collecting various types of measurement results (performed in a 5-minute cycle) has arrived or not. When the collection time has arrived (YES in S101), HEMS7collects various types of measurement results (S102). Specifically, the results collected from solar cell power conversion device2and storage battery power conversion device4include: the voltage control target value (target voltage) generated by voltage control target value generation circuit2099(4099); the output time of the reactive power measured by reactive power output time measurement circuit20934in reactive current waveform generation circuit2093(4093); and the reactive power control amount generated based on the reactive current amplitude information output from reactive current control circuit2092(4092). Further, the results collected from power measurement circuit61in power switchboard6include: the amount of electric power consumed by the load and measured by power measurement circuit61; the amount of electric power generated by solar cell1; and the amount of charge/discharge power for storage battery3(5 minutes). When collection of various types of data completes, HEMS7notifies CEMS15through outside premises communication network13about the collected measurement results (S103). When the notification to CEMS15completes in S103, or when it is determined in S101that the collection time for collecting various types of measurement results has not arrived, HEMS7checks whether a notification about new dead zone information has been given or not from CEMS15(S104). When no notification about the dead zone information has been given (NO in S104), the subsequent steps are not performed but the process is shifted to return. On the other hand, when a notification about the dead zone information has been given (YES in S104), HEMS7performs a process of generating dead zone width information (S105), and transmits the generated dead zone width information to solar cell power conversion device2and storage battery power conversion device4(S106). FIG.23is a flowchart illustrating details of a dead zone width information generation process performed in S105inFIG.22. Referring toFIG.23, HEMS7checks whether the voltage range of the dead zone width is appropriate or not (S121). In the present first embodiment, as described with reference toFIG.17, the voltage control target value in consumer premises distribution system10is set in accordance with the moving average value of the AC effective voltage for 1 minute in consumer premises distribution system10, and therefore, changes as time passes. Thus, when the voltage control target value is close to the upper and lower limit specified values of the system voltage in consumer premises distribution system10, the dead zone width needs to be corrected. FIG.24is a conceptual diagram illustrating correction of the dead zone width. The vertical axis inFIG.24shows the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10. Referring toFIG.24, for the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10, a system voltage upper limit specified value Vsmax and a system voltage lower limit specified value Vsmin are set. Thus, an upper limit voltage Vdz1 and a lower limit voltage Vdz2 in the dead zone also need to be set to fall within a range of Vsmin≤Vdz2<Vdz1≤Vsmax. CEMS15gives a notification about, as the dead zone width information, the voltage difference between upper limit voltage Vdz1 and lower limit voltage Vdz2 in the dead zone with respect to the voltage control target value. Based on the voltage control target value and the above-mentioned voltage difference given from CEMS15, HEMS7calculates the upper limit voltage and the lower limit voltage in the actual dead zone. Then, HEMS7checks whether the calculation result falls between system voltage upper limit specified value Vsmax and system voltage lower limit specified value Vsmin of the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10(S121inFIG.23). Referring toFIG.23together withFIG.24, when the above-mentioned calculation result does not fall within the range of the specified value (NO in S121), HEMS7corrects the dead zone width so as to clip the deviating voltage at system voltage upper limit specified value Vsmax or system voltage lower limit specified value Vsmin (S122). When the range of the dead zone calculated from the voltage control target value and the above-mentioned voltage difference given from CEMS15falls within the range of system voltage upper and lower limit specified values Vsmax and Vsmin (YES in S121), HEMS7generates dead zone width information from the voltage difference given from CEMS15and the voltage control target value. When the dead zone width is corrected in S122, HEMS7generates dead zone width information from the corrected dead zone width and the voltage control target value (S123). <Description of Control Process for Solar Cell Power Conversion Device2> Then, the specific operation of solar cell power conversion device2will be described. Referring again toFIGS.2and3, when power generation by solar cell1is started, solar cell power conversion device2is started for supplying the DC power generated by solar cell1to consumer premises distribution system10. Specifically, in the present first embodiment, solar cell power conversion device2is started when the DC voltage output from solar cell1becomes equal to or greater than a prescribed determination value. Referring again toFIGS.4to6, when solar cell power conversion device2is started, fifth control circuit2044in first control circuit204normally instructs MPPT control circuit2041to start MPPT control so as to maximize the output power from solar cell1. Further, fifth control circuit2044outputs a control signal to switching circuit2043so as to select the output from MPPT control circuit2041. On the other hand, sixth control circuit2097in second control circuit209causes active current control circuit2094to calculate the amplitude of the active current and causes active current waveform generation circuit2095to generate a current command value such that the DC voltage on DC bus205output from voltmeter206becomes constant. FIG.25is a conceptual diagram illustrating generation of a current command value for controlling the active current and the reactive current. Referring toFIG.6together withFIG.25, active current waveform generation circuit2095generates an active current reference waveform based on the zero-cross point information about the AC voltage detected in phase detection circuit2091. The active current reference waveform is a sinusoidal wave having the same frequency and the same phase as those of the AC voltage. The active current reference waveform is multiplied by the active current amplitude information output from active current control circuit2094, to thereby generate an active current command value. Similarly, reactive current waveform generation circuit2093generates a reactive current reference waveform based on the zero-cross point information about the AC voltage detected in phase detection circuit2091. The reactive current reference waveform is a cosine wave that is different in phase by (π/2) from the active current reference waveform. The reactive current reference waveform is multiplied by the reactive current amplitude information output from reactive current control circuit2092to thereby generate a reactive current command value. These calculated active current command value and reactive current command value are added by adder2096, and thereby an output current command value is generated in accordance with composition of trigonometric functions and then input into apparent current limiter circuit2103. Apparent current limiter circuit2103performs a limiter process for the current command value so as to prevent the output current from exceeding the rated current of first DC/AC conversion circuit208. The output from apparent current limiter circuit2103is input into sixth control circuit2097. Based on the received output current command value, sixth control circuit2097calculates apparent power to be output from first DC/AC conversion circuit208. When the calculated apparent power exceeds rated power of first DC/AC conversion circuit208, the output current command value is processed so as to fall within the rated power. The output current command value set in this way is input into first DC/AC conversion circuit208. FIGS.26and27each show a flowchart illustrating the control process of solar cell power conversion device2according to the first embodiment. The steps shown inFIGS.26and27are continuously performed by first control circuit204and second control circuit209during the operation of solar cell power conversion device2. Referring toFIGS.4to6together withFIG.26, when solar cell power conversion device2is started, various types of sensor information is collected (S201). Specifically, the voltage and the current of solar cell1that are measured by voltmeter201and ammeter202, respectively, are input into MPPT control circuit2041in first control circuit204. Also, a DC bus voltage on DC bus205measured by voltmeter206is input into voltage control circuit2042in first control circuit204and sixth control circuit2097in second control circuit209. Further, the result of measuring: the current flowing through DC bus205and measured by ammeter207; and the AC current flowing through consumer premises distribution system10and measured by ammeter211is input into sixth control circuit2097in second control circuit209. Further, the AC voltage in consumer premises distribution system10measured by voltmeter210is input into effective voltage calculation circuit2098and phase detection circuit2091in second control circuit209. When collection of the results of measurement by various types of sensors ends, MPPT control circuit2041calculates the electric power generated by solar cell1(S202). A notification of the calculation result is given to fifth control circuit2044. Upon reception of the generated electric power, fifth control circuit2044notifies sixth control circuit2097in second control circuit209about the received result. Phase detection circuit2091detects a zero-cross point of the received AC voltage, and outputs the detection result to reactive current control circuit2092, reactive current waveform generation circuit2093, active current control circuit2094, active current waveform generation circuit2095, sixth control circuit2097, effective voltage calculation circuit2098, voltage control target value generation circuit2099, and system voltage monitoring circuit2101. Effective voltage calculation circuit2098calculates the AC effective voltage based on the received AC voltage by the configuration as described with reference toFIG.9(S203). The AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10calculated by effective voltage calculation circuit2098is input into reactive current control circuit2092, active current control circuit2094, sixth control circuit2097, voltage control target value generation circuit2099, and system voltage monitoring circuit2101. Upon reception of the AC effective voltage, voltage control target value generation circuit2099calculates a voltage control target value for solar cell power conversion device2by the configuration described with reference toFIG.10(S204). In the present first embodiment, the moving average value of the AC effective voltage for 1 minute that is calculated by using a FIR filter shown inFIG.10is set as a voltage control target value of consumer premises distribution system10. When the voltage control target value is calculated, a tap changing detection process is performed for detecting whether tap changing in SVR23occurs or not (S205). The following specifically describes a method of detecting tap changing in SVR23in the present first embodiment. <Description of Method of Detecting Tap Changing> For stabilizing the system AC voltage (AC effective voltage), as described above, a distributed power supply on the consumer side and distribution system voltage facilities (including distribution system storage battery28(FIG.1)) such as an SVC are used for stabilizing an abrupt change. On the other hand, SVR23is used for addressing gradual voltage fluctuations. For example, when the electric power generated by solar cell1or mega-solar system26abruptly changes due to an abrupt change in amount of solar radiation, or when a large-sized device starts to operate in factory101or the like, the system AC voltage (AC effective voltage) may abruptly change. In particular, in town100constituted of ZEH houses where several hundreds of ZEH houses each equipped with solar cell1are gathered in a relatively small area, a mega-solar system is formed. Thus, when a cloud passes through the sky over town100or mega-solar system26, generated electric power significantly varies, and the system AC voltage significantly changes. Such a change in the generated electric power caused by an abrupt change in solar radiation depends on the speed of the cloud passing through the sky and also depends on the control response speeds of solar cell power conversion device2and mega-solar power conversion device27. For example, assuming that a cloud moves at a speed of 20 in/sec and town100has a length of 200 meters in the direction in which the cloud passes over town100, it takes about 10 seconds for the cloud to entirely cover solar cells1of all the houses. Similarly, it may take about several seconds to several tens of seconds to end an abrupt change of the generated electric power in mega-solar system26. On the other hand, since the system voltage change caused by tap changing in SVR23is caused only by physically changing a switch, it takes less than one second for voltage change. Further, in the case where the devices disposed in factory101are operated, facilities connected to a distribution system exert less influence upon this distribution system as compared with an abrupt change in power generation output from solar cell1or mega-solar system26that is caused by an abrupt change in solar radiation (the system AC voltage (AC effective voltage) is less influenced). Further, also in the case where load5in consumer house18changes abruptly, it is almost probabilistically impossible that all loads5in several hundreds of consumers are simultaneously started (for example, within one second). Thus, in the present first embodiment, a change in system AC voltage (AC effective voltage) is monitored, and when a voltage change exceeding a threshold value occurs in a prescribed time period (for example, 1 s), such a change is detected as a change in system AC voltage (AC effective voltage) caused by tap changing in SVR23. Note that the threshold value can be set, for example, based on the voltage change caused by tap changing in SVR23. The voltage change caused by tap changing in SVR23is, for example, about 150 V with respect to the voltage of 6.6 kV, and is about 4.55 V with respect to the voltage of 200 V in consumer premises distribution system10in consumer house18. Referring again toFIG.12, in the present first embodiment, absolute value comparison circuit21023calculates the absolute value of the result about addition of the effective voltage change amount by registers21021ato21021nand adders21022ato21022n, and compares the absolute value with the threshold value output from sixth control circuit2097. When the absolute value of the addition result exceeds the threshold value, it is determined that the change in the system voltage is caused by the tap changing in SVR23, and then, an SVR tap changing detection flag (which will be hereinafter also simply referred to as a “detection flag”) is set at 1. At this time, absolute value comparison circuit21023starts a counter (not shown) and keeps the detection flag to be set at 1 for a prescribed time period (for example, about 90 seconds). In the present first embodiment, the threshold value output from sixth control circuit2097is assumed to be 70% of the voltage change caused by the tap changing in SVR23(4.55 V×0.7=3.2 V in consumer premises distribution system10). Note that the threshold value is not limited thereto, but may be determined based on the result of actually measuring the voltage change by voltmeter22during tap changing in SVR23, or an optimal detection width may be determined for each distributed power supply in each consumer house18by using a method such as machine learning by means of DSO21configured to have a learning function. Further, the count time period during which the detection flag is maintained at 1 is not limited to 90 seconds, but may be a time period during which the moving average for voltage control target value generation circuit2099is taken, may be the time constant of voltage control target value generation circuit2099in the case where this voltage control target value generation circuit2099is formed of an LPF, or may be determined from the dead zone time period taken when tap changing in SVR23is performed. Note that the above-mentioned time period is preferably set longer than the time period for which the moving average for voltage control target value generation circuit2099is taken. Thereby, the voltage control target value output from voltage control target value generation circuit2099can be prevented from being influenced by the tap changing in SVR23at the end of reactive current (power) control, which will be described later. FIG.28is a flowchart illustrating a tap changing detection process performed in S205inFIG.26. Referring toFIGS.11and12together withFIG.28, absolute value comparison circuit21023in system voltage change factor determination circuit2102determines whether the SVR tap changing detection flag is “0” or not (S241). When it is determined that the detection flag is 0 (YES in S241), it is determined that the change in the system AC effective voltage caused by the tap changing in SVR23has not been detected. System voltage monitoring circuit2101calculates a difference value of the system AC effective voltage (S242). Then, system voltage change factor determination circuit2102adds the calculated difference value by the cycles of an alternating current (for example, by six cycles) using registers21021ato21021eand adders21022ato21022e, thereby calculating a value VSUM (S243). The process in S242and S243may also be performed when the detection flag is not 0 (i.e., “1”). Then, absolute value comparison circuit21023determines whether or not the absolute value of value VSUM is equal to or greater than a threshold value VCOM output from sixth control circuit2097(S244). Threshold value VCOM is, for example, 70% of the voltage change caused by tap changing in SVR23, and calculated in sixth control circuit2097. When it is determined that the absolute value of value VSUM is equal to or greater than threshold value VCOM (YES in S244), it is recognized that the tap changing in SVR23has been performed, and then, absolute value comparison circuit21023sets the detection flag at “1” (S245). At this time, absolute value comparison circuit21023holds value VSUM in its internal register (not shown). On the other hand, when it is determined in S244that the absolute value of value VSUM is smaller than threshold value VCOM (NO in S244), it is determined that the tap changing in SVR23has not been performed, and then, absolute value comparison circuit21023sets the detection flag at “0” (S246). Then, when the detection flag is set in S245or S246, absolute value comparison circuit21023sets the count value of the internal counter at 0. On the other hand, when it is determined in S241that the detection flag is not 0, i.e., the detection flag is 1 (NO in S241), absolute value comparison circuit21023determines whether or not the count value of the counter is equal to or greater than the threshold value (the count time period) (S248). This threshold value is a count value equivalent to 90 seconds, for example, and shows a time period during which the detection flag is maintained at 1 after this detection flag is set at 1. When it is determined that the count value is equal to or greater than the threshold value (YES in S248), absolute value comparison circuit21023resets the detection flag at 0 and clears the count value to be 0 (S249). When it is determined in S248that the count value is less than the threshold value (NO in S248), absolute value comparison circuit21023increments the count value by one (S250). Referring again toFIGS.4to6together withFIG.26, when the process of detecting tap changing in SVR23is performed in S205, sixth control circuit2097in second control circuit209checks communication interface circuit212whether or not the transmission request for the measurement result has been received from HEMS7(S206). When the transmission request has been received (YES in S206), sixth control circuit2097transmits, through communication interface circuit212to HEMS7, the electric power generated by solar cell1, the control mode of solar cell1(two types of an MPPT control mode and a voltage control mode as will be described later in detail), the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10, and the AC voltage control target value, and additionally, as will be described later in detail, the result of measuring the reactive power output time, the result of measuring the reactive power control amount, the output active power amount, and the information of the time during which output has been suppressed (S207). After transmission of various pieces of measurement data in S207, the result of measuring the output time of reactive power, the result of measuring the reactive power control amount, the output active power amount, and the information of the time during which output has been suppressed are cleared once. Then, sixth control circuit2097checks whether or not the dead zone width information has been received from HEMS7(S208). When the dead zone width information has been received (YES in S208), sixth control circuit2097updates the dead zone width information, threshold value VCOM used in absolute value comparison circuit21023(S244inFIG.28), the threshold value compared with the count value of the counter (S248inFIG.28), and the like (S209). When various pieces of information such as dead zone width information are updated, dead zone table generation circuit2100generates a dead zone table based on the information output from sixth control circuit2097. Further, sixth control circuit2097sets various control parameters such as threshold value VCOM in absolute value comparison circuit21023and the threshold value (count time period) of the counter, each of which has been transmitted together with the dead zone width information (S210). When it is determined in S208that the dead zone width information has not been received, or when the dead zone width (dead zone table) and various control parameters have been set in S210, absolute value comparison circuit21023determines whether the SVR tap changing detection flag is 0 or not (S211). When it is determined that the detection flag is set at 1 (NO in S211), reactive current control circuit2092performs an output reactive current calculation process II (S212). In the present first embodiment, when the tap changing in SVR23is detected (detection flag=1), output reactive current calculation process II is performed to maintain the reactive current at a value, which occurs immediately before the detection of tap changing or immediately after the detection of tap changing (before the reactive current significantly changes), for a prescribed time period (for a count time period of the counter). The operation of output reactive current calculation process II will be described later with reference to the operation timing chart inFIG.30. When output reactive current calculation process II is performed, the process is shifted to S218(described later) inFIG.27. On the other hand, when it is determined in S211that the detection flag is set at 0 (YES in S211), sixth control circuit2097checks whether first DC/AC conversion circuit208is performing system voltage stabilization control, based on the flag value stored in a register (not shown) (S213). When the system voltage stabilization control is being performed (YES in S213), the process is shifted to S217(described later). On the other hand, when the system voltage stabilization control is not being performed (NO in S213), sixth control circuit2097determines whether or not the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10deviates from the dead zone voltage range set in S210(S214). When the AC effective voltage does not deviate from the dead zone voltage range (NO in S214), a series of subsequent steps are not performed, and the process is shifted to return (FIG.27). In other words, while the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10falls within the dead zone voltage range, the process in S201to S214is repeatedly performed without performing the system voltage stabilization control. On the other hand, when it is determined in S214that the AC effective voltage (in consumer premises distribution system10) deviates from the dead zone voltage range (YES in S214), sixth control circuit2097sets a system voltage stabilization control flag in a register (not shown) (S215) and starts system voltage stabilization control (S216). When the system voltage stabilization control is started in S216or when it is determined in S213that the system voltage stabilization control is being performed (YES in S213), reactive current control circuit2092performs an output reactive current calculation process I (S217). This output reactive current calculation process I is performed for calculating (controlling) the amplitude of the reactive current in the normal state, and the operation of reactive current control circuit2092related to this process has been described with reference toFIGS.6,13, and the like, and therefore, the description thereof will not be repeated. Then, referring toFIGS.4to6together withFIG.27, apparent current limiter circuit2103checks whether the current command value exceeds a prescribed range or not (exceeds the current capacity in first DC/AC conversion circuit208or not) (S218). This current command value is a value obtained by adding the reactive current command value and the active current command value. The reactive current command value is calculated by reactive current waveform generation circuit2093based on the current amplitude value of the reactive current calculated by output reactive current calculation process I. The active current command value is calculated by active current waveform generation circuit2095based on the current amplitude value of the active current calculated by active current control circuit2094(FIG.6). Then, adder2096adds the reactive current command value and the active current command value to thereby obtain the above-mentioned current command value. When it is determined in S218that the current command value exceeds the specified range (YES in S218), apparent current limiter circuit2103limits the amplitude of the current command value and outputs an output suppression command to sixth control circuit2097to suppress the active current. At this time, apparent current limiter circuit2103also notifies sixth control circuit2097about the amplitude of the limited current command value. Then, sixth control circuit2097outputs a command to instruct fifth control circuit2044to operate in the voltage control mode (S219). At this time, sixth control circuit2097calculates the suppression amount of the electric power generated by solar cell1based on the amplitude of the limited current command value received from apparent current limiter circuit2103, and then, notifies fifth control circuit2044also about the calculation result. In order to prevent repeated switching between the voltage control mode and the MPPT control mode in a short time (to prevent hunting), it is preferable that, within a predetermined time period since switching between the control modes, the switching between the control modes (the MPPT control mode and the voltage control mode) is masked, and also, the specified range used in determination in S218is set such that the threshold value adopted when determining the switching from the voltage control mode to the MPPT control mode is smaller than the threshold value adopted when determining the switching from the MPPT control mode to the voltage control mode. Thereby, the control mode of solar cell1can be prevented from frequently switching in a short time period, so that the system voltage stabilization control can be stably performed. Note that the above-described determination is made by sixth control circuit2097based on the output from apparent current limiter circuit2103. When fifth control circuit2044receives the instruction to change the control mode of solar cell1to the voltage control mode, and when MPPT control circuit2041is operating, fifth control circuit2044outputs an instruction to stop the control, and then, captures the information such as a present command value. Then, fifth control circuit2044transmits, to voltage control circuit2042, the generated electric power information given from sixth control circuit2097, and, when voltage control circuit2042is not operating, fifth control circuit2044transmits the information such as a present command value received from MPPT control circuit2041. Upon reception of the generated electric power information from fifth control circuit2044, voltage control circuit2042generates a control command value so as to attain the received power generation amount. When voltage control circuit2042is not started, control is started using the information such as the present command value received from MPPT control circuit2041as an initial value. Further, fifth control circuit2044notifies voltage control circuit2042about the generated electric power information and the like, and outputs a control signal for selecting the output of voltage control circuit2042to switching circuit2043. When it is determined in S218that the current command value does not exceed the specified range (NO in S218), sixth control circuit2097outputs a command for instructing fifth control circuit2044to operate in the MPPT control mode (S220). When fifth control circuit2044receives the instruction to operate in the MPPT control mode and when fifth control circuit2044operates in the voltage control mode, it reads the information such as the present command value from voltage control circuit2042and notifies MPPT control circuit2041about the read control information. Further, fifth control circuit2044instructs MPPT control circuit2041to start MPPT control based on the received information as an initial value, and outputs a control signal for selecting the output of MPPT control circuit2041to switching circuit2043. When fifth control circuit2044operates in the MPPT control, the MPPT control is continued as it is. When the process in S219or S220is performed, sixth control circuit2097calculates the apparent power based on the current command value output from apparent current limiter circuit2103(S221). Then, sixth control circuit2097determines whether or not the calculated apparent power exceeds the capacity of solar cell power conversion device2(S222). When it is determined that the apparent power exceeds the capacity of solar cell power conversion device2(YES in S222), sixth control circuit2097performs a process for suppressing the active power (S223). Specifically, sixth control circuit2097outputs an output suppression command to suppress the electric power generated by solar cell1to fifth control circuit2044. At this time, sixth control circuit2097notifies fifth control circuit2044also about the power generation amount. When fifth control circuit2044receives the output suppression command from sixth control circuit2097, it checks the currently adopted control mode of solar cell1. When the currently adopted control mode is the MPPT control mode, fifth control circuit2044switches the control mode to a voltage control mode. Specifically, fifth control circuit2044outputs a control stop instruction to MPPT control circuit2041and captures the information such as the present command value from MPPT control circuit2041. Then, fifth control circuit2044transmits the information about generated electric power given from sixth control circuit2097to voltage control circuit2042. Also, when voltage control circuit2042is not operating, fifth control circuit2044transmits the information such as the present command value obtained from MPPT control circuit2041to voltage control circuit2042. Upon reception of the information about the generated electric power from fifth control circuit2044, voltage control circuit2042generates a control command value so as to attain the generated electric power that has been received. In this case, when voltage control circuit2042is not started, the control is started using the information such as the present command value obtained from MPPT control circuit2041as an initial value. Further, fifth control circuit2044notifies voltage control circuit2042of the information about the generated electric power and the like, and also outputs a control signal for selecting the output of voltage control circuit2042to switching circuit2043. On the other hand, when solar cell1is operating in the voltage control mode, fifth control circuit2044notifies voltage control circuit2042about the generated electric power that has been received. Voltage control circuit2042generates a control command value so as to attain the generated electric power that has been received. The generated control command value is output to first DC/DC conversion circuit203through switching circuit2043. When the process for suppressing the active power is performed in S223, or when it is determined in S222that the apparent power does not exceed the capacity of solar cell power conversion device2(NO in S222), sixth control circuit2097checks the condition for ending the system voltage stabilization control. Specifically, sixth control circuit2097checks fifth control circuit2044whether the currently adopted control mode of solar cell1is the MPPT control mode or not. Further, sixth control circuit2097compares the result of measuring the reactive power given from reactive power measurement circuit20935(FIG.14) in reactive current waveform generation circuit2093with a predetermined end determination value. Then, when the currently adopted control mode of solar cell1is not the MPPT control mode or when it is determined that the result of measuring the reactive power is greater than the end determination value (NO in S224), the process is shifted to return. Thereby, the system voltage stabilization control is continued. On the other hand, when it is determined in S224that solar cell1is operating in the MPPT control mode and that the result of measuring the reactive power is equal to or less than the end determination value (YES in S224), sixth control circuit2097ends the system voltage stabilization control (S225) and clears the system voltage stabilization control flag (S226). The following describes the reason why the condition for ending the system voltage stabilization control (S224) is determined as described above. During the grid interconnection operation, solar cell1normally operates in the MPPT control mode in order to extract the generated electric power as much as possible. Thus, when solar cell1is operating in the voltage control operation mode, regenerative power flows in large quantity through consumer premises distribution system10, and thereby, it is conceivable that the system voltage rises. Further, the system voltage stabilization control in consumer premises distribution system10, distribution system14and the like may be performed more effectively by the active power than by the reactive power depending on the configuration of the system impedance. Specifically, when the main element of the system impedance results from the influence of a reactor or a capacitor, the system voltage stabilization control by reactive power is more effective. On the other hand, when the main element of the system impedance is a resistance, the system voltage stabilization control by active power is more effective. Thus, in the present first embodiment, the control mode of solar cell1and the result of measuring the reactive power both are used as the condition for ending the system voltage stabilization control, and thereby, the end of the system voltage stabilization control can be reliably determined. In the above description of the present first embodiment, the system voltage stabilization control by reactive power is prioritized. However, when the main element of the system impedance information given from DSO21is a resistance component, the system voltage stabilization control may be performed while prioritizing active power control. Specifically, in the case where the main element of the system impedance is a reactor or a capacitor, comparison between controlling of the active power and controlling of the reactive power shows that the voltage amplitude of the distribution AC system is influenced more by the reactive power than by the active power. On the other hand, when the main element of the system impedance is a resistance component, the system voltage is less influenced even when the reactive power is controlled. Thus, in the case where the main element of the system impedance is a reactor or a capacitor, it is preferable that, as shown inFIG.27, when the output of reactive power reaches the allowable maximum value, the process in S219and S223is performed to thereby execute the system voltage stabilization control while prioritizing reactive power. On the other hand, when the main element of the system impedance is a resistance component, it is preferable that the process in S219and S223is performed before the system voltage stabilization control is performed while prioritizing suppression of active power. In this way, by switching whether to prioritize output of reactive power or suppression of active power in accordance with the configuration of the system impedance information, the system voltage stabilization control can be further effectively performed. For example, based on the system impedance information given through CEMS15from DSO21, HEMS7can determine the priority order between suppression of the system voltage by the output of reactive power and reduction of the system voltage by suppression of active power. HEMS7notifies solar cell power conversion device2and storage battery power conversion device4about the determination result, and thereby, the system voltage stabilization control can be performed effectively based on the impedance information about the distribution system. Then, the operation of the distribution system in the present first embodiment will be described with reference toFIGS.1,29, and30. The following describes an example of the operation performed in the distribution system shown inFIG.1when the power generation amount of solar cell1in each consumer house18in town A100aand town B100bdecreases for a short time period due to an abrupt change in solar radiation, and thereby, SVR23bstarts to operate. FIG.29is a timing chart showing the operation of the distribution system in the comparative example that has the same configuration as that inFIG.1.FIG.29shows the operation of a conventional distribution system as a comparative example. Referring toFIG.29, at time t0, the electric power generated by solar cells1in town A100aand town B100bdecreases due to an abrupt change in solar radiation (see (a)). The voltages on the secondary sides of SVR23ato SVR23cdecrease under the influence of the decrease in the electric power generated by each solar cell1(see (b), (e) and (h)). Further, due to such a voltage decrease, the voltage in consumer premises distribution system10in each consumer house18deviates from the appropriate range. In this figure, the appropriate voltage range of SVR23is represented by a dotted line. For simplicity of explanation, it is assumed in the following description that, when the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23deviates from the appropriate voltage range, the distribution system voltage in each consumer house18also deviates from the appropriate range. Then, when deviation of the voltage from the appropriate range is detected, solar cell power conversion device2and storage battery power conversion device4installed in each consumer house18, mega-solar power conversion device27, and distribution system storage battery power conversion device29each output reactive power in order to raise the distribution system voltage (see (c), (f) and (i)). For simplicity of explanation, it is assumed in the following description that the reactive power generated by each distributed power supply flows through SVR23. In this case, the voltages on the secondary sides of SVR23aand SVR23ccan be suppressed by the output of reactive power from each distributed power supply to fall within their respective appropriate voltage ranges by time t1, but the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23bcannot be suppressed to fall within the appropriate voltage range by time t1, and thus, tap changing in SVR23boccurs (see (e)). Since the tap changing in SVR23binfluences the voltage on the primary side of SVR23a, the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23arises (see (h)). On the other hand, in SVR23cprovided upstream of SVR23b, the voltage on the secondary side slightly changes in accordance with the change in the power flow of the active power and the reactive power, but there is no significant voltage change (see (b)). However, in each of the distributed power supplies connected to the secondary sides of SVR23band SVR23a, the voltage in consumer premises distribution system10rises and exceeds the upper limit value of the dead zone at time t1. Thus, even though the voltages on the secondary sides of SVR23band SVR23afall within their respective appropriate ranges, the above-mentioned distributed power supplies decrease the output of reactive power in order to lower the voltage in consumer premises distribution system10. This causes the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23cto change its direction from an upward direction to a downward direction at and after time t1. Accordingly, town C100cand factory101connected to the secondary side of SVR23cincrease the output of reactive power, but cannot compensate for the decrease in output of the reactive power by the distributed power supplies connected to the secondary sides of SVR23band SVR23a. As a result, the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23cdeviates from the appropriate range, and tap changing in SVR23coccurs at time t2 (see (b) and (d)). The tap changing in SVR23cat time t2 influences the voltages on the secondary sides of SVR23band SVR23c(see (b), (e) and (h)). Since the distribution system voltage exceeds the dead zone width in each of SVR23ato SVR23cdue to the tap changing in SVR23c, the distributed power supplies in all consumer houses18each decrease the output of reactive power in order to lower the voltage in consumer premises distribution system10. Thereby, in SVR23a, the voltage in consumer premises distribution system10falls within an appropriate range (within the dead zone) in a situation where reactive power is substantially not output (see (h) and (i)). SVR23cis also controlled to reduce the reactive power, so that the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23cis controlled to fall within an appropriate range (see (b) and (c)). In SVR23b, since the voltage on the secondary side does not fall within the operational voltage range even at time t3, the tap position changes again. Specifically, the tap position returns to the tap position located before occurrence of an abrupt change in solar radiation (see (g)). The tap changing in SVR23bat time t3 influences the voltage on the primary side of SVR23aas described above, and thus, the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23adecreases (see (h)). In SVR23c, in contrast, no significant voltage change occurs (see (b)). After the tap changing in SVR23b, in the distributed power supplies connected to the secondary sides of SVR23band SVR23a, the voltage in consumer premises distribution system10lowers and falls below the lower limit value of the dead zone. Thus, even though the voltages on the secondary sides of SVR23band SVR23afall within their respective appropriate ranges, these distributed power supplies each increase the output of reactive power in order to raise the voltage in consumer premises distribution system10. On the other hand, SVR23cis controlled to lower the voltage on the secondary side until time t3, but the reactive power flowing through SVR23cdecreases as the reactive power flowing through SVR23band SVR23aincreases. Then, between time t3 and time t4, the system voltage falls within the dead zone range, and the output of reactive power reaches 0. At time t4, solar radiation abruptly changes again, and the electric power generated by solar cells1in town A100aand town B100breturns to the state at and before time t0 (see (a)). The voltages on the secondary sides of SVR23ato SVR23crise under the influence of the increase in power generation by solar cell1(see (b), (e) and (h)). Then, the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23ccannot be suppressed to fall within the appropriate voltage range by time t5, so that tap changing in SVR23coccurs, and then, the tap position in SVR23creturns to the position located at and before time t0 (see (d)). At and after time t5, the voltages on the secondary sides of SVR23ato SVR23cfall within their respective appropriate ranges, and thereafter, no tap changing occurs. FIG.30is a timing chart showing the operation of the distribution system in the first embodiment in the configuration shown inFIG.1.FIGS.30(a) to30(j)respectively correspond toFIGS.29(a) to29(j). Referring toFIG.30, at time t0, the electric power generated by solar cell1in each of town A100aand town B100bdecreases due to an abrupt change in solar radiation (see (a)), as inFIG.29. Each of consumer houses18in town A100aand town B100bgives a notification about such a decrease in the electric power generated by solar cell1from sixth control circuit2097in solar cell power conversion device2to HEMS7. On the other hand, storage battery power conversion device4detects an abrupt change in the power generation amount of solar cell1based on a change in the power flow in consumer premises distribution system10that is measured by storage battery power conversion device4itself, and then gives a notification about such an abrupt change from eighth control circuit4097to HEMS7. Town D100d, mega-solar power conversion device27, and distribution system storage battery power conversion device29, each of which is located closer to the end side of distribution system24than town A100aand town B100b, monitor the system AC effective voltage in order to detect a voltage change caused by tap changing in SVR23from the change in system AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10or distribution system24a. Also for the distributed power supplies in respective consumer houses18in each of town A100aand town B100b, the change in the system AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10may be monitored for detecting a voltage change caused by the tap changing in SVR23. Referring again toFIG.6, the zero-cross point of the AC voltage is detected by phase detection circuit2091from the voltage in consumer premises distribution system10that is measured by voltmeter210. Specifically, the timing at which the voltage is switched from negative to positive is detected. The detection result of the zero-cross point is conveyed to reactive current control circuit2092, reactive current waveform generation circuit2093, active current control circuit2094, active current waveform generation circuit2095, sixth control circuit2097, effective voltage calculation circuit2098, voltage control target value generation circuit2099, system voltage monitoring circuit2101, and system voltage change factor determination circuit2102. Note that the detection result of the zero-cross point is conveyed as it is to reactive current waveform generation circuit2093, active current waveform generation circuit2095, sixth control circuit2097, and effective voltage calculation circuit2098. On the other hand, phase detection circuit2091detects a phase jump of the AC voltage from the zero-cross point detection cycle. Also, when the phase jump of the AC voltage is detected, the zero-cross point detection result is masked against reactive current control circuit2092, active current control circuit2094, voltage control target value generation circuit2099, system voltage monitoring circuit2101, and system voltage change factor determination circuit2102. Further, the detection result of the zero-cross point is masked also in the case where, when the tap position in SVR23changes, the phase of the AC voltage does not change but the AC voltage becomes unsteady at the moment of tap changing and thereby is erroneously detected as a zero-cross point. This is because, when a phase jump of the AC voltage occurs in calculating an effective voltage by effective voltage calculation circuit2098from the voltage in one cycle of an alternating current, the effective voltage may decrease (in the case where the cycle becomes shorter) or the effective voltage may increase (in the case where the cycle becomes longer), which may adversely affect: the reactive current control in reactive current control circuit2092; the active current control in active current control circuit2094; and the monitoring of the system AC effective voltage in system voltage monitoring circuit2101. Further, the zero-cross point detection result is masked also against voltage control target value generation circuit2099because it is unnecessary disturbance information for voltage control target value generation circuit2099. Effective voltage calculation circuit2098calculates an effective voltage in one cycle of the AC voltage based on the zero-cross point detection information output from phase detection circuit2091, and outputs the calculation result to voltage control target value generation circuit2099. Also when a phase jump of the AC voltage occurs, effective voltage calculation circuit2098outputs the result that has been calculated until then. Voltage control target value generation circuit2099calculates a moving average of the effective voltage for one minute by the configuration shown inFIG.10. Further, the output from effective voltage calculation circuit2098is also given to system voltage monitoring circuit2101. By the configuration shown inFIG.11, system voltage monitoring circuit2101obtains a change (difference data) in the effective voltage from one cycle of the AC voltage before, and outputs the calculation result to system voltage change factor determination circuit2102. In system voltage change factor determination circuit2102, difference data for six cycles of an alternating current (for example, 100 ms) is added. Then, absolute value comparison circuit21023compares the absolute value of the addition result with the threshold value output from sixth control circuit2097. Then, according to the flowchart shown inFIG.28, the SVR tap changing detection flag is controlled based on the comparison result. Referring again toFIG.30, the change in system voltage caused by the abrupt change in solar radiation actually slowly occurs over a time period of several seconds to several dozen seconds. Thus, the change in the effective voltage for six cycles of an alternating current is smaller than threshold value VCOM output from sixth control circuit2097. Then, absolute value comparison circuit21023determines that the change in the system voltage caused by such an abrupt change in solar radiation is not a voltage fluctuation caused by the tap changing in SVR23. Accordingly, in the distributed power supplies in town A100a, town B100b, and town D100d, mega-solar power conversion device27, and distribution system storage battery power conversion device29, the reactive power control similar to that in the reference example shown inFIG.29is performed, and the same operation as that in the reference example is performed until time t1. When tap changing in SVR23boccurs at time t1, the change in the effective voltage for six cycles of an alternating current (for example, 100 ms) is compared with threshold value VCOM in the distributed power supplies in town A100a, town B100b, and town D100d, and system voltage change factor determination circuit2102in each of mega-solar power conversion device27and distribution system storage battery power conversion device29, each of which is connected closer to the end side than SVR23b. In the present example, the change in the effective voltage is determined as being equal to or greater than threshold value VCOM, the change in the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23bat time t1 is determined as being a voltage change caused by the tap changing in SVR23b, and thus, the SVR tap changing detection flag is set at 1. In the present first embodiment, when the SVR tap changing detection flag is set at 1, the reactive current command value output from reactive current control circuit2092is maintained at the value obtained during tap changing in SVR23(an output reactive current calculation process II). Output reactive current calculation process II will be described below with reference toFIG.31. FIG.31is a diagram for illustrating the operation of reactive current control circuit2092in the first embodiment. Referring toFIG.13together withFIG.31, output reactive current calculation process II is performed in reactive current control circuit2092. First, the operation of reactive current control circuit2092in the normal state will be described. In the normal state, target value generation circuit20921outputs the voltage control target value, as it is, output from voltage control target value generation circuit2099. Further, LPF20922removes the noise component (high frequency component) of the AC effective voltage output from effective voltage calculation circuit2098(see the detection voltage inFIG.31). The time constant of LPF20922is set to be shorter than the time constant of voltage control target value generation circuit2099. Subtractor20923subtracts the output of target value generation circuit20921from the output of LPF20922. Thereby, the deviation of the detected voltage from the voltage control target value is calculated (see the output waveform of subtractor20923inFIG.31). The output of subtractor20923is input into dead zone determination circuit20924. Dead zone determination circuit20924outputs “0” so as to prevent reactive current control from being performed for a voltage deviation with a small amplitude. The voltage deviation exceeding the dead zone width is output from dead zone determination circuit20924. Note that one example of input/output characteristics of dead zone determination circuit20924is shown below dead zone determination circuit20924in the figure, and one example of the output waveform from dead zone determination circuit20924is shown in the lower right of dead zone determination circuit20924in the figure. Reactive current command value computing circuit20925calculates a reactive current command value (an amplitude of the reactive current) such that the voltage deviation output from dead zone determination circuit20924becomes 0. Reactive current command value computing circuit20925is formed of a proportional-integral control circuit, for example. Note that the configuration of computing circuit20925is not limited to a proportional-integral control circuit, but may be formed of a proportional control circuit, a proportional-integral-differential control circuit, or other control circuits. The following describes the operation of reactive current control circuit2092performed when system voltage change factor determination circuit2102determines that the change in the system AC voltage (effective voltage) is a voltage change caused by tap changing in SVR23. In this case, target value generation circuit20921, LPF20922, subtractor20923, and dead zone determination circuit20924perform the same operations as those in the normal state. When reactive current command value computing circuit20925confirms that the SVR tap changing detection flag output from system voltage change factor determination circuit2102becomes “1”, it captures the reactive current command value (the amplitude of the reactive current), which is currently output, into a register (not shown), and also, outputs the captured reactive current command value during a time period in which the detection flag is “1”. Although there is no particular problem in the proportional control circuit, in the case where the proportional-integral circuit or the proportional-integral-differential control circuit exemplified in the present first embodiment is used, the following control operation needs to be performed in order to seamlessly continue the reactive power control when the SVR tap changing detection flag is reset to 0. Specifically, the control operation needs to be performed to write: the reactive current command value that has been output for a time period during which the detection flag is 1; and the register value in the control circuit that is calculated from the output of dead zone determination circuit20924. Both of these values need to be written as initial values at the start of control. Referring again toFIG.30, when tap changing in SVR23boccurs at time t1 (the SVR tap changing detection flag is set at 1), the voltages on the secondary sides of SVR23band SVR23aare influenced by tap changing (see (e) and (h)). On the other hand, the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23cis slightly influenced by changes in power flow of the active power and the reactive power, but is hardly influenced by the tap changing in SVR23b. After the tap changing, the voltages on the secondary sides of SVR23aand SVR23bfall within their respective appropriate ranges. In the present first embodiment, as described above, each distributed power supply disposed closer to the end side than SVR23bkeeps the output of the reactive current at the value obtained at the time of tap changing, during a prescribed time period (until time t3 inFIG.30) from the time of tap changing in SVR23b. By performing control in this way, the system voltages on the secondary sides of SVR23ato SVR23care controlled to fall within their respective appropriate voltage ranges until time t3. In the present first embodiment, the length of the time period during which the output of the reactive current is maintained (time t1 to time t3) is set to be longer than the moving average time (for example, one minute) in voltage control target value generation circuit2099(FIG.10) or the time constant of voltage control target value generation circuit2099. Thereby, the voltage control target value output from voltage control target value generation circuit2099becomes substantially equal to the effective voltage value output from effective voltage calculation circuit2098(fall within the dead zone), and the reactive power output from the distributed power supply connected closer to the end side than SVR23bbecomes close to 0 (see (f) and (i)). In the reference example inFIG.29, the reactive power is output in the direction in which the voltage decreases, and thus, the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23cdeviates from the appropriate voltage range. Therefore, in the present first embodiment, the voltages on the secondary sides of SVR23ato SVR23care controlled to fall within their respective appropriate ranges also during the time period from time t3 to time t4. Then, at time t4, when solar radiation abruptly changes and the electric power generated by solar cell1in each of town A100aand town B100breturns to the state before time t0, the voltages in SVR23ato SVR23crise (see (b), (e) and (h)). Thereby, each distributed power supply outputs reactive power to control the system voltage, but the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23bdoes not fall within the appropriate range, and the tap position in SVR23bchanges at time t5 and returns to the position located at and before time t0, i.e., before solar radiation abruptly changes. After the tap changing in SVR23b, system voltage change factor determination circuit2102determines that the change in the system AC voltage (effective voltage) is a voltage change caused by the tap changing in SVR23b. Then, as described above, in the present first embodiment, the distributed power supplies in town A100a, town B100b, and town D100d, mega-solar power conversion device27, and distribution system storage battery power conversion device29maintain the reactive current command value from reactive current command value computing circuit20925(FIG.13) at the value appearing during tap changing in SVR23b(see (f) and (i)). Thereby, the voltages on the secondary sides of SVR23ato SVR23care controlled to fall within their respective appropriate ranges (see (b), (e) and (h)). As described above, according to the present first embodiment, occurrence of unnecessary tap changing in SVR23(in the above description, tap changing in SVR23cwith respect to the comparative example) can be suppressed, for example, when solar radiation abruptly changes repeatedly in a short time period. As a result, degradation in SVR23caused by unnecessary tap changing can be suppressed. <Description of Control Process of Storage Battery Power Conversion Device4> Then, the operation of storage battery power conversion device4will be described. Referring again toFIG.4, storage battery power conversion device4normally operates based on the operation plan given from HEMS7. Specifically, in the present first embodiment, storage battery power conversion device4operates in four types of operation modes including: a “power selling priority mode” for selling the electric power generated by solar cell1to the greatest possible extent; a “charge priority mode” for charging with surplus electric power of the electric power generated by solar cell1; a “peak cut mode” for suppressing the selling electric power to be equal to or less than a predetermined upper limit value; and a “standby mode” for performing only collection of the results of measurement by various types of sensors and periodical communication of measurement data. The standby mode is characterized by extremely small power consumption. When the power supply is turned on, storage battery power conversion device4is started in the standby mode and then operates in the standby mode until it receives an operation plan from HEMS7. In the standby mode, storage battery power conversion device4collects various types of sensor information and performs only reception of the dead zone width information from HEMS7and transmission of the results of measurement by various types of sensors to HEMS7. FIGS.32and33each are a flowchart illustrating a control process of storage battery power conversion device4according to the first embodiment. The steps shown inFIGS.32and33are continuously performed by third control circuit404and fourth control circuit409during the operation of storage battery power conversion device4. Referring toFIGS.4,7, and8together withFIG.32, when storage battery power conversion device4is started, various types of sensor information is collected (S301). Specifically, the voltage and the current of storage battery3that are respectively measured by voltmeter401and ammeter402, and the DC bus voltage on DC bus405collected by voltmeter406are input into seventh control circuit4044, charge control circuit4041, and discharge control circuit4042in third control circuit404. Further, the current flowing through DC bus405and measured by ammeter407, and the result of measuring the AC current flowing through the consumer premises distribution system and measured by ammeter411are input into eighth control circuit4097in fourth control circuit409. Further, the AC voltage in consumer premises distribution system10that is measured by voltmeter410is input into effective voltage calculation circuit4098and phase detection circuit4091in fourth control circuit409. When collection of the results of measurement by various types of sensors ends, seventh control circuit4044calculates the charge/discharge power from storage battery3based on the sensor information output from voltmeter401and ammeter402, and calculates a state of charge (SOC) of storage battery3(S302). In the description of the present first embodiment, the SOC of storage battery3is calculated in seventh control circuit4044, but calculation of the SOC of storage battery3can be performed by any elements. For example, the SOC may be calculated by a battery management unit (BMU) (not shown) provided in storage battery3, and seventh control circuit4044may receive the calculation result from the BMU. When the charge/discharge power from storage battery3and the SOC of storage battery3are calculated, seventh control circuit4044notifies eighth control circuit4097in fourth control circuit409about the calculation result. Phase detection circuit4091detects the zero-cross point of the AC voltage measured by voltmeter410, and outputs the detection result to reactive current control circuit4092, reactive current waveform generation circuit4093, active current control circuit4094, active current waveform generation circuit4095, eighth control circuit4097, effective voltage calculation circuit4098, voltage control target value generation circuit4099, and system voltage monitoring circuit4101. Effective voltage calculation circuit4098calculates the AC effective voltage in the distribution system based on the input AC voltage (S303). Effective voltage calculation circuit4098can be formed in the same configuration as that of effective voltage calculation circuit2098shown inFIG.9. The AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10that is calculated by effective voltage calculation circuit4098is input into reactive current control circuit4092, active current control circuit4094, eighth control circuit4097, voltage control target value generation circuit4099, and system voltage monitoring circuit4101. Upon reception of the AC effective voltage, voltage control target value generation circuit4099calculates the voltage control target value of storage battery power conversion device4(S304). The configuration and the operation of voltage control target value generation circuit4099are the same as those of voltage control target value generation circuit2099shown inFIG.10. In other words, voltage control target value generation circuit4099sequentially calculates the moving average value of the AC effective voltage for a certain time period (for example, 1 minute) in consumer premises distribution system10that is calculated by effective voltage calculation circuit4098. Then, voltage control target value generation circuit4099outputs the calculation result as the voltage control target value of consumer premises distribution system10to reactive current control circuit4092, active current control circuit4094, and eighth control circuit4097. When the voltage control target value is calculated, a tap changing detection process is performed for detecting whether tap changing in SVR23occurs or not (S305). The method of detecting tap changing in SVR23and the operation of each circuit related thereto are the same as those in solar cell power conversion device2, and therefore, the description thereof will not be repeated. When the process of detecting tap changing in SVR23is performed, eighth control circuit4097in fourth control circuit409checks communication interface circuit412whether a transmission request for the measurement result has been received or not from HEMS7(S306). When the transmission request has been received (YES in S306), eighth control circuit4097transmits, through communication interface circuit412to HEMS7, the charge/discharge power of storage battery3, the SOC of storage battery3, the AC effective voltage in the distribution system, the voltage control target value, and as in solar cell power conversion device2, the result of measuring the output time of reactive power, the result of measuring the reactive power control amount, the output active power amount, and the information of the time during which the output is suppressed (S307). After transmission of various pieces of measurement data in S307, the result of measuring the output time of reactive power, the result of measuring the reactive power control amount, the output active power amount, and the information of the time during which the output is suppressed (suppression of discharge power or increasing of the charge power) are cleared once. Then, eighth control circuit4097checks whether the dead zone width information has been received or not from HEMS7(S308). When the dead zone width information has been received (YES in S308), eighth control circuit4097updates the dead zone width information, threshold value VCOM used in absolute value comparison circuit21023, the threshold value (the count time period) compared with the count value of the counter, and the like (S309). When various pieces of information such as dead zone width information are updated, dead zone table generation circuit4100generates a dead zone table based on the information output from eighth control circuit4097. Further, eighth control circuit4097sets various control parameters such as threshold value VCOM in absolute value comparison circuit21023and the threshold value (the count time period) of the counter, which have been received together with the dead zone width information (S310). When it is determined in S308that the dead zone width information has not been received, or when the dead zone width (dead zone table) and various control parameters are set in S310, absolute value comparison circuit21023determines whether the SVR tap changing detection flag is 0 or not (S311). When it is determined that the detection flag is set at 1 (NO in S311), reactive current control circuit4092performs an output reactive current calculation process IV (S312). Output reactive current calculation process IV is the same as output reactive current calculation process II described with regard to the control process of solar cell power conversion device2, and therefore, the description thereof will not be repeated. When output reactive current calculation process IV is performed, the process is shifted to S324(described later) inFIG.33. On the other hand, when it is determined in S311that the detection flag is set at 0 (YES in S311), eighth control circuit4097checks based on the flag value stored in the register (not shown) whether second DC/AC conversion circuit408performs system voltage stabilization control (S313). When the system voltage stabilization control is being performed (YES in S313), the process is shifted to S317(described later) inFIG.33. On the other hand, when the system voltage stabilization control is not being performed (NO in S313), eighth control circuit4097determines whether or not the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10deviates from the dead zone voltage range set in S310(S314). When the AC effective voltage does not deviate from the dead zone voltage range (NO in S314), the series of subsequent steps are not performed, and the process is shifted to return (FIG.33). In other words, while the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10is in the dead zone voltage range, the process in S301to S314is repeated without performing the system voltage stabilization control. On the other hand, when it is determined in S314that the AC effective voltage (in consumer premises distribution system10) deviates from the dead zone voltage range (YES in S314), eighth control circuit4097sets a system voltage stabilization control flag in a register (not shown) (S315), and starts system voltage stabilization control (S316). Referring toFIGS.4,7, and8together withFIG.33, when the system voltage stabilization control is started in S316inFIG.32, or when it is determined in S313that the system voltage stabilization control is being performed (YES in S313), eighth control circuit4097checks whether or not the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10deviates from the upper limit value of the dead zone width (S317). When it is determined that the AC effective voltage deviates from the upper limit value of the dead zone width (YES in S317), eighth control circuit4097checks seventh control circuit4044for the currently operating state (charge/discharge/standby). At this time, eighth control circuit4097also checks the charge/discharge power in storage battery3. Thereby, eighth control circuit4097checks whether the charge power of storage battery3can be increased or not (S318). When storage battery3is discharged or when the charge power can be increased (YES in S318), eighth control circuit4097calculates the charge/discharge power (S319) and notifies seventh control circuit4044about the calculation result. When seventh control circuit4044receives the calculation result of the charge/discharge power, and when storage battery3is discharged, seventh control circuit4044notifies discharge control circuit4042about the received result of discharge power as a discharge power target value. Thereby, discharge control circuit4042controls the discharge power from storage battery3based on the discharge power target value. On the other hand, when storage battery3is discharged but eighth control circuit4097notifies seventh control circuit4044about the charge power, then in S319, seventh control circuit4044instructs discharge control circuit4042to stop the discharge control and notifies charge control circuit4041about the charge power target value. Upon reception of the charge power target value, charge control circuit4041starts to control charging of storage battery3based on the charge power target value. In this case, seventh control circuit4044outputs a control signal for selecting the output of charge control circuit4041to switching circuit4043. In the present first embodiment, the above-mentioned solar cell power conversion device2prioritizes the output of reactive power in order to minimize suppression of the electric power generation by solar cell1. Also, when the system voltage cannot be suppressed to fall within an appropriate range even by the reactive power control, solar cell power conversion device2suppresses the active power. On the other hand, when the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10exceeds the upper limit voltage value of the dead zone width, storage battery power conversion device4suppresses the discharge power from storage battery3. Specifically, when storage battery3is discharged, discharge power is suppressed or discharging is switched to charging. In particular, by switching from discharging to charging, the reverse direct current of the active power as a main cause of an increase in system voltage is suppressed, so that an increase in system voltage can be suppressed. Thereby, suppression of electric power generation by solar cell1and output from solar cell power conversion device2can be minimized while unnecessary discharge from storage battery3can be suppressed. As a result, the electric power generated by solar cell1can be efficiently used. On the other hand, when it is determined in S317that the AC effective voltage does not deviate from the upper limit value of the dead zone width (NO in S317), eighth control circuit4097checks whether the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10deviates or not from the lower limit value of the dead zone width (S320). When the AC effective voltage does not deviate from the lower limit value (NO in S320), the series of subsequent steps are not performed, and the process is shifted to return. When it is determined in S320that the AC effective voltage deviates from the lower limit value of the dead zone width (YES in S320), eighth control circuit4097checks seventh control circuit4044for the currently operating state (charge/discharge/standby). At this time, eighth control circuit4097also checks the charge/discharge power of storage battery3. Thereby, eighth control circuit4097checks whether the discharge power of storage battery3can be increased or not (S321). When storage battery3is being charged or when the discharge power can be increased (YES in S321), eighth control circuit4097calculates the charge/discharge power (S322), and notifies seventh control circuit4044about the calculation result. When seventh control circuit4044receives the calculation result of the charge/discharge power, and when storage battery3is being discharged, seventh control circuit4044notifies discharge control circuit4042about the received result of discharge power as a discharge power target value. Discharge control circuit4042controls the discharge power from storage battery3based on the received discharge power target value. On the other hand, when seventh control circuit4044receives an instruction from eighth control circuit4097to suppress the charge power in the state where storage battery3is being charged, seventh control circuit4044instructs charge control circuit4041to perform charge control based on the charge power target value received from eighth control circuit4097. Charge control circuit4041controls second DC/DC conversion circuit403based on the received charge power target value. When seventh control circuit4044receives an instruction from eighth control circuit4097to perform discharging in the state where storage battery3is being charged, seventh control circuit4044instructs charge control circuit4041to stop the charge control and notifies discharge control circuit4042about the discharge power target value. Upon reception of the discharge power target value, discharge control circuit4042starts the discharge control of storage battery3based on the discharge power target value. In this case, seventh control circuit4044outputs a control signal for selecting the output of discharge control circuit4042to switching circuit4043. When it is determined as NO in S318, when S319is performed, when it is determined as NO in S321, or when step S322is performed, eighth control circuit4097performs an output reactive power calculation process III (S323). Specifically, as in solar cell power conversion device2, storage battery power conversion device4performs reactive power (reactive current) control in order to suppress the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10to fall within the dead zone width range. Since the operation of reactive current control circuit4092in fourth control circuit409is the same as the operation of reactive current control circuit2092in the normal state in solar cell power conversion device2, the description of the operation will not be repeated. When the process in S312inFIG.32is performed or when the process in S323is performed, eighth control circuit4097calculates the apparent power from the current command value output from apparent current limiter circuit4103(S324). Then, eighth control circuit4097determines whether or not the calculated apparent power exceeds the capacity of storage battery power conversion device4(S325). When it is determined that the apparent power exceeds the capacity of storage battery power conversion device4(YES in S325), eighth control circuit4097performs a process for suppressing the active power (S326). Specifically, referring again toFIG.8, the output from adder4096is input into apparent current limiter circuit4103as in solar cell power conversion device2. Apparent current limiter circuit4103limits the amplitude when the current command value output from adder4096exceeds a threshold value. The output from apparent current limiter circuit4103is input into eighth control circuit4097. Then, eighth control circuit4097calculates electric power. When the calculated electric power exceeds the power capacity of second DC/AC conversion circuit408, eighth control circuit4097further limits the current command value. In the present first embodiment, the active power is suppressed by limiting the output of active current waveform generation circuit4095. At this time, eighth control circuit4097instructs seventh control circuit4044to reduce the charge/discharge power. Seventh control circuit4044having received the instruction instructs charge control circuit4041or discharge control circuit4042to reduce the charge/discharge power amount. In this case, the charging operation is not shifted to the discharging operation or the discharging operation is not shifted to the charging operation. When the process in S326is performed, or when it is determined in S325that the apparent power does not exceed the capacity of storage battery power conversion device4(NO in S325), eighth control circuit4097checks the condition for ending the system voltage stabilization control (S327). Specifically, eighth control circuit4097checks whether or not the present value of the AC effective voltage in consumer premises distribution system10falls within the dead zone width. When it is determined as NO in S327, the process is shifted to return, and then, the system voltage stabilization control is continued. On the other hand, when it is determined as YES in S327, eighth control circuit4097determines whether or not the measurement result of the reactive power received from the reactive power measurement circuit in reactive current waveform generation circuit4093is equal to or less than a threshold value (end determination value) (S328). When the measurement result of the reactive power is greater than the end determination value (NO in S328), the process is shifted to return, and then, the system voltage stabilization control is continued. On the other hand, when it is determined in S328that the measurement result of the reactive power is equal to or less than the end determination value (YES in S328), eighth control circuit4097ends the system voltage stabilization control (S329), and clears the system voltage stabilization control flag (S330). In this way, in the present first embodiment, the command value calculated by first control circuit204is input into first DC/DC conversion circuit203and used for controlling the output voltage of solar cell1so as to extract the electric power generated by solar cell1. Similarly, the command value calculated by second control circuit209is input into first DC/AC conversion circuit208and used for controlling conversion such that the electric power generated by solar cell1and output from first DC/DC conversion circuit203is converted into AC power. As a result, the electric power generated by solar cell1is output as AC power to consumer premises distribution system10. Similarly, the command value calculated by third control circuit404is input into second DC/DC conversion circuit403, and used for controlling the charge/discharge power for storage battery3. The command value calculated by fourth control circuit409is input into second DC/AC conversion circuit408and used for controlling conversion such that the charge/discharge power of storage battery3output from second DC/DC conversion circuit403is converted into AC power. As a result, the electric power output from storage battery3is eventually output as AC power to consumer premises distribution system10. Then, the operations of the distributed power supply and the distribution system facility in the present first embodiment will be described in greater detail with reference toFIGS.34and35.FIGS.34and35correspond to the above-mentionedFIGS.29and30, respectively.FIGS.34and35show: the reactive power flowing through SVR23ato SVR23cat time t0 to time t2 in the timing charts shown inFIGS.29and30; and the total value of the reactive power output from town C100cand factory101. Specifically,FIG.34shows a change in reactive power in a comparative example, andFIG.35shows a change in reactive power in the present first embodiment. Referring toFIG.34, in the distribution system shown inFIG.1, reactive power (see (a)) flowing through SVR23bis the total value of reactive power (see (b)) flowing through SVR23aand reactive currents output from town A100aand town B100b. More precisely, due to tap changing in SVR23b, the power flow changes, so that the flowing reactive power slightly changes, and also, there is reactive power partially flowing through the load and the like in each of town A100aand town B100b. In this case, however, the change in reactive power will not be explained for the sake of clarity of description. Similarly, the reactive power flowing through SVR23c(see (d)) is the total value of the reactive power flowing through SVR23band the reactive power output from town C100cand factory101(see (c)). As shown in the figure, in the comparative example, the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23ccannot be controlled to fall within an appropriate range due to the influence of reactive power flowing through SVR23beven though the maximum reactive power is output from town C100cand factory101. Referring toFIG.35, in the present first embodiment, after the tap changing in SVR23bat time t1, the reactive power output from each of town A100aand town B100band the reactive power output from each of town D100d, mega-solar power conversion device27, and distribution system storage battery power conversion device29are maintained. Thereby, the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23ccan be suppressed to fall within an appropriate range by the reactive power output from each of town C100cand factory101(see (g)). As a result, unnecessary tap changing in SVR23ccan be suppressed. Note that mega-solar power conversion device27and distribution system storage battery power conversion device29operate in the same manner as with solar cell power conversion device2and storage battery power conversion device4, respectively, and therefore, the description thereof will not be repeated. As described above, in the distributed power supply system to which the power conversion device according to the present first embodiment is applied, the system voltage stabilization control method is changed between: the case where the distribution system voltage (consumer premises distribution system10or distribution system14) changes to temporarily rise or lower due to an abrupt change in solar radiation or an abrupt change in load; and the case where the distribution system voltage changes due to tap changing in SVR23or the like, and therefore, the system voltage can be stabilized using the distributed power supply in each consumer house. Thereby, the distribution system voltage stabilization facilities such as SVR23do not have to be unnecessarily operated. For example, when the SVR is used, deterioration in the SVR can be suppressed without unnecessarily increasing the number of times of tap changing. Further, in the present first embodiment, since the distributed power supply on the consumer side is used, the distribution system voltage can be stabilized without having to introduce system stabilization facilities such as an expensive SVC. Specifically, the conventional automatic voltage regulator (SVR) disposed in distribution system24(on the primary side of pole-mounted transformer9) is utilized to regulate the voltage fluctuations in a long cycle by the automatic voltage regulator (SVR). In contrast, for the voltage fluctuations in a short cycle resulting from an abrupt change in solar radiation or load fluctuations, a distributed power supply (power conversion device) in each consumer house18controls the active power and/or the reactive power. Thereby, the system voltage can be stabilized without having to introduce new system stabilization facilities. Also, the storage battery for a distribution system that is introduced for stabilizing the distribution system voltage is operated in cooperation and coordination with storage battery3on the consumer side, so that the storage battery can be reduced in capacity. Further, by setting the dead zone width information for each consumer based on the impedance information about the distribution system, prediction of the power generation amount from solar cell1and the result of predicting the power consumption of the load, system voltage stabilization control by the distributed power supplies in respective consumer houses18can be started at the same timing and ended at the same timing. This can consequently prevent a burden from differing among the consumers due to the difference in interconnection point among the consumers' distribution systems. Second Embodiment In the description of the first embodiment, when a change in system AC voltage (effective voltage) caused by SVR23is detected, reactive current control circuits2092and4092in solar cell power conversion device2, storage battery power conversion device4, mega-solar power conversion device27, and distribution system storage battery power conversion device29maintain, for a prescribed time period, the reactive current command value that is set when a change in system AC voltage (effective voltage) caused by SVR23is detected (immediately before or immediately after the detection). In the present second embodiment, when a change in system AC voltage (effective voltage) caused by SVR23is detected, the control parameters (control gain and the like) for reactive current command value computing circuit20925in each of reactive current control circuits2092and4092are changed for a prescribed time period. Specifically, the responsiveness of the reactive current control performed in reactive current command value computing circuit20925is delayed (for example, the response time is set to be about ten times to several tens of times longer than the response time in the normal control), to thereby suppress an abrupt change in output of the reactive power after the tap changing in SVR23. The outline of the operation of a power conversion device according to the present second embodiment will be described below with reference toFIGS.18and36. FIG.36is a timing chart showing operations of a distributed power supply and a distribution system facility in the second embodiment in the configuration shown inFIG.18.FIG.36corresponds toFIG.20described in the first embodiment, and FIGS.36(k) to36(s) respectively correspond toFIGS.20(k) to20(s). Referring toFIG.36, also in the present example, slightly before time t0, generated electric power Pi of solar cell system41idecreases and the system voltages on the secondary sides of SVR23iand SVR23hdecrease. The operation performed until time t1 is the same as that shown inFIGS.19and20, and thus, the description thereof will not be repeated. Since the system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23idoes not fall within the operational voltage range of SVR23iat time t1 (see (l)), the tap position in SVR23ichanges (see (m)). When the tap position in SVR23ichanges, the system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23irises (see (l)). At this time, the system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23his hardly influenced by the tap changing in SVR23i(see (p)). In fact, the power flow (active power and reactive power) changes due to the tap changing in SVR23i, but the influence thereof is relatively small if other conditions are the same. Also in the second embodiment, as in the first embodiment, power conversion device40(40i,40h) determines whether the voltage change in the distribution system is caused by a change in electric power generated by the load, the energy creation device and the like, or caused by tap changing in SVR23. When it is determined that the voltage change in the distribution system at time t1 is caused by the tap changing in SVR23i, power conversion device40ichanges the control gain of reactive current command value computing circuit20925, for example, to a value that is 0.02 times greater than this control gain (50 times greater than the time constant). In the present example, the control gain is controlled to be 0.02 times greater than that (50 times greater than the time constant) during the time period from time t1 to time t3. Thus, the reactive power output from power conversion device40igradually decreases, unlike the movement in the comparative example shown inFIG.19(f)(see (o)). Thereby, in the comparative example inFIG.19, power conversion device40ioperates so as to decrease the system voltage in response to the tap changing in SVR23iat time t1 (see (f)). In contrast, in the present second embodiment, power conversion device40ioperates so as to gradually decrease the reactive power output at time t1 (see (o)), so that the system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23hcan be controlled to fall within an appropriate range (the operational voltage range of SVR23h) (see (p)) by the reactive power control by power conversion device40h(see (s)). Also in the present example, the prescribed time period (time t1 to time t3) during which the control gain (time constant) is changed is approximately twice as long as the dead zone time. The prescribed time period is not limited thereto, but, for example, may be a moving average time (for example, one minute determined by a time constant) obtained when voltage control target value generation circuit2099generates a voltage control target value, may be the above-mentioned dead zone time, or may be a time period longer than twice as long as the dead zone time. Note that DSO21may notify each distributed power supply about this prescribed time period so as to be set. By controlling power conversion device40ias described above, the influence on other SVR23hcaused by the tap changing in SVR23ican be suppressed, and thus, occurrence of unnecessary tap changing in SVR23hcan be suppressed. The present second embodiment is different from the first embodiment only in the operation performed when a change in system AC voltage (effective voltage) caused by SVR23is detected, and therefore, only such a different operation will be described below. Specifically, since the operation of each circuit in each of reactive current control circuit2092shown inFIG.6, reactive current control circuit4092shown inFIG.8, reactive current control circuit2092shown inFIG.13, the operation in S212shown inFIG.26, and the operation in S312shown inFIG.32are different from those in the first embodiment, these portions will be mainly described below. The following describes a detailed operation in S212inFIG.26in the present second embodiment with reference toFIGS.8,13, and37. Since the operation of reactive current control circuit4092in storage battery power conversion device4is the same as that of reactive current control circuit2092in solar cell power conversion device2, only the operation of reactive current control circuit2092will be described below (the description of the operation in S312inFIG.32will be omitted). FIG.37is a timing chart showing the operation of the distribution system in the second embodiment in the configuration shown inFIG.1.FIG.37corresponds toFIG.30described in the first embodiment, andFIGS.37(a) to37(j)respectively correspond toFIGS.30(a) to30(j). Referring toFIG.37, as inFIG.30, the electric power generated by solar cells1in town A100aand town B100bdecreases at time t0 due to an abrupt change in solar radiation (see (a)). The same operation as that in the first embodiment shown inFIG.30is performed until time t1. When tap changing in SVR23boccurs at time t1, system voltage change factor determination circuit2102compares the change in effective voltage for six cycles of an alternating current (corresponding to 100 ms) with threshold value VCOM. In the present example, the change in effective voltage is then determined to be equal to or greater than threshold value VCOM, the voltage change on the secondary side of SVR23bat time t1 is determined to be a voltage change caused by the tap changing in SVR23b, and then, the SVR tap changing detection flag is set at 1. In the present second embodiment, when the SVR tap changing detection flag is set at 1, reactive current command value computing circuit20925in reactive current control circuit2092changes the control parameter set in the normal control state. Specifically, the control parameter is changed to a control parameter (control gain) that is received from sixth control circuit2097and that is to be used when a voltage change caused by tap changing in SVR23is detected. Also in the present second embodiment, reactive current command value computing circuit20925is formed of a proportional-integral control circuit as in the first embodiment. Note that the configuration of computing circuit20925is not limited to a proportional-integral control circuit, but may be a proportional control circuit, a proportional-integral-differential control circuit, or any other control circuits. In general, the dead zone time for tap changing in SVR23(the time period from the time point when the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23deviates from the operational voltage range to the time point when tap changing starts) is often set to be about 30 seconds to about 90 seconds. In the present second embodiment, the dead zone time of the tap changing in SVR23is 45 seconds. In the present second embodiment, the proportional gain and the integration time of the proportional-integral control circuit in reactive current command value computing circuit20925are set to be about 2 seconds as response time in the case of normal control. On the other hand, when the voltage change caused by the tap changing in SVR23is detected, the above-mentioned proportional gain and the integration time are set to be about 50 times as long as the response time in the case of normal control. This response time is determined based on the time constant of voltage control target value generation circuit2099. In the present second embodiment, the moving average value of the effective voltage for one minute is calculated by voltage control target value generation circuit2099, as in the first embodiment. The response time of the proportional-integral control circuit in reactive current command value computing circuit20925is set to be longer than the above-mentioned moving average time (the time constant of the LPF when voltage control target value generation circuit2099is formed of the LPF). This allows switching to normal reactive power control after the influence of the system AC voltage significantly changed by the tap changing in SVR23(specifically, the influence of the system AC voltage exerted before occurrence of tap changing) is eliminated as much as possible from the voltage control target value generated by voltage control target value generation circuit2099. Referring toFIG.37, when tap changing in SVR23boccurs at time t1, distributed power supplies in town A100a, town B100b, and town D100d, and reactive current command value computing circuit20925in each of mega-solar power conversion device27and distribution system storage battery power conversion device29, each of which is connected closer to the end side than SVR23b, performs reactive current control while changing the control parameters (proportional gain and integration time) of the proportional-integral control circuit such that the response time is 50 times as long as that in the case of the control parameter adopted in the normal case and received from sixth control circuit2097(eighth control circuit4097). As described above, since SVR23cis hardly influenced by the tap changing in SVR23b(slightly influenced by the change in power flow), the normal control is continued. Then, the operation of reactive current control circuit2092in the present second embodiment will be described again with reference toFIG.13. When system voltage change factor determination circuit2102determines that the change in system AC voltage (effective voltage) is a voltage change caused by the tap changing in SVR23, in the present second embodiment, target value generation circuit20921, LPF20922, subtractor20923, and dead zone determination circuit20924each perform the same operation as that in the normal state. When it is determined that the change in the system AC voltage (effective voltage) is caused by the tap changing in SVR23, reactive current command value computing circuit20925calculates a reactive current command value (the amplitude of the reactive current) on condition that the voltage deviation output from dead zone determination circuit20924is defined as 0. At this time, the control parameters (the proportional gain and the integration time) of the proportional-integral control circuit are changed as described above, and thus, the reactive current command value output from reactive current command value computing circuit20925gradually changes (decreases). Thereby, the currents flowing through SVR23band SVR23agradually decrease as shown in (f) and (i) inFIG.37. In the comparative example shown inFIG.29, the current flowing through each of SVR23band SVR23asignificantly changes, and the reactive power is negative at time t2, as shown in (f) and (i) inFIG.29. On the other hand, in the present second embodiment, the reactive power exhibits a positive value also at time t3 as shown in (f) and (i) inFIG.37. Thus, the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23ccan be controlled to fall within an appropriate range by the reactive power output from solar cell power conversion device2and storage battery power conversion device4installed in each of town C100cand factory101(see (b) inFIG.37). The voltage on the secondary side of each of SVR23aand SVR23bis also controlled to fall within an appropriate voltage (see (e) and (h)). In the above description, reactive current command value computing circuit20925is a proportional-integral control circuit, but the present invention is not limited thereto. When reactive current command value computing circuit20925is formed of a proportional control circuit, a proportional-integral-differential control circuit, or other control circuits, the same effect can be achieved by changing the proportional gain, the integration time, the differential time, and the like to the control parameters output from sixth control circuit2097(eighth control circuit4097). At this time, the register for the integration circuit and the register for the differentiation circuit are initialized by correcting the currently stored values. Specifically, each register value is initialized, for example, so as to prevent the output from the integration circuit from significantly changing due to a change in the integration time. Also when returning to normal control, each register value is initialized again, for example, so as to prevent the output from the integration circuit from significantly changing due to a change in the integration time. Referring again toFIG.37, a voltage change caused by tap changing in SVR23is detected at time t1. Then, at time t3 after a lapse of a prescribed time period, the distributed power supplies in town A100a, town B100b, and town D100d, and mega-solar power conversion device27and distribution system storage battery power conversion device29, each of which is connected closer to the end side than SVR23b, return to normal control. From times t3 to time t4, the reactive power flowing through each of SVR23aand SVR23bconverges to zero since the system AC voltage falls within an appropriate voltage range (see (f) and (i)). On the other hand, the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23cis maintained to fall within the appropriate voltage range only by the reactive power output from each of solar cell power conversion device2and storage battery power conversion device4installed in each of town C100cand factory101(see (b)). The reactive power output from each of the distributed power supplies in town A100a, town B100b, and town D100d, and mega-solar power conversion device27, and distribution system storage battery power conversion device29decreases, so that the reactive power flowing through SVR23cdecreases (see (c)). Thereby, the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23cdecreases (see (b)) but is controlled to fall within the appropriate voltage range, and therefore, the tap changing in SVR23does not occur. As in the first embodiment, the length of time t1 to time t3 in which the control gain of reactive current command value computing circuit20925is changed is set to be longer than the moving average time (for example, 1 minute) in voltage control target value generation circuit2099(FIG.10) or the time constant of voltage control target value generation circuit2099. Thereby, the voltage control target value output from voltage control target value generation circuit2099and the effective voltage value output from effective voltage calculation circuit2098become substantially equal to each other (fall within the dead zone), and the reactive power output from the distributed power supply connected closer to the end side than SVR23bbecomes close to 0 (see (f) and (i)). In the reference example inFIG.29, the reactive power is output in the direction in which the voltage decreases, and thus, the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23cdeviates from the appropriate voltage range. Then, at time t4, the solar radiation abruptly changes and the electric power generated by solar cell1in each of town A100aand town B100breturns to the state at and before time t0, and then, the voltages in SVR23ato SVR23crise (see (b), (e) and (h)). Thus, each distributed power supply outputs reactive power to control the system voltage, but the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23bdoes not fall within the appropriate range, and the tap position in SVR23bchanges at time t5 and returns to the position located at and before time t0, i.e., before solar radiation abruptly changes. After the tap changing in SVR23b, system voltage change factor determination circuit2102determines that the change in system AC voltage (effective voltage) is a voltage change caused by the tap changing in SVR23b. Then, as described above, in the present second embodiment, the control parameters (proportional gain and integration time) in reactive current command value computing circuit20925(FIG.13) are changed in the distributed power supplies in town A100a, town B100b, and town D100d, and in mega-solar power conversion device27and distribution system storage battery power conversion device29. Thereby, the reactive power (reactive current) flowing through each of SVR23aand SVR23bis controlled as shown in (f) and (i), and the voltages on the secondary sides of SVR23ato SVR23care controlled to fall within their respective appropriate ranges also at and after time t5 (see (b), (e) and (h)). By the configuration in the second embodiment as described above, occurrence of unnecessary tap changing in SVR23(in the above description, tap changing in SVR23cwith respect to the comparative example) can be suppressed, for example, when solar radiation abruptly changes repeatedly in a short time period. As a result, degradation in SVR23caused by unnecessary tap changing can be suppressed. As described above, the present second embodiment can also achieve the same effect as that achieved by the first embodiment. Third Embodiment When a change in the system AC voltage (effective voltage) caused by SVR23is detected, it is assumed in the first embodiment that the reactive current command value adopted when this voltage change is detected (immediately before or immediately after the detection) is maintained for a prescribed time period, and it is assumed in the second embodiment that the control parameters (control gain or the like) of reactive current command value computing circuit20925are kept changed for a prescribed time period. In the present third embodiment, when a change in the system AC voltage (effective voltage) caused by SVR23is detected, the voltage control target value is changed for a prescribed time period based on the information output from absolute value comparison circuit21023in each of system voltage change factor determination circuits2102and4102. Specifically, based on the amount of change in the effective voltage before and after the tap changing in SVR23, an offset is added to the voltage control target value so as to reduce the deviation between the system voltage after tap changing and the voltage control target value (such that the system voltage falls within the dead zone width of reactive power control), and then, the voltage control target value is maintained at the value added with this offset for a prescribed time period. Thereby, after the tap changing in SVR23, the reactive power output from power conversion device40ibecomes zero, and thus, an abrupt change in the reactive power output after tap changing can be suppressed. The outline of the operation of a power conversion device according to the present third embodiment will be described below with reference toFIGS.18and38. FIG.38is a timing chart showing operations of a distributed power supply and a distribution system facility in the third embodiment in the configuration shown inFIG.18.FIG.38corresponds toFIG.20described in the first embodiment, andFIGS.38(k) to38(s)respectively correspond toFIGS.20(k) to20(s). Referring toFIG.38, also in the present example, slightly before time t0, generated electric power Pi of solar cell system41idecreases, and the system voltages on the secondary sides of SVR23iand SVR23hdecrease. Since the operation performed until time t1 is the same as that shown inFIGS.19and20, the description thereof will not be repeated. Since the system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23idoes not fall within the operational voltage range of SVR23iat time t1 (see (l)), the tap position in SVR23ichanges (see (m)). When the tap position in SVR23ichanges, the system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23irises (see (l)). Also in the third embodiment, as in the first embodiment, power conversion device40(40i,40h) determines whether the voltage change in the distribution system is caused by a change in electric power generated by the load, the energy creation device and the like, or caused by tap changing in SVR23. When it is determined that the voltage change in the distribution system at time t1 is caused by the tap changing in SVR23i, power conversion device40iadds an offset to the voltage control target value (see (n)). Specifically, the offset value of the voltage control target value is calculated from the voltage change on the secondary side of SVR23isuch that the system voltage falls within the dead zone width of reactive power control. In the present example, an offset is added to the voltage control target value during a time period from time t1 to time t3. Thus, the reactive power output from power conversion device40ibecomes zero (see (o)). Thereby, in the comparative example inFIG.19, power conversion device40ioperates so as to decrease the system voltage in response to the tap changing in SVR23iat time t1 (see (f)). In contrast, in the present third embodiment, the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23hcan be controlled by power conversion device40hwithout being influenced by the reactive power output from power conversion device40i. In the present example, the reactive power from power conversion device40ibecomes zero, and thereby, the system voltage on the secondary side of SVR23hdecreases, but still falls within the dead zone range, and therefore, the voltage is maintained as it is (see (p) and (s)). Also in the present example, the above-mentioned prescribed time period (time t1 to time t3) during which an offset value is added to the voltage control target value is about twice as long as the dead zone time. The prescribed time period is not limited thereto, but, for example, may be a moving average time (for example, one minute determined by a time constant) adopted when voltage control target value generation circuit2099generates a voltage control target value, may be the above-mentioned dead zone time, or may be a time period longer than twice as long as the dead zone time. Note that DSO21may notify each distributed power supply about this prescribed time period so as to be set. In the present third embodiment, the length of the time period during which an offset value is added to the voltage control target value (time t1 to time t3) is set to be longer than the moving average time (for example, one minute) in voltage control target value generation circuits2099and4099or longer than the time constant of voltage control target value generation circuits2099and4099(see (n)). Thereby, the distribution system voltage rises close to the dead zone voltage range in which power conversion device40hdoes not perform reactive power control. Therefore, even when the offset value is removed from the target control voltage value, the tap changing in SVR23hand SVR23idoes not occur (see (q)), and the control is stably continued also at and after time t3. By controlling power conversion device40ias described above, the influence on other SVR23hcaused by the tap changing in SVR23ican be suppressed, and thus, occurrence of unnecessary tap changing in SVR23hcan be suppressed. The present third embodiment is different from the first embodiment only in the operation performed when a change in system AC voltage (effective voltage) caused by SVR23is detected, and therefore, only such a different operation will be described below. Specifically, since the operation of each circuit in each of reactive current control circuit2092shown inFIG.6, reactive current control circuit4092shown inFIG.8, and reactive current control circuit2092shown inFIG.13, the operation in S212shown inFIG.26, and the operation in S312shown inFIG.32are different from those in the first embodiment, these portions will be mainly described below. FIG.39is a timing chart showing the operation of the distribution system in the third embodiment in the configuration shown inFIG.1.FIG.39corresponds toFIG.30described in the first embodiment, andFIGS.39(a) to39(j)respectively correspond toFIGS.30(a) to30(j). Referring toFIG.39, as inFIG.30, at time t0, the electric power generated by solar cells1in town A100aand town B100bdecreases due to an abrupt change in solar radiation (see (a)). The same operation as that in the first embodiment shown inFIG.30is performed until time t1. When tap changing in SVR23boccurs at time t1, system voltage change factor determination circuit2102compares the change in effective voltage for six cycles of an alternating current (corresponding to 100 ms) with threshold value VCOM. In the present example, the change in effective voltage is determined to be equal to or greater than threshold value VCOM, the voltage change on the secondary side of SVR23bat time t1 is determined to be a voltage change caused by the tap changing in SVR23b, and the SVR tap changing detection flag is set at 1. In the present third embodiment, when the SVR tap changing detection flag is set at 1, target value generation circuit20921in reactive current control circuit2092generates a voltage control target value such that the voltage control target value becomes substantially equal to the system AC effective voltage occurring immediately after the voltage change caused by the tap changing in SVR23b. Specifically, target value generation circuit20921adds the addition value of the AC effective voltage in the time period of six cycles of an alternating current, which is output from absolute value comparison circuit21023in system voltage change factor determination circuit2102, to the voltage control target value adopted at the time when the voltage fluctuations caused by the tap changing in SVR23are detected. Then, target value generation circuit20921outputs the addition result as a voltage control target value for a prescribed time period. Referring toFIG.39, when tap changing in SVR23boccurs at time t1, the distributed power supplies in town A100a, town B100b, and town D100d, and target value generation circuits20921in mega-solar power conversion device27and distribution system storage battery power conversion device29, each of which is connected closer to the end side than SVR23b, each add an offset value to the voltage control target value in the above-described manner, thereby changing the voltage control target value. Thus, by adding the voltage fluctuation width caused by the tap changing in SVR23to the voltage control target value, the control can be continued without significantly changing the reactive current command value (the amplitude of the reactive current) output from reactive current command value computing circuit20925. Referring again toFIG.13, the operation of reactive current control circuit2092in the present third embodiment will be hereinafter described. Also in the present third embodiment, reactive current command value computing circuit20925is configured of a proportional-integral control circuit. When system voltage change factor determination circuit2102determines that the change in the system AC voltage (effective voltage) is a voltage change caused by tap changing in SVR23, in the present third embodiment, target value generation circuit20921changes the voltage control target value in the above-described manner and outputs the changed value. LPF20922removes a noise component (a high frequency component) of the AC effective voltage output from effective voltage calculation circuit2098. Subtractor20923subtracts the output of target value generation circuit20921from the output of LPF20922. The subtraction result is substantially the same as the value occurring before the voltage change caused by the tap changing in SVR23. This is because the voltage change caused by the tap changing in SVR23is compensated for by adding the output of adder21022ethat is output upon detection of the voltage change caused by the tap changing and that is output from absolute value comparison circuit21023. The output from subtractor20923is input into dead zone determination circuit20924, and the voltage deviation exceeding the dead zone width is output from dead zone determination circuit20924. Reactive current command value computing circuit20925calculates a reactive current command value (the amplitude of the reactive current) such that the voltage deviation output from dead zone determination circuit20924becomes 0. Referring again toFIG.39, when tap changing in SVR23boccurs at time t1, target value generation circuit20921in reactive current control circuit2092changes the voltage control target value in the above-described manner. By changing the voltage control target value, the reactive current command value output from reactive current command value computing circuit20925is substantially the same before and after the tap changing in SVR23b. Thus, the currents flowing through SVR23band SVR23aare controlled in the same manner as in the case where the tap changing in SVR23bdoes not occur during the time period from time t1 to time t3 (see (l) and (i)). In the comparative example shown inFIG.29, the reactive power significantly changes, and the reactive power is negative at time t2, as shown in (f) and (i) inFIG.29. On the other hand, in the present third embodiment, since the reactive power is a positive value also at time t3 as shown in (f) and (i) inFIG.39, the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23ccan be controlled to fall within an appropriate range by the reactive power output from solar cell power conversion device2and storage battery power conversion device4that are installed in each of town C100cand factory101(see (b) inFIG.39). The voltages on the secondary sides of SVR23aand SVR23bare also controlled to fall within their respective appropriate voltages (see (e) and (h)). Further, a voltage change caused by the tap changing in SVR23is detected at time t1. Then, at time t3 after a lapse of a prescribed time period, the distributed power supplies in town A100a, town B100b, and town D100d, and mega-solar power conversion device27and distribution system storage battery power conversion device29, each of which is connected closer to the end side than SVR23b, return to normal control. At time t3 to time t4, the reactive power flowing through SVR23aand SVR23bconverges to zero since the system AC voltage falls within the appropriate voltage range (see (f) and (i)). On the other hand, the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23cis maintained to fall within the appropriate voltage range only by the reactive power output from solar cell power conversion device2and storage battery power conversion device4that are installed in each of town C100cand factory101(see (b)). Since the reactive power output from the distributed power supplies in town A100a, town B100b, and town D100d, and from mega-solar power conversion device27and distribution system storage battery power conversion device29decreases, the reactive power flowing through SVR23cdecreases (see (c)). Thereby, the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23cdecreases (see (b)) but is controlled to fall within the appropriate voltage range, and thus, the tap changing in SVR23cdoes not occur. As in the first embodiment, the length of time t1 to time t3 during which an offset value is added to the voltage control target value is set to be longer than the moving average time (for example, 1 minute) in voltage control target value generation circuit2099(FIG.10) or the time constant of voltage control target value generation circuit2099. Thereby, the voltage control target value output from voltage control target value generation circuit2099and the effective voltage value output from effective voltage calculation circuit2098become substantially equal to each other (fall within the dead zone), and the reactive power output from the distributed power supply connected closer to the end side than SVR23bbecomes close to 0 (see (f) and (i)). In the reference example inFIG.29, the reactive power is output in the direction in which the voltage decreases, and thus, the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23cdeviates from the appropriate voltage range. Then, at time t4, the solar radiation abruptly changes and the electric power generated by solar cell1in each of town A100aand town B100breturns to the state at and before time t0, and then, the voltages in SVR23ato SVR23crise (see (b), (e) and (h)). Thereby, each distributed power supply outputs reactive power to control the system voltage, but the voltage on the secondary side of SVR23bdoes not fall within the appropriate range, and the tap position in SVR23bchanges at time t5 and returns to the position located at and before time t0, i.e., before solar radiation abruptly changes. After the tap changing in SVR23b, system voltage change factor determination circuit2102determines that the change in the system AC voltage (effective voltage) is a voltage change caused by the tap changing in SVR23b. Then, in the present third embodiment, the voltage control target value output from target value generation circuit20921is changed in each of the distributed power supplies in town A100a, town B100b, and town D100d, and in each of mega-solar power conversion device27and distribution system storage battery power conversion device29, as described above. Thereby, the reactive power (reactive current) flowing through each of SVR23aand SVR23bis controlled as shown in (f) and (i), and the voltages on the secondary sides of SVR23ato SVR23care controlled to fall within their respective appropriate ranges also at and after time t5 (see (b), (e) and (h)). By the configuration in the third embodiment as described above, occurrence of unnecessary tap changing in SVR23(in the above description, tap changing in SVR23cwith respect to the comparative example) can be suppressed, for example, when solar radiation abruptly changes repeatedly in a short time period. As a result, degradation in SVR23caused by unnecessary tap changing can be suppressed. As described above, the present third embodiment can also achieve the same effect as those achieved by the first and second embodiments. In the above description of the first to third embodiments, when voltage control target value generation circuit2099(4099) generates a voltage control target value for the AC voltage, it uses the moving average value of the AC effective voltage output from effective voltage calculation circuit2098(4098) or uses the value obtained by removing a high frequency component by an LPF formed of an IIR filter, but the present invention is not limited thereto. For example, the similar effect can be achieved also by using a signal with an FIR filter or a signal having passed through an analog filter. Further, the time length taken to calculate the moving average value is not limited to 1 minute, but may be any time length such as 5 minutes or 30 seconds. Further, the configuration of the FIR filter is also not limited to the configuration illustrated inFIG.10, but may be a primary IIR filter, or may be a secondary filter or a higher order filter, for example. Further, various types of measurement results obtained by the measurement in the distributed power supplies and output from communication interface circuit212(412) may be at least one of: the control target voltage of the AC voltage generated in voltage control target value generation circuit2099(4099); the active power amount suppressed for controlling the AC voltage; the time during which the active power is suppressed; the reactive power amount supplied from first DC/AC conversion circuit208or second DC/AC conversion circuit408; and the time during which the reactive power is output. Further, the above-mentioned measurement results may also include the SOC of storage battery3, the electric power generated by solar cell1, and the power consumption of the load. Further, in the above description of the first to third embodiments, a plurality of distributed power supplies such as solar cell power conversion device2and storage battery power conversion device4are connected to the distribution system. In the case where the plurality of distributed power supplies include a plurality of energy creation devices and a plurality of energy storage devices as described in the embodiments, the dead zone width information is used among the energy creation devices and the energy storage devices. Thereby, as described above, the dead zone width information is changed in the power generation state of the energy creation device, the operating state (charge or discharge) of the energy storage device, or the operating state (heat storage or standby) of the heat storage device, and thereby, unnecessary suppression of the electric power generated by the energy creation device or generation of reactive power can be avoided. For example, when the power storage device is operating while the system voltage rises, the operation of reducing discharge power, increasing charge power, starting the heat storage device, or the like can be preferentially performed. In addition, when the power storage device is operating while the system voltage decreases, the operation of decreasing charge power, increasing discharge power, or the like can be preferentially performed. Further, when the heat storage device is operating while the system voltage decreases, the operation of stopping this heat storage device, or the like can be preferentially performed. Further, in the above description of the first to third embodiments, a plurality of distributed power supplies such as solar cell power conversion device2and storage battery power conversion device4are connected to the distribution system. Also, in the case where the plurality of distributed power supplies include a plurality of energy creation devices and a plurality of energy storage devices as described in the embodiments, the condition for ending the system voltage stabilization control applied when the AC effective voltage in the distribution system deviates from the voltage range indicated by the dead zone width information is controlled to be differently set between solar cell power conversion device2(first DC/AC conversion circuit208) and storage battery power conversion device4(second DC/AC conversion circuit408). Thereby, when the reactive power is output to increase the apparent power to thereby suppress power generation in the energy creation device (solar cell1) and the like, the system voltage stabilization control on the energy creation device side (solar cell power conversion device2) can be preferentially ended, and also, the system voltage stabilization control on the energy storage device side (storage battery power conversion device4) can be continued. As a result, the system voltage is stabilized by the system voltage stabilization control while excessive suppression of electric power generation in the energy creation device can be prevented. In the above description of the first to third embodiments, HEMS7processes the dead zone width information and the like and notifies storage battery power conversion device4and solar cell power conversion device2in consumer house18about the processed dead zone width information and the like. Thus, storage battery power conversion device4and solar cell power conversion device2can suppress a voltage increase in consumer premises distribution system10in cooperation and collaboration with each other without having to directly exchange data with each other through consumer premises communication network11and the like. Similarly, CEMS15generates dead zone width information based on the impedance information on the distribution system given from DSO21, the prediction of the power generation amount from solar cell1, and the result of predicting the power consumption of the load. Thus, the distributed power supplies (power conversion devices) in respective consumer houses18can perform system voltage stabilization control autonomously in cooperation and coordination with one another without direct communication with one another. In the above description of the first to third embodiments, the dead zone width information given from CEMS15is processed by HEMS7and given to each distributed power supply, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and the dead zone width information can also be processed within each distributed power supply, i.e., in storage battery power conversion device4and solar cell power conversion device2in each consumer house18. Further, in the above description of the first to third embodiments, the voltage rise in consumer premises distribution system10and distribution system14can be suppressed by the power conversion device of the distributed power supply disposed in each consumer house18. Thus, expensive system stabilization facilities such as an SVC and a system storage battery can be reduced in capacity or the need to provide the system stabilization facilities can be eliminated, thereby allowing cost reduction. Further, in the above description of the first to third embodiments, the AC voltage as a target for system voltage stabilization control is a voltage in consumer premises distribution system10. However, system voltage stabilization control can also target, if measurable, any AC voltage in other parts, for example, the AC voltage on the input side of smart meter8or directly below pole-mounted transformer9. Further, in the above description of the first to third embodiments, storage battery3is assumed to be a fixed type storage battery in consumer house18, but storage battery3may be an on-vehicle storage battery in an electric vehicle (EV), a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV), a fuel cell vehicle (FCV), or the like. In addition, only reactive power is generated at the time of system voltage stabilization control. Thus, even in the state where an on-vehicle storage battery for an EV, a PHEV, an FCV or the like is not electrically connected to storage battery power conversion device4, system voltage stabilization control can be performed using storage battery power conversion device4. Further, in the above description of the first to third embodiments, one fixed-type battery is used as storage battery3, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and an energy storage device can also be configured in cooperation with two or more storage batteries or other distributed power supply devices. In the case where a plurality of storage batteries are used in cooperation with one another, one storage battery or two or more storage batteries among them each can be formed of the above-mentioned on-vehicle storage battery. Modification In the above description of the first to third embodiments, the control circuits in solar cell power conversion device2and storage battery power conversion device4each are configured by hardware (H/W) as shown inFIGS.4to15for the sake of clarity of description. However, the similar control function can be implemented also when the function of each block or some of the blocks shown in each block is implemented by software (S/W) mounted on a central processing unit (CPU). Alternatively, for at least some of the blocks, the similar control function can also be implemented by dividing the functions of software and hardware. It should be understood that the embodiments disclosed herein are illustrative and non-restrictive in every respect. The scope of the present invention is defined by the terms of the claims, rather than the description above, and is intended to include any modifications within the meaning and scope equivalent to the terms of the claims. REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 1solar cell,2solar cell power conversion device,3storage battery,4storage battery power conversion device,5load,6power switchboard,7HEMS,8smart meter,9pole-mounted transformer,10consumer premises distribution system,11consumer premises communication network,12signal line,13outside premises communication network,14,24distribution system,15CEMS,18consumer house,19section,20substation,21distribution automation system (DSO),22,201,206,210,401,406,410voltmeter,23automatic voltage regulator (SVR),25communication line,26mega-solar system,27mega-solar power conversion device,28distribution system storage battery,29distribution system storage battery power conversion device,40power conversion device,41solar cell system,52air conditioner,53refrigerator,54lighting device,55cocking heater,61power measurement circuit,100town,101factory,102building,103apartment,202,207,211,402,407,411ammeter,203first DC/DC conversion circuit,204first control circuit,205,405DC bus,208first DC/AC conversion circuit,209second control circuit,212,412communication interface circuit,403second DC/DC conversion circuit,404third control circuit,408second DC/AC conversion circuit,409fourth control circuit,2041MPPT control circuit,2042voltage control circuit,2043,4043switching circuit,2044fifth control circuit,2091,4091phase detection circuit,2092,4092reactive current control circuit,2093,4093reactive current waveform generation circuit,2094,4094active current control circuit,2095,4095active current waveform generation circuit,2096,4096adder,2097sixth control circuit,2098,4098effective voltage calculation circuit,2099,4099voltage control target value generation circuit,2100,4100dead zone table generation circuit,2101,4101system voltage monitoring circuit,2102,4102system voltage change factor determination circuit,2103,4103apparent current limiter circuit,4041charge control circuit,4042discharge control circuit,4044seventh control circuit,4097eighth control circuit,20921target value generation circuit,20922LPF,20923,20943,21012subtractor,20924dead zone determination circuit,20925reactive current command value computing circuit,20931phase shift circuit,20932limiter,20933,20981,20991multiplier,20934reactive power output time measurement circuit,20935reactive power measurement circuit,20941active current dead zone control command generation circuit,20942active current control command generation circuit,20944output suppression control circuit,20945active power measurement circuit,20946output suppression time measurement circuit,20982integrator,20983square root calculator,20984divider,20992,21011,21021register,21023absolute value comparison circuit. | 216,580 |
11942788 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Before the present subject matter is described in detail, it is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments described, as such may, of course, vary. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present disclosure will be limited only by the appended claims. Before describing the example embodiments pertaining to modular energy systems that interface with photovoltaic sources, it is first useful to describe these underlying systems in greater detail. With reference toFIGS.1A through10F, the following sections describe various applications in which embodiments of the modular energy systems can be implemented, embodiments of control systems or devices for the modular energy systems, configurations of the modular energy system embodiments with respect to charging sources and loads, embodiments of individual modules, embodiments of topologies for arrangement of the modules within the systems, embodiments of control methodologies, embodiments of balancing operating characteristics of modules within the systems, and embodiments of the use of interconnection modules. Examples of Applications Stationary applications are those in which the modular energy system is located in a fixed location during use, although it may be capable of being transported to alternative locations when not in use. The module-based energy system resides in a static location while providing electrical energy for consumption by one or more other entities, or storing or buffering energy for later consumption. Examples of stationary applications in which the embodiments disclosed herein can be used include, but are not limited to: energy systems for use by or within one or more residential structures or locales, energy systems for use by or within one or more industrial structures or locales, energy systems for use by or within one or more commercial structures or locales, energy systems for use by or within one or more governmental structures or locales (including both military and non-military uses), energy systems for charging the mobile applications described below (e.g., a charge source or a charging station), and systems that convert solar power, wind, geothermal energy, fossil fuels, or nuclear reactions into electricity for storage. Stationary applications often supply loads such as grids and microgrids, motors, and data centers. A stationary energy system can be used in either a storage or non-storage role. Mobile applications, sometimes referred to as traction applications, are generally ones where a module-based energy system is located on or within an entity, and stores and provides electrical energy for conversion into motive force by a motor to move or assist in moving that entity. Examples of mobile entities with which the embodiments disclosed herein can be used include, but are not limited to, electric and/or hybrid entities that move over or under land, over or under sea, above and out of contact with land or sea (e.g., flying or hovering in the air), or through outer space. Examples of mobile entities with which the embodiments disclosed herein can be used include, but are not limited to, vehicles, trains, trams, ships, vessels, aircraft, and spacecraft. Examples of mobile vehicles with which the embodiments disclosed herein can be used include, but are not limited to, those having only one wheel or track, those having only two-wheels or tracks, those having only three wheels or tracks, those having only four wheels or tracks, and those having five or more wheels or tracks. Examples of mobile entities with which the embodiments disclosed herein can be used include, but are not limited to, a car, a bus, a truck, a motorcycle, a scooter, an industrial vehicle, a mining vehicle, a flying vehicle (e.g., a plane, a helicopter, a drone, etc.), a maritime vessel (e.g., commercial shipping vessels, ships, yachts, boats or other watercraft), a submarine, a locomotive or rail-based vehicle (e.g., a train, a tram, etc.), a military vehicle, a spacecraft, and a satellite. In describing embodiments herein, reference may be made to a particular stationary application (e.g., grid, micro-grid, data centers, cloud computing environments) or mobile application (e.g., an electric car). Such references are made for ease of explanation and do not mean that a particular embodiment is limited for use to only that particular mobile or stationary application. Embodiments of systems providing power to a motor can be used in both mobile and stationary applications. While certain configurations may be more suitable to some applications over others, all example embodiments disclosed herein are capable of use in both mobile and stationary applications unless otherwise noted. Module-Based Energy System Examples FIG.1Ais a block diagram depicts an example embodiment of a module-based energy system100. Here, system100includes control system102communicatively coupled with N converter-source modules108-1through108-N, over communication paths or links106-1through106-N, respectively. Modules108are configured to store energy and output the energy as needed to a load101(or other modules108). In these embodiments, any number of two or more modules108can be used (e.g., N is greater than or equal to two). Modules108can be connected to each other in a variety of manners as will be described in more detail with respect toFIGS.7A-7E. For ease of illustration, inFIGS.1A-1C, modules108are shown connected in series, or as a one dimensional array, where the Nth module is coupled to load101. System100is configured to supply power to load101. Load101can be any type of load such as a motor or a grid. System100is also configured to store power received from a charge source.FIG.1Fis a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of system100with a power input interface151for receiving power from a charge source150and a power output interface for outputting power to load101. In this embodiment system100can receive and store power over interface151at the same time as outputting power over interface152.FIG.1Gis a block diagram depicting another example embodiment of system100with a switchable interface154. In this embodiment, system100can select, or be instructed to select, between receiving power from charge source150and outputting power to load101. System100can be configured to supply multiple loads101, including both primary and auxiliary loads, and/or receive power from multiple charge sources150(e.g., a utility-operated power grid and a local renewable energy source (e.g., solar)). FIG.1Bdepicts another example embodiment of system100. Here, control system102is implemented as a master control device (MCD)112communicatively coupled with N different local control devices (LCDs)114-1through114-N over communication paths or links115-1through115-N, respectively. Each LCD114-1through114-N is communicatively coupled with one module108-1through108-N over communication paths or links116-1through116-N, respectively, such that there is a 1:1 relationship between LCDs114and modules108. FIG.1Cdepicts another example embodiment of system100. Here, MCD112is communicatively coupled with M different LCDs114-1to114-M over communication paths or links115-1to115-M, respectively. Each LCD114can be coupled with and control two or more modules108. In the example shown here, each LCD114is communicatively coupled with two modules108, such that M LCDs114-1to114-M are coupled with2M modules108-1through108-2M over communication paths or links116-1to116-2M, respectively. Control system102can be configured as a single device (e.g.,FIG.1A) for the entire system100or can be distributed across or implemented as multiple devices (e.g.,FIGS.1B-1C). In some embodiments, control system102can be distributed between LCDs114associated with the modules108, such that no MCD112is necessary and can be omitted from system100. Control system102can be configured to execute control using software (instructions stored in memory that are executable by processing circuitry), hardware, or a combination thereof. The one or more devices of control system102can each include processing circuitry120and memory122as shown here. Example implementations of processing circuitry and memory are described further below. Control system102can have a communicative interface for communicating with devices104external to system100over a communication link or path105. For example, control system102(e.g., MCD112) can output data or information about system100to another control device104(e.g., the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) or Motor Control Unit (MCU) of a vehicle in a mobile application, grid controller in a stationary application, etc.). Communication paths or links105,106,115,116, and118(FIG.2B) can each be wired (e.g., electrical, optical) or wireless communication paths that communicate data or information bidirectionally, in parallel or series fashion. Data can be communicated in a standardized (e.g., IEEE, ANSI) or custom (e.g., proprietary) format. In automotive applications, communication paths115can be configured to communicate according to FlexRay or CAN protocols. Communication paths106,115,116, and118can also provide wired power to directly supply the operating power for system102from one or more modules108. For example, the operating power for each LCD114can be supplied only by the one or more modules108to which that LCD114is connected and the operating power for MCD112can be supplied indirectly from one or more of modules108(e.g., such as through a car's power network). Control system102is configured to control one or more modules108based on status information received from the same or different one or more of modules108. Control can also be based on one or more other factors, such as requirements of load101. Controllable aspects include, but are not limited to, one or more of voltage, current, phase, and/or output power of each module108. Status information of every module108in system100can be communicated to control system102, which can independently control every module108-1. . .108-N. Other variations are possible. For example, a particular module108(or subset of modules108) can be controlled based on status information of that particular module108(or subset), based on status information of a different module108that is not that particular module108(or subset), based on status information of all modules108other than that particular module108(or subset), based on status information of that particular module108(or subset) and status information of at least one other module108that is not that particular module108(or subset), or based on status information of all modules108in system100. The status information can be information about one or more aspects, characteristics, or parameters of each module108. Types of status information include, but are not limited to, the following aspects of a module108or one or more components thereof (e.g., energy source, energy buffer, converter, monitor circuitry): State of Charge (SOC) (e.g., the level of charge of an energy source relative to its capacity, such as a fraction or percent) of the one or more energy sources of the module, State of Health (SOH) (e.g., a figure of merit of the condition of an energy source compared to its ideal conditions) of the one or more energy sources of the module, temperature of the one or more energy sources or other components of the module, capacity of the one or more energy sources of the module, voltage of the one or more energy sources and/or other components of the module, current of the one or more energy sources and/or other components of the module, State of Power (SOP) (e.g., the available power limitation of the energy source during discharge and/or charge), State of Energy (SOE) (e.g., the present level of available energy of an energy source relative to the maximum available energy of the source), and/or the presence of absence of a fault in any one or more of the components of the module. LCDs114can be configured to receive the status information from each module108, or determine the status information from monitored signals or data received from or within each module108, and communicate that information to MCD112. In some embodiments, each LCD114can communicate raw collected data to MCD112, which then algorithmically determines the status information on the basis of that raw data. MCD112can then use the status information of modules108to make control determinations accordingly. The determinations may take the form of instructions, commands, or other information (such as a modulation index described herein) that can be utilized by LCDs114to either maintain or adjust the operation of each module108. For example, MCD112may receive status information and assess that information to determine a difference between at least one module108(e.g., a component thereof) and at least one or more other modules108(e.g., comparable components thereof). For example, MCD112may determine that a particular module108is operating with one of the following conditions as compared to one or more other modules108: with a relatively lower or higher SOC, with a relatively lower or higher SOH, with a relatively lower or higher capacity, with a relatively lower or higher voltage, with a relatively lower or higher current, with a relatively lower or higher temperature, or with or without a fault. In such examples, MCD112can output control information that causes the relevant aspect (e.g., output voltage, current, power, temperature) of that particular module108to be reduced or increased (depending on the condition). In this manner, the utilization of an outlier module108(e.g., operating with a relatively lower SOC or higher temperature), can be reduced so as to cause the relevant parameter of that module108(e.g., SOC or temperature) to converge towards that of one or more other modules108. The determination of whether to adjust the operation of a particular module108can be made by comparison of the status information to predetermined thresholds, limits, or conditions, and not necessarily by comparison to statuses of other modules108. The predetermined thresholds, limits, or conditions can be static thresholds, limits, or conditions, such as those set by the manufacturer that do not change during use. The predetermined thresholds, limits, or conditions can be dynamic thresholds, limits, or conditions, that are permitted to change, or that do change, during use. For example, MCD112can adjust the operation of a module108if the status information for that module108indicates it to be operating in violation (e.g., above or below) of a predetermined threshold or limit, or outside of a predetermined range of acceptable operating conditions. Similarly, MCD112can adjust the operation of a module108if the status information for that module108indicates the presence of an actual or potential fault (e.g., an alarm, or warning) or indicates the absence or removal of an actual or potential fault. Examples of a fault include, but are not limited to, an actual failure of a component, a potential failure of a component, a short circuit or other excessive current condition, an open circuit, an excessive voltage condition, a failure to receive a communication, the receipt of corrupted data, and the like. Depending on the type and severity of the fault, the faulty module's utilization can be decreased to avoid damaging the module, or the module's utilization can be ceased altogether. For example, if a fault occurs in a given module, then MCD112or LCD114can cause that module to enter a bypass state as described herein. MCD112can control modules108within system100to achieve or converge towards a desired target. The target can be, for example, operation of all modules108at the same or similar levels with respect to each other, or within predetermined thresholds limits, or conditions. This process is also referred to as balancing or seeking to achieve balance in the operation or operating characteristics of modules108. The term “balance” as used herein does not require absolute equality between modules108or components thereof, but rather is used in a broad sense to convey that operation of system100can be used to actively reduce disparities in operation (or operative state) between modules108that would otherwise exist. MCD112can communicate control information to LCD114for the purpose of controlling the modules108associated with the LCD114. The control information can be, e.g., a modulation index and a reference signal as described herein, a modulated reference signal, or otherwise. Each LCD114can use (e.g., receive and process) the control information to generate switch signals that control operation of one or more components (e.g., a converter) within the associated module(s)108. In some embodiments, MCD112generates the switch signals directly and outputs them to LCD114, which relays the switch signals to the intended module component. All or a portion of control system102can be combined with a system external control device104that controls one or more other aspects of the mobile or stationary application. When integrated in this shared or common control device (or subsystem), control of system100can be implemented in any desired fashion, such as one or more software applications executed by processing circuitry of the shared device, with hardware of the shared device, or a combination thereof. Non-exhaustive examples of external control devices104include: a vehicular ECU or MCU having control capability for one or more other vehicular functions (e.g., motor control, driver interface control, traction control, etc.); a grid or micro-grid controller having responsibility for one or more other power management functions (e.g., load interfacing, load power requirement forecasting, transmission and switching, interface with charge sources (e.g., diesel, solar, wind), charge source power forecasting, back up source monitoring, asset dispatch, etc.); and a data center control subsystem (e.g., environmental control, network control, backup control, etc.). FIGS.1D and1Eare block diagrams depicting example embodiments of a shared or common control device (or system)132in which control system102can be implemented. InFIG.1D, common control device132includes master control device112and external control device104. Master control device112includes an interface141for communication with LCDs114over path115, as well as an interface142for communication with external control device104over internal communication bus136. External control device104includes an interface143for communication with master control device112over bus136, and an interface144for communication with other entities (e.g., components of the vehicle or grid) of the overall application over communication path136. In some embodiments, common control device132can be integrated as a common housing or package with devices112and104implemented as discrete integrated circuit (IC) chips or packages contained therein. InFIG.1E, external control device104acts as common control device132, with the master control functionality implemented as a component within device104. This component112can be or include software or other program instructions stored and/or hardcoded within memory of device104and executed by processing circuitry thereof. The component can also contain dedicated hardware. The component can be a self-contained module or core, with one or more internal hardware and/or software interfaces (e.g., application program interface (API)) for communication with the operating software of external control device104. External control device104can manage communication with LCDs114over interface141and other devices over interface144. In various embodiments, device104/132can be integrated as a single IC chip, can be integrated into multiple IC chips in a single package, or integrated as multiple semiconductor packages within a common housing. In the embodiments ofFIGS.1D and1E, the master control functionality of system102is shared in common device132, however, other divisions of shared control or permitted. For example, part of the master control functionality can be distributed between common device132and a dedicated MCD112. In another example, both the master control functionality and at least part of the local control functionality can be implemented in common device132(e.g., with remaining local control functionality implemented in LCDs114). In some embodiments, all of control system102is implemented in common device (or subsystem)132. In some embodiments, local control functionality is implemented within a device shared with another component of each module108, such as a Battery Management System (BMS). Examples of Modules within Cascaded Energy Systems Module108can include one or more energy sources and a power electronics converter and, if desired, an energy buffer.FIGS.2A-2Bare block diagrams depicting additional example embodiments of system100with module108having a power converter202, an energy buffer204, and an energy source206. Converter202can be a voltage converter or a current converter. The embodiments are described herein with reference to voltage converters, although the embodiments are not limited to such. Converter202can be configured to convert a direct current (DC) signal from energy source206into an alternating current (AC) signal and output it over power connection110(e.g., an inverter). Converter202can also receive an AC or DC signal over connection110and apply it to energy source206with either polarity in a continuous or pulsed form. Converter202can be or include an arrangement of switches (e.g., power transistors) such as a half bridge of full bridge (H-bridge). In some embodiments converter202includes only switches and the converter (and the module as a whole) does not include a transformer. Converter202can be also (or alternatively) be configured to perform AC to DC conversion (e.g., a rectifier) such as to charge a DC energy source from an AC source, DC to DC conversion, and/or AC to AC conversion (e.g., in combination with an AC-DC converter). In some embodiments, such as to perform AC-AC conversion, converter202can include a transformer, either alone or in combination with one or more power semiconductors (e.g., switches, diodes, thyristors, and the like). In other embodiments, such as those where weight and cost is a significant factor, converter202can be configured to perform the conversions with only power switches, power diodes, or other semiconductor devices and without a transformer. Energy source206is preferably a robust energy storage device capable of outputting direct current and having an energy density suitable for energy storage applications for electrically powered devices. Energy source206can be an electrochemical battery, such as a single battery cell or multiple battery cells connected together in a battery module or array, or any combination thereof.FIGS.4A-4Dare schematic diagrams depicting example embodiments of energy source206configured as a single battery cell402(FIG.4A), a battery module with a series connection of multiple (e.g., four) cells402(FIG.4B), a battery module with a parallel connection of single cells402(FIG.4C), and a battery module with a parallel connection with legs having two cells402each (FIG.4D). A non-exhaustive list of examples of battery types is set forth elsewhere herein. Energy source206can also be a high energy density (HED) capacitor, such as an ultracapacitor or supercapacitor. An HED capacitor can be configured as a double layer capacitor (electrostatic charge storage), pseudocapacitor (electrochemical charge storage), hybrid capacitor (electrostatic and electrochemical), or otherwise, as opposed to a solid dielectric type of a typical electrolytic capacitor. The HED capacitor can have an energy density of 10 to 100 times (or higher) that of an electrolytic capacitor, in addition to a higher capacity. For example, HED capacitors can have a specific energy greater than 1.0 watt hours per kilogram (Wh/kg), and a capacitance greater than 10-100 farads (F). As with the batteries described with respect toFIGS.4A-4D, energy source206can be configured as a single HED capacitor or multiple HED capacitors connected together in an array (e.g., series, parallel, or a combination thereof). Energy source206can also be a fuel cell1111(FIG.11H). Fuel cell1111can be a single fuel cell, multiple fuel cells connected in series or parallel, or a fuel cell module. Examples of fuel cell types include proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), solid acid fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, high temperature fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, molten electrolyte fuel cells, and others. As with the batteries described with respect toFIGS.4A-4D, energy source206can be configured as a single fuel cell or multiple fuel cells connected together in an array (e.g., series, parallel, or a combination thereof). The aforementioned examples of source classes (e.g., batteries, capacitors, and fuel cells) and types (e.g., chemistries and/or structural configurations within each class) are not intended to form an exhaustive list, and those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize other variants that fall within the scope of the present subject matter. The fuel cell need not be located within the physical housing of the module108. Energy buffer204can dampen or filter fluctuations in current across the DC line or link (e.g., +VDCLand −VDCLas described below), to assist in maintaining stability in the DC link voltage. These fluctuations can be relatively low (e.g., kilohertz) or high (e.g., megahertz) frequency fluctuations or harmonics caused by the switching of converter202, or other transients. These fluctuations can be absorbed by buffer204instead of being passed to source206or to ports IO3and IO4of converter202. Power connection110is a connection for transferring energy or power to, from and through module108. Module108can output energy from energy source206to power connection110, where it can be transferred to other modules of the system or to a load. Module108can also receive energy from other modules108or a charging source (DC charger, single phase charger, multi-phase charger). Signals can also be passed through module108bypassing energy source206. The routing of energy or power into and out of module108is performed by converter202under the control of LCD114(or another entity of system102). In the embodiment ofFIG.2A, LCD114is implemented as a component separate from module108(e.g., not within a shared module housing) and is connected to and capable of communication with converter202via communication path116. In the embodiment ofFIG.2B, LCD114is included as a component of module108and is connected to and capable of communication with converter202via internal communication path118(e.g., a shared bus or discrete connections). LCD114can also be capable of receiving signals from, and transmitting signals to, energy buffer204and/or energy source206over paths116or118. Module108can also include monitor circuitry208configured to monitor (e.g., collect, sense, measure, and/or determine) one or more aspects of module108and/or the components thereof, such as voltage, current, temperature or other operating parameters that constitute status information (or can be used to determine status information by, e.g., LCD114). A main function of the status information is to describe the state of the one or more energy sources206of the module108to enable determinations as to how much to utilize the energy source in comparison to other sources in system100, although status information describing the state of other components (e.g., voltage, temperature, and/or presence of a fault in buffer204, temperature and/or presence of a fault in converter202, presence of a fault elsewhere in module108, etc.) can be used in the utilization determination as well. Monitor circuitry208can include one or more sensors, shunts, dividers, fault detectors, Coulomb counters, controllers or other hardware and/or software configured to monitor such aspects. Monitor circuitry208can be separate from the various components202,204, and206, or can be integrated with each component202,204, and206(as shown inFIGS.2A-2B), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, monitor circuitry208can be part of or shared with a Battery Management System (BMS) for a battery energy source206. Discrete circuitry is not needed to monitor each type of status information, as more than one type of status information can be monitored with a single circuit or device, or otherwise algorithmically determined without the need for additional circuits. LCD114can receive status information (or raw data) about the module components over communication paths116,118. LCD114can also transmit information to module components over paths116,118. Paths116and118can include diagnostics, measurement, protection, and control signal lines. The transmitted information can be control signals for one or more module components. The control signals can be switch signals for converter202and/or one or more signals that request the status information from module components. For example, LCD114can cause the status information to be transmitted over paths116,118by requesting the status information directly, or by applying a stimulus (e.g., voltage) to cause the status information to be generated, in some cases in combination with switch signals that place converter202in a particular state. The physical configuration or layout of module108can take various forms. In some embodiments, module108can include a common housing in which all module components, e.g., converter202, buffer204, and source206, are housed, along with other optional components such as an integrated LCD114. In other embodiments, the various components can be separated in discrete housings that are secured together.FIG.2Cis a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of a module108having a first housing220that holds an energy source206of the module and accompanying electronics such as monitor circuitry, a second housing222that holds module electronics such as converter202, energy buffer204, and other accompany electronics such as monitor circuitry, and a third housing224that holds LCD114(not shown) for the module108. In alternative embodiments the module electronics and LCD114can be housed within the same single housing. In still other embodiments, the module electronics, LCD114, and energy source(s) can be housed within the same single housing for the module108. Electrical connections between the various module components can proceed through the housings220,222,224and can be exposed on any of the housing exteriors for connection with other devices such as other modules108or MCD112. Modules108of system100can be physically arranged with respect to each other in various configurations that depend on the needs of the application and the number of loads. For example, in a stationary application where system100provides power for a microgrid, modules108can be placed in one or more racks or other frameworks. Such configurations may be suitable for larger mobile applications as well, such as maritime vessels. Alternatively, modules108can be secured together and located within a common housing, referred to as a pack. A rack or a pack may have its own dedicated cooling system shared across all modules. Pack configurations are useful for smaller mobile applications such as electric cars. System100can be implemented with one or more racks (e.g., for parallel supply to a microgrid) or one or more packs (e.g., serving different motors of the vehicle), or combination thereof.FIG.2Dis a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of system100configured as a pack with nine modules108electrically and physically coupled together within a common housing230. Examples of these and further configurations are described in Int'l. Appl. No. PCT/US20/25366, filed Mar. 27, 2020 and titled Module-Based Energy Systems Capable of Cascaded and Interconnected Configurations, and Methods Related Thereto, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes. FIGS.3A-3Care block diagrams depicting example embodiments of modules108having various electrical configurations. These embodiments are described as having one LCD114per module108, with the LCD114housed within the associated module, but can be configured otherwise as described herein.FIG.3Adepicts a first example configuration of a module108A within system100. Module108A includes energy source206, energy buffer204, and converter202A. Each component has power connection ports (e.g., terminals, connectors) into which power can be input and/or from which power can be output, referred to herein as IO ports. Such ports can also be referred to as input ports or output ports depending on the context. Energy source206can be configured as any of the energy source types described herein (e.g., a battery as described with respect toFIGS.4A-4D, an HED capacitor, fuel cell1111, or otherwise). Ports IO1and IO2of energy source206can be connected to ports IO1and IO2, respectively, of energy buffer204. Energy buffer204can be configured to buffer or filter high and low frequency energy pulsations arriving at buffer204through converter202, which can otherwise degrade the performance of module108. The topology and components for buffer204are selected to accommodate the maximum permissible amplitude of these high frequency voltage pulsations. Several (non-exhaustive) example embodiments of energy buffer204are depicted in the schematic diagrams ofFIGS.5A-5C. InFIG.5A, buffer204is an electrolytic and/or film capacitor CEB, inFIG.5Bbuffer204is a Z-source network710, formed by two inductors LEB1and LEB2and two electrolytic and/or film capacitors CEB1and CEB2, and inFIG.5Cbuffer204is a quasi Z-source network720, formed by two inductors LEB1and LEB2, two electrolytic and/or film capacitors CEB1and CEB2and a diode DEB. Ports IO3and IO4of energy buffer204can be connected to ports IO1and IO2, respectively, of converter202A, which can be configured as any of the power converter types described herein.FIG.6Ais a schematic diagram depicting an example embodiment of converter202A configured as a DC-AC converter that can receive a DC voltage at ports IO1and IO2and switch to generate pulses at ports IO3and IO4. Converter202A can include multiple switches, and here converter202A includes four switches S3, S4, S5, S6arranged in a full bridge configuration. Control system102or LCD114can independently control each switch via control input lines118-3to each gate. The switches can be any suitable switch type, such as power semiconductors like the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) shown here, insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), or gallium nitride (GaN) transistors. Semiconductor switches can operate at relatively high switching frequencies, thereby permitting converter202to be operated in pulse-width modulated (PWM) mode if desired, and to respond to control commands within a relatively short interval of time. This can provide a high tolerance of output voltage regulation and fast dynamic behavior in transient modes. In this embodiment, a DC line voltage VDCLcan be applied to converter202between ports IO1and IO2. By connecting VDCLto ports IO3and IO4by different combinations of switches S3, S4, S5, S6, converter202can generate three different voltage outputs at ports IO3and IO4: +VDCL, 0, and −VDCL. A switch signal provided to each switch controls whether the switch is on (closed) or off (open). To obtain +VDCL, switches S3and S6are turned on while S4and S5are turned off, whereas −VDCLcan be obtained by turning on switches S4and S5and turning off S3and S6. The output voltage can be set to zero (including near zero) or a reference voltage by turning on S3and S5with S4and S6off, or by turning on S4and S6with S3and S5off. These voltages can be output from module108over power connection110. Ports IO3and IO4of converter202can be connected to (or form) module IO ports1and2of power connection110, so as to generate the output voltage for use with output voltages from other modules108. The control or switch signals for the embodiments of converter202described herein can be generated in different ways depending on the control technique utilized by system100to generate the output voltage of converter202. In some embodiments, the control technique is a PWM technique such as space vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) or sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM), or variations thereof.FIG.8Ais a graph of voltage versus time depicting an example of an output voltage waveform802of converter202. For ease of description, the embodiments herein will be described in the context of a PWM control technique, although the embodiments are not limited to such. Other classes of techniques can be used. One alternative class is based on hysteresis, examples of which are described in Int'l Publ. Nos. WO 2018/231810A1, WO 2018/232403A1, and WO 2019/183553A1, which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes. Each module108can be configured with multiple energy sources206(e.g., two, three, four, or more). Each energy source206of module108can be controllable (switchable) to supply power to connection110(or receive power from a charge source) independent of the other sources206of the module. For example, all sources206can output power to connection110(or be charged) at the same time, or only one (or a subset) of sources206can supply power (or be charged) at any one time. In some embodiments, the sources206of the module can exchange or transfer energy between them, e.g., one source206can charge another source206. Each of the sources206can be configured as any energy source described herein (e.g., battery, HED capacitor, fuel cell1111). Each of the sources206can be the same class (e.g., each can be a battery, each can be an HED capacitor, or each can be fuel cell1111), or a different class (e.g., a first source can be a battery and a second source can be an HED capacitor or fuel cell1111, or a first source can be an HED capacitor and a second source can be fuel cell1111). FIG.3Bis a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of a module108B in a dual energy source configuration with a primary energy source206A and secondary energy source206B. Ports IO1and IO2of primary source202A can be connected to ports IO1and IO2of energy buffer204. Module108B includes a converter202B having an additional IO port. Ports IO3and IO4of buffer204can be connected ports IO1and IO2, respectively, of converter202B. Ports IO1and IO2of secondary source206B can be connected to ports IO5and IO2, respectively, of converter202B (also connected to port IO4of buffer204). In this example embodiment of module108B, primary energy source202A, along with the other modules108of system100, supplies the average power needed by the load. Secondary source202B can serve the function of assisting energy source202by providing additional power at load power peaks, or absorbing excess power, or otherwise. As mentioned both primary source206A and secondary source206B can be utilized simultaneously or at separate times depending on the switch state of converter202B. If at the same time, an electrolytic and/or a film capacitor (CES) can be placed in parallel with source206B as depicted inFIG.4Eto act as an energy buffer for the source206B, or energy source206B can be configured to utilize an HED capacitor in parallel with another energy source (e.g., a battery or fuel cell1111) as depicted inFIG.4F. FIGS.6B and6Care schematic views depicting example embodiments of converters202B and202C, respectively. Converter202B includes switch circuitry portions601and602A. Portion601includes switches S3through S6configured as a full bridge in similar manner to converter202A, and is configured to selectively couple IO1and IO2to either of IO3and IO4, thereby changing the output voltages of module108B. Portion602A includes switches S1and S2configured as a half bridge and coupled between ports IO1and IO2. A coupling inductor LCis connected between port IO5and a node1present between switches S1and S2such that switch portion602A is a bidirectional converter that can regulate (boost or buck) voltage (or inversely current). Switch portion602A can generate two different voltages at node1, which are +VDCL2and 0, referenced to port IO2, which can be at virtual zero potential. The current drawn from or input to energy source202B can be controlled by regulating the voltage on coupling inductor LC, using, for example, a pulse-width modulation technique or a hysteresis control method for commutating switches S1and S2. Other techniques can also be used. Converter202C differs from that of202B as switch portion602B includes switches S1and S2configured as a half bridge and coupled between ports IO5and IO2. A coupling inductor LCis connected between port IO1and a node1present between switches S1and S2such that switch portion602B is configured to regulate voltage. Control system102or LCD114can independently control each switch of converters202B and202C via control input lines118-3to each gate. In these embodiments and that ofFIG.6A, LCD114(not MCD112) generates the switching signals for the converter switches. Alternatively, MCD112can generate the switching signals, which can be communicated directly to the switches, or relayed by LCD114. In some embodiments, driver circuitry for generating the switching signals can be present in or associated with MCD112and/or LCD114. The aforementioned zero voltage configuration for converter202(turning on S3and S5with S4and S6off, or turning on S4and S6with S3and S5off) can also be referred to as a bypass state for the given module. This bypass state can be entered if a fault is detected in the given module, or if a system fault is detected warranting shut-off of more than one (or all modules) in an array or system. A fault in the module can be detected by LCD114and the control switching signals for converter202can be set to engage the bypass state without intervention by MCD112. Alternatively, fault information for a given module can be communicated by LCD114to MCD112, and MCD112can then make a determination whether to engage the bypass state, and if so, can communicate instructions to engage the bypass state to the LCD114associated with the module having the fault, at which point LCD114can output switching signals to cause engagement of the bypass state. In embodiments where a module108includes three or more energy sources206, converters202B and202C can be scaled accordingly such that each additional energy source206B is coupled to an additional IO port leading to an additional switch circuitry portion602A or602B, depending on the needs of the particular source. For example a dual source converter202can include both switch portions202A and202B. Modules108with multiple energy sources206are capable of performing additional functions such as energy sharing between sources206, energy capture from within the application (e.g., regenerative braking), charging of the primary source by the secondary source even while the overall system is in a state of discharge, and active filtering of the module output. The active filtering function can also be performed by modules having a typical electrolytic capacitor instead of a secondary energy source. Examples of these functions are described in more detail in Int'l. Appl. No. PCT/US20/25366, filed Mar. 27, 2020 and titled Module-Based Energy Systems Capable of Cascaded and Interconnected Configurations, and Methods Related Thereto, and Int'l. Publ. No. WO 2019/183553, filed Mar. 22, 2019, and titled Systems and Methods for Power Management and Control, both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties for all purposes. Each module108can be configured to supply one or more auxiliary loads with its one or more energy sources206. Auxiliary loads are loads that require lower voltages than the primary load101. Examples of auxiliary loads can be, for example, an on-board electrical network of an electric vehicle, or an HVAC system of an electric vehicle. The load of system100can be, for example, one of the phases of the electric vehicle motor or electrical grid. This embodiment can allow a complete decoupling between the electrical characteristics (terminal voltage and current) of the energy source and those of the loads. FIG.3Cis a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of a module108C configured to supply power to a first auxiliary load301and a second auxiliary load302, where module108C includes an energy source206, energy buffer204, and converter202B coupled together in a manner similar to that ofFIG.3B. First auxiliary load301requires a voltage equivalent to that supplied from source206. Load301is coupled to IO ports3and4of module108C, which are in turn coupled to ports IO1and IO2of source206. Source206can output power to both power connection110and load301. Second auxiliary load302requires a constant voltage lower than that of source206. Load302is coupled to IO ports5and6of module108C, which are coupled to ports IO5and IO2, respectively, of converter202B. Converter202B can include switch portion602having coupling inductor LCcoupled to port IO5(FIG.6B). Energy supplied by source206can be supplied to load302through switch portion602of converter202B. It is assumed that load302has an input capacitor (a capacitor can be added to module108C if not), so switches S1and S2can be commutated to regulate the voltage on and current through coupling inductor LCand thus produce a stable constant voltage for load302. This regulation can step down the voltage of source206to the lower magnitude voltage is required by load302. Module108C can thus be configured to supply one or more first auxiliary loads in the manner described with respect to load301, with the one or more first loads coupled to IO ports3and4. Module108C can also be configured to supply one or more second auxiliary loads in the manner described with respect to load302. If multiple second auxiliary loads302are present, then for each additional load302module108C can be scaled with additional dedicated module output ports (like5and6), an additional dedicated switch portion602, and an additional converter IO port coupled to the additional portion602. Energy source206can thus supply power for any number of auxiliary loads (e.g.,301and302), as well as the corresponding portion of system output power needed by primary load101. Power flow from source206to the various loads can be adjusted as desired. Module108can be configured as needed with two or more energy sources206(FIG.3B) and to supply first and/or second auxiliary loads (FIG.3C) through the addition of a switch portion602and converter port IO5for each additional source206B or second auxiliary load302. Additional module IO ports (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6) can be added as needed. Module108can also be configured as an interconnection module to exchange energy (e.g., for balancing) between two or more arrays, two or more packs, or two or more systems100as described further herein. This interconnection functionality can likewise be combined with multiple source and/or multiple auxiliary load supply capabilities. Control system102can perform various functions with respect to the components of modules108A,108B, and108C. These functions can include management of the utilization (amount of use) of each energy source206, protection of energy buffer204from over-current, over-voltage and high temperature conditions, and control and protection of converter202. For example, to manage (e.g., adjust by increasing, decreasing, or maintaining) utilization of each energy source206, LCD114can receive one or more monitored voltages, temperatures, and currents from each energy source206(or monitor circuitry). The monitored voltages can be at least one of, preferably all, voltages of each elementary component independent of the other components (e.g., each individual battery cell, HED capacitor, and/or fuel cell1111) of the source206, or the voltages of groups of elementary components as a whole (e.g., voltage of the battery array, HED capacitor array, and/or fuel cell array). Similarly the monitored temperatures and currents can be at least one of, preferably all, temperatures and currents of each elementary component independent of the other components of the source206, or the temperatures and currents of groups of elementary components as a whole, or any combination thereof. The monitored signals can be status information, with which LCD114can perform one or more of the following: calculation or determination of a real capacity, actual State of Charge (SOC) and/or State of Health (SOH) of the elementary components or groups of elementary components; set or output a warning or alarm indication based on monitored and/or calculated status information; and/or transmission of the status information to MCD112. LCD114can receive control information (e.g., a modulation index, synchronization signal) from MCD112and use this control information to generate switch signals for converter202that manage the utilization of the source206. To protect energy buffer204, LCD114can receive one or more monitored voltages, temperatures, and currents from energy buffer204(or monitor circuitry). The monitored voltages can be at least one of, preferably all, voltages of each elementary component of buffer204(e.g., of CEB, CEB1, CEB2, LEB1, LEB2, DEB) independent of the other components, or the voltages of groups of elementary components or buffer204as a whole (e.g., between IO1and IO2or between IO3and IO4). Similarly the monitored temperatures and currents can be at least one of, preferably all, temperatures and currents of each elementary component of buffer204independent of the other components, or the temperatures and currents of groups of elementary components or of buffer204as a whole, or any combination thereof. The monitored signals can be status information, with which LCD114can perform one or more of the following: set or output a warning or alarm indication; communicate the status information to MCD112; or control converter202to adjust (increase or decrease) the utilization of source206and module108as a whole for buffer protection. To control and protect converter202, LCD114can receive the control information from MCD112(e.g., a modulated reference signal, or a reference signal and a modulation index), which can be used with a PWM technique in LCD114to generate the control signals for each switch (e.g., S1through S6). LCD114can receive a current feedback signal from a current sensor of converter202, which can be used for overcurrent protection together with one or more fault status signals from driver circuits (not shown) of the converter switches, which can carry information about fault statuses (e.g., short circuit or open circuit failure modes) of all switches of converter202. Based on this data, LCD114can make a decision on which combination of switching signals to be applied to manage utilization of module108, and potentially bypass or disconnect converter202(and the entire module108) from system100. If controlling a module108C that supplies a second auxiliary load302, LCD114can receive one or more monitored voltages (e.g., the voltage between IO ports5and6) and one or more monitored currents (e.g., the current in coupling inductor LC, which is a current of load302) in module108C. Based on these signals, LCD114can adjust the switching cycles (e.g., by adjustment of modulation index or reference waveform) of S1and S2to control (and stabilize) the voltage for load302. Cascaded Energy System Topology Examples Two or more modules108can be coupled together in a cascaded array that outputs a voltage signal formed by a superposition of the discrete voltages generated by each module108within the array.FIG.7Ais a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of a topology for system100where N modules108-1,108-2. . .108-N are coupled together in series to form a serial array700. In this and all embodiments described herein, N can be any integer greater than one. Array700includes a first system IO port SIO1and a second system IO port SIO2across which is generated an array output voltage. Array700can be used as a DC or single phase AC energy source for DC or AC single-phase loads, which can be connected to SIO1and SIO2of array700.FIG.8Ais a plot of voltage versus time depicting an example output signal produced by a single module108having a 48 volt energy source.FIG.8Bis a plot of voltage versus time depicting an example single phase AC output signal generated by array700having six 48V modules108coupled in series. System100can be arranged in a broad variety of different topologies to meet varying needs of the applications. System100can provide multi-phase power (e.g., two-phase, three-phase, four-phase, five-phase, six-phase, etc.) to a load by use of multiple arrays700, where each array can generate an AC output signal having a different phase angle. FIG.7Bis a block diagram depicting system100with two arrays700-PA and700-PB coupled together. Each array700is one-dimensional, formed by a series connection of N modules108. The two arrays700-PA and700-PB can each generate a single-phase AC signal, where the two AC signals have different phase angles PA and PB (e.g., 180 degrees apart). IO port1of module108-1of each array700-PA and700-PB can form or be connected to system IO ports SIO1and SIO2, respectively, which in turn can serve as a first output of each array that can provide two phase power to a load (not shown). Or alternatively ports SIO1and SIO2can be connected to provide single phase power from two parallel arrays. IO port2of module108-N of each array700-PA and700-PB can serve as a second output for each array700-PA and700-PB on the opposite end of the array from system IO ports SIO1and SIO2, and can be coupled together at a common node and optionally used for an additional system IO port SIO3if desired, which can serve as a neutral. This common node can be referred to as a rail, and IO port2of modules108-N of each array700can be referred to as being on the rail side of the arrays. FIG.7Cis a block diagram depicting system100with three arrays700-PA,700-PB, and700-PC coupled together. Each array700is one-dimensional, formed by a series connection of N modules108. The three arrays700-1and700-2can each generate a single-phase AC signal, where the three AC signals have different phase angles PA, PB, PC (e.g., 120 degrees apart). IO port1of module108-1of each array700-PA,700-PB, and700-PC can form or be connected to system10ports SIO1, SIO2, and SIO3, respectively, which in turn can provide three phase power to a load (not shown). IO port2of module108-N of each array700-PA,700-PB, and700-PC can be coupled together at a common node and optionally used for an additional system IO port SIO4if desired, which can serve as a neutral. The concepts described with respect to the two-phase and three-phase embodiments ofFIGS.7B and7Ccan be extended to systems100generating still more phases of power. For example, a non-exhaustive list of additional examples includes: system100having four arrays700, each of which is configured to generate a single phase AC signal having a different phase angle (e.g., 90 degrees apart): system100having five arrays700, each of which is configured to generate a single phase AC signal having a different phase angle (e.g., 72 degrees apart); and system100having six arrays700, each array configured to generate a single phase AC signal having a different phase angle (e.g., 60 degrees apart). System100can be configured such that arrays700are interconnected at electrical nodes between modules108within each array.FIG.7Dis a block diagram depicting system100with three arrays700-PA,700-PB, and700-PC coupled together in a combined series and delta arrangement. Each array700includes a first series connection of M modules108, where M is two or greater, coupled with a second series connection of N modules108, where N is two or greater. The delta configuration is formed by the interconnections between arrays, which can be placed in any desired location. In this embodiment, IO port2of module108-(M+N) of array700-PC is coupled with IO port2of module108-M and IO port1of module108-(M+1) of array700-PA, IO port2of module108-(M+N) of array700-PB is coupled with IO port2of module108-M and IO port1of module108-(M+1) of array700-PC, and IO port2of module108-(M+N) of array700-PA is coupled with IO port2of module108-M and IO port1of module108-(M+1) of array700-PB. FIG.7Eis a block diagram depicting system100with three arrays700-PA,700-PB, and700-PC coupled together in a combined series and delta arrangement. This embodiment is similar to that ofFIG.7Dexcept with different cross connections. In this embodiment, IO port2of module108-M of array700-PC is coupled with IO port1of module108-1of array700-PA, IO port2of module108-M of array700-PB is coupled with IO port1of module108-1of array700-PC, and IO port2of module108-M of array700-PA is coupled with IO port1of module108-1of array700-PB. The arrangements ofFIGS.7D and7Ecan be implemented with as little as two modules in each array700. Combined delta and series configurations enable an effective exchange of energy between all modules108of the system (interphase balancing) and phases of power grid or load, and also allows reducing the total number of modules108in an array700to obtain the desired output voltages. In the embodiments described herein, although it is advantageous for the number of modules108to be the same in each array700within system100, such is not required and different arrays700can have differing numbers of modules108. Further, each array700can have modules108that are all of the same configuration (e.g., all modules are108A, all modules are108B, all modules are108C, or others) or different configurations (e.g., one or more modules are108A, one or more are108B, and one or more are108C, or otherwise). As such, the scope of topologies of system100covered herein is broad. Control Methodology Examples As mentioned, control of system100can be performed according to various methodologies, such as hysteresis or PWM. Several examples of PWM include space vector modulation and sine pulse width modulation, where the switching signals for converter202are generated with a phase shifted carrier technique that continuously rotates utilization of each module108to equally distribute power among them. FIGS.8C-8Fare plots depicting an example embodiment of a phase-shifted PWM control methodology that can generate a multilevel output PWM waveform using incrementally shifted two-level waveforms. An X-level PWM waveform can be created by the summation of (X−1)/2 two-level PWM waveforms. These two-level waveforms can be generated by comparing a reference waveform Vref to carriers incrementally shifted by 360°/(X−1). The carriers are triangular, but the embodiments are not limited to such. A nine-level example is shown inFIG.8C(using four modules108). The carriers are incrementally shifted by 360°/(9−1)=45° and compared to Vref. The resulting two-level PWM waveforms are shown inFIG.8E. These two-level waveforms may be used as the switching signals for semiconductor switches (e.g., S1though S6) of converters202. As an example with reference toFIG.8E, for a one-dimensional array700including four modules108each with a converter202, the 0° signal is for control of S3and the 180° signal for S6of the first module108-1, the 45° signal is for S3and the 225° signal for S6of the second module108-2, the90signal is for S3and the270signal is for S6of the third module108-3, and the135signal is for S3and the315signal is for S6of the fourth module108-4. The signal for S3is complementary to S4and the signal for S5is complementary to S6with sufficient dead-time to avoid shoot through of each half-bridge.FIG.8Fdepicts an example single phase AC waveform produced by superposition (summation) of output voltages from the four modules108. An alternative is to utilize both a positive and a negative reference signal with the first (N−1)/2 carriers. A nine-level example is shown inFIG.8D. In this example, the 0° to 135° switching signals (FIG.8E) are generated by comparing +Vref to the 0° to 135° carriers ofFIG.8Dand the 180° to 315° switching signals are generated by comparing −Vref to the 0° to 135° carriers ofFIG.8D. However, the logic of the comparison in the latter case is reversed. Other techniques such as a state machine decoder may also be used to generate gate signals for the switches of converter202. In multi-phase system embodiments, the same carriers can be used for each phase, or the set of carriers can be shifted as a whole for each phase. For example, in a three phase system with a single reference voltage (Vref), each array700can use the same number of carriers with the same relative offsets as shown inFIGS.8C and8D, but the carriers of the second phase are shift by 120 degrees as compared to the carriers of the first phase, and the carriers of the third phase are shifted by 240 degrees as compared to the carriers of the first phase. If a different reference voltage is available for each phase, then the phase information can be carried in the reference voltage and the same carriers can be used for each phase. In many cases the carrier frequencies will be fixed, but in some example embodiments, the carrier frequencies can be adjusted, which can help to reduce losses in EV motors under high current conditions. The appropriate switching signals can be provided to each module by control system102. For example, MCD112can provide Vref and the appropriate carrier signals to each LCD114depending upon the module or modules108that LCD114controls, and the LCD114can then generate the switching signals. Or all LCDs114in an array can be provided with all carrier signals and the LCD can select the appropriate carrier signals. The relative utilizations of each module108can adjusted based on status information to perform balancing or of one or more parameters as described herein. Balancing of parameters can involve adjusting utilization to minimize parameter divergence over time as compared to a system where individual module utilization adjustment is not performed. The utilization can be the relative amount of time a module108is discharging when system100is in a discharge state, or the relative amount of time a module108is charging when system100is in a charge state. As described herein, modules108can be balanced with respect to other modules in an array700, which can be referred to as intra array or intraphase balancing, and different arrays700can be balanced with respect to each other, which can be referred to as interarray or interphase balancing. Arrays700of different subsystems can also be balanced with respect to each other. Control system102can simultaneously perform any combination of intraphase balancing, interphase balancing, utilization of multiple energy sources within a module, active filtering, and auxiliary load supply. FIG.9Ais a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of an array controller900of control system102for a single-phase AC or DC array. Array controller900can include a peak detector902, a divider904, and an intraphase (or intra array) balance controller906. Array controller900can receive a reference voltage waveform (Vr) and status information about each of the N modules108in the array (e.g., state of charge (SOCi), temperature (Ti), capacity (Qi), and voltage (Vi)) as inputs, and generate a normalized reference voltage waveform (Vrn) and modulation indexes (Mi) as outputs. Peak detector902detects the peak (Vpk) of Vr, which can be specific to the phase that controller900is operating with and/or balancing. Divider904generates Vrn by dividing Vr by its detected Vpk. Intraphase balance controller906uses Vpk along with the status information (e.g., SOCi, Ti, Qi, Vi, etc.) to generate modulation indexes Mi for each module108within the array700being controlled. The modulation indexes and Vrn can be used to generate the switching signals for each converter202. The modulation index can be a number between zero and one (inclusive of zero and one). For a particular module108, the normalized reference Vrn can be modulated or scaled by Mi, and this modulated reference signal (Vrnm) can be used as Vref (or −Vref) according to the PWM technique described with respect toFIGS.8C-8F, or according to other techniques. In this manner, the modulation index can be used to control the PWM switching signals provided to the converter switching circuitry (e.g., S3-S6or S1-S6), and thus regulate the operation of each module108. For example, a module108being controlled to maintain normal or full operation may receive an Mi of one, while a module108being controlled to less than normal or full operation may receive an Mi less than one, and a module108controlled to cease power output may receive an Mi of zero. This operation can be performed in various ways by control system102, such as by MCD112outputting Vrn and Mi to the appropriate LCDs114for modulation and switch signal generation, by MCD112performing modulation and outputting the modulated Vrnm to the appropriate LCDs114for switch signal generation, or by MCD112performing modulation and switch signal generation and outputting the switch signals to the LCDs or the converters202of each module108directly. Vrn can be sent continually with Mi sent at regular intervals, such as once for every period of the Vrn, or one per minute, etc. Controller906can generate an Mi for each module108using any type or combination of types of status information (e.g., SOC, temperature (T), Q, SOH, voltage, current) described herein. For example, when using SOC and T, a module108can have a relatively high Mi if SOC is relatively high and temperature is relatively low as compared to other modules108in array700. If either SOC is relatively low or T is relatively high, then that module108can have a relatively low Mi, resulting in less utilization than other modules108in array700. Controller906can determine Mi such that the sum of module voltages does not exceed Vpk. For example, Vpk can be the sum of the products of the voltage of each module's source206and Mi for that module (e.g., Vpk=M1V1+M2V2+M3V3. . . +MNVN, etc). A different combination of modulation indexes, and thus respective voltage contributions by the modules, may be used but the total generated voltage should remain the same. Controller900can control operation, to the extent it does not prevent achieving the power output requirements of the system at any one time (e.g., such as during maximum acceleration of an EV), such that SOC of the energy source(s) in each module108remains balanced or converges to a balanced condition if they are unbalanced, and/or such that temperature of the energy source(s) or other component (e.g., energy buffer) in each module remains balanced or converges to a balanced condition if they are unbalanced. Power flow in and out of the modules can be regulated such that a capacity difference between sources does not cause an SOC deviation. Balancing of SOC and temperature can indirectly cause some balancing of SOH. Voltage and current can be directly balanced if desired, but in many embodiments the main goal of the system is to balance SOC and temperature, and balancing of SOC can lead to balance of voltage and current in a highly symmetric systems where modules are of similar capacity and impedance. Since balancing all parameters may not be possible at the same time (e.g., balancing of one parameter may further unbalance another parameter), a combination of balancing any two or more parameters (SOC, T, Q, SOH, V, I) may be applied with priority given to either one depending on the requirements of the application. Priority in balancing can be given to SOC over other parameters (T, Q, SOH, V, I), with exceptions made if one of the other parameters (T, Q, SOH, V, I) reaches a severe unbalanced condition outside a threshold. Balancing between arrays700of different phases (or arrays of the same phase, e.g., if parallel arrays are used) can be performed concurrently with intraphase balancing.FIG.9Bdepicts an example embodiment of an Ω-phase (or Ω-array) controller950configured for operation in an Ω-phase system100, having at least Ω arrays700, where Ω is any integer greater than one. Controller950can include one interphase (or interarray) controller910and Ω intraphase balance controllers906-PA . . .906-Pa for phases PA through PΩ, as well as peak detector902and divider904(FIG.9A) for generating normalized references VrnPA through VrnPΩ from each phase-specific reference VrPA through VrPΩ. Intraphase controllers906can generate Mi for each module108of each array700as described with respect toFIG.9A. Interphase balance controller910is configured or programmed to balance aspects of modules108across the entire multi-dimensional system, for example, between arrays of different phases. This may be achieved through injecting common mode to the phases (e.g., neutral point shifting) or through the use of interconnection modules (described herein) or through both. Common mode injection involves introducing a phase and amplitude shift to the reference signals VrPA through VrPΩ to generate normalized waveforms VrnPA through VrnPΩ to compensate for unbalance in one or more arrays, and is described further in Int'l. Appl. No. PCT/US20/25366 incorporated herein. Controllers900and950(as well as balance controllers906and910) can be implemented in hardware, software or a combination thereof within control system102. Controllers900and950can be implemented within MCD112, distributed partially or fully among LCDs114, or may be implemented as discrete controllers independent of MCD112and LCDs114. Interconnection (IC) Module Examples Modules108can be connected between the modules of different arrays700for the purposes of exchanging energy between the arrays, acting as a source for an auxiliary load, or both. Such modules are referred to herein as interconnection (IC) modules108IC. IC module108IC can be implemented in any of the already described module configurations (108A,108B,108C) and others to be described herein. IC modules108IC can include any number of one or more energy sources, an optional energy buffer, switch circuitry for supplying energy to one or more arrays and/or for supplying power to one or more auxiliary loads, control circuitry (e.g., a local control device), and monitor circuitry for collecting status information about the IC module itself or its various loads (e.g., SOC of an energy source, temperature of an energy source or energy buffer, capacity of an energy source, SOH of an energy source, voltage and/or current measurements pertaining to the IC module, voltage and/or current measurements pertaining to the auxiliary load(s), etc.). FIG.10Ais a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of a system100capable of producing Ω-phase power with Ω arrays700-PA through700-Pa, where Ω can be any integer greater than one. In this and other embodiments, IC module108IC can be located on the rail side of arrays700such the arrays700to which module108IC are connected (arrays700-PA through700-PΩ in this embodiment) are electrically connected between module108IC and outputs (e.g., SIO1through SIOΩ) to the load. Here, module108IC has Ω IO ports for connection to IO port2of each module108-N of arrays700-PA through700-PΩ. In the configuration depicted here, module108IC can perform interphase balancing by selectively connecting the one or more energy sources of module108IC to one or more of the arrays700-PA through700-PΩ (or to no output, or equally to all outputs, if interphase balancing is not required). System100can be controlled by control system102(not shown, seeFIG.1A). FIG.10Bis a schematic diagram depicting an example embodiment of module108IC. In this embodiment module108IC includes an energy source206connected with energy buffer204that in turn is connected with switch circuitry603. Switch circuitry603can include switch circuitry units604-PA through604-PΩ for independently connecting energy source206to each of arrays700-PA through700-PΩ, respectively. Various switch configurations can be used for each unit604, which in this embodiment is configured as a half-bridge with two semiconductor switches S7and S8. Each half bridge is controlled by control lines118-3from LCD114. This configuration is similar to module108A described with respect toFIG.3A. As described with respect to converter202, switch circuitry603can be configured in any arrangement and with any switch types (e.g., MOSFET, IGBT, Silicon, GaN, etc.) suitable for the requirements of the application. Switch circuitry units604are coupled between positive and negative terminals of energy source206and have an output that is connected to an IO port of module108IC. Units604-PA through604-PΩ can be controlled by control system102to selectively couple voltage +VICor −VICto the respective module I/O ports1through Ω. Control system102can control switch circuitry603according to any desired control technique, including the PWM and hysteresis techniques mentioned herein. Here, control circuitry102is implemented as LCD114and MCD112(not shown). LCD114can receive monitoring data or status information from monitor circuitry of module108IC. This monitoring data and/or other status information derived from this monitoring data can be output to MCD112for use in system control as described herein. LCD114can also receive timing information (not shown) for purposes of synchronization of modules108of the system100and one or more carrier signals (not shown), such as the sawtooth signals used in PWM (FIGS.8C-8D). For interphase balancing, proportionally more energy from source206can be supplied to any one or more of arrays700-PA through700-PΩ that is relatively low on charge as compared to other arrays700. Supply of this supplemental energy to a particular array700allows the energy output of those cascaded modules108-1thru108-N in that array700to be reduced relative to the unsupplied phase array(s). For example, in some example embodiments applying PWM, LCD114can be configured to receive the normalized voltage reference signal (Vrn) (from MCD112) for each of the one or more arrays700that module108IC is coupled to, e.g., VrnPA through VrnPΩ. LCD114can also receive modulation indexes MiPA through MiPΩ for the switch units604-PA through604-PQ for each array700, respectively, from MCD112. LCD114can modulate (e.g., multiply) each respective Vrn with the modulation index for the switch section coupled directly to that array (e.g., VrnA multiplied by MiA) and then utilize a carrier signal to generate the control signal(s) for each switch unit604. In other embodiments, MCD112can perform the modulation and output modulated voltage reference waveforms for each unit604directly to LCD114of module108IC. In still other embodiments, all processing and modulation can occur by a single control entity that can output the control signals directly to each unit604. This switching can be modulated such that power from energy source206is supplied to the array(s)700at appropriate intervals and durations. Such methodology can be implemented in various ways. Based on the collected status information for system100, such as the present capacity (Q) and SOC of each energy source in each array, MCD112can determine an aggregate charge for each array700(e.g., aggregate charge for an array can be determined as the sum of capacity times SOC for each module of that array). MCD112can determine whether a balanced or unbalanced condition exists (e.g., through the use of relative difference thresholds and other metrics described herein) and generate modulation indexes MiPA through MiPΩ accordingly for each switch unit604-PA through604-PΩ. During balanced operation, Mi for each switch unit604can be set at a value that causes the same or similar amount of net energy over time to be supplied by energy source206and/or energy buffer204to each array700. For example, Mi for each switch unit604could be the same or similar, and can be set at a level or value that causes the module108IC to perform a net or time average discharge of energy to the one or more arrays700-PA through700-PΩ during balanced operation, so as to drain module108IC at the same rate as other modules108in system100. In some embodiments, Mi for each unit604can be set at a level or value that does not cause a net or time average discharge of energy during balanced operation (causes a net energy discharge of zero). This can be useful if module108IC has a lower aggregate charge than other modules in the system. When an unbalanced condition occurs between arrays700, then the modulation indexes of system100can be adjusted to cause convergence towards a balanced condition or to minimize further divergence. For example, control system102can cause module108IC to discharge more to the array700with low charge than the others, and can also cause modules108-1through108-N of that low array700to discharge relatively less (e.g., on a time average basis). The relative net energy contributed by module108IC increases as compared to the modules108-1through108-N of the array700being assisted, and also as compared to the amount of net energy module108IC contributes to the other arrays. This can be accomplished by increasing Mi for the switch unit604supplying that low array700, and by decreasing the modulation indexes of modules108-1through108-N of the low array700in a manner that maintains Vout for that low array at the appropriate or required levels, and maintaining the modulation indexes for other switch units604supplying the other higher arrays relatively unchanged (or decreasing them). The configuration of module108IC inFIGS.10A-10Bcan be used alone to provide interphase or interarray balancing for a single system, or can be used in combination with one or more other modules108IC each having an energy source and one or more switch portions604coupled to one or more arrays. For example, a module108IC with Ω switch portions604coupled with Ω different arrays700can be combined with a second module108IC having one switch portion604coupled with one array700such that the two modules combine to service a system100having Ω+1 arrays700. Any number of modules108IC can be combined in this fashion, each coupled with one or more arrays700of system100. Furthermore, IC modules can be configured to exchange energy between two or more subsystems of system100.FIG.10Cis a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of system100with a first subsystem1000-1and a second subsystem1000-2interconnected by IC modules. Specifically, subsystem1000-1is configured to supply three-phase power, PA, PB, and PC, to a first load (not shown) by way of system I/O ports SIO1, SIO2, and SIO3, while subsystem1000-2is configured to supply three-phase power PD, PE, and PF to a second load (not shown) by way of system I/O ports SIO4, SIO5, and SIO06, respectively. For example, subsystems1000-1and1000-2can be configured as different packs supplying power for different motors of an EV or as different racks supplying power for different microgrids. In this embodiment each module108IC is coupled with a first array of subsystem1000-1(via IO port1) and a first array of subsystem1000-2(via IO port2), and each module108IC can be electrically connected with each other module108IC by way of I/O ports3and4, which are coupled with the energy source206of each module108IC as described with respect to module108C ofFIG.3C. This connection places sources206of modules108IC-1,108IC-2, and108IC-3in parallel, and thus the energy stored and supplied by modules108IC is pooled together by this parallel arrangement. Other arrangements such as serious connections can also be used. Modules108IC are housed within a common enclosure of subsystem1000-1, however the interconnection modules can be external to the common enclosure and physically located as independent entities between the common enclosures of both subsystems1000. Each module108IC has a switch unit604-1coupled with IO port1and a switch unit604-2coupled with I/O port2, as described with respect toFIG.10B. Thus, for balancing between subsystems1000(e.g., inter-pack or inter-rack balancing), a particular module108IC can supply relatively more energy to either or both of the two arrays to which it is connected (e.g., module108IC-1can supply to array700-PA and/or array700-PD). The control circuitry can monitor relative parameters (e.g., SOC and temperature) of the arrays of the different subsystems and adjust the energy output of the IC modules to compensate for imbalances between arrays or phases of different subsystems in the same manner described herein as compensating for imbalances between two arrays of the same rack or pack. Because all three modules108IC are in parallel, energy can be efficiently exchanged between any and all arrays of system100. In this embodiment, each module108IC supplies two arrays700, but other configurations can be used including a single IC module for all arrays of system100and a configuration with one dedicated IC module for each array700(e.g., six IC modules for six arrays, where each IC module has one switch unit604). In all cases with multiple IC modules, the energy sources can be coupled together in parallel so as to exchange energy as described herein. In systems with IC modules between phases, interphase balancing can also be performed by neutral point shifting (or common mode injection) as described above. Such a combination allows for more robust and flexible balancing under a wider range of operating conditions. System100can determine the appropriate circumstances under which to perform interphase balancing with neutral point shifting alone, interphase energy injection alone, or a combination of both simultaneously. IC modules can also be configured to supply power to one or more auxiliary loads301(at the same voltage as source206) and/or one or more auxiliary loads302(at voltages stepped down from source302).FIG.10Dis a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of a three-phase system100A with two modules108IC connected to perform interphase balancing and to supply auxiliary loads301and302.FIG.10Eis a schematic diagram depicting this example embodiment of system100with emphasis on modules108IC-1ad108IC-2. Here, control circuitry102is again implemented as LCD114and MCD112(not shown). The LCDs114can receive monitoring data from modules108IC (e.g., SOC of ES1, temperature of ES1, Q of ES1, voltage of auxiliary loads301and302, etc.) and can output this and/or other monitoring data to MCD112for use in system control as described herein. Each module108IC can include a switch portion602A (or602B described with respect toFIG.6C) for each load302being supplied by that module, and each switch portion602can be controlled to maintain the requisite voltage level for load302by LCD114either independently or based on control input from MCD112. In this embodiment, each module108IC includes a switch portion602A connected together to supply the one load302, although such is not required. FIG.10Fis a block diagram depicting another example embodiment of a three-phase system configured to supply power to one or more auxiliary loads301and302with modules108IC-1,108IC-2, and108IC-3. In this embodiment, modules108IC-1and108IC-2are configured in the same manner as described with respect toFIGS.10D-10E. Module108IC-3is configured in a purely auxiliary role and does not actively inject voltage or current into any array700of system100. In this embodiment, module108IC-3can be configured like module108C ofFIG.3B, having a converter202B,C (FIGS.6B-6C) with one or more auxiliary switch portions602A, but omitting switch portion601. As such, the one or more energy sources206of module108IC-3are interconnected in parallel with those of modules108IC-1and108IC-2, and thus this embodiment of system100is configured with additional energy for supplying auxiliary loads301and302, and for maintaining charge on the sources206A of modules108IC-1and108IC-2through the parallel connection with the source206of module108IC-3. The energy source206of each IC module can be at the same voltage and capacity as the sources206of the other modules108-1through108-N of the system, although such is not required. For example, a relatively higher capacity can be desirable in an embodiment where one module108IC applies energy to multiple arrays700(FIG.10A) to allow the IC module to discharge at the same rate as the modules of the phase arrays themselves. If the module108IC is also supplying an auxiliary load, then an even greater capacity may be desired so as to permit the IC module to both supply the auxiliary load and discharge at relatively the same rate as the other modules. Interfacing with Renewable Energy Sources System100can be configured to interface with renewable energy sources including, but not limited to, energy harvesting devices like photovoltaic (PV) cells and wind turbines. PV cells convert solar energy into electrical energy and output that electrical energy as a voltage or current that can be used to supply a load or grid or stored for later use. PV cells can be arranged and grouped together in numerous different configurations, such as rigid or flexible panels or modules. Multiple panels or modules can be grouped together in a larger PV array. The PV cells in each panel or module are electrically connected to produce the optimal voltage or current, and the panels or modules can be electrically connected to produce the optimal voltage or current as an array. Arrangements of one or more PV cells, whether as a panel, module, array or otherwise, will be referred to herein as a PV source1101. PV sources can be used in a wide variety of applications, predominantly as solar arrays located in residential, commercial, industrial, municipal, and dedicated-energy harvesting locations for renewable energy harvesting, where that energy can be buffered in a stationary energy storage system and/or supplied directly to a load or grid. PV sources can also be placed directly on electric vehicles for storage therein and/or use directly by the EV motor(s). Thus, the PV-interfacing embodiments described herein are applicable in both mobile and stationary applications. A wind turbine converts wind energy into electrical energy and outputs that electrical energy as a voltage or current that can be used to supply a load or grid or stored for later use. Wind turbines can also be arranged and grouped together in different configurations. For example, a wind farm can include a group of wind turbines in a same location. The wind turbines in a wind farm can be connected together to produce an optimal voltage or current. Arrangements of one or more wind turbines will be referred to herein as a wind source1112. Example embodiments of module configurations are described with an additional DC interface for receiving energy from PV sources1101.FIG.11Ais a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of module108D configured for use with one or more PV sources1101. Module108D can include any number of one or more energy sources206, such as one or more batteries, one or more high energy density (HED) capacitors, and/or one or more fuel cells1111. If multiple batteries are included those batteries can have the same or different electrochemistries as described herein. Similarly, different types of HED capacitors and fuel cells1111can be used. Each battery can be a single cell or multiple cells connected in series, parallel or a combination thereof to arrive at the desired voltage and current characteristics. As shown inFIG.11A, module108D includes a first source206A and a second source206B, and the sources can be batteries of different types (e.g., such as an LTO battery and an LFP battery) or one can be a battery and the other can be an HED capacitor, or any other combination as described herein. Alternatively, module108D can get be configured with just source206A in combination with converter202A as described with respect toFIG.3A. Additional energy sources206can be added to such a configuration by placing them in parallel or in series with sources206A and206B. Module108D includes converter202B or202C coupled with energy sources206A and206B in a manner similar to that described with respect to module108B ofFIG.3B. Energy source206A is coupled with energy buffer204, which in turn is coupled with an isolated DC-DC converter1100. Module108D includes I/O ports7and8that connect with PV source1101and receive the signals DC_PV+ and DC_PV− respectively, via lines1102. These signals carry the voltage and current generated by PV source1101. These signals are input to DC-AC converter1104of converter1100where they are converted to high-frequency AC form and then input to transformer and rectifier section1106. I/O ports7and8provide a DC interface for receiving energy from PV source1101. Transformer and rectifier section1106can include a high-frequency transformer and a one phase diode rectifier. The DC voltage on ports7and8may be a voltage that is lower than the total voltage supplied by PV source1101as many such modules108may be receiving charge from PV source1101simultaneously. Transformer and rectifier section1106can modify the voltage of the AC signal from converter1104, if necessary, and convert the AC signal back into DC form to charge sources206A and206B. Section1106also provides high-voltage isolation to the other components202,204,206and114of module108D. Unidirectionality can be provided by virtue of the diode rectifier which permits current to be received from charge source150and passed to buffer204but does not permit outputting current in the opposite manner. For example, charge can be transferred back to each module108(e.g., from a charge source150) through power connection110and routed to either of sources206A and206B by way of converter202B,C. Presence of unidirectional DC-DC isolated converter1200(diode rectifier) will prevent that recovered energy from passing through module108D back to PV source1101via lines1102. Ports1and2and power connection110provide an AC interface to an AC bus connected to a load or bus. LCD114can monitor the status of converter1100, particularly converter1104and section1106, over data connections118-5and118-6, respectively. As with the other components of module108D, monitor circuitry for converter1104and section1106can be included to measure currents, voltages, temperatures, faults, and the like. These connections118-5and118-6can also supply control signals to control switching of converter1104and to control any active elements within section1106. Isolation of LCD114can be maintained by isolation circuitry present on lines118-5and118-6(e.g., isolated gate drivers and isolated sensors). LCD114can also monitor the status of source206A, buffer204, converter202B,C, and source206B over data connections118-1,118-2,118-3, and118-4, respectively. These connections118-1,118-2,118-3, and118-4can also supply signals, e.g., control signals, from LCD114to source206A, buffer204, converter202B,C, and source206B, respectively. FIG.11Bis a block diagram depicting another example embodiment of a module108D. In this embodiment, module108D has DC-DC isolated converter1110instead of converter1100, and also only one source206(though additional sources206can be included). Converter1110can route current from ports7and8to energy source206. Converter1110is connected between I/O ports7and8and buffer204and includes DC-AC converter1104, connected to transformer1114, which in turn is connected to AC-DC converter1116. Converter1104can convert the DC voltage at ports7and8into a high-frequency AC voltage, which transformer1114can modify to a lower voltage if needed, and output that modified AC voltage to AC-DC converter1116, which can convert the AC signal back into DC form for provision to source206A, or module ports1and2. Transformer1114can also isolate module components202,204,206,208, and114from the high voltage at ports7and8. As with the other components of module108D, monitor circuitry for converter1104, transformer1114, and converter1116can be included to measure currents, voltages, temperatures, faults, and the like. LCD114can monitor the status of converter1110, particularly converter1104, transformer1114(e.g., monitor circuitry or an active component associated therewith), and converter1116, over data connections118-5,118-7, and118-8, respectively. These connections118-5,118-7, and118-8can also supply control signals to control switching of converter1104and/or converter1116, and to control any controllable elements associated with transformer1114. Isolation of LCD114can be maintained by isolation circuitry present on lines118-5,118-7, and118-8(e.g., isolated gate drivers and isolated sensors). LCD114can also monitor the status of buffer204, source206, and converter202over data connections118-1,118-2, and118-3, respectively. These connections118-1,118-2, and118-3can also supply signals, e.g., control signals, from LCD114to buffer204, source206, and converter202, respectively. Furthermore, for electrochemical battery sources206, the length of the charge pulses applied to sources206by AC-DC converter1116can be maintained to have a certain length, e.g., less than 5 milliseconds, to promote the occurrence of the electrochemical storage reaction in the cells without the occurrence of significant side reactions that can lead to degradation. The charge methodology can incorporate active feedback from each energy source to ensure that battery degradation, if detected, is mitigated by lowering voltage or pausing the charge routine for that module, or otherwise. Such pulses can be applied at high C rates (e.g.,5C-15C and greater) to enable fast charging of the sources206. The duration and frequency of the charge pulses can be controlled by control system102. Examples of such techniques that can be used with all embodiments described herein are described in Int'l Appl. No. PCT/US20/35437, titled Advanced Battery Charging on Modular Levels of Energy Storage Systems, which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes. FIG.11Cis a schematic diagram depicting an example embodiment of module108D ofFIG.11A. Converter202B is coupled with secondary source206B, and in other embodiments can be configured like converter202C (FIG.6C). Buffer204is configured here as a capacitor. I/O ports7and8are coupled to an LC circuit1118, which is in turn coupled to converter1100, specifically DC-AC converter1104, which is configured as a full bridge converter with switches S10, S11, S12, and S13. In the embodiments described herein, LC circuit1118can be a distributed DC filter that can filter harmonics from DC lines1102, provide a current slowing function if desired, and/or perform other functions. The voltage across LC circuit1118can be controlled for purposes of matching voltage with a PV source1101(e.g., power point tracking), and/or for balancing by adjusting the amount of relative energy received by each module108D. The full bridge outputs from nodes N1and N2are connected to a primary winding of transformer1105within section1106. A secondary winding of transformer1105is coupled with nodes N3and N4of the diode rectifier of section1204, having diodes D1-D4. The switches of converter1104can be semiconductor switches configured as MOSFETs, IGBT's, GaN devices, or others as described herein. LCD114or another element of control system102can provide the switching signals for control of switches S1-S6and S10-S13. Along with the other functions described herein, converter202B can be controlled to independently route current from ports7and8to source206B for charging, or to I/O ports1and2for powering a load or a grid. FIG.11Dis a schematic diagram depicting an example embodiment of module108D ofFIG.11B. Converter202B is coupled with secondary source206B, and in other embodiments can be configured like converter202C (FIG.6C). Buffer204is configured as a capacitor. I/O ports7and8are coupled to an LC circuit1118, which is in turn coupled to converter1110, specifically DC-AC converter1104, which is configured as a full bridge converter with switches S10, S11, S12, and S13. The full bridge outputs from nodes N1and N2are connected to a primary winding of transformer1114. A secondary winding of transformer1114is coupled with nodes N3and N4of a second full bridge circuit configured as AC-DC converter1116, having switches S14, S15, S16, and S17. The switches of converter1110can be semiconductor switches configured as MOSFETs, IGBT's, GaN devices, or others as described herein. LCD114or another element of control system102can provide the switching signals for control of switches S3-S6and S10-S17. Along with the other functions described herein, converter202B can be controlled to independently route current from ports7and8to source206for charging, or to I/O ports1and2for powering a load or a grid. FIG.11Eis a schematic diagram depicting another example embodiment of module108D ofFIG.11B, where AC-DC converter1116is configured as a push-pull converter with a first terminal of source206connected to one side of dual secondary windings of transformer1114through an inductor L2, and switches S18and S19connected between the opposite side of dual secondary windings and a common node (e.g., node4) coupled with the opposite terminal of source206. The push-pull configuration only requires two switches and thus is more cost-effective than a full bridge converter, although the switches have larger voltages applied across them. FIG.11Fis a block diagram depicting another example embodiment of a module108D. In this embodiment, module108D can have one or more transformers located between connections to PV source1101, power connection110, and one or more energy sources206. Here, a transformer1130can be used to transfer energy from PV source1101to either or both of power connection110and energy source206, and also to transfer energy back-and-forth between power connection110and energy source206. DC-AC converter1104is connected between ports7and8and transformer1130. A first AC-DC converter1116-1is connected between transformer1130and converter202A. AC-DC converter1116-1can convert an AC signal from transformer1130to a DC voltage provided to converter202A, which can then convert the DC voltage to an AC signal output to power connection110over ports1and2. These elements can also operate in the reverse, taking an AC signal from power connection110and converting the AC signal to a DC voltage by converter202A, which is provided to AC-DC converter1116-1for conversion to an AC signal applied to transformer1130. A second AC-DC converter1116-2is connected between transformer1130and energy buffer204and energy source206. AC-DC converter1116-2can convert an AC signal from transformer1130to a DC voltage that is then provided to energy buffer204and energy source206to charge energy source206. Conversely, a DC voltage provided by energy source206and/or energy buffer204can be applied to AC-DC converter1116-2, which then converts the DC voltage to an AC voltage applied to transformer1130. Thus, in this and the other embodiments described herein, energy supplied by the various energy providers1101,110, and206can be transferred to transformer1130in the form of magnetic flux and selectively removed from transformer1130by AC-DC converter's1116for output from power connection110or charging of source206. Each of converters1104,1116, and202can be locally controlled and monitored by control system102(e.g., LCD114) as described elsewhere herein, and coordination of operation between modules108D can be achieved under the higher level control of control system102(e.g., MCD112communicating with each LCD114). Control system102can monitor and/or estimate the energy provided by elements or interfaces to transformer1130and control the extraction of energy by elements or interfaces from transformer1130such that they are equal. In addition to permitting energy exchange or transfer between various sources and sinks, transformer1130also provides isolation and protection to PV source1101, converters1104,1116, and202A, buffer204, source206, and power connection110. LCD114can monitor the status of converters202A,1104,1116-1, and1116-2, over data connections118-3,118-5,118-9, and118-10, respectively. These connections118-3,118-5,118-9, and118-10can also supply control signals to control switching of converter converters202A,1104,1116-1, and1116-2. Isolation of LCD114can be maintained by isolation circuitry present on lines118-3,118-5,118-9, and118-10(e.g., isolated gate drivers and isolated sensors). LCD114can also monitor the status of source206and buffer204over data connections118-1and118-2, respectively. These connections118-1and118-2can also supply signals, e.g., control signals, from LCD114to source206and buffer204, respectively. Each component202A,204,205,1104, and1116can include monitor circuitry208configured to monitor (e.g., collect, sense, measure, and/or determine) one or more aspects of the component, such as voltage, current, temperature or other operating parameters that constitute status information (or can be used to determine status information by, e.g., LCD114). Additional energy sources206can be applied to module108D ofFIG.11Fas needed. For example, additional energy sources206can be placed in parallel or series with that shown inFIG.11F. Alternatively or additionally, an additional AC-DC converter1116-2, buffer204, and source206, can be connected to transformer1130. Multiple sets of these components can be connected to transformer1130. FIG.11Gis a schematic view depicting an embodiment of module108D ofFIG.11F. The operation of the majority of these components has already been described and is not repeated herein. In this embodiment, the core of transformer1130includes connections to three separate windings, each connected to one of converters1104,1116-1, and1116-2. Transformer1130and converters1104and1116can alternatively be implemented as push-pull converters, or a combination of full bridges and push-pull converters. FIG.11His a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of a converter module108D. This embodiment is similar to module108D ofFIG.11F, but includes multiple DC interfaces. A first DC interface includes ports7and8for connection to a DC bus. A second DC interface includes ports9and10for connecting to PV source1101. A third DC interface includes ports11and12configured to connect to fuel cell1111. Module108D also includes DC-AC converters1104connected to the DC bus and to PV source1101and fuel cell1111. Ports7and8can be coupled to a DC bus, e.g., a high voltage DC bus, that supplies DC power from ports7and8to one or more DC loads, e.g., EVs connected to an EV charging station. DC-AC converter1104-1can convert an AC signal from transformer1130to a DC voltage provided to the DC bus. DC-AC converter1104-1can also operate in reverse, converting a DC signal of the DC bus to an AC signal that is applied to transformer1130, in which case DC power is received at ports7and8and transferred to one or more of power interface110, energy source206, and/or fuel cell1111(if configured as a rechargeable fuel cell). DC-AC converter1104-2is connected between transformer1130and PV source1101via ports9and10. DC-AC converter1104-2can convert a DC signal from PV source1101to an AC signal that is applied to transformer1130. DC-AC converter1104-3is connected between transformer1130and a fuel cell1111via ports11and12. DC-AC converter1104-2can convert a DC signal from fuel cell1111to an AC signal that is applied to transformer1130. Module108D can include other DC sources (e.g., other PV sources, other fuel cell sources, battery sources, HED capacitor sources, etc.) coupled to transformer1130using DC-AC converters104, e.g., one or more additional PV sources1101or fuel cells1111. In some embodiments, one or more of DC-AC converters1104can be omitted. For example, an embodiment can include DC-AC converter1104-1connected to the DC bus and DC-AC converter1104-2connected to PV source1101, but without DC-AC converter1104-3connected to fuel cell1111. Each DC-AC converter1104can be coupled to a separate winding of transformer1130. To accommodate additional DC interfaces and/or AC interfaces, additional windings can also be used. Transformer1130can modify the AC voltage provided by DC-AC converters1104, to a lower or higher voltage, and output that modified AC voltage to AC-DC converters1116. AC-DC converters1116-1and116-2can operate as described herein, e.g., with reference toFIG.11H. Flux supplied by the various energy sources1101,1111,110,206, and the DC bus can be transferred to transformer1130and selectively removed from transformer1130by AC-DC converters1116for output from power connection110or for charging of source206. This example embodiment enables the DC bus, PV source1101, fuel cell1111, or an AC source connected to converter202A to charge source206. Source206can then be discharged, converted to an AC signal by AC-DC converter1116-2and applied to transformer1130. Transformer1130can modify the AC voltage (to a higher or lower voltage) and DC-AC converter1104-1can convert the modified AC voltage to a DC signal for powering loads of the DC bus. Transformer1130can thus act as an energy hub where each entity (e.g., external DC bus, PV source1101, fuel cell1111, interface110, or energy source206) can independently receive energy from the hub or provide energy to the hub according to the state of that entity and the system. For example, when PV source1101is producing energy, that energy can be placed on transformer1130in the form of flux and extracted by converter1116-2and routed to source206for storage, extracted by converter1116-1and routed to interface110, and/or extracted by converter1104-1and routed to the external DC bus, each of which can occur at separate times or concurrently. Fuel cell1111can supply energy to transformer1130like PV source1101, which can then be extracted in the same fashion by the other converters1116and/or1104-1at different times or concurrently. Similarly, energy can be provided by the external DC bus and routed to source206and/or interface110at separate times or concurrently. Still further, energy can be provided by interface110and routed to source206and/or the external DC bus at separate times or concurrently. The provision of energy to the hub and removal of energy from the hub is managed by control system102, such as by MCD112providing instructions to LCD114of each particular module102D, where LCD114then generates the control signals for the power electronics (e.g., MOSFETs, IGBTs, GaN devices) within each DC-AC converter1104and AC-DC converter1116of the module102D. Control system102can monitor and/or estimate the energy flows input and output from transformer1130to ensure they are equal or substantially equal. FIG.11Iis a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of a converter module108D. This embodiment is similar to module108D ofFIG.11H, but includes multiple AC interfaces110. A first AC interface includes ports1and2and power connection110-1. A second AC interface includes ports13and14can power connection110-2. A first AC-DC converter1116-1is connected between transformer1130and converter202A. As described with reference toFIG.11F, AC-DC converter1116-1can convert an AC signal from transformer1130to a DC voltage provided to converter202A-1, which can then convert the DC voltage to an AC signal output to power connection110-1over ports1and2. A third AC-DC converter1116-3is connected between transformer1130and converter202A-2. AC-DC converter1116-3can convert an AC signal from transformer1130to a DC voltage provided to converter202A-3, which can then convert the DC voltage to an AC signal output to power connection110-3over ports1and2. AC-DC converters1116-1and1116-3can also operate in reverse. AC-DC converter1116-1can convert a DC signal from converter202A-1to an AC signal that is applied to transformer1130. Similarly, AC-DC converter1116-3can convert a DC signal from converter202A-3to an AC signal that is applied to transformer1130. This example embodiment enables module108D to supply AC power to and/or receive AC power from two power connections110. Module108D can be connected to two AC buses. For example, power connection110-1can be coupled to a first AC bus using ports1and2and power connection110-2can be coupled to a second AC bus different from the first bus using ports13and14. Each AC bus can be connected to a different AC source or AC load. For example, one AC bus can be connected to a grid and the other AC bus can be connected to a different AC source, e.g., a wind source1112(e.g., as depicted inFIG.12K). In another example, one AC bus can be connected to a grid and the other AC bus can be connected to a load. Although this example includes AC-DC converters1116-1and1116-3and converters202A-1and202A-2for supplying AC power to and/or receiving AC power from two power connections110, module108D can include more than two power connections and corresponding AC-DC converters1116-1and1116-3to connect to more than two power connections110. Other modules108D described herein can also include two or more of the same or similar AC interfaces for connecting to two or more power connections110. FIG.11Jis a block diagram depicting another example embodiment of a converter module108D. This embodiment is similar to module108D ofFIG.11H, except fuel cell1111is connected to energy source206by way of a DC-DC converter1108that does not include a transformer, and the electrical path between fuel cell1111and source206does not traverse any transformer (e.g.,1130). Such a configuration can be used in instances where electrical isolation is not required between fuel cell1111and source206. Energy can be supplied by fuel cell1111and can flow into source206to charge source206, and/or can flow to transformer1130to be directed to another element of the module108D or system as desired based on the current state of operation. Such transformer-less connections can be used between other elements of modules108D (e.g., between two sources206) in instances where isolation is similarly not necessary. Any and all of the configurations of system100described herein can be configured to receive energy from one or more PV sources1101using modules having a DC interface, such as the embodiments of module108D just described. System100can be configured with a single array700or multiple arrays700, each having any number of two or more modules108D, and those one or more arrays700can be electrically connected to a load and/or a grid. Each module108D of a single array700can be integrated with and electrically connected to a different PV source1101and can be configured to receive energy from that dedicated PV source1101. Alternatively, or additionally, each module108D of a single array700can be electrically connected to the same PV source1101and configured to receive energy over a common DC bus connected to that PV source1101. In embodiments with multiple arrays700, all arrays700of system100can be electrically connected to and receive energy from the same single PV source1101, or each array700of system100can be electrically connected to and receive energy from a different PV source1101. Still further, array700of a system100can be mixed such that one or more arrays700are connected to a single PV source1101over a DC bus, while one or more other arrays700have modules108D that are each independently connected to a dedicated PV source1101. FIG.12Ais a block diagram depicting an array700of modules108D-1through108D-N with AC interfaces at ports1and2connected in a cascaded configuration. A single PV source1101is connected to all of the modules of array700over common DC bus1102such that modules108D-1through108D-N are in parallel on the DC side. PV source1101can output its generated DC voltage signals DC_PV+ and DC_PV− over bus1102to ports7and8, respectively, of each module108D. As used herein, DC bus1102can refer to a common bus shared by some or all modules108D (as shown here) or can refer to the separate connections of ports7and8between modules108D on the DC side (e.g., as shown inFIGS.12I-12N). FIG.12Bis a block diagram depicting an array700of modules108D-1through108D-N with AC interfaces at ports1and2connected in a cascaded configuration. Each module108D-1through108D-N is independently connected to its own dedicated PV source1101-1through1101-N over a dedicated DC bus1103-1through1103-N, respectively. Each PV source1101-1through1101-N can output its own independent generated DC voltage signals DC_PV+ and DC_PV− over the dedicated buses1103-1through1103-N to ports7and8of each module108D-1through108D-N. FIG.12Cis a block diagram depicting an example multiphase embodiment of system100, where three arrays700-PA,700-PB, and700-PC each include modules108D-1through108D-N with AC interfaces at ports1and2connected in a cascaded configuration. Each of the arrays700is connected to the same PV source1101over common DC bus1102. FIG.12Dis a block diagram depicting an example multiphase embodiment of system100, where three arrays700-PA,700-PB, and700-PC each include modules108D-1through108D-N with AC interfaces at ports1and2connected in a cascaded configuration. Each of the arrays700-PA,700-PB, and700-PC is connected to a different PV source1101-1through1101-3over different DC buses1102-1through1102-3, respectively. FIG.12Eis a block diagram depicting an example multiphase embodiment of system100, where three arrays700-PA,700-PB, and700-PC each include modules108D-1through108D-N with AC interfaces at ports1and2connected in a cascaded configuration. Each of modules108D-1through108D-N is connected to its own dedicated PV source1101-1through1101-N, respectively, such that all modules108D of system100are connected to a different PV source1101. FIG.12Fis a block diagram depicting an example multiphase embodiment of system100, where three arrays700-PA,700-PB, and700-PC each include modules108D-1through108D-N with AC interfaces at ports1and2connected in a cascaded configuration. This embodiment is arranged as a mix of the configurations ofFIGS.12A and12B. Here, the modules108D of array700-PA are connected to PV source1101-A over a DC bus1102. The modules108D-1through108D-N of the arrays700-PB and700-PC are each connected to a different PV source1101-1through1101-N, respectively. The embodiments ofFIGS.12A-12Fcan each be scaled with one or more energy sources206per module108D to provide a highly flexible arrangement for interfacing with any number of different PV source configurations. In addition to scaling the number of sources206per module108D, arrays700can be connected together in parallel.FIGS.12G and12Hare block diagrams depicting example embodiments where multiple instances of the arrays700described with respect toFIGS.12A and12B, respectively, are connected in parallel. InFIG.12G, the respective DC ports of each module are connected to the appropriate DC bus line1102from PV source1101. On the AC side, each of modules108D-1(port1) are connected to a common node at SIO1, while each of modules108D-N (port2) are connected to a common node at SIO2, to place multiple arrays700in parallel. FIG.12Iis a block diagram depicting an example multiphase embodiment of system100, where three arrays700-PA,700-PB, and700-PC each include modules108D-1through108D-N with AC interfaces at ports1and2connected in a cascaded configuration. This embodiment is similar to the configuration ofFIG.12C, but with the DC interface connections at ports7and8between modules108D of arrays700-PA,700-PB, and700-PC being connected in a single continuous daisy chain arrangement rather than in parallel. In this daisy chain arrangement, the DC interfaces of modules108D of each array700are connected in series by generally connecting port8of one module108D to port7of another module108D, and so forth across all modules except for those at the series terminations (module108D-1of array700-PA and module108D-N of array700-PC), which enables the modules108D to receive energy from PV source1101in a controllable fashion. In this embodiment, the DC interface of each module108D is connected in series from one module to the next across the same level of each array700before transitioning to the next level, e.g., module108D-1of array700-PA is connected to module108D-1of array700-PB, which is connected to module108D-1of array700-PC, which is then connected to module108D-2of array700-PC, which is then connected to module108D-2of array700-PB, and so forth until all modules108D all connected in the daisy chain. An alternative embodiment is depicted inFIG.12J, where each module108D of a particular array700is connected before the daisy chain proceeds to the next array, e.g., module108D-1of array700-PA is connected to module108D-2of array700-PA and the connections proceed in series to module108D-N of array700-PA, before proceeding directly to module108D-1of array700-PB, and so forth until all modules108D are connected. FIG.12Kis a block diagram depicting an example multiphase embodiment of system100that includes multiple instances (e.g., groups) of arrays700and a renewable AC source, which in this embodiment is a wind energy source1112. Other AC sources can be used alternatively. A first instance1210-1includes three arrays700-PA1,700-PB1, and700-PC1that each include modules108D-1through108D-N with AC interfaces (ports1and2) connected in a cascaded configuration. A second instance1210-2includes three arrays700-PA2,700-PB2, and700-PC2that each include modules108D-1through108D-N with AC interfaces (ports1and2) connected in a cascaded configuration. The AC side (e.g., the AC interface of each module) of instance1210-1is coupled to wind source1112via ports SIO1-1, SIO2-1, and SIO3-1. Port1of module108D-1of array700-PA1is connected to port SIO1-1, port1of module108D-1of array700-PB1is connected to port SIO2-1, and port1of module108D-1of array700-PC1is connected to port SIO3-1. Each array700-PA1,700-PB1, and700-PC1is connected to a different phase of wind source1112. The AC side of instance1210-2is coupled to an AC bus via ports SIO1-2, SIO2-2, and SIO3-2. Port1of module108D-1of array700-PA2is connected to port SIO1-2, port1of module108D-1of array700-PB2is connected to port SIO2-2, and port1of module108D-1of array700-PC2is connected to port SIO3-2. Each array700-PA3,700-PB3, and700-PC3is connected to a different phase of the AC bus. The DC interfaces of modules108D of each instances1210-1and1210-2are connected in a daisy chain arrangement via DC bus1102, placing the DC interfaces of all modules108D of instance1210-1in series and the DC interfaces of all modules108D of instance1210-2in series. Each series chain of the two instances1210-1and1210-2are in parallel on the DC side. For example, port7of module108D-1of array700-PA1is connected to port7of module108D-1of array700-PA2and port8of module108D-N of array700-PC1is connected to port8of module108D-N of array700-PC2. This configuration enables all modules108D of both instances1210within system100to exchange energy with all other modules. This embodiment enables various charging configurations using two different AC sources, e.g., wind source1112or a grid connected to ports SIO1-2, SIO2-2, and SIO3-2. In one configuration, modules108D of instance1210-1can be charged by wind source1112and modules108D of instance1210-2can be charged by the grid. Modules108D of both instances1210-1and1210-2can be charged simultaneously by their respective AC sources. In another configuration, modules108D of both instances1210-1and1210-2can be charged by wind source1112. Using DC bus1102to transfer energy from modules108D of instance1210-1to modules108D of instance1210-2, modules108D of instance1210-2can also be charged by wind source1112-2. In another configuration, modules108D of both instances1210-1and1210-2can be charged by the grid. Using the DC bus1102to transfer energy from modules108D of instance1210-2to modules108D of instance1210-1, modules108D of instance1210-1can also be charged by the grid. Thus, this embodiment provides flexibility in charging modules108D of multiple instances1210. This configuration can be expanded to more than two instances and more than two AC sources. Daisy chaining the DC interfaces of modules108D of each instance1210enables each AC source to charge modules108D of each instance1210. FIG.12Lis a block diagram depicting an example multiphase embodiment of system100that includes arrays700and wind source1112. Each array700-PA,700-PB, and700-PC includes modules108D-1through108D-N connected in a cascaded configuration. Here, each module108D includes two AC interfaces, a first AC interface that includes ports1and2and a second interface that includes ports13and14. For example, modules108D can be implemented using module108D ofFIG.11I. The first interface of modules108D-1of arrays700-PA1,700-PB1, and700-PC1are coupled to wind source1112via ports SIO1-1, SIO2-1, and SIO3-1, respectively. The second interface of modules108D-1are connected to an AC bus (e.g., that is connected to a grid) via ports SIO1-1, SIO2-1, and SIO3-1, respectively. The DC interfaces of modules108D of each array700are connected in a daisy chain arrangement via DC bus1102, placing the DC interfaces in series. This enables modules108D to exchange energy, as described with reference toFIG.12I. This embodiment enables modules108D of arrays700-PA1,700-PB1, and700-PC1to be charged by wind source1112and/or a grid (or other AC source) connected to the AC bus. For example, control system102can operate converter202A-1of each module108D to charge source206of its module108D using an AC signal at ports1and2. Similarly, control system102can operate converter202A-2of each module108D to charge source206of its module108D using an AC signal at ports13and14. In this embodiment, DC bus1102is connected to an external DC bus via10ports SIO7and SIO8. This external DC bus can be used to supply power to a DC load or to receive power from a DC energy provider like PV source1101. For example, the external DC bus can include or be connected to a charging interface for charging EVs. Each of embodiments described with respect toFIGS.12I-12Ncan be configured with or without an interface of ports SIO7and SIO8for connection to an external DC bus, depending on the needs of the implementation. FIG.12Mis a block diagram depicting an example multiphase embodiment of system100that includes multiple instances1210-1and1210-2of arrays700and wind source1112. Instance1210-1includes arrays700-PA1,700-PB1, and700-PC1and instance1210-2includes arrays700-PA2,700-PB2, and700-PC2. Each instance1210-1and1210-2can be that of, or similar to, the arrangement of arrays700ofFIG.12I. Each module108D includes two AC interfaces, with one being connected to wind source1112and one being connected to an AC bus, e.g., a grid. In this example, the AC sides of instances1210-1and1210-2are connected to wind source1112and the AC bus in parallel. In particular, a first AC interface of module108D-1of array700-PA1and a first AC interface of module108D-1of array700-PA2are coupled to wind source1112via port SIO1-1. A second AC interface of module108D-1of array700-PB1and a first AC interface of module108D-1of array700-PB2are coupled to wind source1112via port SIO2-1. A first AC interface of module108D-1of array700-PC1and a first AC interface of module108D-1of array700-PC2are coupled to wind source1112via port SIO3-1. Similarly, a second AC interface of module108D-1of array700-PA1and a first AC interface of module108D-1of array700-PA2are coupled to the AC bus via port SIO1-2. A second AC interface of module108D-1of array700-PB1and a second AC interface of module108D-1of array700-PB2are coupled to the AC bus via port SIO2-2. A second AC interface of module108D-1of array700-PC1and a second AC interface of module108D-1of array700-PC2are coupled to the AC bus via port SIO3-2. The DC interfaces (ports7and8) of modules108D of instance1210-1are connected in a series chain arrangement, as are the DC interfaces of modules108D of instance1210-2. The two series chains are in parallel, similar to the embodiment ofFIG.12K. This configuration enables modules108D of both instances to exchange energy, as described with reference toFIG.12I. Similar to the embodiment ofFIG.12K, this embodiment enables various charging configurations using two different AC sources, e.g., wind source1112or a grid connected to ports SIO1-2, SIO2-2, and SIO3-2. In this example, each module108D of each instance1210can be charged from either AC source directly (e.g., without use of the DC interfaces of modules108D). In one configuration, modules108D of instance1210-1can be charged by wind source1112using the first AC interface of each module108D and modules108D of instance1210-2can be charged by the grid using the second AC interface of each module108D. In another configuration, modules108D of instance1210-1can be charged by the grid using the second AC interface of each module108D and modules108D of instance1210-2can be charged by wind source1112using the first AC interface of each module108D. In another configuration, all modules108D of both instances1210-1and1210-2can be changed concurrently by the same AC source, e.g., wind source1112or the grid. In another configuration, one or more modules108D of instance1210-1can be charged by wind source1112while one or more other modules108D of instance1210-1can be charged by the grid. Similarly, one or more modules108D of instance1210-2can be charged by wind source1112while one or more other modules108D of instance1210-2can be charged by the grid. In this embodiment, DC bus1102is connected to an external DC bus via10ports SIO7and SIO8. This external DC bus can be used to charge a load. For example, the external DC bus can include or be connected to a charging interface for charging EVs. FIG.12Nis a block diagram depicting an example multiphase embodiment of system100that includes multiple instances1210-1and1210-2of arrays700and wind sources1112. On the DC side of modules108D, this embodiment is the same as system100ofFIG.12Mwith the same daisy chain arrangement. However, the configuration on the AC sides is different. Here, each instance1210-1and1210-2is separately connected to respective wind sources1112and AC buses. In particular, the first AC interface of module108D-1of each array700in instance1210-1is connected to wind source1112-1via ports SIO1-1, SIO2-1, and SIO3-1. The second AC interface of module108D-1of each array700of instance1210-1is connected to the AC bus via ports SIO1-2, SIO2-2, and SIO3-2. Similarly, the first AC interface of module108D-1of each array700in instance1210-2is connected to wind source1112-2via ports SIO1-3, SIO2-3, and SIO3-3. The second AC interface of module108D-1of each array700of instance1210-2is connected to the AC bus via ports SIO1-4, SIO2-4, and SIO3-4. This embodiment enables modules108D of each instance1210to be charged by either its wind source1112or a grid connected to its AC bus. The daisy chain on the DC side of modules108D also enables modules108D of each instance1210to exchange energy. Thus, modules108D of instance1210-1can also be changed by wind source1112-2or the AC bus connected to ports SIO1-4, SIO2-4, and SIO3-4. Similarly, modules108D of instance1210-2can also be changed by wind source1112-1or the AC bus connected to ports SIO1-2, SIO2-2, and SIO3-2. This provides additional charging flexibility and backup charging capabilities in the event of a failure of any of the AC sources connected to system100. In all of the aforementioned embodiments having modules108D with connections on the DC side via ports7and8(e.g., the embodiments described with respect toFIGS.12A-12N), the voltage across the port7and port8interface of each module can be set and adjusted under the control of control system102. For example, control system102can regulate the voltage across LC circuit1118using the converter circuitry connected thereto (e.g., converter1100inFIG.11C, converter1110inFIGS.11D and11E, and converter1104inFIG.11G). The control of this voltage across ports7and8can accomplish various functions. The setting or adjustment of the voltage across port7and port8of a module108D can be used to match the voltage of a PV source1101. The voltage produced by the PV source1101can be monitored in real-time by system100and the voltages of the modules108D can be adjusted concurrently to the optimum level (e.g., maximum power point tracking). For example, in the embodiment ofFIG.12A, each module108D-1through108D-N can set its voltage across ports7and8to match the output voltage DC_PV of the single PV source1101. In the embodiment ofFIG.12B, each module108D-1through108D-N can set the voltage across ports7and8to match the voltage DC_PV generated by the PV source1101-1thorough1101-N associated with that module. In the embodiment ofFIG.12I, since all modules108D are in series on the DC side, the voltages across ports7and8of each module108D can be set such that the sum of all voltages of the modules108D of all three arrays700equals the voltage generated by PV source1101. The setting of these voltages can also be used to compensate modules having sources206with relatively lower SOC levels. For example, in the embodiment ofFIG.12I, a first module108D having a relatively lower SOC than the other modules can set the voltage across ports7and8to be higher than that of the other modules such that that particular first module receives more power (assuming all modules see the same input current on the DC side) from PV source1101than the others, and thus raises its SOC level relative to the others. Thus system100can perform balancing on the DC side to compensate for SOC or even temperature imbalances. Such balancing can also be performed without the presence of PV source1101, such as in the embodiments ofFIGS.12K-12N. For example, as mentioned with respect toFIG.12K, energy input from wind source1112to modules108D of instance1210-1can be transferred to one or more modules108D of instance1210-2by way of these DC interfaces and bus1102to balance the SOC levels of the sources206of modules108D of both instances1210-1and1210-2, and in reverse as well. Energy need not be passed between sources206only, as energy can be passed from any element or interface (e.g., AC interface at ports1and2, PV source1101, fuel cell1111, source206) of any module108D receiving or generating energy to any element or connection of another module108D outputting or storing energy (e.g., AC interface at ports1and2, source206) across the DC interfaces of ports7and8. To perform such energy exchange, control system102can monitor the SOC levels of each source206within system100and coordinate the transfer of relatively more energy to those sources206needing greater compensation. Based on information collected and reported by LCDs114to MCD112, MCD112can then instruct each LCD114to control the converter circuitry of the associated module108D (or modules108D) in the manner that will transfer energy to those modules108D needing it. This can be performed using the pulse width modulation techniques utilizing reference signals, carrier signals, and modulation indexes as described herein with respect toFIGS.8A-9B. While the aforementioned describes the control system102setting voltage across the DC interface of ports7and8, for any module108D having two or more DC interfaces (e.g., one across ports7and8, and another across ports9and10, and so forth) then the description of setting the DC interface voltage likewise applies to all of the two or more DC interfaces present on the module108D. Each DC interface can have a separate LC circuit1118. Thus control system102can set the DC interface voltage across ports7and8to one value, and set the DC interface voltage across ports9and10to a second value. As an example, this might be used in instances where energy exchange between modules108D is performed over one of the two DC interfaces and power point tracking with a PV source1101is performed over the other of the two DC interfaces. In general, modules108D of system100depicted inFIGS.12A-12Ncan be implemented using any module108D depicted inFIGS.11A-11J. However, systems100that use modules108D having two AC interfaces, e.g., modules108D of systems100ofFIGS.12L-12N, can be implemented using module108D ofFIG.11I. The various arrangements of system100depicted inFIGS.12A-12Ncan be used for many different applications. In one example, system100can be used for EV charging stations. In this example, PV arrays can be placed at the EV charging station and other components of system100(e.g., source206, converters202,1104,1116, buffer204, fuel cell1111, transformer1130) can be located on a container of other appropriate housing. One or more wind sources1112can also be located at or near the EV charging station, or an AC bus connected to each wind source1112can be routed to the EV charging station. Similarly, an AC bus connected to a grid can be routed to the EV charging station. These arrangements provide substantial flexibility in buffering energy to charge EVs using renewable energy sources and/or a grid. In all the PV embodiments described herein, the voltage and/or current produced by PV sources1101can be monitored by monitoring circuitry and those values can be output to control system102(e.g., to LCD114, or to MCD112by way of LCD114). Based on that information, control system102can then control the converter circuitry of modules108D to route the produced PV energy to the appropriate location, such as for storage and energy sources206or for outputting to power connection110and use in supplying a grid or load connected to the system I/O ports (e.g., SIO1, SIO2, SIO3, SIO4). Example Embodiments of Frameworks The subject matter pertains to a housing framework (e.g., cabinets or racks of matching sizes) that permits ready customization to add to or detract from the number of modules108present in a converter system100. Example embodiments pertaining to the frameworks are described with reference toFIGS.13A-14C. These embodiments can be implemented with all aspects of system100described herein unless stated otherwise or logically implausible. As such, the many variations already described will not be repeated with respect to the following embodiments. FIG.13Ais a block diagram depicting an example embodiment of a housing framework1300for housing multiphase systems100.FIGS.13B and13Cshow front and perspective views, respectively, of an example electronics cabinet1301, sometimes also called a “rack,” suitable for use in the framework. Other designs for cabinet or racks may also be suitable, having a characteristic of arranging electronic components in a straight line, for example, a vertical line.FIG.13Ddepicts an example implementation of multiple cabinets1301arranged in a framework1300. As can be seen inFIG.13A, modules108-1through108-N for each array700(e.g., modules108-1through108-N for array700-PA, modules108-1through108-N for array700-PB, and modules108-1through108-N for array700-PC) are aligned in separate ranks along a first straight line1302to facilitate direct connections between modules within each array700. For example, modules108may be aligned in separate rows parallel to horizontal line1302. Connections between modules108may be serial or parallel. In the illustrated example, modules108-1through108-N of array700-PA are in an upper row, modules108-1through108-N of array700-PB are in a middle row, and modules108-1through108-N of array700-PC are in a lower row. Modules108for each level of a converter system100are aligned in separate ranks along a second straight line1304, orthogonal to the first straight line1302. For example, modules108may be aligned in separate columns parallel to the vertical line1304. The lines1302,1304may be imaginary lines. Alignment of modules108with the lines need not be geometrically perfect, but should be close enough to facilitate efficient electrical connections between modules108. Advantageously, modules108for each level may be located in a common cabinet or rack section1301. For example, in the illustrated example, a first cabinet1301-1houses modules108-1of a first level, a second cabinet1301-2houses modules108-2of a second level, a third cabinet1301-3houses modules108-3of a third level, and an Nth cabinet1301-N houses modules108-N of an Nth level. If additional module levels need to be added to provide more power or redundancy (or alternatively if a level of modules need to be removed) then this framework1300can be easily added to (and subtracted from) to meet those needs by adding or removing cabinets1301. The maximum number of cabinets1301is limited only by the practical limits of space for framework1300, and the operating parameters of the particular application. An example embodiment of a single cabinet or rack section1301is shown atFIGS.13B and13C.FIG.13Dshows a framework1300of13cabinets or rack sections to the right, where the first three of the13are shown with front panels in place, and the remaining are shown without front panels. Each cabinet or rack section1301can have a housing with panels on any number of the sides, top and/or bottom. In this embodiment the housing is present on all sides, top, and bottom (not shown). Preferably panels, covers, or other insulative bodies are present over high voltage conductors for safety. FIGS.14A-14Care block diagrams depicting example embodiments of phase and module-based arrangements of modules and connections in a multi-phase module-based energy system framework1300.FIG.14Adepicts a front view of modules108arranged in cabinets andFIGS.14B and14Cdepict example rear views of modules108arranged in the cabinets. However, the front and rear views can be reversed such thatFIG.14Adepicts the rear view andFIGS.14B and14Cdepict front views orFIG.14Acan depict one side, whileFIGS.14B and14Ceach depict a side that is opposite that, orthogonal to, or otherwise different from the side depicted inFIG.14A. As shown inFIGS.11A-12M, modules108D can have one or more DC interfaces and one or more AC interfaces. In many examples, the DC interfaces are on one side of module108D and the AC interfaces are on a different, e.g., opposite side, of modules108D. Many of these interfaces are used to electrically couple modules108of an array700or of multiple arrays700together. Ports of each module108can be arranged such that the ports (e.g., ports7and8) of the DC interface are on one side of module108and the ports (e.g., ports1,2,13,14) of the AC interface are on the different side of module108. Thus, the AC interfaces can be accessed from one side of cabinet1301and the DC interfaces can be accessed from a different side of cabinet1301. This allows for simpler and more compact arrangements of bus bars (or other appropriate connector) that connect modules108along these ports within the cabinets1301. Reducing or minimizing connection length can reduce losses and cost. In the example embodiments ofFIGS.14A-14C, the connections between AC interfaces are in or over the front side of cabinets1301and the connections between DC interfaces are in or over the back side of cabinets1301. In this example, each module108includes multiple energy sources206-1and206-2and a converter housing222. Converter housing222can hold multiple electronics including at least one converter202, e.g., converter202A ofFIG.6Aor converter202B ofFIG.6B), as well as LCD114. Converter housing222can also hold at least one converter1104, and optionally at least one converter1116. Converter housing222can include various10ports for electrically coupled components within housing222to other components. Converter housing222can include two pairs of ports IO1and IO2for electrically coupling energy sources206-1and206-2to one or more components in housing222. For example, ports IO1-1and IO2-1are electrically coupled to ports IO1and IO2of energy source206-1and ports IO1-2and IO2-2are electrically coupled to ports IO1and IO2of energy source206-1. Within housing222, each pair of ports IO1and IO2of housing222are electrically coupled to one or more components, e.g., converter202and/or buffer204(e.g.,FIGS.11A-11B,11F,11H,11I,11J). Converter housing222also includes ports IO3, IO4and IO7, IO8for coupling to an AC interface and a DC interface, respectively. Ports IO3and IO4of housing222can be electrically coupled to ports1and2of module108D, which are electrically coupled to ports IO3and IO4of converter202(e.g.,FIGS.11A-11B,11F,11H-11J) in housing222. Ports IO7and IO8of housing222can be electrically coupled to ports7and8of module108D, which are electrically coupled to ports IO1and IO2of converter1104(e.g.,FIGS.11A-11B,11F,11H-11J) in housing222. Although not shown, housing222can include additional ports for electrically coupling additional DC interfaces and/or additional AC interfaces of any additional converters202,1104,1116in housing222to external components to accommodate any of modules108D ofFIGS.11H-11J. In some embodiments, the ports of the various components within housing222proceed through housing222and can be exposed on the exterior of housing222, e.g., without housing222including intermediate ports. In such embodiments, the ports shown in housing222inFIGS.14A-14Ccan correspond to the ports of components within housing222. For example, ports IO1and IO2shown in housing222can correspond to ports IO1and IO2of converter202, respectively; ports IO3and IO4shown in housing222can correspond to ports IO3and IO4of converter202, respectively; and ports IO7and IO8shown in housing222can correspond to ports7and8of module108D (e.g., of ports IO1and IO2of converter1104), respectively. Each cabinet1301may be configured with a preexisting receptacle (e.g., a shelf, slot, or recess) to receive each module108. Alternatively, cabinet1301may be provided with receptacles to independently receive each component (e.g., converter(s)202,1104,1116, LCD114, etc., source206, and/or buffer204) of module108(e.g., a receptacle for energy source(s)206of the first module, a receptacle for converter(s)202of the first module, a receptacle for each energy source206of the first module, and so forth). In these embodiments, the term “module” encompasses multiple discrete components electrically connected together to perform the function of one module, but without a single housing dedicated to that module. Each energy source206may be configured as multiple types and with multiple configurations described herein, e.g., with respect toFIGS.4A-4F. Within each module108, LCD114communicates with converter202A circuitry, an energy buffer204(not shown) and monitor circuitry208(not shown) associated with the various components. Power connections within a cabinet1301or between cabinets1301(e.g., between each energy source206and its converter202,1116or between converters202,1104,1116) are preferably implemented with robust connectors that minimize self-inductance, such as an insulated bus bar (e.g., a laminated rigid bar with rectangular or other non-circular cross-section). These bars can be fastened in place. Data connections (e.g., between MCD112and LCDs114, or between LCDs114) are preferably high speed bidirectional connections such as fiber optic, although other wired or wireless connections are possible. In the example ofFIG.14A, each LCD114within the phase or array is daisy chained (as described inFIG.1A) with a wired connection shown at the communication (com) ports. In embodiments where LCDs114are daisy chained, the master control signals can be initially supplied to any module108in the array700, so long they are subsequently supplied to each module in the array700. In one example implementation the signals from MCD112are input to LCD114of module108-1, and then propagated to the remaining modules in that array200(2-N). All signals (sensor information, M, Vref, etc.) can be exchanged over one port and bus, or multiple ports and buses can be used. The sides of each cabinet1301may have ports, openings, or other passages or connections to permit easy interconnection between cabinets. Alternatively, all or part of sidewalls between adjoining or adjacent cabinets1201may be omitted to facilitate connection between cabinets. As used herein, “adjacent” means “adjoining, or nearly adjoining without an intervening barrier.” In an alternative embodiment, the framework may include a backplane for carrying communication signals between LCDs114of each array700and between MCD112and each LCD114of all arrays700. For example, each converter202(or LCD114) may be configured to plug into or otherwise mate with a connector in the back of its cabinet receptacle, and that connector be configured to couple with one or more buses of the backplane for carrying the signals through the framework. FIG.14Adepicts one example of connections between AC interfaces of modules108. The connections can be arranged within cabinets1301for any system100described herein. Referring toFIG.14A, within each phase, converter202,1104,1116of one module108in a first cabinet1301is connected to at least one other horizontally-aligned converter202in an adjacent cabinet1301. For example, port IO4of converter202of module1of phase A in cabinet1301-2is connected to port IO3of converter202of module2of array A in cabinet1301-2using electrical connections between ports of the converters' respective housings222. This is one example of an electrical connection between AC interfaces of two modules202. The horizontally aligned arrangement between coupled components permits short and direct connections for the bars, which further minimizes inductance, noise, and losses. The bus bars that connects a port of a housing222for an AC interface of a module202in one cabinet1301with a port of a housing222for an AC interface of a module202in another cabinet1301can be routed along the fronts of the cabinets1301. These bus bars can be routed through ports, openings, or other passages between the cabinets1301. As described herein, e.g., with reference toFIGS.11I, and12L-12N, modules108D can have multiple AC interfaces. The cabinets1301can include bus bars (or other connectors) for each AC interface of each module108D. The power connections between each converter202and its energy sources206can be arranged on both sides of cabinet1301. There are two connections between each energy source206and converter202, e.g., a positive and negative DC connection. One connection between energy source206-1and converter202(e.g., between port IO1of energy source206-1and port IO1-1of the housing222that includes converter202) can be arranged along the front of cabinet1301and the other connection between energy source206-1and converter202(e.g., between port IO2of energy source206-1and port IO2-1of the housing222that includes converter202) can be arranged along the back of cabinet1301(FIG.14B-14C). Similarly, one connection between energy source206-2and converter202(e.g., between port IO2of energy source206-2and port IO2-2of the housing222that includes converter202) can be arranged along the front side of cabinet1301and the other connection between energy source206-2and converter202(e.g., between port IO1of energy source206-2and port IO1-2of the housing222that includes converter202) can be arranged along the back or rear side of cabinet1301(FIG.14B-14C). Separation in this manner can permit the use of minimal length connections to reduce losses and cost. FIG.14Bdepicts one example of connections between DC interfaces of modules108. In this example, the DC interfaces of modules108within a cabinet1301(e.g., within a level of a multi-level converter system) are electrically coupled. For example, port IO8of converter1104of the phase A module108in each cabinet1301is electrically coupled to port IO7of converter1104of the phase B module108in that cabinet1301. Similarly, port IO8of converter1104of the phase B module108in each cabinet1301is electrically coupled to port IO7of converter1104of the phase C module108in that cabinet1301. In addition, port IO7of converter1104of the phase A module108in each cabinet1301and port IO8of converter1104of the phase C module108in each cabinet1301are connected to a DC bus, e.g., to separate DC buses or connected in parallel to the same DC bus. In this example, port IO7of the phase A module108is connected to DC+ and port IO8of the phase C module108is connected to DC-. The electrical connections between ports IO7and108of housings222that correspond to these ports of modules1104can be made using bus bars or other appropriate connectors that are routed along the back of cabinets1301. Although the connections to the DC bus(es) are shown at the top and bottom of cabinets1301, the conductors of the DC bus can enter cabinet1301through a passage at the top bottom, or either side of cabinet1301. FIG.14Cdepicts another example of connections between DC interfaces of modules108. This example depicts daisy chain connections between DC interfaces, e.g., similar to those ofFIG.121. In this example, port IO8of converter1104of the phase A module of each cabinet1301is electrically coupled to port IO7of converter1104of the phase B module108of that cabinet1301. Similarly, port IO8of converter1104of the phase B module108of each cabinet1301is electrically coupled to port IO7of converter1104of the phase C module108of that cabinet1301. Port IO8of converter1104of the phase C module of cabinet1301-1is electrically coupled to port IO7of the phase C module of cabinet1301-2. Port IO7of converter1104of the phase A module108of cabinet1301-2is electrically coupled to port IO7of converter1104of the phase A module of the next cabinet (e.g., cabinet1301-N). The bus bars that make these inter-cabinet connections can be routed along the backs of the cabinets1301. These bus bars can be routed through ports, openings, or other passages between the cabinets1301. In addition, port IO7of converter1104of module1of phase A in cabinet1301-1and port IO8of converter1104of module N of phase C are connected to a DC bus. In this example, port IO7of the phase A module108is connected to DC+ and port IO8of the phase C module108is connected to DC-. Although these connections are shown at the top and bottom of cabinets1301, the conductors of the DC bus can enter cabinet1301through a passage at the top bottom, or either side of cabinet1301. FIGS.14B and14Cshow two example arrangements of connections between DC interfaces of modules108. The connections can be arranged within cabinets1301for any system100described herein. As described herein, e.g., with reference toFIGS.11H-11J, modules108D can have multiple DC interfaces. The cabinets1301can include bus bars (or other connectors) for each DC interface of each module108D. Second Life Energy Source Examples The embodiments of module108described herein improves the life of sources206by, for example, keeping sources206at preferred (or optimal) temperatures and charge/discharge conditions. The structure and/or topology of modules108also allows for second life applications of modules108and/or their sources206without major changes to modules108and also allows for accurate measurement and valuation of residual life of sources206at the end of life. A first life of a source206is an original application in which source206is used. For example, the first life application is the first implementation in sources206are put to use by the first customer of sources206after their original manufacture (and not refurbishment). The user of sources206in their first life will typically have received sources206from the manufacturer, distributor, or original equipment manufacturer (OEM). Batteries206used in a first life application will typically have the same electrochemistry (e.g., will have the same variant of lithium ion electrochemistry (e.g., LFP, NMC)) and will have the same nominal voltage and will have a capacity variation across the pack or system that is minimal (e.g., 5% or less). Use of an energy storage system with batteries206in their first life application will result in batteries206having a longer lifespan in that first life application, and upon removal from that first life application, the batteries206will be more similar in terms of capacity degradation than batteries from a first life application not using the energy storage system. As used herein, a “second life” application refers to any application or implementation after the first life application (e.g., a second implementation, third implementation, fourth implementation, etc.) of source206. A second life energy source refers to any energy source (e.g., battery or HED capacitor) implemented in that source's second life application. An example of a first life application for batteries206is within an energy storage system for an EV. Then, at the end of that life (e.g., after 100,000 miles of driving, or after degradation of the batteries within that battery pack by a threshold amount), the batteries206can be removed from the battery pack, optionally subjected to refurbishing and testing, and then implemented in a second life application that can be, e.g., use within a stationary energy storage system (e.g., residential, commercial, or industrial energy buffering, EV charging station energy buffering, renewable source (e.g., wind, solar, hydroelectric), energy buffering, and the like) or another mobile energy storage system (e.g., battery pack for an electric car, bus, train, or truck). Similarly, the first life application can be a first stationary application and the second life application can be a stationary or mobile application. FIG.15Adepicts an energy storage system100having multiple modules108electrically connected together in cascaded fashion to provide energy for a load or grid or receive energy from a load or grid. As described herein, modules108can be electrically connected in a variety of configurations, e.g., in one or more arrays700. Energy sources206of energy storage system100can be referred to as first life energy sources as the energy storage system100is the original application in which sources206are used. System100can be configured to provide power to one or more motors, e.g., one or more motors of an EV. For example, system100can be configured to EVs having one, two, three, four, or more motors. After modules108are used in their first application, modules108and/or sources206of modules108can be used in a second life application, as shown inFIG.15B. When used in the second life application, sources206can be referred to as second life energy sources206. Second life application can include a can be a stationary energy storage system100(e.g., residential, commercial, or industrial energy buffering, EV charging station energy buffering, renewable source, energy buffering, and the like). Modules108and/or sources206of modules108can be tested and/or refurbished prior to being used in the second life application. In some cases, modules108may be reconfigured for use in the second life application, e.g., by being placed in a different housing to fit in a rack of the second life application. For the second life application, sources206can be selected and/or utilized by system100to minimize (or at least reduce) any differences in initial capacity and nominal voltage. For example, sources206having a capacity difference of 5% or more can be included within system100and operated to provide energy for a load. In another example, an operator or automated system can select sources206for system that have a capacity different within a threshold amount, e.g., to reduce the initial capacity differences between sources of system206. If modules108are compatible with both the first and second life application (e.g., with or without reconfiguration), modules108can be selected for the second life application based on the capacity difference of sources206of modules108. System100can adjust utilization of each source206individually such that sources206within system100or packs of system100are relatively balanced in terms of SOC or total charge (SOC times capacity) as the pack or system100is discharged, even though the sources206in system100can have widely varying capacities. Similarly, system100can maintain balance as the pack or system100is charged. Sources206can vary not only in terms of capacity but also in nominal voltage, power rating, electrochemical type (e.g., a combination of LFP and NMC batteries) and the like. Thus, system100can be used such that all modules206within system100or each pack of system100are second life energy sources (or such that a combination of first life and second life energy sources are used), having various combinations of different characteristics. In one example, system100can include second life energy sources206(and optionally one or more first life energy sources206) having energy capacity variations of 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and/or 20-30%. In another example, system100can include second energy life sources206(and optionally one or more first life energy sources206) having energy capacity per mass density variations of 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and/or 20-30%. In another example, system100can include second life energy sources206(and optionally one or more first life energy sources206) having peak power per mass density variations of 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and/or 20-30%. In another example, system100can include second life energy sources206(and optionally one or more first life energy sources206) having nominal voltage variations of 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and/or 20-30%. In another example, system100can include second life energy sources206(and optionally one or more first life energy sources206) having operating voltage range variations of 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and/or 20-30%. In another example, system100can include second life energy sources206(and optionally one or more first life energy sources206) having maximum specified current rise time variations of 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and/or 20-30%. In another example, system100can include second life energy sources206(and optionally one or more first life energy sources206) having specified peak current variations of 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and/or 20-30%. In another example, system100can include second life energy sources206(and optionally one or more first life energy sources206) having variations of electrochemical type (e.g., lithium ion batteries with non-lithium ion batteries, or different lithium ion batteries (e.g., any combination of NMC, LFP, LTO, or other lithium ion battery types). System100can include second life energy sources206(and optionally one or more first life energy sources206) having any combination of the characteristics provides in the preceding examples. FIG.16is a is a flow diagram depicting an example embodiment of a method1600of providing energy from an energy storage system having second life energy sources to a load. At step1610, second life energy sources206are selected for a selection life application. The second life energy sources206can be selected for inclusion in an energy storage system100for the second life application. Second life energy sources206can be selected from a set of energy sources206that have been decommissioned from their respective first life applications, e.g., based on degradations in their characteristics. The set of energy sources206can come from multiple different first life applications and/or multiple different types (e.g., some stationary, some mobile) of first life applications. An operator or automated system can select second life energy sources206for the second life application based on characteristics of energy sources206in the set of energy sources206. The characteristics can include, for example, the energy capacity of each energy source206, the energy capacity per mass density of each energy source206, the peak power per mass density of each energy source206, the nominal voltage of each energy source206, the operating voltage range of each energy source206, the maximum specified current rise time of each energy source206, specified peak current of each energy source206, and/or other appropriate characteristics of each energy source206. For example, a system can test each energy source206to determine the characteristics of each energy source206. This system can then select a specified number of energy sources206for the second life application, e.g., based on a required number of energy sources206for an energy storage system100of the second life application. The system can select energy sources206for the second application such that variations in the characteristics of the selected energy sources are minimized. At step1620, an energy storage system100is created for the second life application. System100can be created by installing selected energy sources206in modules108for system100. When used in a second life application, selected energy sources206can be referred to as second life energy sources206. In some implementations, energy sources206can be refurbished prior to installation. Multiple modules108can then be electrically connected together in cascaded fashion to provide energy for a load of the second life application or a grid or receive energy from the load or grid. At step1630, energy is provided from system100to the load of the second life application. As described herein, control system102can operate switches of converters202to provide an appropriate amount of energy to a load. In addition, control system102can use balancing techniques described herein to balance characteristics of the second life energy sources206of system100. For example, control system102can use the described balancing techniques balance the SOC when sources206and charged and/or discharged. Such balancing techniques can account for variations in the initial characteristics (e.g., initial capacities) of sources206of system100. Various aspects of the present subject matter are set forth below, in review of, and/or in supplementation to, the embodiments described thus far, with the emphasis here being on the interrelation and interchangeability of the following embodiments. In other words, an emphasis is on the fact that each feature of the embodiments can be combined with each and every other feature unless explicitly stated or taught otherwise. The term “module” as used herein refers to one of two or more devices or sub-systems within a larger system. The module can be configured to work in conjunction with other modules of similar size, function, and physical arrangement (e.g., location of electrical terminals, connectors, etc.). Modules having the same function and energy source(s) can be configured identical (e.g., size and physical arrangement) to all other modules within the same system (e.g., rack or pack), while modules having different functions or energy source(s) may vary in size and physical arrangement. While each module may be physically removable and replaceable with respect to the other modules of the system (e.g., like wheels on a car, or blades in an information technology (IT) blade server), such is not required. For example, a system may be packaged in a common housing that does not permit removal and replacement any one module, without disassembly of the system as a whole. However, any and all embodiments herein can be configured such that each module is removable and replaceable with respect to the other modules in a convenient fashion, such as without disassembly of the system. The term “master control device” is used herein in a broad sense and does not require implementation of any specific protocol such as a master and slave relationship with any other device, such as the local control device. The term “output” is used herein in a broad sense, and does not preclude functioning in a bidirectional manner as both an output and an input. Similarly, the term “input” is used herein in a broad sense, and does not preclude functioning in a bidirectional manner as both an input and an output. The terms “terminal” and “port” are used herein in a broad sense, can be either unidirectional or bidirectional, can be an input or an output, and do not require a specific physical or mechanical structure, such as a female or male configuration. The term “nominal voltage” is a commonly used metric to describe a battery cell, and is provided by the manufacturer (e.g., by marking on the cell or in a datasheet). Nominal voltage often refers to the average voltage a battery cell outputs when charged, and can be used to describe the voltage of entities incorporating battery cells, such as battery modules and subsystems and systems of the present subject matter. The term “C rate” is a commonly used metric to describe the discharge current divided by the theoretical current draw under which the battery would deliver its nominal rated capacity in one hour. Various aspects of the present subject matter are set forth below, in review of, and/or in supplementation to, the embodiments described thus far, with the emphasis here being on the interrelation and interchangeability of the following embodiments. In other words, an emphasis is on the fact that each feature of the embodiments can be combined with each and every other feature unless explicitly stated otherwise or logically implausible. In many embodiments, an energy storage system includes a plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in cascaded fashion to form an array. The array is configured to output an AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the plurality of converter modules. Each of the plurality of converter modules include a DC-DC converter configured to electrically couple with a photovoltaic (PV) source and configured to convert a first DC voltage from the PV source to a second DC voltage; an energy buffer electrically coupled with the DC-DC converter; an energy source electrically coupled with the DC-DC converter and with a DC-AC converter; a power connection configured to output an AC module voltage of the module; the DC-AC converter configured to convert an input DC voltage to the AC module voltage; and a local control device configured to control the DC-DC converter and the DC-AC converter to route energy from the PV source to the energy source and/or the power connection. In some embodiments, the DC-DC converter includes a first DC-AC converter electrically connected to a transformer, and a diode rectifier electrically coupled to the transformer. In some embodiments, the DC-DC converter includes a first DC-AC converter electrically connected to a transformer, and a first AC-DC converter electrically coupled to the transformer. In some embodiments, each converter module of the plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled with the same PV source over a common DC bus. In some embodiments, each converter module of the plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled with a different PV source. In some embodiments, the array is a first array, the AC signal is a first AC signal, and the plurality of converter modules is a first plurality of converter modules. The system can include a second array including a second plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in cascaded fashion. The second array can be configured to output a second AC signal comprising a superposition of AC module voltages from the second plurality of converter modules. In some embodiments, the array is a first array, the AC signal is a first AC signal, and the plurality of converter modules is a first plurality of converter modules. The system can include a second array including a second plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in cascaded fashion. The second array is configured to output a second AC signal comprising a superposition of AC module voltages from the second plurality of converter modules. The system can include a third array including a third plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in cascaded fashion. The third array is configured to output a third AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the third plurality of converter modules. In some embodiments, each converter module of the first plurality of converter modules, the second plurality of converter modules, and the third plurality of converter modules is coupled with the same PV source. In some embodiments, the PV source of each converter module in the first plurality of converter modules is a first PV source, each converter module of the second plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled with a second PV source, each converter module of the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled with a third PV source. The first PV source, the second PV source, and the third PV source are different PV sources. In some embodiments, each converter module of the first plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a different PV source. Each converter module of the second plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a different PV source. Each converter module of the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a different PV source. In some embodiments, each converter module of the first plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to the same PV source. Each converter module of the second plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a different PV source. Each converter module of the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a different PV source. In some embodiments, the DC-DC converters of the converter modules of each array are connected in a daisy chain arrangement. In some embodiments, the first array, the second array, and the third array form a first instance of arrays. The system can include a second instance of arrays. The second instance of arrays includes a fourth array including a fourth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in cascaded fashion. The fourth array is configured to output a fourth AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the fourth plurality of converter modules. The second instance of arrays includes a fifth array including a fifth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in cascaded fashion. The fifth array is configured to output a fifth AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the fifth plurality of converter modules. The second instance of arrays includes a sixth array including a sixth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in cascaded fashion. The sixth array is configured to output a sixth AC signal comprising a superposition of AC module voltages from the sixth plurality of converter modules. In some embodiments, the power connection of a first converter module of each of (i) the first plurality of converter modules, (ii) the second plurality of converter modules, and (iii) the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a wind source. In some embodiments, the power connection of a first converter module of each of (i) the first plurality of converter modules, (ii) the second plurality of converter modules, and (iii) the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to an AC bus. In some embodiments, the AC bus is electrically coupled to a grid. In some embodiments, the DC-DC converters of the converter modules of the first plurality of converter modules, the second plurality of converter modules, and the third plurality of converter modules are connected in a first daisy chain arrangement. The DC-DC converters of the converter modules of the fourth plurality of converter modules, the fifth plurality of converter modules, and the sixth plurality of converter modules are connected in a second daisy chain arrangement. The first daisy chain arrangement of DC-DC converters is in parallel with the second daisy chain arrangement of DC-DC converters. In some embodiments, the DC-AC converter of each converter module is a first DC-AC converter. The power connection of each converter module is a first converter module. Each converter module includes a second DC-AC converter and a second power connection. In some embodiments, the first power connection of a first converter module of each of (i) the first plurality of converter modules, (ii) the second plurality of converter modules, and (iii) the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a wind source. The second power connection of the first converter module of each of (i) the first plurality of converter modules, (ii) the second plurality of converter modules, and (iii) the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to an AC bus. In some embodiments, the first array, the second array, and the third array form a first instance of arrays. The system includes a second instance of arrays. The second instance of arrays includes a fourth array including a fourth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in cascaded fashion. The fourth array is configured to output a fourth AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the fourth plurality of converter modules. The second instance of arrays includes a fifth array including a fifth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in cascaded fashion. The fifth array is configured to output a fifth AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the fifth plurality of converter modules. The second instance of arrays includes a sixth array including a sixth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in cascaded fashion. The sixth array is configured to output a sixth AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the sixth plurality of converter modules. In some embodiments, the first power connection of a first converter module of each of (i) the fourth plurality of converter modules, (ii) the fifth plurality of converter modules, and (iii) the sixth plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to the wind source. The second power connection of the first converter module of each of (i) the fourth plurality of converter modules, (ii) the fifth plurality of converter modules, and (iii) the sixth plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to the AC bus. In some embodiments, the wind source if a first wind source. The AC bus is a first AC bus. The first power connection of a first converter module of each of (i) the fourth plurality of converter modules, (ii) the fifth plurality of converter modules, and (iii) the sixth plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a second wind source. The second power connection of the first converter module of each of (i) the fourth plurality of converter modules, (ii) the fifth plurality of converter modules, and (iii) the sixth plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a second AC bus. In some embodiments, the DC-DC converters of the converter modules of the first plurality of converter modules, the second plurality of converter modules, and the third plurality of converter modules are connected in a first daisy chain arrangement. The DC-DC converters of the converter modules of the fourth plurality of converter modules, the fifth plurality of converter modules, and the sixth plurality of converter modules are connected in a second daisy chain arrangement. The first daisy chain arrangement of DC-DC converters is in parallel with the second daisy chain arrangement of DC-DC converters. In some embodiments, the system includes a master control device communicatively coupled with the local control devices of the converter modules. In many embodiments, an energy storage system includes a plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in cascaded fashion to form an array. The array is configured to output an AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the plurality of converter modules. Each of the plurality of converter modules includes a transformer; a power connection configured to output an AC module voltage; a first DC-AC converter configured to electrically couple with a photovoltaic (PV) source and the transformer, the first DC-AC converter configured to convert a first DC voltage from the PV source to a first AC voltage for application to the transformer; a first AC-DC converter configured to electrically couple with the transformer and convert a second AC voltage from the transformer to a second DC voltage for a second DC-AC converter; the second DC-AC converter configured to electrically couple with the first AC-DC converter and the power connection, and configured to convert the second DC voltage to the AC module voltage; an energy buffer; an energy source; a second AC-DC converter configured to electrically couple with the transformer and convert a third AC voltage from the transformer to a third DC voltage for application to the energy buffer and the energy source; and a local control device configured to control the first and second DC-AC converters and the first and second AC-DC converters to route energy from the PV source to the energy source and/or the power connection. In some embodiments, each converter module of the plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled with the same PV source over a DC bus. In some embodiments, each converter module of the plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled with a different PV source. In some embodiments, the system includes a third DC-AC converter configured to electrically couple with the transformer and to convert a fourth DC voltage from a fuel cell to a fourth AC voltage for application to the transformer. In some embodiments, the system includes a fourth DC-AC converter configured to electrically couple with the transformer and to convert fifth AC voltage from the transformer to a fifth DC voltage for application to a DC bus. In some embodiments, the system includes a third AC-DC converter configured to electrically couple with the transformer and convert a sixth AC voltage from the transformer to a sixth DC voltage for a fifth DC-AC converter. The fifth DC-AC converter is configured to electrically couple with the third AC-DC converter and a second power connection, and configured to convert the sixth DC voltage to a seventh AC voltage. In some embodiments, the array is a first array, the AC signal is a first AC signal, and the plurality of converter modules is a first plurality of converter modules. The system includes a second array including a second plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in cascaded fashion. The second array is configured to output a second AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the second plurality of converter modules. In some embodiments, the array is a first array, the AC signal is a first AC signal, the plurality of converter modules is a first plurality of converter modules. The system includes a second array including a second plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in cascaded fashion. The second array is configured to output a second AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the second plurality of converter modules. The system includes a third array including a third plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in cascaded fashion. The third array is configured to output a third AC signal comprising a superposition of AC module voltages from the third plurality of converter modules. In some embodiments, each converter module of the first plurality of converter modules, the second plurality of converter modules, and the third plurality of converter modules is coupled with the same PV source. In some embodiments, the PV source of each converter module in the first plurality of converter modules is a first PV source, each converter module of the second plurality of converter is electrically coupled with a second PV source, and each converter module of the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled with a third PV source. The first PV source, the second PV source, and the third PV source are different PV sources. In some embodiments, each converter module of the first plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a different PV source. Each converter module of the second plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a different PV source. Each converter module of the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a different PV source. In some embodiments, each converter module of the first plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to the same PV source. Each converter module of the second plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a different PV source. Each converter module of the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a different PV source. In some embodiments, each converter module includes a fourth AC-DC converter configured to electrically couple with a DC bus and the transformer. The fourth AC-DC converter is configured to convert an eighth AC voltage from the transformer to a seventh DC voltage for the DC bus. In some embodiments, the fourth AC-DC converters of the converter modules of each array are connected in a daisy chain arrangement. In some embodiments, the first array, the second array, and the third array form a first instance of arrays. The system can include a second instance of arrays. The second instance of arrays includes a fourth array including a fourth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in cascaded fashion. The fourth array is configured to output a fourth AC signal comprising a superposition of AC module voltages from the fourth plurality of converter modules. The second instance of arrays includes a fifth array including a fifth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in cascaded fashion. The fifth array is configured to output a fifth AC signal comprising a superposition of AC module voltages from the fifth plurality of converter modules. The second instance of arrays includes a sixth array including a sixth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in cascaded fashion. The sixth array is configured to output a sixth AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the sixth plurality of converter modules. In some embodiments, the power connection of a first converter module of each of (i) the first plurality of converter modules, (ii) the second plurality of converter modules, and (iii) the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a wind source. In some embodiments, the power connection of a first converter module of each of (i) the first plurality of converter modules, (ii) the second plurality of converter modules, and (iii) the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to an AC bus. In some embodiments, the AC bus is electrically coupled to a grid. In some embodiments, each converter module includes a fourth AC-DC converter configured to electrically couple with a DC bus and the transformer. The fourth AC-DC converter is configured to convert an eighth AC voltage from the transformer to a seventh DC voltage for the DC bus. The fourth AC-DC converters of the converter modules of the first plurality of converter modules, the second plurality of converter modules, and the third plurality of converter modules are connected in a first daisy chain arrangement. The fourth AC-DC converters of the converter modules of the fourth plurality of converter modules, the fifth plurality of converter modules, and the sixth plurality of converter modules are connected in a second daisy chain arrangement. The first daisy chain arrangement of fourth AC-DC converters is in parallel with the second daisy chain arrangement of fourth AC-DC converters. In some embodiments, the power connection of each converter module is a first power connection. The system includes a third AC-DC converter configured to electrically couple with the transformer and convert a sixth AC voltage from the transformer to a sixth DC voltage for a fifth DC-AC converter. The fifth DC-AC converter is configured to electrically couple with the third AC-DC converter and a second power connection, and configured to convert the sixth DC voltage to a seventh AC voltage. In some embodiments, the first power connection of a first converter module of each of (i) the first plurality of converter modules, (ii) the second plurality of converter modules, and (iii) the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a wind source. The second power connection of the first converter module of each of (i) the first plurality of converter modules, (ii) the second plurality of converter modules, and (iii) the third plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to an AC bus. In some embodiments, the first array, the second array, and the third array form a first instance of arrays. The system can include a second instance of arrays. The second instance of arrays includes a fourth array including a fourth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in cascaded fashion. The fourth array is configured to output a fourth AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the fourth plurality of converter modules. The second instance of arrays includes a fifth array including a fifth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in cascaded fashion. The fifth array is configured to output a fifth AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the fifth plurality of converter modules. The second instance of arrays includes a sixth array including a sixth plurality of converter modules electrically coupled together in cascaded fashion. The sixth array is configured to output a sixth AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages from the sixth plurality of converter modules. In some embodiments, the first power connection of a first converter module of each of (i) the fourth plurality of converter modules, (ii) the fifth plurality of converter modules, and (iii) the sixth plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to the wind source. The second power connection of the first converter module of each of (i) the fourth plurality of converter modules, (ii) the fifth plurality of converter modules, and (iii) the sixth plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to the AC bus. In some embodiments, the wind source if a first wind source. The AC bus is a first AC bus. The first power connection of a first converter module of each of (i) the fourth plurality of converter modules, (ii) the fifth plurality of converter modules, and (iii) the sixth plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a second wind source. The second power connection of the first converter module of each of (i) the fourth plurality of converter modules, (ii) the fifth plurality of converter modules, and (iii) the sixth plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to a second AC bus. In some embodiments, the DC-DC converters of the converter modules of the first plurality of converter modules, the second plurality of converter modules, and the third plurality of converter modules are connected in a first daisy chain arrangement. The DC-DC converters of the converter modules of the fourth plurality of converter modules, the fifth plurality of converter modules, and the sixth plurality of converter modules are connected in a second daisy chain arrangement. The first daisy chain arrangement of DC-DC converters is in parallel with the second daisy chain arrangement of DC-DC converters. In some embodiments, the system includes a master control device communicatively coupled with the local control devices of the converter modules. In many embodiments, a framework for a multi-phase energy system includes a plurality of modules arranged in a plurality of cabinets. Each module includes a DC interface and an AC interface. Each module includes an energy source configured to output a DC voltage (DC), a converter coupled with the energy source, and a local control device configured to control the converter to output a module voltage from the AC interface selected from the group comprising: +DC, zero volts, and −DC. The plurality of modules are connected as a plurality of arrays such that each array is configured to output an AC signal having a different phase angle. The modules within each array are connected as levels of that array such that the AC signal output by that array is a superposition of the module voltages from each module of that array. Each cabinet holds the modules belonging to at least one same level of the different arrays arranged along an axis orthogonal to a reference plane such that the modules of the at least one same level are aligned along the axis. For at least two adjacent levels of the arrays, modules are arranged in order of array such that modules of the same array are aligned parallel to the reference plane at a same common distance from the reference plane. The DC interface of each module is electrically coupled to the DC interface of at least one other module via a first connector that is routed along a first side of the plurality of cabinets. The AC interface of each module is electrically coupled to the AC interface of at least one other module via a second connector that is routed along a second side of the plurality of cabinets. In some embodiments, the first side is opposite the second side. In some embodiments, the first side is orthogonal to the second side. In some embodiments, the energy source of each module is a first energy source and each module includes a second energy source. In some embodiments, the first energy source is electrically coupled to the module via a third connector and a fourth connector and the second energy source is electrically connected to the module via a fifth and sixth connector. In some embodiments, the third connector is routed along the first side of the cabinet and the fourth connector is routed along the second side of the cabinet. In some embodiments, the sixth connector is routed within a cabinet along the first side of the cabinet and the seventh connector is routed within the cabinet along the second side of the cabinet. In some embodiments, the energy source includes a battery module, high energy density (HED) capacitor, or a fuel cell. In some embodiments, the DC interface of at least one module is electrically coupled to a photovoltaic (PV) source. In some embodiments, the DC interface of at least one module is electrically coupled to a DC bus. In some embodiments, the DC interface of at least one module is electrically coupled to a fuel cell. In some embodiments, the AC interface of at least one module of each phase is electrically coupled to a wind source. In some embodiments, the AC interface of at least one module of each phase is electrically coupled to an AC bus. In some embodiments, each module includes multiple AC interfaces. In some embodiments, each module include multiple DC interfaces. In some embodiments, the DC interfaces of the modules are connected in a daisy chain arrangement. In many embodiments, an energy storage system includes a plurality of modules electrically connected together in cascaded fashion to provide energy for a load or grid or receive energy from a load or grid. Each module has an energy source and switch circuitry to selectively connect the energy source to other modules of the system. An energy source of at least one of the modules is a second life energy source. In some embodiments, all of the energy sources of the system are second life energy sources. In some embodiments, all of the energy sources of the system are either a first life energy source or a second life energy source. In some embodiments, all of the energy sources of the system are batteries. In some embodiments, the energy sources vary in energy capacity by 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and/or 20-30%. In some embodiments, the energy sources vary in energy capacity per mass density by 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and/or 20-30%. In some embodiments, the energy sources vary in peak power per mass density by 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and/or 20-30%. In some embodiments, the energy sources vary in nominal voltage by 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and/or 20-30%. In some embodiments, the energy sources vary in operating voltage range by 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and/or 20-30%. In some embodiments, the energy sources vary in maximum specified current rise time by 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and/or 20-30%. In some embodiments, the energy sources vary in specified peak current by 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more, 30% or more, 5-30%, 10-30%, and/or 20-30%. In some embodiments, the energy sources vary in electrochemical type. In some embodiments, the energy storage system is a stationary energy storage system, and the energy sources are post-mobile application energy sources. In some embodiments, the energy storage system is a mobile energy storage system. In many embodiments, an energy storage system includes a plurality of converter modules. Each module of the plurality of converter modules includes an AC interface and a DC interface. The AC interfaces of each of the plurality of converter modules are electrically coupled in cascaded fashion to form an array. The array is configured to output an AC signal comprising a superposition of AC module voltages output from the AC interfaces of the plurality of converter modules. The DC interface of each of the plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to the DC interface of at least one other of the plurality of converter modules. The DC interface of at least one of the plurality of converter modules is coupled with a photovoltaic (PV) source or a fuel cell. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of converter modules includes an energy source, an energy buffer, a DC-DC converter electrically positioned between the DC interface and the energy source, and a DC-AC converter electrically positioned between the energy source and the AC interface. In some embodiments, the DC-DC converter includes a transformer. In some embodiments, the system includes a control system configured to control switch circuitry of each of the plurality of converter modules to set a DC interface voltage across the DC interface of each of the plurality of converter modules. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of converter modules includes an LC circuit coupled across the DC interface. In some embodiments, the control system is configured to monitor a state of charge of an energy source of each of the plurality of converter modules, and is configured to control the switch circuitry to set DC interface voltages of the plurality of converter modules such that the energy source of at least one of the plurality of converter modules receives more power from the PV source or fuel cell than the energy source of at least one other of the plurality of converter modules. In some embodiments, the control system is configured to balance states of charge of energy sources of the plurality of converter modules by regulation of power distributed through the DC interfaces of the plurality of converter modules. In many embodiments, an energy storage system includes a plurality of converter modules. Each module of the plurality of converter modules includes an AC interface, a first DC interface, and a second DC interface. The AC interfaces of each of the plurality of converter modules are electrically coupled in cascaded fashion to form an array. The array is configured to output an AC signal including a superposition of AC module voltages output from the AC interfaces of the plurality of converter modules. The first DC interface of each of the plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to the DC interface of at least one other of the plurality of converter modules. The second DC interface of at least one of the plurality of converter modules is coupled with a photovoltaic (PV) source or a fuel cell. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of converter modules includes an energy source, an energy buffer, a transformer, a first converter electrically positioned between the first DC interface and the transformer, a second converter electrically positioned between the second DC interface and the transformer, a third converter electrically positioned between the energy source and the transformer, and a fourth converter electrically positioned between the AC interface and the transformer. In some embodiments, the system includes a control system configured to control the first, second, third, and fourth converters of each of the plurality of converter modules. In some embodiments, the system includes a control system configured to control switch circuitry of each of the plurality of converter modules to set a first DC interface voltage across the first DC interface of each of the plurality of converter modules and to set a second DC interface voltage across the second DC interface of each of the plurality of converter modules. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of converter modules includes a first LC circuit coupled across the first DC interface and a second LC circuit coupled across the second DC interface. In some embodiments, the control system is configured to balance states of charge of energy sources of the plurality of converter modules by regulation of power distributed through the first DC interfaces of the plurality of converter modules. In many embodiments, an energy storage system includes a plurality of converter modules. Each module of the plurality of converter modules includes an energy source, a first AC interface and a second AC interface. The first AC interfaces of each of the plurality of converter modules are electrically coupled in cascaded fashion to form an array. The array is configured to output a first AC signal comprising a superposition of AC module voltages output from the first AC interfaces of the plurality of converter modules to a grid. The second AC interfaces of each of the plurality of converter modules are electrically coupled in cascaded fashion and configured to receive a second AC signal. In some embodiments, the plurality of converter modules are configured to receive the second AC signal from a renewable energy source. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of converter modules includes a transformer electrically positioned between the first AC interface and the second AC interface. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of converter modules includes a DC interface. The DC interface of each of the plurality of converter modules is electrically coupled to the DC interface of at least one other of the plurality of converter modules. In some embodiments, the plurality of converter modules are configured to transfer energy between them over the DC interfaces. In some embodiments, the system includes a control system configured to coordinate energy transfer between the plurality of converter modules over the DC interfaces. In some embodiments, the DC interface is a first DC interface, and wherein the plurality of converter modules each comprises a second DC interface coupled with a photovoltaic source or an energy source. Processing circuitry can include one or more processors, microprocessors, controllers, and/or microcontrollers, each of which can be a discrete or stand-alone chip or distributed amongst (and a portion of) a number of different chips. Any type of processing circuitry can be implemented, such as, but not limited to, personal computing architectures (e.g., such as used in desktop PC's, laptops, tablets, etc.), programmable gate array architectures, proprietary architectures, custom architectures, and others. Processing circuitry can include a digital signal processor, which can be implemented in hardware and/or software. Processing circuitry can execute software instructions stored on memory that cause processing circuitry to take a host of different actions and control other components. Processing circuitry can also perform other software and/or hardware routines. For example, processing circuitry can interface with communication circuitry and perform analog-to-digital conversions, encoding and decoding, other digital signal processing, multimedia functions, conversion of data into a format (e.g., in-phase and quadrature) suitable for provision to communication circuitry, and/or can cause communication circuitry to transmit the data (wired or wirelessly). Any and all communication signals described herein can be communicated wirelessly except where noted or logically implausible. Communication circuitry can be included for wireless communication. The communication circuitry can be implemented as one or more chips and/or components (e.g., transmitter, receiver, transceiver, and/or other communication circuitry) that perform wireless communications over links under the appropriate protocol (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy, Near Field Communication (NFC), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), proprietary protocols, and others). One or more other antennas can be included with communication circuitry as needed to operate with the various protocols and circuits. In some embodiments, communication circuitry can share antenna for transmission over links. RF communication circuitry can include a transmitter and a receiver (e.g., integrated as a transceiver) and associated encoder logic. Processing circuitry can also be adapted to execute the operating system and any software applications, and perform those other functions not related to the processing of communications transmitted and received. Computer program instructions for carrying out operations in accordance with the described subject matter may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including computer and programming languages. A non-exhaustive list of examples includes hardware description languages (HDLs), SystemC, C, C++, C #, Objective-C, Matlab, Simulink, SystemVerilog, SystemVHDL, Handel-C, Python, Java, JavaScript, Ruby, HTML, Smalltalk, Transact-SQL, XML, PHP, Golang (Go), “R” language, and Swift, to name a few. Memory, storage, and/or computer readable media can be shared by one or more of the various functional units present, or can be distributed amongst two or more of them (e.g., as separate memories present within different chips). Memory can also reside in a separate chip of its own. To the extent the embodiments disclosed herein include or operate in association with memory, storage, and/or computer readable media, then that memory, storage, and/or computer readable media are non-transitory. Accordingly, to the extent that memory, storage, and/or computer readable media are covered by one or more claims, then that memory, storage, and/or computer readable media is only non-transitory. The terms “non-transitory” and “tangible” as used herein, are intended to describe memory, storage, and/or computer readable media excluding propagating electromagnetic signals, but are not intended to limit the type of memory, storage, and/or computer readable media in terms of the persistency of storage or otherwise. For example, “non-transitory” and/or “tangible” memory, storage, and/or computer readable media encompasses volatile and non-volatile media such as random access media (e.g., RAM, SRAM, DRAM, FRAM, etc.), read-only media (e.g., ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash, etc.) and combinations thereof (e.g., hybrid RAM and ROM, NVRAM, etc.) and variants thereof. It should be noted that all features, elements, components, functions, and steps described with respect to any embodiment provided herein are intended to be freely combinable and substitutable with those from any other embodiment. If a certain feature, element, component, function, or step is described with respect to only one embodiment, then it should be understood that that feature, element, component, function, or step can be used with every other embodiment described herein unless explicitly stated otherwise. This paragraph therefore serves as antecedent basis and written support for the introduction of claims, at any time, that combine features, elements, components, functions, and steps from different embodiments, or that substitute features, elements, components, functions, and steps from one embodiment with those of another, even if the following description does not explicitly state, in a particular instance, that such combinations or substitutions are possible. It is explicitly acknowledged that express recitation of every possible combination and substitution is overly burdensome, especially given that the permissibility of each and every such combination and substitution will be readily recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art. As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. While the embodiments are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific examples thereof have been shown in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that these embodiments are not to be limited to the particular form disclosed, but to the contrary, these embodiments are to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit of the disclosure. Furthermore, any features, functions, steps, or elements of the embodiments may be recited in or added to the claims, as well as negative limitations that define the inventive scope of the claims by features, functions, steps, or elements that are not within that scope. | 208,159 |
11942789 | DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS An embodiment of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. In the drawings, the same or corresponding portions are denoted by the same reference numerals, and the description thereof will not be repeated. Hereinafter, an electronic control unit (ECU) will be referred to as “ECU”, an electric vehicle power system will be referred to as “EVPS”, and a power conditioning system will be referred to as “PCS”. In addition, an alternating current may be referred to as “AC”, and a direct current may be referred to as “DC”. FIG.1is an overall configuration diagram of a power supply system according to the present embodiment. With reference toFIG.1, the power supply system according to the present embodiment is applied to a V2H (Vehicle to Home) in which electric power is supplied from a vehicle to electric wirings disposed in the building. V2H is roughly classified into categories 1 to 4. In category 1, the vehicle is not connected (has no grid connection) to the power grid, and supplies electric power to a dedicated grid-independent outlet which is connected to the electric wirings disposed in the building. The dedicated grid-independent outlet is such an outlet that is installed in the building and is disconnected from the power grid. For example, when a power failure occurs in the power grid, electric power is supplied from the vehicle to the dedicated grid-independent outlet. In category 2, the vehicle is not directly connected (has no direct grid connection) to the power grid, but may be switched to the power grid by a switcher so that electric power is supplied from the power grid or the vehicle to the building. In category 3, the vehicle is connected (has grid connection) to the power grid through a power converter, and supplies electric power to the electric wirings disposed in the building. However, no reverse power flow to the power grid is present in category 3. In category 4, the vehicle is connected (has grid connection) to the power grid through the power converter, and supplies electric power to the electric wirings disposed in the building. Reverse power flow to the power grid is present in category 4. The power grid is a transmission and distribution network system (commercial power grid) for supplying electric power from an electric power provider to an electric power user. A power failure means that the voltage of a power supply drops to a range less than the input voltage. The power supply system according to the present embodiment is configured to perform V2H of categories 2 and 4. Specifically, the power supply system according to the present embodiment includes a vehicle200and a discharge assembly500, and is configured to supply AC power supplied from the vehicle200to the building100through the intermediary of the discharge assembly500. The discharge assembly500corresponds to a portion of a discharge coupling system that is connected to an inlet210of the vehicle200. The configuration of the discharge assembly500will be described later. In the present embodiment, the building100is a house. The building100includes a distribution board110that receives electric power supplied from a power grid PG. A power load700is electrically connectable to the distribution board110. The building100is equipped with an electric apparatus that supplies electric power to the power load700, the details of which will be described later. The power load700includes electric devices (for example, home electromechanical devices) to be used in the building100. Examples of the power load700include a lighting device, an air conditioning device, a cooking device, an information device, a television, a refrigerator, and a laundry machine. Although the vehicle200may be any vehicle equipped with a discharge function, in the present embodiment, the vehicle200is a battery electric vehicle (BEV) that is not provided with an engine (internal combustion engine). The vehicle200includes an inlet210(vehicle inlet), a charge/discharge device220, a battery230, and an ECU250. The inlet210corresponds to an example of a “discharge port” according to the present disclosure. The inlet210corresponds to a portion of a discharge coupling system that is fixed in the vehicle200. The battery230includes, for example, a secondary battery. The secondary battery may be a lithium ion battery or a nickel-hydrogen battery. The battery230may include one or more power storage devices selected from the group consisting of a liquid secondary battery, an all-solid secondary battery, an assembled battery, and an electric double-layer capacitor. The vehicle200is configured to be able to travel using electric power stored in the battery230. The vehicle200includes an electric motor (not shown) that receives electric power supplied from the battery230, and travels using motive power generated by the electric motor. The battery230corresponds to a vehicle-mounted driving battery. The discharge assembly500is connectable to the inlet210provided in the vehicle200. The discharge assembly500includes a discharge connector511, an EVPS box (housing)520which houses an EVPS circuit electrically connected to the discharge connector511, and a cable512which connects the discharge connector511and the EVPS box520to each other. The discharge assembly500has a first end P51which is connectable to the inlet210of the vehicle200and a second end P52which outputs AC power to the building100. In the discharge assembly500according to the present embodiment, the discharge connector511has the first end P51of the discharge assembly500. The electric power is input to the first end P51from the inlet210connected to the first end P51. The EVPS box520has the second end P52of the discharge assembly500. The second end P52of the discharge assembly500is electrically connected to the electric wiring disposed in the building100, the details of which will be described later. The EVPS box520corresponds to a main body of the EVPS. The EVPS is configured to control a charge operation performed on the vehicle and a discharge operation performed by the vehicle. The charge operation refers to an operation of supplying electric power from the EVPS to the vehicle. The charged power is supplied to a vehicle-mounted driving battery and/or a vehicle-mounted device. The discharge operation refers to an operation of supplying electric power from a vehicle generator and/or a vehicle-mounted driving battery to a power load through the intermediary of the EVPS. The EVPS box520may include an indicator. The discharge assembly500includes an EVPS and a charge/discharge cable assembly. The charge/discharge cable assembly is a cable assembly configured to connect the vehicle and the EVPS to each other, and includes a charging/discharge connector to be connected to the vehicle. In the discharge assembly500, the discharge connector511functions as a charge/discharge connector. The cable512functions as a charge/discharge cable. The discharge connector511further includes a latch release button511a, a discharge start switch511b, a mode switcher511c, and a latch511d. The latch release button511ais configured to release the discharge connector511latched to the inlet210, and cause the vehicle200(for example, the ECU250) to detect a state (a connected state, a fitted state, or a non-fitted state) between the discharge connector511and the inlet210. Hereinafter, the state of the discharge connector511and the inlet210will be referred to as the “connector state”. The latch511dis configured to engage with the inlet210so as to fix (latch) the discharge connector511to the inlet210. For example, when a tip of the latch511dis caught in a recess formed in the inlet210, the discharge connector511is latched. The latch511dis interlocked with the latch release button511a. When the latch release button511ais pressed by the user, the latch is released. When the user inserts the discharge connector511into the inlet210and fits the discharge connector511and the inlet210to each other without pressing the latch release button511a, the discharge connector511and the inlet210are fixed by the latch511din such a manner that they are electrically connected to each other. This connector state corresponds to the “connected state”. In the connected state, the discharge connector511is inserted into the inlet210, all terminals of the discharge connector511and the inlet210are electrically connected, and the discharge connector511is latched. When the user presses the latch release button511ain the connected state, the fixation by the latch511dis released. This connector state corresponds to the “fitted state”. In the fitted state, the discharge connector511is inserted into the inlet210, and all the terminals of the discharge connector511and the inlet210are electrically connected, but the discharge connector511is not latched. When the user pulls the discharge connector511out of the inlet210in the fitted state, the connector state becomes “non-fitted state”. The non-fitted state corresponds to a state other than the connected state and the fitted state. When the connector state is the connected state or the fitted state, the traveling of the vehicle200is prohibited by the ECU250. The discharge start switch511bis configured to change a PISW signal (a signal from a terminal CS), and thereby causing the vehicle200(for example, the ECU250) to detect the start of discharge operation. In the present embodiment, the PISW signal is a potential signal. The details of the PISW signal will be described later (seeFIG.13). The mode switcher511cis configured to switch the operation mode of the power supply system. The user can operate the mode switcher511cso as to select a desired operation mode. The power supply system according to the present embodiment is capable of operating in two operation modes, and more specifically, the power supply system is configured to operate in any operation mode selected by the mode switcher511cfrom a normal operation mode and a grid independent operation mode (isolated operation mode). However, as to be described later, when a power path is not correctly selected by a switcher525(seeFIG.2), the charge/discharge operation will not be performed. In the present embodiment, the mode switcher511cand the switcher525are manually operated by the user. The switcher525may be interlocked with the mode switcher511c. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and the mode switcher511cmay be omitted, and the operation mode of the power supply system may be switched by the switcher525. The switcher525may also be electronically controlled. For example, when a power failure occurs in the power grid PG, the power path may be automatically switched to the discharge path for the grid independent operation mode by the switcher525. In the normal mode, the charge/discharge control of the vehicle200is performed by the energy management function of the EVPS built in the EVPS box520. The charge/discharge control of the vehicle200is performed based on communications such as CPLT (Control Pilot) and HLC (High Level Communication) from the EVPS box520to the vehicle200. The CPLT is defined in, for example, the standard “IEC/TS 62763:2013”. The CPLT signal is a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal used in the communication between the vehicle and the EVPS. As will be described in detail later, when the operation mode is switched by the mode switcher511cbetween the normal mode and the grid independent operation mode, the resistance value (proximity detection signal resistance) of the discharge connector511and the connection/disconnection of the CPLT line change accordingly. In the normal mode, the CPLT line is connected, and in the grid independent operation mode, the CPLT line is disconnected. The HLC is a digital communication by which information is interactively exchanged between the vehicle and the EVPS. In the charge/discharge control, information related to the vehicle and the EVPS is interactively exchanged through the HLC. The control signal in the normal mode may comply with, for example, the standards “IEC61851-1:2010”, “ISO/IEC15118-2:2014”, and “ISO/IEC15118-3:2015”. The EVPS box520may be configured to perform energy management in the normal mode based on information (including instructions) from an external server (not shown). In the present embodiment, when the user connects the discharge connector511of the discharge assembly500to the inlet210while the normal mode is being selected by the mode switcher511cand the switcher525, the charge/discharge operation is automatically performed. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto, the user may manually operate the EVPS box520(for example, an operation unit such as a display) to start or stop the charge/discharge operation. Alternatively, the vehicle200may send a request to the discharge assembly500to start or stop the charge/discharge operation. In the grid independent operation mode, the vehicle200and the discharge assembly500are connected to each other, and the vehicle200supplies electric power to the distribution board110in the building100through the discharge assembly500. In the grid independent operation mode, the discharge assembly500is not connected (has no grid connection) to the power grid PG. In the present embodiment, when the user switches the mode switcher511cand the switcher525to the grid independent operation mode, connects the discharge connector511of the discharge assembly500to the inlet210, and performs a predetermined operation on the discharge start switch511b, the vehicle200recognizes the start of discharge operation and starts the discharge of electric power. When a predetermined discharge stop condition is satisfied after the start of discharge operation, the vehicle200recognizes the stop of discharge operation and stops the discharge of electric power. After the discharge operation is stopped, the user returns the mode switcher511cand the switcher525to the normal mode. After the discharge operation is stopped in the grid independent operation mode, the display of the EVPS box520may prompt the user to return the mode switcher511cand the switcher525to the normal mode. FIG.2is a circuit configuration diagram of the power supply system according to the present embodiment. With reference toFIG.2as well asFIG.1, the distribution board110includes a main distribution board111, a switcher112, an overcurrent circuit breaker113, an overcurrent circuit breaker114, and a leakage circuit breaker115. The main distribution board111receives electric power supplied from the power grid PG, and distributes the electric power to a power path (charge path) connected to the vehicle200and a power path connected to the switcher112. The main distribution board111is electrically connected to the switcher112through a single-phase three-line wiring L40A. The discharge assembly500is provided with a charge path that connects the first end P51(the inlet210) and the second end P52to each other. The charge path is connected to the distribution board110in the building100through a single-phase two-line wiring L30. The single-phase two-line wiring L30is electrically connected to the main distribution board111of the distribution board110through a single-phase two-line wiring L40B. The leakage circuit breaker115is connected to the single-phase two-line wiring L40B. The AC power from the power grid PG is input to the charge path through the leakage circuit breaker115. The leakage circuit breaker115is configured to disconnect the charge path when an electric leakage is detected. The leakage circuit breaker115corresponds to a charge leakage circuit breaker. In the present embodiment, a leakage circuit breaker provided with an overcurrent protection function is employed as the leakage circuit breaker115. The leakage circuit breaker115is a high-sensitivity high-speed leakage circuit breaker. The EVPS box520includes a switcher521, an alarm device522, a converter523, a leakage circuit breaker524, a switcher525, a PCS526, a protection device527, a switcher531, and a controller532. The switcher531is disposed on the charge path. The switcher531is configured to switch the connection/disconnection of the charge path. The switcher531corresponds to a charge switcher. The switcher531is interlocked with the switcher521in such a manner that when the switcher521connects the discharge path (during the discharge operation), the switcher531does not connect (close) the charge path. The controller532is configured to exchange control signals with the ECU250of the vehicle200. The controller532performs data communication (for example, CPLT and HLC) with the ECU250. The controller532may be a computer including a processor. The controller532is configured to control the switcher531. The controller532controls the switcher531to connect (close) the charge path only when it is determined that conditions for performing the charge operation are satisfied based on the communication with the vehicle200, and to disconnect (open) the charge path otherwise. When at least one of the control signal and the data communication is not normal, the controller532controls the switcher531to disconnect the charge path. The controller532performs not only the charge control but also the discharge control in accordance with the communication with the vehicle200. The discharge assembly500is provided with a discharge path (hereinafter also referred to as a “common discharge path”) that connects the first end P51(the inlet210) and the switcher525to each other. The switcher521is configured to switch the connection/disconnection of the common discharge path. The switcher521corresponds to a discharge switcher. The switcher521is interlocked with the switcher521in such a manner that when the switcher531connects the charge path (during the charge operation), the switcher521does not connect (close) the common discharge path. The alarm device522is arranged between the switcher521and the converter523, and is configured to notify an abnormality by, for example, displaying the abnormality or issuing an alarm when a ground fault is detected in the vehicle200. The converter523is configured to convert a power path connected to the vehicle200into an indoor power path suitable for the building100. The converter523corresponds to an indoor power path converter. In the present embodiment, the converter523includes an insulation transformer. The grounding of a power path is configured to ground at one point in normal connection. In the present embodiment, a high-resistance neutral-point grounding system is employed. The leakage circuit breaker524is arranged between the converter523and the switcher525, and is configured to break the common discharge path when a ground fault or an electric leakage is detected in the building100. The leakage circuit breaker524corresponds to a discharge leakage circuit breaker. In the present embodiment, a leakage circuit breaker provided with an overcurrent protection function is employed as the leakage circuit breaker524. The leakage circuit breaker524is a high-sensitivity high-speed leakage circuit breaker. In the present embodiment, the converter523and the leakage circuit breaker524are housed in the same housing. The switcher525is configured to switch between a discharge path for grid independent operation mode (hereinafter also referred to as a “first discharge path”) and a discharge path for normal mode (hereinafter also referred to as a “second discharge path”). The first discharge path and the second discharge path connect the switcher525and the second end P52to each other through different paths. In the present embodiment, the switcher525is operated by the user. The switcher525connects only a discharge path (any one of the first discharge path and the second discharge path) selected by the user. The first discharge path is directly connected to the distribution board110in the building100through a single-phase three-line wiring L10. Therefore, the electric power supplied from the vehicle200to the indoor power path through the converter523is output to the building100without any change. The second discharge path is connected to the distribution board110in the building100through a single-phase three-line wiring L20. The PCS526and the protection device527are disposed on the single-phase three-line wiring L20. During the grid connection, the AC power supplied from the vehicle200is supplied to the distribution board110through the PCS526and the protection device527. The PCS526includes a power conversion circuit such as an insulation transformer. The protection device527includes a protection relay. The protection device527has a reverse power detection function. In the present embodiment, the second end P52of the discharge assembly500and the building100are connected to each other by the single-phase three-line wiring L10, the single-phase three-line wiring L20and the single-phase two-line wiring L30. The power grid PG supplies charge power to the second end P52of the discharge assembly500through the distribution board110. More specifically, AC power is output from the distribution board110to the charge path (the single-phase two-line wiring L30). AC power is output from each of the first discharge path (the single-phase three-line wiring L10) and the second discharge path (the single-phase three-line wiring L20) at the second end P52of the discharge assembly500to the distribution board110. Hereinafter, the AC power output from the first discharge path to the distribution board110is referred to as a “first AC output”, and the AC power output from the second discharge path to the distribution board110is referred to as a “second AC output”. The first AC output is input to the switcher112of the distribution board110. Further, the AC power from the power grid PG is input to the switcher112through a single-phase three-line wiring L40A. The overcurrent circuit breaker114is arranged on the single-phase three-line wiring L40A. The overcurrent circuit breaker114disconnects the power path when an overcurrent is detected. The switcher112is configured to switch between the electric power from the power grid PG and the first AC output (grid independent power supply) from the discharge assembly500. The switcher112is physically configured in such a manner that both contacts thereof will not be turned on at the same time so as to prevent the first AC output (grid independent power supply) from flowing into the power grid PG. In the present embodiment, the switcher112is operated by the user. The second AC output is input to the single-phase three-line wiring L40A through the overcurrent circuit breaker113of the distribution board110. The overcurrent circuit breaker113is configured to protect the output of the PCS526and the wiring of the distribution board110. The overcurrent circuit breaker113disconnects the power path when an overcurrent is detected. In the normal mode, the second discharge path is connected. Thus, the vehicle200is connected (has grid connection) to the power grid PG through the discharge assembly500and the distribution board110, and the energy management is performed by using the second AC output. FIG.3is a diagram illustrating the configuration of the switcher112and its surrounding components. With reference toFIG.3as well asFIG.2, the single-phase three-line wiring L10and the single-phase three-line wiring L40A are connected to the switcher112. The single-phase three-line wiring L10includes a voltage line L11, a voltage line L12, and a neutral line L13. The voltage line L11, the voltage line L12, and the neutral line L13correspond to an example of the “first voltage line”, the “second voltage line”, and the “neutral line” according to the present disclosure, respectively. The single-phase three-line wiring L40A includes a voltage line L41, a voltage line L42, and a neutral line L43. The switcher112is connected to a first outlet To1, a second outlet To2, and a third outlet To3through a single-phase three-line wiring L50. The single-phase three-line wiring L50includes a voltage line L51, a voltage line L52, and a neutral line L53. The first outlet To1, the second outlet To2, and the third outlet To3are installed in the building100, for example. The switcher112is configured to connect one of a first power path and a second power path and disconnect the other. The first power path is a path for transferring electric power supplied from the discharge assembly500(more specifically, the electric power supplied from the vehicle200through the discharge assembly500) to the power load700. The second power path is a path for transferring electric power supplied from the power grid PG to the power load700. The switcher112connects only the power path (one of the first power path and the second power path) selected by the user. Before the operation mode is switched to the grid independent operation mode, the user operates the switcher112to connect the first power path. Before the operation mode is switched to the normal mode, the user operates the switcher112to connect the second power path. When the operation mode is switched by the mode switcher511c, the display of the EVPS box520may prompt the user to operate the switcher112. The connection of the first power path by using the switcher112means that the single-phase three-line wiring L10and the single-phase three-line wiring L50are electrically connected to each other by the switcher112. When the first power path is connected by the switcher112, the electric power supplied from the discharge assembly500to the switcher112is output from the switcher112to the first outlet To1, the second outlet To2and the third outlet To3. The connection of the second power path by using the switcher112means that the single-phase three-line wiring L40A and the single-phase three-line wiring L50are electrically connected to each other by the switcher112. When the second power path is connected by the switcher112, the electric power supplied from the power grid PG to the switcher112is output from the switcher112to the first outlet To1, the second outlet To2and the third outlet To3. The switcher112is configured to output the electric power of AC 100 V or AC 200 V through the voltage line L51, the voltage line L52and the neutral line L53. When the first power path or the second power path is connected by the switcher112, an AC power is supplied from the vehicle200(the discharge assembly500) or the power grid PG, and thereby, a voltage of AC 100 V is applied between the voltage line L51and the neutral line L53and a voltage of AC 100 V is applied between the voltage line L52and the neutral line L53. As to each of the first outlet To1, the second outlet To2and the third outlet To3, the outlet terminals (receptacle terminals) electrically connected to the voltage line L51, the voltage line L52and the neutral line L53, respectively, are denoted by “L1”, “L2” and “PE”, respectively. As illustrated inFIG.3, the first outlet To1includes a first voltage terminal (L1), a second voltage terminal (L2), and a ground terminal (PE). The second outlet To2includes one voltage terminal (L1) and two ground terminals (PE). The third outlet To3includes one voltage terminal (L2) and two ground terminals (PE). The first outlet To1outputs AC 200 V between L1and L2. The second outlet To2outputs AC 100 V between L1and PE. The third outlet To3outputs AC 100 V between L2and PE. The first outlet To1may be an outlet for a single-phase AC 200 V having a rated voltage of 250 V and a rated current of 20 A. Each of the second outlet To2and the third outlet To3may be an outlet for a single-phase AC 100 V having a rated voltage of 125 V and a rated current of 15 A. As described above, AC 100 V/AC 200 V can be output from the single-phase three-line wiring L50. The first outlet To1, the second outlet To2and the third outlet To3may function as a power supply for the power load700illustrated inFIG.1. For example, it is possible to use the first outlet To1to drive an electric apparatus having a driving voltage of 200 V. Further, it is possible to use the second outlet To2or the third outlet To3to drive an electric apparatus having a driving voltage of 100 V. It is also possible to use a plurality of outlets simultaneously to drive a plurality of types of electrical apparatuses having different driving voltages. In the power supply system according to the present embodiment, the second end P52of the discharge assembly500and the building100are connected to each other by the single-phase three-line wiring L10. Therefore, even if a single-phase AC power of 100 V/200 V is not supplied from the power grid PG to the distribution board110, it is possible for the first outlet To1, the second outlet To2and the third outlet To3to receive the single-phase AC power of 100 V/200 V from the vehicle200. With reference toFIG.1again, the charge/discharge device220is configured to charge the battery230. Specifically, the charge/discharge device220is configured to convert AC power supplied from the outside of the vehicle to the inlet210into DC power (AC/DC conversion), and output the DC power to the battery230. The charge/discharge device220is also configured to discharge the electric power of the battery230to the outside of the vehicle. Specifically, the charge/discharge device220is configured to convert the DC power supplied from the battery230into AC power (DC/AC conversion), and output the AC power to the inlet210. FIG.4is a diagram illustrating the configuration of the charge/discharge device220and its surrounding components. With reference toFIG.4, a system main relay (SMR)231is disposed between the charge/discharge device220and the battery230. The SMR231is configured to switch the connection/disconnection of a power path that connects the charge/discharge device220and the battery230to each other. When the electric power is exchanged between the inlet210and the battery230, the SMR231is brought into a closed state (connected state) by the ECU250. The battery230is provided with a battery management system (BMS)232. The BMS232includes various sensors configured to detect the state of the battery230, and output the detection result to the ECU250. The ECU250can obtain the state (for example, a temperature, a current, a voltage, a state of charge (SOC), and an internal resistance) of the battery230. The inlet210is disposed in an opening211provided in the vehicle body. A lid212is provided to open and close the opening211. The lid212is coupled to the vehicle body through an opening/closing mechanism213(for example, a hinge) so as to open and close the opening211. The inlet210is used when the lid212is open. When the lid212is closed, the lid212covers the opening211(including the inlet210), thereby preventing the inlet210from being used. The inlet210according to the present embodiment is an AC inlet. Namely, when the inlet210is used to charge the battery230, the AC power is input to the inlet210from the outside of the vehicle200. The ECU250is configured to control the charge/discharge device220. The ECU250may be a computer. The ECU250includes a processor251, a random access memory (RAM), a storage device253, and a timer254. In the present embodiment, when the processor251executes a program stored in the storage device253in the ECU250, various controls are executed in the vehicle200. However, various controls in the vehicle200are not limited to execution by software, and may be executed by dedicated hardware (electronic circuit). The number of processors included in the ECU250is arbitrary, and a predetermined processor may be provided for each control. The charging/discharging device220includes an AC inverter221A, an AC inverter221B, and a charger222which are connected in parallel to each other between the inlet210and the battery230. The AC inverter221A and the AC inverter221B may be housed in separate housings, or may be housed together in the same housing. A discharge relay223A is disposed between the AC inverter221A and the inlet210. The discharge relay223A is configured to switch the connection/disconnection of a discharge path extending from the AC inverter221A to the inlet210. A discharge relay223B is disposed between the AC inverter221B and the inlet210. The discharge relay223B is configured to switch the connection/disconnection of a discharge path extending from the AC inverter221B to the inlet210. Hereinafter, when there is no need to distinguish the AC inverter221A and the AC inverter221B from each other, each of the AC inverters221A and221B may be referred to as the “AC inverter221”. FIG.5is a diagram illustrating a circuit configuration example of the AC inverter221. With reference toFIG.5as well asFIG.4, the AC inverter221includes inverters11to13and an insulating circuit14. Each of the inverters11to13includes a full bridge circuit including four switching elements. Among the inverters11to13, the inverter13located closest to the inlet210further includes two reactors and one smoothing capacitor. Each switching element included in the inverters11to13is controlled by the ECU250. The insulating circuit14is an insulation transformer that includes a first coil14aand a second coil14b. The inverter11converts DC power received from the battery230into high-frequency AC power. The insulating circuit14transforms the output (AC power) of the inverter11in accordance with a coil turn ratio, and transmits the transformed output to the inverter12. The inverter12rectifies the AC power received from the insulating circuit14, and outputs the rectified AC power to the inverter13. The inverter13converts the DC power received from the inverter12into AC power having a predetermined frequency, and outputs the AC power to the inlet210. As described above, the AC inverter221is configured to convert the DC power received from the battery230into AC power having a predetermined frequency, and output the AC power to the inlet210. The circuit configuration illustrated inFIG.5is an example, and may be modified appropriately. Any circuit configuration may be selected from a known vehicle-mounted inverter. The vehicle-mounted inverter is disposed in the vehicle, and is configured to convert DC power from a vehicle-mounted driving battery into AC power, and supply the AC power to an electric apparatus. The AC inverter221may be configured to perform bidirectional power conversion between the battery230and the inlet210, or may be configured to perform power conversion in only one direction (for example, the direction from the battery230to the inlet210). With reference toFIG.4again, the AC inverters221A is provided with a monitoring unit224A, and the AC inverters221B is provided with a monitoring unit224B. Each of the monitoring units224A and224B includes various sensors that detect a state (such as a voltage, a current, and a temperature) of each of the AC inverters221A and221B, and outputs the detection result to the ECU250. The ECU250controls the AC inverters221A and221B based on the detection results output from the monitoring units224A and224B. Thus, the electric power output from each inverter to the inlet210(that is, the discharge power of the charge/discharge device220) is adjusted. The ECU250may be configured to monitor a current of each of the AC inverters221A and221B, and perform a current limitation on the inverter whose current is likely to exceed a predetermined permissible current value (for example, 15 A). The details of a wiring between each inverter and the inlet210will be described later (seeFIG.7). The ECU250can disconnect the AC inverters221A and221B from the inlet210by turning off the discharge relays223A and223B, respectively. In the present embodiment, a discharge relay is provided for each inverter. Therefore, it is possible to individually disconnect each inverter from the inlet210. When the discharge relay is turned off, the discharge from the inverter corresponding to this discharge relay to the inlet210is prohibited. The number of discharge relays is arbitrary. The discharge relays may be arranged to collectively disconnect a plurality of inverters from the inlet. Each of the AC inverters221A and221B may be configured to adjust the frequency of the AC power such that the AC power is output at a frequency set initially (for example, at the time of shipment). Alternatively, the ECU250may control the AC inverters221A and221B based on the location of the vehicle200such that AC power is output from each inverter at an appropriate frequency for each region. The ECU250may be configured to allow a user to set an arbitrary frequency. A charge relay223C is provided between the charger222and the battery230(more specifically, closer to the charger222than the SMR231). The charge relay223C is configured to switch the connection/disconnection of a charge path extending from the charger222to the battery230. When the charge relay223C is turned off, the supply of electric power from the inlet210to the battery230through the charger222is prohibited. FIG.6is a diagram illustrating a circuit configuration example of the charger222. With reference toFIG.6as well asFIG.4, the charger222includes inverters21to23and an insulating circuit24. Each of the inverters21-23includes a full bridge circuit including four switching elements. Among the inverters21to23, the inverter21located closest to the inlet210further includes a filter circuit21aand a smoothing capacitor21b. The filter circuit21aremoves high-frequency noise included in the AC power. Each switching element included in the inverters21to23is controlled by the ECU250. The insulating circuit24is an insulation transformer that includes a first coil24aand a second coil24b. The inverter21rectifies AC power received from the inlet210, and outputs the rectified AC power to the inverter22. The inverter22converts the DC power received from the inverter21into high-frequency AC power. The insulating circuit24transforms the output (AC power) of the inverter22in accordance with a coil turn ratio, and transmits the transformed output to the inverter23. The inverter23rectifies the AC power received from the insulating circuit24, and outputs the rectified AC power to the battery230. As described above, the charger222is configured to convert the AC power received from the inlet210into DC power, and output the DC power to the battery230. The circuit configuration illustrated inFIG.6is an example, and may be modified appropriately. The charger222may be configured to perform bidirectional power conversion between the battery230and the inlet210, or may be configured to perform power conversion in only one direction (for example, the direction from the inlet210to the battery230). The charger222capable of performing bidirectional power conversion can be used as a power conversion circuit for discharging. Therefore, in the configuration in which the charger222is configured to perform bidirectional power conversion, either the AC inverter221A or the AC inverter221B may be omitted, and the charger222may be used instead. With reference toFIG.4again, the charger222is provided with a monitoring unit224C. The monitoring unit224C includes various sensors that detect a state (for example, a voltage, a current, and a temperature) of the charger222, and outputs the detection result to the ECU250. The ECU250controls the charger222based on the detection result output from the monitoring unit224C. Thus, the electric power output from the charger222to the battery230(that is, the charge power of the battery230) is adjusted. With reference toFIG.1again, the first end P51of the discharge assembly500(the distal end of the discharge connector511) includes a connector terminal on an end face F1. The end face F1of the first end P51corresponds to a surface (connection surface) connected to the inlet210of the vehicle200. The connector terminals provided on the end face F1include a terminal L1, a terminal L2, a terminal PE, a terminal CS, and a terminal CP. The terminals L1and L2correspond to two terminals to which AC power is input from the vehicle200. The terminal L1is a HOT-side terminal, and the terminal L2is a COLD-side terminal. Hereinafter, the terminal L1will be also referred to as the “AC1”, and the terminal L2will be also referred to as the “AC2”. The terminal PE corresponds to a ground terminal (hereinafter also referred to as the “GND”). The terminal CS corresponds to a terminal (hereinafter also referred to as the “PISW”) for detection (proximity detection) of a connector state (connected state/fitted state/non-fitted state). The terminal CS outputs a potential signal indicating the connector state (hereinafter also referred to as the “PISW signal”) to the vehicle200. The terminal CP corresponds to a terminal for CPLT (hereinafter also referred to as the “CPLT”). The inlet210includes terminals corresponding to the above-mentioned terminals (the terminals L1, L2, PE, CS, and CP) of the discharge connector511. Hereinafter, in order to clarify the correspondence relationship between the terminals of the discharge connector511and the terminals of the inlet210, the terminals of the inlet210corresponding to the terminals L1, L2, PE, CS, and CP of the discharge connector511will be also referred to as the AC1, the AC2, the GND, the PISW, and the CPLT, respectively. In a state where the discharge connector511and the inlet210are fitted to each other, the AC1, the AC2, the GND, the PISW, and the CPLT of the discharge connector511are in contact with the AC1, the AC2, the GND, the PISW, and the CPLT of the inlet210, respectively, and the terminals of the discharge connector511are electrically connected to the terminals of the inlet210, respectively. The terminals of the discharge connector511and the structure for fitting into the inlet210may conform to, for example, Type 1 defined in the standard “IEC62196-2:2011”. When the discharge connector511is connected to the inlet210, the single-phase three-line wiring of the vehicle200is connected to the single-phase three-line wiring of the discharge assembly500.FIG.7is a diagram illustrating how the vehicle200, the discharge assembly500, and the distribution board110are connected in the grid independent operation mode. With reference toFIG.7as well asFIGS.1to4, the vehicle200includes a single-phase three-line wiring L60(that is, a voltage line L61, a voltage line L62, and a neutral line L63) connected to the AC1, the AC2, and the GND of the inlet210. On the other hand, the discharge assembly500includes a single-phase three-line wiring L70(that is, a voltage line L71, a voltage line L72, and a neutral line L73) connected to the AC1, the AC2, and the GND of the first end P51(the distal end of the discharge connector511illustrated inFIG.1). When the discharge connector511is connected to the inlet210, the single-phase three-line wiring L60of the vehicle200is connected to the single-phase three-line wiring L70of the discharge assembly500through the AC1, the AC2, and the GND. In the vehicle200, the AC1of the inlet210is connected to the AC inverter221A through the voltage line L61, and the GND of the inlet210is connected to the AC inverter221A through the neutral line L63. The AC2of the inlet210is connected to the AC inverter221B through the voltage line L62, and the GND of the inlet210is connected to the AC inverter221B through the neutral line L63. The GND of the inlet210is grounded to the vehicle body of the vehicle200through the neutral line L63(body earth). Single-phase AC power is supplied from the AC inverters221A and221B to the single-phase three-line wiring L60, and the single-phase AC power supplied to the single-phase three-line wiring L60is transmitted to the single-phase three-line wiring L70through the AC1, the AC2, and the GND. In the discharge assembly500, the single-phase three-line wiring L70connects the first end P51(the distal end of the discharge connector511illustrated inFIG.1) and the converter523to each other. The converter523converts the single-phase three-line wiring L70connected to the vehicle200into the single-phase three-line wiring L10(indoor power path). The single-phase three-line wiring L70and the single-phase three-line wiring L10are insulated by the converter523. However, the AC power supplied to the single-phase three-line wiring L70is transmitted to the single-phase three-line wiring L10through the converter523. In the present embodiment, the converter523does not transform voltage. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and the converter523may be configured to transform voltage. The converter523may include a filter circuit. In the grid independent operation mode, the converter523is electrically connected to the switcher112of the distribution board110through the single-phase three-line wiring L10. Each of the AC inverters221A and221B is configured to receive the DC power supplied from the battery230(FIG.4) and output the AC power to inlet210. Between the AC1and the GND in the inlet210, a first AC power is output from the battery230through the AC inverter221A. Between the AC2and the GND in the inlet210, a second AC power is output from the battery230through the AC inverter221B. The first AC power and the second AC power are input to the first end P51of the discharge assembly500from the inlet210connected to the first end P51. The first AC power and the second AC power are input from the inlet210to the first end P51and transmitted to the converter523through the single-phase three-line wiring L70. The converter523transmits the first AC power and the second AC power to the single-phase three-line wiring L10and transmits the first AC power and the second AC power to the second end P52and further to the switcher112through the single-phase three-line wiring L10. In the grid independent operation mode according to the present embodiment, the first AC power applies a voltage of AC 100 V between the voltage line L11and the neutral line L13, and the second AC power applies a voltage of AC 100 V between the voltage line L12and the neutral line L13. FIG.8is a diagram illustrating a schematic circuit configuration of the discharge assembly500and the inlet210. With reference toFIG.8as well asFIGS.1to4, in the vehicle200, a reference voltage is applied between the vehicle body (the ground) and a signal line L64, and the signal line L64is connected to the PISW. The PISW signal (the PISW potential) is input to the ECU250through the signal line L64. When the first end P51(the distal end of the discharge connector511illustrated inFIG.1) is electrically connected to the inlet210, a closed circuit (hereinafter, also referred to as a “PISW circuit”) is formed such that the PISW and the GND are connected to each other through the intermediary of a circuit of the discharge assembly500(for example, a detection circuit540A or540B to be described later). Thus, the potential of the PISW changes. Even if the discharge assembly500does not include a power supply, a PISW signal is generated by the PISW circuit. The ECU250can determine the connector state based on the PISW signal (the PISW potential). The discharge assembly500includes a detection circuit540A, a detection circuit540B, a switch S3A, and a switch S3B. The switch S3A is configured to switch the connection/disconnection between the controller532and the CPLT. The switch S3B is configured to switch between the detection circuit540A and the detection circuit540B. The detection circuit connected to the PISW circuit is switched by the switch S3B. The switches S3A and S3B are interlocked with the mode switcher511c. The switches S3A and S3B are interlocked with each other and operate together. When the grid independent operation mode is selected by the mode switcher511c, the switch S3A disconnects the controller532from the CPLT, and the switch S3B connects the detection circuit540A. Thus, the PISW and the GND are electrically connected to each other through the detection circuit540A. On the other hand, when the normal mode is selected by the mode switcher511c, the switch S3A connects the controller532to the CPLT, and the switch S3B connects the detection circuit540B. Thus, the controller532and the CPLT are electrically connected to each other through the signal line L75, and the signal line L74connected to the PISW is electrically connected to the neutral line L73(GND) through the detection circuit540B. In the vehicle200, the CPLT is connected to the ECU250through a signal line L65. A CPLT circuit650is disposed on the signal line L65. The CPLT circuit650includes a switch controlled by the ECU250. The ECU250can transmit a CPLT signal generated by the CPLT circuit650to the controller532. By electrically connecting the controller532to the CPLT, it is possible to perform data communication (CPLT) between the controller532and the ECU250. The detection circuit540A includes electric resistors R1A, R2A and R3A, and switches S1A and S2A. The signal line L74extends from the PISW to the electric resistor R1A and branches at the electric resistor R1A into two branch lines L741A and L742A, and the branch paths L741A and L742A join together and are connected to the switch S3B. The electric resistor R2A is arranged on the branch line L741A, and the electric resistor R3A and the switch S1A are arranged on the branch line L742A. The electric resistor R2A and the electric resistor R3A are arranged in parallel. The electric resistor R3A and the switch S1A are arranged in series. The switch S2A is arranged in parallel to the electric resistor R3A. The detection circuit540B includes electric resistors R1B and R2B and a switch S1B. The signal line L74extends from the PISW to the electric resistor R1B and branches at the electric resistor R1B into two branch paths L741B and L742B, and the branch paths L741B and L742B join together and are connected to the switch S3B. The electric resistor R2B is arranged on the branch line L741B, and the switch S1B is arranged on the branch line L742B. Each of the switches S1A and S1B is opened and closed in conjunction with the latch release button511a(FIG.1) of the discharge assembly500. Each of the switches S1A and S1B is in a closed state (conduction state) when the latch release button511ais not pressed, and is in an open state (cut-off state) when the latch release button511ais pressed. The switch S2A opens and closes in conjunction with the discharge start switch511b(FIG.1) of the discharge assembly500. The switch S2A is in a closed state (conduction state) when the discharge start switch511bis turned OFF, and is in an open state (cut-off state) when the discharge start switch511bis turned ON. In the present embodiment, the discharge start switch511bis turned ON while the user is pressing the discharge start switch511b, and the discharge start switch511bis turned OFF when the user releases the discharge start switch511b. When the user does not operate either the latch release button511aor the discharge start switch511b, the switches S1A, S1B, and S2A are both in the closed state. Namely, each of the switches S1A, S1B, and S2A corresponds to a normally-on switch. Each of the detection circuits540A and540B functions as a circuit for determining the operation mode of the power supply system. More specifically, the detection circuit540A and the detection circuit540B are different in resistance value (combined resistance). As illustrated inFIG.8, in the detection circuit540A, the electrical resistances R1A, R2A and R3A have resistance values of 20Ω, 460Ω and 20Ω, respectively. On the other hand, as illustrated inFIG.8, the electric resistances R1B and R2B in the detection circuit540B have resistance values of 150Ω and 330Ω, respectively. The potential of the PISW differs between a case where the detection circuit540A is connected to the PISW circuit and a case where the detection circuit540B is connected to the PISW circuit. Therefore, the ECU250can determine the operation mode (the grid independent operation mode or the normal mode) of the power supply system selected by the mode switcher511cbased on the PISW signal (the PISW potential). In the present embodiment, the resistance value of the detection circuit540B connected in the normal mode is set the same as the resistance value in the charge connector defined in the standard “IEC61851-1:2010 Annex B”. Since the same resistance value is used in the energy management mode, even if the charge/discharge is switched in the energy management mode, it is unnecessary for the user to perform a manual operation (for example, an operation to manually switch between the charge mode and the discharge mode), which makes it possible for the EVPS to automatically perform the energy management. Each of the detection circuits540A and540B also functions as a circuit (proximity detection circuit) for determining whether the first end P51(the distal end of the discharge connector511illustrated inFIG.1) is in the connected state, the fitted state, or the non-fitted state. When the switches S1A, S1B, and S2A are in the open state, the resistance value (combined resistance) of the detection circuits540A and540B becomes larger than that when the switches S1A, S1B and S2A are in the closed state, which causes the potential of the PISW to rise. The ECU250can determine the state of each of the switches S1A, S1B and S2A (and in turn, the state of each of the latch release button511aand the discharge start switch511b) based on the PISW signal (the PISW potential). In the discharge assembly500, the latch release button511afunctions as a switch for stopping the discharge of electric power from the vehicle200. In the grid independent operation mode, the discharge start switch511bfunctions as a switch for starting the discharge of electric power from the vehicle200. In the grid independent operation mode, when the user performs a predetermined operation on the discharge start switch511bwhile the connector state is in the connected state, the vehicle200(ECU250) recognizes the start of discharge operation and starts the discharge of electric power. In the present embodiment, when the user turns on the discharge start switch511btwice, the discharge operation is started. When the latch release button511ais pressed during the discharge operation, the connector state enters the fitted state or the non-fitted state, whereby the vehicle200(ECU250) recognizes the stop of discharge operation and stops the discharge of electric power. FIG.9is a time chart illustrating a sequence of start (start of discharge operation) and stop (stop of discharge operation) of the discharge assembly500in the grid independent operation mode. InFIG.9, a line D1indicates the potential of the PISW, and a line D2indicates the AC power output from the inlet210to the discharge assembly500. With reference toFIGS.1to4andFIG.9, when the user inserts the discharge connector511into the inlet210while pressing the latch release button511a, the connector state changes from the non-fitted state to the fitted state, whereby the potential of the PISW falls. Thereafter, when the user releases the latch release button511a, the connector state changes from the fitted state to the connected state, whereby the potential of the PISW further falls. When a predetermined time (for example, 500 ms) has elapsed after the connector state enters the connected state, the operation of the discharge start switch511bbecomes effective. Then, when the user turns on the discharge start switch511b, the potential of the PISW rises. Thereafter, when the user returns the discharge start switch511bto the OFF state, the potential of the PISW returns. When the user operates the discharge start switch511bin the order illustrated inFIG.9, that is, in the order of ON, OFF, ON, and OFF while the connector state is in the connected state, the ECU250recognizes the start of discharge operation based on the potential of the PISW and starts the discharge of electric power. In order to suppress malfunction caused by noise, the recognition of the discharge start switch511bby the ECU250becomes effective when the voltage corresponding to the ON/OFF operation continues for a predetermined time (such as 50 ms to 3000 ms). The discharge operation of electric power from the vehicle200is performed by the ECU250. Specifically, the ECU250controls the charge/discharge device220such that the first AC power and the second AC power described above are output from the inlet210to the discharge assembly500. During the discharge operation, the SMR231(FIG.4) is controlled to be in the closed state. A period Ts from the discharge start operation to the start of discharge operation can be set at an arbitrary length. The ECU250may perform a predetermined process (for example, a discharge pretest such as a disconnection check) during the period Ts. In the period Ts, the SMR231may be switched from the open state to the closed state. When the latch release button511ais pressed during the discharge operation, the connector state is switched from the connected state to the fitted state, whereby the potential of the PISW rises. When the connector state enters the fitted state, the ECU250recognizes the stop of discharge operation based on the potential of the PISW and stops the discharge of electric power. A period Te from the discharge stop operation to the stop of discharge operation may be a period defined in the standard “IEC61851-1”. With reference toFIG.8as well asFIGS.1to4again, the PISW signal (the PISW potential) also indicates the requested voltage value of the discharge connector electrically connected to the inlet210in addition to the connector state and the switch state described above. Specifically, the inlet210is configured to be connectable to a plurality of types of discharge connectors. In the present embodiment, in addition to the discharge assembly500described above, a discharge assembly500A, which will be described below, may also be connected to the inlet210. The discharge assembly500and the discharge assembly500A are different in the requested voltage value. The requested voltage value of the discharge assembly500is 200 V, and the requested voltage value of the discharge assembly500A is 100 V. Hereinafter, the discharge assembly500and the discharge assembly500A are also referred to as the “200V connector” and the “100V connector”, respectively. FIG.10is a diagram illustrating the 100V connector. Hereinafter, the 100V connector will be described, focusing on the difference from the 200V connector. With reference toFIG.10, the discharge assembly500A includes a discharge connector511(including a first end P51A) and a second end P52A. The AC1and the AC2of the first end P51A are connected to voltage lines L71A and L72A, respectively. The GND of the first end P51A is connected to a ground line L73A. When the discharge connector511of the discharge assembly500A is connected to the inlet210, the voltage lines L61and L62of the vehicle200are connected to the voltage lines L71A and L72A of the discharge assembly500A, respectively. In the discharge assembly500A, the voltage lines L71A and L72A connect discharge connector511and converter523A to each other. The converter523A converts the voltage lines L71A and L72A connected to the vehicle200into a single-phase two-line wiring L10A (indoor power path). The second end P52A of the discharge assembly500A is connected to the distribution board110A through a single-phase two-line wiring L10A. In the grid independent operation mode, the converter523A is electrically connected to the switcher112A in the distribution board110A through the single-phase two-line wiring L10A. Upon recognizing that the discharge assembly500A is connected to the inlet210, the ECU250controls the AC inverters221A and221B such that the single-phase AC power of 100 V is output between the voltage line L11A and the voltage line L12A. The single-phase AC power of 100 V is transmitted to the switcher112A through the single-phase two-line wiring L10A. The switcher112A outputs a single-phase AC power of 100 V to the single-phase two-line outlet To4installed in the building100. In the outlet To4, the outlet terminals electrically connected to the voltage line L11A and the voltage line L12A are denoted by “L1” and “L2”, respectively. The outlet To4includes L1, L2, and a ground terminal. The outlet To4outputs the single-phase AC power of 100 V between L1and L2. FIG.11is a diagram illustrating a schematic circuit configuration of the 100V connector. With reference toFIG.11, the discharge assembly500A includes a detection circuit540C instead of the detection circuit540A (FIG.8). When the discharge assembly500A is connected to the inlet210and the grid independent operation mode is selected by the mode switcher511c, the detection circuit540C is connected to the PISW circuit. The detection circuit540C includes electric resistors R1C, R2C and R3C, and switches S1C and S2C. The switches S1C and S2C is opened and closed in conjunction with the latch release button511aand the discharge start switch511b, respectively. The detection circuit540C basically has a configuration similar to that of the detection circuit540A illustrated inFIG.8, but differs from the detection circuit540A in the following points. The detection circuit540A and the detection circuit540C are different in resistance value. As illustrated inFIG.11, the electrical resistances R1C, R2C, and R3C in the detection circuit540C have resistance values of 39Ω, 430Ω, and 51Ω, respectively. Each resistance value in each of the detection circuits540A and540C is set in accordance with a potential map M2to be described later. In addition, each of the electrical resistances included in the detection circuits540A and540C is set to a resistance value different from that of each electrical resistance in the charge connector defined in the standard “IEC61851-1:2010 Annex B”. Thus, the ECU250can distinguish between the charge connector and the discharge connector based on the PISW signal (the PISW potential). In the detection circuit540C, the switch S1C is a normally-on switch, and the switch S2C is a normally-off switch. The switch S2C is in the closed state when the discharge start switch511bis ON, and is in the open state when the discharge start switch511bis OFF. FIG.12is a time chart illustrating a sequence of start (start of discharge operation) and stop (stop of discharge operation) of the 100V connector. InFIG.12, a line D1A indicates the potential of the PISW, and a line D2A indicates the AC power output from the inlet210to the discharge assembly500A. With reference toFIG.12as well asFIGS.10and11, the sequence of the discharge assembly500A is basically the same as the sequence of the discharge assembly500illustrated inFIG.9. However, when the user turns on the discharge start switch511b, the potential of the PISW falls. When the user returns the discharge start switch511bto the OFF state, the potential of the PISW returns. When the user operates the discharge start switch511bin the order illustrated inFIG.12, that is, in the order of ON, OFF, ON, and OFF when the connector state is in the connected state, the ECU250recognizes the start of discharge operation based on the potential of the PISW and starts the discharge of electric power. FIG.13is a diagram illustrating the PISW signal (the PISW potential). With reference toFIG.13, a potential map M1about the PISW potential indicates a determination value for each potential range defined in the charging standard “IEC61851-1”. In the range of 0 to 4.7 V, the connector states such as the connected state, the fitted state and the non-fitted state are defined as the determination values for the potential range of 1.359 to 1.639 V, the potential range of 2.553 to 2.944 V, and the potential range of 4.301 to 4.567 V, respectively. The potential ranges other than these are not defined. The potential map M2about the PISW potential is a control map used for control, and is stored in the storage device253of the ECU250illustrated inFIG.4. In the potential map M2, the connector state, the switch state, the requested voltage value, and the operation mode of the power supply system are set for each potential range. When the discharge connector is electrically connected to the inlet210, the ECU250use potential map M2to obtain the connector state, the switch state, the requested voltage value, and the operation mode of the power supply system of the discharge connector based on the PISW signal. The ECU250can also determine whether or not the discharge connector is electrically connected to the inlet210based on the PISW signal. In the potential map M2, a potential range indicating that the discharge connector is in the connected state (hereinafter, also referred to as a “first connected range”) in the grid independent operation mode is assigned to the potential range of 0.0 to 1.2 V. A potential range indicating that the discharge connector is in the connected state (hereinafter, also referred to as a “second connected range”) in the normal mode is assigned to the potential range of 1.2 to 2.0 V. Hereinafter, when there is no need to distinguish the first connected range and the second connected range, each of the first connected range and the second connected range may be referred to as the “connected range”. A potential range indicating that the discharge connector is in the fitted state (hereinafter also referred to as a “fitted range”) is assigned to the potential range of 2.0 to 3.5 V. A potential range indicating that the discharge connector is in the non-fitted state (hereinafter, also referred to as a “non-fitted range”) is assigned to the potential range of 3.5 to 4.7 V. In the potential map M2, the first connected range is assigned to the potential range of 0.0 to 1.2 V that is not defined in the charging standard “IEC61851-1”. Thus, it is easier for the ECU250to distinguish between the charge connector and the discharge connector. The first connected range is further divided into three potential ranges (0.0 to 0.4 V, 0.4 to 0.7 V, and 0.7 to 1.2 V) which will be described below. A potential range indicating that the requested voltage value of the discharge connector connected to the inlet210is 200 V (hereinafter also referred to as the “200V range”) is assigned to the potential range of 0.0 to 0.4 V. The fact that the PISW potential belongs to the 200V range means that the discharge connector connected to the inlet210is a 200V connector. A potential range indicating that the requested voltage value of the discharge connector connected to the inlet210is 100 V (hereinafter also referred to as the “100V range”) is assigned to the potential range of 0.7 to 1.2 V. The fact that the PISW potential belongs to the 100V range means that the discharge connector connected to the inlet210is a 100V connector. Since the 100V connector (FIG.11) and the 200V connector (FIG.8) are different in resistance value, they are different in the PISW potential when each connector is connected to the inlet210. Each of the 100V range and the 200V range indicates that the discharge start switch of the discharge connector is in the OFF state in addition to the requested voltage value of the discharge connector connected to the inlet210. A potential range indicating that the discharge start switch is in the ON state (hereinafter, also referred to as “discharge start range”) is assigned to the potential range of 0.4 to 0.7 V. Since the switch S2A (FIG.8) interlocked with the discharge start switch511bis a normally-on switch in the 200V connector, when the discharge start switch511bis switched from the OFF state to the ON state, the PISW potential rises. Since the switch S2C (FIG.11) interlocked with the discharge start switch511bis a normally-off switch in the 100V connector, when the discharge start switch511bis switched from the OFF state to the ON state, the PISW potential falls. FIG.14is a flowchart illustrating a process related to the start of discharge operation in the grid independent operation mode which is performed by the ECU250. The process illustrated in this flowchart is repeatedly performed during a halt of the vehicle200(except the charge operation and the discharge operation). With reference toFIG.14as well withFIGS.1to13, in S101, the ECU250obtains a PISW signal (PISW potential). Next, in S102, the ECU250determines whether or not the discharge connector is connected to the inlet210based on the PISW signal. When the connector state is in the connected state, the determination result is YES in S102, and the process proceeds to S103. In S103, the ECU250determines whether or not the operation mode of the power supply system is the grid independent operation mode. If the operation mode of the power supply system is the normal mode (NO in S103), the process returns to the first step (S101). If the determination result is NO in S102, the process returns to the first step (S101). In the normal mode, the charge/discharge control is executed not by the process illustrated inFIG.14but by the process mainly based on the energy management function of the EVPS. If the operation mode of the power supply system is the grid independent operation mode (YES in S103), the process proceeds to S104. In S104, the ECU250determines whether the requested voltage value of the discharge connector connected to the inlet210is 100 V or 200 V. The user connects the first power path by using the switcher112(FIG.2) before switching the grid independent operation mode. Therefore, in the grid independent operation mode, the electric power supplied from the vehicle200to the building100through the discharge assembly500(more specifically, through the single-phase three-line wiring L10) is output from the switcher112to the first outlet To1, the second outlet To2and the third outlet To3(FIG.3). The ECU250uses the potential map M2illustrated inFIG.13to obtain the state (such as the connector state) of the inlet210, the information (such as the switch state and the requested voltage value) about the discharge connector connected to the inlet210, and the operation mode (the grid independent operation mode or the normal operation mode) of the power supply system based on the PISW signal obtained in S101. The ECU250can determine the connector state (non-fitted state, the fitted state or the connected state) based on whether the PISW potential belongs to the non-fitted range, the fitted range or the connected range. Further, the ECU250can determine whether or not the discharge start switch has been operated by the user based on whether or not the PISW potential belongs to the discharge start range. Furthermore, the ECU250can determine the requested voltage value (100 V or 200 V) of the discharge connector based on whether the PISW potential belongs to the 100V range or the 200V range. The fact that the PISW potential belongs to the range of 200V means that the discharge connector connected to the inlet210is a single-phase three-line connector (the 200V connector illustrated inFIG.7). The ECU250can determine the operation mode (the grid independent operation mode or the normal mode) of the power supply system based on whether the PISW potential belongs to the first connected range or the second connected range. If it is determined in S104that the requested voltage value of the discharge connector is 200 V, the ECU250determines in S111whether or not the AC 200V discharge start operation (the discharge start switch operation in the order of ON, OFF, ON, and OFF illustrated inFIG.9) has been performed by the user. If it is determined that the AC 200V discharge start operation has been performed by the user (YES in S111), the ECU250outputs a single-phase AC power of 200 V from the inlet210to the 200V connector in S112. Specifically, the ECU250controls the AC inverters221A and221B such that a single-phase AC power of 200V is output between the AC1and the AC2of the inlet210illustrated inFIG.7. Thus, a single-phase AC voltage of 100 V or 200 V is applied to the single-phase three-line wiring L10illustrated inFIG.3. In the present embodiment, each of the AC inverters221A and221B applies an AC voltage (AC 100 V) corresponding to a half of the requested voltage value, thereby applying AC 200 V between the AC1and the AC2. Thereby, the single-phase AC voltage is applied between the voltage line L11(the first voltage line) and the neutral line L13and between the voltage line L12(the second voltage line) and the neutral line L13illustrated inFIG.3. Thus, the single-phase AC power of 200V, 100V and 100V are output to the first outlet To1, the second outlet To2and the third outlet To3installed in the building100, respectively. If it is determined in S104that the requested voltage value of the discharge connector is 100 V, in S121, the ECU250determines whether or not the AC 100V discharge start operation (the discharge start switch operation in the order of ON, OFF, ON, and OFF illustrated inFIG.12) has been performed by the user. If it is determined that the AC 100V discharge start operation has been performed by the user (YES in S121), the ECU250outputs the single-phase AC power of 100 V from the inlet210to the 100V connector in S122. Specifically, the ECU250controls the AC inverters221A and221B such that the single-phase AC power of 100 V is output between the AC1and the AC2of the inlet210illustrated inFIG.10. In the present embodiment, the ECU250is configured in such a manner that only the AC inverter221A is controlled to apply AC 100 V between the AC1and the AC2, and the AC inverter221B is controlled to be in a state of not applying any voltage (the conduction state). Thus, the single-phase AC power of 100 V is output to the outlet To4installed in the building100. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and each of the AC inverters221A and221B may be configured to apply an AC voltage (AC 50 V) corresponding to a half of the requested voltage value, thereby applying AC 200 V between the AC1and the AC2. When the discharge operation is started in S112or S122, a series of processes illustrated inFIG.14ends. The discharge operation ends when a predetermined discharge stop condition is satisfied. When the predetermined discharge stop condition is satisfied, the ECU250controls the AC inverters221A and221B to stop the discharge of electric power from the inlet210to the discharge connector. As described above, the discharge stop condition is satisfied when the connector state is in the fitted state or the non-fitted state during the discharge operation. The discharge stop condition is also satisfied when the SOC of the battery230becomes equal to or smaller than a predetermined SOC value. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and the discharge stop condition can be arbitrarily set. As described above, the power supply method according to the present embodiment includes: determining whether the operation mode of the power supply system is the grid independent operation mode (the first operation mode) in which the AC power is supplied from the vehicle200to the building100or the normal operation mode (the second operation mode) in which the AC power is supplied from the power grid PG to the building100(S103); determining whether or not the discharge assembly500is connected to the inlet210provided in the vehicle200(S102and S104); when it is determined that the operation mode of the power supply system is the first operation mode (Yes in both S102and S103, and when the requested voltage value is “200 V” in S104) and the discharge assembly500is connected to the inlet210, supplying the electric power from the vehicle200to the discharge assembly500and supplying the single-phase AC power from the discharge assembly500to the building200through the single-phase three-line wiring L10. In the above embodiment, the switcher112is operated by the user. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and the switcher112may switch the power path based on its own judgement without depending on an instruction from the user. For example, the switcher112may be configured to maintain the second power path (that is, a power path for transferring the electric power supplied from the power grid PG to the building100) in the connected state while the electric power is being supplied from the power grid PG to the distribution board110, disconnect the second power path and connect the first power path (that is, a power path for transferring the electric power supplied from the discharge assembly500to the building100) when no electric power is supplied from the power grid PG to the distribution board110. Specifically, the switcher112may include a control circuit and an actuator configured to switch the power path. The control circuit of the switcher112may control the actuator by performing a process illustrated inFIG.15, which will be described below. FIG.15is a flowchart illustrating a process performed by the switcher112according to a modification. With reference toFIG.15, in S201, the switcher112determines whether or not electric power is being supplied from the power grid PG to the distribution board110. For example, a power sensor (such as a current sensor or a voltage sensor) may be installed in the main distribution board111or the single-phase three-line wiring L40A illustrated inFIG.2. The switcher112may determine whether or not electric power is being supplied from the power grid PG to the distribution board110based on the output of the power sensor. If it is determined that the electric power is being supplied from the power grid PG to the distribution board110(YES in S201), the switcher112connects the second power path in S202. Thus, the electric power supplied from the power grid PG to the building100(more specifically, through the single-phase three-line wiring L40A) is output from the switcher112to the first outlet To1, the second outlet To2and the third outlet To3(FIG.3). On the other hand, it is determined that the electric power is not supplied from the power grid PG to the distribution board110(NO in S201), the switcher112connects the first power path in S203. Thus, the electric power supplied from the vehicle200to the building100through the discharge assembly500and the single-phase three-line wiring L10is output from the switcher112to the first outlet To1, the second outlet To2and the third outlet To3(FIG.3). The switching of the power path (S202and S203) is performed by the actuator controlled by the control circuit. The switcher112may be configured to monitor whether or not electric power is supplied from the power grid PG to the distribution board110by repeatedly performing the process illustrated inFIG.15at a predetermined cycle. The control map used to distinguish the discharge connector is not limited to the potential map M2illustrated inFIG.13. For example, the ECU250may detect the requested voltage value of the discharge connector by using a potential range other than the potential range of 0.0 to 1.2 V. More specifically, the connected range including the 100V range, the 200V range, and the discharge start range may be assigned to any one of the potential range of 1.639 to 2.553 V, the potential range of 2.944 to 4.301 V, and the potential range of 4.567 to 4.700 V, which are not defined in the charging standard “IEC61851-1”. In the above embodiment, the first end P51and the second end P52of the discharge assembly500is connected to each other by a single-phase three-line wiring (more specifically, the single-phase three-line wirings L10and L70) (seeFIG.7). In the discharge assembly500illustrated inFIG.7, there is no single-phase two-line wiring between the first end P51and the second end P52. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and the converter provided in the discharge assembly may be configured to convert a single-phase two-line wiring into a single-phase three-line wiring.FIG.16is a diagram illustrating a modification of the circuit configuration illustrated inFIG.7. With reference toFIG.16, a vehicle200B includes an inlet210B and an AC power supply220B. An AC power supply220B is configured to apply an AC voltage between the AC1and the AC2of the inlet210B. The AC power supply220B is electrically connected to the AC1and the AC2of the inlet210B through voltage lines L61B and L62B. The GND of the inlet210B is grounded to the vehicle body of the vehicle200B through a ground line L63B (body earth). The AC power supply220B includes a vehicle-mounted battery (such as the battery230illustrated inFIG.2) and a power conversion circuit. The power conversion circuit of the AC power supply220B may be a vehicle-mounted charger (such as the charger222illustrated inFIG.6) configured to perform bidirectional power conversion, or may be a vehicle-mounted inverter (such as the AC inverter221illustrated inFIG.5). The discharge assembly500B includes a converter523B. The converter523B corresponds to an indoor power path converter. The first end P51B of the discharge assembly500B and the converter523B are connected to each other by a single-phase two-line wiring (including two lines, i.e., the voltage lines L71B and L72B). The converter523B and the second end P52B of the discharge assembly500B are connected to each other by a single-phase three-line wiring (including three lines, i.e., the voltage line L11, the voltage line L12and the neutral line L13). The converter523B is configured to convert the single-phase two-line wiring into the single-phase three-line wiring. In the example illustrated inFIG.16, the converter523B is an insulation transformer including a primary coil TL1, a secondary coil TL2a, and a secondary coil TL2b. The primary side (the first end P51B side) of the converter523B is connected to a single-phase two-line wiring (the voltage lines L71B and L72B). The AC1and the AC2of the first end P51B are connected to the voltage lines L71B and L72B, respectively. The GND of the first end P51B is connected to the ground line L73B. The primary coil TL1is connected between the voltage lines L71B and L72B. The secondary side (the second end P52B side) of the converter523B is connected to the single-phase three-line wiring L10(the voltage line L11, the voltage line L12and the neutral line L13). The single-phase three-line wiring L10is connected between the converter523B and the switcher112through the second end P52B of the discharge assembly500B. The secondary coil TL2ais connected between the voltage line L11and the neutral line L13. The secondary coil TL2bis connected between the voltage line L12and the neutral line L13. In the converter523B, for example, an AC voltage corresponding to a half of the voltage applied from the inlet210B to the primary coil TL1is transmitted to each of the secondary coils TL2aand TL2b. In the example illustrated inFIG.16, AC 200V is applied to the primary coil TL1, and AC 100V is applied to each of the secondary coils TL2aand TL2b. The power supply system according to the above-mentioned embodiment is configured to perform V2H of categories 2 and 4. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and the power supply system may be configured to perform V2H of categories 2 and 3. Alternatively, the power supply system may be configured to perform V2H of only one category of 1 to 4. FIG.17is a diagram illustrating a modification of the circuit configuration of the power supply system illustrated inFIG.2. With reference toFIG.17, in the present modification, the second discharge path is omitted, and the power supply system is configured to perform V2H of category 2 only. In the above embodiment, the second end of the discharge assembly is connected to the indoor distribution board through a single-phase three-line wiring. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and the second end of the discharge assembly may be directly connected to the dedicated grid-independent indoor outlet through a single-phase three-line wiring. In the grid independent operation mode, the vehicle may supply electric power to the dedicated grid-independent indoor outlet through the discharge assembly. The discharge connector alone may function as a discharge assembly.FIG.18is a view illustrating a modification of the discharge assembly illustrated inFIG.1. With reference toFIG.18, in the present modification, a discharge connector511C includes a first end P51C and a second end P52C. The discharge connector511C is provided with a circuit similar to that built in the EVPS box520illustrated inFIG.2, and functions as a discharge assembly. However, some of the functions illustrated inFIG.2may be omitted so as to simplify the circuit. The second end P52C of the discharge connector511C is connected to the building100(more specifically, the distribution board110disposed in the building) through a single-phase three-line wiring L10. The configuration of the discharge connector is not limited to the configuration illustrated inFIG.1. For example, the discharge start switch511bcan be omitted. A trigger to start the discharge operation can be arbitrarily set. For example, the discharge operation may be started when a predetermined time has elapsed since the connector state entered the connected state. Alternatively, the discharge operation may be started when the user operates a switch provided in the vehicle. The embodiment mentioned above provides an example in which AC 100 V/AC 200 V is output by the single-phase three-line wiring, but the voltage output by the single-phase three-line wiring may be modified appropriately. For example, AC 110 V/AC 220 V, AC 115 V/AC 230 V, or AC 120 V/AC 240 V may be output by the single-phase three-line wiring. In the embodiment mentioned above, the discharge connector capable of providing two types of voltages (100 V/200 V) is connected to the inlet of the vehicle. However, it is also possible to connect a discharge connector capable of providing three or more types of voltages to the inlet of the vehicle. In addition, in the embodiment mentioned above, the AC power is output from the vehicle inlet to the discharge connector. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and DC power may be supplied from the vehicle inlet to the discharge connector, a DC/AC conversion may be performed in the discharge connector. In the embodiment and each modification mentioned above, the vehicle is not limited to the BEV, it may be another xEV (for example, PHEV or FCEV). In the embodiment mentioned above, the power supply system is configured to operate in two operation modes (a normal mode and a grid independent operation mode). However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and the power supply system may be configured to operate in three or more operation modes. The building configured to receive electric power from the power supply system is not limited to a house, it may be any building other than a house, and for example, it may be a factory, a school, a hospital, or a commercial facility. The above-described modifications may be implemented in any combination. Although the embodiment of the present disclosure has been described, it should be understood that the embodiment disclosed herein is illustrative and non-restrictive in every respect. The scope of the present disclosure is defined by the terms of the claims and is intended to include any modifications within the scope and meaning equivalent to the terms of the claims. | 87,770 |
11942790 | FIG.1illustrates an example of an HVDC power transmission system100. A first HVDC station101is operable to transmit electrical power to a second HVDC station102over a DC link103. The first HVDC station101is connected to a first AC network or grid104, which in this example is an offshore wind power park which generates AC power from at least one wind turbine105. The first HVDC station101in this example is thus provided on an offshore platform and the DC link103comprises at least one power cable suitable for high voltage DC, at least part of which is deployed as a submarine cable. The second HVDC station, which in this example is located onshore, is coupled to a second AC network or grid106which, in this example, may be an AC power distribution grid. As will be understood there may be a variety of loads (not shown) connected to the AC grid106and there will typically be other sources of power feeding into the grids, such as fossil fuel burning power stations for example. Each of the first and second HVDC stations101and102comprises at least one converter for converting from AC to DC or vice versa. Historically line-commutated converters (LCCs) have been implemented that may use elements such as thyristors. Increasingly however HVDC stations are being implemented using voltage source converters (VSCs) that comprise semiconductor switching elements that can be controllably turned-on and off independently of the line voltage. Various different designs of VSC may be implemented as would be understood by one skilled in the art. In use the power demands on the AC grid106, and the power generation feeding into the AC grid106may vary over time and various techniques may be used to regulate power and maintain the grid conditions within defined limits. The second HVDC station102may thus be arranged to monitor the conditions of the AC grid106and to adapt the active power infeed accordingly. In particular the second HVDC station102may be responsive to the AC frequency of the AC grid106and in the event that the AC frequency of the AC grid106exceeds a certain defined range, e.g. crosses one or more thresholds, a controller107of the second HVDC station may operate to take steps so as to reduce the active power infeed. In typical HVDC power transmission systems, and especially in an example such as illustrated inFIG.1where the first HVDC station101is connected to an AC generation system104such as a wind power park, there may be limited energy storage capability. Thus active power balancing is only possible in coordination with the connected AC system, e.g. the wind power park104. Each wind turbine generator of the wind power park104may control its own power infeed, but generally in accordance with a transfer function based on the operating AC frequency. Typically therefore the operating AC frequency of the wind power park may be increased in order to reduce power delivered to the first HVDC station101. Thus, in the event that the controller107of the second HVDC station102detects an above threshold frequency increase in the connected AC grid106, it may determine an appropriate AC target operating frequency for the wind power park104, and transmit the target operating frequency to a controller108of the first HVDC station101. The controller108of the first HVDC station101receives the target frequency and acts to control the first AC grid of the wind power park104accordingly. The target operating frequency may be sent via any suitable dedicated communication channel109. In some instances there may be a suitable wired communication channel, such as a fibre optic cable or the like, for communication between the first and second HVDC stations101and102, and/or there may be a wireless channel that could be established. It is possible however that a telecommunications channel between the first and second HVDC stations101and102may not exist in some circumstances, for instance through failure of some communication equipment or some operating conditions presenting interference. If no suitable communication link109between the first and second HVDC stations101and102were available, then the HVDC system100could simply operate without any active power control for over-frequency events. However, this runs the risk that the HVDC system100supplies more active power than desirable to the AC grid106, which could contribute further to the over-frequency and potentially cause at least part of the AC grid106to be disabled, e.g. to trip the AC grid106. It would be advantageous for the HVDC system100to be able to operate in the absence of a dedicated communication link109between the first and second HVDC stations101and102and provide a suitable frequency for the wind-park AC grid which will leads to the active power being appropriately regulated. It has been proposed that a DC voltage of the DC link103could be used as an indicator or variable so as to communicate information from one HVDC station to the other HVDC station in the absence of a dedicated communication link. Thus, the second HVDC station102may control the DC voltage of the DC link103and could, in one mode of operation in the absence of a suitable telecommunication link109, set the DC voltage to provide information to the first HVDC station101. FIG.2illustrates this principle. The top plot ofFIG.2illustrates how the set-point of the DC voltage (VDC) of the second HVDC station, the onshore HVDC station in this example, may vary with frequency of the connected AC grid106. The DC voltage may be controllable within a set range, VDC_MINto VDC_MAX. In normal operating conditions, when the AC frequency of the AC grid106is within a defined operating range, the set-point of the DC voltage may be controlled to be equal to a nominal voltage VDC_NOM, which in this example is about midway within the set range. If the AC frequency of the AC grid106increases above a set threshold fThthe set-point for the DC voltage may be varied. The set-point for the DC voltage may vary with frequency, above the frequency threshold fThup to some maximum frequency fMAX. In some implementations, if the frequency of the AC grid106reaches fMAX, the converter of the second HVDC station102may be electrically disconnected from the AC grid106. The DC voltage set-point may vary with AC frequency above the threshold fThaccording to any desired transfer characteristic. In the example ofFIG.2the DC voltage set-point increases linearly with increasing frequency up to the maximum DC value VDC_MAXat the maximum frequency fMAX, which conveniently uses the available voltage range to encode the AC frequency value in a simple way, but other transfer characteristics could be implemented if desired.FIG.3illustrates, in the top plot, how a set-point for the AC frequency of the first AC network104, i.e. the offshore wind power park in this example, may be controlled based on the DC voltage of the DC link in the event that a telecommunication link between the two HVDC stations101and102is not available. In the event that the DC voltage is at the defined nominal voltage VDC_NOMthe AC frequency of the first AC network, i.e. the wind park104, may be set to be a desired operating value f1 in line with the relevant grid code and operating conditions. However, in the event that the DC voltage value increases, the AC frequency of operation of the wind power park104may be increased. This leads to a consequent reduction in active power infeed, as illustrated in the lower plot ofFIG.3. Thus, as the set point of DC voltage controlled by the second HVDC station102is increased above the nominal voltage, as illustrated in the top plot ofFIG.2, the first HVDC station responds with an increased AC operating frequency, which results in a reduced active power infeed at the first HVDC station and consequently the active power at the second HVDC station102drops as illustrated in the lower plot ofFIG.2. In this example the AC frequency of the wind power park104is increased linearly with DC voltage up to some maximum frequency fMAX1for the first AC network, i.e. the wind power park104. Again however other transfer characteristics between DC voltage and frequency of the wind power park, in line with the known transfer characteristic between AC frequency and DC voltage applied by the controller107of the second HVDC station. The controller107of the second HVDC station102may thus be operable, in the event of over-frequency in the second AC grid106, to send control data to the controller108of the first HVDC station101via a suitable telecommunication link if available. The control data comprises data that allows the controller108to set an appropriate operating frequency for the first AC network104. In the event that a suitable communication link is not available, however, the controller107of the second HVDC station102is additionally operable to control the set point of the DC voltage of the DC link to communicate that an over-frequency event is occurring in the second AC grid106and the extent of the over-frequency. The controller108of the first HVDC station101is operable to receive such control data via the communication link if available or, in the event that there is no communication link, monitor the DC voltage of the DC link to detect a characteristic change indicative of an over-frequency event and, in either case, to adjust the operating frequency of the first AC network104accordingly. FIG.4illustrates the principles of at least part of the controller107of the second HVDC station102. An over-frequency controller401is configured to receive an indication, FAC, of the AC frequency of the AC grid106to which the HVDC station102is connected. In the example discussed above this is the AC frequency of the onshore AC grid106and thus the over-frequency controller401will be referred to as the onshore over-frequency controller. The onshore over-frequency controller401also receives an indication, VDCDem, of the DC voltage demand, i.e. the required DC voltage for normal operation, e.g. the nominal operating DC voltage. The onshore over-frequency controller401further receives a signal, ComStatus, indicating whether a suitable communication link is available with the first HVDC station101, which could, for example, be a simple binary signal indicating whether a link is available or not. If the AC frequency of the onshore AC grid106, as indicated by the frequency signal FAC, remains within an acceptable range, the onshore over-frequency controller401may simply pass the required DC voltage demand, VDCDem, as the set point voltage, VDCSet, i.e. the voltage order for the converter of the HVDC station. The difference between the defined voltage set-point, VDCSet, and the presently measured DC voltage may be determined and input to a DC voltage controller402to adjust control the converter, e.g. a VSC, of the second HVDC station102, so as provide the required DC voltage. However, in the event that the frequency signal FAC indicates that the AC frequency of the onshore AC grid106is in an over-frequency condition, e.g. has exceed a defined threshold, the onshore over-frequency controller401will act to apply active power control. In this case, if the ComStatus signal indicates that a suitable communication link with the first HVDC station is available, the onshore over-frequency controller will output some frequency control data FCont to be transmitted to the first HVDC station to allow the first HVDC to set an appropriate frequency for the first AC network, e.g. the offshore wind power park104. In some instances the control data, Fcont, could be a target operating frequency for the first AC network which is determined by the onshore over-frequency controller401. The onshore over-frequency controller401may determine the target operating frequency for the first AC network based on the present onshore grid frequency (as represented by FAC) according to a predetermined transfer characteristic, based on the known power-versus-frequency characteristics in accordance with the grid codes of the first and second AC grids, e.g. the onshore and offshore grids. In other implementations, however, the control data Fcont could simply be a version of the frequency signal FAC indicating the present frequency of the onshore AC grid106, or an indication of the extent of the over-frequency, and the controller108of the first HVDC station could receive the control data and determine an appropriate frequency for the offshore grid104based on the power versus frequency characteristics. If a communication link is available in an over-frequency situation, the onshore over-frequency controller401may thus transmit the relevant control data to the first HVDC station and, in this case the onshore over-frequency controller may continue to pass the received DC voltage demand, VDCDem, as the DC voltage set point for the converter of the onshore HVDC station102. If, however, the ComStatus signal indicates that a suitable communication link is not available, the onshore over-frequency401controller modulates the received DC voltage demand based on the present value of the AC frequency signal FAC so as to effectively encode the value of the AC frequency in the set-point of the DC voltage as discussed above in relation toFIG.2. FIG.5illustrates the principles of at least part of the controller108of the first HVDC station101. A frequency controller501is configured to control the frequency of the first AC network in the event of an over-frequency event being detected in the second AC grid. In this example the first AC network comprises the offshore wind power park104and thus the frequency controller501will be referred to as an offshore frequency controller. The offshore frequency controller501is configured to receive any control data, FCont, transmitted from the onshore over-frequency controller401via a suitable communication link109if available. The offshore frequency controller501may thus receive a signal, ComStatus, indicative of whether a suitable communication link is available in a similar manner as discussed above. If the ComStatus signal indicates that a suitable communication link is available, the offshore over-frequency controller501may operate in one mode and may act on any received frequency control data FCont. As discussed above in some implementations the control data received may be an indication of the target frequency for operation of the offshore AC network104, which could thus be used by the offshore frequency controller501to define a frequency reference FRef for the offshore AC network. The offshore frequency controller501is also operable in another mode, in the event that a communication link between the first and second HVDC stations is not available, to monitor the DC voltage at the first HVDC station101and to control the operating frequency for the offshore AC network based on the monitored DC voltage. In particular the offshore frequency controller501is also operable to detect any modulation of the DC voltage indicative of over-frequency of the onshore AC grid106. A voltage-to-frequency module502may thus receive a signal indicative of DC voltage and determine whether the DC voltage has increased so as to indicate an over-frequency event and, if so, to determine an appropriate operating frequency for the offshore AC network104in accordance with a predetermined transfer characteristic based on the power-to-frequency characteristics and relevant grid codes. In some instances, the DC voltage at the first HVDC station101may be monitored and the voltage-to-frequency module may apply a transfer characteristic based on the DC voltage as measured at the first HVDC station. In which case, a signal VDC1indicative of the measured DC voltage at the first HVDC station may be received, filtered by low-pass filter503, and supplied to the voltage-to-frequency module502. Alternatively, the DC voltage at the second HVDC station could be estimated and the relevant transfer characteristic based on the DC voltage as estimated at the second HVDC station. Thus, for example, an indication of the DC current IDCmay also be received and filtered by low-pass filter504and supplied to a gain block505to be multiplied by some gain factor based on the resistance of the DC link103so as provide an indication of any voltage change expected across the DC link, which may be combined with the measured DC voltage at the first HVDC station so as to provide an estimated value of the DC voltage at the second HVDC station102. In either case the voltage-to-frequency module502may determine when the relevant DC voltage experiences a modulation that indicates an over-frequency station in the onshore AC grid and determine and output a suitable target frequency for the offshore AC network104. The grid code for the offshore AC grid104, e.g. the wind power park, may specify certain defined grid parameters, which could be operational parameters, set by the grid operator, such as active and reactive power, grid voltage, rated frequency, phase angle, etc., as would be understood by one skilled in the art. At least some of these defined grid parameters may specify or limit how the frequency of the offshore grid may be varied. For instance there may be one or more rate limits, e.g. a maximum rate at which the frequency may be increased and/or a maximum rate at which the frequency may be decreased. In some instances there could be other parameters such as delay to be applied before certain changes in frequency. The target frequency which is determined, whether based on the control data received FCont or determined by the voltage-to-frequency module, may thus be supplied to a frequency interface506that limits the rate of change in frequency according to one or more defined grid parameters that apply for the AC network104. Thus, if the target frequency changes, the frequency interface506will implement the required change in frequency over time in accordance with the defined parameters for the offshore AC network104. The output from the frequency interface506may be a frequency set-point FRef that may be supplied to a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)507to generate an appropriate signal at the required frequency for control of the AC frequency of the AC network, as will be understood by one skilled in the art. The offshore frequency controller501described with reference toFIG.5can thus operate in one mode to receive control data from an onshore over-frequency controller when a suitable communication link is available. The offshore frequency controller501is also advantageously operable in another mode to provide active power control even in the absence of a suitable communication link by monitoring the DC voltage. If no communication link is available and the DC voltage increases beyond the nominal value, the offshore frequency controller501may automatically determine the level of the DC voltage and increase the AC frequency of the offshore AC network. This reduces the active power infeed and thus enables the HVDC system100to remain operational but without supplying too much active power to the onshore AC grid106in a way that could contribute to the over-frequency. However a problem can arise in some circumstances in which the DC voltage may be disturbed by some other operating condition. For instance if the AC grid106connected to the second HVDC station102is unbalanced (but not in an over-frequency situation), this could potentially lead to disturbances of the DC voltage at the second HVDC station away from the nominal DC voltage and could result, for instances, in temporary increases in the DC voltage. As another example it may sometimes be necessary to trigger emergency power control (EPC) in a situation where the onshore AC network is unable to accept power from the wind power park. For EPC a dynamic braking system, e.g. braking chopper arrangement, may be arranged to temporarily absorb the power generated by the wind power park. During an EPC event the DC voltage at the first HVDC station will be disturbed. If a disturbance of the DC voltage occurs when a communication link between the first and second HVDC stations is not available, the offshore frequency controller501may detect the disturbance of the DC voltage and, incorrectly, interpret the change in DC voltage as being a deliberate modulation to signal an over-frequency event. The offshore frequency controller501may thus increase the frequency of operation of the first AC network, e.g. the wind power park104, so as to reduce the active power infeed. Such a reduction in power may be undesirable. In the situation where the onshore AC grid106is disturbed in a way that leads to DC voltage variation, but is not in an over-frequency situation, the reduction in active power infeed may be undesirable and result in power wastage. Even following an EPC event, which may have been triggered due to the onshore grid106being temporarily unavailable to receive the generated power, the incorrect activation of power limiting by the offshore frequency controller105may be undesirable. As mentioned above the frequency of the first AC network, e.g. offshore wind power park104, may only be changed in accordance with certain defined grid parameters which may include ramp-up and ramp-down limits. In at least some circumstances the allowed maximum ramp-up rate may be greater, and in some instances much greater, than the allowed ramp down rate. Thus, if the offshore frequency controller501acts to increase the AC frequency of the offshore wind power park104, the frequency may be increased at given rate. However the AC frequency of the offshore wind power park104may only ramp down at a much reduced rate, say of the order of few hundred times slower than the maximum ramp up rate. Thus, if the disturbance of the DC voltage causes the offshore frequency controller501to increase the AC frequency of the offshore wind power park relatively significantly, the frequency may be increased relatively rapidly but it may take a much longer time for the frequency, and hence the active power infeed, to return to original level. This could therefore lead to a relatively significant degree of wasted power. In embodiments of the present disclosure the DC voltage is used to signal the existence of an over-frequency situation for the second AC grid106, but the controller108of the first HVDC station has a disturbance detector configured to detect disturbance of the DC voltage. The disturbance detector is configured to discriminate between disturbances of the DC voltage, e.g. rapid and/or temporary variations of the DC voltage and a modulation introduced by the onshore over-frequency controller401to signal an over-frequency situation. The disturbance detector monitors the DC voltage for a predetermined characteristic indicative that a variation in measured DC voltage corresponds to a known modulation that may be applied to the DC voltage by a second HVDC station. If a voltage variation is detected, but it does not have the predetermined characteristic that corresponds to a known modulation that may be applied, this can be taken as an indication that the variation of DC voltage is due to a disturbance. The disturbance detector thus determines whether a change in DC voltage, when a communication link between the first and second HVDC stations, has the characteristics of a modulation used to signal an over-frequency event or has some characteristics that do not apply to such a modulation and hence correspond to a disturbance due to unbalanced or some other faulted operation. FIG.6illustrates an example of at least part of controller108of the first HVDC station that includes a frequency controller501and a disturbance detector601. The disturbance detector601, in this example, receives the ComStatus signal indicating whether or not a suitable communication link is available. The disturbance detector601also receives the indication VDC1of the DC voltage at the first HVDC station601and, as mentioned, determines whether any variation in the DC voltage, when a communication link is not available, is indicative of a deliberate modulation to signal an over-frequency or is instead a result of a disturbance due to unbalanced or some other faulted operation. In some implementations the disturbance detector may monitor a first value, based on the present value of the DC voltage, to detect any significant variation over a relatively rapid timescale, for instance a variation above a threshold amount in a defined time period. In an embodiment, the disturbance detector may receive the frequency set-point signal FRef from the offshore over frequency controller501. As noted above the frequency set-point FRef is derived from the measured DC voltage, but the action of the frequency interface506in applying the relevant grid parameters, such as ramp rates, means that value of FRef does not change instantaneously. The predetermined characteristic of the known modulation may thus have an upper limit on the rate of change. Thus the value of FRef can be processed together with the signal VDCindicative of the measured DC voltage to detect any significant variations in the DC voltage that do not correspond to the known modulation and hence are characteristic of a disturbance. FIG.7illustrates one example of a suitable disturbance detector according to an embodiment. The frequency reference signal Fref is supplied to a frequency to voltage module701. The frequency-to-voltage module701applies a predetermined transfer characteristic that determines, for the present value of the frequency set-point, i.e. the value of Fref, an expected value of the DC voltage. In other words the frequency-to-voltage module701determines the voltage that, in an over-frequency situation but without any external disturbance of the DC voltage, would be used to signal that the required frequency for the first AC grid was equal to Fref. The frequency-to-voltage module701may conveniently apply the inverse transfer function to that applied by the voltage-to-frequency module502. The output of the frequency-to-voltage module701may, in some implementations, be filtered by low-pass filter702to provide an estimated DC voltage value VDC_ESTThis estimated value VDC_ESTmay then be compared to a DC value based on the presently measured DC voltage to determine whether the two values differ by more than a set amount, e.g. whether the difference between the two values is greater than a defined magnitude. If the frequency-to-voltage module701determines an estimated value for the DC voltage at the first HVDC station, the signal VDC1indicative of the measured DC voltage at the first HVDC station may be filtered, by low pass filter703and used for the comparison. If however the frequency-to-voltage module701determines an estimated value for the DC voltage at the second HVDC station, the measured DC current IDCmay be filtered by low-pass filter and scaled by gain block705applying a gain related to the resistance of the DC link and the resultant value combined with the measured DC voltage value VDC1to provide an indication of the DC voltage at the second HVDC station for comparison. The disturbance detector601then determines whether the difference between the voltage value estimated based on the value of FRef and that determined from the measured DC voltage is less than or greater than a defined amount DIFF. In the example illustrated inFIG.7the two voltage values are subtracted from one another and the result input to a comparator or quantizer706which determines if the magnitude of the difference is greater or smaller than the defined amount, DIFF. If the magnitude of the difference is greater than the defined amount this can be an indication that DC voltage is disturbed in a way that would not be expected by the defined modulation produced by the onshore over-frequency controller. In this case the offshore over-frequency control based on the measured DC voltage value may be disabled, and some default control frequency may be used instead. However, if the difference is smaller than the defined value DIFF, this can indicate that the DC voltage has been deliberately modulated by the onshore over-frequency controller. In some instances the output of the comparator706could be used as the control signal for the over-frequency controller, and the En/Dis control signal is used to enable or disable the functionality of over-voltage control based on the DC voltage. The offshore over-voltage controller701determined when no communication link is available and in then responsive to this En/Dis control signal as to whether to respond to variations in the DC voltage. In some embodiments however the ComStatus signal could be combined with the output of the comparison so as to provide a signal that enables voltage based over-frequency control when no communication link is available. There are various ways in which suitable control signals could be derived as will be understood by one skilled in the art. FIG.8illustrates another example of at least part of a controller108of the first HVDC station that includes a frequency controller501and a disturbance detector601. In this example the frequency controller501operates in a similar manner as described with reference toFIG.5, in that, if the ComStatus signal indicates that a suitable telecommunication link is available, then the control data FCont received from the onshore over-frequency controller401is provided to the Frequency interface506. If, however, the ComStatus signal indicates that a suitable telecommunication link is not available, then a derived frequency set point may be used instead. In this example the disturbance detector601operates in a similar manner as discussed above and receives the reference frequency signal FRef and determines a corresponding estimated DC voltage value VDC_ESTThe disturbance detector601determines the difference between the estimated DC voltage value VDC_ESTand a value based on the measured DC voltage (which in this example may be the same value used as the input to voltage-to-frequency module502) and determines whether the magnitude of difference is greater that a value DIFF. If the difference is less than the relevant value, the output of the voltage-to-frequency module502may be used. However, if the difference is greater than the relevant value DIFF, this may indicate that any change of the DC voltage is due to a disturbance. As such a defined default frequency value FDef, which may for instance be the nominal operating frequency or the value of frequency at which the wind power park was previously operating, may be supplied as the frequency set point. In some instances the default frequency value may be a predefined constant frequency value. It will be understood however that the disturbance detector601could be implemented in other ways and in some implementations need not receive the reference frequency signal FRef. The disturbance detector601can thus provide an indication whether a variation of DC voltage, detected at a time when no communication link is available between connected HVDC stations, is due to a deliberate modulation of the DC voltage to signal information about an over-frequency event at the far end of the DC link or is likely due to some other disturbance, e.g. faulted or unbalanced operating conditions. This can thus prevent the offshore over-frequency power controller501from incorrectly responding to disturbances of the DC voltage and applying power limiting unnecessarily. To validate the principles of the embodiments of the present disclosure various simulations were performed based on an offshore wind power project with an HVDC system for power transmission from the offshore wind power park. Simulations were run with and without the functionality of the disturbance detector. FIGS.9ato9dillustrate resultant simulated waveforms for an HVDC power transmission system, such as illustrated inFIG.1, in the event of over-frequency occurring in the onshore AC grid106in the absence of a communication link109between the first and second HVDC stations.FIG.9aillustrates the AC frequency of the simulated onshore AC grid106. The simulation increased the AC frequency to an over-frequency level and maintained the over-frequency. In response the over-frequency controller401of the onshore HVDC station102increased the DC voltage set-point as described previously.FIG.9bshows the resultant DC voltage measured at the offshore HVDC station101. It can be seen the offset of the DC voltage generally increases. The controller108of the offshore HVDC station was simulated with a frequency controller both with, and without, a disturbance detector601.FIGS.9cand9dillustrate respectively the resultant change in the frequency set point of the offshore AC grid, and the resultant active power. In each ofFIGS.9cand9dthe waveforms corresponding to the response with the disturbance detector are labelled901and the waveforms corresponding to the response without the disturbance detector are labelled902. It can be seen that in each case the AC frequency set-point for the offshore wind power part is increased and with consequent reduction in active power. This simulation result thus indicates that the disturbance detector601allows the operation of the offshore over-frequency controller501in the event of over-frequency in the onshore AC grid. FIGS.10ato10dshows similar waveforms asFIGS.9ato9d, but show the simulated waveforms during and following an emergency power control (EPC) event, where a dynamic braking chopper may be used to temporarily absorb the power from the wind power park.FIG.10aillustrates that, other than a possible transient, the frequency of the onshore AC grid is stable. HoweverFIG.10bshows that EPC event may lead to a significant variation in DC voltage at the offshore HVDC station.FIGS.10cand10dagain show respectively the offshore AC frequency and active power for a controller with a disturbance detector (labelled as1001) and without a disturbance detector (labelled as1002). It can be seen that without the disturbance detector, the offshore frequency controller reacts to the variation in DC voltage and increases the AC frequency, with a consequent reduction in active power and that this power reduction persists after the disturbance of the DC voltage has ceased. In contrast, with the disturbance detector the offshore over-frequency controller correctly keeps the offshore AC frequency at the same level and thus does not suffer from an unnecessary reduction in power. Embodiments of the present disclosure thus enable an HVDC system to use modulation of the DC voltage to communicate information about an over-frequency event so as to allow for active power control to be applied, even in the absence of a dedicated communication link between the HVDC stations, but avoids disturbances of the DC voltage that do not arise from such deliberate modulations to be detected to avoid falsely applying the power control. Embodiments have been mainly described with reference to a first AC network being an offshore wind power park and a second AC network being an onshore AC grid, however it will appreciated that the first AC network could itself be onshore and in some instances could be some other form of AC power generation network. Likewise the second AC network could extend across at least some bodies of water, e.g. to link islands etc. It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments illustrate rather than limit the invention, and that those skilled in the art will be able to design many alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. The word “comprising” does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those listed in a claim, “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. Any reference signs in the claims shall not be construed so as to limit their scope. | 35,964 |
11942791 | In which:1-1—solar cell thin film,1-2—spiral coil,2-1—key,2-2—rubber films,3-1—permanent magnet core,3-2—induction coil,4—solar array positive pole,5—solar array negative pole. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS The invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples. The invention provides a self-powered wireless keyboard. In the original structure of key (2-1) of the keyboard, a mechanical energy induction power generation device composed of a magnetic core mover and a coil stator and a flexible solar panel power generator are installed. The power generating units are combined into an array by appropriate series and/or parallel connection to ensure the power generation voltage while reducing the internal loss of power as much as possible. A power management module controls the DC-DC conversion circuit by MPPT algorithm to store the generated electric energy in the battery and supplies it to the wireless keyboard. InFIG.1, a key (2-1) of a membrane keyboard based on a volcanic crater structure has a circular protrusion block (2-1c) on the lower surface of the key (2-1b). A rubber film (2-2) which provides rebound for the key (2-1) is arranged in the middle of the key (2-1) facing the circular protrusion block. A permanent magnet core (3-1) and induction coil (3-2) are added on the original membrane keyboard. The micro permanent magnet core (3-1) is enclosed in a cylindrical protrusion block as the mover of the induction power generation device, and an induction coil (3-2) is wound around the bottom of the key slot (2-1d) under each key in the keyboard base as the coil stator of the induction power generation device. After the key (2-1) is pressed, according to the electromagnetic induction principle, the induction coil (3-2) will produce a certain amount of induction current. For a larger key having multiple circular protrusion block on the lower surface, an induction generator structure can be installed for each protrusion block to make full use of the space of the keyboard to increase the power output. This design only modifies the original keyboard structure to a limited extent, and reduces the cost as far as possible while ensuring the function and the efficiency. The upper surface (2-1a) of key (2-1) is laid with a flexible solar cell panel (1-1). The solar cell here is flexible because regular solid solar cells are fragile and not suitable for such application scenarios as keyboard. The electric energy generated by the solar panel (1-1) is input into the connecting circuit under the base through the spiral coil (1-2) under the key (2-1). The design of the spiral coil (1-2) accommodates the travel during the strokes of the key (2-1). So it does not add additional work load to the key (2-1) and has a longer service life. Usually the mechanical energy of pressing a key (2-1) can generate alternating current energy for one key at a time. In order to reduce the power loss, all induction coils (3-2) for multiple keys are connected to a back-end processing circuit in parallel. As shown inFIG.2, the connection of solar panel (1-1) uses a combination of series connection and parallel connection. The series connection of solar panel can increase the output voltage, but the current may mismatch (the current will be different due to the uneven illumination). So that the series current can be equal to the smallest current of all the solar panels connected in series, and the excess current will be consumed between the panels (equivalent to the load). This will not only cause the loss of electric energy, but also increase the heating of the solar panels, which will affect the life of the system. The parallel connection of the solar panels can increase the output current, and the effect of mismatch in the system is smaller than that of the series connection. When a user uses the keyboard, the user's hand will block the light, and the vertical series connection is relatively less affected than the horizontal series connection. While in the process of boosting voltage through DC-DC circuit, the greater the difference between input and output voltage, the greater the loss. So it is necessary to increase the voltage through series connection. In view of these considerations, a group of 6 vertically arranged keys (2-1) are selected for series connection to increase the voltage, and these solar panels are then connected in parallel (the two ends of the parallel connection are respectively connected to the power management module through the positive (4) and negative (5) of the solar array) to increase the current, and reduce the internal loss of the circuit as much as possible. As shown inFIG.3, which shows an overall structure diagram of the system, the output of solar cell array is connected to the circuit protection module connected with the power management module to protect the system from the damage of a surge voltage. The induction coils (3-2) are connected in parallel, and the alternating current is converted into direct current through the voltage doubling rectifier circuit (more efficient and less lossy than a half wave rectifier circuit and the full bridge rectifier circuit). After preliminary processing, the electric energy will be converted to the charging voltage required by the battery through the DC-DC circuit. In order to improve the output efficiency of electric energy, a microprocessor is used to sample the voltage and current signals of solar cells and induction coils respectively. MPPT algorithm is applied to obtain and track the maximum power point of electric energy generated by the circuit. The power management module (PWM module) is used to control the DC-DC circuit, so that the electric energy output works at the maximum power point. The invention utilizes the mechanical energy generated by pressing keys of the keyboard and the light energy in the environment. The generated energy can substantially meet the energy consumption requirement of a wireless keyboard and realize self energy supply for the wireless keyboard. To sum up, the above embodiments are only preferred embodiments of the invention, and are not meant to limit the protection scope of the invention. Any modification, equivalent substitutions and improvements and the like within the principle and spirit of the invention are encompassed in the protection scope of the invention. | 6,427 |
11942792 | Corresponding numerals and symbols in the different figures generally refer to corresponding parts unless otherwise indicated. The figures are drawn to clearly illustrate the relevant aspects of the embodiments and are not necessarily drawn to scale. The edges of features drawn in the figures do not necessarily indicate the termination of the extent of the feature. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS In the ensuing description one or more specific details are illustrated, aimed at providing an understanding of examples of embodiments. The embodiments may be obtained without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In other cases, known structures, materials, or operations are not illustrated or described in detail so that certain aspects of embodiments will not be obscured. Reference to “an embodiment” or “one embodiment” in the framework of the present description is intended to indicate that a particular configuration, structure, or characteristic described in relation to the embodiment is comprised in at least one embodiment. Hence, phrases such as “in an embodiment” or “in one embodiment” that may be present in one or more points of the present description do not necessarily refer to one and the same embodiment. Moreover, particular conformations, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any adequate way in one or more embodiments. The references used herein are provided merely for convenience and hence do not define the scope of protection or the scope of the embodiments. FIG.1illustrates a wireless charging system100. Wireless charging system100may be adherent to the Qi standard by the Wireless Power Consortium (WPC). Details of the communication can be found in the Qi standard defined by the WPC. Wireless charging system100includes a wireless charging transmitter105and a wireless charging receiver110. Wireless charging transmitter105, coupled to a power source115, provides energy to wireless charging receiver110, which in turn, provides power to a device120coupled to wireless charging receiver110. The power provided to device120may be used to charge rechargeable batteries in device120or to directly power device120or both. The process of providing energy is referred to as a power transfer. Wireless charging transmitter105includes a transmit resonant circuit125. A resonant circuit may be characterized by an inductance (L) and a capacitance (C) of the resonant circuit (shown in highlighted regions127and132for wireless charging transmitter105and wireless charging receiver110, respectively), and the power transferred between wireless charging transmitter105and wireless charging receiver110is a function of both the inductance and the capacitance of the resonant circuits of the wireless charging transmitter105and the wireless charging receiver110. The purpose of the capacitance (C) is to enhance the efficiency of the power transfer and inductance L is used to transfer the power (transmit coil converts electric current into magnetic flux and receive coil converts magnetic flux into electromotive force). Transmit resonance circuit125transmits an energized wireless field (shown as lines135) using the transmit coil. The energized wireless field (lines135) is received by a receive resonant circuit130of wireless charging receiver110. In addition to transmitting and receiving energized wireless fields, a changing of parameters of receive resonant circuit130may be used to communicate from wireless charging receiver110to wireless charging transmitter105, and vice versa. For example, in communications between wireless charging receiver110to wireless charging transmitter105, the information being communicated may be used to modulate the amplitude of the wireless fields, thereby enabling the transmission or reception of the information. For example, in communications between wireless charging transmitter105to wireless charging receiver110, the information being communicated may be used to modulate the frequency of the wireless fields, thereby enabling the transmission or reception of the information. As an example, wireless charging transmitter105and wireless charging receiver110communicate to initiate a wireless charging session, set a charging mode, control the amount of energy transmitted by wireless charging transmitter105, control the amount of energy received by wireless charging receiver110, terminate a wireless charging session, and so on. The communication performed is mainly in the uplink direction, e.g., from wireless charging receiver110to wireless charging transmitter105. FIG.2illustrates a detailed view of wireless charging system100. Wireless charging system100includes wireless charging TX105and wireless charging RX110. When operating, wireless charging TX105provides power to wireless charging RX110to charge a device coupled to wireless charging RX110. Wireless charging TX105includes resonant circuit127and an inverter205. As shown inFIG.2, inverter205is implemented as a full bridge inverter. Inverter205converts the DC provided by power115into AC. Because inverter205is a full bridge inverter, inverter205may also be configured to operate as a half bridge inverter. Inverter205includes transistors206-209. Controlling the state of transistors206-209, inverter205may be made to operate as a full bridge inverter or a half bridge inverter. As an example, in order to configure inverter205to operate as a full bridge inverter, transistors206and209and transistors207and208are alternatively switched on and off. In other words, initially, transistors206and209are switched on and transistors207and208are switched off. Hence, AC1210is high and AC2211is low. Then, transistors206and209are switched off and transistors207and208are switched on. Hence AC1210is low and AC2211is high. The relationship between the durations that transistors206and209are on and off (and the durations that transistors207and208are off and on) determines the duty cycle and phase shift. As another example, in order to configure inverter205to operate as a half bridge inverter, transistors206and208are alternatively switched on and off while transistor207is kept off and transistor209is kept on. Alternatively, inverter205may be configured to operate as a half bridge inverter by keeping transistor206off and transistor208on while transistors207and209are alternatively switched on and off. The relationship between the durations that transistors206and208(and similarly transistors207and209) are on and off determines the duty cycle. As an example, switching the mode (either full bridge inverter mode or half bridge inverter mode) may be beneficial by reducing or eliminating a requirement for a variable voltage control circuit in wireless charging TX105, which may help to reduce the cost and complexity of wireless charging TX105. Wireless charging TX105may switch inverter205from full bridge inverter mode to half bridge inverter mode when wireless charging RX110requires less power, while wireless charging TX105may switch inverter205from half bridge inverter mode to full bridge inverter mode when wireless charging RX110requires more power. Wireless charging RX110includes resonant circuit132and a rectifier215. Wireless charging TX105converts DC provided by power source115into AC using inverter205. Resonant circuits127and132, coupled together, form an air core transformer. Wireless charging RX110receives the AC power and coverts the AC power back into DC using rectifier215. The DC voltage is supplied to charge a battery or power a device. Because the battery typically requires a specific voltage to charge, a rectifier voltage (VRECT) of wireless charging RX110needs to be within a specific range. If the rectifier voltage (VRECT) goes outside of the specific range, the battery may be overcharged (leading to a dangerous condition) or undercharge (which can significantly slow battery charging). Based on the level of the received power, wireless charging RX110communicates with wireless charging TX105to request an increase or decrease in the power provided by wireless charging TX105. In the Qi standard, wireless charging RX110may communicate with wireless charging TX105using a control error packet. After receiving the control error packet, wireless charging TX105adjusts the power by controlling one or more of the following:AC frequency;AC duty cycle or AC phase shift;Input voltage (as provided by power supply115). The above values, which can be varied to adjust the power received by wireless charging RX110, may be referred to as the operating point of the wireless charging TX105. In general, the power provided by a full bridge inverter is approximately twice that of the power provided by a half bridge inverter. This is also true of a full bridge inverter operating in half bridge inverter mode. So, the power provided to wireless charging RX110by wireless charging TX105when inverter205switches from half bridge inverter mode to full bridge inverter mode is approximately two times greater. Similarly, the power provided to wireless charging RX110by wireless charging TX105when inverter205switches from full bridge inverter mode to half bridge operating mode is approximately one-half less. As discussed previously, the dramatic change (which occurs rapidly, on the order of micro-seconds) can be undesirable and potentially dangerous (e.g., damaging to the device or battery being charged). FIG.3Aillustrates a diagram300of voltages in wireless charging system100as inverter205switches from full bridge inverter mode to half bridge inverter mode. A first trace305represents the voltage of inverter205of wireless charging TX105, a second trace307represents the voltage VRECT of rectifier215of wireless charging RX no, a third trace309represents voltage AC2of inverter205, and a fourth trace311represents voltage AC1of inverter205. At time313, inverter205switches from full bridge inverter mode to half bridge operating mode. In full bridge inverter mode, both voltage AC2and voltage AC1are alternating between high and ground. After the switch, voltage AC2is tied to electrical ground and no longer alternates, and the voltage of rectifier215drops quickly from approximately 4.98 volts to approximately 3.41 volts within about 100 micro-seconds, which is much faster than typical Qi standard operation. The low voltage of rectifier215may cause a low voltage reset of wireless charging RX110. Interval317encompasses the switch in inverter mode. In a different configuration of inverter205, voltage AC2may be tied high. In a different configuration of inverter205, voltage AC1may be tied to either electrical ground or high while voltage AC2continues to alternate between high and ground. FIG.3Billustrates a diagram350of voltages in wireless charging system100as inverter205switches from full bridge inverter mode to half bridge inverter mode during interval317. As shown inFIG.3B, after inverter205switches from full bridge inverter mode to half bride inverter mode (at time313) the voltage of rectifier215(trace307) begins to drop. Although the drop appears to be gradual, the drop occurs in less than 100 micro-seconds, which is much faster than typical Qi standard operation and can lead to unexpected problems. FIG.4Aillustrates a diagram400of voltages in wireless charging system100as inverter205switches from half bridge inverter mode to full bridge inverter mode. A first trace405represents the voltage of inverter205of wireless charging TX105, a second trace407represents the voltage VRECT of rectifier215of wireless charging RX110, a third trace409represents voltage AC2of inverter205, and a fourth trace411represents voltage AC1of inverter205. At time413, inverter205switches from half bridge inverter mode to full bridge operating mode. In half bridge inverter mode, only voltage AC1is alternating between high and ground. After the switch, voltage AC2is also alternating between high and ground, and the voltage of rectifier215rises quickly from approximately 5.21 volts to approximately 11.1 volts within about 200 milli-seconds, which is much faster than typical Qi standard operation. The high voltage of rectifier215may cause damage to the device or battery being charged. Interval417encompasses the switch in inverter mode. In a different configuration of inverter205, voltage AC2may be tied high. In a different configuration of inverter205, voltage AC1may be tied to either electrical ground or high while voltage AC2continues to alternate between high and ground. FIG.4Billustrates a diagram450of voltages in wireless charging system100as inverter205switches from half bridge inverter mode to full bridge inverter mode during interval417. As shown inFIG.4B, after inverter205switches from half bridge inverter mode to full bride inverter mode (at time413) the voltage of rectifier215(trace407) begins to rise. Although the rise appears to be gradual, the rise occurs in less than 200 milli-seconds, which is much faster than typical Qi standard operation and can lead to unexpected problems. According to an example embodiment, before, during, or after a switch of the inverter mode, the operating point of the wireless charging TX is changed to prevent a rapid drop or increase in the voltage of the rectifier of the wireless charging RX. Changing the operating point of the wireless charging TX may include changing one or more of the AC frequency, the AC duty cycle or phase shift, or the output power of the power supply. As long as the operating point change occurs within a specified interval of the switch of the inverter mode, the voltage of the rectifier of the wireless charging RX does not change significantly. As an example, the operating point change occurs in the order of +/−100 micro-seconds with respect to the switch of the inverter mode. In an embodiment, the changing of the operating point of the wireless charging TX occurs prior to the switch in the operating mode of the inverter. In an embodiment, the changing of the operating point of the wireless charging TX occurs during the switch in the operating mode of the inverter. In an embodiment, the changing of the operating point of the wireless charging TX occurs after the switch in the operating mode of the inverter. In any of the embodiments, the operating point change occurs in the order of +/−100 micro-seconds with respect to the switch of the inverter mode. In an embodiment, in the situation where the inverter switches from half bridge inverter mode to full bridge inverter mode, the operating point of the wireless charging TX is changed to reduce the transmitted power of the wireless charging transmitter. Reducing the transmitted power of the wireless charging transmitter prevents a large and rapid rise in the rectifier voltage of the wireless charging receiver, which may lead to damage in the device or battery coupled to the wireless charging receiver. In other words, the change in the operating point of the wireless charging TX dampens the rise in the rectifier voltage of the wireless charging receiver due to the inverter mode switch. The dampening of the rectifier voltage is performed at a level sufficient to prevent the rectifier voltage from increasing to a level that is damaging to a device or battery coupled to the wireless charging receiver, for example. As an example, changes to the operating point include: the AC frequency is increased, the AC duty cycle or AC phase shift is reduced, the input voltage of the wireless charging TX is decreased, or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, in the situation where the inverter switches from full bridge inverter mode to half bridge inverter mode, the operating point of the wireless charging TX is changed to increase the transmitted power of the wireless charging transmitter. Increasing the transmitted power of the wireless charging transmitter prevents a large and rapid drop in the rectifier voltage of the wireless charging receiver, which may lead to an unintended reset of the wireless charging receiver. In other words, the change in the operating point of the wireless charging TX dampens the drop in the rectifier voltage of the wireless charging receiver due to the inverter mode switch. The dampening of the rectifier voltage is performed to a level sufficient to prevent the rectifier voltage from decreasing to a level that leads to a resetting of the wireless charging receiver, for example. As an example, changes to the operating point include: the AC frequency is decreased, the AC duty cycle or AC phase shift is increased, the input voltage of the wireless charging TX is increased, or a combination thereof. An advantage of an embodiment is that a wireless charging transmitter (TX) is able to safely switch from half bridge mode to full bridge mode without causing sudden increase in rectifier voltage at the wireless charging receiver (RX), which is both undesirable and potentially damaging. Similarly, the wireless charging TX is able to safely switch from full bridge mode to half bridge mode without causing a sudden decrease in rectifier voltage at the wireless charging RX, which is undesirable and may cause a low voltage reset of the wireless charging RX. FIG.5Aillustrates a flow diagram of example operations500occurring in wireless charging TX105as the operating mode of inverter205is switched from full bridge inverter mode to half bridge inverter mode. Wireless charging TX105sets its operating point to half bridge inverter mode operating point OH(block505). Setting the operating point of wireless charging TX105may include setting one or more of the AC frequency, the AC duty cycle or phase shift, or the output voltage of the power supply. A detailed discussion of determining the half bridge inverter mode operating point OHis provided below. Wireless charging TX105enables the half bridge inverter mode (block507). Enabling the half bridge inverter mode results in inverter205switching from full bridge inverter mode to half bridge inverter mode. FIG.5Billustrates a flow diagram of example operations550occurring in wireless charging TX105as the operating mode of inverter205is switched from half bridge inverter mode to full bridge inverter mode. Wireless charging TX105sets its operating point to full bridge inverter mode operating point OF(block555). Setting the operating point of wireless charging TX105may include setting one or more of the AC frequency, the AC duty cycle or phase shift, or the output voltage of the power supply. A detailed discussion of determining the full bridge inverter mode operating point OFis provided below. Wireless charging TX105enables the full bridge inverter mode (block557). Enabling the full bridge inverter mode results in inverter205switching from half bridge inverter mode to full bridge inverter mode. According to an example embodiment, the half bridge inverter mode operating point OHand the full bridge inverter mode operating point OFare determined a priori and stored for subsequent use. The operating points may be determined a priori, such as during a setup phase (when wireless charging RX110is coupled to wireless charging TX105, for example), and stored in wireless charging TX105, for example. FIG.6illustrates a flow diagram of example operations600occurring in determining the half bridge inverter mode operating point OHand the full bridge inverter mode operating point OF. Inverter205of wireless charging TX105is set to half bridge inverter mode (block605). Wireless charging TX105is paired with wireless charging RX110. The load of wireless charging RX110is increased until wireless charging TX105is at a desired maximum power in half bridge inverter mode (block607). In order to achieve maximum power, the operating point OHis generally the lowest AC frequency with the maximum duty cycle. Once the power transfer stabilizes, the operating point OHis determined and stored (block609). Additionally, the rectifier voltage VRECT Vo is stored. Inverter205of wireless charging TX105is set to full bridge inverter mode (block611). Wireless charging TX105is paired with wireless charging RX110. Start with a low power operating mode (e.g., low AC frequency, high duty cycle, or high phase shift). The power of wireless charging TX105is increased (block613). The power of wireless charging TX105is increased until the rectifier voltage VRECT is approximately equal to Vo, for example. Once the power transfer stabilizes, the operating point OFis determined and stored (block615). The operating points OHand OFare operating points for half bridge inverter mode to full bridge inverter mode switching, and vice versa (block617). FIG.7Aillustrates a diagram700of voltages in wireless charging system100as inverter205switches from full bridge inverter mode to half bridge inverter mode, with the operating point changed to reduce rectifier voltage VRECT swings. A first trace705represents the voltage of inverter205of wireless charging TX105, a second trace707represents the voltage VRECT of rectifier215of wireless charging RX110, a third trace709represents voltage AC2of inverter205, and a fourth trace711represents voltage AC1of inverter205. Inverter205switches from full bridge inverter mode to half bridge operating mode. In full bridge inverter mode, both voltage AC2and voltage AC1are alternating within a 5 volt range. After the switch, voltage AC2is tied to electrical ground and no longer alternates. However, instead of the voltage of rectifier215dropping rapidly, the voltage of rectifier215remains substantially stable (changing from about 5.09 volts to 4.95 volts). The changed operating point dampened the drop in the voltage of rectifier215, stabilizing the voltage of rectifier215. The stable voltage prevents a low voltage reset of wireless charging RX110. Interval713encompasses the switch in inverter mode. FIG.7Billustrates a diagram750of zoomed in view of voltages in wireless charging system100as inverter205switches from full bridge inverter mode to half bridge inverter mode, with the operating point changed to reduce rectifier voltage VRECT swings. As shown inFIG.7B, the operating point (e.g., the AC frequency of voltage AC1of inverter205) is changed to help reduce the rectifier voltage VRECT swing. Although the change in the operating point presented herein focused on changing the AC frequency, it is possible to change other components of the operating point, including AC duty cycle and output voltage of the power supply. FIG.8Aillustrates a diagram800of voltages in wireless charging system100as inverter205switches from half bridge inverter mode to full bridge inverter mode, with the operating point changed to reduce rectifier voltage VRECT swings. A first trace805represents the voltage of inverter205of wireless charging TX105, a second trace807represents the voltage VRECT of rectifier215of wireless charging RX110, a third trace809represents voltage AC2of inverter205, and a fourth trace811represents voltage AC1of inverter205. Inverter205switches from half bridge inverter mode to full bridge operating mode. In half bridge inverter mode, voltage AC2is alternating within a 5 volt range and voltage AC1is pulled to electrical ground. After the switch, both voltage AC2and voltage AC1are alternating with a 5 volt range. However, instead of the voltage of rectifier215increasing rapidly, the voltage of rectifier215remains substantially stable (changing from about 5.00 volts to 5.07 volts). The changed operating point dampened the rise in the voltage of rectifier215, stabilizing the voltage of rectifier215. The stable voltage prevents potential damage to the device or battery of the device coupled to wireless charging RX110. Interval813encompasses the switch in inverter mode. FIG.8Billustrates a diagram750of zoomed in view of voltages in wireless charging system100as inverter205switches from half bridge inverter mode to full bridge inverter mode, with the operating point changed to reduce rectifier voltage VRECT swings. As shown inFIG.8B, the operating point (e.g., the AC frequency of voltage AC1and AC2of inverter205, as well as the phase shift) is changed to help reduce the rectifier voltage VRECT swing. Although the change in the operating point presented herein focused on changing the AC frequency and the phase shift, it is possible to change other components of the operating point, such as AC duty cycle and output voltage of the power supply. FIG.9illustrates a diagram900of wireless charging TX105. Wireless charging TX105may utilize the example embodiments presented herein to provide safe inverter mode switching. Wireless charging TX105may be attached to or a part of a wireless charging system, which may also include wireless charging RX110. Wireless charging TX105is coupled to power supply115that is configured to provide an output voltage. The output voltage powers wireless charging TX105, as well as provides the DC power that is converted to AC power that is transmitted wirelessly over the air to wireless charging RX110. Wireless charging TX105includes a controller905, a memory910, inverter205, and transmit resonant circuit125. Controller905is configured to control the operation of wireless charging TX105, including setting the mode of inverter205, the operating point of wireless charging TX105, determining the operating points of wireless charging TX105to enable the safe inverter mode switching (which helps to dampen the change in the rectifier voltage of wireless charging RX110wirelessly coupled to wireless charging TX105), responding to communication from wireless charging RX110and respond accordingly, and so on. Memory910provides storage for information and data, such as the operating points of wireless charging TX105, communication from wireless charging RX110, software or firmware for determining the operating points of wireless charging TX105, and so on. Although shown inFIG.9with direct connections between the various components of wireless charging TX105, some or all of the components of wireless charging TX105may be connected through a communication bus. Example embodiments of the invention are summarized here. Other embodiments can also be understood from the entirety of the specification as well as the claims filed herein. Example 1. A method for operating a wireless charging transmitter, the method including: switching, by the wireless charging transmitter, an operating mode of a full bridge inverter of the wireless charging transmitter from a first mode to a second mode; and changing, by the wireless charging transmitter, an operating point of the wireless charging transmitter from a first operating point associated with the first mode to a second operating point associated with the second mode, the second operating point being selected to dampen a change in a rectifier voltage of a wireless charging receiver inductively coupled to the wireless charging transmitter. Example 2. The method of example 1, the operating point including at least one of an alternating current (AC) frequency of the full bridge inverter, an AC duty cycle of the full bridge inverter, a phase shift of the full bridge inverter, or an output voltage level of a power supply of the wireless charging transmitter. Example 3. The method of one of examples 1 or 2, the first mode including a full bridge inverter mode and the second mode including a half bridge inverter mode. Example 4. The method of one of examples 1 to 3, an AC frequency of the second operating point being lower than an AC frequency of the first operating point. Example 5. The method of one of examples 1 to 4, an AC duty cycle of the second operating point being higher than an AC duty cycle of the first operating point. Example 6. The method of one of examples 1 to 5, an output voltage level of the power supply associated with the second operating point being higher than an output voltage level of the power supply associated with the first operating point. Example 7. The method of one of examples 1 to 6, the first mode including a half bridge inverter mode and the second mode including a full bridge inverter mode. Example 8. The method of one of examples 1 to 7, an AC frequency of the second operating point being higher than an AC frequency of the first operating point. Example 9. The method of one of examples 1 to 8, an AC duty cycle of the second operating point being lower than an AC duty cycle of the first operating point. Example 10. The method of one of examples 1 to 9, an AC phase shift of the second mode being higher than an AC duty cycle operating point the first operating point. Example 11. The method of one of examples 1 to 10, an output voltage level of the power supply associated with the second operating point being lower than an output voltage level of the power supply associated with the first operating point. Example 12. The method of one of examples 1 to 11, the changing occurring one of before, after, or substantially simultaneously with, the switching. Example 13. A method for operating a wireless charging transmitter, the method including: setting, by the wireless charging transmitter, a full bridge inverter of the wireless charging transmitter to a half bridge inverter mode; increasing, by the wireless charging transmitter, a load of a wireless charging receiver paired to the wireless charging transmitter until a power transfer of the wireless charging transmitter meets a specified threshold; and saving, by the wireless charging transmitter, an operating point of the wireless charging transmitter as a first operating point associated with a half bridge inverter mode, and a rectifier voltage of the wireless charging receiver as a target rectifier voltage, the first operating point dampens a first change in a rectifier voltage of the wireless charging receiver. Example 14. The method of example 13, further including: setting, by the wireless charging transmitter, the full bridge inverter of the wireless charging transmitter to a full bridge inverter mode; increasing, by the wireless charging transmitter, a transmit power of the wireless charging transmitter until the rectifier voltage of the wireless charging receiver meets the target rectifier voltage; and saving, by the wireless charging transmitter, the operating point of the wireless charging transmitter as a second operating point associated with a full bridge inverter mode, the second operating point dampens a second change in the rectifier voltage of the wireless charging receiver. Example 15. The method of one of examples 13 or 14, increasing the transmit power including at least one of decreasing an alternating current (AC) frequency, decreasing an AC duty cycle, decreasing an AC phase shift, or increasing an output voltage level of a power supply of the wireless charging transmitter. Example 16. The method of one of examples 13 to 15, further including setting, by the wireless charging transmitter, an initial operating point. Example 17. The method of one of examples 13 to 16, the initial operating point including at least one of an AC frequency, an AC duty cycle, an AC phase shift, or an output voltage level of a power supply of the wireless charging transmitter. Example 18. A wireless charging transmitter including: a non-transitory memory storage including instructions; and one or more processors in communication with the memory storage, where the one or more processors execute the instructions to cause the wireless charging transmitter to: switch an operating mode of a full bridge inverter of the wireless charging transmitter from a first mode to a second mode; and change an operating point of the wireless charging transmitter from a first operating point associated with the first mode to a second operating point associated with the second mode, the second operating point being selected to dampen a change in a rectifier voltage of a wireless charging receiver inductively coupled to the wireless charging transmitter. Example 19. The wireless charging transmitter of example 18, the instructions further causing the wireless charging transmitter to reduce a transmitted power of the wireless charging transmitter when the first mode is a half bridge inverter mode and the second mode is a full bridge inverter mode. Example 20. The wireless charging transmitter of one of examples 18 or 19, the instructions further causing the wireless charging transmitter to increase a transmitted power of the wireless charging transmitter when the first mode is a full bridge inverter mode and the second mode is a half bridge inverter mode. While this invention has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the invention, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. It is therefore intended that the appended claims encompass any such modifications or embodiments. | 33,137 |
11942793 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIG.1is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a communication system10that includes a plurality of computing. devices12-10, one or more servers22, one or more databases24, one or more networks26, a plurality of drive-sense circuits28, a plurality of sensors30, and a plurality of actuators32. Computing devices14include a touch screen16with sensors and drive-sensor circuits and computing devices18include a touch & tactic screen20that includes sensors, actuators, and drive-sense circuits. A sensor30functions to convert a physical input into an electrical output and/or an optical output. The physical input of a sensor may be one of a variety of physical input conditions. For example, the physical condition includes one or more of, but is not limited to, acoustic waves (e.g., amplitude, phase, polarization, spectrum, and/or wave velocity); a biological and/or chemical condition (e.g., fluid concentration, level, composition, etc.); an electric condition (e.g., charge, voltage, current, conductivity, permittivity, eclectic field, which includes amplitude, phase, and/or polarization); a magnetic condition (e.g., flux, permeability, magnetic field, which amplitude, phase, and/or polarization); an optical condition (e.g., refractive index, reflectivity, absorption, etc.); a thermal condition (e.g., temperature, flux, specific heat, thermal conductivity, etc.); and a mechanical condition (e.g., position, velocity, acceleration, force, strain, stress, pressure, torque, etc.). For example, piezoelectric sensor converts force or pressure into an eclectic signal. As another example, a microphone converts audible acoustic waves into electrical signals. There are a variety of types of sensors to sense the various types of physical conditions. Sensor types include, but are not limited to, capacitor sensors, inductive sensors, accelerometers, piezoelectric sensors, light sensors, magnetic field sensors, ultrasonic sensors, temperature sensors, infrared (IR) sensors, touch sensors, proximity sensors, pressure sensors, level sensors, smoke sensors, and gas sensors. In many ways, sensors function as the interface between the physical world and the digital world by converting real world conditions into digital signals that are then processed by computing devices for a vast number of applications including, but not limited to, medical applications, production automation applications, home environment control, public safety, and so on. The various types of sensors have a variety of sensor characteristics that are factors in providing power to the sensors, receiving signals from the sensors, and/or interpreting the signals from the sensors. The sensor characteristics include resistance, reactance, power requirements, sensitivity, range, stability, repeatability, linearity, error, response time, and/or frequency response. For example, the resistance, reactance, and/or power requirements are factors in determining drive circuit requirements. As another example, sensitivity, stability, and/or linear are factors for interpreting the measure of the physical condition based on the received electrical and/or optical signal (e.g., measure of temperature, pressure, etc.). An actuator32converts an electrical input into a physical output. The physical output of an actuator may be one of a variety of physical output conditions. For example, the physical output condition includes one or more of, but is not limited to, acoustic waves (e.g., amplitude, phase, polarization, spectrum, and/or wave velocity); a magnetic condition (e.g., flux, permeability, magnetic field, which amplitude, phase, and/or polarization); a thermal condition (e.g., temperature, flux, specific heat, thermal conductivity, etc.); and a mechanical condition (e.g., position, velocity, acceleration, force, strain, stress, pressure, torque, etc.). As an example, a piezoelectric actuator converts voltage into force or pressure. As another example, a speaker converts electrical signals into audible acoustic waves. An actuator32may be one of a variety of actuators. For example, an actuator32is one of a comb drive, a digital micro-mirror device, an electric motor, an electroactive polymer, a hydraulic cylinder, a piezoelectric actuator, a pneumatic actuator, a screw jack, a servomechanism, a solenoid, a stepper motor, a shape-memory allow, a thermal bimorph, and a hydraulic actuator. The various types of actuators have a variety of actuators characteristics that are factors in providing power to the actuator and sending signals to the actuators for desired performance. The actuator characteristics include resistance, reactance, power requirements, sensitivity, range, stability, repeatability, linearity, error, response time, and/or frequency response. For example, the resistance, reactance, and power requirements are factors in determining drive circuit requirements. As another example, sensitivity, stability, and/or linear are factors for generating the signaling to send to the actuator to obtain the desired physical output condition. The computing devices12,14, and18may each be a portable computing device and/or a fixed computing device. A portable computing device may be a social networking device, a gaming device, a cell phone, a smart phone, a digital assistant, a digital music player, a digital video player, a laptop computer, a handheld computer, a tablet, a video game controller, and/or any other portable device that includes a computing core. A fixed computing device may be a computer (PC), a computer server, a cable set-top box, a satellite receiver, a television set, a printer, a fax machine, home entertainment equipment, a video game console, and/or any type of home or office computing equipment. The computing devices12,14, and18will be discussed in greater detail with reference to one or more ofFIGS.2-4. A server22is a special type of computing device that is optimized for processing large amounts of data requests in parallel. A server22includes similar components to that of the computing devices12,14, and/or18with more robust processing modules, more main memory, and/or more hard drive memory (e.g., solid state, hard drives, etc.). Further, a server22is typically accessed remotely; as such it does not generally include user input devices and/or user output devices. In addition, a server may be a standalone separate computing device and/or may be a cloud computing device. A database24is a special type of computing device that is optimized for large scale data storage and retrieval. A database24includes similar components to that of the computing devices12,14, and/or18with more hard drive memory (e.g., solid state, hard drives, etc.) and potentially with more processing modules and/or main memory. Further, a database24is typically accessed remotely; as such it does not generally include user input devices and/or user output devices. In addition, a database24may be a standalone separate computing device and/or may be a cloud computing device. The network26includes one more local area networks (LAN) and/or one or more wide area networks WAN), which may be a public network and/or a private network. A LAN may be a wireless-LAN (e.g., Wi-Fi access point, Bluetooth, ZigBee, etc.) and/or a wired network (e.g., Firewire, Ethernet, etc.). A WAN may be a wired and/or wireless WAN. For example, a LAN may be a personal home or business's wireless network and a WAN is the Internet, cellular telephone infrastructure, and/or satellite communication infrastructure. In an example of operation, computing device12-1communicates with a plurality of drive-sense circuits28, which, in turn, communicate with a plurality of sensors30. The sensors30and/or the drive-sense circuits28are within the computing device12-1and/or external to it. For example, the sensors30may be external to the computing device12-1and the drive-sense circuits are within the computing device12-1. As another example, both the sensors30and the drive-sense circuits28are external to the computing device12-1. When the drive-sense circuits28are external to the computing device, they are coupled to the computing device12-1via wired and/or wireless communication links as will be discussed in greater detail with reference to one or more ofFIGS.5A-5C. The computing device12-1communicates with the drive-sense circuits28to; (a) turn them on, (b) obtain data from the sensors (individually and/or collectively), (c) instruct the drive sense circuit on how to communicate the sensed data to the computing device12-1, (d) provide signaling attributes (e.g., DC level, AC level, frequency, power level, regulated current signal, regulated voltage signal, regulation of an impedance, frequency patterns for various sensors, different frequencies for different sensing applications, etc.) to use with the sensors, and/or (e) provide other commands and/or instructions. As a specific example, the sensors30are distributed along a pipeline to measure flow rate and/or pressure within a section of the pipeline. The drive-sense circuits28have their own power source (e.g., battery, power supply, etc.) and are proximally located to their respective sensors30. At desired time intervals (milliseconds, seconds, minutes, hours, etc.), the drive-sense circuits28provide a regulated source signal or a power signal to the sensors30. An electrical characteristic of the sensor30affects the regulated source signal or power signal, which is reflective of the condition (e.g., the flow rate and/or the pressure) that sensor is sensing. The drive-sense circuits28detect the effects on the regulated source signal or power signals as a result of the electrical characteristics of the sensors. The drive-sense circuits28then generate signals representative of change to the regulated source signal or power signal based on the detected effects on the power signals. The changes to the regulated source signals or power signals are representative of the conditions being sensed by the sensors30. The drive-sense circuits28provide the representative signals of the conditions to the computing device12-1. A representative signal may be an analog signal or a digital signal. In either case, the computing device12-1interprets the representative signals to determine the pressure and/or flow rate at each sensor location along the pipeline. The computing device may then provide this information to the server22, the database24, and/or to another computing device for storing and/or further processing. As another example of operation, computing device12-2is coupled to a drive-sense circuit28, which is, in turn, coupled to a senor30. The sensor30and/or the drive-sense circuit28may be internal and/or external to the computing device12-2. In this example, the sensor30is sensing a condition that is particular to the computing device12-2. For example, the sensor30may be a temperature sensor, an ambient light sensor, an ambient noise sensor, etc. As described above, when instructed by the computing device12-2(which may be a default setting for continuous sensing or at regular intervals), the drive-sense circuit28provides the regulated source signal or power signal to the sensor30and detects an effect to the regulated source signal or power signal based on an electrical characteristic of the sensor. The drive-sense circuit generates a representative signal of the affect and sends it to the computing device12-2. In another example of operation, computing device12-3is coupled to a plurality of drive-sense circuits28that are coupled to a plurality of sensors30and is coupled to a plurality of drive-sense circuits28that are coupled to a plurality of actuators32. The generally functionality of the drive-sense circuits28coupled to the sensors30in accordance with the above description. Since an actuator32is essentially an inverse of a sensor in that an actuator converts an electrical signal into a physical condition, while a sensor converts a physical condition into an electrical signal, the drive-sense circuits28can be used to power actuators32. Thus, in this example, the computing device12-3provides actuation signals to the drive-sense circuits28for the actuators32. The drive-sense circuits modulate the actuation signals on to power signals or regulated control signals, which are provided to the actuators32. The actuators32are powered from the power signals or regulated control signals and produce the desired physical condition from the modulated actuation signals. As another example of operation, computing device12-xis coupled to a drive-sense circuit28that is coupled to a sensor30and is coupled to a drive-sense circuit28that is coupled to an actuator32. In this example, the sensor30and the actuator32are for use by the computing device12-x.For example, the sensor30may be a piezoelectric microphone and the actuator32may be a piezoelectric speaker. FIG.2is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a computing device12(e.g., any one of12-1through12-x). The computing device12includes a core control module40, one or more processing modules42, one or more main memories44, cache memory46, a video graphics processing module48, a display50, an Input-Output (I/O) peripheral control module52, one or more input interface modules56, one or more output interface modules58, one or more network interface modules60, and one or more memory interface modules62. A processing module42is described in greater detail at the end of the detailed description of the invention section and, in an alternative embodiment, has a direction connection to the main memory44. In an alternate embodiment, the core control module40and the I/O and/or peripheral control module52are one module, such as a chipset, a quick path interconnect (QPI), and/or an ultra-path interconnect (UPI). Each of the main memories44includes one or more Random Access Memory (RAM) integrated circuits, or chips. For example, a main memory44includes four DDR4 (4thgeneration of double data rate) RAM chips, each running at a rate of 2,400 MHz. In general, the main memory44stores data and operational instructions most relevant for the processing module42. For example, the core control module40coordinates the transfer of data and/or operational instructions from the main memory44and the memory64-66. The data and/or operational instructions retrieve from memory64-66are the data and/or operational instructions requested by the processing module or will most likely be needed by the processing module. When the processing module is done with the data and/or operational instructions in main memory, the core control module40coordinates sending updated data to the memory64-66for storage. The memory64-66includes one or more hard drives, one or more solid state memory chips, and/or one or more other large capacity storage devices that, in comparison to cache memory and main memory devices, is/are relatively inexpensive with respect to cost per amount of data stored. The memory64-66is coupled to the core control module40via the I/O and/or peripheral control module52and via one or more memory interface modules62. In an embodiment, the I/O and/or peripheral control module52includes one or more Peripheral Component Interface (PCI) buses to which peripheral components connect to the core control module40. A memory interface module62includes a software driver and a hardware connector for coupling a memory device to the I/O and/or peripheral control module52. For example, a memory interface62is in accordance with a Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) port. The core control module40coordinates data communications between the processing module(s)42and the network(s)26via the I/O and/or peripheral control module52, the network interface module(s)60, and a network card68or70. A network card68or70includes a wireless communication unit or a wired communication unit. A wireless communication unit includes a wireless local area network (WLAN) communication device, a cellular communication device, a Bluetooth device, and/or a ZigBee communication device. A wired communication unit includes a Gigabit LAN connection, a Firewire connection, and/or a proprietary computer wired connection. A network interface module60includes a software driver and a hardware connector for coupling the network card to the I/O and/or peripheral control module52. For example, the network interface module60is in accordance with one or more versions of IEEE 802.11, cellular telephone protocols, 10/100/1000 Gigabit LAN protocols, etc. The core control module40coordinates data communications between the processing module(s)42and input device(s)72via the input interface module(s)56and the I/O and/or peripheral control module52. An input device72includes a keypad, a keyboard, control switches, a touchpad, a microphone, a camera, etc. An input interface module56includes a software driver and a hardware connector for coupling an input device to the I/O and/or peripheral control module52. In an embodiment, an input interface module56is in accordance with one or more Universal Serial Bus (USB) protocols. The core control module40coordinates data communications between the processing module(s)42and output device(s)74via the output interface module(s)58and the I/O and/or peripheral control module52. An output device74includes a speaker, etc. An output interface module58includes a software driver and a hardware connector for coupling an output device to the I/O and/or peripheral control module52. In an embodiment, an output interface module56is in accordance with one or more audio codec protocols. The processing module42communicates directly with a video graphics processing module48to display data on the display50. The display50includes an LED (light emitting diode) display, an LCD (liquid crystal display), and/or other type of display technology. The display has a resolution, an aspect ratio, and other features that affect the quality of the display. The video graphics processing module48receives data from the processing module42, processes the data to produce rendered data in accordance with the characteristics of the display, and provides the rendered data to the display50. FIG.2further illustrates sensors30and actuators32coupled to drive-sense circuits28, which are coupled to the input interface module56(e.g., USB port). Alternatively, one or more of the drive-sense circuits28is coupled to the computing device via a wireless network card (e.g., WLAN) or a wired network card (e.g., Gigabit LAN). While not shown, the computing device12further includes a BIOS (Basic Input Output System) memory coupled to the core control module40. FIG.3is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a computing device14that includes a core control module40, one or more processing modules42, one or more main memories44, cache memory46, a video graphics processing module48, a touch screen16, an Input-Output (I/O) peripheral control module52, one or more input interface modules56, one or more output interface modules58, one or more network interface modules60, and one or more memory interface modules62. The touch screen16includes a touch screen display80, a plurality of sensors30, a plurality of drive-sense circuits (DSC), and a touch screen processing module82. Computing device14operates similarly to computing device12ofFIG.2with the addition of a touch screen as an input device. The touch screen includes a plurality of sensors (e.g., electrodes, capacitor sensing cells, capacitor sensors, inductive sensor, etc.) to detect a proximal touch of the screen. For example, when one or more fingers touches the screen, capacitance of sensors proximal to the touch(es) are affected (e.g., impedance changes). The drive-sense circuits (DSC) coupled to the affected sensors detect the change and provide a representation of the change to the touch screen processing module82, which may be a separate processing module or integrated into the processing module42. The touch screen processing module82processes the representative signals from the drive-sense circuits (DSC) to determine the location of the touch(es). This information is inputted to the processing module42for processing as an input. For example, a touch represents a selection of a button on screen, a scroll function, a zoom in-out function, etc. FIG.4is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a computing device18that includes a core control module40, one or more processing modules42, one or more main memories44, cache memory46, a video graphics processing module48, a touch and tactile screen20, an Input-Output (I/O) peripheral control module52, one or more input interface modules56, one or more output interface modules58, one or more network interface modules60, and one or more memory interface modules62. The touch and tactile screen20includes a touch and tactile screen display90, a plurality of sensors30, a plurality of actuators32, a plurality of drive-sense circuits (DSC), a touch screen processing module82, and a tactile screen processing module92. Computing device18operates similarly to computing device14ofFIG.3with the addition of a tactile aspect to the screen20as an output device. The tactile portion of the screen20includes the plurality of actuators (e.g., piezoelectric transducers to create vibrations, solenoids to create movement, etc.) to provide a tactile feel to the screen20. To do so, the processing module creates tactile data, which is provided to the appropriate drive-sense circuits (DSC) via the tactile screen processing module92, which may be a stand-alone processing module or integrated into processing module42. The drive-sense circuits (DSC) convert the tactile data into drive-actuate signals and provide them to the appropriate actuators to create the desired tactile feel on the screen20. FIG.5Ais a schematic plot diagram of a computing subsystem25that includes a sensed data processing module65, a plurality of communication modules61A-x, a plurality of processing modules42A-x, a plurality of drive sense circuits28, and a plurality of sensors1-x,which may be sensors30ofFIG.1. The sensed data processing module65is one or more processing modules within one or more servers22and/or one more processing modules in one or more computing devices that are different than the computing devices in which processing modules42A-x reside. A drive-sense circuit28(or multiple drive-sense circuits), a processing module (e.g.,41A), and a communication module (e.g.,61A) are within a common computing device. Each grouping of a drive-sense circuit(s), processing module, and communication module is in a separate computing device. A communication module61A-x is constructed in accordance with one or more wired communication protocol and/or one or more wireless communication protocols that is/are in accordance with the one or more of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model, the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) model, and other communication protocol module. In an example of operation, a processing module (e.g.,42A) provides a control signal to its corresponding drive-sense circuit28. The processing module42A may generate the control signal, receive it from the sensed data processing module65, or receive an indication from the sensed data processing module65to generate the control signal. The control signal enables the drive-sense circuit28to provide a drive signal to its corresponding sensor. The control signal may further include a reference signal having one or more frequency components to facilitate creation of the drive signal and/or interpreting a sensed signal received from the sensor. Based on the control signal, the drive-sense circuit28provides the drive signal to its corresponding sensor (e.g., 1) on a drive & sense line. While receiving the drive signal (e.g., a power signal, a regulated source signal, etc.), the sensor senses a physical condition1-x(e.g., acoustic waves, a biological condition, a chemical condition, an electric condition, a magnetic condition, an optical condition, a thermal condition, and/or a mechanical condition). As a result of the physical condition, an electrical characteristic (e.g., impedance, voltage, current, capacitance, inductance, resistance, reactance, etc.) of the sensor changes, which affects the drive signal. Note that if the sensor is an optical sensor, it converts a sensed optical condition into an electrical characteristic. The drive-sense circuit28detects the effect on the drive signal via the drive & sense line and processes the affect to produce a signal representative of power change, which may be an analog or digital signal. The processing module42A receives the signal representative of power change, interprets it, and generates a value representing the sensed physical condition. For example, if the sensor is sensing pressure, the value representing the sensed physical condition is a measure of pressure (e.g., ×PSI (pounds per square inch)). In accordance with a sensed data process function (e.g., algorithm, application, etc.), the sensed data processing module65gathers the values representing the sensed physical conditions from the processing modules. Since the sensors1-xmay be the same type of sensor (e.g., a pressure sensor), may each be different sensors, or a combination thereof; the sensed physical conditions may be the same, may each be different, or a combination thereof. The sensed data processing module65processes the gathered values to produce one or more desired results. For example, if the computing subsystem25is monitoring pressure along a pipeline, the processing of the gathered values indicates that the pressures are all within normal limits or that one or more of the sensed pressures is not within normal limits. As another example, if the computing subsystem25is used in a manufacturing facility, the sensors are sensing a variety of physical conditions, such as acoustic waves (e.g., for sound proofing, sound generation, ultrasound monitoring, etc.), a biological condition (e.g., a bacterial contamination, etc.) a chemical condition (e.g., composition, gas concentration, etc.), an electric condition (e.g., current levels, voltage levels, electro-magnetic interference, etc.), a magnetic condition (e.g., induced current, magnetic field strength, magnetic field orientation, etc.), an optical condition (e.g., ambient light, infrared, etc.), a thermal condition (e.g., temperature, etc.), and/or a mechanical condition (e.g., physical position, force, pressure, acceleration, etc.). The computing subsystem25may further include one or more actuators in place of one or more of the sensors and/or in addition to the sensors. When the computing subsystem25includes an actuator, the corresponding processing module provides an actuation control signal to the corresponding drive-sense circuit28. The actuation control signal enables the drive-sense circuit28to provide a drive signal to the actuator via a drive & actuate line (e.g., similar to the drive & sense line, but for the actuator). The drive signal includes one or more frequency components and/or amplitude components to facilitate a desired actuation of the actuator. In addition, the computing subsystem25may include an actuator and sensor working in concert. For example, the sensor is sensing the physical condition of the actuator. In this example, a drive-sense circuit provides a drive signal to the actuator and another drive sense signal provides the same drive signal, or a scaled version of it, to the sensor. This allows the sensor to provide near immediate and continuous sensing of the actuator's physical condition. This further allows for the sensor to operate at a first frequency and the actuator to operate at a second frequency. In an embodiment, the computing subsystem is a stand-alone system for a wide variety of applications (e.g., manufacturing, pipelines, testing, monitoring, security, etc.). In another embodiment, the computing subsystem25is one subsystem of a plurality of subsystems forming a larger system. For example, different sub systems are employed based on geographic location. As a specific example, the computing subsystem25is deployed in one section of a factory and another computing subsystem is deployed in another part of the factory. As another example, different subsystems are employed based function of the subsystems. As a specific example, one subsystem monitors a city's traffic light operation and another subsystem monitors the city's sewage treatment plants. Regardless of the use and/or deployment of the computing system, the physical conditions it is sensing, and/or the physical conditions it is actuating, each sensor and each actuator (if included) is driven and sensed by a single line as opposed to separate drive and sense lines. This provides many advantages including, but not limited to, lower power requirements, better ability to drive high impedance sensors, lower line to line interference, and/or concurrent sensing functions. FIG.5Bis a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a computing subsystem25that includes a sensed data processing module65, a communication module61, a plurality of processing modules42A-x, a plurality of drive sense circuits28, and a plurality of sensors1-x,which may be sensors30ofFIG.1. The sensed data processing module65is one or more processing modules within one or more servers22and/or one more processing modules in one or more computing devices that are different than the computing device, devices, in which processing modules42A-x reside. In an embodiment, the drive-sense circuits28, the processing modules, and the communication module are within a common computing device. For example, the computing device includes a central processing unit that includes a plurality of processing modules. The functionality and operation of the sensed data processing module65, the communication module61, the processing modules42A-x, the drive sense circuits28, and the sensors1-xare as discussed with reference toFIG.5A. FIG.5Cis a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a computing subsystem25that includes a sensed data processing module65, a communication module61, a processing module42, a plurality of drive sense circuits28, and a plurality of sensors1-x,which may be sensors30ofFIG.1. The sensed data processing module65is one or more processing modules within one or more servers22and/or one more processing modules in one or more computing devices that are different than the computing device in which the processing module42resides. In an embodiment, the drive-sense circuits28, the processing module, and the communication module are within a common computing device. The functionality and operation of the sensed data processing module65, the communication module61, the processing module42, the drive sense circuits28, and the sensors1-xare as discussed with reference toFIG.5A. FIG.5Dis a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a computing subsystem25that includes a processing module42, a reference signal circuit100, a plurality of drive sense circuits28, and a plurality of sensors30. The processing module42includes a drive-sense processing block104, a drive-sense control block102, and a reference control block106. Each block102-106of the processing module42may be implemented via separate modules of the processing module, may be a combination of software and hardware within the processing module, and/or may be field programmable modules within the processing module42. In an example of operation, the drive-sense control block104generates one or more control signals to activate one or more of the drive-sense circuits28. For example, the drive-sense control block102generates a control signal that enables of the drive-sense circuits28for a given period of time (e.g., 1 second, 1 minute, etc.). As another example, the drive-sense control block102generates control signals to sequentially enable the drive-sense circuits28. As yet another example, the drive-sense control block102generates a series of control signals to periodically enable the drive-sense circuits28(e.g., enabled once every second, every minute, every hour, etc.). Continuing with the example of operation, the reference control block106generates a reference control signal that it provides to the reference signal circuit100. The reference signal circuit100generates, in accordance with the control signal, one or more reference signals for the drive-sense circuits28. For example, the control signal is an enable signal, which, in response, the reference signal circuit100generates a pre-programmed reference signal that it provides to the drive-sense circuits28. In another example, the reference signal circuit100generates a unique reference signal for each of the drive-sense circuits28. In yet another example, the reference signal circuit100generates a first unique reference signal for each of the drive-sense circuits28in a first group and generates a second unique reference signal for each of the drive-sense circuits28in a second group. The reference signal circuit100may be implemented in a variety of ways. For example, the reference signal circuit100includes a DC (direct current) voltage generator, an AC voltage generator, and a voltage combining circuit. The DC voltage generator generates a DC voltage at a first level and the AC voltage generator generates an AC voltage at a second level, which is less than or equal to the first level. The voltage combining circuit combines the DC and AC voltages to produce the reference signal. As examples, the reference signal circuit100generates a reference signal similar to the signals shown inFIG.7, which will be subsequently discussed. As another example, the reference signal circuit100includes a DC current generator, an AC current generator, and a current combining circuit. The DC current generator generates a DC current a first current level and the AC current generator generates an AC current at a second current level, which is less than or equal to the first current level. The current combining circuit combines the DC and AC currents to produce the reference signal. Returning to the example of operation, the reference signal circuit100provides the reference signal, or signals, to the drive-sense circuits28. When a drive-sense circuit28is enabled via a control signal from the drive sense control block102, it provides a drive signal to its corresponding sensor30. As a result of a physical condition, an electrical characteristic of the sensor is changed, which affects the drive signal. Based on the detected effect on the drive signal and the reference signal, the drive-sense circuit28generates a signal representative of the effect on the drive signal. The drive-sense circuit provides the signal representative of the effect on the drive signal to the drive-sense processing block104. The drive-sense processing block104processes the representative signal to produce a sensed value97of the physical condition (e.g., a digital value that represents a specific temperature, a specific pressure level, etc.). The processing module42provides the sensed value97to another application running on the computing device, to another computing device, and/or to a server22. FIG.5Eis a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a computing subsystem25that includes a processing module42, a plurality of drive sense circuits28, and a plurality of sensors30. This embodiment is similar to the embodiment ofFIG.5Dwith the functionality of the drive-sense processing block104, a drive-sense control block102, and a reference control block106shown in greater detail. For instance, the drive-sense control block102includes individual enable/disable blocks102-1through102-y.An enable/disable block functions to enable or disable a corresponding drive-sense circuit in a manner as discussed above with reference toFIG.5D. The drive-sense processing block104includes variance determining modules104-1athrough y and variance interpreting modules104-2athrough y. For example, variance determining module104-1areceives, from the corresponding drive-sense circuit28, a signal representative of a physical condition sensed by a sensor. The variance determining module104-1afunctions to determine a difference from the signal representing the sensed physical condition with a signal representing a known, or reference, physical condition. The variance interpreting module104-1binterprets the difference to determine a specific value for the sensed physical condition. As a specific example, the variance determining module104-1areceives a digital signal of 1001 0110 (150 in decimal) that is representative of a sensed physical condition (e.g., temperature) sensed by a sensor from the corresponding drive-sense circuit28. With 8-bits, there are 28(256) possible signals representing the sensed physical condition. Assume that the units for temperature is Celsius and a digital value of 0100 0000 (64 in decimal) represents the known value for 25 degree Celsius. The variance determining module104-b1determines the difference between the digital signal representing the sensed value (e.g., 1001 0110, 150 in decimal) and the known signal value of (e.g., 0100 0000, 64 in decimal), which is 0011 0000 (86 in decimal). The variance determining module104-b1then determines the sensed value based on the difference and the known value. In this example, the sensed value equals 25+86*(100/256)=25+33.6=58.6 degrees Celsius. FIG.6is a schematic block diagram of a drive center circuit28-a coupled to a sensor30. The drive sense-sense circuit28includes a power source circuit110and a power signal change detection circuit112. The sensor30includes one or more transducers that have varying electrical characteristics (e.g., capacitance, inductance, impedance, current, voltage, etc.) based on varying physical conditions114(e.g., pressure, temperature, biological, chemical, etc.), or vice versa (e.g., an actuator). The power source circuit110is operably coupled to the sensor30and, when enabled (e.g., from a control signal from the processing module42, power is applied, a switch is closed, a reference signal is received, etc.) provides a power signal116to the sensor30. The power source circuit110may be a voltage supply circuit (e.g., a battery, a linear regulator, an unregulated DC-to-DC converter, etc.) to produce a voltage-based power signal, a current supply circuit (e.g., a current source circuit, a current mirror circuit, etc.) to produce a current-based power signal, or a circuit that provide a desired power level to the sensor and substantially matches impedance of the sensor. The power source circuit110generates the power signal116to include a DC (direct current) component and/or an oscillating component. When receiving the power signal116and when exposed to a condition114, an electrical characteristic of the sensor affects118the power signal. When the power signal change detection circuit112is enabled, it detects the affect118on the power signal as a result of the electrical characteristic of the sensor. For example, the power signal is a 1.5 voltage signal and, under a first condition, the sensor draws 1 milliamp of current, which corresponds to an impedance of 1.5 K Ohms. Under a second conditions, the power signal remains at 1.5 volts and the current increases to 1.5 milliamps. As such, from condition1to condition2, the impedance of the sensor changed from 1.5 K Ohms to1K Ohms. The power signal change detection circuit112determines this change and generates a representative signal120of the change to the power signal. As another example, the power signal is a 1.5 voltage signal and, under a first condition, the sensor draws 1 milliamp of current, which corresponds to an impedance of 1.5 K Ohms. Under a second conditions, the power signal drops to 1.3 volts and the current increases to 1.3 milliamps. As such, from condition 1 to condition 2, the impedance of the sensor changed from 1.5 K Ohms to 1 K Ohms. The power signal change detection circuit112determines this change and generates a representative signal120of the change to the power signal. The power signal116includes a DC component122and/or an oscillating component124as shown inFIG.7. The oscillating component124includes a sinusoidal signal, a square wave signal, a triangular wave signal, a multiple level signal (e.g., has varying magnitude over time with respect to the DC component), and/or a polygonal signal (e.g., has a symmetrical or asymmetrical polygonal shape with respect to the DC component). Note that the power signal is shown without affect from the sensor as the result of a condition or changing condition. In an embodiment, power generating circuit110varies frequency of the oscillating component124of the power signal116so that it can be tuned to the impedance of the sensor and/or to be off-set in frequency from other power signals in a system. For example, a capacitance sensor's impedance decreases with frequency. As such, if the frequency of the oscillating component is too high with respect to the capacitance, the capacitor looks like a short and variances in capacitances will be missed. Similarly, if the frequency of the oscillating component is too low with respect to the capacitance, the capacitor looks like an open and variances in capacitances will be missed. In an embodiment, the power generating circuit110varies magnitude of the DC component122and/or the oscillating component124to improve resolution of sensing and/or to adjust power consumption of sensing. In addition, the power generating circuit110generates the drive signal110such that the magnitude of the oscillating component124is less than magnitude of the DC component122. FIG.6Ais a schematic block diagram of a drive center circuit28-a1coupled to a sensor30. The drive sense-sense circuit28-a1includes a signal source circuit111, a signal change detection circuit113, and a power source115. The power source115(e.g., a battery, a power supply, a current source, etc.) generates a voltage and/or current that is combined with a signal117, which is produced by the signal source circuit111. The combined signal is supplied to the sensor30. The signal source circuit111may be a voltage supply circuit (e.g., a battery, a linear regulator, an unregulated DC-to-DC converter, etc.) to produce a voltage-based signal117, a current supply circuit (e.g., a current source circuit, a current mirror circuit, etc.) to produce a current-based signal117, or a circuit that provide a desired power level to the sensor and substantially matches impedance of the sensor. The signal source circuit111generates the signal117to include a DC (direct current) component and/or an oscillating component. When receiving the combined signal (e.g., signal117and power from the power source) and when exposed to a condition114, an electrical characteristic of the sensor affects119the signal. When the signal change detection circuit113is enabled, it detects the affect119on the signal as a result of the electrical characteristic of the sensor. FIG.8is an example of a sensor graph that plots an electrical characteristic versus a condition. The sensor has a substantially linear region in which an incremental change in a condition produces a corresponding incremental change in the electrical characteristic. The graph shows two types of electrical characteristics: one that increases as the condition increases and the other that decreases and the condition increases. As an example of the first type, impedance of a temperature sensor increases and the temperature increases. As an example of a second type, a capacitance touch sensor decreases in capacitance as a touch is sensed. FIG.9is a schematic block diagram of another example of a power signal graph in which the electrical characteristic or change in electrical characteristic of the sensor is affecting the power signal. In this example, the effect of the electrical characteristic or change in electrical characteristic of the sensor reduced the DC component but had little to no effect on the oscillating component. For example, the electrical characteristic is resistance. In this example, the resistance or change in resistance of the sensor decreased the power signal, inferring an increase in resistance for a relatively constant current. FIG.10is a schematic block diagram of another example of a power signal graph in which the electrical characteristic or change in electrical characteristic of the sensor is affecting the power signal. In this example, the effect of the electrical characteristic or change in electrical characteristic of the sensor reduced magnitude of the oscillating component but had little to no effect on the DC component. For example, the electrical characteristic is impedance of a capacitor and/or an inductor. In this example, the impedance or change in impedance of the sensor decreased the magnitude of the oscillating signal component, inferring an increase in impedance for a relatively constant current. FIG.11is a schematic block diagram of another example of a power signal graph in which the electrical characteristic or change in electrical characteristic of the sensor is affecting the power signal. In this example, the effect of the electrical characteristic or change in electrical characteristic of the sensor shifted frequency of the oscillating component but had little to no effect on the DC component. For example, the electrical characteristic is reactance of a capacitor and/or an inductor. In this example, the reactance or change in reactance of the sensor shifted frequency of the oscillating signal component, inferring an increase in reactance (e.g., sensor is functioning as an integrator or phase shift circuit). FIG.11Ais a schematic block diagram of another example of a power signal graph in which the electrical characteristic or change in electrical characteristic of the sensor is affecting the power signal. In this example, the effect of the electrical characteristic or change in electrical characteristic of the sensor changes the frequency of the oscillating component but had little to no effect on the DC component. For example, the sensor includes two transducers that oscillate at different frequencies. The first transducer receives the power signal at a frequency of f1and converts it into a first physical condition. The second transducer is stimulated by the first physical condition to create an electrical signal at a different frequency f2. In this example, the first and second transducers of the sensor change the frequency of the oscillating signal component, which allows for more granular sensing and/or a broader range of sensing. FIG.12is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a power signal change detection circuit112receiving the affected power signal118and the power signal116as generated to produce, therefrom, the signal representative120of the power signal change. The affect118on the power signal is the result of an electrical characteristic and/or change in the electrical characteristic of a sensor; a few examples of the affects are shown inFIGS.8-11A. In an embodiment, the power signal change detection circuit112detect a change in the DC component122and/or the oscillating component124of the power signal116. The power signal change detection circuit112then generates the signal representative120of the change to the power signal based on the change to the power signal. For example, the change to the power signal results from the impedance of the sensor and/or a change in impedance of the sensor. The representative signal120is reflective of the change in the power signal and/or in the change in the sensor's impedance. In an embodiment, the power signal change detection circuit112is operable to detect a change to the oscillating component at a frequency, which may be a phase shift, frequency change, and/or change in magnitude of the oscillating component. The power signal change detection circuit112is also operable to generate the signal representative of the change to the power signal based on the change to the oscillating component at the frequency. The power signal change detection circuit112is further operable to provide feedback to the power source circuit110regarding the oscillating component. The feedback allows the power source circuit110to regulate the oscillating component at the desired frequency, phase, and/or magnitude. FIG.13is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a drive sense circuit28-b includes a change detection circuit150, a regulation circuit152, and a power source circuit154. The drive-sense circuit28-b is coupled to the sensor30, which includes a transducer that has varying electrical characteristics (e.g., capacitance, inductance, impedance, current, voltage, etc.) based on varying physical conditions114(e.g., pressure, temperature, biological, chemical, etc.). The power source circuit154is operably coupled to the sensor30and, when enabled (e.g., from a control signal from the processing module42, power is applied, a switch is closed, a reference signal is received, etc.) provides a power signal158to the sensor30. The power source circuit154may be a voltage supply circuit (e.g., a battery, a linear regulator, an unregulated DC-to-DC converter, etc.) to produce a voltage-based power signal or a current supply circuit (e.g., a current source circuit, a current mirror circuit, etc.) to produce a current-based power signal. The power source circuit154generates the power signal158to include a DC (direct current) component and an oscillating component. When receiving the power signal158and when exposed to a condition114, an electrical characteristic of the sensor affects160the power signal. When the change detection circuit150is enabled, it detects the affect160on the power signal as a result of the electrical characteristic of the sensor30. The change detection circuit150is further operable to generate a signal120that is representative of change to the power signal based on the detected effect on the power signal. The regulation circuit152, when its enabled, generates regulation signal156to regulate the DC component to a desired DC level and/or regulate the oscillating component to a desired oscillating level (e.g., magnitude, phase, and/or frequency) based on the signal120that is representative of the change to the power signal. The power source circuit154utilizes the regulation signal156to keep the power signal at a desired setting158regardless of the electrical characteristic of the sensor. In this manner, the amount of regulation is indicative of the affect the electrical characteristic had on the power signal. In an example, the power source circuit158is a DC-DC converter operable to provide a regulated power signal having DC and AC components. The change detection circuit150is a comparator and the regulation circuit152is a pulse width modulator to produce the regulation signal156. The comparator compares the power signal158, which is affected by the sensor, with a reference signal that includes DC and AC components. When the electrical characteristics is at a first level (e.g., a first impedance), the power signal is regulated to provide a voltage and current such that the power signal substantially resembles the reference signal. When the electrical characteristics changes to a second level (e.g., a second impedance), the change detection circuit150detects a change in the DC and/or AC component of the power signal158and generates the representative signal120, which indicates the changes. The regulation circuit152detects the change in the representative signal120and creates the regulation signal to substantially remove the effect on the power signal. The regulation of the power signal158may be done by regulating the magnitude of the DC and/or AC components, by adjusting the frequency of AC component, and/or by adjusting the phase of the AC component. With respect to the operation of various drive-sense circuits as described herein and/or their equivalents, note that the operation of such a drive-sense circuit is operable simultaneously to drive and sense a signal via a single line. In comparison to switched, time-divided, time-multiplexed, etc. operation in which there is switching between driving and sensing (e.g., driving at first time, sensing at second time, etc.) of different respective signals at separate and distinct times, the drive-sense circuit is operable simultaneously to perform both driving and sensing of a signal. In some examples, such simultaneous driving and sensing is performed via a single line using a drive-sense circuit. In addition, other alternative implementations of various drive-sense circuits are described in U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 16/113,379, entitled “DRIVE SENSE CIRCUIT WITH DRIVE-SENSE LINE,” (Attorney Docket No. SGS00009), filed Aug. 27, 2018, pending. Any instantiation of a drive-sense circuit as described herein may also be implemented using any of the various implementations of various drive-sense circuits described in U.S. Utility Patent application Ser. No. 16/113,379. In addition, note that the one or more signals provided from a drive-sense circuit (DSC) may be of any of a variety of types. For example, such a signal may be based on encoding of one or more bits to generate one or more coded bits used to generate modulation data (or generally, data). For example, a device is configured to perform forward error correction (FEC) and/or error checking and correction (ECC) code of one or more bits to generate one or more coded bits. Examples of FEC and/or ECC may include turbo code, convolutional code, turbo trellis coded modulation (TTCM), low density parity check (LDPC) code, Reed-Solomon (RS) code, BCH (Bose and Ray-Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghem) code, binary convolutional code (BCC), Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), and/or any other type of ECC and/or FEC code and/or combination thereof, etc. Note that more than one type of ECC and/or FEC code may be used in any of various implementations including concatenation (e.g., first ECC and/or FEC code followed by second ECC and/or FEC code, etc. such as based on an inner code/outer code architecture, etc.), parallel architecture (e.g., such that first ECC and/or FEC code operates on first bits while second ECC and/or FEC code operates on second bits, etc.), and/or any combination thereof. Also, the one or more coded bits may then undergo modulation or symbol mapping to generate modulation symbols (e.g., the modulation symbols may include data intended for one or more recipient devices, components, elements, etc.). Note that such modulation symbols may be generated using any of various types of modulation coding techniques. Examples of such modulation coding techniques may include binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 8-phase shift keying (PSK), 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 32 amplitude and phase shift keying (APSK), etc., uncoded modulation, and/or any other desired types of modulation including higher ordered modulations that may include even greater number of constellation points (e.g., 1024 QAM, etc.). In addition, note that a signal provided from a DSC may be of a unique frequency that is different from signals provided from other DSCs. Also, a signal provided from a DSC may include multiple frequencies independently or simultaneously. The frequency of the signal can be hopped on a pre-arranged pattern. In some examples, a handshake is established between one or more DSCs and one or more processing module (e.g., one or more controllers) such that the one or more DSC is/are directed by the one or more processing modules regarding which frequency or frequencies and/or which other one or more characteristics of the one or more signals to use at one or more respective times and/or in one or more particular situations. With respect to any signal that is driven and simultaneously detected by a DSC, note that any additional signal that is coupled into a line, an electrode, a touch sensor, a bus, a communication link, a battery, a load, an electrical coupling or connection, etc. associated with that DSC is also detectable. For example, a DSC that is associated with such a line, an electrode, a touch sensor, a bus, a communication link, a battery, a load, an electrical coupling or connection, etc. is configured to detect any signal from one or more other lines, electrodes, touch sensors, buses, communication links, loads, electrical couplings or connections, etc. that get coupled into that line, electrode, touch sensor, bus, communication link, battery, load, electrical coupling or connection, etc. Note that the different respective signals that are driven and simultaneously sensed by one or more DSCs may be are differentiated from one another. Appropriate filtering and processing can identify the various signals given their differentiation, orthogonality to one another, difference in frequency, etc. Other examples described herein and their equivalents operate using any of a number of different characteristics other than or in addition to frequency. Moreover, with respect to any embodiment, diagram, example, etc. that includes more than one DSC, note that the DSCs may be implemented in a variety of manners. For example, all of the DSCs may be of the same type, implementation, configuration, etc. In another example, the first DSC may be of a first type, implementation, configuration, etc., and a second DSC may be of a second type, implementation, configuration, etc. that is different than the first DSC. Considering a specific example, a first DSC may be implemented to detect change of impedance associated with a line, an electrode, a touch sensor, a bus, a communication link, an electrical coupling or connection, etc. associated with that first DSC, while a second DSC may be implemented to detect change of voltage associated with a line, an electrode, a touch sensor, a bus, a communication link, an electrical coupling or connection, etc. associated with that second DSC. In addition, note that a third DSC may be implemented to detect change of a current associated with a line, an electrode, a touch sensor, a bus, a communication link, an electrical coupling or connection, etc. associated with that DSC. In general, while a common reference may be used generally to show a DSC or multiple instantiations of a DSC within a given embodiment, diagram, example, etc., note that any particular DSC may be implemented in accordance with any manner as described herein, such as described in U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 16/113,379, etc. and/or their equivalents. Note that certain of the following diagrams show one or more processing modules. In certain instances, the one or more processing modules is configured to communicate with and interact with one or more other devices including one or more of DSCs, one or more components associated with a DSC, input electric power, and/or one or more other components. Note that any such implementation of one or more processing modules may include integrated memory and/or be coupled to other memory. At least some of the memory stores operational instructions to be executed by the one or more processing modules. In addition, note that the one or more processing modules may interface with one or more other devices, components, elements, etc. via one or more communication links, networks, communication pathways, channels, etc. In addition, when a DSC is implemented to communicate with and interact with another element, the DSC is configured simultaneously to transmit and receive one or more signals with the element. For example, a DSC is configured simultaneously to sense and to drive one or more signals to the one element. During transmission of a signal from a DSC, that same DSC is configured simultaneously to sense the signal being transmitted from the DSC and any other signal may be coupled into the signal that is being transmitted from the DSC. FIG.14is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment1400of various devices including a device1409that is operative to transfer power wirelessly in accordance with the present invention. As with many diagram herein, this diagram shows one or more processing modules42configured to interact with a drive-sense circuit (DSC)28. Note that the coupling or connection between one or more processing modules42and the DSC28may be made using any number of communication channels, pathways, etc. (e.g., generally n, where n is a positive integer greater than or equal to1). Examples of one or more signals that may be provided from the one or more processing modules42to the DSC may include any one or more of the reference signal (e.g., referred to as Vref in certain diagrams), power input, communication signaling, interfacing, control signaling, digital information provided from the DSC28, digital information provided from the one or more processing modules42, etc. In some examples, the DSC28itself includes a signal generator whose operation is controlled by the one or more processing modules42such as setting one or more parameters of the reference signal to be generated and used as a basis to generate the drive signal. The DSC28is implemented to generate a drive signal based on a reference signal into provided via a single line through a resonating capacitor1402to a first coil. The first coil is operative to facilitate electromagnetic (inductive) coupling with a second coil when the first clone the second coil or within sufficient proximity to do so. Generally speaking, the efficacy of electromagnetic coupling between the first coil the second coil is a function of the proximity between the first coil and the second coil. For example, consider the spacing between the first coil and the second coil to be separated by a distance that is inadequate to facilitate electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first coil and the second coil, then there will be very little electromagnetic (inductive) coupling. However, when the first coil and the second coil are within sufficient proximity such as to facilitate electromagnetic (inductive) coupling, then energy, power, signals, etc. may be transferred between the first coil the second coil, and vice versa. In some examples, note that a magnetic core may be implemented in such a way as to increase the efficacy of the electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first and second coil. For example, such a magnetic core may be implemented within one or both of the devices1409and1410that include the first coil and the second coil if desired in certain examples. In this diagram, consider the first coil included in a first device1409that includes and/or is associated with the DSC28, the resonating capacitor1402, and the one or more processing modules42, and consider the second coil included in the second device1410that includes a wireless receiver1421that is operative to receive power coupled from the first coil to the second coil, and that also includes one or more other device components1499. Examples of such device components may include any one or more of one or more processing modules, circuitry, battery, load, etc. as may be found in any of a number of different types of devices. Examples of the device1410may include any one or more of a laptop computer, a cell phone, an electronic pad device, a personal digital assistant, a portable music devices, a portable media players, a tablet, a digital camera, and/or any other type of device. In certainties and both of the device1410, the device1410includes a battery that is charged via wireless power transfer from the first coil to the second coil after having undergone processing via the wireless receiver1421. In some examples, the wireless receiver1421is operative to generate a DC signal from an AC signal that is provided wirelessly from the first coil to the second coil. Generally speaking, energy is transferred from the first coil to the second coil when a time varying signal, such as an AC signal, is provided to the first coil. The time varying excitation facilitates electromagnetic (inductive) coupling of the first coil second coil. For example, a time varying excitation signal provided to the first coil will induce a voltage in the second coil. Considering transformer theory as applied to electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first coil the second coil, consider that the first coil has a first number of turns, Ni, and the second coil has a second number of turns, N2, then a time varying voltage, v1(t), applied across the first coil will induce a time varying voltage, v2(t), across the second coil based on the relationship of: v2(t)=(N1/N1)v1(t) As mentioned above, while a magnetic core may be implemented to increase the efficacy of the electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first and second coil, it is not required. In addition, considering transformer theory in an ideal situation, consider two coils that are implemented such as to facilitate electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between them, and assuming perfect flux linkage between the two coils, then the mutual inductance, M, between them may be provided as follows: M=(μ0×N1×N2×A)/l in Henries, where μ0is the permeability of free space, approx. 4 π×10−7H/m N1has a first number of turns in the first coil N2has a second number of turns in the second coil A is the cross-sectional area of electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first coil and the second coil in square meters (m2) l is the length of the first and second coils in meters (m), assuming same length in this example. Considering an example in which an iron core is implemented to facilitate greater electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first coil and second coil, then then the mutual inductance, M, between them may be provided as follows: M=(μ0×μr×N1×N2×A)/l in Henries, where μ0is the permeability of free space, approx. 4 π×10−7H/m μris the relative permeability of the iron core in H/m N1has a first number of turns in the first coil N2has a second number of turns in the second coil A is the cross-sectional area of electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first coil and the second coil in square meters (m2) l is the length of the first and second coils in meters (m), assuming same length in this example. Note that such examples consider an ideal amount of electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first coil and the second coil. However, in a real life implementation, there will be some loss due to leakage and imperfect positioning of the first coil relative to the second coil. As such, the electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first coil and the second coil will never be perfect or 100% effective, but proper arrangement of the first coil and the second coil can increase the efficacy of the electromagnetic (inductive) coupling, including ensuring that the first coil and the second coil are within sufficient proximity such as to facilitate electromagnetic (inductive) coupling. In some instances, a scale factor, k, is used to represent the actual mutual inductance between the first coil and the second coil as a function of an ideal mutual inductance, Mideal, such that M=k×Mideal. In some instances, two coils that are perfectly coupled will have a scale factor of k=1; a scale factor of k>0.5 may be associated with tightly coupled coils, and a scale factor of k<0.5 may be associated with loosely coupled coils. Using a DSC28as described herein, any of one or more electrical characteristics associated with the drive signal is provided via the single line and via the resonating capacitor1402the first coil may be sensed/detected via the single line simultaneously/concurrently as the drive signal is provided from the DSC28. In an example of operation and implementation, the first coil is included within a device1409that is operative to transfer power wirelessly to a second coil included in device1401. The device1409includes a DSC28, memory that stores operational instructions, and one or more processing modules42operably coupled to the DSC and the memory (or alternatively, the one or more processing modules42includes the memory). The DSC28is operably coupled to receive a reference signal and to generate a drive signal based on the reference signal. When enabled, the DSC operably coupled and configured to provide the drive signal to a first coil via a single line and via a resonating capacitor1402and simultaneously to sense the drive signal via the single line. Based on the first coil being in a proximity to a second coil associated with another device1410-1that facilitates electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil, the drive signal is operative to transfer power wirelessly from the first coil to the second coil. In addition, the DSC28is configured to perform sensing of the drive signal via the single line that includes detection of one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal. The DSC28is configured to generate a digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal based on an error signal corresponding to a difference between the drive signal and the reference signal. The one or more processing module, when enabled, is configured to execute the operational instructions to generate the reference signal and to process the digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to determine the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal. In some examples, the one or more processing modules42is also configured to adapt at least one parameter of the reference signal based on the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal. Examples of the at least one parameter of the reference signal may include any one or more of a magnitude, a frequency, a signal type, a waveform type, or a phase. In some examples, the one or more processing modules42is configured to generate the reference signal as a sinusoidal signal. Also, in certain examples, the one or more processing modules42is configured to adapt an amplitude of the reference signal based on the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to maximize the error signal. In addition, in some examples, the one or more processing modules42is configured to generate the reference signal to have a frequency that is based on a resonant frequency associated with an inductance of the first coil and a capacitance of the resonating capacitor. In an alternative example of operation and implementation, the first coil is included within a device1409that is operative to transfer power wirelessly to a second coil included in another device1410. The device1409includes a DSC28, memory that stores operational instructions, and one or more processing modules42operably coupled to the DSC and the memory (or alternatively, the one or more processing modules42includes the memory). The DSC28is operably coupled to receive a reference signal and to generate a drive signal based on the reference signal. When enabled, the DSC operably coupled and configured to provide the drive signal to a first coil via a single line and via a resonating capacitor1402and simultaneously to sense the drive signal via the single line. Based on the first coil of the device1409being in a proximity to a second coil associated with another device1410that facilitates electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil, the drive signal is operative to transfer power wirelessly from the first coil to the second coil. In addition, the DSC28is configured to perform sensing of the drive signal via the single line that includes detection of one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal. the DSC28is configured to generate a digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal based on an error signal corresponding to a difference between the drive signal and the reference signal. The one or more processing modules42, when enabled, is configured to execute the operational instructions to generate the reference signal and process the digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to determine the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal including to determine whether a signal associated with the other device1410is coupled into the drive signal thereby indicating presence of the other device1410within the proximity to the device1409that facilitates electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil. Note that the electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first coil and the second coil, and the functionality and operation of the DSC28, facilitates detection of the presence of one or more additional signals including any other signal may be coupled into the first coil. For example, as the device1410is in operation, it may generate one or more signals that may be detected and coupled into the first coil. From certain perspectives, the first coil may be viewed as operating as a component (e.g., an antenna, an electrode, etc.) that facilitates the coupling of one or more signals generated by the device1410as it is in operation. Certain examples of such signals may include interaction of the device1410with another device in communication (e.g., consider the device1410is a cellular telephone communicating with a cellular tower/base station, or alternatively that the device1410is a cellular telephone or consider the device1410is a laptop computer communicating with a Wi-Fi hotspot, etc.). The one or more processing modules42is configured to perform detection of any such one or more additional signals associated with a device1410that is appropriate for wireless transfer of power via the first coil to the second coil to validate the presence of such a device that is appropriate for wireless transfer of power. For example, based on determination that a signal associated with the other device1410is coupled into the drive signal, the one or more processing modules42is configured to continue to provide the reference signal to the DSC28to facilitate wireless power transfer from the first coil to the second coil in accordance with charging of a battery of the other device1410. However, based on determination that no signal associated with the other device1410is coupled to the drive signal, the one or more processing modules42is configured to perform one or more alternative functions. In one example, the one or more processing modules42is configured to adjust an amplitude of the reference signal to zero to stop the DSC28from providing the drive signal to the first coil via the single line in via the resonating capacitor1402. For example, consider a determination that no signal associated with any such other device1410that is appropriate for wireless transfer of power is coupled into the drive signal, then the one or more processing modules42is configured to detect that no such other device1410that is appropriate for wireless transfer of power is present, and the one or more processing modules42executes one or more appropriate actions. In one example, this involves cessation of providing the drive signal from the DSC28. Note that operation may resume subsequently to determine whether or not another device1410that is appropriate for wireless transfer of power is within sufficient proximity to the device that includes the first coil (e.g., by once again providing of a reference signal from the one or more processing modules42, by once again the providing of a drive signal from the DSC28, etc.). Based on the determination that such a device1410that is appropriate for wireless transfer power is present, the one or more processing modules42is configured to continue to provide the reference signal to the DSC to facilitate wireless power transfer from the first coil to the second coil in accordance with charging of a battery of the other device1410. FIG.15is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment1500of various devices including a device1409that is operative to transfer power and communicate wirelessly in accordance with the present invention. This diagram has certain similarities to the previous diagram with at least one difference being that the wireless transceiver1422is implemented within a device1410-1that includes a second coil. This wireless transceiver1422is operative not only to receive power wirelessly from the device1409that includes the first coil, but is also operative to facilitate communication with that other device1409via the electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first coil and the second coil. For example, the wireless transceiver1422is operative not only to receive power that is provided via a drive signal provided from the DSC28via the single line via the resonating capacitor1402and the electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first coil and the second coil, but is also operative to receive one or more communication signals from the DSC28via that same pathway and also to transmit one or more communication signals to the DSC28via that same pathway. This diagram shows an example by which communication is supported from one device (e.g., device1409) that includes the first coil and also from a second device that includes a second coil (e.g., device1410-1). In an example of operation and implementation, the first coil is included within a device1409that is operative to transfer power and communicate wirelessly. The device1409includes a DSC28, memory that stores operational instructions, and one or more processing modules42operably coupled to the DSC and the memory (or alternatively, the one or more processing modules42includes the memory). When enabled, the DSC28is operably coupled and configured to provide the drive signal to a first coil via a single line and via a resonating capacitor1402and simultaneously to sense the drive signal via the single line. Based on the first coil being in a proximity to a second coil associated with another device1410-1that facilitates electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil, the drive signal is operative to transfer power wirelessly from the first coil to the second coil. The DSC28is also configured to perform sensing of the drive signal via the single line that includes detection of one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal including detection of whether a communication signal is transmitted from the other device1410-1to the device1409via the electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil. In this diagram, note that the device1410-1includes a wireless transceiver1422that is operative to transmit one or more signals via the second coil that is coupled into the first coil and that may be detected by the DSC28. The DSC28is also configured to generate a digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal based on an error signal corresponding to a difference between the drive signal and the reference signal. When enabled, the one or more processing modules42is configured to execute the operational instructions to generate the reference signal and to process the digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to determine the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal including to determine whether the communication signal is transmitted from the other device1410-1to the device1409via the electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil. Based on determination that the communication signal is transmitted from the other device1410-1to the device1409that includes the first coil, the one or more processing modules42is configured to process the digital signal to interpret control information from the communication signal. The one or more processing modules42is configured to execute one or more operations based on the control information that is interpreted. For example, in one example, the one or more processing modules42is configured to adapt at least one parameter of the reference signal based on the control information. Examples of the at least one parameter of the reference signal may include any one or more of a magnitude, a frequency, a signal type, a waveform type, or a phase. Alternatively, based on determination that no communication signal is transmitted from the other device1410-1to the device1409, the one or more processing modules42is configured to execute one or more operations. In some examples, the one or more processing modules42is configured to adjust an amplitude of the reference signal to zero to stop the DSC from providing the drive signal to the first coil via the single line and via the resonating capacitor. In some examples, based on determination that the communication signal is transmitted from the another device to the device, the one or more processing modules42is configured to continue to provide the reference signal to the DSC to facilitate wireless power transfer from the first coil to the second coil in accordance with charging of a battery of the another device (e.g., a battery included in device1410-1). Note that the communication signal includes information indicating presence of the another device within the proximity to the device that facilitates electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil. In even other examples, the one or more processing modules42is configured process the digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to determine the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal including to determine whether another communication signal is transmitted from the another device to the device via the electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil. Based on determination that the another communication signal is transmitted from the another device to the device, the one or more processing modules42is configured to process the digital signal to interpret additional control information from the another communication signal. Also, based on determination that the additional control information indicates a charged status of a battery of the another device, the one or more processing modules42is configured to adjust an amplitude of the reference signal to zero to stop the DSC from providing the drive signal to the first coil via the single line and via the resonating capacitor. In an alternative example of operation and implementation, the first coil is included within a device1409that is operative to transfer power and communicate wirelessly. The device1409includes a DSC28, memory that stores operational instructions, and one or more processing modules42operably coupled to the DSC and the memory (or alternatively, the one or more processing modules42includes the memory). When enabled, the DSC28is operably coupled to receive a reference signal and to generate a drive signal based on the reference signal. When enabled, the DSC operably coupled and configured to provide the drive signal to a first coil via a single line and via a resonating capacitor1402and simultaneously to sense the drive signal via the single line. Based on the first coil being in a proximity to a second coil associated with another device1410-1that facilitates electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil, the drive signal is operative to transfer power wirelessly from the first coil to the second coil. The DSC is also configured to perform sensing of the drive signal via the single line includes detection of one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal including detection of whether a communication signal is transmitted from the other device1410-1to the device1409via the electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil. In this diagram, note that the device1410-1includes a wireless transceiver1422that is operative to transmit one or more signals via the second coil that is coupled into the first coil and that may be detected by the DSC28. The DSC28is also configured to generate a digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal based on an error signal corresponding to a difference between the drive signal and the reference signal. The DSC28is also configured to generate a digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal based on an error signal corresponding to a difference between the drive signal and the reference signal. When enabled, the one or more processing modules42is configured to execute the operational instructions to generate the reference signal. The one or more processing modules42is also configured to process the digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to determine the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal including to determine whether the communication signal is transmitted from the other device1410-1to the device1409via the electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil. Based on determination that the communication signal is transmitted from the other device1410-1to the device1409, the one or more processing modules42is also configured to continue to provide the reference signal to the DSC to facilitate wireless power transfer from the first coil to the second coil in accordance with charging of a battery of the other device1410-1. Note that the communication signal includes information indicating presence of the other device1410-1within the proximity to the device1409that facilitates electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil. Also, in certain other examples, the one or more processing modules42is also configured process the digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to determine the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal including to determine whether another communication signal is transmitted from the another device to the device via the electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil. Based on determination that the another communication signal is transmitted from the another device to the device, the one or more processing modules42is also configured to process the digital signal to interpret additional control information from the another communication signal. Based on determination that the additional control information indicates a charged status of a battery of the another device, the one or more processing modules42is also configured to adjust an amplitude of the reference signal to zero to stop the DSC from providing the drive signal to the first coil via the single line and via the resonating capacitor. In even other examples, the one or more processing modules42is also configured to process the digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to determine the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal including to determine whether another communication signal is transmitted from the another device to the device via the electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil. Based on determination that the another communication signal is transmitted from the another device to the device, the one or more processing modules42is also configured to process the digital signal to interpret additional control information from the another communication signal. Based on determination that the additional control information includes an instruction from the another device to adapt at least one parameter of the reference signal, adapt the at least one parameter of the reference signal based on the instruction. Note that the at least one parameter of the reference signal may include any one or more of a magnitude, a frequency, a signal type, a waveform type, or a phase. FIG.16is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment1600of various devices including a prior art device1408that is operative to transfer power wirelessly in accordance with the present invention. This diagram has some similarities to other diagrams herein with at least one difference being that the first coil is included within a prior art device1408. In addition, note that the second coil is included within a device1410-3that may be implemented to include a wireless receiver1421and/or a wireless transceiver1422as described herein. In addition, one or more additional device components1499are also included within the device1410-3as described herein. In this diagram, a prior art device1408includes a transmit controller1610that is operative to generate a square wave to be provided via switching transistors such as MOSFETs (e.g., such as shown a P-type MOSFET as being connected to a power supply (e.g., Vdd) and an and-type MOSFET as having a source connected to ground. The transmit controller1610is operative to control the switching of the gates of these MOSFETs to generate a square wave AC signal that is provided via the resonating capacitor1402to the first coil. In addition, note that a sensing resistor, R_sense, is coupled to the other end of the first coil so as to be able to detect a feedback signal, I feedback, as may be provided from a wireless transceiver1422to the prior art device1408that includes the first coil. In such a prior art implementation, note that the value of a sensing resistor, R_sense, needs to be scaled appropriately to be able to handle the full amount of current that may be provided to the first coil. Based on current passing through the sensing resistor, R_sense, a voltage is generated, V_feedback, and is detected by the transmit controller1610. Note that various embodiments, examples, etc. included herein and their equivalents, obviates the need for any such sensing resistor, R_sense, at least in part, because of the operation of a DSC28. In such a prior art implementation, the sensing resistor, R_sense, can cause excessive heating within a the prior art device1408that includes the first coil. Instead, implementing a device in accordance with various aspects, embodiments, and/or examples of the invention (and/or their equivalents) as described herein obviates the need for any such sensing resistor, R_sense, thereby providing a number of benefits and improvements over the prior art including a reduction in number of components and a reduction in amount of heating. In addition, in certain embodiments, examples, etc. included herein and their equivalents, the reference signal and drive signal may be sinusoidal of a pure tone nature, such as having a singular frequency. Other examples may include signals having multiple frequency is there in. Considering a sinusoidal signal of the pure tone nature, such as having a singular frequency, no harmonics are generated as may unfortunately be generated using the switching transistors included within such a prior art device1408. In general, note that the reference signal as described herein to be used within a DSC may have any form (e.g., sinusoidal, square wave, triangle wave, etc.). If desired, and architecture such as the switching transistors included within the diagram could be used to generate a reference signal to be used within a DSC. FIG.17is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment1700of various devices including a device1409-1that is operative to transfer power wirelessly and/or transfer power and communicate wirelessly in accordance with the present invention. This diagram also has some similarities to other diagrams herein such that the second coil is included with the device1410-3that may be implemented to include a wireless receiver1421and/or a wireless transceiver1422as described herein. This diagram also provides an alternative implementation by which a DSC28may be implemented, as shown by DSC28-17. As with other embodiments, examples, etc. herein, one or more processing modules42is implemented to interact and communicate with the DSC28-17in this diagram. The DSC28-17includes a signal generator1710that is configured to receive a control signal from the one or more processing modules42that specifies one or more parameters of the reference signal. Examples of one or more parameters of the reference signal may include any one or more of amplitude/magnitude, frequency, type, waveform, phase, etc. Note that the reference signal may include more than one frequency. In addition, note that the reference signal may be of any desired type and having any desired waveform. For example, in some examples, the reference signal is a sinusoidal signal. However, note that the reference signal may be any other type of signal including square wave signal, triangle wave signal, sawtooth signal, etc., as just some examples of types and waveforms of signals. In addition, in this diagram as well as others that pictorially show a signal generator1710, note that any alternative examples may exclude such a signal generator1710within such as implementation of a DSC, and the one or more processing modules42may be configured to provide the reference signal directly to the DSC. For example, the one or more processing modules42may include functionality of such a signal generator1710therein and the functionality to generate a reference signal having any such desired parameters. The reference signal is provided to an input of a comparator1715, which may alternatively be implemented as an operational amplifier. Another input of the comparator1715receives the drive signal that is also provided via the single line via the resonating capacitor1402to the first coil. The drive signal is generated by a dependent current supply that is powered by a power supply (e.g., Vdd) and that is controlled based on an error signal, Ve, that is generated by the comparator1415as it compares the drive signal to the reference signal. In this diagram, the error signal is passed through and analog to digital converter (ADC)1760to generate a digital signal that is representative of one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal. The digital signal is provided to the one or more processing modules42and also provided to a DAC1762to generate an analog control signal that controls the amount of current that is output from the dependent current supply via the single-line. Note that the amount of current, i, that is output from the dependent current supply based on the error signal, Ve, is a function of a programmable scale factor, k, of the dependent current supply such that: i=k×Ve. In certain examples, note also that the one or more processing modules42is configured to adjust a programmable gain of the dependent current supply. Note that scaling the programmable gain of the dependent current supply provides for scaling of the error signal, Ve. Control of the current, i, and him that is output from the dependent current supply may be effectuated by appropriate control of the reference signal as well as the programmable gain of the dependent current supply. In this diagram that shows a dependent current supply, note that a power amplifier, such as a high efficiency power amplifier, may alternatively be implemented in place of such a dependent current source (e.g., as shown inFIG.25herein). The control of such a power amplifier may be effectuated in a similar manner based on the error signal, Ve, that is generated by the comparator1415as it compares the drive signal to the reference signal. FIG.18is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment1800of various devices including a device1409-2that is operative to transfer power wirelessly and/or transfer power and communicate wirelessly in accordance with the present invention. This diagram is similar to the prior diagram with at least one difference being that a DSC28-18employs an analog control signal that controls the amount of current that is output from the dependent current supply via the single-line is provided directly based on the error signal, Ve, that is generated from the comparator1715. Note that this diagram does not include or require the DAC1762as shown in the prior diagram. FIG.19is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment1900of various devices including a device1409-3that is operative to transfer power wirelessly and/or transfer power and communicate wirelessly in accordance with the present invention. This diagram is similar to the prior two diagrams with at least one difference being that a DSC28-19is shown as employing an analog control signal that controls the amount of current that is output from the dependent current supply via the single-line is provided directly based on the error signal, Ve, that is generated from the comparator1715or alternatively employing an analog control signal for such purposes as being provided from a DAC1762that receives the digital signal output from the ADC1760. Note that either implementation may be used in various examples. In certain of the following diagrams as well, both such possible implementations are shown. In this diagram, a device1410-4that includes the second coil includes a capacitor1902that is connected in line with one of the terminals of the second coil. The two respective terminals of the second coil are provided to a rectifier1910, which is shown as a full wave rectifier in this example including four respective diodes, which may be implemented as power diodes, and are configured to generate a DC signal from an AC signal that is provided via the two terminals of the second coil. In addition, this DC signal is filtered via a filtering/rectifying capacitor, Crect, to generate a rectified DC voltage, V_rect, and is also passed through a voltage regulator1920whose operation is controlled by a linear controller1922, to generate an output DC signal that is appropriate and suitable for the one or more additional device components1499of the device1410-4. In some examples, this DC signal has a voltage of 5 V at approximately a current of 1 amp. In general, know that appropriate selection of the components of the rectifier1910, the filtering/rectifying capacitor, Crect, and a voltage regulator1920may be made to generate a DC signal having an appropriate and desired voltage and current rating. The variation of the rectified DC voltage, V rect, is shown at the bottom right of the diagram as a function of time. As can be seen, the filtering/rectifying capacitor, Crect, is operative to charge and discharge thereby maintaining a DC level within a certain range having a certain level during the charge or discharge of the filtering/rectifying capacitor, Crect. The voltage regulator1920is operative to maintain this output DC voltage even further thereby providing substantially constant DC level. FIG.20is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment2000of various devices including a device1409-3that is operative to transfer power and communicate wirelessly in accordance with the present invention. This diagram is similar to the previous diagram with at least some difference being that one or more processing modules42aare included within the device that includes the second coil within device1410-5. The one or more processing modules42aare shown as being in communication with the lines coming from the two terminals of the second coil within the device1410-5via the two transistors, such as N-type MOSFET transistors, and AC coupling capacitors. The one or more processing modules42ais operative to facilitate communication to the device1409-3that includes the first coil via the second coil and via the transistors and AC coupling capacitors. The one or more processing modules42ais operative to facilitate bidirectional communication with the one or more processing modules42via the coupling and connectivity between the respective devices that include the first coil and the second coil, respectively. In an example of operation and implementation, the one or more processing modules42ais operative to provide a communication signal that is detected by a DSC that includes the first coil, such as DSC28-19. Such a communication signal provided from the one or more processing modules42amay include a number of different types of information. Some examples, such a communication signal includes information that indicates the presence of the device1410-5that includes the second coil and that is suitable for receiving power wirelessly from the device includes a first coil. In other examples, such a communication signal includes information that is used by the device that includes the first coil in accordance with adjustment of one or more parameters of the drive signal. When even other examples, such communication signal includes information regarding status of the battery within a device1410-5that includes the second coil. Based on status of the battery within the device1410-5that includes the second coil being of a charged status, the information within the communication signal may be used by the device that includes the first coil to stop providing the drive signal. This may be effectuated by the one or more processing modules42operating to adjust and amplitude of the reference signal to zero to stop the DSC associated therewith (e.g., DSC28-19in this diagram) from providing the drive signal to the first coil via the single-line and via the resonating capacitor1402. Generally speaking, any type of communication may be facilitated between the one or more processing modules42associated with the first device1409-3that includes the first coil and the one or more processing modules42aassociated with the second device1410-5that includes the second coil. In addition, in certain examples, one or more sensors of one or more types may be included within the first device1409-3that includes the first coil and/or the second device1410-5that includes the second coil. For example, one or more sensors2010are implemented within the first device1409-3that includes the first coil, and/or one or more sensors2011are implemented within the second device1410-5that includes a second coil. These one or more sensors2010and2011are in communication with the respective one or more processing modules42/42ain the respective devices1409-3and1410-5that include the first and second coils, respectively. Communication between with the one or more processing modules42/42aand the one or more sensors2010and2011may be facilitated via one or more DSCs28. In some examples, a separate respective DSC28is implemented to facilitate communication between the one or more processing modules42/42aand each respective one of the one or more sensors2010/2011. Examples of such sensors2010and/or2011may include any of a number of types of sensors such as temperature sensors, voltage sensors, impedance sensors (e.g., such as to determine impedance of a battery and/or other components of the device1410-5and includes the second coil. For example, a temperature sensor2010is implemented in sufficient proximity to the first coil as to detect temperature of another device, such as device1410-5, when that other device is present and within a sufficient proximity as to facilitate electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first coil in the first device1409-3and the second coil in the second device1410-5. In addition, such a temperature sensor2010is implemented to monitor temperature during operation of the first device1409-3and the second device1410-5including wireless power transfer from the first device1409-3to the second device1410-5. The one or more processing modules42/42ais operative to use information provided by the one of the one or more sensors2010/2011to adapt operation of any one or more components within the first device1409-3/second device1410-5. FIG.21is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment2100of various devices including a device1409-3that is operative to transfer power and communicate wirelessly in accordance with the present invention. This diagram has some similarities to the previous diagram with at least some difference being a device1410-6that includes the one or more processing modules42ais in communication with one of the terminals of the second coil via a DSC28and via an AC coupling capacitor. The other terminal of the second coil is coupled to ground via an AC coupling capacitor as well. This implementation facilitates communication between the devices1409-3and1410-6via another DSC28that is implemented within the device1410-6. Note that the one or more processing modules42aof the device1410-6mini implemented control any of the various parameters associated with the reference signal associated with the DSC28that is in communication with one of the terminals of the second coil via an AC coupling capacitor. FIG.22is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment2200of various devices including a device1409-3that is operative to transfer power and communicate wirelessly in accordance with the present invention. This diagram has some similarities to the previous diagram with at least some difference being a device1410-7that includes the one or more processing modules42ais in communication with both of the terminals of the second coil via respective DSCs28and via respective AC coupling capacitors. This implementation facilitates communication between the devices1409-3and1410-7via two additional DSCs28that are implemented within the device1410-7. Note that the one or more processing modules42aof the device1410-6mini implemented control any of the various parameters associated with the reference signals associated with these two additional DSCs28that are s in communication with the respective terminals of the second coil via respective AC coupling capacitors. Certain of the following diagrams provide illustration of change of certain parameters of a battery during charging and/or discharging operations. Note that such illustrations are examples of some possible trends during such operations. For a particular battery of a certain type, construction, composition, etc., such trends may be made based on actual monitoring and tracking of that particular battery during acceptable or normal operation, from information provided from a manufacturer of that particular battery, from information associated with similar types of batteries, and/or other information. For example, considering a new battery, such trends and profiles may be made specifically for that battery during its initial operation to establish a baseline or acceptable range within which the battery is expected to operate. Detection of deviation from that baseline or acceptable range may be used as a basis to identify a problem in charging and/or discharging operations. In addition, such trends and profiles may be used as a basis or bases to determine whether or not a component within proximity to a device that is operative to transfer power and communicate wirelessly is in fact a device that is suitable for receiving power and/or communication wirelessly. For example, based on monitoring and tracking of one or more electrical characteristics of a drive signal provided to the first coil within such a device that is operative to transfer power and communicate wirelessly, one or more processing modules is operative to make a determination whether or not there is a presence of an actual component that is in fact a device that is suitable for receiving power and/or communication wirelessly. Consider a situation in which the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal provided to the first coil are not contained within an acceptable range that is expected when transferring power and/or communicating wirelessly (e.g., such as for a device that is suitable for receiving power and/or communication wirelessly), then the one or more processing modules is operative to make a determination that there is no device that is suitable for receiving power and/or communication wirelessly present. In some examples when such a determination is made, the one or more processing modules operative to execute one or more operations which may include stopping of the charging process (e.g., by adjusting and amplitude of the reference signal to zero to stop the DSC from providing a drive signal in accordance with a charging operation), or other operations. Various diagrams, embodiments, examples, etc. of a device (e.g., any of devices1409-1,1409-1,1409-2,1409-3) that is operative to provide power and/or communicate wirelessly in accordance with the manner as described herein may be configured to perform various functions and operations. For example, such a device that includes a DSC, memory that stores operational instructions, and one or more processing modules operably coupled to the DSC and the memory (or alternatively, the one or more processing modules includes the memory) may be configured to perform various functions and operations. In an example of operation and implementation, the one or more processing modules is configured to process the digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to determine whether a signal associated with the another device is coupled into the drive signal thereby indicating presence of the another device within the proximity to the device that facilitates electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil. Based on determination that no signal associated with the another device is coupled into the drive signal, the one or more processing modules is configured to adjust an amplitude of the reference signal to zero to stop the DSC from providing the drive signal to the first coil via the single line and via the resonating capacitor. In another example of operation and implementation, the one or more processing modules is configured to process the digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to determine a current profile of the current flowing through the first coil. The one or more processing modules is also configured to determine whether the current profile of the current flowing through the first coil compares favorably with one or more predetermined current profiles associated with wireless power transfer from the device to the another device in accordance with charging of a battery of the another device. Based on determination that the current profile of the current flowing through the first coil compares unfavorably with one or more predetermined current profiles associated with charging of the battery of the another device, the one or more processing modules is configured to adjust an amplitude of the reference signal to zero to stop the DSC from providing the drive signal to the first coil via the single line and via the resonating capacitor. In yet another example of operation and implementation, the one or more processing modules is configured to process the digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to determine an impedance profile of the another device associated with the second coil. The one or more processing modules is also configured to determine whether the impedance profile of the another device associated with the second coil compares favorably with a battery impedance profile associated with charging of a battery of the another device. Based on determination that the impedance profile of the another device associated with the second coil compares unfavorably with a battery impedance profile associated with charging of the battery of the another device, the one or more processing modules is configured to adjust an amplitude of the reference signal to zero to stop the DSC from providing the drive signal to the first coil via the single line and via the resonating capacitor. In an example of operation and implementation, the one or more processing modules is configured to execute the operational instructions to generate the reference signal as a sinusoidal signal. In other examples, the one or more processing modules is configured to execute the operational instructions to adapt an amplitude of the reference signal based on the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to maximize the error signal (e.g., maximize Ve). In additional examples, the one or more processing modules is configured to generate the reference signal to have a frequency that is based on a resonant frequency associated with an inductance of the first coil and a capacitance of the resonating capacitor. As shown in various diagrams, certain examples of DSCs include a comparator configured to produce the error signal based on comparison of the reference signal to the drive signal, wherein the reference signal is received at a first input of the comparator, and the drive signal is received at a second input of the comparator. Such examples of DSCs also include a dependent current supply configured to generate the drive signal based on the error signal and to provide the drive signal via the single line that couples to the resonating capacitor and the second input of the comparator and an analog to digital converter (ADC) configured to process the error signal to generate the digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal. In certain examples, note also that the one or more processing modules is configured to execute the operational instructions to adjust a programmable gain of the dependent current supply. Note that scaling the programmable gain of the dependent current supply provides for scaling of the error signal. Note that any type of device operative to receive power and/or communication wirelessly may benefit from and operate in conjunction with a device that is operative to provide power and/or communication wirelessly as described herein. Examples of such a device operative to receive power and/or communication wirelessly may include any one or more of a laptop computer, a cell phone, an electronic pad device, a personal digital assistant, a portable music devices, a portable media players, a tablet, a digital camera, and/or any other type of device. FIG.23is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment2300of a battery impedance profile such as associated with a battery of a device during battery charging in accordance with wireless transfer of power in accordance with the present invention. At the top of the diagram is a basic equivalent circuit associated with a battery. The battery may be modeled to have a voltage source corresponding to an open circuit voltage, Voc, of the battery, an internal resistance, Rint, and a load resistance, Rload (e.g., when the battery is connected to such a load). More complex equivalent circuit models of batteries also exist that characterize internal impedance of the battery as being complex in nature, having not only resistive but capacitive and/or inductive components as well. While this particular example is provided as do the with resistive impedances of an internal resistance, Rint, and a load resistance, Rload, note that an appropriately implemented DSC28is fully operative to detect impedance including change of impedance in a component connected thereto being resistive or complex in nature. As the internal resistance, Rint, of the battery increases, a voltage drop across that internal resistance, Rint, namely, Vint, will increase as well as the battery is attempting to deliver a current, I, to the load resistance, Rload. In accordance with a battery charging process, the internal resistance, Rint, of the battery can change. For example, during a charging operation, there is typically an associated trend of increasing internal resistance, Rint, of the battery during the charging process. Conversely, during a discharging operation, there is typically an associated trend of decreasing internal resistance, Rint, of the battery during the discharging process. An appropriately implemented DSC28is operative to detect impedance including change of impedance in a component connected thereto. For example, an appropriately implemented DSC28in communication with a battery is operative to detect the impedance of the battery including change impedance of the battery. Appropriate monitoring of a battery using such a DSC28during charging and/or discharging operations facilitates monitoring and tracking of the changing impedance of the battery over time. Similarly, an appropriately implemented DSC28is operative to detect change of current that is drawn by or concerned by a component connected thereto. For example, an appropriately implemented DSC28in communication with a battery is operative to detect the current drawn by or consumed by the battery including change thereof during a charging operation and/or the current delivered by the battery including change thereof during a discharging operation. Considering various embodiments, examples, etc. as included herein, a DSC28that is providing a drive signal via a resonating capacitor1402the first coil is also operative to detect the impedance of those one or more components to which the drive signal is being provided including change thereof. In some examples, the change of impedance of the battery is within a particular range (e.g., changing within a range between a minimum and maximum of internal resistance, Rint(min) and Rint(max)) during the charging and/or discharging operations. Generally speaking, a profile of change of impedance of the battery during charging and/or discharging operations can be used for comparison to ensure whether or not the battery is operating within acceptable ranges. For example, a profile of change of impedance of the battery during charging and/or discharging operations may be generated based on monitoring the battery during normal and acceptable charging and/or discharging operations, based on information provided from battery manufacturer specifications, based on information known of batteries of similar type, construction, etc. and/or other means. In an example of operation and implementation, one or more processing modules is operative to process information provided from an appropriately implemented DSC to monitor whether or not a charging and/or discharging operation is operating in an acceptable manner. For example, based on detection of impedance of that component being outside of an acceptable range of change of impedance of the battery during a charging operation, the one or more processing modules is operative to make a determination that there is an error or problem with the charging operation. The one or more processing modules operative to execute one or more operations which may include stopping of the charging process (e.g., by adjusting and amplitude of the reference signal to zero to stop the DSC from providing a drive signal in accordance with a charging operation), modifying a reference signal thereby modifying the drive signal (e.g., adjusting one or more parameters of the reference signal), or other operations. In another example, the one or more processing modules is operative to detect the presence or lack of presence of a device that is suitable for receiving power wirelessly. For example, based on detection of change of impedance of a component being outside of an acceptable range of change of impedance of the battery, the one or more processing modules is operative to make a determination that the component is not a device that is suitable for receiving power wirelessly. Consider an example in which a component that is not appropriate for reception of power wirelessly (e.g., perhaps the component is not a device at all that is a candidate for receiving power wirelessly), then based on detection of change of impedance of such a component being outside of an acceptable range of change of impedance of the battery, the one or more processing modules is operative to make a determination that the component is not a device that is suitable for receiving power wirelessly and execute one or more operations. FIG.24is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment2400of a battery temperature profile such as associated with a battery of a device during battery charging in accordance with wireless transfer of power in accordance with the present invention. This diagram shows generally various profiles of changing temperature of the battery over time during charging operations. Again, for a particular battery of a certain type, construction, composition, etc., such trends may be made based on actual monitoring and tracking of that particular battery during acceptable or normal operation, from information provided from a manufacturer of that particular battery, from information associated with similar types of batteries, and/or other information. In this diagram, consider an example of a Lithium-ion battery having an effective operational range between 10-40° C. or 50-104° F., and further consider an acceptable range or change of temperature, such as X° C. or F, where X is some determine the value by which the temperature of the battery changes during charging operations in accordance with acceptable or normal operation. When temperature is monitored as being within such an acceptable range or change of temperature during a charging process, then one or more processing modules is operative to facilitate continuation of the charging process. However, when temperature is monitored as being outside of such an acceptable range or change of temperature during a charging process, then one or more processing modules is operative to execute one or more operations which may include stopping of the charging process. Consider an example of a device that is operative to transfer power and communicate wirelessly including a temperature sensor in proximity of the first coil thereof, then monitoring temperature at that location may be a basis to determine whether or not a component in proximity thereto is an actual device that is suitable for receiving power and/or communication wirelessly, whether or not operation of charging of a battery of a device that is suitable for receiving power and/or communication wirelessly is operating within a normal or acceptable range, etc. In an example of operation and implementation, one or more processing modules is operative to process information provided from an appropriately implemented DSC to monitor whether or not a charging and/or discharging operation is operating in an acceptable manner. For example, based on detection of temperature of that component being outside of an acceptable range of change of temperature of the battery during a charging operation, the one or more processing modules is operative to make a determination that there is an error or problem with the charging operation. The one or more processing modules operative to execute one or more operations which may include stopping of the charging process (e.g., by adjusting and amplitude of the reference signal to zero to stop the DSC from providing a drive signal in accordance with a charging operation), modifying a reference signal thereby modifying the drive signal (e.g., adjusting one or more parameters of the reference signal), or other operations. In another example, the one or more processing modules is operative to detect the presence or lack of presence of a device that is suitable for receiving power wirelessly. For example, based on detection of change of temperature of a component being outside of an acceptable range of change of temperature of the battery, the one or more processing modules is operative to make a determination that the component is not a device that is suitable for receiving power wirelessly. Consider an example in which a component that is not appropriate for reception of power wirelessly (e.g., perhaps the component is not a device at all that is a candidate for receiving power wirelessly), then based on detection of change of temperature of such a component being outside of an acceptable range of change of temperature of the battery, the one or more processing modules is operative to make a determination that the component is not a device that is suitable for receiving power wirelessly and execute one or more operations. FIG.25is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment2500of various devices including a device that is operative to transfer power and communicate wirelessly in accordance with the present invention. This diagram has some similarities to certain of the prior diagrams will with at least some differences being that DSC28-25includes a power amplifier2510that is implemented in conjunction with the voltage divider2522replace the dependent current source included in certain of the other diagrams. In some embodiments, note that the one or more processing modules42is implemented to direct operation of one or both of the power amplifier2510and the voltage divider2520. For example, the one or more processing modules42is operative to adjust the voltage division being performed by the voltage divider2520(e.g., by selecting different respective impedances as may be included within a voltage divider including multiple selective voltage division paths, adjusting one or more variable impedances that may be included within such a voltage divider, etc.). In addition, note that the operation of the power amplifier2510may be adapted by the one or more processing modules42as well. For example, consider a gain factor as may be included within the power amplifier2510, such as if the power amplifier2510is incremented as a programmable amplifier (PGA), then the one or more processing modules42is configured to adjust the programmability/gain factor of the power amplifier2510as desired. Generally speaking, the one or more processing modules42is operative to adjust operation, configuration, etc. of the power amplifier2510and/or voltage divider2520based on and in accordance with any of the means described herein by which information is determined, received, etc. by the one or more processing modules42(e.g., based on the sensing of the drive signal from the DSC28-17, based on communication from device1410-3, etc.). It is noted that terminologies as may be used herein such as bit stream, stream, signal sequence, etc. (or their equivalents) have been used interchangeably to describe digital information whose content corresponds to any of a number of desired types (e.g., data, video, speech, text, graphics, audio, etc. any of which may generally be referred to as ‘data’). As may be used herein, the terms “substantially” and “approximately” provide an industry-accepted tolerance for its corresponding term and/or relativity between items. For some industries, an industry-accepted tolerance is less than one percent and, for other industries, the industry-accepted tolerance is 10 percent or more. Other examples of industry-accepted tolerance range from less than one percent to fifty percent. Industry-accepted tolerances correspond to, but are not limited to, component values, integrated circuit process variations, temperature variations, rise and fall times, thermal noise, dimensions, signaling errors, dropped packets, temperatures, pressures, material compositions, and/or performance metrics. Within an industry, tolerance variances of accepted tolerances may be more or less than a percentage level (e.g., dimension tolerance of less than +/−1%). Some relativity between items may range from a difference of less than a percentage level to a few percent. Other relativity between items may range from a difference of a few percent to magnitude of differences. As may also be used herein, the term(s) “configured to”, “operably coupled to”, “coupled to”, and/or “coupling” includes direct coupling between items and/or indirect coupling between items via an intervening item (e.g., an item includes, but is not limited to, a component, an element, a circuit, and/or a module) where, for an example of indirect coupling, the intervening item does not modify the information of a signal but may adjust its current level, voltage level, and/or power level. As may further be used herein, inferred coupling (i.e., where one element is coupled to another element by inference) includes direct and indirect coupling between two items in the same manner as “coupled to”. As may even further be used herein, the term “configured to”, “operable to”, “coupled to”, or “operably coupled to” indicates that an item includes one or more of power connections, input(s), output(s), etc., to perform, when activated, one or more its corresponding functions and may further include inferred coupling to one or more other items. As may still further be used herein, the term “associated with”, includes direct and/or indirect coupling of separate items and/or one item being embedded within another item. As may be used herein, the term “compares favorably”, indicates that a comparison between two or more items, signals, etc., provides a desired relationship. For example, when the desired relationship is that signal1has a greater magnitude than signal2, a favorable comparison may be achieved when the magnitude of signal1is greater than that of signal2or when the magnitude of signal2is less than that of signal1. As may be used herein, the term “compares unfavorably”, indicates that a comparison between two or more items, signals, etc., fails to provide the desired relationship. As may be used herein, one or more claims may include, in a specific form of this generic form, the phrase “at least one of a, b, and c” or of this generic form “at least one of a, b, or c”, with more or less elements than “a”, “b”, and “c”. In either phrasing, the phrases are to be interpreted identically. In particular, “at least one of a, b, and c” is equivalent to “at least one of a, b, or c” and shall mean a, b, and/or c. As an example, it means: “a” only, “b” only, “c” only, “a” and “b”, “a” and “c”, “b” and “c”, and/or “a”, “b”, and “c”. As may also be used herein, the terms “processing module”, “processing circuit”, “processor”, “processing circuitry”, and/or “processing unit” may be a single processing device or a plurality of processing devices. Such a processing device may be a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on hard coding of the circuitry and/or operational instructions. The processing module, module, processing circuit, processing circuitry, and/or processing unit may be, or further include, memory and/or an integrated memory element, which may be a single memory device, a plurality of memory devices, and/or embedded circuitry of another processing module, module, processing circuit, processing circuitry, and/or processing unit. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. Note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit, processing circuitry, and/or processing unit includes more than one processing device, the processing devices may be centrally located (e.g., directly coupled together via a wired and/or wireless bus structure) or may be distributedly located (e.g., cloud computing via indirect coupling via a local area network and/or a wide area network). Further note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit, processing circuitry and/or processing unit implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory and/or memory element storing the corresponding operational instructions may be embedded within, or external to, the circuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry. Still further note that, the memory element may store, and the processing module, module, processing circuit, processing circuitry and/or processing unit executes, hard coded and/or operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the steps and/or functions illustrated in one or more of the Figures. Such a memory device or memory element can be included in an article of manufacture. One or more embodiments have been described above with the aid of method steps illustrating the performance of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries and sequence of these functional building blocks and method steps have been arbitrarily defined herein for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries and sequences can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships are appropriately performed. Any such alternate boundaries or sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claims. Further, the boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries could be defined as long as the certain significant functions are appropriately performed. Similarly, flow diagram blocks may also have been arbitrarily defined herein to illustrate certain significant functionality. To the extent used, the flow diagram block boundaries and sequence could have been defined otherwise and still perform the certain significant functionality. Such alternate definitions of both functional building blocks and flow diagram blocks and sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claims. One of average skill in the art will also recognize that the functional building blocks, and other illustrative blocks, modules and components herein, can be implemented as illustrated or by discrete components, application specific integrated circuits, processors executing appropriate software and the like or any combination thereof. In addition, a flow diagram may include a “start” and/or “continue” indication. The “start” and “continue” indications reflect that the steps presented can optionally be incorporated in or otherwise used in conjunction with one or more other routines. In addition, a flow diagram may include an “end” and/or “continue” indication. The “end” and/or “continue” indications reflect that the steps presented can end as described and shown or optionally be incorporated in or otherwise used in conjunction with one or more other routines. In this context, “start” indicates the beginning of the first step presented and may be preceded by other activities not specifically shown. Further, the “continue” indication reflects that the steps presented may be performed multiple times and/or may be succeeded by other activities not specifically shown. Further, while a flow diagram indicates a particular ordering of steps, other orderings are likewise possible provided that the principles of causality are maintained. The one or more embodiments are used herein to illustrate one or more aspects, one or more features, one or more concepts, and/or one or more examples. A physical embodiment of an apparatus, an article of manufacture, a machine, and/or of a process may include one or more of the aspects, features, concepts, examples, etc. described with reference to one or more of the embodiments discussed herein. Further, from figure to figure, the embodiments may incorporate the same or similarly named functions, steps, modules, etc. that may use the same or different reference numbers and, as such, the functions, steps, modules, etc. may be the same or similar functions, steps, modules, etc. or different ones. Unless specifically stated to the contra, signals to, from, and/or between elements in a figure of any of the figures presented herein may be analog or digital, continuous time or discrete time, and single-ended or differential. For instance, if a signal path is shown as a single-ended path, it also represents a differential signal path. Similarly, if a signal path is shown as a differential path, it also represents a single-ended signal path. While one or more particular architectures are described herein, other architectures can likewise be implemented that use one or more data buses not expressly shown, direct connectivity between elements, and/or indirect coupling between other elements as recognized by one of average skill in the art. The term “module” is used in the description of one or more of the embodiments. A module implements one or more functions via a device such as a processor or other processing device or other hardware that may include or operate in association with a memory that stores operational instructions. A module may operate independently and/or in conjunction with software and/or firmware. As also used herein, a module may contain one or more sub-modules, each of which may be one or more modules. As may further be used herein, a computer readable memory includes one or more memory elements. A memory element may be a separate memory device, multiple memory devices, or a set of memory locations within a memory device. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. The memory device may be in a form a solid-state memory, a hard drive memory, cloud memory, thumb drive, server memory, computing device memory, and/or other physical medium for storing digital information. While particular combinations of various functions and features of the one or more embodiments have been expressly described herein, other combinations of these features and functions are likewise possible. The present disclosure is not limited by the particular examples disclosed herein and expressly incorporates these other combinations. | 138,679 |
11942794 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIG.1is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a communication system10that includes a plurality of computing. devices12-10, one or more servers22, one or more databases24, one or more networks26, a plurality of drive-sense circuits28, a plurality of sensors30, and a plurality of actuators32. Computing devices14include a touch screen16with sensors and drive-sensor circuits and computing devices18include a touch & tactic screen20that includes sensors, actuators, and drive-sense circuits. A sensor30functions to convert a physical input into an electrical output and/or an optical output. The physical input of a sensor may be one of a variety of physical input conditions. For example, the physical condition includes one or more of, but is not limited to, acoustic waves (e.g., amplitude, phase, polarization, spectrum, and/or wave velocity); a biological and/or chemical condition (e.g., fluid concentration, level, composition, etc.); an electric condition (e.g., charge, voltage, current, conductivity, permittivity, eclectic field, which includes amplitude, phase, and/or polarization); a magnetic condition (e.g., flux, permeability, magnetic field, which amplitude, phase, and/or polarization); an optical condition (e.g., refractive index, reflectivity, absorption, etc.); a thermal condition (e.g., temperature, flux, specific heat, thermal conductivity, etc.); and a mechanical condition (e.g., position, velocity, acceleration, force, strain, stress, pressure, torque, etc.). For example, piezoelectric sensor converts force or pressure into an eclectic signal. As another example, a microphone converts audible acoustic waves into electrical signals. There are a variety of types of sensors to sense the various types of physical conditions. Sensor types include, but are not limited to, capacitor sensors, inductive sensors, accelerometers, piezoelectric sensors, light sensors, magnetic field sensors, ultrasonic sensors, temperature sensors, infrared (IR) sensors, touch sensors, proximity sensors, pressure sensors, level sensors, smoke sensors, and gas sensors. In many ways, sensors function as the interface between the physical world and the digital world by converting real world conditions into digital signals that are then processed by computing devices for a vast number of applications including, but not limited to, medical applications, production automation applications, home environment control, public safety, and so on. The various types of sensors have a variety of sensor characteristics that are factors in providing power to the sensors, receiving signals from the sensors, and/or interpreting the signals from the sensors. The sensor characteristics include resistance, reactance, power requirements, sensitivity, range, stability, repeatability, linearity, error, response time, and/or frequency response. For example, the resistance, reactance, and/or power requirements are factors in determining drive circuit requirements. As another example, sensitivity, stability, and/or linear are factors for interpreting the measure of the physical condition based on the received electrical and/or optical signal (e.g., measure of temperature, pressure, etc.). An actuator32converts an electrical input into a physical output. The physical output of an actuator may be one of a variety of physical output conditions. For example, the physical output condition includes one or more of, but is not limited to, acoustic waves (e.g., amplitude, phase, polarization, spectrum, and/or wave velocity); a magnetic condition (e.g., flux, permeability, magnetic field, which amplitude, phase, and/or polarization); a thermal condition (e.g., temperature, flux, specific heat, thermal conductivity, etc.); and a mechanical condition (e.g., position, velocity, acceleration, force, strain, stress, pressure, torque, etc.). As an example, a piezoelectric actuator converts voltage into force or pressure. As another example, a speaker converts electrical signals into audible acoustic waves. An actuator32may be one of a variety of actuators. For example, an actuator32is one of a comb drive, a digital micro-mirror device, an electric motor, an electroactive polymer, a hydraulic cylinder, a piezoelectric actuator, a pneumatic actuator, a screw jack, a servomechanism, a solenoid, a stepper motor, a shape-memory allow, a thermal bimorph, and a hydraulic actuator. The various types of actuators have a variety of actuators characteristics that are factors in providing power to the actuator and sending signals to the actuators for desired performance. The actuator characteristics include resistance, reactance, power requirements, sensitivity, range, stability, repeatability, linearity, error, response time, and/or frequency response. For example, the resistance, reactance, and power requirements are factors in determining drive circuit requirements. As another example, sensitivity, stability, and/or linear are factors for generating the signaling to send to the actuator to obtain the desired physical output condition. The computing devices12,14, and18may each be a portable computing device and/or a fixed computing device. A portable computing device may be a social networking device, a gaming device, a cell phone, a smart phone, a digital assistant, a digital music player, a digital video player, a laptop computer, a handheld computer, a tablet, a video game controller, and/or any other portable device that includes a computing core. A fixed computing device may be a computer (PC), a computer server, a cable set-top box, a satellite receiver, a television set, a printer, a fax machine, home entertainment equipment, a video game console, and/or any type of home or office computing equipment. The computing devices12,14, and18will be discussed in greater detail with reference to one or more ofFIGS.2-4. A server22is a special type of computing device that is optimized for processing large amounts of data requests in parallel. A server22includes similar components to that of the computing devices12,14, and/or18with more robust processing modules, more main memory, and/or more hard drive memory (e.g., solid state, hard drives, etc.). Further, a server22is typically accessed remotely; as such it does not generally include user input devices and/or user output devices. In addition, a server may be a standalone separate computing device and/or may be a cloud computing device. A database24is a special type of computing device that is optimized for large scale data storage and retrieval. A database24includes similar components to that of the computing devices12,14, and/or18with more hard drive memory (e.g., solid state, hard drives, etc.) and potentially with more processing modules and/or main memory. Further, a database24is typically accessed remotely; as such it does not generally include user input devices and/or user output devices. In addition, a database24may be a standalone separate computing device and/or may be a cloud computing device. The network26includes one more local area networks (LAN) and/or one or more wide area networks WAN), which may be a public network and/or a private network. A LAN may be a wireless-LAN (e.g., Wi-Fi access point, Bluetooth, ZigBee, etc.) and/or a wired network (e.g., Firewire, Ethernet, etc.). A WAN may be a wired and/or wireless WAN. For example, a LAN may be a personal home or business's wireless network and a WAN is the Internet, cellular telephone infrastructure, and/or satellite communication infrastructure. In an example of operation, computing device12-1communicates with a plurality of drive-sense circuits28, which, in turn, communicate with a plurality of sensors30. The sensors30and/or the drive-sense circuits28are within the computing device12-1and/or external to it. For example, the sensors30may be external to the computing device12-1and the drive-sense circuits are within the computing device12-1. As another example, both the sensors30and the drive-sense circuits28are external to the computing device12-1. When the drive-sense circuits28are external to the computing device, they are coupled to the computing device12-1via wired and/or wireless communication links as will be discussed in greater detail with reference to one or more ofFIGS.5A-5C. The computing device12-1communicates with the drive-sense circuits28to; (a) turn them on, (b) obtain data from the sensors (individually and/or collectively), (c) instruct the drive sense circuit on how to communicate the sensed data to the computing device12-1, (d) provide signaling attributes (e.g., DC level, AC level, frequency, power level, regulated current signal, regulated voltage signal, regulation of an impedance, frequency patterns for various sensors, different frequencies for different sensing applications, etc.) to use with the sensors, and/or (e) provide other commands and/or instructions. As a specific example, the sensors30are distributed along a pipeline to measure flow rate and/or pressure within a section of the pipeline. The drive-sense circuits28have their own power source (e.g., battery, power supply, etc.) and are proximally located to their respective sensors30. At desired time intervals (milliseconds, seconds, minutes, hours, etc.), the drive-sense circuits28provide a regulated source signal or a power signal to the sensors30. An electrical characteristic of the sensor30affects the regulated source signal or power signal, which is reflective of the condition (e.g., the flow rate and/or the pressure) that sensor is sensing. The drive-sense circuits28detect the effects on the regulated source signal or power signals as a result of the electrical characteristics of the sensors. The drive-sense circuits28then generate signals representative of change to the regulated source signal or power signal based on the detected effects on the power signals. The changes to the regulated source signals or power signals are representative of the conditions being sensed by the sensors30. The drive-sense circuits28provide the representative signals of the conditions to the computing device12-1. A representative signal may be an analog signal or a digital signal. In either case, the computing device12-1interprets the representative signals to determine the pressure and/or flow rate at each sensor location along the pipeline. The computing device may then provide this information to the server22, the database24, and/or to another computing device for storing and/or further processing. As another example of operation, computing device12-2is coupled to a drive-sense circuit28, which is, in turn, coupled to a senor30. The sensor30and/or the drive-sense circuit28may be internal and/or external to the computing device12-2. In this example, the sensor30is sensing a condition that is particular to the computing device12-2. For example, the sensor30may be a temperature sensor, an ambient light sensor, an ambient noise sensor, etc. As described above, when instructed by the computing device12-2(which may be a default setting for continuous sensing or at regular intervals), the drive-sense circuit28provides the regulated source signal or power signal to the sensor30and detects an effect to the regulated source signal or power signal based on an electrical characteristic of the sensor. The drive-sense circuit generates a representative signal of the affect and sends it to the computing device12-2. In another example of operation, computing device12-3is coupled to a plurality of drive-sense circuits28that are coupled to a plurality of sensors30and is coupled to a plurality of drive-sense circuits28that are coupled to a plurality of actuators32. The generally functionality of the drive-sense circuits28coupled to the sensors30in accordance with the above description. Since an actuator32is essentially an inverse of a sensor in that an actuator converts an electrical signal into a physical condition, while a sensor converts a physical condition into an electrical signal, the drive-sense circuits28can be used to power actuators32. Thus, in this example, the computing device12-3provides actuation signals to the drive-sense circuits28for the actuators32. The drive-sense circuits modulate the actuation signals on to power signals or regulated control signals, which are provided to the actuators32. The actuators32are powered from the power signals or regulated control signals and produce the desired physical condition from the modulated actuation signals. As another example of operation, computing device12-xis coupled to a drive-sense circuit28that is coupled to a sensor30and is coupled to a drive-sense circuit28that is coupled to an actuator32. In this example, the sensor30and the actuator32are for use by the computing device12-x. For example, the sensor30may be a piezoelectric microphone and the actuator32may be a piezoelectric speaker. FIG.2is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a computing device12(e.g., any one of12-1through12-x). The computing device12includes a core control module40, one or more processing modules42, one or more main memories44, cache memory46, a video graphics processing module48, a display50, an Input-Output (I/O) peripheral control module52, one or more input interface modules56, one or more output interface modules58, one or more network interface modules60, and one or more memory interface modules62. A processing module42is described in greater detail at the end of the detailed description of the invention section and, in an alternative embodiment, has a direction connection to the main memory44. In an alternate embodiment, the core control module40and the I/O and/or peripheral control module52are one module, such as a chipset, a quick path interconnect (QPI), and/or an ultra-path interconnect (UPI). Each of the main memories44includes one or more Random Access Memory (RAM) integrated circuits, or chips. For example, a main memory44includes four DDR4 (4thgeneration of double data rate) RAM chips, each running at a rate of 2,400 MHz. In general, the main memory44stores data and operational instructions most relevant for the processing module42. For example, the core control module40coordinates the transfer of data and/or operational instructions from the main memory44and the memory64-66. The data and/or operational instructions retrieve from memory64-66are the data and/or operational instructions requested by the processing module or will most likely be needed by the processing module. When the processing module is done with the data and/or operational instructions in main memory, the core control module40coordinates sending updated data to the memory64-66for storage. The memory64-66includes one or more hard drives, one or more solid state memory chips, and/or one or more other large capacity storage devices that, in comparison to cache memory and main memory devices, is/are relatively inexpensive with respect to cost per amount of data stored. The memory64-66is coupled to the core control module40via the I/O and/or peripheral control module52and via one or more memory interface modules62. In an embodiment, the I/O and/or peripheral control module52includes one or more Peripheral Component Interface (PCI) buses to which peripheral components connect to the core control module40. A memory interface module62includes a software driver and a hardware connector for coupling a memory device to the I/O and/or peripheral control module52. For example, a memory interface62is in accordance with a Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) port. The core control module40coordinates data communications between the processing module(s)42and the network(s)26via the I/O and/or peripheral control module52, the network interface module(s)60, and a network card68or70. A network card68or70includes a wireless communication unit or a wired communication unit. A wireless communication unit includes a wireless local area network (WLAN) communication device, a cellular communication device, a Bluetooth device, and/or a ZigBee communication device. A wired communication unit includes a Gigabit LAN connection, a Firewire connection, and/or a proprietary computer wired connection. A network interface module60includes a software driver and a hardware connector for coupling the network card to the I/O and/or peripheral control module52. For example, the network interface module60is in accordance with one or more versions of IEEE 802.11, cellular telephone protocols, 10/100/1000 Gigabit LAN protocols, etc. The core control module40coordinates data communications between the processing module(s)42and input device(s)72via the input interface module(s)56and the I/O and/or peripheral control module52. An input device72includes a keypad, a keyboard, control switches, a touchpad, a microphone, a camera, etc. An input interface module56includes a software driver and a hardware connector for coupling an input device to the I/O and/or peripheral control module52. In an embodiment, an input interface module56is in accordance with one or more Universal Serial Bus (USB) protocols. The core control module40coordinates data communications between the processing module(s)42and output device(s)74via the output interface module(s)58and the I/O and/or peripheral control module52. An output device74includes a speaker, etc. An output interface module58includes a software driver and a hardware connector for coupling an output device to the I/O and/or peripheral control module52. In an embodiment, an output interface module56is in accordance with one or more audio codec protocols. The processing module42communicates directly with a video graphics processing module48to display data on the display50. The display50includes an LED (light emitting diode) display, an LCD (liquid crystal display), and/or other type of display technology. The display has a resolution, an aspect ratio, and other features that affect the quality of the display. The video graphics processing module48receives data from the processing module42, processes the data to produce rendered data in accordance with the characteristics of the display, and provides the rendered data to the display50. FIG.2further illustrates sensors30and actuators32coupled to drive-sense circuits28, which are coupled to the input interface module56(e.g., USB port). Alternatively, one or more of the drive-sense circuits28is coupled to the computing device via a wireless network card (e.g., WLAN) or a wired network card (e.g., Gigabit LAN). While not shown, the computing device12further includes a BIOS (Basic Input Output System) memory coupled to the core control module40. FIG.3is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a computing device14that includes a core control module40, one or more processing modules42, one or more main memories44, cache memory46, a video graphics processing module48, a touch screen16, an Input-Output (I/O) peripheral control module52, one or more input interface modules56, one or more output interface modules58, one or more network interface modules60, and one or more memory interface modules62. The touch screen16includes a touch screen display80, a plurality of sensors30, a plurality of drive-sense circuits (DSC), and a touch screen processing module82. Computing device14operates similarly to computing device12ofFIG.2with the addition of a touch screen as an input device. The touch screen includes a plurality of sensors (e.g., electrodes, capacitor sensing cells, capacitor sensors, inductive sensor, etc.) to detect a proximal touch of the screen. For example, when one or more fingers touches the screen, capacitance of sensors proximal to the touch(es) are affected (e.g., impedance changes). The drive-sense circuits (DSC) coupled to the affected sensors detect the change and provide a representation of the change to the touch screen processing module82, which may be a separate processing module or integrated into the processing module42. The touch screen processing module82processes the representative signals from the drive-sense circuits (DSC) to determine the location of the touch(es). This information is inputted to the processing module42for processing as an input. For example, a touch represents a selection of a button on screen, a scroll function, a zoom in-out function, etc. FIG.4is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a computing device18that includes a core control module40, one or more processing modules42, one or more main memories44, cache memory46, a video graphics processing module48, a touch and tactile screen20, an Input-Output (I/O) peripheral control module52, one or more input interface modules56, one or more output interface modules58, one or more network interface modules60, and one or more memory interface modules62. The touch and tactile screen20includes a touch and tactile screen display90, a plurality of sensors30, a plurality of actuators32, a plurality of drive-sense circuits (DSC), a touch screen processing module82, and a tactile screen processing module92. Computing device18operates similarly to computing device14ofFIG.3with the addition of a tactile aspect to the screen20as an output device. The tactile portion of the screen20includes the plurality of actuators (e.g., piezoelectric transducers to create vibrations, solenoids to create movement, etc.) to provide a tactile feel to the screen20. To do so, the processing module creates tactile data, which is provided to the appropriate drive-sense circuits (DSC) via the tactile screen processing module92, which may be a stand-alone processing module or integrated into processing module42. The drive-sense circuits (DSC) convert the tactile data into drive-actuate signals and provide them to the appropriate actuators to create the desired tactile feel on the screen20. FIG.5Ais a schematic plot diagram of a computing subsystem25that includes a sensed data processing module65, a plurality of communication modules61A-x, a plurality of processing modules42A-x, a plurality of drive sense circuits28, and a plurality of sensors1-x, which may be sensors30ofFIG.1. The sensed data processing module65is one or more processing modules within one or more servers22and/or one more processing modules in one or more computing devices that are different than the computing devices in which processing modules42A-x reside. A drive-sense circuit28(or multiple drive-sense circuits), a processing module (e.g.,41A), and a communication module (e.g.,61A) are within a common computing device. Each grouping of a drive-sense circuit(s), processing module, and communication module is in a separate computing device. A communication module61A-x is constructed in accordance with one or more wired communication protocol and/or one or more wireless communication protocols that is/are in accordance with the one or more of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model, the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) model, and other communication protocol module. In an example of operation, a processing module (e.g.,42A) provides a control signal to its corresponding drive-sense circuit28. The processing module42A may generate the control signal, receive it from the sensed data processing module65, or receive an indication from the sensed data processing module65to generate the control signal. The control signal enables the drive-sense circuit28to provide a drive signal to its corresponding sensor. The control signal may further include a reference signal having one or more frequency components to facilitate creation of the drive signal and/or interpreting a sensed signal received from the sensor. Based on the control signal, the drive-sense circuit28provides the drive signal to its corresponding sensor (e.g.,1) on a drive & sense line. While receiving the drive signal (e.g., a power signal, a regulated source signal, etc.), the sensor senses a physical condition1-x(e.g., acoustic waves, a biological condition, a chemical condition, an electric condition, a magnetic condition, an optical condition, a thermal condition, and/or a mechanical condition). As a result of the physical condition, an electrical characteristic (e.g., impedance, voltage, current, capacitance, inductance, resistance, reactance, etc.) of the sensor changes, which affects the drive signal. Note that if the sensor is an optical sensor, it converts a sensed optical condition into an electrical characteristic. The drive-sense circuit28detects the effect on the drive signal via the drive & sense line and processes the affect to produce a signal representative of power change, which may be an analog or digital signal. The processing module42A receives the signal representative of power change, interprets it, and generates a value representing the sensed physical condition. For example, if the sensor is sensing pressure, the value representing the sensed physical condition is a measure of pressure (e.g., x PSI (pounds per square inch)). In accordance with a sensed data process function (e.g., algorithm, application, etc.), the sensed data processing module65gathers the values representing the sensed physical conditions from the processing modules. Since the sensors1-xmay be the same type of sensor (e.g., a pressure sensor), may each be different sensors, or a combination thereof; the sensed physical conditions may be the same, may each be different, or a combination thereof. The sensed data processing module65processes the gathered values to produce one or more desired results. For example, if the computing subsystem25is monitoring pressure along a pipeline, the processing of the gathered values indicates that the pressures are all within normal limits or that one or more of the sensed pressures is not within normal limits. As another example, if the computing subsystem25is used in a manufacturing facility, the sensors are sensing a variety of physical conditions, such as acoustic waves (e.g., for sound proofing, sound generation, ultrasound monitoring, etc.), a biological condition (e.g., a bacterial contamination, etc.) a chemical condition (e.g., composition, gas concentration, etc.), an electric condition (e.g., current levels, voltage levels, electro-magnetic interference, etc.), a magnetic condition (e.g., induced current, magnetic field strength, magnetic field orientation, etc.), an optical condition (e.g., ambient light, infrared, etc.), a thermal condition (e.g., temperature, etc.), and/or a mechanical condition (e.g., physical position, force, pressure, acceleration, etc.). The computing subsystem25may further include one or more actuators in place of one or more of the sensors and/or in addition to the sensors. When the computing subsystem25includes an actuator, the corresponding processing module provides an actuation control signal to the corresponding drive-sense circuit28. The actuation control signal enables the drive-sense circuit28to provide a drive signal to the actuator via a drive & actuate line (e.g., similar to the drive & sense line, but for the actuator). The drive signal includes one or more frequency components and/or amplitude components to facilitate a desired actuation of the actuator. In addition, the computing subsystem25may include an actuator and sensor working in concert. For example, the sensor is sensing the physical condition of the actuator. In this example, a drive-sense circuit provides a drive signal to the actuator and another drive sense signal provides the same drive signal, or a scaled version of it, to the sensor. This allows the sensor to provide near immediate and continuous sensing of the actuator's physical condition. This further allows for the sensor to operate at a first frequency and the actuator to operate at a second frequency. In an embodiment, the computing subsystem is a stand-alone system for a wide variety of applications (e.g., manufacturing, pipelines, testing, monitoring, security, etc.). In another embodiment, the computing subsystem25is one subsystem of a plurality of subsystems forming a larger system. For example, different subsystems are employed based on geographic location. As a specific example, the computing subsystem25is deployed in one section of a factory and another computing subsystem is deployed in another part of the factory. As another example, different subsystems are employed based function of the subsystems. As a specific example, one subsystem monitors a city's traffic light operation and another subsystem monitors the city's sewage treatment plants. Regardless of the use and/or deployment of the computing system, the physical conditions it is sensing, and/or the physical conditions it is actuating, each sensor and each actuator (if included) is driven and sensed by a single line as opposed to separate drive and sense lines. This provides many advantages including, but not limited to, lower power requirements, better ability to drive high impedance sensors, lower line to line interference, and/or concurrent sensing functions. FIG.5Bis a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a computing subsystem25that includes a sensed data processing module65, a communication module61, a plurality of processing modules42A-x, a plurality of drive sense circuits28, and a plurality of sensors1-x, which may be sensors30ofFIG.1. The sensed data processing module65is one or more processing modules within one or more servers22and/or one more processing modules in one or more computing devices that are different than the computing device, devices, in which processing modules42A-x reside. In an embodiment, the drive-sense circuits28, the processing modules, and the communication module are within a common computing device. For example, the computing device includes a central processing unit that includes a plurality of processing modules. The functionality and operation of the sensed data processing module65, the communication module61, the processing modules42A-x, the drive sense circuits28, and the sensors1-xare as discussed with reference toFIG.5A. FIG.5Cis a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a computing subsystem25that includes a sensed data processing module65, a communication module61, a processing module42, a plurality of drive sense circuits28, and a plurality of sensors1-x, which may be sensors30ofFIG.1. The sensed data processing module65is one or more processing modules within one or more servers22and/or one more processing modules in one or more computing devices that are different than the computing device in which the processing module42resides. In an embodiment, the drive-sense circuits28, the processing module, and the communication module are within a common computing device. The functionality and operation of the sensed data processing module65, the communication module61, the processing module42, the drive sense circuits28, and the sensors1-xare as discussed with reference toFIG.5A. FIG.5Dis a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a computing subsystem25that includes a processing module42, a reference signal circuit100, a plurality of drive sense circuits28, and a plurality of sensors30. The processing module42includes a drive-sense processing block104, a drive-sense control block102, and a reference control block106. Each block102-106of the processing module42may be implemented via separate modules of the processing module, may be a combination of software and hardware within the processing module, and/or may be field programmable modules within the processing module42. In an example of operation, the drive-sense control block104generates one or more control signals to activate one or more of the drive-sense circuits28. For example, the drive-sense control block102generates a control signal that enables of the drive-sense circuits28for a given period of time (e.g., 1 second, 1 minute, etc.). As another example, the drive-sense control block102generates control signals to sequentially enable the drive-sense circuits28. As yet another example, the drive-sense control block102generates a series of control signals to periodically enable the drive-sense circuits28(e.g., enabled once every second, every minute, every hour, etc.). Continuing with the example of operation, the reference control block106generates a reference control signal that it provides to the reference signal circuit100. The reference signal circuit100generates, in accordance with the control signal, one or more reference signals for the drive-sense circuits28. For example, the control signal is an enable signal, which, in response, the reference signal circuit100generates a pre-programmed reference signal that it provides to the drive-sense circuits28. In another example, the reference signal circuit100generates a unique reference signal for each of the drive-sense circuits28. In yet another example, the reference signal circuit100generates a first unique reference signal for each of the drive-sense circuits28in a first group and generates a second unique reference signal for each of the drive-sense circuits28in a second group. The reference signal circuit100may be implemented in a variety of ways. For example, the reference signal circuit100includes a DC (direct current) voltage generator, an AC voltage generator, and a voltage combining circuit. The DC voltage generator generates a DC voltage at a first level and the AC voltage generator generates an AC voltage at a second level, which is less than or equal to the first level. The voltage combining circuit combines the DC and AC voltages to produce the reference signal. As examples, the reference signal circuit100generates a reference signal similar to the signals shown inFIG.7, which will be subsequently discussed. As another example, the reference signal circuit100includes a DC current generator, an AC current generator, and a current combining circuit. The DC current generator generates a DC current a first current level and the AC current generator generates an AC current at a second current level, which is less than or equal to the first current level. The current combining circuit combines the DC and AC currents to produce the reference signal. Returning to the example of operation, the reference signal circuit100provides the reference signal, or signals, to the drive-sense circuits28. When a drive-sense circuit28is enabled via a control signal from the drive sense control block102, it provides a drive signal to its corresponding sensor30. As a result of a physical condition, an electrical characteristic of the sensor is changed, which affects the drive signal. Based on the detected effect on the drive signal and the reference signal, the drive-sense circuit28generates a signal representative of the effect on the drive signal. The drive-sense circuit provides the signal representative of the effect on the drive signal to the drive-sense processing block104. The drive-sense processing block104processes the representative signal to produce a sensed value97of the physical condition (e.g., a digital value that represents a specific temperature, a specific pressure level, etc.). The processing module42provides the sensed value97to another application running on the computing device, to another computing device, and/or to a server22. FIG.5Eis a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a computing subsystem25that includes a processing module42, a plurality of drive sense circuits28, and a plurality of sensors30. This embodiment is similar to the embodiment ofFIG.5Dwith the functionality of the drive-sense processing block104, a drive-sense control block102, and a reference control block106shown in greater detail. For instance, the drive-sense control block102includes individual enable/disable blocks102-1through102-y. An enable/disable block functions to enable or disable a corresponding drive-sense circuit in a manner as discussed above with reference toFIG.5D. The drive-sense processing block104includes variance determining modules104-1athroughyand variance interpreting modules104-2athroughy. For example, variance determining module104-1areceives, from the corresponding drive-sense circuit28, a signal representative of a physical condition sensed by a sensor. The variance determining module104-1afunctions to determine a difference from the signal representing the sensed physical condition with a signal representing a known, or reference, physical condition. The variance interpreting module104-1binterprets the difference to determine a specific value for the sensed physical condition. As a specific example, the variance determining module104-1areceives a digital signal of 1001 0110 (150 in decimal) that is representative of a sensed physical condition (e.g., temperature) sensed by a sensor from the corresponding drive-sense circuit28. With 8-bits, there are 28(256) possible signals representing the sensed physical condition. Assume that the units for temperature is Celsius and a digital value of 0100 0000 (64 in decimal) represents the known value for 25 degree Celsius. The variance determining module104-b1determines the difference between the digital signal representing the sensed value (e.g., 1001 0110, 150 in decimal) and the known signal value of (e.g., 0100 0000, 64 in decimal), which is 0011 0000 (86 in decimal). The variance determining module104-b1then determines the sensed value based on the difference and the known value. In this example, the sensed value equals 25+86*(100/256)=25+33.6=58.6 degrees Celsius. FIG.6is a schematic block diagram of a drive center circuit28-acoupled to a sensor30. The drive sense-sense circuit28includes a power source circuit110and a power signal change detection circuit112. The sensor30includes one or more transducers that have varying electrical characteristics (e.g., capacitance, inductance, impedance, current, voltage, etc.) based on varying physical conditions114(e.g., pressure, temperature, biological, chemical, etc.), or vice versa (e.g., an actuator). The power source circuit110is operably coupled to the sensor30and, when enabled (e.g., from a control signal from the processing module42, power is applied, a switch is closed, a reference signal is received, etc.) provides a power signal116to the sensor30. The power source circuit110may be a voltage supply circuit (e.g., a battery, a linear regulator, an unregulated DC-to-DC converter, etc.) to produce a voltage-based power signal, a current supply circuit (e.g., a current source circuit, a current mirror circuit, etc.) to produce a current-based power signal, or a circuit that provide a desired power level to the sensor and substantially matches impedance of the sensor. The power source circuit110generates the power signal116to include a DC (direct current) component and/or an oscillating component. When receiving the power signal116and when exposed to a condition114, an electrical characteristic of the sensor affects118the power signal. When the power signal change detection circuit112is enabled, it detects the affect118on the power signal as a result of the electrical characteristic of the sensor. For example, the power signal is a 1.5 voltage signal and, under a first condition, the sensor draws 1 milliamp of current, which corresponds to an impedance of 1.5 K Ohms. Under a second conditions, the power signal remains at 1.5 volts and the current increases to 1.5 milliamps. As such, from condition 1 to condition 2, the impedance of the sensor changed from 1.5 K Ohms to 1 K Ohms. The power signal change detection circuit112determines this change and generates a representative signal120of the change to the power signal. As another example, the power signal is a 1.5 voltage signal and, under a first condition, the sensor draws 1 milliamp of current, which corresponds to an impedance of 1.5 K Ohms. Under a second conditions, the power signal drops to 1.3 volts and the current increases to 1.3 milliamps. As such, from condition 1 to condition 2, the impedance of the sensor changed from 1.5 K Ohms to 1 K Ohms. The power signal change detection circuit112determines this change and generates a representative signal120of the change to the power signal. The power signal116includes a DC component122and/or an oscillating component124as shown inFIG.7. The oscillating component124includes a sinusoidal signal, a square wave signal, a triangular wave signal, a multiple level signal (e.g., has varying magnitude over time with respect to the DC component), and/or a polygonal signal (e.g., has a symmetrical or asymmetrical polygonal shape with respect to the DC component). Note that the power signal is shown without affect from the sensor as the result of a condition or changing condition. In an embodiment, power generating circuit110varies frequency of the oscillating component124of the power signal116so that it can be tuned to the impedance of the sensor and/or to be off-set in frequency from other power signals in a system. For example, a capacitance sensor's impedance decreases with frequency. As such, if the frequency of the oscillating component is too high with respect to the capacitance, the capacitor looks like a short and variances in capacitances will be missed. Similarly, if the frequency of the oscillating component is too low with respect to the capacitance, the capacitor looks like an open and variances in capacitances will be missed. In an embodiment, the power generating circuit110varies magnitude of the DC component122and/or the oscillating component124to improve resolution of sensing and/or to adjust power consumption of sensing. In addition, the power generating circuit110generates the drive signal110such that the magnitude of the oscillating component124is less than magnitude of the DC component122. FIG.6Ais a schematic block diagram of a drive center circuit28-alcoupled to a sensor30. The drive sense-sense circuit28-alincludes a signal source circuit111, a signal change detection circuit113, and a power source115. The power source115(e.g., a battery, a power supply, a current source, etc.) generates a voltage and/or current that is combined with a signal117, which is produced by the signal source circuit111. The combined signal is supplied to the sensor30. The signal source circuit111may be a voltage supply circuit (e.g., a battery, a linear regulator, an unregulated DC-to-DC converter, etc.) to produce a voltage-based signal117, a current supply circuit (e.g., a current source circuit, a current mirror circuit, etc.) to produce a current-based signal117, or a circuit that provide a desired power level to the sensor and substantially matches impedance of the sensor. The signal source circuit111generates the signal117to include a DC (direct current) component and/or an oscillating component. When receiving the combined signal (e.g., signal117and power from the power source) and when exposed to a condition114, an electrical characteristic of the sensor affects119the signal. When the signal change detection circuit113is enabled, it detects the affect119on the signal as a result of the electrical characteristic of the sensor. FIG.8is an example of a sensor graph that plots an electrical characteristic versus a condition. The sensor has a substantially linear region in which an incremental change in a condition produces a corresponding incremental change in the electrical characteristic. The graph shows two types of electrical characteristics: one that increases as the condition increases and the other that decreases and the condition increases. As an example of the first type, impedance of a temperature sensor increases and the temperature increases. As an example of a second type, a capacitance touch sensor decreases in capacitance as a touch is sensed. FIG.9is a schematic block diagram of another example of a power signal graph in which the electrical characteristic or change in electrical characteristic of the sensor is affecting the power signal. In this example, the effect of the electrical characteristic or change in electrical characteristic of the sensor reduced the DC component but had little to no effect on the oscillating component. For example, the electrical characteristic is resistance. In this example, the resistance or change in resistance of the sensor decreased the power signal, inferring an increase in resistance for a relatively constant current. FIG.10is a schematic block diagram of another example of a power signal graph in which the electrical characteristic or change in electrical characteristic of the sensor is affecting the power signal. In this example, the effect of the electrical characteristic or change in electrical characteristic of the sensor reduced magnitude of the oscillating component but had little to no effect on the DC component. For example, the electrical characteristic is impedance of a capacitor and/or an inductor. In this example, the impedance or change in impedance of the sensor decreased the magnitude of the oscillating signal component, inferring an increase in impedance for a relatively constant current. FIG.11is a schematic block diagram of another example of a power signal graph in which the electrical characteristic or change in electrical characteristic of the sensor is affecting the power signal. In this example, the effect of the electrical characteristic or change in electrical characteristic of the sensor shifted frequency of the oscillating component but had little to no effect on the DC component. For example, the electrical characteristic is reactance of a capacitor and/or an inductor. In this example, the reactance or change in reactance of the sensor shifted frequency of the oscillating signal component, inferring an increase in reactance (e.g., sensor is functioning as an integrator or phase shift circuit). FIG.11Ais a schematic block diagram of another example of a power signal graph in which the electrical characteristic or change in electrical characteristic of the sensor is affecting the power signal. In this example, the effect of the electrical characteristic or change in electrical characteristic of the sensor changes the frequency of the oscillating component but had little to no effect on the DC component. For example, the sensor includes two transducers that oscillate at different frequencies. The first transducer receives the power signal at a frequency of f1and converts it into a first physical condition. The second transducer is stimulated by the first physical condition to create an electrical signal at a different frequency f2. In this example, the first and second transducers of the sensor change the frequency of the oscillating signal component, which allows for more granular sensing and/or a broader range of sensing. FIG.12is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a power signal change detection circuit112receiving the affected power signal118and the power signal116as generated to produce, therefrom, the signal representative120of the power signal change. The affect118on the power signal is the result of an electrical characteristic and/or change in the electrical characteristic of a sensor; a few examples of the affects are shown inFIGS.8-11A. In an embodiment, the power signal change detection circuit112detect a change in the DC component122and/or the oscillating component124of the power signal116. The power signal change detection circuit112then generates the signal representative120of the change to the power signal based on the change to the power signal. For example, the change to the power signal results from the impedance of the sensor and/or a change in impedance of the sensor. The representative signal120is reflective of the change in the power signal and/or in the change in the sensor's impedance. In an embodiment, the power signal change detection circuit112is operable to detect a change to the oscillating component at a frequency, which may be a phase shift, frequency change, and/or change in magnitude of the oscillating component. The power signal change detection circuit112is also operable to generate the signal representative of the change to the power signal based on the change to the oscillating component at the frequency. The power signal change detection circuit112is further operable to provide feedback to the power source circuit110regarding the oscillating component. The feedback allows the power source circuit110to regulate the oscillating component at the desired frequency, phase, and/or magnitude. FIG.13is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a drive sense circuit28-bincludes a change detection circuit150, a regulation circuit152, and a power source circuit154. The drive-sense circuit28-bis coupled to the sensor30, which includes a transducer that has varying electrical characteristics (e.g., capacitance, inductance, impedance, current, voltage, etc.) based on varying physical conditions114(e.g., pressure, temperature, biological, chemical, etc.). The power source circuit154is operably coupled to the sensor30and, when enabled (e.g., from a control signal from the processing module42, power is applied, a switch is closed, a reference signal is received, etc.) provides a power signal158to the sensor30. The power source circuit154may be a voltage supply circuit (e.g., a battery, a linear regulator, an unregulated DC-to-DC converter, etc.) to produce a voltage-based power signal or a current supply circuit (e.g., a current source circuit, a current mirror circuit, etc.) to produce a current-based power signal. The power source circuit154generates the power signal158to include a DC (direct current) component and an oscillating component. When receiving the power signal158and when exposed to a condition114, an electrical characteristic of the sensor affects160the power signal. When the change detection circuit150is enabled, it detects the affect160on the power signal as a result of the electrical characteristic of the sensor30. The change detection circuit150is further operable to generate a signal120that is representative of change to the power signal based on the detected effect on the power signal. The regulation circuit152, when its enabled, generates regulation signal156to regulate the DC component to a desired DC level and/or regulate the oscillating component to a desired oscillating level (e.g., magnitude, phase, and/or frequency) based on the signal120that is representative of the change to the power signal. The power source circuit154utilizes the regulation signal156to keep the power signal at a desired setting158regardless of the electrical characteristic of the sensor. In this manner, the amount of regulation is indicative of the affect the electrical characteristic had on the power signal. In an example, the power source circuit158is a DC-DC converter operable to provide a regulated power signal having DC and AC components. The change detection circuit150is a comparator and the regulation circuit152is a pulse width modulator to produce the regulation signal156. The comparator compares the power signal158, which is affected by the sensor, with a reference signal that includes DC and AC components. When the electrical characteristics is at a first level (e.g., a first impedance), the power signal is regulated to provide a voltage and current such that the power signal substantially resembles the reference signal. When the electrical characteristics changes to a second level (e.g., a second impedance), the change detection circuit150detects a change in the DC and/or AC component of the power signal158and generates the representative signal120, which indicates the changes. The regulation circuit152detects the change in the representative signal120and creates the regulation signal to substantially remove the effect on the power signal. The regulation of the power signal158may be done by regulating the magnitude of the DC and/or AC components, by adjusting the frequency of AC component, and/or by adjusting the phase of the AC component. With respect to the operation of various drive-sense circuits as described herein and/or their equivalents, note that the operation of such a drive-sense circuit is operable simultaneously to drive and sense a signal via a single line. In comparison to switched, time-divided, time-multiplexed, etc. operation in which there is switching between driving and sensing (e.g., driving at first time, sensing at second time, etc.) of different respective signals at separate and distinct times, the drive-sense circuit is operable simultaneously to perform both driving and sensing of a signal. In some examples, such simultaneous driving and sensing is performed via a single line using a drive-sense circuit. In addition, other alternative implementations of various drive-sense circuits are described in U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 16/113,379, entitled “DRIVE SENSE CIRCUIT WITH DRIVE-SENSE LINE,” filed Aug. 27, 2018. Any instantiation of a drive-sense circuit as described herein may also be implemented using any of the various implementations of various drive-sense circuits described in U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 16/113,379. In addition, note that the one or more signals provided from a drive-sense circuit (DSC) may be of any of a variety of types. For example, such a signal may be based on encoding of one or more bits to generate one or more coded bits used to generate modulation data (or generally, data). For example, a device is configured to perform forward error correction (FEC) and/or error checking and correction (ECC) code of one or more bits to generate one or more coded bits. Examples of FEC and/or ECC may include turbo code, convolutional code, turbo trellis coded modulation (TTCM), low density parity check (LDPC) code, Reed-Solomon (RS) code, BCH (Bose and Ray-Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghem) code, binary convolutional code (BCC), Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), and/or any other type of ECC and/or FEC code and/or combination thereof, etc. Note that more than one type of ECC and/or FEC code may be used in any of various implementations including concatenation (e.g., first ECC and/or FEC code followed by second ECC and/or FEC code, etc. such as based on an inner code/outer code architecture, etc.), parallel architecture (e.g., such that first ECC and/or FEC code operates on first bits while second ECC and/or FEC code operates on second bits, etc.), and/or any combination thereof. Also, the one or more coded bits may then undergo modulation or symbol mapping to generate modulation symbols (e.g., the modulation symbols may include data intended for one or more recipient devices, components, elements, etc.). Note that such modulation symbols may be generated using any of various types of modulation coding techniques. Examples of such modulation coding techniques may include binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 8-phase shift keying (PSK), 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 32 amplitude and phase shift keying (APSK), etc., uncoded modulation, and/or any other desired types of modulation including higher ordered modulations that may include even greater number of constellation points (e.g., 1024 QAM, etc.). In addition, note that a signal provided from a DSC may be of a unique frequency that is different from signals provided from other DSCs. Also, a signal provided from a DSC may include multiple frequencies independently or simultaneously. The frequency of the signal can be hopped on a pre-arranged pattern. In some examples, a handshake is established between one or more DSCs and one or more processing module (e.g., one or more controllers) such that the one or more DSC is/are directed by the one or more processing modules regarding which frequency or frequencies and/or which other one or more characteristics of the one or more signals to use at one or more respective times and/or in one or more particular situations. With respect to any signal that is driven and simultaneously detected by a DSC, note that any additional signal that is coupled into a line, an electrode, a touch sensor, a bus, a communication link, a battery, a load, an electrical coupling or connection, etc. associated with that DSC is also detectable. For example, a DSC that is associated with such a line, an electrode, a touch sensor, a bus, a communication link, a battery, a load, an electrical coupling or connection, etc. is configured to detect any signal from one or more other lines, electrodes, touch sensors, buses, communication links, loads, electrical couplings or connections, etc. that get coupled into that line, electrode, touch sensor, bus, communication link, battery, load, electrical coupling or connection, etc. Note that the different respective signals that are driven and simultaneously sensed by one or more DSCs may be differentiated from one another. Appropriate filtering and processing can identify the various signals given their differentiation, orthogonality to one another, difference in frequency, etc. Other examples described herein and their equivalents operate using any of a number of different characteristics other than or in addition to frequency. Moreover, with respect to any embodiment, diagram, example, etc. that includes more than one DSC, note that the DSCs may be implemented in a variety of manners. For example, all of the DSCs may be of the same type, implementation, configuration, etc. In another example, the first DSC may be of a first type, implementation, configuration, etc., and a second DSC may be of a second type, implementation, configuration, etc. that is different than the first DSC. Considering a specific example, a first DSC may be implemented to detect change of impedance associated with a line, an electrode, a touch sensor, a bus, a communication link, an electrical coupling or connection, etc. associated with that first DSC, while a second DSC may be implemented to detect change of voltage associated with a line, an electrode, a touch sensor, a bus, a communication link, an electrical coupling or connection, etc. associated with that second DSC. In addition, note that a third DSC may be implemented to detect change of a current associated with a line, an electrode, a touch sensor, a bus, a communication link, an electrical coupling or connection, etc. associated with that DSC. In general, while a common reference may be used generally to show a DSC or multiple instantiations of a DSC within a given embodiment, diagram, example, etc., note that any particular DSC may be implemented in accordance with any manner as described herein, such as described in U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 16/113,379, etc. and/or their equivalents. Note that certain of the following diagrams show one or more processing modules. In certain instances, the one or more processing modules is configured to communicate with and interact with one or more other devices including one or more of DSCs, one or more components associated with a DSC, input electric power, and/or one or more other components. Note that any such implementation of one or more processing modules may include integrated memory and/or be coupled to other memory. At least some of the memory stores operational instructions to be executed by the one or more processing modules. In addition, note that the one or more processing modules may interface with one or more other devices, components, elements, etc. via one or more communication links, networks, communication pathways, channels, etc. In addition, when a DSC is implemented to communicate with and interact with another element, the DSC is configured simultaneously to transmit and receive one or more signals with the element. For example, a DSC is configured simultaneously to sense and to drive one or more signals to the one element. During transmission of a signal from a DSC, that same DSC is configured simultaneously to sense the signal being transmitted from the DSC and any other signal may be coupled into the signal that is being transmitted from the DSC. FIG.14is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment1400of various devices including a device1409that is operative to transfer power wirelessly in accordance with the present invention. As with many diagram herein, this diagram shows one or more processing modules42configured to interact with a drive-sense circuit (DSC)28. Note that the coupling or connection between one or more processing modules42and the DSC28may be made using any number of communication channels, pathways, etc. (e.g., generally n, where n is a positive integer greater than or equal to 1). Examples of one or more signals that may be provided from the one or more processing modules42to the DSC may include any one or more of the reference signal (e.g., referred to as Vref in certain diagrams), power input, communication signaling, interfacing, control signaling, digital information provided from the DSC28, digital information provided from the one or more processing modules42, etc. In some examples, the DSC28itself includes a signal generator whose operation is controlled by the one or more processing modules42such as setting one or more parameters of the reference signal to be generated and used as a basis to generate the drive signal. The DSC28is implemented to generate a drive signal based on a reference signal into provided via a single line through a resonating capacitor1402to a first coil. The first coil is operative to facilitate electromagnetic (inductive) coupling with a second coil when the first clone the second coil or within sufficient proximity to do so. Generally speaking, the efficacy of electromagnetic coupling between the first coil the second coil is a function of the proximity between the first coil and the second coil. For example, consider the spacing between the first coil and the second coil to be separated by a distance that is inadequate to facilitate electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first coil and the second coil, then there will be very little electromagnetic (inductive) coupling. However, when the first coil and the second coil are within sufficient proximity such as to facilitate electromagnetic (inductive) coupling, then energy, power, signals, etc. may be transferred between the first coil the second coil, and vice versa. In some examples, note that a magnetic core may be implemented in such a way as to increase the efficacy of the electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first and second coil. For example, such a magnetic core may be implemented within one or both of the devices1409and1410that include the first coil and the second coil if desired in certain examples. In this diagram, consider the first coil included in a first device1409that includes and/or is associated with the DSC28, the resonating capacitor1402, and the one or more processing modules42, and consider the second coil included in the second device1410that includes a wireless receiver1421that is operative to receive power coupled from the first coil to the second coil, and that also includes one or more other device components1499. Examples of such device components may include any one or more of one or more processing modules, circuitry, battery, load, etc. as may be found in any of a number of different types of devices. Examples of the device1410may include any one or more of a laptop computer, a cell phone, an electronic pad device, a personal digital assistant, a portable music devices, a portable media players, a tablet, a digital camera, and/or any other type of device. In certainties and both of the device1410, the device1410includes a battery that is charged via wireless power transfer from the first coil to the second coil after having undergone processing via the wireless receiver1421. In some examples, the wireless receiver1421is operative to generate a DC signal from an AC signal that is provided wirelessly from the first coil to the second coil. Generally speaking, energy is transferred from the first coil to the second coil when a time varying signal, such as an AC signal, is provided to the first coil. The time varying excitation facilitates electromagnetic (inductive) coupling of the first coil second coil. For example, a time varying excitation signal provided to the first coil will induce a voltage in the second coil. Considering transformer theory as applied to electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first coil the second coil, consider that the first coil has a first number of turns, N1, and the second coil has a second number of turns, N2, then a time varying voltage, v1(t), applied across the first coil will induce a time varying voltage, v2(t), across the second coil based on the relationship of: v2(t)=(N1/N1)v1(t) As mentioned above, while a magnetic core may be implemented to increase the efficacy of the electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first and second coil, it is not required. In addition, considering transformer theory in an ideal situation, consider two coils that are implemented such as to facilitate electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between them, and assuming perfect flux linkage between the two coils, then the mutual inductance, M, between them may be provided as follows: M=(μ0×N1×N2×A)/lin Henries, where μ0is the permeability of free space, approx. 4π×10−7H/m N1 has a first number of turns in the first coil N2 has a second number of turns in the second coil A is the cross-sectional area of electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first coil and the second coil in square meters (m2) l is the length of the first and second coils in meters (m), assuming same length in this example. Considering an example in which an iron core is implemented to facilitate greater electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first coil and second coil, then then the mutual inductance, M, between them may be provided as follows: M=(μ0×μr×N1×N2×A)/lin Henries, where μ0is the permeability of free space, approx. 4π×10−7H/m μris the relative permeability of the iron core in H/m N1 has a first number of turns in the first coil N2 has a second number of turns in the second coil A is the cross-sectional area of electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first coil and the second coil in square meters (m2) l is the length of the first and second coils in meters (m), assuming same length in this example. Note that such examples consider an ideal amount of electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first coil and the second coil. However, in a real life implementation, there will be some loss due to leakage and imperfect positioning of the first coil relative to the second coil. As such, the electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first coil and the second coil will never be perfect or 100% effective, but proper arrangement of the first coil and the second coil can increase the efficacy of the electromagnetic (inductive) coupling, including ensuring that the first coil and the second coil are within sufficient proximity such as to facilitate electromagnetic (inductive) coupling. In some instances, a scale factor, k, is used to represent the actual mutual inductance between the first coil and the second coil as a function of an ideal mutual inductance, Mideal, such that M=k×Mideal. In some instances, two coils that are perfectly coupled will have a scale factor of k=1; a scale factor of k>0.5 may be associated with tightly coupled coils, and a scale factor of k<0.5 may be associated with loosely coupled coils. Using a DSC28as described herein, any of one or more electrical characteristics associated with the drive signal is provided via the single line and via the resonating capacitor1402the first coil may be sensed/detected via the single line simultaneously/concurrently as the drive signal is provided from the DSC28. In an example of operation and implementation, the first coil is included within a device1409that is operative to transfer power wirelessly to a second coil included in device1401. The device1409includes a DSC28, memory that stores operational instructions, and one or more processing modules42operably coupled to the DSC and the memory (or alternatively, the one or more processing modules42includes the memory). The DSC28is operably coupled to receive a reference signal and to generate a drive signal based on the reference signal. When enabled, the DSC operably coupled and configured to provide the drive signal to a first coil via a single line and via a resonating capacitor1402and simultaneously to sense the drive signal via the single line. Based on the first coil being in a proximity to a second coil associated with another device1410-1that facilitates electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil, the drive signal is operative to transfer power wirelessly from the first coil to the second coil. In addition, the DSC28is configured to perform sensing of the drive signal via the single line that includes detection of one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal. The DSC28is configured to generate a digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal based on an error signal corresponding to a difference between the drive signal and the reference signal. The one or more processing module, when enabled, is configured to execute the operational instructions to generate the reference signal and to process the digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to determine the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal. In some examples, the one or more processing modules42is also configured to adapt at least one parameter of the reference signal based on the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal. Examples of the at least one parameter of the reference signal may include any one or more of a magnitude, a frequency, a signal type, a waveform type, or a phase. In some examples, the one or more processing modules42is configured to generate the reference signal as a sinusoidal signal. Also, in certain examples, the one or more processing modules42is configured to adapt an amplitude of the reference signal based on the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to maximize the error signal. In addition, in some examples, the one or more processing modules42is configured to generate the reference signal to have a frequency that is based on a resonant frequency associated with an inductance of the first coil and a capacitance of the resonating capacitor. In an alternative example of operation and implementation, the first coil is included within a device1409that is operative to transfer power wirelessly to a second coil included in another device1410. The device1409includes a DSC28, memory that stores operational instructions, and one or more processing modules42operably coupled to the DSC and the memory (or alternatively, the one or more processing modules42includes the memory). The DSC28is operably coupled to receive a reference signal and to generate a drive signal based on the reference signal. When enabled, the DSC operably coupled and configured to provide the drive signal to a first coil via a single line and via a resonating capacitor1402and simultaneously to sense the drive signal via the single line. Based on the first coil of the device1409being in a proximity to a second coil associated with another device1410that facilitates electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil, the drive signal is operative to transfer power wirelessly from the first coil to the second coil. In addition, the DSC28is configured to perform sensing of the drive signal via the single line that includes detection of one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal. the DSC28is configured to generate a digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal based on an error signal corresponding to a difference between the drive signal and the reference signal. The one or more processing modules42, when enabled, is configured to execute the operational instructions to generate the reference signal and process the digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to determine the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal including to determine whether a signal associated with the other device1410is coupled into the drive signal thereby indicating presence of the other device1410within the proximity to the device1409that facilitates electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil. Note that the electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first coil and the second coil, and the functionality and operation of the DSC28, facilitates detection of the presence of one or more additional signals including any other signal may be coupled into the first coil. For example, as the device1410is in operation, it may generate one or more signals that may be detected and coupled into the first coil. From certain perspectives, the first coil may be viewed as operating as a component (e.g., an antenna, an electrode, etc.) that facilitates the coupling of one or more signals generated by the device1410as it is in operation. Certain examples of such signals may include interaction of the device1410with another device in communication (e.g., consider the device1410is a cellular telephone communicating with a cellular tower/base station, or alternatively that the device1410is a cellular telephone or consider the device1410is a laptop computer communicating with a Wi-Fi hotspot, etc.). The one or more processing modules42is configured to perform detection of any such one or more additional signals associated with a device1410that is appropriate for wireless transfer of power via the first coil to the second coil to validate the presence of such a device that is appropriate for wireless transfer of power. For example, based on determination that a signal associated with the other device1410is coupled into the drive signal, the one or more processing modules42is configured to continue to provide the reference signal to the DSC28to facilitate wireless power transfer from the first coil to the second coil in accordance with charging of a battery of the other device1410. However, based on determination that no signal associated with the other device1410is coupled to the drive signal, the one or more processing modules42is configured to perform one or more alternative functions. In one example, the one or more processing modules42is configured to adjust an amplitude of the reference signal to zero to stop the DSC28from providing the drive signal to the first coil via the single line in via the resonating capacitor1402. For example, consider a determination that no signal associated with any such other device1410that is appropriate for wireless transfer of power is coupled into the drive signal, then the one or more processing modules42is configured to detect that no such other device1410that is appropriate for wireless transfer of power is present, and the one or more processing modules42executes one or more appropriate actions. In one example, this involves cessation of providing the drive signal from the DSC28. Note that operation may resume subsequently to determine whether or not another device1410that is appropriate for wireless transfer of power is within sufficient proximity to the device that includes the first coil (e.g., by once again providing of a reference signal from the one or more processing modules42, by once again the providing of a drive signal from the DSC28, etc.). Based on the determination that such a device1410that is appropriate for wireless transfer power is present, the one or more processing modules42is configured to continue to provide the reference signal to the DSC to facilitate wireless power transfer from the first coil to the second coil in accordance with charging of a battery of the other device1410. FIG.15is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment1500of various devices including a device1409that is operative to transfer power and communicate wirelessly in accordance with the present invention. This diagram has certain similarities to the previous diagram with at least one difference being that the wireless transceiver1422is implemented within a device1410-1that includes a second coil. This wireless transceiver1422is operative not only to receive power wirelessly from the device1409that includes the first coil, but is also operative to facilitate communication with that other device1409via the electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first coil and the second coil. For example, the wireless transceiver1422is operative not only to receive power that is provided via a drive signal provided from the DSC28via the single line via the resonating capacitor1402and the electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first coil and the second coil, but is also operative to receive one or more communication signals from the DSC28via that same pathway and also to transmit one or more communication signals to the DSC28via that same pathway. This diagram shows an example by which communication is supported from one device (e.g., device1409) that includes the first coil and also from a second device that includes a second coil (e.g., device1410-1). In an example of operation and implementation, the first coil is included within a device1409that is operative to transfer power and communicate wirelessly. The device1409includes a DSC28, memory that stores operational instructions, and one or more processing modules42operably coupled to the DSC and the memory (or alternatively, the one or more processing modules42includes the memory). When enabled, the DSC28is operably coupled and configured to provide the drive signal to a first coil via a single line and via a resonating capacitor1402and simultaneously to sense the drive signal via the single line. Based on the first coil being in a proximity to a second coil associated with another device1410-1that facilitates electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil, the drive signal is operative to transfer power wirelessly from the first coil to the second coil. The DSC28is also configured to perform sensing of the drive signal via the single line that includes detection of one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal including detection of whether a communication signal is transmitted from the other device1410-1to the device1409via the electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil. In this diagram, note that the device1410-1includes a wireless transceiver1422that is operative to transmit one or more signals via the second coil that is coupled into the first coil and that may be detected by the DSC28. The DSC28is also configured to generate a digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal based on an error signal corresponding to a difference between the drive signal and the reference signal. When enabled, the one or more processing modules42is configured to execute the operational instructions to generate the reference signal and to process the digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to determine the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal including to determine whether the communication signal is transmitted from the other device1410-1to the device1409via the electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil. Based on determination that the communication signal is transmitted from the other device1410-1to the device1409that includes the first coil, the one or more processing modules42is configured to process the digital signal to interpret control information from the communication signal. The one or more processing modules42is configured to execute one or more operations based on the control information that is interpreted. For example, in one example, the one or more processing modules42is configured to adapt at least one parameter of the reference signal based on the control information. Examples of the at least one parameter of the reference signal may include any one or more of a magnitude, a frequency, a signal type, a waveform type, or a phase. Alternatively, based on determination that no communication signal is transmitted from the other device1410-1to the device1409, the one or more processing modules42is configured to execute one or more operations. In some examples, the one or more processing modules42is configured to adjust an amplitude of the reference signal to zero to stop the DSC from providing the drive signal to the first coil via the single line and via the resonating capacitor. In some examples, based on determination that the communication signal is transmitted from the another device to the device, the one or more processing modules42is configured to continue to provide the reference signal to the DSC to facilitate wireless power transfer from the first coil to the second coil in accordance with charging of a battery of the another device (e.g., a battery included in device1410-1). Note that the communication signal includes information indicating presence of the another device within the proximity to the device that facilitates electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil. In even other examples, the one or more processing modules42is configured process the digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to determine the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal including to determine whether another communication signal is transmitted from the another device to the device via the electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil. Based on determination that the another communication signal is transmitted from the another device to the device, the one or more processing modules42is configured to process the digital signal to interpret additional control information from the another communication signal. Also, based on determination that the additional control information indicates a charged status of a battery of the another device, the one or more processing modules42is configured to adjust an amplitude of the reference signal to zero to stop the DSC from providing the drive signal to the first coil via the single line and via the resonating capacitor. In an alternative example of operation and implementation, the first coil is included within a device1409that is operative to transfer power and communicate wirelessly. The device1409includes a DSC28, memory that stores operational instructions, and one or more processing modules42operably coupled to the DSC and the memory (or alternatively, the one or more processing modules42includes the memory). When enabled, the DSC28is operably coupled to receive a reference signal and to generate a drive signal based on the reference signal. When enabled, the DSC operably coupled and configured to provide the drive signal to a first coil via a single line and via a resonating capacitor1402and simultaneously to sense the drive signal via the single line. Based on the first coil being in a proximity to a second coil associated with another device1410-1that facilitates electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil, the drive signal is operative to transfer power wirelessly from the first coil to the second coil. The DSC is also configured to perform sensing of the drive signal via the single line includes detection of one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal including detection of whether a communication signal is transmitted from the other device1410-1to the device1409via the electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil. In this diagram, note that the device1410-1includes a wireless transceiver1422that is operative to transmit one or more signals via the second coil that is coupled into the first coil and that may be detected by the DSC28. The DSC28is also configured to generate a digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal based on an error signal corresponding to a difference between the drive signal and the reference signal. The DSC28is also configured to generate a digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal based on an error signal corresponding to a difference between the drive signal and the reference signal. When enabled, the one or more processing modules42is configured to execute the operational instructions to generate the reference signal. The one or more processing modules42is also configured to process the digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to determine the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal including to determine whether the communication signal is transmitted from the other device1410-1to the device1409via the electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil. Based on determination that the communication signal is transmitted from the other device1410-1to the device1409, the one or more processing modules42is also configured to continue to provide the reference signal to the DSC to facilitate wireless power transfer from the first coil to the second coil in accordance with charging of a battery of the other device1410-1. Note that the communication signal includes information indicating presence of the other device1410-1within the proximity to the device1409that facilitates electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil. Also, in certain other examples, the one or more processing modules42is also configured process the digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to determine the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal including to determine whether another communication signal is transmitted from the another device to the device via the electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil. Based on determination that the another communication signal is transmitted from the another device to the device, the one or more processing modules42is also configured to process the digital signal to interpret additional control information from the another communication signal. Based on determination that the additional control information indicates a charged status of a battery of the another device, the one or more processing modules42is also configured to adjust an amplitude of the reference signal to zero to stop the DSC from providing the drive signal to the first coil via the single line and via the resonating capacitor. In even other examples, the one or more processing modules42is also configured to process the digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to determine the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal including to determine whether another communication signal is transmitted from the another device to the device via the electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil. Based on determination that the another communication signal is transmitted from the another device to the device, the one or more processing modules42is also configured to process the digital signal to interpret additional control information from the another communication signal. Based on determination that the additional control information includes an instruction from the another device to adapt at least one parameter of the reference signal, adapt the at least one parameter of the reference signal based on the instruction. Note that the at least one parameter of the reference signal may include any one or more of a magnitude, a frequency, a signal type, a waveform type, or a phase. FIG.16is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment1600of various devices including a prior art device1408that is operative to transfer power wirelessly in accordance with the present invention. This diagram has some similarities to other diagrams herein with at least one difference being that the first coil is included within a prior art device1408. In addition, note that the second coil is included within a device1410-3that may be implemented to include a wireless receiver1421and/or a wireless transceiver1422as described herein. In addition, one or more additional device components1499are also included within the device1410-3as described herein. In this diagram, a prior art device1408includes a transmit controller1610that is operative to generate a square wave to be provided via switching transistors such as MOSFETs (e.g., such as shown a P-type MOSFET as being connected to a power supply (e.g., Vdd) and an and-type MOSFET as having a source connected to ground. The transmit controller1610is operative to control the switching of the gates of these MOSFETs to generate a square wave AC signal that is provided via the resonating capacitor1402to the first coil. In addition, note that a sensing resistor, R_sense, is coupled to the other end of the first coil so as to be able to detect a feedback signal, I_feedback, as may be provided from a wireless transceiver1422to the prior art device1408that includes the first coil. In such a prior art implementation, note that the value of a sensing resistor, R_sense, needs to be scaled appropriately to be able to handle the full amount of current that may be provided to the first coil. Based on current passing through the sensing resistor, R_sense, a voltage is generated, V_feedback, and is detected by the transmit controller1610. Note that various embodiments, examples, etc. included herein and their equivalents, obviates the need for any such sensing resistor, R_sense, at least in part, because of the operation of a DSC28. In such a prior art implementation, the sensing resistor, R_sense, can cause excessive heating within a the prior art device1408that includes the first coil. Instead, implementing a device in accordance with various aspects, embodiments, and/or examples of the invention (and/or their equivalents) as described herein obviates the need for any such sensing resistor, R_sense, thereby providing a number of benefits and improvements over the prior art including a reduction in number of components and a reduction in amount of heating. In addition, in certain embodiments, examples, etc. included herein and their equivalents, the reference signal and drive signal may be sinusoidal of a pure tone nature, such as having a singular frequency. Other examples may include signals having multiple frequency is there in. Considering a sinusoidal signal of the pure tone nature, such as having a singular frequency, no harmonics are generated as may unfortunately be generated using the switching transistors included within such a prior art device1408. In general, note that the reference signal as described herein to be used within a DSC may have any form (e.g., sinusoidal, square wave, triangle wave, etc.). If desired, and architecture such as the switching transistors included within the diagram could be used to generate a reference signal to be used within a DSC. FIG.17is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment1700of various devices including a device1409-1that is operative to transfer power wirelessly and/or transfer power and communicate wirelessly in accordance with the present invention. This diagram also has some similarities to other diagrams herein such that the second coil is included with the device1410-3that may be implemented to include a wireless receiver1421and/or a wireless transceiver1422as described herein. This diagram also provides an alternative implementation by which a DSC28may be implemented, as shown by DSC28-17. As with other embodiments, examples, etc. herein, one or more processing modules42is implemented to interact and communicate with the DSC28-17in this diagram. The DSC28-17includes a signal generator1710that is configured to receive a control signal from the one or more processing modules42that specifies one or more parameters of the reference signal. Examples of one or more parameters of the reference signal may include any one or more of amplitude/magnitude, frequency, type, waveform, phase, etc. Note that the reference signal may include more than one frequency. In addition, note that the reference signal may be of any desired type and having any desired waveform. For example, in some examples, the reference signal is a sinusoidal signal. However, note that the reference signal may be any other type of signal including square wave signal, triangle wave signal, sawtooth signal, etc., as just some examples of types and waveforms of signals. In addition, in this diagram as well as others that pictorially show a signal generator1710, note that any alternative examples may exclude such a signal generator1710within such as implementation of a DSC, and the one or more processing modules42may be configured to provide the reference signal directly to the DSC. For example, the one or more processing modules42may include functionality of such a signal generator1710therein and the functionality to generate a reference signal having any such desired parameters. The reference signal is provided to an input of a comparator1715, which may alternatively be implemented as an operational amplifier. Another input of the comparator1715receives the drive signal that is also provided via the single line via the resonating capacitor1402to the first coil. The drive signal is generated by a dependent current supply that is powered by a power supply (e.g., Vdd) and that is controlled based on an error signal, Ve, that is generated by the comparator1415as it compares the drive signal to the reference signal. In this diagram, the error signal is passed through and analog to digital converter (ADC)1760to generate a digital signal that is representative of one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal. The digital signal is provided to the one or more processing modules42and also provided to a DAC1762to generate an analog control signal that controls the amount of current that is output from the dependent current supply via the single-line. Note that the amount of current, i, that is output from the dependent current supply based on the error signal, Ve, is a function of a programmable scale factor, k, of the dependent current supply such that: i=k×Ve. In certain examples, note also that the one or more processing modules42is configured to adjust a programmable gain of the dependent current supply. Note that scaling the programmable gain of the dependent current supply provides for scaling of the error signal, Ve. Control of the current, i, and him that is output from the dependent current supply may be effectuated by appropriate control of the reference signal as well as the programmable gain of the dependent current supply. In this diagram that shows a dependent current supply, note that a power amplifier, such as a high efficiency power amplifier, may alternatively be implemented in place of such a dependent current source (e.g., as shown inFIG.25herein). The control of such a power amplifier may be effectuated in a similar manner based on the error signal, Ve, that is generated by the comparator1415as it compares the drive signal to the reference signal. FIG.18is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment1800of various devices including a device1409-2that is operative to transfer power wirelessly and/or transfer power and communicate wirelessly in accordance with the present invention. This diagram is similar to the prior diagram with at least one difference being that a DSC28-18employs an analog control signal that controls the amount of current that is output from the dependent current supply via the single-line is provided directly based on the error signal, Ve, that is generated from the comparator1715. Note that this diagram does not include or require the DAC1762as shown in the prior diagram. FIG.19is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment1900of various devices including a device1409-3that is operative to transfer power wirelessly and/or transfer power and communicate wirelessly in accordance with the present invention. This diagram is similar to the prior two diagrams with at least one difference being that a DSC28-19is shown as employing an analog control signal that controls the amount of current that is output from the dependent current supply via the single-line is provided directly based on the error signal, Ve, that is generated from the comparator1715or alternatively employing an analog control signal for such purposes as being provided from a DAC1762that receives the digital signal output from the ADC1760. Note that either implementation may be used in various examples. In certain of the following diagrams as well, both such possible implementations are shown. In this diagram, a device1410-4that includes the second coil includes a capacitor1902that is connected in line with one of the terminals of the second coil. The two respective terminals of the second coil are provided to a rectifier1910, which is shown as a full wave rectifier in this example including four respective diodes, which may be implemented as power diodes, and are configured to generate a DC signal from an AC signal that is provided via the two terminals of the second coil. In addition, this DC signal is filtered via a filtering/rectifying capacitor, Crect, to generate a rectified DC voltage, V_rect, and is also passed through a voltage regulator1920whose operation is controlled by a linear controller1922, to generate an output DC signal that is appropriate and suitable for the one or more additional device components1499of the device1410-4. In some examples, this DC signal has a voltage of 5 V at approximately a current of 1 amp. In general, know that appropriate selection of the components of the rectifier1910, the filtering/rectifying capacitor, Crect, and a voltage regulator1920may be made to generate a DC signal having an appropriate and desired voltage and current rating. The variation of the rectified DC voltage, V_rect, is shown at the bottom right of the diagram as a function of time. As can be seen, the filtering/rectifying capacitor, Crect, is operative to charge and discharge thereby maintaining a DC level within a certain range having a certain level during the charge or discharge of the filtering/rectifying capacitor, Crect. The voltage regulator1920is operative to maintain this output DC voltage even further thereby providing substantially constant DC level. FIG.20is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment2000of various devices including a device1409-3that is operative to transfer power and communicate wirelessly in accordance with the present invention. This diagram is similar to the previous diagram with at least some difference being that one or more processing modules42aare included within the device that includes the second coil within device1410-5. The one or more processing modules42aare shown as being in communication with the lines coming from the two terminals of the second coil within the device1410-5via the two transistors, such as N-type MOSFET transistors, and AC coupling capacitors. The one or more processing modules42ais operative to facilitate communication to the device1409-3that includes the first coil via the second coil and via the transistors and AC coupling capacitors. The one or more processing modules42ais operative to facilitate bidirectional communication with the one or more processing modules42via the coupling and connectivity between the respective devices that include the first coil and the second coil, respectively. In an example of operation and implementation, the one or more processing modules42ais operative to provide a communication signal that is detected by a DSC that includes the first coil, such as DSC28-19. Such a communication signal provided from the one or more processing modules42amay include a number of different types of information. Some examples, such a communication signal includes information that indicates the presence of the device1410-5that includes the second coil and that is suitable for receiving power wirelessly from the device includes a first coil. In other examples, such a communication signal includes information that is used by the device that includes the first coil in accordance with adjustment of one or more parameters of the drive signal. When even other examples, such communication signal includes information regarding status of the battery within a device1410-5that includes the second coil. Based on status of the battery within the device1410-5that includes the second coil being of a charged status, the information within the communication signal may be used by the device that includes the first coil to stop providing the drive signal. This may be effectuated by the one or more processing modules42operating to adjust and amplitude of the reference signal to zero to stop the DSC associated therewith (e.g., DSC28-19in this diagram) from providing the drive signal to the first coil via the single-line and via the resonating capacitor1402. Generally speaking, any type of communication may be facilitated between the one or more processing modules42associated with the first device1409-3that includes the first coil and the one or more processing modules42aassociated with the second device1410-5that includes the second coil. In addition, in certain examples, one or more sensors of one or more types may be included within the first device1409-3that includes the first coil and/or the second device1410-5that includes the second coil. For example, one or more sensors2010are implemented within the first device1409-3that includes the first coil, and/or one or more sensors2011are implemented within the second device1410-5that includes a second coil. These one or more sensors2010and2011are in communication with the respective one or more processing modules42/42ain the respective devices1409-3and1410-5that include the first and second coils, respectively. Communication between with the one or more processing modules42/42aand the one or more sensors2010and2011may be facilitated via one or more DSCs28. In some examples, a separate respective DSC28is implemented to facilitate communication between the one or more processing modules42/42aand each respective one of the one or more sensors2010/2011. Examples of such sensors2010and/or2011may include any of a number of types of sensors such as temperature sensors, voltage sensors, impedance sensors (e.g., such as to determine impedance of a battery and/or other components of the device1410-5and includes the second coil. For example, a temperature sensor2010is implemented in sufficient proximity to the first coil as to detect temperature of another device, such as device1410-5, when that other device is present and within a sufficient proximity as to facilitate electromagnetic (inductive) coupling between the first coil in the first device1409-3and the second coil in the second device1410-5. In addition, such a temperature sensor2010is implemented to monitor temperature during operation of the first device1409-3and the second device1410-5including wireless power transfer from the first device1409-3to the second device1410-5. The one or more processing modules42/42ais operative to use information provided by the one of the one or more sensors2010/2011to adapt operation of any one or more components within the first device1409-3/second device1410-5. FIG.21is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment2100of various devices including a device1409-3that is operative to transfer power and communicate wirelessly in accordance with the present invention. This diagram has some similarities to the previous diagram with at least some difference being a device1410-6that includes the one or more processing modules42ais in communication with one of the terminals of the second coil via a DSC28and via an AC coupling capacitor. The other terminal of the second coil is coupled to ground via an AC coupling capacitor as well. This implementation facilitates communication between the devices1409-3and1410-6via another DSC28that is implemented within the device1410-6. Note that the one or more processing modules42aof the device1410-6mini implemented control any of the various parameters associated with the reference signal associated with the DSC28that is in communication with one of the terminals of the second coil via an AC coupling capacitor. FIG.22is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment2200of various devices including a device1409-3that is operative to transfer power and communicate wirelessly in accordance with the present invention. This diagram has some similarities to the previous diagram with at least some difference being a device1410-7that includes the one or more processing modules42ais in communication with both of the terminals of the second coil via respective DSCs28and via respective AC coupling capacitors. This implementation facilitates communication between the devices1409-3and1410-7via two additional DSCs28that are implemented within the device1410-7. Note that the one or more processing modules42aof the device1410-6mini implemented control any of the various parameters associated with the reference signals associated with these two additional DSCs28that are s in communication with the respective terminals of the second coil via respective AC coupling capacitors. Certain of the following diagrams provide illustration of change of certain parameters of a battery during charging and/or discharging operations. Note that such illustrations are examples of some possible trends during such operations. For a particular battery of a certain type, construction, composition, etc., such trends may be made based on actual monitoring and tracking of that particular battery during acceptable or normal operation, from information provided from a manufacturer of that particular battery, from information associated with similar types of batteries, and/or other information. For example, considering a new battery, such trends and profiles may be made specifically for that battery during its initial operation to establish a baseline or acceptable range within which the battery is expected to operate. Detection of deviation from that baseline or acceptable range may be used as a basis to identify a problem in charging and/or discharging operations. In addition, such trends and profiles may be used as a basis or bases to determine whether or not a component within proximity to a device that is operative to transfer power and communicate wirelessly is in fact a device that is suitable for receiving power and/or communication wirelessly. For example, based on monitoring and tracking of one or more electrical characteristics of a drive signal provided to the first coil within such a device that is operative to transfer power and communicate wirelessly, one or more processing modules is operative to make a determination whether or not there is a presence of an actual component that is in fact a device that is suitable for receiving power and/or communication wirelessly. Consider a situation in which the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal provided to the first coil are not contained within an acceptable range that is expected when transferring power and/or communicating wirelessly (e.g., such as for a device that is suitable for receiving power and/or communication wirelessly), then the one or more processing modules is operative to make a determination that there is no device that is suitable for receiving power and/or communication wirelessly present. In some examples when such a determination is made, the one or more processing modules operative to execute one or more operations which may include stopping of the charging process (e.g., by adjusting and amplitude of the reference signal to zero to stop the DSC from providing a drive signal in accordance with a charging operation), or other operations. Various diagrams, embodiments, examples, etc. of a device (e.g., any of devices1409-1,1409-1,1409-2,1409-3) that is operative to provide power and/or communicate wirelessly in accordance with the manner as described herein may be configured to perform various functions and operations. For example, such a device that includes a DSC, memory that stores operational instructions, and one or more processing modules operably coupled to the DSC and the memory (or alternatively, the one or more processing modules includes the memory) may be configured to perform various functions and operations. In an example of operation and implementation, the one or more processing modules is configured to process the digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to determine whether a signal associated with the another device is coupled into the drive signal thereby indicating presence of the another device within the proximity to the device that facilitates electromagnetic coupling between the first coil and the second coil. Based on determination that no signal associated with the another device is coupled into the drive signal, the one or more processing modules is configured to adjust an amplitude of the reference signal to zero to stop the DSC from providing the drive signal to the first coil via the single line and via the resonating capacitor. In another example of operation and implementation, the one or more processing modules is configured to process the digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to determine a current profile of the current flowing through the first coil. The one or more processing modules is also configured to determine whether the current profile of the current flowing through the first coil compares favorably with one or more predetermined current profiles associated with wireless power transfer from the device to the another device in accordance with charging of a battery of the another device. Based on determination that the current profile of the current flowing through the first coil compares unfavorably with one or more predetermined current profiles associated with charging of the battery of the another device, the one or more processing modules is configured to adjust an amplitude of the reference signal to zero to stop the DSC from providing the drive signal to the first coil via the single line and via the resonating capacitor. In yet another example of operation and implementation, the one or more processing modules is configured to process the digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to determine an impedance profile of the another device associated with the second coil. The one or more processing modules is also configured to determine whether the impedance profile of the another device associated with the second coil compares favorably with a battery impedance profile associated with charging of a battery of the another device. Based on determination that the impedance profile of the another device associated with the second coil compares unfavorably with a battery impedance profile associated with charging of the battery of the another device, the one or more processing modules is configured to adjust an amplitude of the reference signal to zero to stop the DSC from providing the drive signal to the first coil via the single line and via the resonating capacitor. In an example of operation and implementation, the one or more processing modules is configured to execute the operational instructions to generate the reference signal as a sinusoidal signal. In other examples, the one or more processing modules is configured to execute the operational instructions to adapt an amplitude of the reference signal based on the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal to maximize the error signal (e.g., maximize Ve). In additional examples, the one or more processing modules is configured to generate the reference signal to have a frequency that is based on a resonant frequency associated with an inductance of the first coil and a capacitance of the resonating capacitor. As shown in various diagrams, certain examples of DSCs include a comparator configured to produce the error signal based on comparison of the reference signal to the drive signal, wherein the reference signal is received at a first input of the comparator, and the drive signal is received at a second input of the comparator. Such examples of DSCs also include a dependent current supply configured to generate the drive signal based on the error signal and to provide the drive signal via the single line that couples to the resonating capacitor and the second input of the comparator and an analog to digital converter (ADC) configured to process the error signal to generate the digital signal representative of the one or more electrical characteristics of the drive signal. In certain examples, note also that the one or more processing modules is configured to execute the operational instructions to adjust a programmable gain of the dependent current supply. Note that scaling the programmable gain of the dependent current supply provides for scaling of the error signal. Note that any type of device operative to receive power and/or communication wirelessly may benefit from and operate in conjunction with a device that is operative to provide power and/or communication wirelessly as described herein. Examples of such a device operative to receive power and/or communication wirelessly may include any one or more of a laptop computer, a cell phone, an electronic pad device, a personal digital assistant, a portable music devices, a portable media players, a tablet, a digital camera, and/or any other type of device. FIG.23is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment2300of a battery impedance profile such as associated with a battery of a device during battery charging in accordance with wireless transfer of power in accordance with the present invention. At the top of the diagram is a basic equivalent circuit associated with a battery. The battery may be modeled to have a voltage source corresponding to an open circuit voltage, Voc, of the battery, an internal resistance, Rint, and a load resistance, Rload (e.g., when the battery is connected to such a load). More complex equivalent circuit models of batteries also exist that characterize internal impedance of the battery as being complex in nature, having not only resistive but capacitive and/or inductive components as well. While this particular example is provided as do the with resistive impedances of an internal resistance, Rint, and a load resistance, Rload, note that an appropriately implemented DSC28is fully operative to detect impedance including change of impedance in a component connected thereto being resistive or complex in nature. As the internal resistance, Rint, of the battery increases, a voltage drop across that internal resistance, Rint, namely, Vint, will increase as well as the battery is attempting to deliver a current, I, to the load resistance, Rload. In accordance with a battery charging process, the internal resistance, Rint, of the battery can change. For example, during a charging operation, there is typically an associated trend of increasing internal resistance, Rint, of the battery during the charging process. Conversely, during a discharging operation, there is typically an associated trend of decreasing internal resistance, Rint, of the battery during the discharging process. An appropriately implemented DSC28is operative to detect impedance including change of impedance in a component connected thereto. For example, an appropriately implemented DSC28in communication with a battery is operative to detect the impedance of the battery including change impedance of the battery. Appropriate monitoring of a battery using such a DSC28during charging and/or discharging operations facilitates monitoring and tracking of the changing impedance of the battery over time. Similarly, an appropriately implemented DSC28is operative to detect change of current that is drawn by or concerned by a component connected thereto. For example, an appropriately implemented DSC28in communication with a battery is operative to detect the current drawn by or consumed by the battery including change thereof during a charging operation and/or the current delivered by the battery including change thereof during a discharging operation. Considering various embodiments, examples, etc. as included herein, a DSC28that is providing a drive signal via a resonating capacitor1402the first coil is also operative to detect the impedance of those one or more components to which the drive signal is being provided including change thereof. In some examples, the change of impedance of the battery is within a particular range (e.g., changing within a range between a minimum and maximum of internal resistance, Rint(min) and Rint(max)) during the charging and/or discharging operations. Generally speaking, a profile of change of impedance of the battery during charging and/or discharging operations can be used for comparison to ensure whether or not the battery is operating within acceptable ranges. For example, a profile of change of impedance of the battery during charging and/or discharging operations may be generated based on monitoring the battery during normal and acceptable charging and/or discharging operations, based on information provided from battery manufacturer specifications, based on information known of batteries of similar type, construction, etc. and/or other means. In an example of operation and implementation, one or more processing modules is operative to process information provided from an appropriately implemented DSC to monitor whether or not a charging and/or discharging operation is operating in an acceptable manner. For example, based on detection of impedance of that component being outside of an acceptable range of change of impedance of the battery during a charging operation, the one or more processing modules is operative to make a determination that there is an error or problem with the charging operation. The one or more processing modules operative to execute one or more operations which may include stopping of the charging process (e.g., by adjusting and amplitude of the reference signal to zero to stop the DSC from providing a drive signal in accordance with a charging operation), modifying a reference signal thereby modifying the drive signal (e.g., adjusting one or more parameters of the reference signal), or other operations. In another example, the one or more processing modules is operative to detect the presence or lack of presence of a device that is suitable for receiving power wirelessly. For example, based on detection of change of impedance of a component being outside of an acceptable range of change of impedance of the battery, the one or more processing modules is operative to make a determination that the component is not a device that is suitable for receiving power wirelessly. Consider an example in which a component that is not appropriate for reception of power wirelessly (e.g., perhaps the component is not a device at all that is a candidate for receiving power wirelessly), then based on detection of change of impedance of such a component being outside of an acceptable range of change of impedance of the battery, the one or more processing modules is operative to make a determination that the component is not a device that is suitable for receiving power wirelessly and execute one or more operations. FIG.24is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment2400of a battery temperature profile such as associated with a battery of a device during battery charging in accordance with wireless transfer of power in accordance with the present invention. This diagram shows generally various profiles of changing temperature of the battery over time during charging operations. Again, for a particular battery of a certain type, construction, composition, etc., such trends may be made based on actual monitoring and tracking of that particular battery during acceptable or normal operation, from information provided from a manufacturer of that particular battery, from information associated with similar types of batteries, and/or other information. In this diagram, consider an example of a Lithium-ion battery having an effective operational range between 10-40° C. or 50-104° F., and further consider an acceptable range or change of temperature, such as X° C. or F, where X is some determine the value by which the temperature of the battery changes during charging operations in accordance with acceptable or normal operation. When temperature is monitored as being within such an acceptable range or change of temperature during a charging process, then one or more processing modules is operative to facilitate continuation of the charging process. However, when temperature is monitored as being outside of such an acceptable range or change of temperature during a charging process, then one or more processing modules is operative to execute one or more operations which may include stopping of the charging process. Consider an example of a device that is operative to transfer power and communicate wirelessly including a temperature sensor in proximity of the first coil thereof, then monitoring temperature at that location may be a basis to determine whether or not a component in proximity thereto is an actual device that is suitable for receiving power and/or communication wirelessly, whether or not operation of charging of a battery of a device that is suitable for receiving power and/or communication wirelessly is operating within a normal or acceptable range, etc. In an example of operation and implementation, one or more processing modules is operative to process information provided from an appropriately implemented DSC to monitor whether or not a charging and/or discharging operation is operating in an acceptable manner. For example, based on detection of temperature of that component being outside of an acceptable range of change of temperature of the battery during a charging operation, the one or more processing modules is operative to make a determination that there is an error or problem with the charging operation. The one or more processing modules operative to execute one or more operations which may include stopping of the charging process (e.g., by adjusting and amplitude of the reference signal to zero to stop the DSC from providing a drive signal in accordance with a charging operation), modifying a reference signal thereby modifying the drive signal (e.g., adjusting one or more parameters of the reference signal), or other operations. In another example, the one or more processing modules is operative to detect the presence or lack of presence of a device that is suitable for receiving power wirelessly. For example, based on detection of change of temperature of a component being outside of an acceptable range of change of temperature of the battery, the one or more processing modules is operative to make a determination that the component is not a device that is suitable for receiving power wirelessly. Consider an example in which a component that is not appropriate for reception of power wirelessly (e.g., perhaps the component is not a device at all that is a candidate for receiving power wirelessly), then based on detection of change of temperature of such a component being outside of an acceptable range of change of temperature of the battery, the one or more processing modules is operative to make a determination that the component is not a device that is suitable for receiving power wirelessly and execute one or more operations. FIG.25is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment2500of various devices including a device that is operative to transfer power and communicate wirelessly in accordance with the present invention. This diagram has some similarities to certain of the prior diagrams will with at least some differences being that DSC28-25includes a power amplifier2510that is implemented in conjunction with the voltage divider2522replace the dependent current source included in certain of the other diagrams. In some embodiments, note that the one or more processing modules42is implemented to direct operation of one or both of the power amplifier2510and the voltage divider2520. For example, the one or more processing modules42is operative to adjust the voltage division being performed by the voltage divider2520(e.g., by selecting different respective impedances as may be included within a voltage divider including multiple selective voltage division paths, adjusting one or more variable impedances that may be included within such a voltage divider, etc.). In addition, note that the operation of the power amplifier2510may be adapted by the one or more processing modules42as well. For example, consider a gain factor as may be included within the power amplifier2510, such as if the power amplifier2510is incremented as a programmable amplifier (PGA), then the one or more processing modules42is configured to adjust the programmability/gain factor of the power amplifier2510as desired. Generally speaking, the one or more processing modules42is operative to adjust operation, configuration, etc. of the power amplifier2510and/or voltage divider2520based on and in accordance with any of the means described herein by which information is determined, received, etc. by the one or more processing modules42(e.g., based on the sensing of the drive signal from the DSC28-17, based on communication from device1410-3, etc.). It is noted that terminologies as may be used herein such as bit stream, stream, signal sequence, etc. (or their equivalents) have been used interchangeably to describe digital information whose content corresponds to any of a number of desired types (e.g., data, video, speech, text, graphics, audio, etc. any of which may generally be referred to as ‘data’). As may be used herein, the terms “substantially” and “approximately” provide an industry-accepted tolerance for its corresponding term and/or relativity between items. For some industries, an industry-accepted tolerance is less than one percent and, for other industries, the industry-accepted tolerance is 10 percent or more. Other examples of industry-accepted tolerance range from less than one percent to fifty percent. Industry-accepted tolerances correspond to, but are not limited to, component values, integrated circuit process variations, temperature variations, rise and fall times, thermal noise, dimensions, signaling errors, dropped packets, temperatures, pressures, material compositions, and/or performance metrics. Within an industry, tolerance variances of accepted tolerances may be more or less than a percentage level (e.g., dimension tolerance of less than +/−1%). Some relativity between items may range from a difference of less than a percentage level to a few percent. Other relativity between items may range from a difference of a few percent to magnitude of differences. As may also be used herein, the term(s) “configured to”, “operably coupled to”, “coupled to”, and/or “coupling” includes direct coupling between items and/or indirect coupling between items via an intervening item (e.g., an item includes, but is not limited to, a component, an element, a circuit, and/or a module) where, for an example of indirect coupling, the intervening item does not modify the information of a signal but may adjust its current level, voltage level, and/or power level. As may further be used herein, inferred coupling (i.e., where one element is coupled to another element by inference) includes direct and indirect coupling between two items in the same manner as “coupled to”. As may even further be used herein, the term “configured to”, “operable to”, “coupled to”, or “operably coupled to” indicates that an item includes one or more of power connections, input(s), output(s), etc., to perform, when activated, one or more its corresponding functions and may further include inferred coupling to one or more other items. As may still further be used herein, the term “associated with”, includes direct and/or indirect coupling of separate items and/or one item being embedded within another item. As may be used herein, the term “compares favorably”, indicates that a comparison between two or more items, signals, etc., provides a desired relationship. For example, when the desired relationship is that signal1has a greater magnitude than signal2, a favorable comparison may be achieved when the magnitude of signal1is greater than that of signal2or when the magnitude of signal2is less than that of signal1. As may be used herein, the term “compares unfavorably”, indicates that a comparison between two or more items, signals, etc., fails to provide the desired relationship. As may be used herein, one or more claims may include, in a specific form of this generic form, the phrase “at least one of a, b, and c” or of this generic form “at least one of a, b, or c”, with more or less elements than “a”, “b”, and “c”. In either phrasing, the phrases are to be interpreted identically. In particular, “at least one of a, b, and c” is equivalent to “at least one of a, b, or c” and shall mean a, b, and/or c. As an example, it means: “a” only, “b” only, “c” only, “a” and “b”, “a” and “c”, “b” and “c”, and/or “a”, “b”, and “c”. As may also be used herein, the terms “processing module”, “processing circuit”, “processor”, “processing circuitry”, and/or “processing unit” may be a single processing device or a plurality of processing devices. Such a processing device may be a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on hard coding of the circuitry and/or operational instructions. The processing module, module, processing circuit, processing circuitry, and/or processing unit may be, or further include, memory and/or an integrated memory element, which may be a single memory device, a plurality of memory devices, and/or embedded circuitry of another processing module, module, processing circuit, processing circuitry, and/or processing unit. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. Note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit, processing circuitry, and/or processing unit includes more than one processing device, the processing devices may be centrally located (e.g., directly coupled together via a wired and/or wireless bus structure) or may be distributedly located (e.g., cloud computing via indirect coupling via a local area network and/or a wide area network). Further note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit, processing circuitry and/or processing unit implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory and/or memory element storing the corresponding operational instructions may be embedded within, or external to, the circuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry. Still further note that, the memory element may store, and the processing module, module, processing circuit, processing circuitry and/or processing unit executes, hard coded and/or operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the steps and/or functions illustrated in one or more of the Figures. Such a memory device or memory element can be included in an article of manufacture. One or more embodiments have been described above with the aid of method steps illustrating the performance of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries and sequence of these functional building blocks and method steps have been arbitrarily defined herein for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries and sequences can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships are appropriately performed. Any such alternate boundaries or sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claims. Further, the boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries could be defined as long as the certain significant functions are appropriately performed. Similarly, flow diagram blocks may also have been arbitrarily defined herein to illustrate certain significant functionality. To the extent used, the flow diagram block boundaries and sequence could have been defined otherwise and still perform the certain significant functionality. Such alternate definitions of both functional building blocks and flow diagram blocks and sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claims. One of average skill in the art will also recognize that the functional building blocks, and other illustrative blocks, modules and components herein, can be implemented as illustrated or by discrete components, application specific integrated circuits, processors executing appropriate software and the like or any combination thereof. In addition, a flow diagram may include a “start” and/or “continue” indication. The “start” and “continue” indications reflect that the steps presented can optionally be incorporated in or otherwise used in conjunction with one or more other routines. In addition, a flow diagram may include an “end” and/or “continue” indication. The “end” and/or “continue” indications reflect that the steps presented can end as described and shown or optionally be incorporated in or otherwise used in conjunction with one or more other routines. In this context, “start” indicates the beginning of the first step presented and may be preceded by other activities not specifically shown. Further, the “continue” indication reflects that the steps presented may be performed multiple times and/or may be succeeded by other activities not specifically shown. Further, while a flow diagram indicates a particular ordering of steps, other orderings are likewise possible provided that the principles of causality are maintained. The one or more embodiments are used herein to illustrate one or more aspects, one or more features, one or more concepts, and/or one or more examples. A physical embodiment of an apparatus, an article of manufacture, a machine, and/or of a process may include one or more of the aspects, features, concepts, examples, etc. described with reference to one or more of the embodiments discussed herein. Further, from figure to figure, the embodiments may incorporate the same or similarly named functions, steps, modules, etc. that may use the same or different reference numbers and, as such, the functions, steps, modules, etc. may be the same or similar functions, steps, modules, etc. or different ones. Unless specifically stated to the contra, signals to, from, and/or between elements in a figure of any of the figures presented herein may be analog or digital, continuous time or discrete time, and single-ended or differential. For instance, if a signal path is shown as a single-ended path, it also represents a differential signal path. Similarly, if a signal path is shown as a differential path, it also represents a single-ended signal path. While one or more particular architectures are described herein, other architectures can likewise be implemented that use one or more data buses not expressly shown, direct connectivity between elements, and/or indirect coupling between other elements as recognized by one of average skill in the art. The term “module” is used in the description of one or more of the embodiments. A module implements one or more functions via a device such as a processor or other processing device or other hardware that may include or operate in association with a memory that stores operational instructions. A module may operate independently and/or in conjunction with software and/or firmware. As also used herein, a module may contain one or more sub-modules, each of which may be one or more modules. As may further be used herein, a computer readable memory includes one or more memory elements. A memory element may be a separate memory device, multiple memory devices, or a set of memory locations within a memory device. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. The memory device may be in a form a solid-state memory, a hard drive memory, cloud memory, thumb drive, server memory, computing device memory, and/or other physical medium for storing digital information. While particular combinations of various functions and features of the one or more embodiments have been expressly described herein, other combinations of these features and functions are likewise possible. The present disclosure is not limited by the particular examples disclosed herein and expressly incorporates these other combinations. | 138,636 |
11942795 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used in the drawings and the description to refer to the same or like parts. In the drawings, the shape and thickness may be exaggerated for clarity and convenience. This description will be directed in particular to elements forming part of, or cooperating more directly with, methods and apparatus in accordance with the present disclosure. It is to be understood that elements not specifically shown or described may take various forms well known to those skilled in the art. Many alternatives and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art, once informed by the present disclosure. Please refer toFIG.1. The present invention provides a multi-antenna system for harvesting energy and transmitting data, which includes a plurality of antenna transmission units1, an energy storing unit2, and a load unit3. The energy storing unit2is coupled to the antenna transmission units1. The load unit3is coupled to one of the antenna transmission units1. The energy storing unit2may be an energy storing capacitor or an electronic component with the same function, such as an electric double layer capacitor (EDLC). The load unit3is a battery-free e-paper tag or a battery-free electronic product with low power consumption like the battery-free e-paper tag. Electrical energy stored in the energy-storing capacitor is provided to the load unit3to use. Please refer toFIG.2. Each antenna transmission unit1includes an antenna module10, a splitting module12, an energy generation module14, and a data processing module16. Each antenna transmission unit1receives a wireless signal from a source terminal. The antenna module10is coupled to the splitting module12. The splitting module12receives the wireless signal and splits the wireless signal into a first splitting signal and a second splitting signal. The energy generation module14, coupled to the splitting module12, receives the first splitting signal and converts the first splitting signal into electrical energy. The data processing module16, coupled to the splitting module12, receives the second splitting signal and converts it into a control signal. The load unit3, coupled to one of the data processing modules16, receives the control signal. The load unit3operates according to the control signal. In an embodiment of the present invention, the splitting module12may be a balanced to unbalanced converter (abbreviated as a Balun). The balanced to unbalanced converter converts a single-ended transmission signal into differential transmission signals. As a result, the balanced to unbalanced converter can convert the wireless signal into the first splitting signal and the second splitting signal, wherein the first splitting signal and the second splitting signal have the same amplitudes, and phase difference between the first splitting signal and the second splitting signal is 180 degrees. The antenna module10is a single-frequency antenna or a multi-frequency antenna. The reception frequency band and the transmission frequency band of the antenna module10may be 3 MHz to 7.15 GHz, low-frequency bands, high-frequency bands, ultra-high frequency bands, or 2.4 G or 5 G frequency bands of Wi-Fi protocol. For example, the antenna module10is a single-frequency antenna that has a transmission frequency band of 860˜960 MHz and a transmission distance of 2˜10 m. Alternatively, the reception frequency band and the transmission frequency band of the antenna module range from 3 MHz to 7.15 GHz. Please refer toFIG.3. The data processing module16includes a main control portion160, a data memory portion162, and a data transmission portion164. The main control portion160, coupled to the splitting module12and the data memory portion162, receives the second splitting signal and processes the second splitting signal to generate the control signal. The data transmission portion164, coupled to the main control portion160, receives the control signal. The load unit3, coupled to one of the data transmission portions164, receives the control signal and operates according to the control signal. The data memory portion162is configured to store data transmitted and processed by the main control portion160and the data transmission portion164. The data transmission portion164is a serial peripheral interface (SPI), an internal integrated circuit bus (I2C Bus) or a system management bus (SMBus). When the data transmission portion164is a SPI, the SPI transmits the control signal to the load unit3in the corresponding protocol. Please refer toFIG.4. The main control portion160includes a clock generator1600, a demodulator1602, a tuner1604, and a command decoder1606. The clock generator1600generates a clock signal required by the components of the main control portion160that operates. The demodulator1602demodulates the second splitting module into a demodulation signal and transmits the demodulation signal to the command decoder1606. The command decoder1606decodes the demodulation signal to generate a control command, processes the control command to generate the control signal, and transmits the control signal to the data transmission portion164. In addition, the demodulator1602receives an output signal generated by the main control portion160and transmits the output signal to the splitting module12. The splitting module12transmits the output signal to the antenna module10, thereby transmitting the output signal to the source terminal. Please refer toFIG.5. The energy generation module14includes an energy conversion portion140and an energy adjustment portion142. The energy conversion portion140is coupled to the energy adjustment portion142. The energy conversion portion140coverts the first splitting signal into basic electrical energy. The energy adjustment portion142coverts the basic electrical energy into different voltages as select energy. Furthermore, the energy conversion portion140is a RF signal-to-DC voltage conversion circuit. The energy adjustment portion142is a DC voltage adjusting circuit. The energy adjustment portion142can generate DC voltages, such as 3.3 V, 1.8 V, and 1.2 V. The DC voltages are respectively transmitted to the different components of the present invention to use. In conclusion, the conventional technology employs a single antenna to charge slowly and employs multiple antennas to respectively process data and harvest energy. However, the present invention can simultaneously harvest electrical energy and process data, such that the load unit can rapidly obtain sufficient power to process data, thereby overcoming the conventional problem. On top of that, the load unit3of the present invention merely is coupled to one of the antenna transmission units1. However, the present invention is not limited to coupling the load unit1to one of the antenna transmission units1in implementation. The load unit3may be coupled to the plurality of antenna transmission units1. In other words, the load unit3coupled to one or more antenna transmission units1is included within the scope of the present invention. The embodiments described above are only to exemplify the present invention but not to limit the scope of the present invention. Therefore, any equivalent modification or variation according to the shapes, structures, features, or spirit disclosed by the present invention is to be also included within the scope of the present invention. | 7,575 |
11942796 | Throughout the drawings, same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar elements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Embodiments in accordance with the present invention provide methods and devices for wirelessly powering sensor arrays. Wireless charging may be omni-present in the near future with applications of wireless power transmission seemingly unbounded. Wireless charging may make numerous electronic devices “truly portable” or “truly tether free.” Wireless power delivery may be especially valuable in scenarios where wired connections are intractable. For example, if unattended radio frequency identification tags and implanted sensors are powered remotely, they would be free of battery life restrictions and in turn significant functionality enhancements are expected. Furthermore, when applied in conjunction with renewable energy sources (such as wind and solar), wireless power transfer may enable fundamentally new energy scavenging systems with high efficiency and low cost. During wireless power transmission, power loss is due to many factors, most notably RF-to-direct-current (RF-DC) conversion and radiofrequency (RF) propagation. Recent development of rectifying antennas (rectennas) has significantly mitigated RF-DC conversion loss, and spatial beamforming (that is, spatial focusing of electromagnetic radiation) may be an effective means for improving the RF propagation efficiency. Beamforming may be relatively simple for stationary devices with high-gain/highly-directive antennas, but beamforming remains challenging for multiple mobile/portable devices residing in a large area. Traditional phased-array beamforming may not be an ideal solution, as it may fail when the line-of-sight path between the phased-array and the target device is obstructed by obstacles. As radiation of high-frequency radio waves is potentially harmful to human beings, it may also be challenging to deliver sufficient power to portable devices while ensuring human safety. The exemplary systems and methods take into account at least some of the issues discussed above, as well as possibly other issues. More particularly, the exemplary systems and methods enable wireless power transmission that includes planar, smaller and lighter apparatuses, and demonstrate high power efficiency and little hazardous impact. In particular, the exemplary embodiments introduce a beamforming approach where near field is used for electromagnetic coupling (inductor/transformers) and far field is used for radiating elements (antenna arrays). The exemplary methods and systems employ a single phase locked loop (PLL) and highly-efficient driver blocks. The driver blocks are run by programmable frequency dividers to obtain multiple phases. Phases are selected by phase interpolators to digitally steer or direct beams or signals to a plurality of sensor clusters, each sensor cluster operating at a different frequency. The sensor devices can be recharged one at a time and multiple sensor devices can be recharged at the same time. In one example, a single frequency is used to power the entire sensor array. In another example, multiple frequencies are used to power the sensor array. The near and far field powering is thus possible by using the same hardware, where high-efficiency drivers can be used with harmonic cancellation. Harmonic cancellation provides for Federal Communications Commission (FCC) compliance. Additionally, the beams or signals are digitally steerable toward the desirable sensor clusters. Thus, in summary, beamforming and beam steering techniques are employed, multiple phases are used for harmonic cancellation, and various frequencies can be concurrently used to wirelessly power sensor arrays. It is to be understood that the present invention will be described in terms of a given illustrative architecture; however, other architectures, structures, substrate materials and process features and steps/blocks can be varied within the scope of the present invention. It should be noted that certain features cannot be shown in all figures for the sake of clarity. This is not intended to be interpreted as a limitation of any particular embodiment, or illustration, or scope of the claims. FIG.1shows an exemplary wireless power system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In the wireless power system5, an input signal or reference signal (REF) is received by a phase locked loop (PLL)10, which includes at least a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)12. The PLL's10output voltage-controlled frequency13is designated by Fvco. The PLL10generally receives the input reference signal (REF) and tunes the VCO12such that the VCO output signal Fvco(13) achieves phase lock with the reference signal (REF). Here, phase lock means that the difference between the input and output signal phases will remain constant over time. The time required to tune the VCO12is referred to as the “tuning time.” The output of the PLL10is provided to a divider network including dividers20,22,24via a bus14. Dividers20,22,24can be, e.g., frequency dividers. In the instant case, three frequency dividers20,22,24are illustrated. One skilled in the art can contemplate any number of frequency dividers connected to the bus14. The frequency dividers20,22,24simply divide the received frequency into lower frequencies. Thus, the output of frequency dividers20,22,24is a fraction of the input signal or reference signal (REF). The output30of the first frequency divider20is provided to a plurality of phase interpolators40. The output30includes I/Q signals. The term “I/Q” is an abbreviation for “in-phase” and “quadrature.” I/Q signaling refers to the use of two sinusoids that have the same frequency and a relative phase shift of 90°. By convention, the I signal is a cosine waveform, and the Q signal is a sine waveform. The sine and cosine waves are in quadrature, that is, the sine wave is shifted by 90° relative to the cosine wave. Amplitude, phase, and frequency modulation can be performed by summing amplitude-modulated I/Q signals. However, I/Q signals are always amplitude-modulated. Similarly, the output32of the second frequency divider22is provided to a plurality of phase interpolators42and the output34of the second frequency divider24is provided to a plurality of phase interpolators44. Each divider20,22,24thus generates a different frequency. As a result, the three dividers20,22,24generate three different frequencies. Each divider20,22,24eventually charges a different cluster of sensors60,62,64at a same or common frequency. For example, the first sensor cluster60receives a first frequency, the second sensor cluster62receives a second frequency, and the third sensor cluster64receives a third frequency, where the first, second, and third frequencies are different from each other. The phase interpolators40,42,44receive the I/Q signals30,32,34, respectively. Data communication speeds in electronic systems continue to increase. At these speeds, clock and data recovery (CDR) circuitry (or clock generation network) is needed to accurately (with low bit-error rate) recover the received data. Many CDR circuits (or clock generation networks) include phase interpolators to enable adjustment of the phase of the clock or clocks used to sample or re-time the incoming data stream. A phase interpolator, which is sometimes referred to as a mixer, is a key component of a clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit. A CDR circuit implements a control loop that can adjust the data sampling clock to sample the data at the center of the data eye. The linearity of the phase interpolator is a key component in determining the CDR system performance. An analog current mode logic (CML) phase interpolator receives differential CML quadrature clocks and mixes them together in a controlled ratio to generate an output clock that has a controlled phase offset from the differential CML quadrature clocks. The phase of the output clock can cover a full 360 degree rotation. A phase interpolator can be implemented to cover a wide range of input frequencies, such as between 2 GHz and 18 GHz. A phase interpolator can use different programmable power consumption settings that usually relate to the operating frequency, where higher operating frequencies generally need higher power to achieve the necessary bandwidth (e.g., gain at the output of the CML stage). The phase interpolators40,42,44can be used to control the phase, the amplitude, and the frequency of devices. Thus, the phase interpolators40,42,44can control the sensors60′,62′64′ based on at least three different variables. The outputs generated by the phase interpolators40are fed into respective drivers50. Similarly, the outputs generated by the phase interpolators42are fed into respective drivers52and the outputs generated by the phase interpolators44are fed into respective drivers54. Drivers50can be referred to as a first set of drivers, drivers52can be referred to as a second set of drivers, and drivers54can be referred to as a third set of drivers. The drivers50,52,54can also be referred to as amplifiers. Drivers50,52,54operate concurrently. Thus, the wireless power system5uses an array of parallel drivers that operate concurrently. Each driver50,52,54uses a different phase from the clock generation network or phase interpolators40,42,44, respectively. The drivers50,52,54are driven close to saturation, thus leading to harmonics at the output, which will be discussed further with reference toFIGS.2and3. Inductive elements55can be used for near field wireless transfer. The inductive elements55can be antennas. In particular, the first set of drivers50can emit a first power signal57to wirelessly power a first sensor cluster60including a plurality of sensors60′. Similarly, the second set of drivers52can emit a second power signal57′ to wirelessly power a second sensor cluster62including a plurality of sensors62′ and the third set of drivers54can emit a third power signal57″ to wirelessly power a third sensor cluster64including a plurality of sensors64′. The plurality of sensors60′ of the first sensor cluster60are incorporated into a plurality of devices operating at a first frequency. The first frequency is the same frequency for all devices including the sensors60′. Similarly, the plurality of sensors62′ of the second sensor cluster62are incorporated into a plurality of devices operating at a second frequency. The second frequency is the same frequency for all devices including the sensors62′. Similarly, the plurality of sensors64′ of the third sensor cluster64are incorporated into a plurality of devices operating at a third frequency. The third frequency is the same frequency for all devices including the sensors64′. The first, second, and third frequencies are different from each other. The wireless power system5allows for the charging of multiple devices at the same time even though such devices have different frequencies. In other words, the wireless power system5can handle multiple frequencies concurrently. The phase interpolators40,42,44create multiple phases such that the respective drivers50,52,54steer or direct the respective beams57,57′,57″ to the appropriate sensor clusters. Thus, the first set of interpolators40enable the first set of drivers50to generate a first beam57operating a first frequency that wirelessly powers all of the sensors60′ of the first sensor cluster60, as all the sensors60′ are associated with devices operating at that first frequency. The first sensor cluster60can operate at a frequency of, e.g., 900 MHz, the second sensor cluster62can operate at a frequency of, e.g., 433 MHz, and the third sensor cluster64can operate at a frequency of, e.g., 315 MHz. The wireless power system5can generate such different frequencies concurrently to power different devices (having different operating frequencies) concurrently. The first set of interpolators40thus enable the steering of the beam57toward the first sensor cluster60. Similarly, the second set of interpolators42enable the second set of drivers52to generate a second beam57′ operating a second frequency (different than the first frequency) that wirelessly powers all of the sensors62′ of the second sensor cluster62, as all the sensors62′ are associated with devices operating at that second frequency. The second set of interpolators42thus enable the steering of the beam57′ toward the second sensor cluster62. Similarly, the third set of interpolators44enable the third set of drivers54to generate a third beam57″ operating a third frequency (different than the first and second frequencies) that wirelessly powers all of the sensors64′ of the third sensor cluster64, as all the sensors64′ are associated with devices operating at that third frequency. The third set of interpolators44thus enable the steering of the beam57″ toward the third sensor cluster64. The plurality of phase interpolators40,42,44are electrically connected to a controller16. Additionally, the plurality of drivers50,52,54are electrically connected to the controller16. The controller16can be electrically connected to the bus14. Also, each set of drivers is electrically connected to an energy monitor or detector. For example, the first set of drivers50is electrically connected to an energy detector18. The second set of drivers52is electrically connected to an energy detector18′ and the third set of drivers54is electrically connected to an energy detector18″. Therefore, the plurality of interpolators40,42,44and the plurality of drivers50,52,54are configured by using controller16and the energy detectors18,18′,18″ observe the output to determine charging levels of the sensor clusters60,62,64. Therefore, according to the wireless power system5ofFIG.1, multiple frequencies may be concurrently or simultaneously generated to charge multiple devices and more than one cluster of sensors can be charged at the same time. FIG.2is a frequency divider for creating the coarse phase step, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The wireless power system5incorporates two phase locked loops. One PLL is used to provide coarse tuning within the frequency band of interest while the second PLL provides fine tuning steps. Attempts have been made to improve PLL tuning time without introducing excess noise in the output signal. For example, several existing PLL designs use a coarse tuning technique in which a coarse tuning circuit provides the majority of voltage slew and a fine tuning circuit provides the remaining voltage slew. Many coarse tune circuits need a VCO having two tune lines (a coarse tune line and a fine tune line) and/or other additional circuitry. The frequency divider70receives the VCO output signal Fvco(13) and provides N phases at the output with 180/N degrees difference72between adjacent phasors. This assists in the creation of a coarse phase step using the frequency divider70. The phase interpolator constellation74illustrates the different programmable phase positions of the input clock signal. An I/Q phase interpolator to be calibrated is configured to generate, e.g., 12 equally spaced phase positions in the instant case. For example, a first clock position is achieved based on a weighted combination of quadrature (positive or negative) and in-phase (positive or negative) input signal component. FIG.3is a frequency divider for creating the fine phase step, and illustrating out-of-band fidelity, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The frequency divider70receives the VCO output signal Fvco(13) and provides N phases at the output with 180/N degrees difference72between adjacent phasors. This assists in the creation of a coarse phase step using the frequency divider70, as well as a fine phase step using a phase interpolator. Granularity of the phasor scheme is given by 180/N. Quadrature phases are available at N/2 taps away from each of the phasor outputs. For N=6, every 3rdtap would be 900 out of phase. Six possible combinations for the coarse step are given by: {0,90}, {30,120}, {60,150}, {90,180}, {120,210}, {150,240}. The method can use the other six in differential positions, 180° apart from the above values. Element76depicts general equations for determining phase positions. Moreover, any high-efficiency driver/amplifier would produce harmonics of carrier tone. Even order harmonics are usually suppressed by differential construction, whereas odd order harmonics can be suppressed by phasor alignment. Harmonics are electric voltages and currents on an electric power system that can cause power quality problems. Harmonics are created by electronic equipment with nonlinear loads drawing in current in abrupt short pulses. In other words, harmonics are a distortion of the normal electrical current waveform, generally transmitted by nonlinear loads. The short pulses cause distorted current waveforms, which in turn cause harmonic currents to flow back into other parts of the power system. Harmonics are currents or voltages with frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental power frequency. If the fundamental power frequency is 60 Hz, then the 2ndharmonic is 120 Hz, the 3rdis 180 Hz, etc. The best way to eliminate harmonics is to use a technique known as “phase shifting.” The concept of phase shifting involves separating the electrical signal into several outputs, each output being phase shifted with the other outputs with an appropriate angle for the harmonics to be mitigated (e.g., suppressed). The idea is to displace the harmonic currents in order to bring them to a 1800 phase shift so that they cancel each other out. Hence, in the instant case, an angular displacement of 60° is needed between two three-phase outputs to cancel the 3rdharmonic currents and an angular displacement of 30° is needed between two three-phase outputs to cancel the 5thand 7thharmonic currents. Element78illustrates the cancellation of the 3rdand 5thharmonics of the wireless power system5at points A and B. Therefore, these harmonics are spatially combined to augment the fundamental beam, while suppressing the out of the band harmonics. Spatial coupling can be performed using inductive coupling or spatial coupling performed using radiative beams. The entire array of drivers thus uses the same frequency to wirelessly power a cluster of sensors operating at that same frequency. In one instance, M out of N drivers use a center frequency F1, P out of N drivers use center frequency F2, Q out of N drivers use center frequency F3, and so on, where M+P+Q=N. It is further noted that the driver channels can use the same phase locked loop system and that the driver channels can alternatively use a plurality of phase locked system providing frequencies F1, F2, F3, and so on. Also, a vector modulator stage can be coupled to the driver and the divider to provide fine beam steering. FIG.4shows an exemplary wireless power system80, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. Similar elements toFIG.1will not be described for sake of clarity. In contrast toFIG.1,FIG.4employs a voltage controlled oscillator for each divider. In particular, the input signal or reference signal (REF) is received by a phase locked loop (PLL) 82, which includes three voltage controlled oscillator (VCOs)84,86,88. The PLL's82output voltage-controlled frequencies are designated by Fvco1, Fvco2, and Fvco3. Thus, each divider20,22,24is associated with its own VCO84,86,88, respectively. The plurality of phase interpolators40,42,44are electrically connected to a controller16. Additionally, the plurality of drivers50,52,54are electrically connected to the controller16. The controller16can be electrically connected to the bus14′. Also, each set of drivers is electrically connected to an energy monitor or detector. For example, the first set of drivers50is electrically connected to an energy detector18. The second set of drivers52is electrically connected to an energy detector18′ and the third set of drivers54is electrically connected to an energy detector18″. Therefore, the plurality of interpolators40,42,44and the plurality of drivers50,52,54are configured by using controller16and the energy detectors18,18′,18″ observe the output to determine charging levels of the sensor clusters60,62,64. The wireless power systems5,80can be standalone devices or components that power a plurality of sensors at a multitude of frequencies. The wireless power systems5,80can be positioned in proximity to the sensors or clusters of sensors to wirelessly transmit power thereto. In one example, the wireless power systems5,80can be positioned between about 5-10 meters (or 16-22 feet) from the sensors or clusters of sensors. It is anticipated that such wireless power systems5,80are affixed within a reasonable vicinity of sensors or clusters of sensors to wirelessly transmit power thereto. Consequently, according toFIGS.1-4, a beamforming approach is employed where near field is used for electromagnetic coupling (inductor/transformers) and far field is used for radiating elements (antenna arrays). The exemplary methods and systems employ a single PLL and highly-efficient driver blocks. The driver blocks are run by programmable dividers to obtain multiple phases. Phases are selected by phase interpolators to digitally steer beams or signals to a plurality of sensor clusters, each sensor cluster operating at a different frequency. The sensor devices can be recharged one at a time and multiple sensor devices can be recharged at the same time. In one example, a single frequency is used to power the entire sensor array. In another example, multiple frequencies are used to power the sensor array. The near and far field powering is thus possible by using the same hardware, where high-efficiency drivers can be used with harmonic cancellation. Harmonic cancellation provides for FCC compliance. Additionally, the beams or signals are digitally steerable toward the desirable sensor clusters. Thus, in summary, beamforming and beam steering techniques are employed, multiple phases are used for harmonic cancellation, and various frequencies can be concurrently used to wirelessly power sensor arrays. FIG.5is a block/flow diagram of an exemplary method for wirelessly powering a plurality of sensor arrays, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. At block90, the plurality of interpolators and the plurality of drivers are configured by using a controller. At block92, employ programmable dividers to obtain multiple phases via phase interpolators. At block94, select phases to digitally steer beams in different directions. At block96, employ high-efficiency drivers/amplifiers to selectively transmit, via inductive elements, the different beams to a plurality of sensor clusters, wherein the sensors of each sensor cluster operate at a same frequency. At block98, observe the output from the energy detectors. At block99, determine whether the charging (or individual sensors or sensor clusters) is complete. If YES, the process ends. If NO, then the process resumes at block90. FIG.6is a block/flow diagram of an exemplary processing system employing an artificial intelligence (AI) accelerator chip, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG.6depicts a block diagram of components of system200, which includes computing device205. It should be appreciated thatFIG.6provides only an illustration of one implementation and does not imply any limitations with regard to the environments in which different embodiments can be implemented. Many modifications to the depicted environment can be made. Computing device205includes communications fabric202, which provides communications between computer processor(s)204, memory206, persistent storage208, communications unit210, and input/output (I/O) interface(s)212. Communications fabric202can be implemented with any architecture designed for passing data and/or control information between processors (such as microprocessors, communications and network processors, etc.), system memory, peripheral devices, and any other hardware components within a system. For example, communications fabric202can be implemented with one or more buses. Memory206, cache memory216, and persistent storage208are computer readable storage media. In this embodiment, memory206includes random access memory (RAM)214. In another embodiment, the memory206can be flash memory. In general, memory206can include any suitable volatile or non-volatile computer readable storage media. In some embodiments of the present invention, program225is included and operated by AI Accelerator chip222as a component of computing device205. The AI Accelerator chip222can employ the wireless power system5,80to wirelessly power a plurality of communication devices and/or sensors, as described below with reference toFIGS.9-11. In other embodiments, program225is stored in persistent storage208for execution by AI Accelerator chip222in conjunction with one or more of the respective computer processors204via one or more memories of memory206. In this embodiment, persistent storage208includes a magnetic hard disk drive. Alternatively, or in addition to a magnetic hard disk drive, persistent storage208can include a solid state hard drive, a semiconductor storage device, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), flash memory, or any other computer readable storage media that is capable of storing program instructions or digital information. The media used by persistent storage208can also be removable. For example, a removable hard drive can be used for persistent storage208. Other examples include optical and magnetic disks, thumb drives, and smart cards that are inserted into a drive for transfer onto another computer readable storage medium that is also part of persistent storage208. Communications unit210, in these examples, provides for communications with other data processing systems or devices, including resources of distributed data processing environment. In these examples, communications unit210includes one or more network interface cards. Communications unit210can provide communications through the use of either or both physical and wireless communications links. Program225can be downloaded to persistent storage208through communications unit210. I/O interface(s)212allows for input and output of data with other devices that can be connected to computing system200. For example, I/O interface212can provide a connection to external devices218such as a keyboard, keypad, a touch screen, and/or some other suitable input device. External devices218can also include portable computer readable storage media such as, for example, thumb drives, portable optical or magnetic disks, and memory cards. Display220provides a mechanism to display data to a user and can be, for example, a computer monitor. FIG.7is a block/flow diagram of an exemplary cloud computing environment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. It is to be understood that although this invention includes a detailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed. Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model can include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models. Characteristics are as follows: On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with the service's provider. Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs). Resource pooling: the provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but can be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time. Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service. Service Models are as follows: Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based e-mail). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls). Deployment Models are as follows: Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It can be managed by the organization or a third party and can exist on-premises or off-premises. Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It can be managed by the organizations or a third party and can exist on-premises or off-premises. Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services. Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds). A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure that includes a network of interconnected nodes. Referring now toFIG.7, illustrative cloud computing environment350is depicted for enabling use cases of the present invention. As shown, cloud computing environment350includes one or more cloud computing nodes310with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellular telephone354A, desktop computer354B, laptop computer354C, and/or automobile computer system354N can communicate. Nodes310can communicate with one another. They can be grouped (not shown) physically or virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community, Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combination thereof. This allows cloud computing environment350to offer infrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloud consumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computing device. It is understood that the types of computing devices354A-N shown inFIG.7are intended to be illustrative only and that computing nodes310and cloud computing environment350can communicate with any type of computerized device over any type of network and/or network addressable connection (e.g., using a web browser). FIG.8is a schematic diagram of exemplary abstraction model layers, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. It should be understood in advance that the components, layers, and functions shown inFIG.8are intended to be illustrative only and embodiments of the invention are not limited thereto. As depicted, the following layers and corresponding functions are provided: Hardware and software layer460includes hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include: mainframes461; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers462; servers463; blade servers464; storage devices465; and networks and networking components466. In some embodiments, software components include network application server software467and database software468. Virtualization layer470provides an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities can be provided: virtual servers471; virtual storage472; virtual networks473, including virtual private networks; virtual applications and operating systems474; and virtual clients475. In one example, management layer480can provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning481provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing482provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources can include application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal483provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management484provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment485provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA. Workloads layer490provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment can be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which can be provided from this layer include: mapping and navigation441; software development and lifecycle management492; virtual classroom education delivery493; data analytics processing494; transaction processing495; and wireless power component496. FIG.9illustrates practical applications for wirelessly powering a plurality of sensor arrays via an AI accelerator chip, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The artificial intelligence (AI) accelerator chip501can be used in a wide variety of practical applications, including, but not limited to, robotics510, industrial applications512, mobile or Internet-of-Things (IoT)514, personal computing516, consumer electronics518, server data centers520, physics and chemistry applications522, healthcare applications524, and financial applications526. The AI accelerator chip501can be in communication with the wireless power component or system5,80. The wireless power component5,80can be controlled by an electronic device or communication device550, such as a smartphone or tablet, where, e.g., the charging levels of various devices can be controlled. Additionally, the charging priority status of each of the devices can also be controlled. Moreover, the wireless power system5,80can be controlled based on a number of variables or parameters. For instance, each device (or sensor) within a cluster of devices (or sensors) can be charged based on its distance or proximity from the wireless power system5,80. Additionally, each device (or sensor) within a cluster of devices (or sensors) can be charged based on its priority status. Some devices (or sensors) can have a higher priority status. Additionally, each device (or sensor) within a cluster of devices (or sensors) can be charged based on its charged percentage. In other words, if a cluster includes 10 devices (or sensors), then if 3-4 devices have already been charged at 60%, such devices can be put on hold, until the remaining devices have reached a 60% charge. Such custom configurations can be implemented by a user operating the electronic device550controlling the wireless power system5,80. The electronic device550can include, e.g., an app that allows a user to view the charging status of each device within each sensor cluster of the plurality of sensor clusters. The app can be configured to indicate what level to be charged for each device based on distance or priority or frequency, etc. One skilled in the art can contemplate a number of different configurations for automatically controlling the sensors (devices) of each sensor (device) cluster. FIG.10is a block/flow diagram of a method for wirelessly powering a plurality of sensors with Internet of Things (IoT) systems/devices/infrastructure, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. According to some embodiments of the invention, a network is implemented using an IoT methodology. For example, AI accelerator chip222,501can be incorporated, e.g., into wearable, implantable, or ingestible electronic devices and Internet of Things (IoT) sensors. The wearable, implantable, or ingestible devices can include at least health and wellness monitoring devices, as well as fitness devices. The wearable, implantable, or ingestible devices can further include at least implantable devices, smart watches, head-mounted devices, security and prevention devices, and gaming and lifestyle devices. The IoT sensors can be incorporated into at least home automation applications, automotive applications, user interface applications, lifestyle and/or entertainment applications, city and/or infrastructure applications, toys, healthcare, fitness, retail tags and/or trackers, platforms and components, etc. The AI accelerator chip222,501described herein can be incorporated into any type of electronic devices for any type of use or application or operation. IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper automation, analysis, and integration within a system. IoT improves the reach of these areas and their accuracy. IoT utilizes existing and emerging technology for sensing, networking, and robotics. Features of IoT include artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors, active engagement, and small device use. In various embodiments, the AI accelerator chip222,501of the present invention can be incorporated into a variety of different devices and/or systems. For example, the AI accelerator chip222,501can be incorporated into wearable or portable electronic devices904. Wearable/portable electronic devices904can include implantable devices940, such as smart clothing943. Wearable/portable devices904can include smart watches942, as well as smart jewelry945. Wearable/portable devices904can further include fitness monitoring devices944, health and wellness monitoring devices946, head-mounted devices948(e.g., smart glasses949), security and prevention systems950, gaming and lifestyle devices952, smart phones/tablets954, media players956, and/or computers/computing devices958. The AI accelerator chip222,501of the present invention can be further incorporated into Internet of Thing (IoT) sensors906for various applications, such as home automation920, automotive922, user interface924, lifestyle and/or entertainment926, city and/or infrastructure928, retail910, tags and/or trackers912, platform and components914, toys930, and/or healthcare932, as well as fitness934. The IoT sensors906can employ the AI accelerator chip222,501. Of course, one skilled in the art can contemplate incorporating such AI accelerator chip222,501into any type of electronic devices for any types of applications, not limited to the ones described herein. The AI accelerator chip can be controlled or powered by the wireless power system5,80. FIG.11is a block/flow diagram of exemplary IoT sensors used to collect data/information related to wirelessly powering a plurality of sensors, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. IoT loses its distinction without sensors. IoT sensors act as defining instruments which transform IoT from a standard passive network of devices into an active system capable of real-world integration. The IoT sensors906can employ the AI accelerator chip222,501to transmit information or data, continuously and in in real-time, via a network908, to any type of distributed system. Exemplary IoT sensors906can include, but are not limited to, position/presence/proximity sensors1002, motion/velocity sensors1004, displacement sensors1006, such as acceleration/tilt sensors1007, temperature sensors1008, humidity/moisture sensors1010, as well as flow sensors1011, acoustic/sound/vibration sensors1012, chemical/gas sensors1014, force/load/torque/strain/pressure sensors1016, and/or electric/magnetic sensors1018. One skilled in the art can contemplate using any combination of such sensors to collect data/information of the distributed system for further processing. One skilled in the art can contemplate using other types of IoT sensors, such as, but not limited to, magnetometers, gyroscopes, image sensors, light sensors, radio frequency identification (RFID) sensors, and/or micro flow sensors. IoT sensors can also include energy modules, power management modules, RF modules, and sensing modules. RF modules manage communications through their signal processing, WiFi, ZigBee®, Bluetooth®, radio transceiver, duplexer, etc. The present invention can be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product. The computer program product can include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention. The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium can be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire. Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network can include copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device. Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention can be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions can execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer can be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection can be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) can execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention. Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions. These computer readable program instructions can be provided to at least one processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks or modules. These computer readable program instructions can also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein includes an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks or modules. The computer readable program instructions can also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational blocks/steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks or modules. The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams can represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which includes one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks can occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession can, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks can sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” of the present principles, as well as other variations thereof, means that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, and so forth described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present principles. Thus, the appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment”, as well any other variations, appearing in various places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. It is to be appreciated that the use of any of the following “/”, “and/or”, and “at least one of”, for example, in the cases of “A/B”, “A and/or B” and “at least one of A and B”, is intended to encompass the selection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of the second listed option (B) only, or the selection of both options (A and B). As a further example, in the cases of “A, B, and/or C” and “at least one of A, B, and C”, such phrasing is intended to encompass the selection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of the second listed option (B) only, or the selection of the third listed option (C) only, or the selection of the first and the second listed options (A and B) only, or the selection of the first and third listed options (A and C) only, or the selection of the second and third listed options (B and C) only, or the selection of all three options (A and B and C). This can be extended, as readily apparent by one of ordinary skill in this and related arts, for as many items listed. Having described preferred embodiments of wireless power systems for wirelessly powering sensor arrays (which are intended to be illustrative and not limiting), it is noted that modifications and variations can be made by persons skilled in the art in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that changes may be made in the particular embodiments described which are within the scope of the invention as outlined by the appended claims. Having thus described aspects of the invention, with the details and particularity required by the patent laws, what is claimed and desired protected by Letters Patent is set forth in the appended claims. | 52,768 |
11942797 | While the following detailed description will be given with respect to certain illustrative embodiments, it should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale and the disclosed embodiments are sometimes illustrated diagrammatically and in partial views. In addition, in certain instances, details which are not necessary for an understanding of the disclosed subject matter or which render other details too difficult to perceive may have been omitted. It should therefore be understood that this disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed and illustrated herein, but rather to a fair reading of the entire disclosure and claims, as well as any equivalents thereto. Additional, different, or fewer components and methods may be included in the systems and methods. DETAILED DESCRIPTION In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth by way of examples in order to provide a thorough understanding of the relevant teachings. However, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present teachings may be practiced without such details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and/or circuitry have been described at a relatively high-level, without detail, in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring aspects of the present teachings. Referring now to the drawings and with specific reference toFIG.1, a wireless power transfer system10is illustrated. The wireless power transfer system10provides for the wireless transmission of electrical signals, such as, but not limited to, electrical energy, electrical power, electrical power signals, electromagnetic energy, and electronically transmittable data (“electronic data”). As used herein, the term “electrical power signal” or “power signal” refers to an electrical signal transmitted specifically to provide meaningful electrical energy for charging and/or directly powering a load, whereas the term “electronic data signal” or “data signal” refers to an electrical signal that is utilized to convey data across a medium. “Alternating current (AC) wireless signals,” as defined herein, refer to an AC signal either used to drive an antenna, either by circuitry (e.g., an amplifier) or by induction via another antenna, which may include one or both of wireless power signals and wireless data signals. A “wireless power signal,” be it an AC or DC wireless power signal, is a power signal configured to provide meaningful electrical energy for charging and/or directly powering a load, wherein the wireless power signal is generated by magnetic induction based on AC wireless signals. The wireless power transfer system10provides for the wireless transmission of electrical signals via near field magnetic coupling. As shown in the embodiment ofFIG.1, the wireless power transfer system10includes a wireless transmission system20and a wireless receiver system30. The wireless receiver system is configured to receive electrical signals from, at least, the wireless transmission system20. In some examples, such as examples wherein the wireless power transfer system is configured for wireless power transfer via the Near Field Communications Direct Charge (NFC-DC) or Near Field Communications Wireless Charging (NFC WC) draft or accepted standard, the wireless transmission system20may be referenced as a “listener” of the NFC-DC wireless transfer system20and the wireless receiver system30may be referenced as a “poller” of the NFC-DC wireless transfer system. As illustrated, the wireless transmission system20and wireless receiver system30may be configured to transmit electrical signals across, at least, one or more a separation distances or gaps17. A separation distance or gap, such as the gaps17, in the context of a wireless power transfer system, such as the system10, does not include a physical connection, such as a wired connection. There may be intermediary objects located in a separation distance or gap, such as, but not limited to, air, a counter top, a casing for an electronic device, a plastic filament, an insulator, a mechanical wall, among other things; however, there is no physical, electrical connection at such a separation distance or gap. Thus, the combination of the wireless transmission system20and the wireless receiver system30create an electrical connection without the need for a physical connection. As used herein, the term “electrical connection” refers to any facilitation of a transfer of an electrical current, voltage, and/or power from a first location, device, component, and/or source to a second location, device, component, and/or destination. An “electrical connection” may be a physical connection, such as, but not limited to, a wire, a trace, a via, among other physical electrical connections, connecting a first location, device, component, and/or source to a second location, device, component, and/or destination. Additionally or alternatively, an “electrical connection” may be a wireless power and/or data transfer, such as, but not limited to, magnetic, electromagnetic, resonant, and/or inductive field, among other wireless power and/or data transfers, connecting a first location, device, component, and/or source to a second location, device, component, and/or destination. In some cases, the gap17may also be referenced as a “Z-Distance,” because, if one considers an antenna21,31each to be disposed substantially along respective common X-Y planes, then the distance separating the antennas21,31is the gap in a “Z” or “depth” direction. However, flexible and/or non-planar coils are certainly contemplated by embodiments of the present disclosure and, thus, it is contemplated that the gap17may not be uniform, across an envelope of connection distances between the antennas21,31. It is contemplated that various tunings, configurations, and/or other parameters may alter the possible maximum distance of the gap17, such that electrical transmission from the wireless transmission system20to the wireless receiver system30remains possible. The wireless power transfer system10operates when antennas of the wireless transmission system20and the wireless receiver system30are coupled. As used herein, the terms “couples,” “coupled,” and “coupling” generally refer to magnetic field coupling, which occurs when a transmitter and/or any components thereof and a receiver and/or any components thereof are coupled to each other through a magnetic field. Such coupling may include coupling, represented by a coupling coefficient (k), that is at least sufficient for an induced electrical power signal, from a transmitter, to be harnessed by a receiver. Coupling of the wireless transmission system20and the wireless receiver system30, in the system10, may be represented by a resonant coupling coefficient of the system10and, for the purposes of wireless power transfer, the coupling coefficient for the system10may be in the range of about 0.01 and 0.9. As illustrated, the wireless transmission system20may be associated with a host device11, which may receive power from an input power source12. The host device11may be any electrically operated device, circuit board, electronic assembly, dedicated charging device, or any other contemplated electronic device. Example host devices11, with which the wireless transmission system20may be associated therewith, include, but are not limited to including, a device that includes an integrated circuit, a tabletop wireless power transmitter, a counter-integrated wireless power transmitter, an integrated wireless power transmitter for powering kitchen appliances, cases for wearable electronic devices, receptacles for electronic devices, a portable computing device, clothing configured with electronics, storage medium for electronic devices, charging apparatus for one or multiple electronic devices, dedicated electrical charging devices, activity or sport related equipment, goods, and/or data collection devices, among other contemplated electronic devices. As illustrated, one or both of the wireless transmission system20and the host device11are operatively associated with an input power source12. The input power source12may be or may include one or more electrical storage devices, such as an electrochemical cell, a battery pack, and/or a capacitor, among other storage devices. Additionally or alternatively, the input power source12may be any electrical input source (e.g., any alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) delivery port) and may include connection apparatus from said electrical input source to the wireless transmission system20(e.g., transformers, regulators, conductive conduits, traces, wires, or equipment, goods, computer, camera, mobile phone, and/or other electrical device connection ports and/or adaptors, such as but not limited to USB ports and/or adaptors, among other contemplated electrical components). Electrical energy received by the wireless transmission system20is then used for at least two purposes: to provide electrical power to internal components of the wireless transmission system20and to provide electrical power to the transmitter antennas21. The transmitter antennas21are configured to wirelessly transmit the electrical signals conditioned and modified for wireless transmission by the wireless transmission system20via near-field magnetic coupling (NFMC). Near-field magnetic coupling enables the transfer of signals wirelessly through magnetic induction between the transmitter antennas21and a respective receiving antenna31of, or associated with, the wireless receiver system30. Near-field magnetic coupling may be and/or be referred to as “inductive coupling,” which, as used herein, is a wireless power transmission technique that utilizes an alternating electromagnetic field to transfer electrical energy between two antennas. Such inductive coupling is the near field wireless transmission of magnetic energy between two magnetically coupled coils that are tuned to resonate at a similar frequency. Accordingly, such near-field magnetic coupling may enable efficient wireless power transmission via resonant transmission of confined magnetic fields. Further, such near-field magnetic coupling may provide connection via “mutual inductance,” which, as defined herein is the production of an electromotive force in a circuit by a change in current in a second circuit magnetically coupled to the first. In one or more embodiments, the inductor coils of either the transmitter antennas21or the receiver antennas31are strategically positioned to facilitate reception and/or transmission of wirelessly transferred electrical signals through near field magnetic induction. In some examples, antenna operating frequencies may be in a low frequency range of operation, meaning operating frequencies in a range of about 1 kHz to about 1 MHz (e.g., 85-205 kHz operating frequencies for the Qi standard, operating frequencies in a range of about 20 kHz to about 100 kHz for higher than Qi power applications). Additionally or alternatively, antenna operating frequencies may comprise relatively high operating frequency ranges, examples of which may include, but are not limited to, 6.78 MHz (e.g., in accordance with the Rezence and/or Airfuel interface standard and/or any other proprietary interface standard operating at a frequency of 6.78 MHz), 13.56 MHz (e.g., in accordance with the NFC standard, defined by ISO/IEC standard 18092), 27 MHz, and/or an operating frequency of another proprietary operating mode. The operating frequencies of the antennas21,31may be operating frequencies designated by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) frequency bands, including not limited to 6.78 MHz, 13.56 MHz, and 27 MHz, which are designated for use in wireless power transfer. In systems wherein the wireless power transfer system10is operating within the NFC-DC standards and/or draft standards, the operating frequency may be in a range of about 13.553 MHz to about 13.567 MHz. As known to those skilled in the art, a “resonant frequency” or “resonant frequency band” refers a frequency or frequencies wherein amplitude response of the antenna is at a relative maximum, or, additionally or alternatively, the frequency or frequency band where the capacitive reactance has a magnitude substantially similar to the magnitude of the inductive reactance. In one or more embodiments, the transmitting antenna resonant frequency is at a high frequency, as known to those in the art of wireless power transfer. The wireless receiver system30may be associated with at least one electronic device14, wherein the electronic device14may be any device that requires electrical power for any function and/or for power storage (e.g., via a battery and/or capacitor). Additionally, the electronic device14may be any device capable of receipt of electronically transmissible data. For example, the device may be, but is not limited to being, a handheld computing device, a mobile device, a portable appliance, an integrated circuit, an identifiable tag, a kitchen utility device, a kitchen appliance, an electronic tool, an electric vehicle, a game console, a robotic device, a wearable electronic device (e.g., an electronic watch, electronically modified glasses, altered-reality (AR) glasses, virtual reality (VR) glasses, among other things), a portable scanning device, a portable identifying device, a sporting good, an embedded sensor, an Internet of Things (IoT) sensor, IoT enabled clothing, IoT enabled recreational equipment, industrial equipment, medical equipment, a medical device a tablet computing device, a portable control device, a remote controller for an electronic device, a gaming controller, among other things. For the purposes of illustrating the features and characteristics of the disclosed embodiments, arrow-ended lines are utilized to illustrate transferable and/or communicative signals and various patterns are used to illustrate electrical signals that are intended for power transmission and electrical signals that are intended for the transmission of data (which may include control instructions and/or other forms of data). Solid lines indicate signal transmission of electrical energy over a physical and/or wireless medium, in the form of power signals that are, ultimately, utilized in wireless power transmission from the wireless transmission system20to the wireless receiver system30. To that end, the thicker solid lines (e.g., as illustrated between the antennas21A,31A inFIG.1) indicate transmission of “virtual AC power signals” between the wireless transmission system20and the wireless receiver system30, as will be discussed in more detail below. Further, dotted lines are utilized to illustrate electronically transmittable data signals, which ultimately may be wirelessly transmitted from the wireless transmission system20to the wireless receiver system30. While the systems and methods herein illustrate the transmission of wirelessly transmitted energy, wireless power signals, wirelessly transmitted power, wirelessly transmitted electromagnetic energy, and/or electronically transmittable data, it is certainly contemplated that the systems, methods, and apparatus disclosed herein may be utilized in the transmission of only one signal, various combinations of two signals, or more than two signals and, further, it is contemplated that the systems, method, and apparatus disclosed herein may be utilized for wireless transmission of other electrical signals in addition to or uniquely in combination with one or more of the above mentioned signals. In some examples, the signal paths of solid or dotted lines may represent a functional signal path, whereas, in practical application, the actual signal is routed through additional components en route to its indicated destination. For example, it may be indicated that a data signal routes from a communications apparatus to another communications apparatus; however, in practical application, the data signal may be routed through an amplifier, then through a transmission antenna, to a receiver antenna, where, on the receiver end, the data signal is decoded by a respective communications device of the receiver. Turning now toFIG.2, the wireless connection system10is illustrated as a block diagram including example components and/or subsystems of both the wireless transmission system20and the wireless receiver system30. In the illustrated embodiment, the wireless transmission system includes a first transmission subsystem120A and a second transmission subsystem120B, along with a transmission control system26. Similarly, the wireless receiver system may include a first receiver subsystem130A and a second receiver subsystem130B. The transmission subsystems120may include like or similar components, bearing similar reference numbers, but are generally configured for transmitting different types of electrical signals and/or wireless power signals. Similarly, the receiver subsystems130may include like or similar components, bearing similar reference numbers, but are generally configured for receiving different types of electrical signals and/or wireless power signals. An “AC power signal,” as defined herein, is a wireless power signal that simulates the alternating voltage characteristics of an AC power signal, such as a current or power signal that is drawn from a traditional power outlet, such as a common wall outlet. A traditional power outlet may be any power outlet, from any standards body or national/local standardization, that draws electrical power from a power delivery mechanism (e.g., a power grid, a power plant, a personal generator, solar panels, a local battery power storage, among other contemplated power sources). Such traditional power outlets may output currents or power signals having maximum voltages in a range of about 100 V to about 240 V, maximum current levels or ratings in a range of about 8 Amperes (Amps) to about 20 Amps, power levels in a maximum wattage of about 1.5 kW to about 5 kW, and AC signal frequencies in a range of about 50 Hz to about 60 Hz. As wireless power signals are generated from AC wireless signals (typically alternating at a much higher frequency than the power signal of a traditional power outlet), a wireless power signal that is a virtual AC power signal may have a periodically varying peak voltage (at the positive and negative peaks). Such varying peak voltages rise and fall in accordance with a “virtual AC power frequency.” In other words, the voltage of the virtual AC power signal periodically rises and falls based on the magnitude of the operating frequency, whereas peak voltages rise and fall in accordance with the magnitude of the virtual AC power frequency. A virtual AC power frequency is the frequency at which a virtual AC power signal rises and falls, such that the virtual AC power frequency is configured to simulate a frequency of the alternating current of AC power signals generated from a power outlet. For example, if the wireless transmission system20intends to simulate an AC power signal, of a power outlet, that has a frequency of about 50 Hz, then a corresponding virtual AC power signal transmitted by the wireless transmission system20may have a virtual AC power frequency of about 50 Hz. Turning toFIG.3A, three timing plots are illustrated for three signals that may be associated with the first subsystem120A of the wireless transmission system20. The top plot is of an example of a power signal produced by a physically connected wall outlet, such as a wall power signal (VWALL) input to the host device11and/or the wireless power transmission system20from the input power source12, as an input power signal to the host device. As illustrated, VWALLis a substantially periodic and, in this example sinusoidal, AC wave with its voltage rising and falling based on the sinusoidal waveform. Based on and/or using power from VWALLor, alternatively, any other DC or AC power input to the wireless power transmission system and/or a first power conditioning system40A, the wireless power transmission system20may ultimately generate a virtual AC power signal (VvAC_Tx) for transmission via the transmission antenna21A. For further visual explanation of the virtual AC power signal (VvAC_Tx), as is illustrated in the middle plot ofFIG.3A, the rising of peak voltages122A-N, for any number “N” of periods for the signal, and falling of peak negative voltages123A-N, for the number “N” of periods for the signal, rise and fall with a substantially sinusoidal curve125, wherein said sinusoidal curve125may be based, at least in part, on a real wall signal (e.g., VWALL), from which the virtual AC power signal is based. Virtual AC power signals may be considered to include two AC components—one AC component having the aforementioned operating frequency for wireless power transmission and another AC component having a virtual AC power frequency. As described herein, in examples wherein a virtual AC power signal is designed to virtualize a traditional wall outlet, the virtual AC power frequency, for such a virtual AC power signal, may be about 50 Hz or about 60 Hz. As the virtual AC power signal's virtual AC power frequency governs the rate at which a maximum for the peak voltage of the virtual AC power signal rises and falls, wherein each peak voltage is generated at the operating frequency, the virtual AC power frequency is necessarily less than the operating frequency. As illustrated in the middle plot ofFIG.3A, the operating frequency components of the signal are illustrated in solid lines and the virtual AC power frequency components of the signal are illustrated as the dotted lines or, for example, the substantially sinusoidal curve125. As illustrated, the magnitude of the operating frequency is much larger than that of the frequency of the substantially sinusoidal curve125. As illustrated, a mirror of the curve125is illustrated corresponding with the peak negative voltages125, having a substantially similar wave form as the curve125, but for negative voltages; this is illustrated to track rise and fall of the negative voltages123A-N and is not intended to simulate a wave form or curve. While not illustrated to the scale of a real relationship between an operating frequency and a virtual AC power frequency, it is shown wherein the virtual AC power frequency is less than the operating frequency and said frequencies may be in any range suitable for a given system. In some examples, the virtual AC power frequency may be in a range of about 50 to about 60 Hz, comparable to traditional wall power signal frequencies, like the illustrated frequency of the sinusoid of VWALL. In some such examples, the operating frequency for the virtual AC power signal may be in a range of about 20 kHz to about 150 kHz. As illustrated, the plot for VvAC_Rxmay be substantially similar, in shape, to the waveform of the curve125, while having a lower maximum peak voltage (VRMS), when compared to the positive maximum peak voltage (+Vpeak) of the curve125. Thus, VvAC_Rxis a received VvAC_Tx, but rectified, by the wireless receiver system30and, thus, eliminating the operating frequency AC component of VvACTx, Thus, VvAC_Rxmay represent a series of root-means square (RMS) average voltages, sampled at a consistent rate, output by the rectifier, wherein each period of the curve has a peak RMS voltage (VRMS) at the top of each period of the curve of VvAC_Rx. As VvAC_Rxis based on VvAC_TX, but rectified, and VvAC_Txhas negative voltage components, VRMSwill be less than +Vpeakand, thus, VvAC_Rxappears as a scaled version of the curve125. Referring back toFIG.2, the first transmission subsystem120A is shown to include, at least, a power conditioning system40A, a transmission tuning system24A, and the transmission antenna21A. The first transmission subsystem120A is configured to determine, prepare, generate, and/or transmit a virtual AC power signal. In other words, the first transmission subsystem120A is configured to generate a wireless power signal that is utilized by the wireless receiver system30to power a device with said power signal simulating characteristics of wired power signals that are output by any traditional wall power outlet (e.g., a wall outlet having any of various different voltage and current ratings, shapes, sizes and/or connector types that may commonly be used for wall outlets). Thus, the resultant virtual AC power signal received at the wireless receiver system30may simulate characteristics of standard wired and/or physically-contact-based wall power signals. Turning now toFIG.3B, five signals are illustrated in timing diagrams. The signals herein are generated, determined, prepared, tuned, and/or output by the second transmission subsystem120B. The second transmission subsystem120B may be configured to transfer one or both of a wireless power signal and a wireless data signal. The signals transmitted by the first transmission subsystem120A are substantially constant periodic wireless power signals, with a constant peak voltage; however, such a constant peak voltage is subject to variance due to changes in a desired output voltage to the receiver system30and/or perturbations made in the signal for in-band communications signals (Data) encoded into the wireless power signals. On the other hand, the wireless power signals transferred by the second transmission subsystem120B may be considered virtual DC power signals, as the resultant signal at the rectifier of the wireless receiver system30is a substantially constant DC power signal, with given changes in the consistent peak voltage due to voltage or current change requests and/or perturbations caused by the encoding of in-band communications signals. InFIG.3B, the top signal illustrated is VDC_in, which may be any input DC signal of the wireless transmission, such as a DC input via the input power source12, a DC input generated at the second power conditioning system40B and/or the voltage regulator46thereof, among other example DC power sources. In the second from the top plot, a virtual DC wireless power signal (VvDC_Tx) is illustrated having a constant operating frequency for a substantially sinusoidal wave form, which has a substantially consistent peak voltage (+Vpeak) and peak negative voltage (−Vpeak). VvDC_Txconsistently oscillates between +Vpeakand −Vpeak, at the operating frequency, wherein Vpeakmay be altered to change the power output to the wireless receiver system30. The third plot from the top illustrates VDC_Rx, which is the resultant output DC power signal of the wireless receiver system, based on VvDC_Txand processed at, for example, a rectifier of the wireless receiver system30. As such, VDC_Rxhas a relatively consistent voltage, inherent to a DC power signal. The fourth plot from the top ofFIG.3Billustrates VvDC_Txagain, but with perturbations in the signal, which may be encoded by one or both of the wireless transmission system20or the wireless transmission system30as in-band communications signals (Data), which will be discussed in greater detail below. Accordingly, when the peak voltage of VvDC_Txis raised and lowered slightly to encode Data, the resultant DC output of the wireless receiver system30may show similar perturbations in its actual DC power output. While the illustrations of VvDC_Tx+Data shows an amplitude shift keyed signal (ASK), it is certainly contemplated, and discussed below, that Data may be encoded using other in-band encoding, such as, but not limited to, on off keying (OOK). The second transmission subsystem120B includes, at least, a second power conditioning system40B, a second transmission tuning system24B, and the transmission antenna21B. The second transmission subsystem120B is configured to determine, prepare, generate, and/or transmit the virtual DC power signal. In other words, the second transmission subsystem120B is configured to generate a wireless power signal and/or data signal that is utilized by the wireless receiver system30to power a device with said power signal simulating characteristics of wireless power signals that are output by a DC power source, such as a power adapter, a power port (e.g. a USB port, a Lightning port, among other ports), and/or a connected battery. Thus, the received virtual DC power signal received at the wireless receiver system30may simulate characteristics of standard wired and/or physically-contact-based DC power signals. Turning now toFIG.3C, timing diagrams are illustrated for wireless power signals (VvWall_Txand VvDC_Tx+Data) emitted by the first and second subsystems120A,B, on a common timescale. In other words, VvAC_Txand VvDC_Tx+Data are illustrated during a concurrent period of time. The top plot illustrates the virtual AC power signals emitted by the first subsystem120A and the bottom plot illustrates the virtual DC power signals emitted by the second subsystem120B. A combination of the illustrated plots ofFIG.3Cshows operation of a slotted communications system, method, and/or protocol. In such a slotted communications system, method, and/or protocol, transmission VvACTxis configured to stop for a slot of time (tSlot) during wireless power transmission, then resume transmission at the end of tSlot. tSlotmay occur after any number of periods (tACOn) of VvACTxand/or the occurrence of tSlotmay not be at a consistent period, such that the periodic nature of tSlotoccurrences changes over time, for a given operation. In some examples, tSlotmay be timed to occur at a virtual zero-cross of VvAC_Txand restarted, after tSlothas passed from said virtual zero-cross. In other words, when the peak voltage of virtual AC power signal reaches its lowest or near-zero absolute magnitude (e.g., about 0 V), tSlotmay be inserted. “Virtual zero-cross,” as defined herein, refers to a moment in signal transmission of a virtual AC power signal, that simulates an actual zero-cross of a wall AC signal, wherein an actual zero-cross is the moment in signal transmission where its voltage is equal to 0 V. During tSlot, the second subsystem120B may be configured to transmit, at least, a data signal and, in some examples, transmit some meaningful electrical energy as a virtual DC power signal with in-band communications. Thus, communications over the system10may occur intermittently during recurrences of tSlot, by encoding the in-band signals by one or both of the wireless transmission system20and the wireless receiver system30. Such communications in tSlotor, in other words, “slotted communications,” may be utilized to avoid interference between the virtual AC power signals and the virtual DC power signals. Additionally or alternatively, such slotted communications may be utilized to avoid malfunction or operational maladies to one or more of the second subsystem120B, the transmission control system26, and/or the wireless receiver system30, during transmission by the first subsystem120A. In some examples, the virtual DC power signals may be utilized to power on or otherwise provide wireless power to the electronic device14, when the virtual AC power signals are not being transmitted, as illustrated inFIG.3Cat the DC power signal on time (TDCon). DC power signal transmission during non-transmission of the virtual AC power signals may be utilized to provide meaningful electrical energy to components of the electronic device14, wherein such components may require lower power input than the components that are powered, at least in part, by the virtual AC power signals. For example, consider that the electronic device14is an appliance that includes a motor that is powered by the virtual AC power signals and a control system for, at least, the motor. The electronic device14may receive the lower power virtual DC power signal from the second subsystem120B, when the virtual AC power signal is not transmitted, and use the meaningful electrical energy of the virtual DC power signal to power the control system. Then, in some such examples, the control system of the electronic device14may control operations of the motor of the electronic device14and communicate to the wireless transmission system20(e.g., by encoding communications in the virtual DC power signals via the wireless receiver system30). During such communications, the electronic device14and/or control system thereof may instruct the wireless transmission system20to begin transmission of virtual AC power signals, wherein such controls/communications are enabled, at least in part, by the input power of the virtual DC power signal. Note that the frequencies of the signals illustrated in the timing diagrams ofFIGS.3A-Care not to the scale of exemplary, real-life signals used in wireless power transfer and/or data transfer systems and the illustrated signals are, most likely, illustrated as lower frequencies than would be utilized in real life. Such lower frequencies are only illustrated as lower magnitude, so that the reader of the instant application can view the substantially sinusoidal shape, the rising and falling peaks of virtual AC signals, and/or the relative scales of system frequencies, as they relate to one another (e.g., wherein operating frequency of the virtual DC power signal is greater than the operating frequency of the virtual AC power signal, both of which are greater than the virtual AC power frequency). Returning now toFIG.2, a first portion of the electrical energy input from the input power source12is configured to electrically power components of the wireless transmission system20such as, but not limited to, the transmission control system26. A second portion of the electrical energy input from the input power source12is conditioned and/or modified for wireless power transmission, to the wireless receiver system30, via the transmission antennas21. Accordingly, the second portion of the input energy is modified and/or conditioned by the power conditioning systems40. While not illustrated, it is certainly contemplated that one or both of the first and second portions of the input electrical energy may be modified, conditioned, altered, and/or otherwise changed prior to receipt by the power conditioning systems40and/or transmission control system26, by further contemplated subsystems (e.g., a voltage regulator, a current regulator, switching systems, fault systems, safety regulators, among other things). Referring now toFIG.4, with continued reference toFIGS.1-3, subcomponents and/or systems of the transmission control system26are illustrated. The transmission control system26may include sensing system(s)50, transmission controller(s)28, a communications system29, drivers48A, B, and memory27.FIG.4Aillustrates an example for the wireless transmission system28A, wherein both of the subsystems120A, B are controlled by a common transmission controller28and are both influenced and/or monitored by a common sensing system50. However, as illustrated inFIG.4B, it is certainly contemplated that the transmission control system26includes multiple transmission controllers28A, B, each for, respectively, controlling subsystems120A,120B. Further still, as illustrated inFIG.4B, it is certainly contemplated that the transmission control system26includes multiple sensing system50A, B, for independently monitoring, respectively, the subsystems120A, B. The transmission controller(s)28may be any electronic controller or computing system that includes, at least, a processor which performs operations, executes control algorithms, stores data, retrieves data, gathers data, controls and/or provides communication with other components and/or subsystems associated with the wireless transmission system20, and/or performs any other computing or controlling task desired. The transmission controller(s)28may be a single controller or may include more than one controller disposed to control various functions and/or features of the wireless transmission system20. Functionality of the transmission controller(s)28may be implemented in hardware and/or software and may rely on one or more data maps relating to the operation of the wireless transmission system20. To that end, the transmission controller(s)28may be operatively associated with the memory27. The memory may include one or more of internal memory, external memory, and/or remote memory (e.g., a database and/or server operatively connected to the transmission controller(s)28via a network, such as, but not limited to, the Internet). The internal memory and/or external memory may include, but are not limited to including, one or more of a read only memory (ROM), including programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or sometimes but rarely labeled EROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), random access memory (RAM), including dynamic RAM (DRAM), static RAM (SRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), single data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (SDR SDRAM), double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (DDR SDRAM, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4), and graphics double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (GDDR SDRAM, GDDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4, GDDR5, a flash memory, a portable memory, and the like. Such memory media are examples of nontransitory machine readable and/or computer readable memory media. While particular elements of the transmission control system26are illustrated as independent components and/or circuits (e.g., the driver(s)48, the memory27, the communications system29, the sensing system50, among other contemplated elements) of the transmission control system26, such components may be integrated with the transmission controller(s)28. In some examples, the transmission controller28may be an integrated circuit configured to include functional elements of one or both of the transmission controller28and the wireless transmission system20, generally. As illustrated, the transmission controller(s)28is in operative association, for the purposes of data transmission, receipt, and/or communication, with, at least, the memory27, the communications system29, the power conditioning system(s)40, the driver(s)48, and the sensing system50. The drivers48may be implemented to control, at least in part, the operation of the power conditioning system40. In some examples, the driver48may receive instructions from the transmission controller28to generate and/or output a generated pulse width modulation (PWM) signal to the power conditioning system40. In some such examples, the PWM signal may be configured to drive the power conditioning system40to output electrical power as an alternating current signal, having an operating frequency defined by the PWM signal. In some examples, PWM signal may be configured to generate a duty cycle for the AC power signal output by the power conditioning system40. In some such examples, the duty cycle may be configured to be about 50% of a given period of the AC power signal. The sensing system(s)50may include one or more sensors, wherein each sensor may be operatively associated with one or more components of the wireless transmission system20and configured to provide information and/or data. The term “sensor” is used in its broadest interpretation to define one or more components operatively associated with the wireless transmission system20that operate to sense functions, conditions, electrical characteristics, operations, and/or operating characteristics of one or more of the wireless transmission system20, the wireless receiving system30, the input power source12, the host device11, the transmission antennas21, the receiver antenna31, along with any other components and/or subcomponents thereof. As illustrated in the embodiment ofFIG.4, the sensing system(s)50may include, but is not limited to including, a thermal sensing system52, an object sensing system54, a receiver sensing system56, and/or any other sensor(s)58. Within these systems, there may exist even more specific optional additional or alternative sensing systems addressing particular sensing aspects required by an application, such as, but not limited to: a condition-based maintenance sensing system, a performance optimization sensing system, a state-of-charge sensing system, a temperature management sensing system, a component heating sensing system, an IoT sensing system, an energy and/or power management sensing system, an impact detection sensing system, an electrical status sensing system, a speed detection sensing system, a device health sensing system, among others. The object sensing system54, may be a foreign object detection (FOD) system. Each of the thermal sensing system52, the object sensing system54, the receiver sensing system56and/or the other sensor(s)58, including the optional additional or alternative systems, are operatively and/or communicatively connected to the transmission controller28. The thermal sensing system52is configured to monitor ambient and/or component temperatures within the wireless transmission system20or other elements nearby the wireless transmission system20. The thermal sensing system52may be configured to detect a temperature within the wireless transmission system20and, if the detected temperature exceeds a threshold temperature, the transmission controller28prevents the wireless transmission system20from operating. Such a threshold temperature may be configured for safety considerations, operational considerations, efficiency considerations, and/or any combinations thereof. In a non-limiting example, if, via input from the thermal sensing system52, the transmission controller(s)28determines that the temperature within the wireless transmission system20has increased from an acceptable operating temperature to an undesired operating temperature (e.g., in a non-limiting example, the internal temperature increasing from about 20° Celsius (C.) to about 50° C., the transmission controller28prevents the operation of the wireless transmission system20and/or reduces levels of power output from the wireless transmission system20. In some non-limiting examples, the thermal sensing system52may include one or more of a thermocouple, a thermistor, a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) resistor, a resistance temperature detector (RTD), and/or any combinations thereof. As depicted inFIG.5, the transmission sensing system50may include the object sensing system54. The object sensing system54may be configured to detect one or more of the wireless receiver system30and/or the receiver antenna31, thus indicating to the transmission controller28that the receiver system30is proximate to the wireless transmission system20. Additionally or alternatively, the object sensing system54may be configured to detect presence of unwanted objects in contact with or proximate to the wireless transmission system20. In some examples, the object sensing system54is configured to detect the presence of an undesired object. In some such examples, if the transmission controller28, via information provided by the object sensing system54, detects the presence of an undesired object, then the transmission controller28prevents or otherwise modifies operation of the wireless transmission system20. In some examples, the object sensing system54utilizes an impedance change detection scheme, in which the transmission controller(s)28analyzes a change in electrical impedance observed by the transmission antenna20against a known, acceptable electrical impedance value or range of electrical impedance values. Additionally or alternatively, the object sensing system54may utilize a quality factor (Q) change detection scheme, in which the transmission controller28analyzes a change from a known quality factor value or range of quality factor values of the object being detected, such as the receiver antennas31. The “quality factor” or “Q” of an inductor can be defined as (frequency (Hz)×inductance (H))/resistance (ohms), where frequency is the operational frequency of the circuit, inductance is the inductance output of the inductor and resistance is the combination of the radiative and reactive resistances that are internal to the inductor. “Quality factor,” as defined herein, is generally accepted as an index (figure of measure) that measures the efficiency of an apparatus like an antenna, a circuit, or a resonator. In some examples, the object sensing system54may include one or more of an optical sensor, an electro-optical sensor, a Hall effect sensor, a proximity sensor, and/or any combinations thereof. The receiver sensing system56is any sensor, circuit, and/or combinations thereof configured to detect presence of any wireless receiving system that may be couplable with the wireless transmission system20. In some examples, the receiver sensing system56and the object sensing system54may be combined, may share components, and/or may be embodied by one or more common components. In some examples, if the presence of any such wireless receiving system is detected, wireless transmission of electrical energy, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, and/or data by the wireless transmission system20to said wireless receiving system is enabled. In some examples, if the presence of a wireless receiver system is not detected, continued wireless transmission of electrical energy, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, and/or data is prevented from occurring. Accordingly, the receiver sensing system56may include one or more sensors and/or may be operatively associated with one or more sensors that are configured to analyze electrical characteristics within an environment of or proximate to the wireless transmission system20and, based on the electrical characteristics, determine presence of a wireless receiver system30. Referring now toFIG.6, and with continued reference toFIGS.1-4, a block diagram illustrating an embodiment exemplary of one or both of the power conditioning systems40A, B is illustrated. At the power conditioning system40, electrical power is received, generally, as a DC or AC power source, via the input power source12itself or an intervening power converter, converting an AC source to a DC source (not shown). A voltage regulator46receives the electrical power from the input power source12and is configured to provide electrical power for transmission by the antennas21and provide electrical power for powering components of the wireless transmission system21. Accordingly, the voltage regulator46is configured to convert the received electrical power into at least two electrical power signals, each at a proper voltage for operation of the respective downstream components: a first electrical power signal to electrically power any components of the wireless transmission system20and a second portion conditioned and modified for wireless transmission to the wireless receiver system30. As illustrated inFIG.4, such a first portion is transmitted to, at least, the sensing system(s)50, the transmission controller(s)28, and the communications system29; however, the first portion is not limited to transmission to just these components and can be transmitted to any electrical components of the wireless transmission system20. The second portion of the electrical power is provided to an amplifier42of the power conditioning system40, which is configured to condition the electrical power for wireless transmission by the antenna21. The amplifier may function as an invertor, which receives an input DC power signal from the voltage regulator46and generates an AC as output, based, at least in part, on PWM input from the transmission control system26. The amplifier42may be or include, for example, a power stage invertor, such as a dual field effect transistor power stage invertor or a quadruple field effect transistor power stage invertor. The use of the amplifier42within the power conditioning system40and, in turn, the wireless transmission system20enables wireless transmission of electrical signals having much greater amplitudes than if transmitted without such an amplifier. For example, the addition of the amplifier42may enable the wireless transmission system20to transmit electrical energy as an electrical power signal having electrical power from about 10 mW to about 5 kW. In some examples for the power conditioning system40B for the second transmission subsystem120B, the amplifier42may be or may include one or more class-E power amplifiers. Class-E power amplifiers are efficiently tuned switching power amplifiers designed for use at high frequencies (e.g., frequencies from about 1 MHz to about 1 GHz). Generally, a class-E amplifier employs a single-pole switching element and a tuned reactive network between the switch and an output load (e.g., the antenna21). Class E amplifiers may achieve high efficiency at high frequencies by only operating the switching element at points of zero current (e.g., on-to-off switching) or zero voltage (off to on switching). Such switching characteristics may minimize power lost in the switch, even when the switching time of the device is long compared to the frequency of operation. However, the amplifier42is certainly not limited to being a class-E power amplifier and may be or may include one or more of a class D amplifier, a class EF amplifier, an H invertor amplifier, and/or a push-pull invertor, among other amplifiers that could be included as part of the amplifier42. While illustrated as similar components, the components of the first power conditioning system40A may be quite different from the second power conditioning system40B, as the first power conditioning system40A has the amplifier42receive instructions for and subsequently generates the virtual AC power signals. Alternatively, the second power conditioning system is configured for transmitting a virtual DC power signal and, thus, the amplifier42B will be configured as such. Additionally or alternatively, the amplifier42A may be configured for a low operating frequency, whereas the amplifier42B may be configured for a high operating frequency. Turning now toFIGS.7and8, the components of the second transmission subsystem120B are illustrated, further detailing elements of the power conditioning system40B, the amplifier42B, the tuning system24B, among other things. The block diagram of the second transmission sub system120B illustrates one or more electrical signals and the conditioning of such signals, altering of such signals, transforming of such signals, inverting of such signals, amplification of such signals, and combinations thereof. InFIG.7, actual, not virtual, DC power signals are illustrated with heavily bolded lines, such that the lines are significantly thicker than other solid lines inFIG.7and other figures of the instant application, AC signals are illustrated as substantially sinusoidal wave forms with a thickness significantly less bolded than that of the DC power signal bolding, and data signals are represented as dotted lines. It is to be noted that the AC signals are not necessarily substantially sinusoidal waves and may be any AC waveform suitable for the purposes described below (e.g., a half sine wave, a square wave, a half square wave, among other waveforms).FIG.8illustrates sample electrical components for elements of the wireless transmission system, and subcomponents thereof, in a simplified form. Note thatFIG.8may represent one branch or sub-section of a schematic for the wireless transmission system20and/or components of the wireless transmission system20may be omitted from the schematic illustrated inFIG.8for clarity. As illustrated inFIG.7and discussed above, the input power source11provides an input direct current voltage (VDC), which may have its voltage level altered by the voltage regulator46, prior to conditioning at the amplifier42B. In some examples, as illustrated inFIG.8, the amplifier42may include a choke inductor LCHOKE, which may be utilized to block radio frequency interference in VDC, while allowing the DC power signal of VDCto continue towards an amplifier transistor48of the amplifier42B. VCHOKEmay be configured as any suitable choke inductor known in the art. The amplifier48B is configured to alter and/or invert VDCto generate an AC wireless signal VAC, which, as discussed in more detail below, may be configured to carry one or both of an inbound and outbound data signal (denoted as “Data” inFIG.7). The amplifier transistor48may be any switching transistor known in the art that is capable of inverting, converting, and/or conditioning a DC power signal into an AC power signal, such as, but not limited to, a field-effect transistor (FET), gallium nitride (GaN) FETS, bipolar junction transistor (BJT), and/or wide-bandgap (WBG) semiconductor transistor, among other known switching transistors. The amplifier transistor48is configured to receive a driving signal (denoted as “PWM” inFIG.7) from at a gate of the amplifier transistor48(denoted as “G” inFIG.7) and invert the DC signal VDCto generate the AC wireless signal at an operating frequency and/or an operating frequency band for the wireless power transmission system20. The driving signal may be a PWM signal configured for such inversion at the operating frequency and/or operating frequency band for the wireless power transmission system20. The driving signal is generated and output by the transmission control system26and/or the transmission controller28therein, as discussed and disclosed above. The transmission controller26,28is configured to provide the driving signal and configured to perform one or more of encoding wireless data signals (denoted as “Data” inFIG.7), decoding the wireless data signals (denoted as “Data” inFIG.7) and any combinations thereof. In some examples, the electrical data signals may be in band signals of the AC wireless power signal. In some such examples, such in-band signals may be on-off-keying (OOK) signals in-band of the AC wireless power signals. For example, Type-A communications, as described in the NFC Standards, are a form of OOK, wherein the data signal is on-off-keyed in a carrier AC wireless power signal operating at an operating frequency in a range of about 13.553 MHz to about 13.567 MHz. However, when the power, current, impedance, phase, and/or voltage levels of an AC power signal are changed beyond the levels used in current and/or legacy hardware for high frequency wireless power transfer (over about 500 mW transmitted), such legacy hardware may not be able to properly encode and/or decode in-band data signals with the required fidelity for communications functions. Such higher power in an AC output power signal may cause signal degradation due to increasing rise times for an OOK rise, increasing fall time for an OOK fall, overshooting the required voltage in an OOK rise, and/or undershooting the voltage in an OOK fall, among other potential degradations to the signal due to legacy hardware being ill equipped for higher power, high frequency wireless power transfer. Thus, there is a need for the amplifier42B to be designed in a way that limits and/or substantially removes rise and fall times, overshoots, undershoots, and/or other signal deficiencies from an in-band data signal during wireless power transfer. This ability to limit and/or substantially remove such deficiencies allows for the systems of the instant application to provide higher power wireless power transfer in high frequency wireless power transmission systems. For further exemplary illustration,FIG.9illustrates a plot for a fall and rise of an OOK in-band signal. The fall time (t1) is shown as the time between when the signal is at 90% voltage (V4) of the intended full voltage (V1) and falls to about 5% voltage (V2) of V1. The rise time (t3) is shown as the time between when the signal ends being at V2and rises to about V4. Such rise and fall times may be read by a receiving antenna of the signal, and an applicable data communications protocol may include limits on rise and fall times, such that data is non-compliant and/or illegible by a receiver if rise and/or fall times exceed certain bounds. Returning now toFIGS.7and8, to achieve limitation and/or substantial removal of the mentioned deficiencies, the amplifier42B includes a damping circuit60. The damping circuit60is configured for damping the AC wireless signal during transmission of the AC wireless signal and associated data signals. The damping circuit60may be configured to reduce rise and fall times during OOK signal transmission, such that the rate of the data signals may not only be compliant and/or legible, but may also achieve faster data rates and/or enhanced data ranges, when compared to legacy systems. For damping the AC wireless power signal, the damping circuit includes, at least, a damping transistor63, which is configured for receiving a damping signal (Vdamp) from the transmission controller62. The damping signal is configured for switching the damping transistor (on/off) to control damping of the AC wireless signal during the transmission and/or receipt of wireless data signals. Such transmission of the AC wireless signals may be performed by the transmission controller28and/or such transmission may be via transmission from the wireless receiver system30, within the coupled magnetic field between the antennas21B,31B. In examples wherein the data signals are conveyed via OOK, the damping signal may be substantially opposite and/or an inverse to the state of the data signals. This means that if the OOK data signals are in an “on” state, the damping signals instruct the damping transistor to turn “off” and thus the signal is not dissipated via the damping circuit60because the damping circuit is not set to ground and, thus, a short from the amplifier circuit and the current substantially bypasses the damping circuit60. If the OOK data signals are in an “off” state, then the damping signals may be “on” and, thus, the damping transistor63is set to an “on” state and the current flowing of VACis damped by the damping circuit. Thus, when “on,” the damping circuit60may be configured to dissipate just enough power, current, and/or voltage, such that efficiency in the system is not substantially affected and such dissipation decreases rise and/or fall times in the OOK signal. Further, because the damping signal may instruct the damping transistor63to turn “off” when the OOK signal is “on,” then it will not unnecessarily damp the signal, thus mitigating any efficiency losses from VAC, when damping is not needed. As illustrated inFIG.8, the branch of the amplifier42B which may include the damping circuit60, is positioned at the output drain of the amplifier transistor48. While it is not necessary that the damping circuit60be positioned here, in some examples, this may aid in properly damping the output AC wireless signal, as it will be able to damp at the node closest to the amplifier transistor48output drain, which is the first node in the circuit wherein energy dissipation is desired. In such examples, the damping circuit is in electrical parallel connection with a drain of the amplifier transistor48. However, it is certainly possible that the damping circuit be connected proximate to the antenna21, proximate to the transmission tuning system24, and/or proximate to a tuning and filter circuit24B. While the damping circuit60is capable of functioning to properly damp the AC wireless signal for proper communications at higher power high frequency wireless power transmission, in some examples, the damping circuit may include additional components. For instance, as illustrated, the damping circuit60may include one or more of a damping diode DDAMP, a damping resistor RDAMP, a damping capacitor CDAMP, and/or any combinations thereof. RDAMPmay be in electrical series with the damping transistor63and the value of RDAMP(ohms) may be configured such that it dissipates at least some power from the power signal, which may serve to accelerate rise and fall times in an amplitude shift keying signal, an OOK signal, and/or combinations thereof. In some examples, the value of RDAMPis selected, configured, and/or designed such that RDAMPdissipates the minimum amount of power to achieve the fastest rise and/or fall times in an in-band signal allowable and/or satisfy standards limitations for minimum rise and/or fall times; thereby achieving data fidelity at maximum efficiency (less power lost to RDAMP) as well as maintaining data fidelity when the system is unloaded and/or under lightest load conditions. CDAMPmay also be in series connection with one or both of the damping transistor63and RDAMP. CDAMPmay be configured to smooth out transition points in an in-band signal and limit overshoot and/or undershoot conditions in such a signal. Further, in some examples, CDAMPmay be configured for ensuring the damping performed is 180 degrees out of phase with the AC wireless power signal, when the transistor is activated via the damping signal. DDAMPmay further be included in series with one or more of the damping transistor63, RDAMP, CDAMP, and/or any combinations thereof. DDAMPis positioned, as shown, such that a current cannot flow out of the damping circuit60, when the damping transistor63is in an off state. The inclusion of DDAMPmay prevent power efficiency loss in the AC power signal when the damping circuit is not active or “on.” Indeed, while the damping transistor63is designed such that, in an ideal scenario, it serves to effectively short the damping circuit when in an “off” state, in practical terms, some current may still reach the damping circuit and/or some current may possibly flow in the opposite direction out of the damping circuit60. Thus, inclusion of DDAMPmay prevent such scenarios and only allow current, power, and/or voltage to be dissipated towards the damping transistor63. This configuration, including DDAMP, may be desirable when the damping circuit60is connected at the drain node of the amplifier transistor48, as the signal may be a half-wave sine wave voltage and, thus, the voltage of VACis always positive. Beyond the damping circuit60, the amplifier42B, in some examples, may include a shunt capacitor CSHUNT. CSHUNTmay be configured to shunt the AC power signal to ground and charge voltage of the AC power signal. Thus, CSHUNTmay be configured to maintain an efficient and stable waveform for the AC power signal, such that a duty cycle of about 50% is maintained and/or such that the shape of the AC power signal is substantially sinusoidal at positive voltages. In some examples, the amplifier42may include a filter circuit65. The filter circuit65may be designed to mitigate and/or filter out electromagnetic interference (EMI) within the wireless transmission system20. Design of the filter circuit65may be performed in view of impedance transfer and/or effects on the impedance transfer of the wireless power transmission20due to alterations in tuning made by the transmission tuning system24. To that end, the filter circuit65may be or include one or more of a low pass filter, a high pass filter, and/or a band pass filter, among other filter circuits that are configured for, at least, mitigating EMI in a wireless power transmission system. As illustrated, the filter circuit65may include a filter inductor Loand a filter capacitor Co. The filter circuit65may have a complex impedance and, thus, a resistance through the filter circuit65may be defined as Ro. In some such examples, the filter circuit65may be designed and/or configured for optimization based on, at least, a filter quality factor γFILTER, defined as: γFILTER=1RoLoCo. In a filter circuit65wherein it includes or is embodied by a low pass filter, the cut-off frequency (ωo) of the low pass filter is defined as: ωo=1LoCo. In some wireless power transmission systems20, it is desired that the cutoff frequency be about 1.03-1.4 times greater than the operating frequency of the antenna. Experimental results have determined that, in general, a larger γFILTERmay be preferred, because the larger γFILTERcan improve voltage gain and improve system voltage ripple and timing. Thus, the above values for Loand Comay be set such that γFILTERcan be optimized to its highest, ideal level (e.g., when the system10impedance is conjugately matched for maximum power transfer), given cutoff frequency restraints and available components for the values of Loand Co. As illustrated inFIG.8, the conditioned signal(s) from the amplifier42B is then received by the transmission tuning system24, prior to transmission by the antenna21. The transmission tuning system24B may include tuning and/or impedance matching, filters (e.g. a low pass filter, a high pass filter, a “pi” or “Π” filter, a “T” filter, an “L” filter, a “LL” filter, and/or an L-C trap filter, among other filters), network matching, sensing, and/or conditioning elements configured to optimize wireless transfer of signals from the wireless transmission system20to the wireless receiver system30. Further, the transmission tuning system24may include an impedance matching circuit, which is designed to match impedance with a corresponding wireless receiver system30for given power, current, and/or voltage requirements for wireless transmission of one or more of electrical energy, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, and electronic data. The illustrated transmission tuning system24includes, at least, CZ1, CZ2and (operatively associated with the antenna21) values, all of which may be configured for impedance matching in one or both of the wireless transmission system20and the broader system10. It is noted that CTxrefers to the intrinsic capacitance of the antenna21. Turning now toFIGS.10A-Band with continued reference to, at least,FIGS.1and2, the wireless receiver system30is illustrated in further detail. The wireless receiver system30is configured to receive, at least, electrical energy, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, and/or electrically transmittable data via near field magnetic coupling from the wireless transmission system20, via the transmission antenna21. As illustrated inFIGS.10A-B, the wireless receiver system30includes, at least, the receiver antennas31, receiver tuning and filtering systems34, power conditioning systems32, a receiver control system36, and a voltage isolation circuit70. The receiver tuning and filtering systems34may be configured to substantially match the electrical impedances of the wireless transmission system20. In some examples, the receiver tuning and filtering systems34may be configured to dynamically adjust and substantially match the electrical impedance of the receiver antennas31to a characteristic impedance of the power generator or the load at a driving frequency of the transmission antenna20. Similar to the wireless transmission system and as best noted inFIG.2, the wireless receiver system30includes the first receiver subsystem130A and the second receiver subsystem130B. As discussed above, the first receiver subsystem130A is configured to receive the virtual AC power signals and the second receiver subsystem130B is configured to receive the virtual DC power signals, which may include in-band, and/or receive/transmit wireless data signals, by encoding the wireless data signals in-band of the virtual DC power signals. The first receiver subsystem130A is configured to provide, as rectified, an AC input to an AC load of the electronic device14. The second receiver subsystem120B is configured to facilitate communications with the wireless transmission system20and provide a DC power input to a DC load16B of the electronic device14. As illustrated, each power conditioning system32includes a rectifier33and voltage regulator35. In some examples, the rectifier33is in electrical connection with the receiver tuning and filtering system34. The rectifier33is configured to modify the received electrical energy from an alternating current electrical energy signal to a direct current electrical energy signal. In some examples, the rectifier33is comprised of at least one diode. Some non-limiting example configurations for the rectifier33include, but are not limited to including, a full wave rectifier, including a center tapped full wave rectifier and a full wave rectifier with filter, a half wave rectifier, including a half wave rectifier with filter, a bridge rectifier, including a bridge rectifier with filter, a split supply rectifier, a single phase rectifier, a three phase rectifier, a voltage doubler, a synchronous voltage rectifier, a controlled rectifier, an uncontrolled rectifier, and a half controlled rectifier. As electronic devices may be sensitive to voltage, additional protection of the electronic device may be provided by clipper circuits or devices. In this respect, the rectifier33may further include a clipper circuit or a clipper device, which is a circuit or device that removes either the positive half (top half), the negative half (bottom half), or both the positive and the negative halves of an input AC signal. In other words, a clipper is a circuit or device that limits the positive amplitude, the negative amplitude, or both the positive and the negative amplitudes of the input AC signal. While the rectifier33B is configured to rectify the virtual DC signals into a substantially DC signal for the DC load, the rectifier33A is configured to rectify the varying peak voltage virtual AC power signals to generate a substantially AC power signal for the AC load of the electronic device14. The rectifier33A, thus, rectifies continuously, but with wildly varying peak voltages, and, thus, each rectification step rises and falls with the rising and falling of the peak voltages of cycles (operating frequency based) of the virtual AC power signals. Some non-limiting examples of a voltage regulator35include, but are not limited to, including a series linear voltage regulator, a buck convertor, a low dropout (LDO) regulator, a shunt linear voltage regulator, a step up switching voltage regulator, a step down switching voltage regulator, an invertor voltage regulator, a Zener controlled transistor series voltage regulator, a charge pump regulator, and an emitter follower voltage regulator. The voltage regulator35may further include a voltage multiplier, which is as an electronic circuit or device that delivers an output voltage having an amplitude (peak value) that is two, three, or more times greater than the amplitude (peak value) of the input voltage. The voltage regulator35is in electrical connection with the rectifier33and configured to adjust the amplitude of the electrical voltage of the wirelessly received electrical energy signal, after conversion to AC by the rectifier33. In some examples, the voltage regulator35may an LDO linear voltage regulator; however, other voltage regulation circuits and/or systems are contemplated. As illustrated, the direct current electrical energy signal output by the voltage regulator35is received at the load16of the electronic device14. In some examples, a portion of the direct current electrical power signal may be utilized to power the receiver control system36and any components thereof; however, it is certainly possible that the receiver control system36, and any components thereof, may be powered and/or receive signals from the load16(e.g., when the load16is a battery and/or other power source) and/or other components of the electronic device14. As illustrated inFIG.10A, the receiver control system36may have one controller that controls both the first receiver subsystem130A and the second receiver subsystem130B. Alternatively, as illustrated inFIG.10B, the receiver control system36may have multiple controllers38A, B, each respectively associated with and for controlling subsystems130A, B. The receiver control system36may include, but is not limited to including, the receiver controller(s)38, a communications system39and a memory37. The receiver controller(s)38may be any electronic controller or computing system that includes, at least, a processor which performs operations, executes control algorithms, stores data, retrieves data, gathers data, controls and/or provides communication with other components and/or subsystems associated with the wireless receiver system30. The receiver controller(s)38may be a single controller or may include more than one controller disposed to control various functions and/or features of the wireless receiver system30. Functionality of the receiver controller(s)38may be implemented in hardware and/or software and may rely on one or more data maps relating to the operation of the wireless receiver system30. To that end, the receiver controller(s)38may be operatively associated with the memory37. The memory may include one or both of internal memory, external memory, and/or remote memory (e.g., a database and/or server operatively connected to the receiver controller(s)38via a network, such as, but not limited to, the Internet). The internal memory and/or external memory may include, but are not limited to including, one or more of a read only memory (ROM), including programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or sometimes but rarely labeled EROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), random access memory (RAM), including dynamic RAM (DRAM), static RAM (SRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), single data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (SDR SDRAM), double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (DDR SDRAM, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4), and graphics double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (GDDR SDRAM, GDDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4, GDDR5, a flash memory, a portable memory, and the like. Such memory media are examples of nontransitory computer readable memory media. Further, while particular elements of the receiver control system36are illustrated as subcomponents and/or circuits (e.g., the memory37, the communications system39, among other contemplated elements) of the receiver control system36, such components may be external of the receiver controller(s)38. In some examples, the receiver controller38may be and/or include one or more integrated circuits configured to include functional elements of one or both of the receiver controller(s)38and the wireless receiver system30, generally. As used herein, the term “integrated circuits” generally refers to a circuit in which all or some of the circuit elements are inseparably associated and electrically interconnected so that it is considered to be indivisible for the purposes of construction and commerce. Such integrated circuits may include, but are not limited to including, thin-film transistors, thick-film technologies, and/or hybrid integrated circuits. In some examples, the receiver controller38may be a dedicated circuit configured to send and receive data at a given operating frequency. For example, the receiver controller38may be or include a tagging or identifier integrated circuit, such as, but not limited to, an NFC tag and/or labeling integrated circuit. Examples of such NFC tags and/or labeling integrated circuits include the NTAG® family of integrated circuits manufactured by NXP Semiconductors N.V. However, the communications system39is certainly not limited to these example components and, in some examples, the communications system39may be implemented with another integrated circuit (e.g., integrated with the receiver controller38), and/or may be another transceiver of or operatively associated with one or both of the electronic device14and the wireless receiver system30, among other contemplated communication systems and/or apparatus. Further, in some examples, functions of the communications system39may be integrated with the receiver controller38, such that the controller modifies the inductive field between the antennas21,31to communicate in the frequency band of wireless power transfer operating frequency. Turning now toFIGS.10A-Band11, the second receiver subsystem120B is illustrated in further detail to show some example functionality of one or more of the receiver controller38, the voltage isolation circuit70, and the rectifier33B. The block diagram of the wireless receiver system30illustrates one or more electrical signals and the conditioning of such signals, altering of such signals, transforming of such signals, rectifying of such signals, amplification of such signals, and combinations thereof. Similarly toFIG.7, DC power signals are illustrated with heavily bolded lines, such that the lines are significantly thicker than other solid lines inFIG.7and other figures of the instant application, AC signals are illustrated as substantially sinusoidal wave forms with a thickness significantly less bolded than that of the DC power signal bolding, and data signals are represented as dotted lines.FIG.11illustrates sample electrical components for elements of the wireless transmission system, and subcomponents thereof, in a simplified form. Note thatFIG.11may represent one branch or subsection of a schematic for the wireless receiver system30and/or components of the wireless receiver system30may be omitted from the schematic, illustrated inFIG.11, for clarity. As illustrated inFIG.11, the receiver antenna31B receives an actual AC wireless signal, which includes the AC power signal (VAC) and the data signals (denoted as “Data” inFIGS.10A-B), from the transmitter antenna21B of the wireless transmission system20. (It should be understood an example of a transmitted AC power signal and data signal was previously shown inFIG.7). VACwill be received at the rectifier33and/or the broader receiver power conditioning system32, wherein the AC wireless power signal is converted to a DC wireless power signal (VDC_REKT). VDC_REKTis then provided to, at least, the load16that is operatively associated with the wireless receiver system30. In some examples, VDC_REKTis regulated by the voltage regulator35and provided as a DC input voltage (VDDC_CONT) for the receiver controller38. In some examples, such as the signal path shown inFIG.11, the receiver controller38may be directly powered by the load16. In some other examples, the receiver controller38need not be powered by the load16and/or receipt of VDC_CONT, but the receiver controller38may harness, capture, and/or store power from VAC, as power receipt occurring in receiving, decoding, and/or otherwise detecting the data signals in-band of VAC. The receiver controller(s)38is configured to perform one or more of encoding the wireless data signals, decoding the wireless data signals, receiving the wireless data signals, transmitting the wireless data signals, and/or any combinations thereof. In examples, wherein the data signals are encoded and/or decoded as amplitude shift keyed (ASK) signals and/or OOK signals, the receiver controller(s)38may receive and/or otherwise detect or monitor voltage levels of VAC to detect in-band ASK and/or OOK signals. However, at higher power levels than those currently utilized in standard high frequency, NFMC communications and/or low power wireless power transmission, large voltages and/or large voltage swings at the input of a controller, such as the controller38, may be too large for legacy microprocessor controllers to handle without disfunction or damage being done to such microcontrollers. Additionally, certain microcontrollers may only be operable at certain operating voltage ranges and, thus, when high frequency wireless power transfer occurs, the voltage swings at the input to such microcontrollers may be out of range or too wide of a range for consistent operation of the microcontroller. For example, in some high frequency higher power wireless power transfer systems10, when an output power from the second transmission subsystem120B is greater than 1 W, voltage across the controller38may be higher than desired for the controller38. Higher voltage, lower current configurations are often desirable, as such configurations may generate lower thermal losses and/or lower generated heat in the system10, in comparison to a high current, low voltage transmission. To that end, the load16may not be a consistent load, meaning that the resistance and/or impedance at the load16may swing drastically during, before, and/or after an instance of wireless power transfer. This is particularly an issue when the load16is a battery or other power storing device, as a fully charged battery has a much higher resistance than a fully depleted battery. For the purposes of this illustrative discussion, we will assume: VAC_MIN=IAC_MIN*RLOAD_MIN, and PAC_MIN=IAC*VLOAD_MIN=(IAC_MIN)2*RLOAD_MIN wherein RLOAD_MINis the minimum resistance of the load16(e.g., if the load16is or includes a battery, when the battery of the load16is depleted), IAC_MINis the current at RLOAD_MIN, VAC_MINis the voltage of VACwhen the load16is at its minimum resistance and PAC_MINis the optimal power level for the load16at its minimal resistance. Further, we will assume: VAC_MAX=IAC_MAX*RLOAD_MAX, and PAC_MAX=IAC_MAX*VLOAD_MAX=(IAC_MAX)2*RLOAD_MAX wherein RLOAD_MAXis the maximum resistance of the load16(e.g., if the load16is or includes a battery, when the battery of the load16is depleted), IAC_MAXis the current at VAC_MAX, VAC_MAXis the voltage of VACwhen the load16is at its minimum resistance and PAC_MAXis the optimal power level for the load16at its maximal resistance. Accordingly, as the current is desired to stay relatively low, the inverse relationship between IACand VACdictate that the voltage range must naturally shift, in higher ranges, with the change of resistance at the load16. However, such voltage shifts may be unacceptable for proper function of the controller38. To mitigate these issues, the voltage isolation circuit70is included to isolate the range of voltages that can be seen at a data input and/or output of the controller38to an isolated controller voltage (VCONT), which is a scaled version of VACand, thus, comparably scales any voltage-based in-band data input and/or output at the controller38. Accordingly, if a range for the AC wireless signal that is an unacceptable input range for the controller38is represented by VAC=[VAC_MIN:VAC_MAX] then the voltage isolation circuit70is configured to isolate the controller-unacceptable voltage range from the controller38, by setting an impedance transformation to minimize the voltage swing and provide the controller with a scaled version of VAC, which does not substantially alter the data signal at receipt. Such a scaled controller voltage, based on VAC, is VCONT, where VCONT=[VCONT_MIN:VCONT_MAX]. While an altering load is one possible reason that an unacceptable voltage swing may occur at a data input of a controller, there may be other physical, electrical, and/or mechanical characteristics and/or phenomena that may affect voltage swings in VAC, such as, but not limited to, changes in coupling (k) between the antennas21,31, detuning of the system(s)10,20,30due to foreign objects, proximity of another receiver system30within a common field area, among other things. As best illustrated inFIG.12, the voltage isolation circuit70includes at least two capacitors, a first isolation capacitor CISO1and a second isolation capacitor CISO2. While only two series, split capacitors are illustrated inFIG.12, it should also be understood that the voltage isolation circuit may include additional pairs of split series capacitors. CISO1and CISO2are electrically in series with one another, with a node therebetween, the node providing a connection to the data input of the receiver controller38. CISO1and CISO2are configured to regulate VACto generate the acceptable voltage input range VCONTfor input to the controller. Thus, the voltage isolation circuit70is configured to isolate the controller38from VAC, which is a load voltage, if one considers the rectifier33to be part of a downstream load from the receiver controller38. In some examples, the capacitance values are configured such that a parallel combination of all capacitors of the voltage isolation circuit70(e.g. CISO1and CISO2) is equal to a total capacitance for the voltage isolation circuit (CTOTAL). Thus, CISO11∥CISO2=CTOTAL, wherein CTOTALis a constant capacitance configured for the acceptable voltage input range for input to the controller. CTOTALcan be determined by experimentation and/or can be configured via mathematical derivation for a particular microcontroller embodying the receiver controller38. In some examples, with a constant CTOTAL, individual values for the isolation capacitors CISO1and CISO2may be configured in accordance with the following relationships: CISO1=CTOTAL*(1+tv)tv,andCISO2=CTOTAL*(1+tv). wherein tvis a scaling factor, which can be experimentally altered to determine the best scaling values for CISO1and CISO2, for a given system. Alternatively, tvmay be mathematically derived, based on desired electrical conditions for the system. In some examples (which may be derived from experimental results), tvmay be in a range of about 3 to about 10. FIG.11further illustrates an example for the receiver tuning and filtering system34, which may be configured for utilization in conjunction with the voltage isolation circuit70. The receiver tuning and filtering system34B ofFIG.12includes a controller capacitor CCONT, which is connected in series with the data input of the receiver controller38. The controller capacitor is configured for further scaling of VACat the controller, as altered by the voltage isolation circuit70. To that end, the first and second isolation capacitors, as shown, may be connected in electrical parallel, with respect to the controller capacitor. Additionally, in some examples, the receiver tuning and filtering system34B includes a receiver shunt capacitor CRxSHUNT, which is connected in electrical parallel with the receiver antenna31. CRxSHUNTis utilized for initial tuning of the impedance of the wireless receiver system30and/or the broader system30for proper impedance matching and/or CRxSHUNTis included to increase the voltage gain of a signal received by the receiver antenna31. The wireless receiver system30, utilizing the voltage isolation circuit70, may have the capability to achieve proper data communications fidelity at greater receipt power levels at the load16, when compared to other high frequency wireless power transmission systems. To that end, the wireless receiver system30, with the voltage isolation circuit70, is capable of receiving power from the wireless transmission system that has an output power at levels over 1 W of power, whereas legacy high frequency systems may be limited to receipt from output levels of only less than 1 W of power. For example, in legacy NFC-DC systems, the poller (receiver system) often utilizes a microprocessor from the NTAG family of microprocessors, which was initially designed for very low power data communications. NTAG microprocessors, without protection or isolation, may not adequately and/or efficiently receive wireless power signals at output levels over 1 W. However, inventors of the present application have found, in experimental results, that when utilizing voltage isolation circuits as disclosed herein, the NTAG chip may be utilized and/or retrofitted for wireless power transfer and wireless communications, either independently or simultaneously. To that end, the voltage isolation circuits disclosed herein may utilize inexpensive components (e.g., isolation capacitors) to modify functionality of legacy, inexpensive microprocessors (e.g., an NTAG family microprocessor), for new uses and/or improved functionality. Further, while alternative controllers may be used as the receiver controller38that may be more capable of receipt at higher voltage levels and/or voltage swings, such controllers may be cost prohibitive, in comparison to legacy controllers. Accordingly, the systems and methods herein allow for use of less costly components, for high power high frequency wireless power transfer. FIG.13Aillustrates an example, non-limiting embodiment of one or more of the transmitter antennas21and/or the receiver antennas31, which may be used with any of the systems, methods, and/or apparatus disclosed herein. In the illustrated embodiment, the antenna21,31is a flat spiral coil configuration. Non-limiting examples can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,941,743, 9,960,628, 9,941,743 all to Peralta et al.; U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,948,129, 10,063,100 to Singh et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 9,941590 to Luzinski; U.S. Pat. No. 9,960,629 to Rajagopalan et al.; and U.S. Patent App. Nos. 2017/0040107, 2017/0040105, 2017/0040688 to Peralta et al.; all of which are assigned to the assignee of the present application and incorporated fully herein by reference. The antenna21,31illustrated inFIG.13Ais a printed circuit board (PCB) or flexible printed circuit board (FPC) antenna, having a plurality of turns97of a conductor and one or more connectors99, all disposed on a substrate95of the antenna21,31. While the antenna21,31is illustrated, inFIG.13A, having a certain number of turns and/or layers, the PCB or FPC antenna may include any number of turns or layers. The PCB or FPC antenna21,31ofFIG.13Amay be produced via any known method of manufacturing PCB or FPCs known to those skilled in the art. In another embodiment of the antennas21,31, illustrated inFIG.13B, the antenna21,31may be a wire wound antenna, wherein the antenna is a conductive wire wound in a particular pattern and having any number of turns96. The wire wound antenna21,31may be free standing within an associated structure or, in some examples, the wire wound antenna21,31may be either held in place or positioned using a wire holder98. In addition, the antennas21,31may be constructed having a multi-layer-multi-turn (MLMT) construction in which at least one insulator is positioned between a plurality of conductors. Non-limiting examples of antennas having an MLMT construction that may be incorporated within the wireless transmission system(s)20and/or the wireless receiver system(s)30may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,610,530, 8,653,927, 8,680,960, 8,692,641, 8,692,642, 8,698,590, 8,698,591, 8,707,546, 8,710,948, 8,803,649, 8,823,481, 8,823,482, 8,855,786, 8,898,885, 9,208,942, 9,232,893, and 9,300,046 to Singh et al., all of which are assigned to the assignee of the present application are incorporated fully herein. These are merely exemplary antenna examples; however, it is contemplated that the antennas21,31may be any antenna capable of the aforementioned higher power, high frequency wireless power transfer. The systems, methods, and apparatus disclosed herein are designed to operate in an efficient, stable and reliable manner to satisfy a variety of operating and environmental conditions. The systems, methods, and/or apparatus disclosed herein are designed to operate in a wide range of thermal and mechanical stress environments so that data and/or electrical energy is transmitted efficiently and with minimal loss. In addition, the system10may be designed with a small form factor using a fabrication technology that allows for scalability, and at a cost that is amenable to developers and adopters. In addition, the systems, methods, and apparatus disclosed herein may be designed to operate over a wide range of frequencies to meet the requirements of a wide range of applications. In an embodiment, a ferrite shield may be incorporated within the antenna structure to improve antenna performance. Selection of the ferrite shield material may be dependent on the operating frequency as the complex magnetic permeability (μ=μ′−j*μ″) is frequency dependent. The material may be a polymer, a sintered flexible ferrite sheet, a rigid shield, or a hybrid shield, wherein the hybrid shield comprises a rigid portion and a flexible portion. Additionally, the magnetic shield may be composed of varying material compositions. Examples of materials may include, but are not limited to, zinc comprising ferrite materials such as manganese-zinc, nickel-zinc, copper-zinc, magnesium-zinc, and combinations thereof. As used herein, the phrase “at least one of” preceding a series of items, with the term “and” or “or” to separate any of the items, modifies the list as a whole, rather than each member of the list (i.e., each item). The phrase “at least one of” does not require selection of at least one of each item listed; rather, the phrase allows a meaning that includes at least one of any one of the items, and/or at least one of any combination of the items, and/or at least one of each of the items. By way of example, the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C” or “at least one of A, B, or C” each refer to only A, only B, or only C; any combination of A, B, and C; and/or at least one of each of A, B, and C. The predicate words “configured to”, “operable to”, and “programmed to” do not imply any particular tangible or intangible modification of a subject, but, rather, are intended to be used interchangeably. In one or more embodiments, a processor configured to monitor and control an operation or a component may also mean the processor being programmed to monitor and control the operation or the processor being operable to monitor and control the operation. Likewise, a processor configured to execute code can be construed as a processor programmed to execute code or operable to execute code. A phrase such as “an aspect” does not imply that such aspect is essential to the subject technology or that such aspect applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to an aspect may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. An aspect may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. A phrase such as an “aspect” may refer to one or more aspects and vice versa. A phrase such as an “embodiment” does not imply that such embodiment is essential to the subject technology or that such embodiment applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to an embodiment may apply to all embodiments, or one or more embodiments. An embodiment may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. A phrase such an “embodiment” may refer to one or more embodiments and vice versa. A phrase such as a “configuration” does not imply that such configuration is essential to the subject technology or that such configuration applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to a configuration may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. A configuration may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. A phrase such as a “configuration” may refer to one or more configurations and vice versa. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” or as an “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “include,” “have,” or the like is used in the description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprise” as “comprise” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “include,” “have,” or the like is used in the description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprise” as “comprise” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for.” Reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more.” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Pronouns in the masculine (e.g., his) include the feminine and neuter gender (e.g., her and its) and vice versa. Headings and subheadings, if any, are used for convenience only and do not limit the subject disclosure. While this specification contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of particular implementations of the subject matter. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub combination or variation of a sub combination. | 97,846 |
11942798 | While the following detailed description will be given with respect to certain illustrative embodiments, it should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale and the disclosed embodiments are sometimes illustrated diagrammatically and in partial views. In addition, in certain instances, details which are not necessary for an understanding of the disclosed subject matter or which render other details too difficult to perceive may have been omitted. It should therefore be understood that this disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed and illustrated herein, but rather to a fair reading of the entire disclosure and claims, as well as any equivalents thereto. Additional, different, or fewer components and methods may be included in the systems and methods. DETAILED DESCRIPTION In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth by way of examples in order to provide a thorough understanding of the relevant teachings. However, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present teachings may be practiced without such details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and/or circuitry have been described at a relatively high-level, without detail, in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring aspects of the present teachings. Referring now to the drawings and with specific reference toFIG.1, a wireless power transfer system10is illustrated. The wireless power transfer system10provides for the wireless transmission of electrical signals, such as, but not limited to, electrical energy, electrical power, electrical power signals, electromagnetic energy, and electronically transmittable data (“electronic data”). As used herein, the term “electrical power signal” refers to an electrical signal transmitted specifically to provide meaningful electrical energy for charging and/or directly powering a load, whereas the term “electronic data signal” refers to an electrical signal that is utilized to convey data across a medium. The wireless power transfer system10provides for the wireless transmission of electrical signals via near field magnetic coupling. As shown in the embodiment ofFIG.1, the wireless power transfer system10includes a wireless transmission system20and a wireless receiver system30. The wireless receiver system is configured to receive electrical signals from, at least, the wireless transmission system20. In some examples, such as examples wherein the wireless power transfer system is configured for wireless power transfer via the Near Field Communications Direct Charge (NFC-DC) or Near Field Communications Wireless Charging (NFC WC) draft or accepted standard, the wireless transmission system20may be referenced as a “listener” of the NFC-DC wireless transfer system20and the wireless receiver system30may be referenced as a “poller” of the NFC-DC wireless transfer system. As illustrated, the wireless transmission system20and wireless receiver system30may be configured to transmit electrical signals across, at least, a separation distance or gap17. A separation distance or gap, such as the gap17, in the context of a wireless power transfer system, such as the system10, does not include a physical connection, such as a wired connection. There may be intermediary objects located in a separation distance or gap, such as, but not limited to, air, a counter top, a casing for an electronic device, a plastic filament, an insulator, a mechanical wall, among other things; however, there is no physical, electrical connection at such a separation distance or gap. Thus, the combination of the wireless transmission system20and the wireless receiver system30create an electrical connection without the need for a physical connection. As used herein, the term “electrical connection” refers to any facilitation of a transfer of an electrical current, voltage, and/or power from a first location, device, component, and/or source to a second location, device, component, and/or destination. An “electrical connection” may be a physical connection, such as, but not limited to, a wire, a trace, a via, among other physical electrical connections, connecting a first location, device, component, and/or source to a second location, device, component, and/or destination. Additionally or alternatively, an “electrical connection” may be a wireless power and/or data transfer, such as, but not limited to, magnetic, electromagnetic, resonant, and/or inductive field, among other wireless power and/or data transfers, connecting a first location, device, component, and/or source to a second location, device, component, and/or destination. In some cases, the gap17may also be referenced as a “Z-Distance,” because, if one considers an antenna21,31each to be disposed substantially along respective common X-Y planes, then the distance separating the antennas21,31is the gap in a “Z” or “depth” direction. However, flexible and/or non-planar coils are certainly contemplated by embodiments of the present disclosure and, thus, it is contemplated that the gap17may not be uniform, across an envelope of connection distances between the antennas21,31. It is contemplated that various tunings, configurations, and/or other parameters may alter the possible maximum distance of the gap17, such that electrical transmission from the wireless transmission system20to the wireless receiver system30remains possible. The wireless power transfer system10operates when the wireless transmission system20and the wireless receiver system30are coupled. As used herein, the terms “couples,” “coupled,” and “coupling” generally refer to magnetic field coupling, which occurs when a transmitter and/or any components thereof and a receiver and/or any components thereof are coupled to each other through a magnetic field. Such coupling may include coupling, represented by a coupling coefficient (k), that is at least sufficient for an induced electrical power signal, from a transmitter, to be harnessed by a receiver. Coupling of the wireless transmission system20and the wireless receiver system30, in the system10, may be represented by a resonant coupling coefficient of the system10and, for the purposes of wireless power transfer, the coupling coefficient for the system10may be in the range of about 0.01 and 0.9. As illustrated, the wireless transmission system20may be associated with a host device11, which may receive power from an input power source12. The host device11may be any electrically operated device, circuit board, electronic assembly, dedicated charging device, or any other contemplated electronic device. Example host devices11, with which the wireless transmission system20may be associated therewith, include, but are not limited to including, a device that includes an integrated circuit, cases for wearable electronic devices, receptacles for electronic devices, a portable computing device, clothing configured with electronics, storage medium for electronic devices, charging apparatus for one or multiple electronic devices, dedicated electrical charging devices, activity or sport related equipment, goods, and/or data collection devices, among other contemplated electronic devices. As illustrated, one or both of the wireless transmission system20and the host device11are operatively associated with an input power source12. The input power source12may be or may include one or more electrical storage devices, such as an electrochemical cell, a battery pack, and/or a capacitor, among other storage devices. Additionally or alternatively, the input power source12may be any electrical input source (e.g., any alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) delivery port) and may include connection apparatus from said electrical input source to the wireless transmission system20(e.g., transformers, regulators, conductive conduits, traces, wires, or equipment, goods, computer, camera, mobile phone, and/or other electrical device connection ports and/or adaptors, such as but not limited to USB ports and/or adaptors, among other contemplated electrical components). Electrical energy received by the wireless transmission system20is then used for at least two purposes: to provide electrical power to internal components of the wireless transmission system20and to provide electrical power to the transmitter antenna21. The transmitter antenna21is configured to wirelessly transmit the electrical signals conditioned and modified for wireless transmission by the wireless transmission system20via near-field magnetic coupling (NFMC). Near-field magnetic coupling enables the transfer of signals wirelessly through magnetic induction between the transmitter antenna21and a receiving antenna31of, or associated with, the wireless receiver system30. Near-field magnetic coupling may be and/or be referred to as “inductive coupling,” which, as used herein, is a wireless power transmission technique that utilizes an alternating electromagnetic field to transfer electrical energy between two antennas. Such inductive coupling is the near field wireless transmission of magnetic energy between two magnetically coupled coils that are tuned to resonate at a similar frequency. Accordingly, such near-field magnetic coupling may enable efficient wireless power transmission via resonant transmission of confined magnetic fields. Further, such near-field magnetic coupling may provide connection via “mutual inductance,” which, as defined herein is the production of an electromotive force in a circuit by a change in current in a second circuit magnetically coupled to the first. In one or more embodiments, the inductor coils of either the transmitter antenna21or the receiver antenna31are strategically positioned to facilitate reception and/or transmission of wirelessly transferred electrical signals through near field magnetic induction. Antenna operating frequencies may comprise relatively high operating frequency ranges, examples of which may include, but are not limited to, 6.78 MHz (e.g., in accordance with the Rezence and/or Airfuel interface standard and/or any other proprietary interface standard operating at a frequency of 6.78 MHz), 13.56 MHz (e.g., in accordance with the NFC standard, defined by ISO/IEC standard 18092), 27 MHz, and/or an operating frequency of another proprietary operating mode. The operating frequencies of the antennas21,31may be operating frequencies designated by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) frequency bands, including not limited to 6.78 MHz, 13.56 MHz, and 27 MHz, which are designated for use in wireless power transfer. In systems wherein the wireless power transfer system10is operating within the NFC-DC standards and/or draft standards, the operating frequency may be in a range of about 13.553 MHz to about 13.567 MHz. The transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna of the present disclosure may be configured to transmit and/or receive electrical power having a magnitude that ranges from about 10 milliwatts (mW) to about 500 watts (W). In one or more embodiments the inductor coil of the transmitting antenna21is configured to resonate at a transmitting antenna resonant frequency or within a transmitting antenna resonant frequency band. As known to those skilled in the art, a “resonant frequency” or “resonant frequency band” refers a frequency or frequencies wherein amplitude response of the antenna is at a relative maximum, or, additionally or alternatively, the frequency or frequency band where the capacitive reactance has a magnitude substantially similar to the magnitude of the inductive reactance. In one or more embodiments, the transmitting antenna resonant frequency is at a high frequency, as known to those in the art of wireless power transfer. The wireless receiver system30may be associated with at least one electronic device14, wherein the electronic device14may be any device that requires electrical power for any function and/or for power storage (e.g., via a battery and/or capacitor). Additionally, the electronic device14may be any device capable of receipt of electronically transmissible data. For example, the device may be, but is not limited to being, eyewear (electronically modified glasses, sunglasses, prescription glasses, glasses having a heads-up display (HUD) displayed thereon, altered-reality (AR) glasses, virtual reality (VR) glasses, among other eyewear) a handheld computing device, a mobile device, a portable appliance, an integrated circuit, an identifiable tag, a kitchen utility device, an electronic tool, an electric vehicle, a game console, a robotic device, a wearable electronic device (e.g., an electronic watch, among other things), a portable scanning device, a portable identifying device, a sporting good, an embedded sensor, an Internet of Things (IoT) sensor, IoT enabled clothing, IoT enabled recreational equipment, industrial equipment, medical equipment, a medical device a tablet computing device, a portable control device, a remote controller for an electronic device, a gaming controller, among other things. For the purposes of illustrating the features and characteristics of the disclosed embodiments, arrow-ended lines are utilized to illustrate transferrable and/or communicative signals and various patterns are used to illustrate electrical signals that are intended for power transmission and electrical signals that are intended for the transmission of data and/or control instructions. Solid lines indicate signal transmission of electrical energy over a physical and/or wireless power transfer, in the form of power signals that are, ultimately, utilized in wireless power transmission from the wireless transmission system20to the wireless receiver system30. Further, dotted lines are utilized to illustrate electronically transmittable data signals, which ultimately may be wirelessly transmitted from the wireless transmission system20to the wireless receiver system30. While the systems and methods herein illustrate the transmission of wirelessly transmitted energy, wireless power signals, wirelessly transmitted power, wirelessly transmitted electromagnetic energy, and/or electronically transmittable data, it is certainly contemplated that the systems, methods, and apparatus disclosed herein may be utilized in the transmission of only one signal, various combinations of two signals, or more than two signals and, further, it is contemplated that the systems, method, and apparatus disclosed herein may be utilized for wireless transmission of other electrical signals in addition to or uniquely in combination with one or more of the above mentioned signals. In some examples, the signal paths of solid or dotted lines may represent a functional signal path, whereas, in practical application, the actual signal is routed through additional components en route to its indicated destination. For example, it may be indicated that a data signal routes from a communications apparatus to another communications apparatus; however, in practical application, the data signal may be routed through an amplifier, then through a transmitter antenna, to a receiver antenna, where, on the receiver end, the data signal is decoded by a respective communications device of the receiver. Turning now toFIG.2, the wireless connection system10is illustrated as a block diagram including example sub-systems of both the wireless transmission system20and the wireless receiver system30. The wireless transmission system20may include, at least, a power conditioning system40, a transmission control system26, a transmission tuning system24, and the transmitter antenna21. A first portion of the electrical energy input from the input power source12is configured to electrically power components of the wireless transmission system20such as, but not limited to, the transmission control system26. A second portion of the electrical energy input from the input power source12is conditioned and/or modified for wireless power transmission, to the wireless receiver system30, via the transmitter antenna21. Accordingly, the second portion of the input energy is modified and/or conditioned by the power conditioning system40. While not illustrated, it is certainly contemplated that one or both of the first and second portions of the input electrical energy may be modified, conditioned, altered, and/or otherwise changed prior to receipt by the power conditioning system40and/or transmission control system26, by further contemplated subsystems (e.g., a voltage regulator, a current regulator, switching systems, fault systems, safety regulators, among other things). Referring now toFIG.3, with continued reference toFIGS.1and2, subcomponents and/or systems of the transmission control system26are illustrated. The transmission control system26may include a sensing system50, a transmission controller28, a communications system29, a driver48, and a memory27. The transmission controller28may be any electronic controller or computing system that includes, at least, a processor which performs operations, executes control algorithms, stores data, retrieves data, gathers data, controls and/or provides communication with other components and/or subsystems associated with the wireless transmission system20, and/or performs any other computing or controlling task desired. The transmission controller28may be a single controller or may include more than one controller disposed to control various functions and/or features of the wireless transmission system20. Functionality of the transmission controller28may be implemented in hardware and/or software and may rely on one or more data maps relating to the operation of the wireless transmission system20. To that end, the transmission controller28may be operatively associated with the memory27. The memory may include one or more of internal memory, external memory, and/or remote memory (e.g., a database and/or server operatively connected to the transmission controller28via a network, such as, but not limited to, the Internet). The internal memory and/or external memory may include, but are not limited to including, one or more of a read only memory (ROM), including programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or sometimes but rarely labelled EROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), random access memory (RAM), including dynamic RAM (DRAM), static RAM (SRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), single data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (SDR SDRAM), double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (DDR SDRAM, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4), and graphics double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (GDDR SDRAM, GDDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4, GDDR5, a flash memory, a portable memory, and the like. Such memory media are examples of nontransitory machine readable and/or computer readable memory media. While particular elements of the transmission control system26are illustrated as independent components and/or circuits (e.g., the driver48, the memory27, the communications system29, the sensing system50, among other contemplated elements) of the transmission control system26, such components may be integrated with the transmission controller28. In some examples, the transmission controller28may be an integrated circuit configured to include functional elements of one or both of the transmission controller28and the wireless transmission system20, generally. As illustrated, the transmission controller28is in operative association, for the purposes of data transmission, receipt, and/or communication, with, at least, the memory27, the communications system29, the power conditioning system40, the driver48, and the sensing system50. The driver48may be implemented to control, at least in part, the operation of the power conditioning system40. In some examples, the driver48may receive instructions from the transmission controller28to generate and/or output a generated pulse width modulation (PWM) signal to the power conditioning system40. In some such examples, the PWM signal may be configured to drive the power conditioning system40to output electrical power as an alternating current signal, having an operating frequency defined by the PWM signal. In some examples, PWM signal may be configured to generate a duty cycle for the AC power signal output by the power conditioning system40. In some such examples, the duty cycle may be configured to be about 50% of a given period of the AC power signal. The sensing system may include one or more sensors, wherein each sensor may be operatively associated with one or more components of the wireless transmission system20and configured to provide information and/or data. The term “sensor” is used in its broadest interpretation to define one or more components operatively associated with the wireless transmission system20that operate to sense functions, conditions, electrical characteristics, operations, and/or operating characteristics of one or more of the wireless transmission system20, the wireless receiving system30, the input power source12, the host device11, the transmitter antenna21, the receiver antenna31, along with any other components and/or subcomponents thereof. As illustrated in the embodiment ofFIG.4, the sensing system50may include, but is not limited to including, a thermal sensing system52, an object sensing system54, a receiver sensing system56, and/or any other sensor(s)58. Within these systems, there may exist even more specific optional additional or alternative sensing systems addressing particular sensing aspects required by an application, such as, but not limited to: a condition-based maintenance sensing system, a performance optimization sensing system, a state-of-charge sensing system, a temperature management sensing system, a component heating sensing system, an IoT sensing system, an energy and/or power management sensing system, an impact detection sensing system, an electrical status sensing system, a speed detection sensing system, a device health sensing system, among others. The object sensing system54, may be a foreign object detection (FOD) system. Each of the thermal sensing system52, the object sensing system54, the receiver sensing system56and/or the other sensor(s)58, including the optional additional or alternative systems, are operatively and/or communicatively connected to the transmission controller28. The thermal sensing system52is configured to monitor ambient and/or component temperatures within the wireless transmission system20or other elements nearby the wireless transmission system20. The thermal sensing system52may be configured to detect a temperature within the wireless transmission system20and, if the detected temperature exceeds a threshold temperature, the transmission controller28prevents the wireless transmission system20from operating. Such a threshold temperature may be configured for safety considerations, operational considerations, efficiency considerations, and/or any combinations thereof. In a non-limiting example, if, via input from the thermal sensing system52, the transmission controller28determines that the temperature within the wireless transmission system20has increased from an acceptable operating temperature to an undesired operating temperature (e.g., in a non-limiting example, the internal temperature increasing from about 20° Celsius (C) to about 50° C., the transmission controller28prevents the operation of the wireless transmission system20and/or reduces levels of power output from the wireless transmission system20. In some non-limiting examples, the thermal sensing system52may include one or more of a thermocouple, a thermistor, a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) resistor, a resistance temperature detector (RTD), and/or any combinations thereof. As depicted inFIG.4, the transmission sensing system50may include the object sensing system54. The object sensing system54may be configured to detect one or more of the wireless receiver system30and/or the receiver antenna31, thus indicating to the transmission controller28that the receiver system30is proximate to the wireless transmission system20. Additionally or alternatively, the object sensing system54may be configured to detect presence of unwanted objects in contact with or proximate to the wireless transmission system20. In some examples, the object sensing system54is configured to detect the presence of an undesired object. In some such examples, if the transmission controller28, via information provided by the object sensing system54, detects the presence of an undesired object, then the transmission controller28prevents or otherwise modifies operation of the wireless transmission system20. In some examples, the object sensing system54utilizes an impedance change detection scheme, in which the transmission controller28analyzes a change in electrical impedance observed by the transmitter antenna20against a known, acceptable electrical impedance value or range of electrical impedance values. Additionally or alternatively, the object sensing system54may utilize a quality factor (Q) change detection scheme, in which the transmission controller28analyzes a change from a known quality factor value or range of quality factor values of the object being detected, such as the receiver antenna31. The “quality factor” or “Q” of an inductor can be defined as (frequency (Hz)×inductance (H))/resistance (ohms), where frequency is the operational frequency of the circuit, inductance is the inductance output of the inductor and resistance is the combination of the radiative and reactive resistances that are internal to the inductor. “Quality factor,” as defined herein, is generally accepted as an index (figure of measure) that measures the efficiency of an apparatus like an antenna, a circuit, or a resonator. In some examples, the object sensing system54may include one or more of an optical sensor, an electro-optical sensor, a Hall effect sensor, a proximity sensor, and/or any combinations thereof. The receiver sensing system56is any sensor, circuit, and/or combinations thereof configured to detect presence of any wireless receiving system that may be couplable with the wireless transmission system20. In some examples, the receiver sensing system56and the object sensing system54may be combined, may share components, and/or may be embodied by one or more common components. In some examples, if the presence of any such wireless receiving system is detected, wireless transmission of electrical energy, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, and/or data by the wireless transmission system20to said wireless receiving system is enabled. In some examples, if the presence of a wireless receiver system is not detected, continued wireless transmission of electrical energy, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, and/or data is prevented from occurring. Accordingly, the receiver sensing system56may include one or more sensors and/or may be operatively associated with one or more sensors that are configured to analyze electrical characteristics within an environment of or proximate to the wireless transmission system20and, based on the electrical characteristics, determine presence of a wireless receiver system30. Referring now toFIG.5, and with continued reference toFIGS.1-4, a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of the power conditioning system40is illustrated. At the power conditioning system40, electrical power is received, generally, as a DC power source, via the input power source12itself or an intervening power converter, converting an AC source to a DC source (not shown). A voltage regulator46receives the electrical power from the input power source12and is configured to provide electrical power for transmission by the antenna21and provide electrical power for powering components of the wireless transmission system21. Accordingly, the voltage regulator46is configured to convert the received electrical power into at least two electrical power signals, each at a proper voltage for operation of the respective downstream components: a first electrical power signal to electrically power any components of the wireless transmission system20and a second portion conditioned and modified for wireless transmission to the wireless receiver system30. As illustrated inFIG.3, such a first portion is transmitted to, at least, the sensing system50, the transmission controller28, and the communications system29; however, the first portion is not limited to transmission to just these components and can be transmitted to any electrical components of the wireless transmission system20. The second portion of the electrical power is provided to an amplifier42of the power conditioning system40, which is configured to condition the electrical power for wireless transmission by the antenna21. The amplifier may function as an invertor, which receives an input DC power signal from the voltage regulator46and generates an AC as output, based, at least in part, on PWM input from the transmission control system26. The amplifier42may be or include, for example, a power stage invertor, such as a dual field effect transistor power stage invertor or a quadruple field effect transistor power stage invertor. The use of the amplifier42within the power conditioning system40and, in turn, the wireless transmission system20enables wireless transmission of electrical signals having much greater amplitudes than if transmitted without such an amplifier. For example, the addition of the amplifier42may enable the wireless transmission system20to transmit electrical energy as an electrical power signal having electrical power from about 10 mW to about 500 W. In some examples, the amplifier42may be or may include one or more class-E power amplifiers. Class-E power amplifiers are efficiently tuned switching power amplifiers designed for use at high frequencies (e.g., frequencies from about 1 MHz to about 1 GHz). Generally, a class-E amplifier employs a single-pole switching element and a tuned reactive network between the switch and an output load (e.g., the antenna21). Class E amplifiers may achieve high efficiency at high frequencies by only operating the switching element at points of zero current (e.g., on-to-off switching) or zero voltage (off to on switching). Such switching characteristics may minimize power lost in the switch, even when the switching time of the device is long compared to the frequency of operation. However, the amplifier42is certainly not limited to being a class-E power amplifier and may be or may include one or more of a class D amplifier, a class EF amplifier, an H invertor amplifier, and/or a push-pull invertor, among other amplifiers that could be included as part of the amplifier42. Turning now toFIGS.6and7, the wireless transmission system20is illustrated, further detailing elements of the power conditioning system40, the amplifier42, the tuning system24, among other things. The block diagram of the wireless transmission system20illustrates one or more electrical signals and the conditioning of such signals, altering of such signals, transforming of such signals, inverting of such signals, amplification of such signals, and combinations thereof. InFIG.6, DC power signals are illustrated with heavily bolded lines, such that the lines are significantly thicker than other solid lines inFIG.6and other figures of the instant application, AC signals are illustrated as substantially sinusoidal wave forms with a thickness significantly less bolded than that of the DC power signal bolding, and data signals are represented as dotted lines. It is to be noted that the AC signals are not necessarily substantially sinusoidal waves and may be any AC waveform suitable for the purposes described below (e.g., a half sine wave, a square wave, a half square wave, among other waveforms).FIG.7illustrates sample electrical components for elements of the wireless transmission system, and subcomponents thereof, in a simplified form. Note thatFIG.7may represent one branch or sub-section of a schematic for the wireless transmission system20and/or components of the wireless transmission system20may be omitted from the schematic illustrated inFIG.7for clarity. As illustrated inFIG.6and discussed above, the input power source11provides an input direct current voltage (VDC), which may have its voltage level altered by the voltage regulator46, prior to conditioning at the amplifier42. In some examples, as illustrated inFIG.7, the amplifier42may include a choke inductor LCHOKE, which may be utilized to block radio frequency interference in VDC, while allowing the DC power signal of VDCto continue towards an amplifier transistor48of the amplifier42. VCHOKEmay be configured as any suitable choke inductor known in the art. The amplifier48is configured to alter and/or invert VDCto generate an AC wireless signal VAC, which, as discussed in more detail below, may be configured to carry one or both of an inbound and outbound data signal (denoted as “Data” inFIG.6). The amplifier transistor48may be any switching transistor known in the art that is capable of inverting, converting, and/or conditioning a DC power signal into an AC power signal, such as, but not limited to, a field-effect transistor (FET), gallium nitride (GaN) FETS, bipolar junction transistor (BJT), and/or wide-bandgap (WBG) semiconductor transistor, among other known switching transistors. The amplifier transistor48is configured to receive a driving signal (denoted as “PWM” inFIG.6) from at a gate of the amplifier transistor48(denoted as “G” inFIG.6) and invert the DC signal VDCto generate the AC wireless signal at an operating frequency and/or an operating frequency band for the wireless power transmission system20. The driving signal may be a PWM signal configured for such inversion at the operating frequency and/or operating frequency band for the wireless power transmission system20. The driving signal is generated and output by the transmission control system26and/or the transmission controller28therein, as discussed and disclosed above. The transmission controller26,28is configured to provide the driving signal and configured to perform one or more of encoding wireless data signals (denoted as “Data” inFIG.6), decoding the wireless data signals (denoted as “Data” inFIG.6) and any combinations thereof. In some examples, the electrical data signals may be in band signals of the AC wireless power signal. In some such examples, such in-band signals may be on-off-keying (OOK) signals in-band of the AC wireless power signals. For example, Type-A communications, as described in the NFC Standards, are a form of OOK, wherein the data signal is on-off-keyed in a carrier AC wireless power signal operating at an operating frequency in a range of about 13.553 MHz to about 13.567 MHz. However, when the power, current, impedance, phase, and/or voltage levels of an AC power signal are changed beyond the levels used in current and/or legacy hardware for high frequency wireless power transfer (over about 500 mW transmitted), such legacy hardware may not be able to properly encode and/or decode in-band data signals with the required fidelity for communications functions. Such higher power in an AC output power signal may cause signal degradation due to increasing rise times for an OOK rise, increasing fall time for an OOK fall, overshooting the required voltage in an OOK rise, and/or undershooting the voltage in an OOK fall, among other potential degradations to the signal due to legacy hardware being ill equipped for higher power, high frequency wireless power transfer. Thus, there is a need for the amplifier42to be designed in a way that limits and/or substantially removes rise and fall times, overshoots, undershoots, and/or other signal deficiencies from an in-band data signal during wireless power transfer. This ability to limit and/or substantially remove such deficiencies allows for the systems of the instant application to provide higher power wireless power transfer in high frequency wireless power transmission systems. For further exemplary illustration,FIG.8illustrates a plot for a fall and rise of an OOK in-band signal. The fall time (t1) is shown as the time between when the signal is at 90% voltage (V4) of the intended full voltage (V1) and falls to about 5% voltage (V2) of V1. The rise time (t3) is shown as the time between when the signal ends being at V2and rises to about V4. Such rise and fall times may be read by a receiving antenna of the signal, and an applicable data communications protocol may include limits on rise and fall times, such that data is non-compliant and/or illegible by a receiver if rise and/or fall times exceed certain bounds. Returning now toFIGS.6and7, to achieve limitation and/or substantial removal of the mentioned deficiencies, the amplifier42includes a damping circuit60. The damping circuit60is configured for damping the AC wireless signal during transmission of the AC wireless signal and associated data signals. The damping circuit60may be configured to reduce rise and fall times during OOK signal transmission, such that the rate of the data signals may not only be compliant and/or legible, but may also achieve faster data rates and/or enhanced data ranges, when compared to legacy systems. For damping the AC wireless power signal, the damping circuit includes, at least, a damping transistor63, which is configured for receiving a damping signal (Vdamp) from the transmission controller62. The damping signal is configured for switching the damping transistor (on/off) to control damping of the AC wireless signal during the transmission and/or receipt of wireless data signals. Such transmission of the AC wireless signals may be performed by the transmission controller28and/or such transmission may be via transmission from the wireless receiver system30, within the coupled magnetic field between the antennas21,31. In examples wherein the data signals are conveyed via OOK, the damping signal may be substantially opposite and/or an inverse to the state of the data signals. This means that if the OOK data signals are in an “on” state, the damping signals instruct the damping transistor to turn “off” and thus the signal is not dissipated via the damping circuit60because the damping circuit is not set to ground and, thus, a short from the amplifier circuit and the current substantially bypasses the damping circuit60. If the OOK data signals are in an “off” state, then the damping signals may be “on” and, thus, the damping transistor63is set to an “on” state and the current flowing of VACis damped by the damping circuit. Thus, when “on,” the damping circuit60may be configured to dissipate just enough power, current, and/or voltage, such that efficiency in the system is not substantially affected and such dissipation decreases rise and/or fall times in the OOK signal. Further, because the damping signal may instruct the damping transistor63to turn “off” when the OOK signal is “on,” then it will not unnecessarily damp the signal, thus mitigating any efficiency losses from VAC, when damping is not needed. As illustrated inFIG.7, the branch of the amplifier42which may include the damping circuit60, is positioned at the output drain of the amplifier transistor48. While it is not necessary that the damping circuit60be positioned here, in some examples, this may aid in properly damping the output AC wireless signal, as it will be able to damp at the node closest to the amplifier transistor48output drain, which is the first node in the circuit wherein energy dissipation is desired. In such examples, the damping circuit is in electrical parallel connection with a drain of the amplifier transistor48. However, it is certainly possible that the damping circuit be connected proximate to the antenna21, proximate to the transmission tuning system24, and/or proximate to a filter circuit24. While the damping circuit60is capable of functioning to properly damp the AC wireless signal for proper communications at higher power high frequency wireless power transmission, in some examples, the damping circuit may include additional components. For instance, as illustrated, the damping circuit60may include one or more of a damping diode DDAMP, a damping resistor RDAMP, a damping capacitor CDAMP, and/or any combinations thereof. RDAMPmay be in electrical series with the damping transistor63and the value of RDAMP(ohms) may be configured such that it dissipates at least some power from the power signal, which may serve to accelerate rise and fall times in an amplitude shift keying signal, an OOK signal, and/or combinations thereof. In some examples, the value of RDAMPis selected, configured, and/or designed such that RDAMPdissipates the minimum amount of power to achieve the fastest rise and/or fall times in an in-band signal allowable and/or satisfy standards limitations for minimum rise and/or fall times; thereby achieving data fidelity at maximum efficiency (less power lost to RDAMP) as well as maintaining data fidelity when the system is unloaded and/or under lightest load conditions. CDAMPmay also be in series connection with one or both of the damping transistor63and RDAMP. CDAMPmay be configured to smooth out transition points in an in-band signal and limit overshoot and/or undershoot conditions in such a signal. Further, in some examples, CDAMPmay be configured for ensuring the damping performed is 180 degrees out of phase with the AC wireless power signal, when the transistor is activated via the damping signal. DDAMPmay further be included in series with one or more of the damping transistor63, RDAMP, CDAMP, and/or any combinations thereof. DDAMPis positioned, as shown, such that a current cannot flow out of the damping circuit60, when the damping transistor63is in an off state. The inclusion of DDAMPmay prevent power efficiency loss in the AC power signal when the damping circuit is not active or “on.” Indeed, while the damping transistor63is designed such that, in an ideal scenario, it serves to effectively short the damping circuit when in an “off” state, in practical terms, some current may still reach the damping circuit and/or some current may possibly flow in the opposite direction out of the damping circuit60. Thus, inclusion of DDAMPmay prevent such scenarios and only allow current, power, and/or voltage to be dissipated towards the damping transistor63. This configuration, including DDAMP, may be desirable when the damping circuit60is connected at the drain node of the amplifier transistor48, as the signal may be a half-wave sine wave voltage and, thus, the voltage of VACis always positive. Beyond the damping circuit60, the amplifier42, in some examples, may include a shunt capacitor CSHUNT. CSHUNTmay be configured to shunt the AC power signal to ground and charge voltage of the AC power signal. Thus, CSHUNTmay be configured to maintain an efficient and stable waveform for the AC power signal, such that a duty cycle of about 50% is maintained and/or such that the shape of the AC power signal is substantially sinusoidal at positive voltages. In some examples, the amplifier42may include a filter circuit65. The filter circuit65may be designed to mitigate and/or filter out electromagnetic interference (EMI) within the wireless transmission system20. Design of the filter circuit65may be performed in view of impedance transfer and/or effects on the impedance transfer of the wireless power transmission20due to alterations in tuning made by the transmission tuning system24. To that end, the filter circuit65may be or include one or more of a low pass filter, a high pass filter, and/or a band pass filter, among other filter circuits that are configured for, at least, mitigating EMI in a wireless power transmission system. As illustrated, the filter circuit65may include a filter inductor Loand a filter capacitor Co. The filter circuit65may have a complex impedance and, thus, a resistance through the filter circuit65may be defined as Ro. In some such examples, the filter circuit65may be designed and/or configured for optimization based on, at least, a filter quality factor γFILTER, defined as: γFILTER=1RoLoCo. In a filter circuit65wherein it includes or is embodied by a low pass filter, the cut-off frequency (ωo) of the low pass filter is defined as: ωo=1LoCo. In some wireless power transmission systems20, it is desired that the cutoff frequency be about 1.03-1.4 times greater than the operating frequency of the antenna. Experimental results have determined that, in general, a larger γFILTERmay be preferred, because the larger γFILTERcan improve voltage gain and improve system voltage ripple and timing. Thus, the above values for Loand Comay be set such that γFILTERcan be optimized to its highest, ideal level (e.g., when the system10impedance is conjugately matched for maximum power transfer), given cutoff frequency restraints and available components for the values of Loand Co. As illustrated inFIG.7, the conditioned signal(s) from the amplifier42is then received by the transmission tuning system24, prior to transmission by the antenna21. The transmission tuning system24may include tuning and/or impedance matching, filters (e.g. a low pass filter, a high pass filter, a “pi” or “Π” filter, a “T” filter, an “L” filter, a “LL” filter, and/or an L-C trap filter, among other filters), network matching, sensing, and/or conditioning elements configured to optimize wireless transfer of signals from the wireless transmission system20to the wireless receiver system30. Further, the transmission tuning system24may include an impedance matching circuit, which is designed to match impedance with a corresponding wireless receiver system30for given power, current, and/or voltage requirements for wireless transmission of one or more of electrical energy, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, and electronic data. The illustrated transmission tuning system24includes, at least, CZ1, CZ2. and (operatively associated with the antenna21) values, all of which may be configured for impedance matching in one or both of the wireless transmission system20and the broader system10. It is noted that CTxrefers to the intrinsic capacitance of the antenna21. Turning now toFIG.9and with continued reference to, at least,FIGS.1and2, the wireless receiver system30is illustrated in further detail. The wireless receiver system30is configured to receive, at least, electrical energy, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, and/or electrically transmittable data via near field magnetic coupling from the wireless transmission system20, via the transmitter antenna21. As illustrated inFIG.9, the wireless receiver system30includes, at least, the receiver antenna31, a receiver tuning and filtering system34, a power conditioning system32, a receiver control system36, and a voltage isolation circuit70. The receiver tuning and filtering system34may be configured to substantially match the electrical impedance of the wireless transmission system20. In some examples, the receiver tuning and filtering system34may be configured to dynamically adjust and substantially match the electrical impedance of the receiver antenna31to a characteristic impedance of the power generator or the load at a driving frequency of the transmitter antenna20. As illustrated, the power conditioning system32includes a rectifier33and a voltage regulator35. In some examples, the rectifier33is in electrical connection with the receiver tuning and filtering system34. The rectifier33is configured to modify the received electrical energy from an alternating current electrical energy signal to a direct current electrical energy signal. In some examples, the rectifier33is comprised of at least one diode. Some non-limiting example configurations for the rectifier33include, but are not limited to including, a full wave rectifier, including a center tapped full wave rectifier and a full wave rectifier with filter, a half wave rectifier, including a half wave rectifier with filter, a bridge rectifier, including a bridge rectifier with filter, a split supply rectifier, a single phase rectifier, a three phase rectifier, a voltage doubler, a synchronous voltage rectifier, a controlled rectifier, an uncontrolled rectifier, and a half controlled rectifier. As electronic devices may be sensitive to voltage, additional protection of the electronic device may be provided by clipper circuits or devices. In this respect, the rectifier33may further include a clipper circuit or a clipper device, which is a circuit or device that removes either the positive half (top half), the negative half (bottom half), or both the positive and the negative halves of an input AC signal. In other words, a clipper is a circuit or device that limits the positive amplitude, the negative amplitude, or both the positive and the negative amplitudes of the input AC signal. Some non-limiting examples of a voltage regulator35include, but are not limited to, including a series linear voltage regulator, a buck convertor, a low dropout (LDO) regulator, a shunt linear voltage regulator, a step up switching voltage regulator, a step down switching voltage regulator, an invertor voltage regulator, a Zener controlled transistor series voltage regulator, a charge pump regulator, and an emitter follower voltage regulator. The voltage regulator35may further include a voltage multiplier, which is as an electronic circuit or device that delivers an output voltage having an amplitude (peak value) that is two, three, or more times greater than the amplitude (peak value) of the input voltage. The voltage regulator35is in electrical connection with the rectifier33and configured to adjust the amplitude of the electrical voltage of the wirelessly received electrical energy signal, after conversion to AC by the rectifier33. In some examples, the voltage regulator35may an LDO linear voltage regulator; however, other voltage regulation circuits and/or systems are contemplated. As illustrated, the direct current electrical energy signal output by the voltage regulator35is received at the load16of the electronic device14. In some examples, a portion of the direct current electrical power signal may be utilized to power the receiver control system36and any components thereof; however, it is certainly possible that the receiver control system36, and any components thereof, may be powered and/or receive signals from the load16(e.g., when the load16is a battery and/or other power source) and/or other components of the electronic device14. The receiver control system36may include, but is not limited to including, a receiver controller38, a communications system39and a memory37. The receiver controller38may be any electronic controller or computing system that includes, at least, a processor which performs operations, executes control algorithms, stores data, retrieves data, gathers data, controls and/or provides communication with other components and/or subsystems associated with the wireless receiver system30. The receiver controller38may be a single controller or may include more than one controller disposed to control various functions and/or features of the wireless receiver system30. Functionality of the receiver controller38may be implemented in hardware and/or software and may rely on one or more data maps relating to the operation of the wireless receiver system30. To that end, the receiver controller38may be operatively associated with the memory37. The memory may include one or both of internal memory, external memory, and/or remote memory (e.g., a database and/or server operatively connected to the receiver controller38via a network, such as, but not limited to, the Internet). The internal memory and/or external memory may include, but are not limited to including, one or more of a read only memory (ROM), including programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or sometimes but rarely labelled EROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), random access memory (RAM), including dynamic RAM (DRAM), static RAM (SRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), single data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (SDR SDRAM), double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (DDR SDRAM, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4), and graphics double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (GDDR SDRAM, GDDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4, GDDR5, a flash memory, a portable memory, and the like. Such memory media are examples of nontransitory computer readable memory media. Further, while particular elements of the receiver control system36are illustrated as subcomponents and/or circuits (e.g., the memory37, the communications system39, among other contemplated elements) of the receiver control system36, such components may be external of the receiver controller38. In some examples, the receiver controller38may be and/or include one or more integrated circuits configured to include functional elements of one or both of the receiver controller38and the wireless receiver system30, generally. As used herein, the term “integrated circuits” generally refers to a circuit in which all or some of the circuit elements are inseparably associated and electrically interconnected so that it is considered to be indivisible for the purposes of construction and commerce. Such integrated circuits may include, but are not limited to including, thin-film transistors, thick-film technologies, and/or hybrid integrated circuits. In some examples, the receiver controller38may be a dedicated circuit configured to send and receive data at a given operating frequency. For example, the receiver controller38may be a tagging or identifier integrated circuit, such as, but not limited to, an NFC tag and/or labelling integrated circuit. Examples of such NFC tags and/or labelling integrated circuits include the NTAG® family of integrated circuits manufactured by NXP Semiconductors N.V. However, the communications system39is certainly not limited to these example components and, in some examples, the communications system39may be implemented with another integrated circuit (e.g., integrated with the receiver controller38), and/or may be another transceiver of or operatively associated with one or both of the electronic device14and the wireless receiver system30, among other contemplated communication systems and/or apparatus. Further, in some examples, functions of the communications system39may be integrated with the receiver controller38, such that the controller modifies the inductive field between the antennas21,31to communicate in the frequency band of wireless power transfer operating frequency. Turning now toFIGS.10and11, the wireless receiver system30is illustrated in further detail to show some example functionality of one or more of the receiver controller38, the voltage isolation circuit70, and the rectifier33. The block diagram of the wireless receiver system30illustrates one or more electrical signals and the conditioning of such signals, altering of such signals, transforming of such signals, rectifying of such signals, amplification of such signals, and combinations thereof. Similarly toFIG.6, DC power signals are illustrated with heavily bolded lines, such that the lines are significantly thicker than other solid lines inFIG.6and other figures of the instant application, AC signals are illustrated as substantially sinusoidal wave forms with a thickness significantly less bolded than that of the DC power signal bolding, and data signals are represented as dotted lines.FIG.11illustrates sample electrical components for elements of the wireless transmission system, and subcomponents thereof, in a simplified form. Note thatFIG.11may represent one branch or subsection of a schematic for the wireless receiver system30and/or components of the wireless receiver system30may be omitted from the schematic, illustrated inFIG.11, for clarity. As illustrated inFIG.10, the receiver antenna31receives the AC wireless signal, which includes the AC power signal (VAC) and the data signals (denoted as “Data” inFIG.10), from the transmitter antenna21of the wireless transmission system20. (It should be understood an example of a transmitted AC power signal and data signal was previously shown inFIG.6). VACwill be received at the rectifier33and/or the broader receiver power conditioning system32, wherein the AC wireless power signal is converted to a DC wireless power signal (VDC_REKT). VDC_REKTis then provided to, at least, the load16that is operatively associated with the wireless receiver system30. In some examples, VDC_REKTis regulated by the voltage regulator35and provided as a DC input voltage (VDC_CONT) for the receiver controller38. In some examples, such as the signal path shown inFIG.11, the receiver controller38may be directly powered by the load16. In some other examples, the receiver controller38need not be powered by the load16and/or receipt of VDC_CONT, but the receiver controller38may harness, capture, and/or store power from VAC, as power receipt occurring in receiving, decoding, and/or otherwise detecting the data signals in-band of VAC. The receiver controller38is configured to perform one or more of encoding the wireless data signals, decoding the wireless data signals, receiving the wireless data signals, transmitting the wireless data signals, and/or any combinations thereof. In examples, wherein the data signals are encoded and/or decoded as amplitude shift keyed (ASK) signals and/or OOK signals, the receiver controller38may receive and/or otherwise detect or monitor voltage levels of VACto detect in-band ASK and/or OOK signals. However, at higher power levels than those currently utilized in standard high frequency, NFMC communications and/or low power wireless power transmission, large voltages and/or large voltage swings at the input of a controller, such as the controller38, may be too large for legacy microprocessor controllers to handle without disfunction or damage being done to such microcontrollers. Additionally, certain microcontrollers may only be operable at certain operating voltage ranges and, thus, when high frequency wireless power transfer occurs, the voltage swings at the input to such microcontrollers may be out of range or too wide of a range for consistent operation of the microcontroller. For example, in some high frequency higher power wireless power transfer systems10, when an output power from the wireless power transmitter20is greater than 1 W, voltage across the controller38may be higher than desired for the controller38. Higher voltage, lower current configurations are often desirable, as such configurations may generate lower thermal losses and/or lower generated heat in the system10, in comparison to a high current, low voltage transmission. To that end, the load16may not be a consistent load, meaning that the resistance and/or impedance at the load16may swing drastically during, before, and/or after an instance of wireless power transfer. This is particularly an issue when the load16is a battery or other power storing device, as a fully charged battery has a much higher resistance than a fully depleted battery. For the purposes of this illustrative discussion, we will assume: VAC_MIN=IAC_MIN*RLOAD_MIN, and PAC_MIN=IAC*VLOAD_MIN=(IAC_MIN)2*RLOAD_MIN wherein RLOAD_MINis the minimum resistance of the load16(e.g., if the load16is or includes a battery, when the battery of the load16is depleted), IAC_MINis the current at RLOAD_MIN, VAC_MINis the voltage of VACwhen the load16is at its minimum resistance and PAC_MINis the optimal power level for the load16at its minimal resistance. Further, we will assume: VAC_MAX=IAC_MAX*RLOAD_MAX, and PAC_MAX=IAC_MAX*VLOAD_MAX=(IAC_MAX)2*RLOAD_MAX wherein RLOAD_MAXis the maximum resistance of the load16(e.g., if the load16is or includes a battery, when the battery of the load16is depleted), IAC_MAXis the current at VAC_MAX, VAC_MAXis the voltage of VACwhen the load16is at its minimum resistance and PAC_MAXis the optimal power level for the load16at its maximal resistance. Accordingly, as the current is desired to stay relatively low, the inverse relationship between IACand VACdictate that the voltage range must naturally shift, in higher ranges, with the change of resistance at the load16. However, such voltage shifts may be unacceptable for proper function of the controller38. To mitigate these issues, the voltage isolation circuit70is included to isolate the range of voltages that can be seen at a data input and/or output of the controller38to an isolated controller voltage (VCONT), which is a scaled version of VACand, thus, comparably scales any voltage-based in-band data input and/or output at the controller38. Accordingly, if a range for the AC wireless signal that is an unacceptable input range for the controller38is represented by VAC=[VAC_MIN:VAC_MAX] then the voltage isolation circuit70is configured to isolate the controller-unacceptable voltage range from the controller38, by setting an impedance transformation to minimize the voltage swing and provide the controller with a scaled version of VAC, which does not substantially alter the data signal at receipt. Such a scaled controller voltage, based on VAC, is VCONT, where VCONT=[VCONT_MIN:VCONT_MAX]. While an altering load is one possible reason that an unacceptable voltage swing may occur at a data input of a controller, there may be other physical, electrical, and/or mechanical characteristics and/or phenomena that may affect voltage swings in VAC, such as, but not limited to, changes in coupling (k) between the antennas21,31, detuning of the system(s)10,20,30due to foreign objects, proximity of another receiver system30within a common field area, among other things. As best illustrated inFIG.11, the voltage isolation circuit70includes at least two capacitors, a first isolation capacitor CISO1and a second isolation capacitor CISO2. While only two series, split capacitors are illustrated inFIG.11, it should also be understood that the voltage isolation circuit may include additional pairs of split series capacitors. CISO1and CISO2are electrically in series with one another, with a node therebetween, the node providing a connection to the data input of the receiver controller38. CISO1and CISO2are configured to regulate VACto generate the acceptable voltage input range VCONTfor input to the controller. Thus, the voltage isolation circuit70is configured to isolate the controller38from VAC, which is a load voltage, if one considers the rectifier33to be part of a downstream load from the receiver controller38. In some examples, the capacitance values are configured such that a parallel combination of all capacitors of the voltage isolation circuit70(e.g. CISO1and CISO2) is equal to a total capacitance for the voltage isolation circuit (CTOTAL). Thus, CISO11∥CISO2=CTOTAL, wherein CTOTALis a constant capacitance configured for the acceptable voltage input range for input to the controller. CTOTALcan be determined by experimentation and/or can be configured via mathematical derivation for a particular microcontroller embodying the receiver controller38. In some examples, with a constant CTOTAL, individual values for the isolation capacitors CISO1and CISO2may be configured in accordance with the following relationships: CISO1=CTOTAL*(1+tv)tv,andCISO2=CTOTAL*(1+tv). wherein tvis a scaling factor, which can be experimentally altered to determine the best scaling values for CISO1and CISO2, for a given system. Alternatively, tvmay be mathematically derived, based on desired electrical conditions for the system. In some examples (which may be derived from experimental results), tvmay be in a range of about 3 to about 10. FIG.11further illustrates an example for the receiver tuning and filtering system34, which may be configured for utilization in conjunction with the voltage isolation circuit70. The receiver tuning and filtering system34ofFIG.11includes a controller capacitor CCONT, which is connected in series with the data input of the receiver controller38. The controller capacitor is configured for further scaling of VACat the controller, as altered by the voltage isolation circuit70. To that end, the first and second isolation capacitors, as shown, may be connected in electrical parallel, with respect to the controller capacitor. Additionally, in some examples, the receiver tuning and filtering system34includes a receiver shunt capacitor CRxSHUNT, which is connected in electrical parallel with the receiver antenna31. CRxSHUNTis utilized for initial tuning of the impedance of the wireless receiver system30and/or the broader system30for proper impedance matching and/or CRxSHUNTis included to increase the voltage gain of a signal received by the receiver antenna31. The wireless receiver system30, utilizing the voltage isolation circuit70, may have the capability to achieve proper data communications fidelity at greater receipt power levels at the load16, when compared to other high frequency wireless power transmission systems. To that end, the wireless receiver system30, with the voltage isolation circuit70, is capable of receiving power from the wireless transmission system that has an output power at levels over 1 W of power, whereas legacy high frequency systems may be limited to receipt from output levels of only less than 1 W of power. For example, in legacy NFC-DC systems, the poller (receiver system) often utilizes a microprocessor from the NTAG family of microprocessors, which was initially designed for very low power data communications. NTAG microprocessors, without protection or isolation, may not adequately and/or efficiently receive wireless power signals at output levels over 1 W. However, inventors of the present application have found, in experimental results, that when utilizing voltage isolation circuits as disclosed herein, the NTAG chip may be utilized and/or retrofitted for wireless power transfer and wireless communications, either independently or simultaneously. To that end, the voltage isolation circuits disclosed herein may utilize inexpensive components (e.g., isolation capacitors) to modify functionality of legacy, inexpensive microprocessors (e.g., an NTAG family microprocessor), for new uses and/or improved functionality. Further, while alternative controllers may be used as the receiver controller38that may be more capable of receipt at higher voltage levels and/or voltage swings, such controllers may be cost prohibitive, in comparison to legacy controllers. Accordingly, the systems and methods herein allow for use of less costly components, for high power high frequency wireless power transfer. FIG.12Ais a block diagram for a wireless power transfer system110B, which includes one or more same or similar elements, to those elements ofFIGS.1-7,9-11. Accordingly, elements of the wireless power transfer system110include like reference numbers to corresponding elements ofFIGS.1-7,9-11and share a common detailed description. As illustrated, the system ofFIG.12Amay include two wireless transmission systems120A,120B and two wireless receiver system130A,130B. Similar to the wireless transmission system20ofFIGS.1-7, each wireless power transmission system120A,120B, respectively, includes a transmitter antenna21A,21B, a transmitter tuning system24A,24B, a transmission control system26A,26B, and a power conditioning system40A,40B. Further, similar to the wireless receiver system30ofFIGS.9-11, the wireless receiver systems130A,130B include, respectively, a receiver antenna31A,31B, a receiver tuning system34A,34B, a receiver control system36A,36B, and a power conditioning system32A,32B. Additionally, the wireless receiver systems130include a repeater antenna91and an associated repeater tuning system94. As defined herein, a “repeater” is an antenna that is configured to relay magnetic fields emanating between a transmitter antenna21and one or both of a receiver antenna31and one or more other repeater antennas91. Thus, the repeater antenna91is configured to relay electrical energy and/or data via NMFC from the transmitter antenna21to the receiver antenna31. In one or more embodiments, the repeater antenna91comprises an inductor coil capable of resonating at a frequency that is about the same as the resonating frequency of the transmitter antenna21and the receiver antenna31. The repeater tuning system94may include similar or like elements to those of the transmitter tuning system24and the receiver tuning system34. However, in some embodiments, coupling, between the transmitter antenna21and the repeater antenna91, should be of a relatively low value, such that an acceptable transfer impedance can be maintained within the wireless power transfer system110, for proper operation of the wireless receiver system130. In such examples, the repeater tuning system94may be configured to satisfy the aforementioned coupling and/or impedance transfer conditions. In some additional or alternative examples, an interdigitated capacitor(s) may be used as part of the repeater tuning system94to tune the repeater antenna91, in lieu of surface mount capacitors. Interdigitated capacitors may provide mechanical robustness, relatively thin form factor design, and/or reduced cost, in comparison to surface mount capacitors. As illustrated, in some embodiments of the system110A, the wireless receiver systems120A,120B may be configured such that the first wireless receiver system130A receives a power signal from the transmitter antenna21A at the receiver antenna31A, by way of the power signal being repeated by the repeater antenna91A, whereas the second wireless receiver system130B receives a power signal directly from the transmitter antenna21B at the receiver antenna31B. As illustrated, the power signals and data signals are transmitted from the transmission antenna21A, to the repeater antenna91A, then repeated to the receiver antenna31A; however, it is certainly possible that the power signals may also transfer directly from the transmitter antenna21A to the receiver antenna31A, while the repeater antenna91A also couples with the receiver antenna31A and transmits the repeated power signal to the receiver antenna31A. Alternatively, without altering the physical electronic connections of any of the systems110,120,130, the wireless receiver systems130may be configured such that the first wireless receiver system130A receives a power signal directly from the transmitter antenna21A at the receiver antenna31A, whereas the second wireless receiver system130B receives a power signal from the transmitter antenna21B at the receiver antenna31A, by way of the power signal being repeated by the repeater antenna91B. It is to be noted that the repeater antenna(s)91and its associated repeater tuning system94may maintain no physical, electrical connections with other elements of the wireless receiver system130and may only electrically connect with other components, such as the receiver antenna31and the transmitter antenna21, via NFMC. Turning now toFIG.12B, a block diagram for a wireless power transfer system110B, which includes one or more same or similar elements, to those elements ofFIGS.1-7, and9-12A. Accordingly, elements of the wireless power transfer system110B include like reference numbers to corresponding elements ofFIGS.1-7,9-12Aand share a common detailed description. As illustrated, the system ofFIG.12Bmay include the two wireless receiver system130A,130B; however, in contrast to the system110A ofFIG.12A, both of the wireless receiver systems130A,130B receive electrical signals from a common wireless transmission system21C. Similar to the wireless transmission system20ofFIGS.1-7, the wireless power transmission system120C includes a transmitter antenna21C, a transmitter tuning system24C, a transmission control system26C, and a power conditioning system40C. As illustrated, in some embodiments of the system110B, the wireless receiver systems120A,120B may be configured such that the first wireless receiver system130A receives a power signal from the transmitter antenna21C at the receiver antenna31A, by way of the power signal being repeated by the repeater antenna91A, whereas the second wireless receiver system130B receives a power signal directly from the transmitter antenna21C at the receiver antenna31B. As illustrated, the power signals and data signals are transmitted from the transmission antenna21, to the repeater antenna91A, then repeated to the receiver antenna31A; however, it is certainly possible that the power signals may also transfer directly from the transmitter antenna21to the receiver antenna31A, while the repeater antenna91A also couples with the receiver antenna31A and transmits the repeated power signal to the receiver antenna31A. Alternatively, without altering the physical electronic connections of any of the systems110,120,130, the wireless receiver systems130may be configured such that the first wireless receiver system130A receives a power signal directly from the transmitter antenna21C at the receiver antenna31A, whereas the second wireless receiver system130B receives a power signal from the transmitter antenna21C at the receiver antenna31A, by way of the power signal being repeated by the repeater antenna91B. It is to be noted that the repeater antenna(s)91and its associated repeater tuning system94may maintain no physical, electrical connections with other elements of the wireless receiver system130and may only electrically connect with other components, such as the receiver antenna31and the transmitter antenna21, via NFMC. Turning now toFIGS.13A and13B, eyewear100is illustrated, respectively, in a front perspective view and a rear perspective view. The wireless receiver system130and/or any components thereof may be integrated within the eyewear100, such that electronic components within and/or associated with the eyewear can receive power from a wireless transmission system120, via the wireless receiver system130. As used herein, “eyewear” refers to any face-wearable accessory and/or device that covers, at least in part, at least one eye of a user. Eyewear may include, but is not limited to including, eyeglasses, prescription eyeglasses, reading glasses, fashion glasses, electronic glasses, sunglasses, smart glasses with integrated electronics, speaker enabled glasses, altered or augmented reality (AR) glasses, virtual reality (VR) glasses, glasses with screens and/or projectors within lenses or associated with lenses, among other contemplated eyewear. The wireless receiver system(s)130integrated with the eyewear100may be utilized to charge a battery or other storage device of or associated with the eyewear100and/or the wireless receiver system130may be configured to directly power one or more components or devices of or associated with the eyewear130. Such components or devices include, but are not limited to including, electronic circuits, visual feedback devices, displays, screens, projection devices, audio feedback devices, haptic feedback devices, speakers, earphones, microphones, sound capturing devices, vibrating devices, visual indicators, microprocessors, computers, bone conduction devices, infrared scanning devices, light producing or projecting devices, among other contemplated electronic components or devices. The eyewear100includes a front face110, which defines, at least, first and second eyewires112A,112B. The eyewires112A,112B may be any structural members configured for surrounding, at least in part, outer edges of lenses116of the eyewear100or associated with the eyewear100. The eyewires112may be comprised of any suitable material known in the art, such as, but not limited to, a plastic, a polymer, a metal, a 3-D printed or additive manufactured material, wood, laminate, and glass, among other materials. In some examples, the eyewires112may be referred to as “rims” surrounding said lenses. Lenses, as defined herein, refer to any fully or partially transparent or translucent material configured to be positioned, at least in part, in front of at least one eye of a user of the eyewear100, when positioned relative to the user's at least one eye. Example lenses include, but are not limited to including prescription lenses, non-prescription or “dummy” lenses, sunglass lenses, transition lenses, smart lenses, lenses including visual display elements, lenses configured for projection thereupon by a display device, among other, in full or in part, transparent or translucent materials. In some examples, the eyewires112may define one or more mechanical features, such as a bezel114, configured to mate with edges of the lenses116, such that the lenses116are held in place, relative to their respective, associated, eyewires112. Each of the eyewires112may be connected by a bridge118. The bridge118may be configured to rest on a user's nose or nose bridge, when the eyewear100is worn by the user. The eyewear100includes a first arm140A and a second arm140B. The arms140are any structural member of the eyewear100configured to extend in a distal direction from the front face111. The arms140may be configured to position the front face111and/or the lenses116in front of at least one eye of the user, when the user is wearing the eyewear100. The arms140may be structural members referenced in the art as “temples.” The arms140may be connected to the front face111by hinges160. The hinges160may be mechanically configured, such that the arms140are foldable, with respect to the front face111. When the arms140are folded, which ever arm140is first folded inward towards the front face111will be in closer proximity to the front face111than the other arm140. While the eyewear100is illustrated in this particular configuration, it is certainly contemplated that other configurations are possible and may have the wireless receiver system(s)130integrated therein; such configurations include, at least, a front face111and first and second arms140A,140B. For example, the eyewear100may omit the lenses116and leave the space within the eyewires112open. Alternatively, in some examples, the front face111may define a “rim-less” front face, wherein the eyewires112are omitted and lenses116comprise a majority of the front face110, with the bridge118connecting the lenses116together and the hinges160connecting the arms140thereto. Such configurations are merely exemplary and other configurations for the eyewear100, which include, at least, a front face111and arms140, are certainly contemplated. The first arm140A extends from a first proximal end141A to a first distal end143A, wherein the first proximal end141A is proximal to the front face111. The first arm140A includes a first forward portion142A and a first distal portion144A. The first forward portion142A may be any portion of the first arm140A extending distally from the first proximal end141A and the first distal portion144A may be any portion of the arm140A extending distally from the first forward portion142A. Similarly, the second arm140B extends from a second proximal end141B to a second distal end143B, wherein the second proximal end is proximal to the front face111. The second arm140B includes a second forward portion142B and a second distal portion144B. The second forward portion142B may be any portion of the second arm140B extending distally from the second proximal end141B and the second distal portion144B may be any portion of the arm140B extending distally from the second forward portion142B. FIG.14Aillustrates the eyewear100ofFIG.13resting in or on a receptacle110, which includes the wireless transmission system120integrated and/or operatively associated with the receptacle150. The receptacle150may be any surface, device, and/or container in which the eyewear100interacts, such that the integrated wireless receiver system130and the integrated wireless transmission system120are capable of coupling for wireless power transfer. Receptacles120may include, but are not limited to including, cases, pouches, holders, stands, and surfaces, among other things. It is to be noted that the form-factors illustrated for the eyewear100and/or the receptacle150are merely exemplary and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure; other form factors for eyewear100and/or receptacle(s)150are certainly contemplated. FIG.14Bis a top view of an exemplary top surface of the receptacle150, wherein the wireless transmission systems120A,120B, ofFIG.12Aare integrated with or within the receptacle150. As illustrated, the receptacle may include one or more first mechanical features170and/or one or more second mechanical features172, each configured to receive, mate, hold, position, and or otherwise mechanically interact with the eyewear100, such that the eyewear100will be in position to receive wireless power signals, via the wireless receiver system(s)130, from the wireless transmission system(s)120. For example, the first mechanical features170may be configured to mechanically interact with one or more of the hinges160and the arms140of the eyewear100. In some examples, the second mechanical features172may be configured to mechanically interact with the front face111of the eyewear100. As illustrated inFIG.14B, when the system110A is utilized with one or both of the eyewear100and the receptacle150for providing wireless power to the eyewear100, two transmission antennas21A,21B, of the two wireless transmission systems120A,120B, respectively, are included.FIG.14Bshows, in the dashed lines, example positioning of the transmitter antennas21A,21B, relative to the receptacle150and any surfaces thereof. Alternatively, as illustrated inFIG.14C, when the system110B is utilized with one or both of the eyewear100and the receptacle150for providing wireless power to the eyewear100, a single transmission antenna21is utilized, which may transmit wireless power signals to multiple wireless receiver systems130simultaneously. Turning now toFIG.14D, and with continued reference toFIGS.12A,13, and14A-B, a cross sectional view of the eyewear100and receptacle150is illustrated, showing mechanical positioning of components thereof and antenna placement therein, for antennas21,31,91of the wireless transmission systems120A, B and the wireless receiver systems130A,130B. In the example configuration ofFIG.14D, the first arm140A of the eyewear100has been folded inward first and, thus, is in closer proximity to the front face111, compared to the distance between the second arm140B and the front face110. Also, in such an arm folding configuration, the second arm140B will be in closer proximity to one or more transmission antennas21associated with the receptacle150. As discussed above with reference toFIG.12A, the first wireless receiver system130A is configured to receive wireless power signals from the first transmission antenna21A at the first receiver antenna31A, as repeated wireless power signals via repeating of the wireless power signals by the first repeater antenna91A; whereas, the second wireless receiver system130B is configured to receive wireless power signals from the second transmission antenna21B directly from the second transmission antenna21B, without need for repeating the signal by the second repeater antenna91B. Alternatively, had the second arm140B been folded inward towards the front face111first, the second wireless receiver system130B would be configured to receive wireless power signals from the second transmission antenna21B at the second receiver antenna21B, as repeated wireless power signals via repeating of the wireless power signals by the second repeater antenna91B; whereas, the first wireless receiver system130A would be configured to receive wireless power signals from the first transmission antenna21A directly from the first transmission antenna21A, without need for repeating the signal by the first repeater antenna91A. Antenna placement for the systems120,130is further illustrated inFIGS.15A-B;FIG.15Ashows a perspective view of the arms140and antenna placements therein andFIG.15Bshows a perspective view of the antennas of the systems120,130, with elements of the eyewear invisible or not shown. The first and second receiver antennas31A, B may be, respectively, positioned proximal or positioned within the first and second forward portions142A, B of the arms140A, B. The first and second repeater antennas91A, B may be, respectively, positioned proximal or positioned within the first and second distal portions144A, B of the arms140A, B. The combination of the antenna placement, relative to the arms140, and utilization of the repeater antennas91enables greater positional flexibility, for arm140positioning, with respect to the receptacle150, for wireless power transfer. Such positional flexibility may reduce or eliminate adverse effects on user experience or wireless power transfer capabilities. Utilization of the wireless receiver system(s)130, with respect to the antenna placement relative to components of the eyewear100, may result in wireless power integration in eyewear and an associated charging receptacle, without introducing unnecessary bulk and/or weight in the eyewear100. Inclusion of the antennas31,91disclosed herein may result in the eyewear100having its mass or weight minimized, by limiting layers and/or turns of the antennas31,91and, thus, the amount of metal needed for the antennas31,91, while still maintaining the large separation gaps necessary for positional freedom. Separation gaps, between the transmission antenna21and the receiver antenna31, that are achieved utilizing the systems and methods disclosed herein may be in a range of about 5 millimeters (mm) to about 15 mm. Such a reduction in weight, while maintaining the separation distance, may be achieved by utilizing the repeater antennas91disclosed herein. Inexpensive, light weight antennas may be used to realize the repeater antenna, such as, but not limited to, a wire wound antenna or a PCB antenna; thus, weight or user experience is not adversely impacted by inclusion of the repeater antenna. In some examples, the repeater antenna91may be a simple conductor, such as a piece of metal, configured or tuned to repeat a wireless power signal to the receiver antenna31. Accordingly, in some such examples, the simple conductor as the repeater antenna91may be a conductive addition and/or part of the eyewear100, such as a piece of metal on an arm140of the eyewear100. While it would be possible to not include the repeater antenna91and still achieve the necessary separation distance for achieving positional freedom, the receiver antennas necessary to enable such separation distances would require one or more of excess of turns, excess of layers, additional or greater magnetics shielding materials (e.g., a ferrite, a polymer, among other shielding materials), and combinations thereof. Such bulkier antennas are unnecessary in the systems and apparatus disclosed herein, as the inclusion of the repeater antenna will obviate the need for such bulkier, more metal intensive and/or shielding material intensive antennas, while achieving desired positional flexibility. Further, such use of the receiver/repeater antenna combination may result in lower bill of materials (BOM) cost for the wireless power system of the end user device. Additionally, inclusion of the repeater antenna91may provide for improved thermal performance, during wireless power transfer over the wireless power transfer system110. The repeater antenna91may reduce output power drive requirements of the power conditioning system40, as including the repeater antenna91may increase an effective mutual inductance of the wireless power transfer system110; due to the increase in mutual inductance, the output current of the wireless transmission system(s)120can be lowered, compared to wireless power transmission systems that do not include a repeater antenna in the signal path of the wireless power signals transferred therein. Thus, the inclusion of the repeater antenna91may further reduce thermal constraints and/or prevent unnecessary heating in the system110, while maintaining the increased separation distances discussed above. FIG.16Aillustrates an example, non-limiting embodiment of one or more of the transmitter antenna21, the receiver antenna31, and the repeater antenna91, which may be used with any of the systems, methods, and/or apparatus disclosed herein. In the illustrated embodiment, the antenna21,31, is a flat spiral coil configuration. Non-limiting examples can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,941,743, 9,960,628, 9,941,743 all to Peralta et al.; U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,948,129, 10,063,100 to Singh et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 9,941,590 to Luzinski; U.S. Pat. No. 9,960,629 to Rajagopalan et al.; and U.S. Patent App. Nos. 2017/0040107, 2017/0040105, 2017/0040688 to Peralta et al.; all of which are assigned to the assignee of the present application and incorporated fully herein by reference. The antenna21,31,91illustrated inFIG.16Ais a printed circuit board (PCB) or flexible printed circuit board (FPC) antenna, having a plurality of turns97of a conductor and one or more connectors99, all disposed on a substrate95of the antenna21,31,91. While the antenna21,31,91is illustrated, inFIG.16A, having a certain number of turns and/or layers, the PCB or FPC antenna may include any number of turns or layers. The PCB or FPC antenna21,31,91ofFIG.16Amay be produced via any known method of manufacturing PCB or FPCs known to those skilled in the art. In another embodiment of the antenna21,31,91, illustrated inFIG.16B, the antenna21,31,91may be a wire wound antenna, wherein the antenna is a conductive wire wound in a particular pattern and having any number of turns96. The wire wound antenna21,31,91may be free standing within an associated structure or, in some examples, the wire wound antenna21,31,91may be either held in place or positioned using a wire holder98. In addition, the antenna21,31,91may be constructed having a multi-layer-multi-turn (MLMT) construction in which at least one insulator is positioned between a plurality of conductors. Non-limiting examples of antennas having an MLMT construction that may be incorporated within the wireless transmission system(s)20and/or the wireless receiver system(s)30may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,610,530, 8,653,927, 8,680,960, 8,692,641, 8,692,642, 8,698,590, 8,698,591, 8,707,546, 8,710,948, 8,803,649, 8,823,481, 8,823,482, 8,855,786, 8,898,885, 9,208,942, 9,232,893, and 9,300,046 to Singh et al., all of which are assigned to the assignee of the present application are incorporated fully herein. These are merely exemplary antenna examples; however, it is contemplated that the antennas21,31may be any antenna capable of the aforementioned higher power, high frequency wireless power transfer. FIG.17is an example block diagram for a method1000of designing a system for wirelessly transferring one or more of electrical energy, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, and electronic data, in accordance with the systems, methods, and apparatus of the present disclosure. To that end, the method1000may be utilized to design a system in accordance with any disclosed embodiments of the system10and any components thereof. At block1200, the method1000includes designing a wireless transmission system for use in the system10. The wireless transmission system designed at block1200may be designed in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of the wireless transmission system20, in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. Block1200may be implemented as a method1200for designing a wireless transmission system. Turning now toFIG.18and with continued reference to the method1000ofFIG.18, an example block diagram for the method1200for designing a wireless transmission system is illustrated. The wireless transmission system designed by the method1200may be designed in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of the wireless transmission system20in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. The method1200includes designing and/or selecting a transmitter antenna for the wireless transmission system, as illustrated in block1210. The designed and/or selected transmitter antenna may be designed and/or selected in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of the transmitter antenna21, in whole or in part and including any components thereof. The method1200also includes designing and/or tuning a transmission tuning system for the wireless transmission system, as illustrated in block1220. Such designing and/or tuning may be utilized for, but not limited to being utilized for, impedance matching, as discussed in more detail above. The designed and/or tuned transmission tuning system may be designed and/or tuned in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of wireless transmission system20, in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. The method1200further includes designing a power conditioning system for the wireless transmission system, as illustrated in block1230. The power conditioning system designed may be designed with any of a plurality of power output characteristic considerations, such as, but not limited to, power transfer efficiency, maximizing a transmission gap (e.g., the gap17), increasing output voltage to a receiver, mitigating power losses during wireless power transfer, increasing power output without degrading fidelity for data communications, optimizing power output for multiple coils receiving power from a common circuit and/or amplifier, among other contemplated power output characteristic considerations. The power conditioning system may be designed in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of the power conditioning system40, in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. Further, at block1240, the method1200may involve determining and/or optimizing a connection, and any associated connection components, between the input power source12and the power conditioning system that is designed at block1230. Such determining and/or optimizing may include selecting and implementing protection mechanisms and/or apparatus, selecting and/or implementing voltage protection mechanisms, among other things. The method1200further includes designing and/or programing a transmission control system of the wireless transmission system of the method1000, as illustrated in block1250. The designed transmission control system may be designed in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of the transmission control system26, in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. Such components thereof include, but are not limited to including, the sensing system50, the driver41, the transmission controller28, the memory27, the communications system29, the thermal sensing system52, the object sensing system54, the receiver sensing system56, the other sensor(s)58, the gate voltage regulator43, the PWM generator41, the frequency generator348, in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. Returning now toFIG.17, at block1300, the method1000includes designing a wireless receiver system for use in the system10. The wireless transmission system designed at block1300may be designed in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of the wireless receiver system30in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. Block1300may be implemented as a method1300for designing a wireless receiver system. Turning now toFIG.19and with continued reference to the method1000ofFIG.17, an example block diagram for the method1300for designing a wireless receiver system is illustrated. The wireless receiver system designed by the method1300may be designed in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of the wireless receiver system30in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. The method1300includes designing and/or selecting a receiver antenna for the wireless receiver system, as illustrated in block1310. The designed and/or selected receiver antenna may be designed and/or selected in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of the receiver antenna31, in whole or in part and including any components thereof. The method1300includes designing and/or tuning a receiver tuning system for the wireless receiver system, as illustrated in block1320. Such designing and/or tuning may be utilized for, but not limited to being utilized for, impedance matching, as discussed in more detail above. The designed and/or tuned receiver tuning system may be designed and/or tuned in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of the receiver tuning and filtering system34in whole or in part and/or, optionally, including any components thereof. The method1300further includes designing a power conditioning system for the wireless receiver system, as illustrated in block1330. The power conditioning system may be designed with any of a plurality of power output characteristic considerations, such as, but not limited to, power transfer efficiency, maximizing a transmission gap (e.g., the gap17), increasing output voltage to a receiver, mitigating power losses during wireless power transfer, increasing power output without degrading fidelity for data communications, optimizing power output for multiple coils receiving power from a common circuit and/or amplifier, among other contemplated power output characteristic considerations. The power conditioning system may be designed in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of the power conditioning system32in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. Further, at block1340, the method1300may involve determining and/or optimizing a connection, and any associated connection components, between the load16and the power conditioning system of block1330. Such determining may include selecting and implementing protection mechanisms and/or apparatus, selecting and/or implementing voltage protection mechanisms, among other things. The method1300further includes designing and/or programing a receiver control system of the wireless receiver system of the method1300, as illustrated in block1350. The designed receiver control system may be designed in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of the receiver control system36in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. Such components thereof include, but are not limited to including, the receiver controller38, the memory37, and the communications system39, in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. Returning now to the method1000ofFIG.17, the method1000further includes, at block1400, optimizing and/or tuning both the wireless transmission system and the wireless receiver system for wireless power transfer. Such optimizing and/or tuning includes, but is not limited to including, controlling and/or tuning parameters of system components to match impedance, optimize and/or set voltage and/or power levels of an output power signal, among other things and in accordance with any of the disclosed systems, methods, and apparatus herein. Further, the method1000includes optimizing and/or tuning one or both of the wireless transmission system and the wireless receiver system for data communications, in view of system characteristics necessary for wireless power transfer. Such optimizing and/or tuning includes, but is not limited to including, optimizing power characteristics for concurrent transmission of electrical power signals and electrical data signals, tuning quality factors of antennas for different transmission schemes, among other things and in accordance with any of the disclosed systems, methods, and apparatus herein. FIG.20is an example block diagram for a method2000for manufacturing a system for wirelessly transferring one or both of electrical power signals and electrical data signals, in accordance with the systems, methods, and apparatus of the present disclosure. To that end, the method2000may be utilized to manufacture a system in accordance with any disclosed embodiments of the system10and any components thereof. At block2200, the method2000includes manufacturing a wireless transmission system for use in the system10. The wireless transmission system manufactured at block2200may be designed in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of the wireless transmission system20in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. Block2200may be implemented as a method2200for manufacturing a wireless transmission system. Turning now toFIG.21and with continued reference to the method2000ofFIG.20, an example block diagram for the method2200for manufacturing a wireless transmission system is illustrated. The wireless transmission system manufactured by the method2200may be manufactured in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of the wireless transmission system20in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. The method2200includes manufacturing a transmitter antenna for the wireless transmission system, as illustrated in block2210. The manufactured transmission system may be built and/or tuned in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of the transmitter antenna21, in whole or in part and including any components thereof. The method2200also includes building and/or tuning a transmission tuning system for the wireless transmission system, as illustrated in block2220. Such building and/or tuning may be utilized for, but not limited to being utilized for, impedance matching, as discussed in more detail above. The built and/or tuned transmission tuning system may be designed and/or tuned in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of the transmission tuning system24, in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. The method2200further includes selecting and/or connecting a power conditioning system for the wireless transmission system, as illustrated in block2230. The power conditioning system manufactured may be designed with any of a plurality of power output characteristic considerations, such as, but not limited to, power transfer efficiency, maximizing a transmission gap (e.g., the gap17), increasing output voltage to a receiver, mitigating power losses during wireless power transfer, increasing power output without degrading fidelity for data communications, optimizing power output for multiple coils receiving power from a common circuit and/or amplifier, among other contemplated power output characteristic considerations. The power conditioning system may be designed in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of the power conditioning system40in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. Further, at block2240, the method2200involve determining and/or optimizing a connection, and any associated connection components, between the input power source12and the power conditioning system of block2230. Such determining may include selecting and implementing protection mechanisms and/or apparatus, selecting and/or implementing voltage protection mechanisms, among other things. The method2200further includes assembling and/or programing a transmission control system of the wireless transmission system of the method2000, as illustrated in block2250. The assembled transmission control system may be assembled and/or programmed in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of the transmission control system26in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. Such components thereof include, but are not limited to including, the sensing system50, the driver41, the transmission controller28, the memory27, the communications system29, the thermal sensing system52, the object sensing system54, the receiver sensing system56, the other sensor(s)58, the gate voltage regulator43, the PWM generator41, the frequency generator348, in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. Returning now toFIG.20, at block2300, the method2000includes manufacturing a wireless receiver system for use in the system10. The wireless transmission system manufactured at block2300may be designed in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of the wireless receiver system30in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. Block2300may be implemented as a method2300for manufacturing a wireless receiver system. Turning now toFIG.22and with continued reference to the method2000ofFIG.20, an example block diagram for the method2300for manufacturing a wireless receiver system is illustrated. The wireless receiver system manufactured by the method2300may be designed in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of the wireless receiver system30in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. The method2300includes manufacturing a receiver antenna for the wireless receiver system, as illustrated in block2310. The manufactured receiver antenna may be manufactured, designed, and/or selected in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of the receiver antenna31in whole or in part and including any components thereof. The method2300includes building and/or tuning a receiver tuning system for the wireless receiver system, as illustrated in block2320. Such building and/or tuning may be utilized for, but not limited to being utilized for, impedance matching, as discussed in more detail above. The built and/or tuned receiver tuning system may be designed and/or tuned in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of the receiver tuning and filtering system34in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. The method2300further includes selecting and/or connecting a power conditioning system for the wireless receiver system, as illustrated in block2330. The power conditioning system designed may be designed with any of a plurality of power output characteristic considerations, such as, but not limited to, power transfer efficiency, maximizing a transmission gap (e.g., the gap17), increasing output voltage to a receiver, mitigating power losses during wireless power transfer, increasing power output without degrading fidelity for data communications, optimizing power output for multiple coils receiving power from a common circuit and/or amplifier, among other contemplated power output characteristic considerations. The power conditioning system may be designed in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of the power conditioning system32in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. Further, at block2340, the method2300may involve determining and/or optimizing a connection, and any associated connection components, between the load16and the power conditioning system of block2330. Such determining may include selecting and implementing protection mechanisms and/or apparatus, selecting and/or implementing voltage protection mechanisms, among other things. The method2300further includes assembling and/or programing a receiver control system of the wireless receiver system of the method2300, as illustrated in block2350. The assembled receiver control system may be designed in accordance with one or more of the aforementioned and disclosed embodiments of the receiver control system36in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. Such components thereof include, but are not limited to including, the receiver controller38, the memory37, and the communications system39, in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. Returning now to the method2000ofFIG.20, the method2000further includes, at block2400, optimizing and/or tuning both the wireless transmission system and the wireless receiver system for wireless power transfer. Such optimizing and/or tuning includes, but is not limited to including, controlling and/or tuning parameters of system components to match impedance, optimize and/or configure voltage and/or power levels of an output power signal, among other things and in accordance with any of the disclosed systems, methods, and apparatus herein. Further, the method2000includes optimizing and/or tuning one or both of the wireless transmission system and the wireless receiver system for data communications, in view of system characteristics necessary for wireless power transfer, as illustrated at block2500. Such optimizing and/or tuning includes, but is not limited to including, optimizing power characteristics for concurrent transmission of electrical power signals and electrical data signals, tuning quality factors of antennas for different transmission schemes, among other things and in accordance with any of the disclosed systems, methods, and apparatus herein. The systems, methods, and apparatus disclosed herein are designed to operate in an efficient, stable and reliable manner to satisfy a variety of operating and environmental conditions. The systems, methods, and/or apparatus disclosed herein are designed to operate in a wide range of thermal and mechanical stress environments so that data and/or electrical energy is transmitted efficiently and with minimal loss. In addition, the system10may be designed with a small form factor using a fabrication technology that allows for scalability, and at a cost that is amenable to developers and adopters. In addition, the systems, methods, and apparatus disclosed herein may be designed to operate over a wide range of frequencies to meet the requirements of a wide range of applications. In an embodiment, a ferrite shield may be incorporated within the antenna structure to improve antenna performance. Selection of the ferrite shield material may be dependent on the operating frequency as the complex magnetic permeability (μ=μ′−j*μ−) is frequency dependent. The material may be a polymer, a sintered flexible ferrite sheet, a rigid shield, or a hybrid shield, wherein the hybrid shield comprises a rigid portion and a flexible portion. Additionally, the magnetic shield may be composed of varying material compositions. Examples of materials may include, but are not limited to, zinc comprising ferrite materials such as manganese-zinc, nickel-zinc, copper-zinc, magnesium-zinc, and combinations thereof. As used herein, the phrase “at least one of” preceding a series of items, with the term “and” or “or” to separate any of the items, modifies the list as a whole, rather than each member of the list (i.e., each item). The phrase “at least one of” does not require selection of at least one of each item listed; rather, the phrase allows a meaning that includes at least one of any one of the items, and/or at least one of any combination of the items, and/or at least one of each of the items. By way of example, the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C” or “at least one of A, B, or C” each refer to only A, only B, or only C; any combination of A, B, and C; and/or at least one of each of A, B, and C. The predicate words “configured to”, “operable to”, and “programmed to” do not imply any particular tangible or intangible modification of a subject, but, rather, are intended to be used interchangeably. In one or more embodiments, a processor configured to monitor and control an operation or a component may also mean the processor being programmed to monitor and control the operation or the processor being operable to monitor and control the operation. Likewise, a processor configured to execute code can be construed as a processor programmed to execute code or operable to execute code. A phrase such as “an aspect” does not imply that such aspect is essential to the subject technology or that such aspect applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to an aspect may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. An aspect may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. A phrase such as an “aspect” may refer to one or more aspects and vice versa. A phrase such as an “embodiment” does not imply that such embodiment is essential to the subject technology or that such embodiment applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to an embodiment may apply to all embodiments, or one or more embodiments. An embodiment may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. A phrase such an “embodiment” may refer to one or more embodiments and vice versa. A phrase such as a “configuration” does not imply that such configuration is essential to the subject technology or that such configuration applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to a configuration may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. A configuration may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. A phrase such as a “configuration” may refer to one or more configurations and vice versa. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” or as an “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “include,” “have,” or the like is used in the description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprise” as “comprise” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “include,” “have,” or the like is used in the description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprise” as “comprise” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for.” Reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more.” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Pronouns in the masculine (e.g., his) include the feminine and neuter gender (e.g., her and its) and vice versa. Headings and subheadings, if any, are used for convenience only and do not limit the subject disclosure. While this specification contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of particular implementations of the subject matter. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub combination or variation of a sub combination. | 117,031 |
11942799 | While the following detailed description will be given with respect to certain illustrative embodiments, it should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale and the disclosed embodiments are sometimes illustrated diagrammatically and in partial views. In addition, in certain instances, details which are not necessary for an understanding of the disclosed subject matter or which render other details too difficult to perceive may have been omitted. It should therefore be understood that this disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed and illustrated herein, but rather to a fair reading of the entire disclosure and claims, as well as any equivalents thereto. Additional, different, or fewer components and methods may be included in the systems and methods. DETAILED DESCRIPTION In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth by way of examples in order to provide a thorough understanding of the relevant teachings. However, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present teachings may be practiced without such details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and/or circuitry have been described at a relatively high-level, without detail, in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring aspects of the present teachings. Referring now to the drawings and with specific reference toFIG.1, a wireless power transfer system10is illustrated. The wireless power transfer system10provides for the wireless transmission of electrical signals, such as, but not limited to, electrical energy, electrical power signals, and electromagnetic energy. Additionally, the wireless power transfer system10may provide for wireless transmission of electronically transmittable data (“electronic data”) independent of and/or associated with the aforementioned electrical signals. Specifically, the wireless power transfer system10provides for the wireless transmission of electrical signals via near field magnetic coupling. As shown in the embodiment ofFIG.1, the wireless power transfer system10includes a power transmitter20and a power receiver30. The power receiver30is configured to receive electrical energy, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, and/or electronic data from, at least, the power transmitter20. As illustrated, the power transmitter20and power receiver30may be configured to transmit electrical energy, via transmitter antenna21and receiver antenna31, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, and/or electronically transmittable data across, at least, a separation distance or gap17. A separation distance or gap, such as the gap17, in the context of a wireless power transfer system, such as the system10, does not include a physical connection, such as a wired connection. There may be intermediary objects located in a separation distance or gap, such as the gap17, such as, but not limited to, air, a counter top, a casing for an electronic device, a grip device for a mobile device, a plastic filament, an insulator, a mechanical wall, among other things; however, there is no physical, electrical connection at such a separation distance or gap. The combination of the power transmitter20and the power receiver30create an electrical connection without the need for a physical connection. “Electrical connection,” as defined herein, refers to any facilitation of a transfer of an electrical current, voltage, and/or power from a first location, device, component, and/or source to a second location, device, component, and/or destination. An “electrical connection” may be a physical connection, such as, but not limited to, a wire, a trace, a via, among other physical electrical connections, connecting a first location, device, component, and/or source to a second location, device, component, and/or destination. Additionally or alternatively, an “electrical connection” may be a wireless electrical connection, such as, but not limited to, magnetic, electromagnetic, resonant, and/or inductive field, among other wireless electrical connections, connecting a first location, device, component, and/or source to a second location, device, component, and/or destination. Alternatively, the gap17may be referenced as a “Z-Distance,” because, if one considers an antenna21,31to be disposed substantially along a common X-Y plane, then the distance separating the antennas21,31is the gap in a “Z” or “depth” direction. However, flexible and/or non-planar coils are certainly contemplated by embodiments of the present disclosure and, thus, it is contemplated that the gap17may not be uniform, across an envelope of connection distances between the antennas21,31. It is contemplated that various tunings, configurations, and/or other parameters may alter the possible maximum distance of the gap17, such that electrical transmission from the power transmitter20to the power receiver30remains possible. The wireless power transfer system10operates when the power transmitter20and the power receiver30are coupled. As defined herein, the terms “couples,” “coupled,” and “coupling” generally refers to magnetic field coupling, which occurs when the energy of a transmitter and/or any components thereof and the energy of a receiver and/or any components thereof are coupled to each other through a magnetic field. Coupling of the power transmitter20and the power receiver30, in the system10, may be represented by a resonant coupling coefficient of the system10and, for the purposes of wireless power transfer, the coupling coefficient for the system10may be in the range of about 0.01 and 0.9. The power transmitter20may be operatively associated with a base station11. The base station11may be a device, such as a charger, that is able to provide near-field inductive power, via the power transmitter20, to a power receiver. In some examples, the base station11may be configured to provide such near-field inductive power as specified in the Qi™ Wireless Power Transfer System, Power Class 0 Specification. In some such examples, the base station11may carry a logo to visually indicate to a user that the base station11complies with the Qi™ Wireless Power Transfer System, Power Class 0 Specification. The power transmitter20may receive power from an input power source12. The base station11may be any electrically operated device, circuit board, electronic assembly, dedicated charging device, or any other contemplated electronic device. Example base stations11, with which the power transmitter20may be associated therewith, include, but are not limited to including, a device that includes an integrated circuit, cases for wearable electronic devices, receptacles for electronic devices, a portable computing device, clothing configured with electronics, storage medium for electronic devices, charging apparatus for one or multiple electronic devices, dedicated electrical charging devices, activity or sport related equipment, goods, and/or data collection devices, among other contemplated electronic devices. The input power source12may be or may include one or more electrical storage devices, such as an electrochemical cell, a battery pack, and/or a capacitor, among other storage devices. Additionally or alternatively, the input power source12may be any electrical input source (e.g., any alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) delivery port) and may include connection apparatus from said electrical input source to the wireless transmission system20(e.g., transformers, regulators, conductive conduits, traces, wires, or equipment, goods, computer, camera, mobile phone, and/or other electrical device connection ports and/or adaptors, such as but not limited to USB or lighting ports and/or adaptors, among other contemplated electrical components). Further, as illustrated, the input power source12may include, may be implemented by, and/or may be operatively associated with, for the purpose of power distribution, an external power supply45, which directly provides a direct current (DC) power input to the power transmitter20. The external power supply45may include or comprise one or more Universal Serial Bus (USB) power supplies, Lightning power supplies, Qualcomm Quick Charge devices, USB-C power supplies, USB-PD (USB Power Delivery) power supplies, Mini-USB power supplies, proprietary power supplies, input/outputs on electronic devices (e.g., a computer, a multi device charger, an automobile console, a mobile device, a portable power supply, a battery, a generator, among known power supplies. Electrical energy received by the power transmitter20is then used for at least two purposes: providing electrical power to internal components of the power transmitter20and providing electrical power to the transmitter coil21. The transmitter coil21is configured to wirelessly transmit the electrical signals conditioned and modified for wireless transmission by the power transmitter20via near-field magnetic coupling (NFMC). Near-field magnetic coupling enables the transfer of electrical energy, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, and/or electronically transmissible data wirelessly through magnetic induction between the transmitter coil21and a receiving coil31of, or associated with, the power receiver30. Near-field magnetic coupling may enable “inductive coupling,” which, as defined herein, is a wireless power transmission technique that utilizes an alternating electromagnetic field to transfer electrical energy between two or more antennas/coils. Such inductive coupling is the near field wireless transmission of electrical energy between two magnetically coupled coils that are tuned to resonate at a similar frequency. Further, such near-field magnetic coupling may provide connection via “mutual inductance,” which, as defined herein is the production of an electromotive force in a circuit by a change in current in at least one circuit magnetically coupled to the first. In one or more embodiments, the inductor coils of either the transmitter coil21or the receiver coil31are strategically positioned to facilitate reception and/or transmission of wirelessly transferred electrical energy, power, electromagnetic energy and/or data through near field magnetic induction. Antenna operating frequencies may comprise all operating frequency ranges, examples of which may include, but are not limited to, about 87 kHz to about 205 kHz (Qi™ interface standard). The operating frequencies of the coils21,31may be operating frequencies designated by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) frequency bands. As known to those skilled in the art, a “resonant frequency” or “resonant frequency band” refers to a frequency or frequencies wherein amplitude response of the antenna is at a relative maximum, or, additionally or alternatively, the frequency or frequency band where the capacitive reactance has a magnitude substantially similar to the magnitude of the inductive reactance. In one or more embodiments the transmitting antenna resonant frequency band extends from about 87 kHz to about 205 kHz. In one or more embodiments the inductor coil of the receiver coil31is configured to resonate at a receiving antenna resonant frequency or within a receiving antenna resonant frequency band. In some examples, the transmitting coil and the receiving coil of the present disclosure may be configured to transmit and/or receive electrical power at a baseline power profile having a magnitude up to about 5 watts (W). In some other examples, the transmitting coil and the receiving coil of the present disclosure may be configured to transmit and/or receive electrical power at an extended power profile, supporting transfer of up to 15 W of power. The power receiver30is configured to acquire near-field inductive power from the power transmitter20. In some examples, the power receiver30is a subsystem of an electronic device14. The electronic device14may be any device that is able to consume near field inductive power as specified in the Qi™ Wireless Power Transfer System, Power Class 0 Specification. In some such examples, the electronic device14may carry a logo to visually indicate to a user that the electronic device14complies with the Specification. The electronic device14may be any device that requires electrical power for any function and/or for power storage (e.g., via a battery and/or capacitor). Additionally or alternatively, the electronic device14may be any device capable of receipt of electronically transmissible data. For example, the device may be, but is not limited to being, a handheld computing device, a mobile device, a portable appliance, an integrated circuit, an identifiable tag, a kitchen utility device, an automotive device, an electronic tool, an electric vehicle, a game console, a robotic device, a wearable electronic device (e.g., an electronic watch, electronically modified glasses, altered-reality (AR) glasses, virtual reality (VR) glasses, among other things), a portable scanning device, a portable identifying device, a sporting good, an embedded sensor, an Internet of Things (IoT) sensor, IoT enabled clothing, IoT enabled recreational equipment, industrial equipment, medical equipment, a medical device, a tablet computing device, a portable control device, a remote controller for an electronic device, a gaming controller, among other things. For the purposes of illustrating the features and characteristics of the disclosed embodiments, arrow-ended lines are utilized to illustrate transferrable and/or communicative signals and various patterns are used to illustrate electrical signals that are intended for power transmission and electrical signals that are intended for the transmission of data and/or control instructions. Solid lines indicate signal transmission of electrical energy, electrical power signals, and/or electromagnetic energy over a physical and/or wireless electrical connection, in the form of power signals that are, ultimately, utilized in wireless power transmission from the power transmitter20to the power receiver30. Further, dotted lines are utilized to illustrate electronically transmittable data signals, which ultimately may be wirelessly transmitted from the power transmitter20to the power receiver30. Turning now toFIG.2, the wireless power transfer system10is illustrated as a block diagram including example sub-systems of the power transmitter20. The wireless transmission system20may include, at least, a power conditioning system40, a control and communications system26, a sensing system50, and the transmission coil21. The electrical energy input from the input power source12, via the external power supply45, is conditioned and/or modified for wireless power transmission, to the power receiver30, via the transmission coil21. Accordingly, the second portion of the input energy is modified and/or conditioned by the power conditioning system40. The control and communications system26, generally, comprises digital logic portions of the power transmitter20. The control and communications system26receives and decodes messages from the power receiver30, executes the relevant power control algorithms and protocols, and drives the frequency of the AC waveform to control the power transfer. As discussed in greater detail below, the control and communications system26also interfaces with other subsystems of the power transmitter20. For example, the control and communications system26may interface with other elements of the power transmitter20for user interface purposes. Referring now toFIG.3, with continued reference toFIGS.1and2, subcomponents and/or systems of the control and communications system26are illustrated. The control and communications system26may include a transmission controller28, a communications system29, a driver48, and a memory27. The transmission controller28may be any electronic controller or computing system that includes, at least, a processor which performs operations, executes control algorithms, stores data, retrieves data, gathers data, controls and/or provides communication with other components and/or subsystems associated with the power transmitter20, and/or performs any other computing or controlling task desired. The transmission controller28may be a single controller or may include more than one controller disposed to control various functions and/or features of the power transmitter20such as, but not limited to, providing control instructions to the external power supply45. Functionality of the transmission controller28may be implemented in hardware and/or software and may rely on one or more data maps relating to the operation of the power transmitter20. To that end, the transmission controller28may be operatively associated with the memory27. The memory may include one or more of internal memory, external memory, and/or remote memory (e.g., a database and/or server operatively connected to the transmission controller28via a network, such as, but not limited to, the Internet). The internal memory and/or external memory may include, but are not limited to including, one or more of a read only memory (ROM), including programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or sometimes but rarely labelled EROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), random access memory (RAM), including dynamic RAM (DRAM), static RAM (SRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), single data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (SDR SDRAM), double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (DDR SDRAM, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4), and graphics double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (GDDR SDRAM, GDDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4, GDDR5, a flash memory, a portable memory, and the like. Such memory media are examples of nontransitory machine readable and/or computer readable memory media. While particular elements of the control and communications system26are illustrated as independent components and/or circuits (e.g., the driver48, the memory27, the communications system29, among other contemplated elements) of the control and communications system26, such components may be integrated with the transmission controller28. In some examples, the transmission controller28may be an integrated circuit configured to include functional elements of one or both of the transmission controller28and the power transmitter20, generally. As illustrated, the transmission controller28is in operative association, for the purposes of data transmission, receipt, and/or communication, with, at least, the memory27, the communications system29, the power conditioning system40, the driver48, and the sensing system50. The driver48may be implemented to control, at least in part, the operation of the power conditioning system40. In some examples, the driver48may receive instructions from the transmission controller28to output a generated pulse width modulation (PWM) signal to the power conditioning system40. In some such examples, the PWM signal may be configured to drive the power conditioning system40to output electrical power as an alternating current signal, having an operating frequency defined by the PWM signal. As discussed in greater detail below with reference toFIGS.6-7B, the PWM signal may be altered by the controller28, for, at least, power control purposes. The sensing system50may include one or more sensors, wherein each sensor may be operatively associated with one or more components of the power transmitter20and configured to provide information and/or data. The term “sensor” is used in its broadest interpretation to define one or more components operatively associated with the power transmitter20that operate to sense functions, conditions, electrical characteristics, operations, and/or operating characteristics of one or more of the power transmitter20, the power receiver30, the input power source12, the base station11, the transmission coil21, the receiver coil31, along with any other components and/or subcomponents thereof. As illustrated in the embodiment ofFIG.4, the sensing system50may include, but is not limited to including, a thermal sensing system52, an object sensing system54, a receiver sensing system56, electrical sensor(s)57and/or any other sensor(s)58. Within these systems, there may exist even more specific optional additional or alternative sensing systems addressing particular sensing aspects required by an application, such as, but not limited to: a condition-based maintenance sensing system, a performance optimization sensing system, a state-of-charge sensing system, a temperature management sensing system, a component heating sensing system, an IoT sensing system, an energy and/or power management sensing system, an impact detection sensing system, an electrical status sensing system, a speed detection sensing system, a device health sensing system, among others. The object sensing system54, may be a foreign object detection (FOD) system. Each of the thermal sensing system52, the object sensing system54, the receiver sensing system56and/or the other sensor(s)58, including the optional additional or alternative systems, are operatively and/or communicatively connected to the transmission controller28. The thermal sensing system52is configured to monitor ambient and/or component temperatures within the power transmitter20or other elements nearby the power transmitter20. The thermal sensing system52may be configured to detect a temperature within the power transmitter20and, if the detected temperature exceeds a threshold temperature, the transmission controller28prevents the power transmitter20from operating. Such a threshold temperature may be configured for safety considerations, operational considerations, efficiency considerations, and/or any combinations thereof. In a non-limiting example, if, via input from the thermal sensing system52, the transmission controller28determines that the temperature within the power transmitter20has increased from an acceptable operating temperature to an undesired operating temperature (e.g., in a non-limiting example, the internal temperature increasing from about 20° Celsius (C) to about 50° C., the transmission controller28prevents the operation of the power transmitter20and/or reduces levels of power output from the power transmitter20. In some non-limiting examples, the thermal sensing system52may include one or more of a thermocouple, a thermistor, a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) resistor, a resistance temperature detector (RTD), and/or any combinations thereof. As depicted inFIG.4, the transmission sensing system50may include the object sensing system54. The object sensing system54may be configured to detect presence of unwanted objects in contact with or proximate to the power transmitter20. In some examples, the object sensing system54is configured to detect the presence of an undesired object. In some such examples, if the transmission controller28, via information provided by the object sensing system54, detects the presence of an undesired object, then the transmission controller28prevents or otherwise modifies operation of the power transmitter20. In some examples, the object sensing system54utilizes an impedance change detection scheme, in which the transmission controller28analyzes a change in electrical impedance observed by the transmission coil21against a known, acceptable electrical impedance value or range of electrical impedance values. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples the object sensing system54may determine if a foreign object is present by measuring power output associated with the power transmitter20and determining power input associated with a receiver associated with the power transmitter20. In such examples, the object sensing system54may calculate a difference between the power associated with the power transmitter20and the power associated with the receiver and determine if the difference indicates a loss, consistent with a foreign object not designated for wireless power transmission. Additionally or alternatively, the object sensing system54may utilize a quality factor (Q) change detection scheme, in which the transmission controller28analyzes a change from a known quality factor value or range of quality factor values of the object being detected, such as the receiver coil31. The “quality factor” or “Q” of an inductor can be defined as (frequency (Hz)×inductance (H))/resistance (ohms), where frequency is the operational frequency of the circuit, inductance is the inductance output of the inductor and resistance is the combination of the radiative and reactive resistances that are internal to the inductor. “Quality factor,” as defined herein, is generally accepted as an index (figure of measure) that measures the efficiency of an apparatus like an antenna, a circuit, or a resonator. In some examples, the object sensing system54may include one or more of an optical sensor, an electro-optical sensor, a Hall effect sensor, a proximity sensor, and/or any combinations thereof. The receiver sensing system56is any sensor, circuit, and/or combinations thereof configured to detect presence of any wireless receiving system that may be couplable with the power transmitter20. In some examples, if the presence of any such wireless receiving system is detected, wireless transmission of electrical energy, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, and/or data by the power transmitter to said wireless receiving system is enabled. In some examples, if the presence of a wireless receiver system is not detected, wireless transmission of electrical energy, electrical power, electromagnetic energy, and/or data is prevented from occurring. Accordingly, the receiver sensing system56may include one or more sensors and/or may be operatively associated with one or more sensors that are configured to analyze electrical characteristics within an environment of or proximate to the power transmitter20and, based on the electrical characteristics, determine presence of a power receiver30. The electrical sensor(s)57may include any sensors configured for detecting and/or measuring any current, voltage, and/or power within the power transmitter20. Information provided by the electrical sensor(s)57, to the transmission controller28, may be utilized independently and/or in conjunction with any information provided to the transmission controller28by one or more of the thermal sensing system52, the object sensing system54, the receiver sensing system56, the other sensor(s)58, and any combinations thereof. Referring now toFIG.5, and with continued reference toFIGS.1-4, a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of the power conditioning system40is illustrated. At the power conditioning system40, electrical power is received, generally, as a DC power source, via the external power supply45. The electrical power is provided to an amplifier42of the power conditioning system40, which is configured to condition the electrical power for wireless transmission by the coil21. The amplifier42may function as an inverter, which receives a DC power signal from the external power supply45and generates an AC power signal as output, based, at least in part, on PWM input from the transmission control system26. The amplifier42may be or include, for example, a power stage inverter. The use of the amplifier42within the power conditioning system40and, in turn, the power transmitter20enables wireless transmission of electrical signals having much greater amplitudes than if transmitted without such an amplifier. For example, the addition of the amplifier42may enable the wireless transmission system20to transmit electrical energy as an electrical power signal having electrical power from about 10 milliwatts (mW) to about 60 W. Turning now toFIGS.6A and6B, with continued reference toFIGS.1-5, components of the power transmitter20and the external power supply45are illustrated, for the purposes of describing power control methods, schemes, and/or components of the power transmitter20. To that end, the block diagram ofFIG.6Aillustrates interaction between one or more of the power conditioning system40, the amplifier42, the controller28, the external power supply45, or components thereof. The external power supply45, as discussed above, may be any suitable power supply, which is configurable for providing a proper DC power signal (VDC), at a DC voltage, to the amplifier42. The DC power is conditioned for wireless power transmission as an alternating current (AC) power signal (VAC), via the transmitter antenna21. In some examples, the external power supply45may provide VDCdirectly to the amplifier42, absent any additional voltage step up or down via physical electrical components (e.g., an internal DC/DC converter of the power transmitter20). However, while not utilizing hardware internal to the power transmitter to alter VDC, it is certainly contemplated, as discussed below, that voltage, current, and/or power levels of the resultant power signal VACmay be altered by control via the controller28. The external power supply45receives an input power VIN, which may be any DC or AC input power, to be conditioned by the external power supply45, for output directly to the amplifier42as VDC. A voltage regulator46receives VIN from the input power source12and is configured to provide electrical power to the amplifier42. Accordingly, the voltage regulator46is configured to convert the received electrical power into a power signal at a proper voltage for operation of the respective downstream components. The voltage regulator46may be any voltage regulator known in the art that is capable of converting in input voltage to an output, direct current voltage, which may include one or more DC/DC converters, amplifiers, transistors, transformers, inverters, switches, diodes, rectifiers, switching systems, among other known voltage regulators. To that end, the voltage regulator46may be configured to step up VIN to result in VDC, step down VIN to result in VDC, and/or maintain a substantially similar voltage VIN to result in VDC. Such stepping up, stepping down, and/or maintenance of the voltage for generating VDCmay be controlled by a power supply controller47of the external power supply45. The power supply controller47may include any internal firm ware and/or may respond to signals from any external controllers (e.g., the transmission controller28) for determining instructions for provision to the voltage regulator46, to control voltage levels for the resultant VDC. As discussed in more detail below, one or more control methods, schemes, and/or components are utilized by the power supply controller47to output the desired VDCdirectly to the amplifier42. The power supply controller47may be any electronic controller or computing system that includes, at least, a processor which performs operations, executes control algorithms, stores data, retrieves data, gathers data, controls and/or provides communication with other components and/or subsystems associated with external power supply45, and/or performs any other computing or controlling task desired. The power supply controller47may be a single controller or may include more than one controller disposed to control various functions and/or features of the external power supply45. Functionality of the power supply controller47may be implemented in hardware and/or software and may rely on one or more data maps relating to the operation of the external power supply45. To that end, the power supply controller47may be operatively associated with memory. The memory may include one or more of internal memory, external memory, and/or remote memory (e.g., a database and/or server operatively connected to the power supply controller47via a network, such as, but not limited to, the Internet). The internal memory and/or external memory may include, but are not limited to including, one or more of a read only memory (ROM), including programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or sometimes but rarely labelled EROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), random access memory (RAM), including dynamic RAM (DRAM), static RAM (SRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), single data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (SDR SDRAM), double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (DDR SDRAM, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4), and graphics double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM (GDDR SDRAM, GDDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4, GDDR5, a flash memory, a portable memory, and the like. Such memory media are examples of nontransitory machine readable and/or computer readable memory media. In some examples, power supply controller47may be an integrated circuit configured to include functional elements of one or both of the power supply controller47and the external power supply45, generally. As illustrated inFIG.6, the transmission controller28may be utilized for communications with one or more of the external power supply45, the power supply controller47, or the amplifier42, for controlling power levels of power signals within the power transmitter20. Particularly, the transmission controller28is configured to provide power control signals (Pcon) to control a power level of the power signal VAC, VACconfigured for transmission to the power receiver30. For controlling voltages of one or more of VAC, VDC, or any intervening power signals of the power transmitter20, the transmitter controller28may include, implement, execute firmware to implement, and/or functionally provide a voltage controller41and a pulse-width modulation signal (PWM) generator43. The voltage controller41is, generally, configured to provide one or both of control instructions for stepping up or stepping down the DC power signal VDCor altering power levels of the AC power signal VAC. Further, to determine the power control signals (Pcon), the voltage controller may be configured to receive power request signals (Preq) from the power receiver30and determine Pconbased, at least in part, on Preq. Preqmay be any information that determines a desired power level for transmission to the power receiver30, such as, but not limited to, a current charge level of a load associated with the power receiver30, a voltage at a rectifier of the power receiver30, a load resistance associated with the power receiver30, among other electrical information associated with the power receiver30. For controlling voltage levels of VDC, upon input to the amplifier42, from the external power supply45, the transmitter controller28is configured to provide Pcon, at least in part, to the external power supply45, such that the power supply may utilize information of Pconto configure VDCbased, at least in part, on VIN and Pcon, and provide VDCto the amplifier42. In some such examples, such as those illustrated inFIG.6A, the power supply controller47is configured to receive Pcon, at least in part, and generate voltage regulation instructions (Vreg), Vregconfigured for altering the DC voltage of VDC, based on Pcon. The power supply controller47provides Vregto the voltage regulator46, for the voltage regulator46to regulate and/or control levels of the DC voltage of VDC, prior to input to the amplifier42. In some examples, information of Pcontransmitted to the power supply controller47may include voltage step up instructions and/or voltage step down instructions (Pcon_step). Pconstep includes a step level, which is a level, step magnitude, and/or change in voltage at which the voltage regulator46and/or the power supply controller47is configured to step up or step down the DC voltage of VDC, when configuring VDCfrom VIN. In some examples, the step levels may be proprietary, with specific voltage levels configured for operation of specific devices and/or operations. In some other examples, the step levels may be a constant rate of change in voltage, from which the power supply45is configured to any power level that is a multiple of the step level, up to an upper-bound maximum output power. Utilizing small step levels may allow for greater precisionity in power control, by the power transmitter20, utilizing external power regulation of the external power supply45. For example, the step level may be in a range of about 10 millivolts (mV) to about 500 mV. In some other examples, the step level may be about 200 mV. Utilizing step levels in control of an external power supply45may allow for the power transmitter20to effectively utilize off-the-shelf, inexpensive power supplies, in place of more costly internal voltage regulation hardware. Turning now toFIG.6B, the PWM generator43may be utilized for providing a PWM signal to the amplifier, for forming VACbased, at least in part, on the input VDCof the amplifier42. The PWM generator43may generate the PWM signal based, at least, on an operating frequency provided by the operating frequency generator48. In some examples, the operating frequency produced by the operating frequency generator48may be selected from a range of about 87 kHz to about 205 kHz. In some examples, the PWM generator further includes a duty cycle shift49, which may be configured to shift, alter, and/or otherwise configure a duty cycle of the resultant AC power signal VAC, which is generated based, at least in part, on the PWM signal (PWM). A duty cycle, as defined herein, refers to the positive voltage cycle of a period of an AC power signal. In an exemplary, ideal, sinusoidal waveform for the AC power signal VAC, the initial duty cycle of VACis about 50% of the period of the sinusoidal waveform. Thus, if the duty cycle of VACis decreased, the effective amount of power, over a period of time, will be less than the amount of power output, over a period of time, of an unaltered, about 50% duty cycle for the ideal sinusoidal waveform. For the purposes of explanation and example,FIG.6Cis provided to illustrate the effect of a duty cycle shift on the power output of the amplifier42, based on the control systems, schemes, and/or apparatus disclosed, with respect toFIGS.6A and6B. As illustrated inFIGS.6A and6B, the power signal VACis generated at the amplifier42based, at least in part, on both VDCand PWM. As illustrated inFIG.6C, the output of the amplifier, with inputs of VDCand PWM, may result in a substantially sinusoidal wave form having an initial duty cycle (di) that is equal to about 50% of a period of the sinusoidal waveform (T). As illustrated, this unshifted sinusoidal power signal is an initial AC power signal (VACi), which has an initial root mean square voltage (VACi_rms). A root mean square (rms) voltage refers to the square root of the average value of the squared function of instantaneous values for the voltage, over a period of time, for an alternating current signal. In other words, one may consider a rms voltage to refer to an equivalent DC value which tells you how many volts of voltage and/or amperes of current that a waveform is comparable to, in terms of its ability to produce the same power. As illustrated, VACihas a peak voltage Vpeak, the initial duty cycle di, and a period T. If diis shifted and Vpeakand T remain substantially constant, then an rms voltage of the wave form will shift proportionately with the shift in duty cycle. To that end, as illustrated inFIG.6C, if diis shifted and/or reduced by a shift (s) and substantially maintains a constant T and Vpeak, then a rms voltage of the shifted, final output VAC, having a shifted duty cycle dshift, will have an altered rms voltage (VAC_rms), when compared to VACi_rms. In some examples, the PWM generator43may be configured to receive duty cycle shift information (Pcon_shift), of Pcon, and generate PWM as modified to generate VACwith a modified duty cycle, as illustrated inFIG.6C. In such examples, the root mean square voltage VAC_rms, after modification, is less than VACi_rmswould be, absent the duty cycle shift. Accordingly, by shifting the duty cycle of VAC, utilizing the controller28and/or the PWM generator43, precision control of the power levels output for VACcan be achieved through direct software and/or hardware control of a duty cycle shift for VAC. By utilizing the duty cycle shifting systems, methods, and/or apparatus in conjunction with the external power supply control systems methods and/or apparatus, precision power level control for an output power signal can be achieved by the power transmitter20. Additionally, such systems, methods, and/or apparatus may allow for greater precisionity in controls and/or greater range of controls, without need to include additional and/or costly voltage regulation hardware within the power transmitter20, itself. As discussed above, said systems, methods, and apparatus are beneficial for utilizing the power transmitter20with known, affordable, off-the-shelf power supply components, for cost reduction and/or bill of materials reduction. Turning now toFIG.7and with continued reference toFIGS.6A-C, a block diagram for an exemplary method500for controlling power input and/or output of the power transmitter20is illustrated. The method500may begin at block505, wherein the transmitter controller28receives Preqfrom the power receiver30. As illustrated in block510, the method500may include determining Pconbased on Preq. Further, the method500includes providing Pcon_shiftof Pconto the external power supply45and/or any components thereof. The external power transmitter45determines Vregbased, at least, on Pcon_shift(block520) and determines and provides VDCto the power transmitter20(at the amplifier42), based on Vreg(block525). In some examples, such as those best described with reference toFIG.6C, the method500may further include determining a duty cycle shift for Pcon(Pcon_shift) for further desired voltage configuration of VAC, as illustrated in block530. Further, PWM may then be altered and/or adjusted, based on Pcon_shift, as illustrated in block535. The amplifier42is configured to receive the PWM signal from the transmitter controller28, as illustrated in block540. Then, the amplifier42generates VACbased, at least in part, on VDCand PWM, as illustrated in block545. FIG.8is an exemplary schematic diagram120for an embodiment of the power transmitter20. In the schematic, the amplifier42is a full-bridge inverter142which drives the transmitter coil21and a series capacitor Cs. In some examples, wherein the operating frequency of the power transmitter20is in the range of about 87 kHz and about 205 kHz, the transmitter coil21has a self-inductance in a range of about 5 μH to about 7 μH. In some such examples, Cs has a capacitance in a range of about 400 nF to about 450 nF. Based on controls configured by the control and communications system26, an input power source112, embodying the input power source12, is altered to control the amount of power transferred to the power receiver30. The input voltage of the input power source112to the full-bridge inverter142may be altered within a range of about 1 volt (V) to about 19 V, to control power output. In such examples, the resolution of the voltage of the input power source112may be 10 millivolts (mV) or less. In some examples, when the power transmitter20,120first applies a power signal for transfer to the power receiver30, the power signal of the input power source112has an initial input power voltage in a range of about 4.5 V to about 5.5 V. The transmitter coil21may be of a wire-wound type, wound of, for example, Litz wire. As defined herein, Litz wire refers to a type of multistrand wire or cable utilized in electronics to carry an alternating current at a frequency. Litz wire is designed to reduce skin effect and proximity effect losses in conductors at frequencies up to about 1 MHz and consists of many thin wire strands, individually insulated and twisted or woven together, following a pattern. In some examples, the Litz wire may be no. 17 American Wire Gauge (AWG) (1.15 mm) type 2 Litz wire, having 105 strands of no. 40 AWG (0.08 mm diameter), or equivalent wire. In some examples, the Litz wire used for the transmitter coil21may be a bifilar Litz wire. To that end, utilizing thicker Litz wire, such as the no. 17 AWG type 2 Litz wire, utilizing bifilar Litz wire, and combinations thereof, may result in an increased Quality Factor (Q) for the transmitter coil21and higher Q may be directly related to increases in gap17height and/or Z-Distance. As Q is directly related to the magnitude of the magnetic field produced by the transmitter antenna21and, thus, with a greater magnitude magnetic field produced, the field emanating from the transmission antenna21can reach greater Z-distances and/or charge volumes, in comparison to legacy transmission coils, having lower Q designs. While Litz wire is described and illustrated, other equivalents and/or functionally similar wires may be used. Furthermore, other sizes and thicknesses of Litz wire may be used. Turning toFIG.9, an exemplary diagram121, for portraying dimensions of the transmitter antenna21, is illustrated. The diagram121is a top perspective view of the transmitter antenna21and shows a top face60of the transmitter antenna21. Note that the diagram121is not necessarily to scale and is for illustrative purposes. The top face60and the transmitter antenna21, generally, are relatively circular in shape. As illustrated, an outer diameter dois defined as an exterior diameter of the transmitter antenna21. In some examples, the outer diameter dohas an outer diameter length in a range of about 40 mm to about 50 mm. An inner diameter diis defined as the diameter of the void space in the interior of the transmitter antenna21. The inner diameter dimay have an inner diameter length in a range of about 15 mm to about 25 mm. The outer diameter doand the inner diameter dimay be relatively concentric, with respect to one another. The transmitter coil21has a thickness tw, which is defined as the thickness of the wire of the coil. The thickness twmay be in a range of about 2 mm to about 3 mm. In such examples, the transmitter coil21may be made of Litz wire and include at least two layers, the at least two layers stacked upon each other. Utilization of one or more of an increased inner diameter di, an increased outer diameter do, multiple Litz wire layers for the antenna21, specific dimensions disclosed herein, and/or combinations thereof, may be beneficial in achieving greater gap17heights and/or Z-distances. Other shapes and sizes of the transmitter antenna21may be selected based on the configuration with the selection of the shape and size of the shielding of the transmitter coil. In the event that a desired shielding in required, the transmitter antenna21may be shaped and sized such that the shielding surrounds the transmitter antenna21in accordance with an embodiment. Turning now toFIG.10, a cross-sectional view of the transmitter coil21, within the base station11and partially surrounded by a shielding80of the transmitter coil21, is illustrated. The shielding80comprises a ferrite core and defines a cavity82, the cavity configured such that the ferrite core substantially surrounds all but the top face60of the transmitter antenna21when the transmitter antenna21is placed in the cavity. As used herein, “surrounds” is intended to include covers, encircles, enclose, extend around, or otherwise provide a shielding for. “Substantially surrounds,” in this context, may take into account small sections of the coil that are not covered. For example, power lines may connect the transmitter coil21to a power source. The power lines may come in via an opening in the side wall of the shielding80. The transmitter coil21at or near this connection may not be covered. In another example, the transmitter coil21may rise slightly out of the cavity and thus the top section of the side walls may not be covered. By way of example, substantially surrounds would include coverage of at least 50+% of that section of the transmitter antenna. However, in other examples, the shielding may provide a greater or lesser extend of coverate for one or more sides of the transmitter antenna21. In an embodiment, as shown inFIG.10, the shielding80surrounds at least the entire bottom section of the transmitter antenna21and almost all of the side sections of the transmitter antenna21. As used herein, the entire bottom section of the transmitter antenna21may include, for example, the entire surface area of the transmitter antenna21or all of the turns of the Litz wire of the transmitter antenna21. With respect to the side walls, as shown inFIG.10, the magnetic ring84does not extend all the way up the side wall of the transmitter antenna21. However, as shown in other illustrations, the side wall may extend all the way up the side wall. In another embodiment, the shielding80may surround less than the entire bottom section of the transmitter antenna21. For example, connecting wires (e.g., connecting wires292, as best illustrated inFIGS.11A,11Band discussed below) may be run through an opening in the bottom of the shielding80. In an embodiment, as shown inFIG.10, the shielding80is an “E-Core” type shielding, wherein the cavity82and structural elements of the shielding80are configured in an E-shape configuration, when the shielding is viewed, cross-sectionally, in a side view. The E-Core configuration is further illustrated inFIG.11, which is a perspective view of the shielding80. The shielding80may include a magnetic core86, a magnetic backing85, and a magnetic ring84. The magnetic core86is spaced inwardly from the outer edge of the magnetic backing85and projects in an upward direction from the top surface of the magnetic backing85. The magnetic core86and the magnetic ring84function to surround the transmitter coil21and to direct and focus magnetic fields, hence improving coupling with the receiver coil31of the power receiver30. In addition to covering the entire outer diameter of the transmitter coil21, the shielding80may also cover the inner diameter diof the transmitter coil21. That is, as shown, the inner section of the E-Core configuration may protrude upward through the middle of the transmitter coil21. In an embodiment, the cavity82is configured such that the shielding80covers the entire bottom section of the transmitter coil21and the entire side sections of the transmitter coil21. The top section of the transmitter coil21is not covered. The bottom section of the transmitter coil21is the side of the transmitter coil21that is opposite of the direction of the primary power transfer to the receiver coil. With a wire wound transmitter coil21, the side section of the transmitter coil21includes the side section of the outer most winding of the coil21. FIG.12Ais a perspective view of the transmitter coil21and the embodiment of the E-core shielding ofFIG.11andFIG.12Bis an exploded perspective view of the transmitter coil21and the embodiment of the E-core shielding ofFIG.11. The transmitter coil21is positioned above the shielding80, whose combination of structural bodies, as discussed above, may include the combination of the magnetic core86, the magnetic backing85, and magnetic ring84. This magnetic shielding combination functions to help direct and concentrate magnetic fields created by transmitter coil21and can also limit side effects that would otherwise be caused by magnetic flux passing through nearby metal objects. In some examples, the magnetic ring defines an opening88, in which a connecting wire292of the transmitter coil21can exit the shielding80. As defined herein, a “shielding material,” from which the shielding80is formed, is a material that captures a magnetic field. An example of which is a ferrite material. The ferrite shield material selected for the shielding80also depends on the operating frequency, as the complex magnetic permeability (μ=μ′−j*μ″) is frequency dependent. The material may be a sintered flexible ferrite sheet or a rigid shield and be composed of varying material compositions. In some examples, the ferrite material for the shielding80may include a Ni—Zn ferrite, a Mn—Zn ferrite, and any combinations thereof. Returning now toFIG.10and with continued reference toFIGS.11and12A-B, the shielding80is aligned with the transmitter antenna21such that the shielding80substantially surrounds the transmitter antenna21on all sides, aside from the top face60. In other words, the transmitter antenna21may be wound around the magnetic core86and be surrounded, on the bottom and sides, respectively, by the magnetic backing85and the magnetic ring84. As illustrated, the shielding80, in the form of one or both of the magnetic backing and the magnetic core, may extend beyond the outer diameter doof the transmitter antenna21by a shielding extending distance de. In some examples, the shielding extending distance demay be in a range of about 5 mm to about 6 mm. The shielding80, at the magnetic backing85, and the transmitter coil21are separated from one another by a separation distance ds, as illustrated. In some examples, the separation distance dsmay be in a range of about 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm. An interface surface70of the base station11is located at a interface gap distance dintfrom the transmitter coil21and the shielding80. The interface surface70is a surface on the base station11that is configured such that when a power receiver30is proximate to the interface surface70, the power receiver30is capable of coupling with the power transmitter20, via near-field magnetic induction between the transmitter antenna21and the receiver antenna31, for the purposes of wireless power transfer. In some examples, the interface gap distance dintmaybe in a range of about 8 mm to about 10 mm. In such examples, the dintis greater than the standard required Z-distance for Qi™ certified wireless power transmission (3-5 mm). Accordingly, by having a greater dint, empty space and/or an insulator can be positioned between the transmission coil21and the interface surface70to mitigate heat transfer to the interface surface70, the power receiver30, and/or the electronic device14during operation. Further, such a greater dintallows for interface design structures in which objects on or attached to the electronic device14may remain attached to the electronic device during operation. As described in greater detail below, design features of the interface surface70may be included for interaction with such objects for aligning the power transmitter20and the power receiver30for operation. Returning now toFIG.12B, an exemplary coil221for use as the transmitter antenna21is illustrated in the exploded view of the transmitter antenna21and shielding80. The coil221includes one or more bifilar Litz wires290for the first bifilar coil layer261and the second bifilar coil layer262. “Bifilar,” as defined herein, refers to a wire having two closely spaced, parallel threads and/or wires. Each of the first and second bifilar coil layers261,262include N number of turns. In some examples, each of the first and second bifilar coil layers261,262include about 4.5 turns and/or the bifilar coil layers261,262may include a number of turns in a range of about 4 to about 5. In some examples, the one or more bifilar Litz wire290may be no. 17 AWG (1.15 mm) type 2 Litz wire, having 105 strands of no. 40 AWG (0.08 mm diameter), or equivalent wire. Utilization of multiple layers, thick Litz wire, bifilar Litz wire, and any combinations thereof, may result in the coil21achieving greater Q and/or may result in increases in gap17height and/or Z-distance between the coil21and a receiver coil. FIG.13Ais a first block diagram311A for an implementation of the base station11. As illustrated, the power transmitter20is contained within the base station11. In some examples, the base station11includes one or more user feedback mechanisms300, wherein each of the one or more user feedback mechanisms300are configured for aiding a user in aligning a power receiver30and/or its associated electronic device14with an active area310for wireless power transmission via the transmitter coil21, wherein the power receiver30is configured to acquire near field inductive power from the transmitter coil21. The “active area”310, as defined herein, refers to any area, volume, and/or space proximate to the interface surface70wherein the power transmitter20is capable of transmitting near field inductive power to a power receiver30. The one or more user feedback mechanisms300may include one or more of a visual feedback display302, a tactile feedback mechanism304, an audible feedback mechanism306, a marking308on the interface surface70, any other feedback mechanisms300, and any combinations thereof. The visual feedback display302is configured for visually indicating proper alignment of the power receiver30with the active area310. The visual feedback display302may include, but is not limited to including, a visual screen, a light, a light emitting diode (LED), a liquid crystal display (LCD) display, other visual displays, and/or any combinations thereof. The tactile feedback mechanism304is configured for tactilely indicating if the power receiver30is in proper alignment with the active area310. The tactile feedback mechanism304may include, but is not limited to including, a haptic feedback device, a vibrating device, other tactile feedback mechanisms, and any combinations thereof. The audible feedback device306is configured for audibly indicating if the power receiver30is in proper alignment with the active area310. The audio feedback mechanism306may include, but is not limited to including, a speaker, a sound generator, a voice generator, an audio circuit, an amplifier, other audible feedback devices, and any combinations thereof. The marking308may be any visual and/or mechanical signifier, indicating where a user of the electronic device14should place his/her/their electronic device14on the interface surface70, such that the power transmitter20will be in proper alignment with the power receiver30of the electronic device14. Additionally or alternatively, the marking308may indicate a location of the active area310and/or a proper location within the active area70. In the exemplary embodiment of the diagram311A, the marking308A may be a substantially two-dimensional visual indicator marked on the interface surface70. The substantially two-dimensional marking308A may include, but is not limited to including, a printed indicator, a logo, a message indicating a user should place the electronic device14upon the marking308A, any other substantially two-dimensional markings, and any combinations thereof. In an alternative embodiment in a second schematic block diagram311B illustrated inFIG.13B, the marking308B is a substantially three-dimensional and/or mechanical marking308B, such as, but not limited to, an indentation and/or notch in the interface surface70. The three-dimensional marking308B may be configured to interact with mechanical feature72of the electronic device14. The mechanical feature72may be any mechanical feature of the electronic device14and/or another connected mechanical feature and/or device associated with the electronic device14. Accordingly, interaction between the mechanical feature72and the three-dimensional marking308B may be configured to align the power transmitter20with the power receiver30of the electronic device14. For example, the mechanical feature72may be an external protrusion located relatively proximate to the power receiver30of electronic device14and the marking308B is configured to receive the mechanical feature and, by the nature of such receipt, the power transmitter20and the power receiver30are properly aligned for near-field inductive wireless power transfer. In some such examples, the electronic device14is a mobile device, such as a smart phone and/or tablet computing device, and the mechanical feature72may be an externally attached grip device configured for gripping the electronic device14when in use. In such examples, the marking308B is configured to receive the grip device mechanical feature72and enable proper alignment of the power transmitter20and the power receiver30for near-field inductive wireless power transfer while the removable mechanical feature72remains attached to the electronic device14. FIG.14is an exemplary, actual, simulation400of a magnetic field generated by a transmitter coil21and/or its associated power transmitter20and captured by an exemplary receiver coil31and/or its associated power receiver30, when the transmitter coil21and/or power transmitter20are designed, manufactured, and/or implemented according to the teachings of this disclosure. The receiver coil30was as a standard Qi™ receiver coil utilized by commercial electronic devices, such as mobile phones, and the receiver coil30was modelled with a metal piece behind the coil, wherein the metal piece was used to simulate a battery. The simulation shows that the magnetic field generated by the transmitter coil20was captured by the receiver coil30at an extended Z-distance of 9 mm. As discussed previously, Qi™ wireless transmitter coils typically operate between coil-to-coil distances of about 3 mm to about 5 mm. The shaped-magnetics of the transmitter coil21have shown to favorably reshape a magnetic field so that coil-to-coil coupling can occur at extended Z-distances, wherein the Z-distances are extended about 2 times to about 5 times the distance of standard Qi™ wireless power transmitters. Furthermore, the shaped-magnetics of the present application can extend coupling of present day a Qi™ wireless power transmitter at a Z-distance ranging about 5 mm to about 25 mm. Any of the E-core and/or additional or alternative custom shapes for the shielding80, may successfully be used to reshape the magnetic field for extended Z-distance coupling by a minimum of a 5% compared to standard present-day power transmitters. In addition, any of the E-core and custom shapes previously discussed, each in conjunction with its relation to a coil to the magnetic has also may further increase z-direction coupling by at least another 5%. An embodiment comprising a structure, the structure comprising a coil and a magnetic material, wherein a gap between the coil and the magnetic material residing at the inner diameter of the coil comprises 2 mm, reshapes the magnetic field so that coupling increases by 5%. As is discussed above, the transmitter coils21, power transmitters20, and/or base stations11, disclosed herein, may achieve great advancements in Z-distance and/or gap17height, when compared to legacy, low-frequency (e.g., in a range of about 87 kHz to about 205 kHz) transmission coils, power transmitters, and/or base stations. To that end, an extended Z-distance not only expands a linear distance, within which a receiver may be placed and properly coupled with a transmitter, but an extended Z-distance expands a three-dimensional charging and/or operational volume (“charge volume”), within which a receiver may receive wireless power signals from a transmitter. For the following example, the discussion fixes lateral spatial freedom (X and Y distances) for the receiver coil, positioned relative to the transmitter coil, as a control variable. Accordingly, for discussion purposes only, one assumes that the X and Y distances for the base stations11, power transmitters20, and/or transmitter coils21are substantially similar to the X and Y distances for the legacy system(s). However, it is certainly contemplated that the inventions disclosed herein may increase one or both of the X-distance and Y-distance. Furthermore, while the instant example uses the exemplary range of 8-10 mm for the Z-distance of the base stations11, power transmitters20, and/or transmitter coils21, it is certainly contemplated and experimental results have shown that the base stations11, power transmitters20, and/or transmitter coils21are certainly capable of achieving Z-distances having a greater length than about 10 mm, such as, but not limited to, up to 15 mm and/or up to 30 mm. Accordingly, the following table is merely exemplary and for illustration that the expanded Z-distances, achieved by the base stations11, power transmitters20, and/or transmitter coils21, have noticeable, useful, and beneficial impact on a charge volume associated with one or more of the base stations11, power transmitters20, and/or transmitter coils21. Spatial Freedom ComparisonZ-distZ-distChargeChargeX-distY-dist(min)(max)Vol. (min)Vol. (max)Legacy5 mm5 mm3 mm5 mm75 mm3125 mm311, 20, 215 mm5 mm8 mm10 mm200 mm3250 mm3(8-10 mm.ver.)11, 20, 215 mm5 mm10 mm15 mm250 mm3375 mm3(15 mm.ver.)11, 20, 215 mm5 mm15 mm30 mm375 mm3750 mm3(30 mm.ver.) Thus, by utilizing the base stations11, power transmitters20, and/or transmitter coils21, the effective charge volume may increase by more than 100 percent, when compared to legacy, low-frequency wireless power transmitters. Accordingly, the base stations11, power transmitters20, and/or transmitter coils21may achieve large Z-distances, gap heights, and/or charge volumes that were not possible with legacy low frequency, but thought only possible in lower power, high frequency (e.g., above about 2 Mhz) wireless power transfer systems. Turning now toFIG.15, an example flowchart700for systems and methods for preventing false or excessive alerts caused by one or more user feedback device(s)300. For example, the systems and methods of flowchart700may be useful in preventing over-activity of blinking or statically lit light emitting diodes (LEDs) caused by coupling and decoupling of a pair of a power transmitter20and a power receiver30. The method begins at a first decision710, wherein object detection data determined by one or more components of the sensing system50is received by the transmitter controller28and utilized to determine if there is a change in operating state or a state change of the power transmitter20. “State change,” as defined herein, refers to a change in operating state or mode of the power transmitter20when it is or is intending to initiate or continue transmission of wireless power to a power receiver30. Example operating states or states that change in a “state change” are object detection, receiver detection, power transmission initiation, coupling, decoupling, disconnection, among other things. At decision710, if no state change is detected (e.g., presence of a receiver is not detected), then the controller28continues to monitor for objects in coupling range of the power transmitter20. However, if a first state change occurs (e.g., a power receiver30is detected, the transmitter20begins transmission of power to the power receiver30, etc.), then an internal timer of the controller28, for the method700, is set to 0 (t=0, as shown) and begins to count, as illustrated in block720. If a second or subsequent state change occurs after the first state change detected at710, (e.g., a power receiver30is decoupled and/or disconnected from the power transmitter), as illustrated at decision730, then the controller28will check if the current timer value for the internal timer is greater than an alert suppression threshold (Talert). If the timer value is greater than Talert, then the alert will be considered valid and the alert will be output via a user feedback mechanism300. Otherwise, if the timer value is less than Talert, then the output will be suppressed (block742). In such examples, after the output is suppressed, then the method700will return to decision710, wherein if a third state change (e.g., the power receiver30reconnects to the power transmitter20), then the timer will be reset (t=0) and the control loop of method700will continue. Certain wireless power receivers or associated devices may have components and/or defects that cause decoupling or disconnection with receivers after short periods of time, then they reconnect to the transmitter. Such scenarios cause poor user experience, by forcing a feedback mechanism (e.g., an LED) to blink repeatedly, while the device still is charging via the transmitter, just with intermittent disconnection. Thus, if the method700is utilized, wherein Talertis a small value indicating such disconnections are minor errors (e.g. Talertmay be about 2 to about 10 seconds), then said receiver may charge via the power transmitter20, without a poor user experience caused by excessive alerts. FIG.16is an example block diagram for a method1200for designing the power transmitter20. The method1200includes designing and/or selecting the transmitter coil21for the power transmitter20, as illustrated in block1210. The method1200includes tuning the power transmitter20, as illustrated in block1220. Such tuning may be utilized for, but not limited to being utilized for, impedance matching. The method1200further includes designing the power conditioning system40for the power transmitter20, as illustrated in block1230. The power conditioning system40may be designed with any of a plurality of power output characteristic considerations, such as, but not limited to, power transfer efficiency, maximizing a transmission gap (e.g., the gap17), increasing output voltage to a receiver, mitigating power losses during wireless power transfer, increasing power output without degrading fidelity for data communications, optimizing power output for multiple coils receiving power from a common circuit and/or amplifier, among other contemplated power output characteristic considerations. Further, at block1240, the method1200may determine and optimize a connection, and any associated connection components, to configure and/or optimize a connection between the input power source12and the power conditioning system40of block1230. Such determining, configuring, and/or optimizing may include selecting and implementing protection mechanisms and/or apparatus, selecting and/or implementing voltage protection mechanisms, among other things. The method1200further includes designing and/or programing the control and communications system26of the power transmitter20, as illustrated in block1250. Components of such designs include, but are not limited to including, the sensing system50, the driver41, the transmission controller28, the memory27, the communications system29, the thermal sensing system52, the object sensing system54, the receiver sensing system56, the electrical sensor(s)57, the other sensor(s)58, in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. FIG.17is an example block diagram for a method2200for manufacturing the power transmitter20. The method2200includes manufacturing and/or selecting the transmitter coil21for the power transmitter20, as illustrated in block2210. The method2200includes tuning the power transmitter20, as illustrated in block2220. Such tuning may be utilized for, but not limited to being utilized for, impedance matching. The method2200further includes manufacturing the power conditioning system40for the power transmitter20, as illustrated in block2230. The power conditioning system40may be designed and/or manufactured with any of a plurality of power output characteristic considerations, such as, but not limited to, power transfer efficiency, maximizing a transmission gap (e.g., the gap17), increasing output voltage to a receiver, mitigating power losses during wireless power transfer, increasing power output without degrading fidelity for data communications, optimizing power output for multiple coils receiving power from a common circuit and/or amplifier, among other contemplated power output characteristic considerations. Further, at block2240, the method2200may include connecting and/or optimizing a connection, and any associated connection components, to configure and/or optimize a connection between the input power source12and the power conditioning system40of block2230. Such determining, manufacturing, configuring, and/or optimizing may include selecting and implementing protection mechanisms and/or apparatus, selecting and/or implementing voltage protection mechanisms, among other things. The method2200further includes designing and/or programing the control and communications system26of the power transmitter20, as illustrated in block2250. Components of such designs include, but are not limited to including, the sensing system50, the driver41, the transmission controller28, the memory27, the communications system29, the thermal sensing system52, the object sensing system54, the receiver sensing system56, the electrical sensor(s)57, the other sensor(s)58, in whole or in part and, optionally, including any components thereof. As used herein, the phrase “at least one of” preceding a series of items, with the term “and” or “or” to separate any of the items, modifies the list as a whole, rather than each member of the list (i.e., each item). The phrase “at least one of” does not require selection of at least one of each item listed; rather, the phrase allows a meaning that includes at least one of any one of the items, and/or at least one of any combination of the items, and/or at least one of each of the items. By way of example, the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C” or “at least one of A, B, or C” each refer to only A, only B, or only C; any combination of A, B, and C; and/or at least one of each of A, B, and C. The predicate words “configured to”, “operable to”, and “programmed to” do not imply any particular tangible or intangible modification of a subject, but, rather, are intended to be used interchangeably. In one or more embodiments, a processor configured to monitor and control an operation or a component may also mean the processor being programmed to monitor and control the operation or the processor being operable to monitor and control the operation. Likewise, a processor configured to execute code can be construed as a processor programmed to execute code or operable to execute code. A phrase such as “an aspect” does not imply that such aspect is essential to the subject technology or that such aspect applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to an aspect may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. An aspect may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. A phrase such as an “aspect” may refer to one or more aspects and vice versa. A phrase such as an “embodiment” does not imply that such embodiment is essential to the subject technology or that such embodiment applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to an embodiment may apply to all embodiments, or one or more embodiments. An embodiment may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. A phrase such an “embodiment” may refer to one or more embodiments and vice versa. A phrase such as a “configuration” does not imply that such configuration is essential to the subject technology or that such configuration applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to a configuration may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. A configuration may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. A phrase such as a “configuration” may refer to one or more configurations and vice versa. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” or as an “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “include,” “have,” or the like is used in the description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprise” as “comprise” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “include,” “have,” or the like is used in the description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprise” as “comprise” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “mean for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for.” Reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more.” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Pronouns in the masculine (e.g., his) include the feminine and neuter gender (e.g., her and its) and vice versa. Headings and subheadings, if any, are used for convenience only and do not limit the subject disclosure. While this specification contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of particular implementations of the subject matter. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub combination or variation of a sub combination. | 78,249 |
11942800 | BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Hereinafter, various embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. FIG.1is a block diagram of an electronic device in a network environment according to various embodiments of the disclosure. Referring toFIG.1, the electronic device101in the network environment100may communicate with an electronic device102via a first network198(e.g., a short-range wireless communication network), or an electronic device104or a server108via a second network199(e.g., a long-range wireless communication network). According to an embodiment, the electronic device101may communicate with the electronic device104via the server108. According to an embodiment, the electronic device101may include a processor120, memory130, an input device150, a sound output device155, a display device160, an audio module170, a sensor module176, an interface177, a haptic module179, a camera module180, a power management module188, a battery189, a communication module190, a subscriber identification module(SIM)196, or an antenna module197. In some embodiments, at least one (e.g., the display device160or the camera module180) of the components may be omitted from the electronic device101, or one or more other components may be added in the electronic device101. In some embodiments, some of the components may be implemented as single integrated circuitry. For example, the sensor module176(e.g., a fingerprint sensor, an iris sensor, or an illuminance sensor) may be implemented as embedded in the display device160(e.g., a display). The processor120may execute, for example, software (e.g., a program140) to control at least one other component (e.g., a hardware or software component) of the electronic device101coupled with the processor120, and may perform various data processing or computation. According to one embodiment, as at least part of the data processing or computation, the processor120may load a command or data received from another component (e.g., the sensor module176or the communication module190) in volatile memory132, process the command or the data stored in the volatile memory132, and store resulting data in non-volatile memory134. According to an embodiment, the processor120may include a main processor121(e.g., a central processing unit (CPU) or an application processor (AP)), and an auxiliary processor123(e.g., a graphics processing unit (GPU), an image signal processor (ISP), a sensor hub processor, or a communication processor (CP)) that is operable independently from, or in conjunction with, the main processor121. Additionally or alternatively, the auxiliary processor123may be adapted to consume less power than the main processor121, or to be specific to a specified function. The auxiliary processor123may be implemented as separate from, or as part of the main processor121. The auxiliary processor123may control at least some of functions or states related to at least one component (e.g., the display device160, the sensor module176, or the communication module190) among the components of the electronic device101, instead of the main processor121while the main processor121is in an inactive (e.g., sleep) state, or together with the main processor121while the main processor121is in an active state (e.g., executing an application). According to an embodiment, the auxiliary processor123(e.g., an image signal processor or a communication processor) may be implemented as part of another component (e.g., the camera module180or the communication module190) functionally related to the auxiliary processor123. The memory130may store various data used by at least one component (e.g., the processor120or the sensor module176) of the electronic device101. The various data may include, for example, software (e.g., the program140) and input data or output data for a command related thererto. The memory130may include the volatile memory132or the non-volatile memory134. The program140may be stored in the memory130as software, and may include, for example, an operating system (OS)142, middleware144, or an application146. The input device150may receive a command or data to be used by other component (e.g., the processor120) of the electronic device101, from the outside (e.g., a user) of the electronic device101. The input device150may include, for example, a microphone, a mouse, a keyboard, or a digital pen (e.g., a stylus pen). The sound output device155may output sound signals to the outside of the electronic device101. The sound output device155may include, for example, a speaker or a receiver. The speaker may be used for general purposes, such as playing multimedia or playing record, and the receiver may be used for an incoming calls. According to an embodiment, the receiver may be implemented as separate from, or as part of the speaker. The display device160may visually provide information to the outside (e.g., a user) of the electronic device101. The display device160may include, for example, a display, a hologram device, or a projector and control circuitry to control a corresponding one of the display, hologram device, and projector. According to an embodiment, the display device160may include touch circuitry adapted to detect a touch, or sensor circuitry (e.g., a pressure sensor) adapted to measure the intensity of force incurred by the touch. The audio module170may convert a sound into an electrical signal and vice versa. According to an embodiment, the audio module170may obtain the sound via the input device150, or output the sound via the sound output device155or a headphone of an external electronic device (e.g., an electronic device102) directly (e.g., wiredly) or wirelessly coupled with the electronic device101. The sensor module176may detect an operational state (e.g., power or temperature) of the electronic device101or an environmental state (e.g., a state of a user) external to the electronic device101, and then generate an electrical signal or data value corresponding to the detected state. According to an embodiment, the sensor module176may include, for example, a gesture sensor, a gyro sensor, an atmospheric pressure sensor, a magnetic sensor, an acceleration sensor, a grip sensor, a proximity sensor, a color sensor, an infrared (IR) sensor, a biometric sensor, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, or an illuminance sensor. The interface177may support one or more specified protocols to be used for the electronic device101to be coupled with the external electronic device (e.g., the electronic device102) directly (e.g., wiredly) or wirelessly. According to an embodiment, the interface177may include, for example, a high definition multimedia interface (HDMI), a universal serial bus (USB) interface, a secure digital (SD) card interface, or an audio interface. A connecting terminal178may include a connector via which the electronic device101may be physically connected with the external electronic device (e.g., the electronic device102). According to an embodiment, the connecting terminal178may include, for example, a HDMI connector, a USB connector, a SD card connector, or an audio connector (e.g., a headphone connector). The haptic module179may convert an electrical signal into a mechanical stimulus (e.g., a vibration or a movement) or electrical stimulus which may be recognized by a user via his tactile sensation or kinesthetic sensation. According to an embodiment, the haptic module179may include, for example, a motor, a piezoelectric element, or an electric stimulator. The camera module180may capture a still image or moving images. According to an embodiment, the camera module180may include one or more lenses, image sensors, image signal processors, or flashes. The power management module188may manage power supplied to the electronic device101. According to one embodiment, the power management module188may be implemented as at least part of, for example, a power management integrated circuit (PMIC). The battery189may supply power to at least one component of the electronic device101. According to an embodiment, the battery189may include, for example, a primary cell which is not rechargeable, a secondary cell which is rechargeable, or a fuel cell. The communication module190may support establishing a direct (e.g., wired) communication channel or a wireless communication channel between the electronic device101and the external electronic device (e.g., the electronic device102, the electronic device104, or the server108) and performing communication via the established communication channel The communication module190may include one or more communication processors that are operable independently from the processor120(e.g., the application processor (AP)) and supports a direct (e.g., wired) communication or a wireless communication. According to an embodiment, the communication module190may include a wireless communication module192(e.g., a cellular communication module, a short-range wireless communication module, or a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) communication module) or a wired communication module194(e.g., a local area network (LAN) communication module or a power line communication (PLC) module). A corresponding one of these communication modules may communicate with the external electronic device via the first network198(e.g., a short-range communication network, such as Bluetooth™, wireless-fidelity (Wi-Fi) direct, or infrared data association (IrDA)) or the second network199(e.g., a long-range communication network, such as a cellular network, the Internet, or a computer network (e.g., LAN or wide area network (WAN)). These various types of communication modules may be implemented as a single component (e.g., a single chip), or may be implemented as multi components (e.g., multi chips) separate from each other. The wireless communication module192may identify and authenticate the electronic device101in a communication network, such as the first network198or the second network199, using subscriber information (e.g., international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)) stored in the subscriber identification module196. The antenna module197may transmit or receive a signal or power to or from the outside (e.g., the external electronic device) of the electronic device101. According to an embodiment, the antenna module197may include an antenna including a radiating element composed of a conductive material or a conductive pattern formed in or on a substrate (e.g., PCB). According to an embodiment, the antenna module197may include a plurality of antennas. In such a case, at least one antenna appropriate for a communication scheme used in the communication network, such as the first network198or the second network199, may be selected, for example, by the communication module190(e.g., the wireless communication module192) from the plurality of antennas. The signal or the power may then be transmitted or received between the communication module190and the external electronic device via the selected at least one antenna. According to an embodiment, another component (e.g., a radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC)) other than the radiating element may be additionally formed as part of the antenna module197. At least some of the above-described components may be coupled mutually and communicate signals (e.g., commands or data) therebetween via an inter-peripheral communication scheme (e.g., a bus, general purpose input and output (GPIO), serial peripheral interface (SPI), or mobile industry processor interface (MIPI)). According to an embodiment, commands or data may be transmitted or received between the electronic device101and the external electronic device104via the server108coupled with the second network199. Each of the electronic devices102and104may be a device of a same type as, or a different type, from the electronic device101. According to an embodiment, all or some of operations to be executed at the electronic device101may be executed at one or more of the external electronic devices102,104, or108. For example, if the electronic device101should perform a function or a service automatically, or in response to a request from a user or another device, the electronic device101, instead of, or in addition to, executing the function or the service, may request the one or more external electronic devices to perform at least part of the function or the service. The one or more external electronic devices receiving the request may perform the at least part of the function or the service requested, or an additional function or an additional service related to the request, and transfer an outcome of the performing to the electronic device101. The electronic device101may provide the outcome, with or without further processing of the outcome, as at least part of a reply to the request. To that end, a cloud computing, distributed computing, or client-server computing technology may be used, for example. FIG.2illustrates a wireless charging environment200according to various embodiments. Referring toFIG.2, an electronic device201(e.g., the electronic device101ofFIG.1) (hereinafter, also referred to as a power transfer device) according to various embodiments may wirelessly supply power to an external electronic device202(e.g., the electronic device102ofFIG.1) (hereinafter, also referred to as a power reception device), and the external electronic device202may wirelessly receive the power. The electronic device201may be an electronic device operating in a power transfer mode. According to various embodiments, the power transfer device201may include a power transfer circuit211, a control circuit212, a communication circuit213, or a sensing circuit214. According to various embodiments, the power transfer circuit211may include a power adapter211ato receive power (or electricity) from the outside and to appropriately convert the voltage of the received power, a power generation circuit211bto generate power, or a matching circuit211cto maximize efficiency between a transfer coil211L and a reception coil221L. According to various embodiments, the power transfer circuit211may include a plurality of pieces of at least some of the power adapter211a, the power generation circuit211b, the transfer coil211L, or the matching circuit211cin order to transfer power to a plurality of power reception devices (e.g., a first external electronic device and a second external electronic device). According to various embodiments, the power transfer circuit211may generate a first signal of a first frequency for providing first power to the first external electronic device and a second signal of a second frequency for providing second power to the second external electronic device using the power generation circuit211b. The first signal of the first frequency and the second signal of the second frequency may be generated when the transfer coil211L has a multi-coil structure. According to various embodiments, the control circuit212may perform overall control of the power transfer device201, may generate various messages required for wireless power transfer, and may transmit the messages to the communication circuit213. In an embodiment, the control circuit212may calculate power (or the amount of power) to be transmitted to the power reception device202based on information received from the communication circuit213. In an embodiment, the control circuit212may control the power transfer circuit211so that power generated by the transfer coil211L is transferred to the power reception device202. According to various embodiments, when power is transferred to each of a plurality of power reception devices (e.g., a first external electronic device and a second external electronic device), the control circuit212may control the power generation circuit211bto generate a first signal of a first frequency for providing first power to the first external electronic device and a second signal of a second frequency for providing second power to the second external electronic device. To this end, the transfer coil211L may have a multi-coil structure. According to various embodiments, the communication circuit213may include at least one of a first communication circuit213aor a second communication circuit213b. The first communication circuit213amay communicate with a first communication circuit223aof the power reception device202using, for example, a frequency equal to or adjacent to a frequency used by the transfer coil211L for power transfer. The first communication circuit213amay communicate with the first communication circuit223ausing the transfer coil211L. Data (or communication signal) generated by the first communication circuit213amay be transmitted using the transfer coil211L. The first communication circuit213amay transmit the data to the power reception device202using a frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation scheme. According to various embodiments, the first communication circuit213amay communicate with the first communication circuit223aof the power reception device202by changing the frequency of a power signal transmitted through the transfer coil211L. Alternatively, the first communication circuit213amay communicate with the first communication circuit223aof the power reception device202by including the data or communication signal in a power signal generated by the power generation circuit211b. For example, the first communication circuit213amay express the data by increasing or decreasing the frequency of a power transfer signal. The second communication circuit213bmay communicate with a second communication circuit223bof the power reception device202using, for example, a frequency different from the frequency used by the transfer coil211L for power transfer (e.g., an out-of-band method). For example, the second communication circuit213bmay obtain information related to a charging state (e.g., a post-rectifier voltage value, a rectified voltage value (e.g. Vrec), information, information about a current flowing in a coil or a rectifier circuit (e.g. Tout), various packets, various messages, or the like) from the second communication circuit223busing any one of various short-range communication methods, such as Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Wi-Fi, and near-field communication (NFC). According to various embodiments, the sensing circuit214may include at least one sensor and may detect at least one state of the power transfer device202using the at least one sensor. According to various embodiments, the sensing circuit214may include at least one of a temperature sensor, a motion sensor, or a current (or voltage) sensor, may detect a temperature state of the power transfer device201using the temperature sensor, may detect a movement state of the power transfer device201using the motion sensor, and may detect the state of an output signal from the power transfer device201, for example, a current level, a voltage level, or a power level, using the current (or voltage) sensor. According to an embodiment, the current (or voltage) sensor may measure a signal in the power transfer circuit211. The current (or voltage) sensor may measure a signal in at least a portion of the coil211L, the matching circuit211c, or the power generation circuit211b. For example, the current (or voltage) sensor may include a circuit to measure a signal at a front end of the coil211L. According to various embodiments, the sensing circuit214may be a circuit for foreign object detection (FOD). According to various embodiments, the power reception device202(e.g.,101inFIG.1) may include a power reception circuit221(e.g., the power management module188), a control circuit222(e.g., the processor120), a communication circuit223(e.g., the communication module190), at least one sensor224(e.g., the sensor module176), a display225(e.g., the display device160), and a detection circuit226. A description of components of the power reception device202corresponding to those of the power transfer device201may be partially omitted. According to various embodiments, the power reception circuit221may include the reception coil221L to wirelessly receive power from the power transfer device201, a matching circuit221a, and a rectifier circuit221bto rectify received AC power into a DC, an adjustment circuit221cto adjust a charging voltage, a switch circuit221d, or a battery221e(e.g., the battery189). According to various embodiments, the control circuit222may perform overall control of the power reception device202, may generate various messages required for wireless power transfer, and may transmit the messages to the communication circuit223. According to various embodiments, the communication circuit223may include at least one of the first communication circuit223aor the second communication circuit223b. The first communication circuit223amay communicate with the power transfer device201through the reception coil221L. The first communication circuit223amay communicate with the first communication circuit213ausing the reception coil221L. Data (or communication signal) generated by the first communication circuit223amay be transmitted using the reception coil221L. The first communication circuit223amay transmit the data to the power transfer device201using an amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulation scheme. The second communication circuit223bmay communicate with the power transfer device201using any one of various short-range communication methods, such as Bluetooth, BLE, Wi-Fi, and NFC. According to various embodiments, the at least one sensor224may include at least some of a current/voltage sensor, a temperature sensor, an illuminance sensor, or a sound sensor. According to various embodiments, the display225may display various types of display information required for wireless power transfer/reception. According to various embodiments, the detection circuit226may detect the power transfer device201by detecting a search signal or received power from the power transfer device201. The detection circuit226may detect a signal change at input/output terminals of the coil221L, the matching circuit221a, or the rectifier circuit22lb due to a signal of the coil221L generated by a signal output from the power transfer device201. According to various embodiments, the detection circuit226may be included in the reception circuit221. FIG.3is a block diagram300of an electronic device301having a power transfer function and a power reception function for wireless charging according to various embodiments. The electronic device301(e.g., the electronic device101ofFIG.1) according to various embodiments may wirelessly supply power to a different device (e.g., the electronic device102ofFIG.1) or may wirelessly receive power from the different device. Referring toFIG.3, the electronic device301may include a power circuit320, a coil340, a communication circuit360, or a control circuit380. The power circuit320may be a circuit to generate a wireless charging signal using external power input from the outside or a battery or to perform a battery charging operation using a received wireless charging signal provided from the coil340. The control circuit380may control the power circuit320. The power circuit320may be part of a circuit used to generate wireless power. The power circuit320may include, for example, a power management circuit302(e.g., the power management module188ofFIG.1), a power generation circuit304, a switching circuit306, a rectifier circuit308, a regulator310, or a battery312(e.g., the battery189ofFIG.1). Here, at least one of the power generation circuit304, the switching circuit306, the rectifier circuit308, the regulator310, or the communication circuit360may be configured as one integrated circuit (IC). The power management circuit302may manage external power input from the outside. The power management circuit302may provide power input from the outside to at least one of the battery312or the power generation circuit304. For example, the power management circuit302may provide some of the power input from the outside to the battery312and the rest to the power generation circuit304. The power generation circuit304may generate a signal for wireless charging of a different electronic device (e.g., the electronic device102) using power provided from the power management circuit302. For example, the signal may include a magnetic field signal or an RF signal. The power generation circuit304may generate a signal of a specific frequency for providing power to the different electronic device. For example, the power generation circuit304may generate at least one wireless power signal in a band of about 110 kHz to 205 kHz. The switching circuit306may adjust a connection relationship between the coil340and another component (e.g., the power generation circuit304or the rectifier circuit308) depending on whether the electronic device301transmits or receives a charging signal. For example, when the electronic device301transmits a charging signal, the switching circuit306may activate a path between the coil340and the power generation circuit304. In another example, when the electronic device301receives a charging signal, the switching circuit306may activate a path between the coil340and the rectifier circuit308. The rectifier circuit308may rectify a current corresponding to a charging signal generated by the coil340. For example, the rectifier circuit308may convert an AC signal into a DC signal. To this end, the rectifier circuit308may include at least one diode. The regulator310may convert a DC signal generated by the rectifier circuit308into a signal having a specific level. For example, the regulator310may output a signal having a voltage level required for charging the battery312. The battery312may supply power required for the operation of the electronic device302. The battery312may supply power required for the operation of the power generation circuit304. The battery312may be charged with external power provided from the power management circuit302or may be charged with a signal corresponding to a charging signal of the different electronic device provided from the regulator310. The coil340may radiate a wireless power signal to the different electronic device, may receive a wireless power signal from the different electronic device, or may detect a ping signal. For example, the coil340may generate a magnetic field corresponding to a signal generated by the power generation circuit304. In another example, the coil340may generate a current corresponding to a wireless power signal from the different electronic device. The communication circuit360may communicate with the different electronic device. For example, the communication circuit360may transmit or receive information related to a charging state. When the electronic device301operates in a wireless power reception mode, the information related to the charging state may include transmission signal (power, frequency, voltage, or current) change request information, information about a state (power, voltage, or current) by a received signal, or transmission mode (power, voltage, or current) information. When the electronic device301operates in a wireless power transfer mode, the information related to the charging state may include transmission mode (power, voltage, or current) information or signal output state information (frequency, power, voltage, or current). To this end, the communication circuit360may include a modem362to modulate or demodulate a signal. A signal modulated by the communication circuit360may be transmitted through the coil340. Alternatively, the signal modulated by the communication circuit360may be transmitted through a separate antenna. The control circuit380may perform overall control of the electronic device301. For example, the control circuit380may generate or interpret a message required for wireless power transfer or wireless power reception. In another example, the control circuit380may monitor a state related to charging of the electronic device301. According to an embodiment, the control circuit380may determine the amount of power to be provided to the different electronic device based on information received through the communication circuit360or the monitored state. The control circuit380may be understood as part of the processor120of the electronic device101ofFIG.1. The control circuit380may determine whether the operation mode of the electronic device301is a power transfer mode or a power reception mode and may control the power circuit320. The control circuit380may identify the operation mode based on whether external power is input, a user input, or the state of the electronic device301. When the operation mode is the power transfer mode, the control circuit380may control the power management circuit302and the power generation circuit304to generate a wireless charging signal and may control the switching circuit306to transmit the wireless charging signal to the coil340. When the operation mode is the power reception mode, the control circuit380may control the switching circuit306to transmit a wireless charging signal received through the coil340to the rectifier circuit308and may control a rectifying operation of the rectifier circuit308. FIG.4is a block diagram400of another electronic device301having a power transfer function and a power reception function for wireless charging according to various embodiments. The electronic device301(e.g., the electronic device101ofFIG.1) according to various embodiments may wirelessly supply power to a different device (e.g., the electronic device102ofFIG.1) or may wirelessly receive power from the different device. Referring toFIG.4, the electronic device301may include a power circuit420, a coil340, a communication circuit360, or a control circuit380. The power circuit420may include a power management circuit402, a battery312, and a power generation and rectification circuit414. The power management circuit402may be a power management integrated circuit (PMIC) including a regulator (e.g., the regulator310) for charging control of the battery312. The power generation and rectification circuit414may perform a function of the power generation circuit304, the switching circuit306, the rectifier circuit308, or the regulator310ofFIG.3. The power generation and rectification circuit414and the communication circuit360may be configured as one IC. According to various embodiments, for example, in the power transfer mode, the power circuit420may provide input power to the power generation and rectification circuit414through the power management unit402, and the power generation and rectification circuit414may generate a wireless charging signal. In another example, in the power reception mode, a wireless charging signal received through the coil340may be rectified by the power generation and rectification circuit414and may then be provided to the power management circuit402. FIG.5is an example500of an equivalent circuit of a power generation and rectification circuit414in a power circuit420of an electronic device having a power transfer function and a power reception function for wireless charging according to various embodiments. Referring toFIG.5, the power generation and rectification circuit414may include a first transistor512, a second transistor514, a third transistor516, a fourth transistor518, a transistor control circuit522, or a capacitor524. A gate of each of the first transistor512, the second transistor514, the third transistor516, and the fourth transistor518may be connected to the transistor control circuit522. A drain of the first transistor512and a drain of the second transistor514may be connected at a first node532, a source of the second transistor514and a drain of the third transistor516may be connected at a second node534, a source of the third transistor516and a source of the fourth transistor518may be connected at a third node536, and a drain of the fourth transistor518and a source of the first transistor512may be connected at a fourth node538. Both ends of the capacitor524may be connected to the first node523and the third node536. In the power transfer mode, the transistor control circuit522may generate an AC signal by performing control to operate as an inverter. In the power reception mode, the transistor control circuit522may perform control to operate as a rectifier circuit. Further, in the power transfer mode, the transistor control circuit522may shift the frequency of a generated current according to the impact of a communication circuit (e.g., the communication circuit360). According to various embodiments, when the electronic device301operates in the wireless power transfer mode, the wireless power generation and rectification circuit414may apply external power or power from a battery to the first node532and the third node536and may alternately repeat an operation of turning on the first transistor512and the third transistor516and an operation of turning on the second transistor514and the fourth transistor518, thereby generating a wireless power signal. According to various embodiments, when the electronic device301operates in the wireless power transfer mode, the wireless power generation and rectification circuit414may apply a signal received through a coil340to the second node534and the fourth node538and may rectify the signal using diode characteristics of the transistors512,514,516, and518. According to various embodiments of the disclosure, an electronic device (e.g., the electronic device101) may include: a battery (e.g., the battery189); a charging circuit (e.g., the power management module188) configured to control a charging state of the battery; a coil (e.g., the coil340); a wireless power transfer circuit configured to be electrically connected to the coil; and a control circuit (e.g., the processor120or the control circuit380), wherein the control circuit may be configured to: identify a state related to charging of the battery; transmit a wireless charging parameter related to generation or modification of a power signal to be transmitted to an external electronic device through the coil, the wireless charging parameter being determined at least based on the state related to charging of the battery; receive a response signal corresponding to transmission of the wireless charging parameter from the external electronic device; generate, based on the response signal, a power signal corresponding to an amount of wireless transmission power determined at least based on the response signal using the wireless power transfer circuit; and transmit the power signal to the external electronic device through the coil. According to various embodiments of the disclosure, the wireless charging parameter may include at least one of an identifier (ID) of the electronic device (e.g., the electronic device101), a state related to charging of the electronic device, a providable charging mode, a transferrable power amount, or a transferrable voltage. According to various embodiments of the disclosure, the electronic device may further include a connector (e.g., the connection terminal178) configured to connect to an external power supply device. The control circuit (e.g., the processor120or the control circuit380) may be configured to identify an amount of power flowing into the electronic device from the external power supply device connected using the connector, an amount of power consumed by the electronic device, or a power charging amount used to charge the battery and to determine the amount of wireless transmission power further based on the amount of power flowing, the amount of power consumed, or the power charging amount. According to various embodiments of the disclosure, the electronic device may further include a connector (e.g., the connection terminal178) configured to connect to an external power supply device. The control circuit (e.g., the processor120or the control circuit380) may be configured to identify power supplied from an outside through the connector, to supply at least part of the power supplied from the connector to the wireless power transfer circuit based on the response signal, and to supply at least part of remaining power to the battery. According to various embodiments of the disclosure, the amount of power consumed may include the amount of power consumed for an operation of the electronic device, and the power charging amount may include the amount of power used to charge the battery of the electronic device. According to various embodiments of the disclosure, the amount of power consumed for the operation of the electronic device (e.g., the electronic device101) may be determined based on information about at least one application being executed on the electronic device or information about at least one hardware module that is activated. According to various embodiments of the disclosure, the control circuit (e.g., the processor120or the control circuit380) may be configured to determine the amount of wireless transmission power based on the wireless charging parameter. According to various embodiments of the disclosure, the wireless charging parameter may include at least one of information indicating a change in the charging state, information indicating a charging mode to be changed, or information indicating that a charging mode transition is possible. According to various embodiments of the disclosure, the control circuit (e.g., the processor120or the control circuit380) may be configured to identify whether the external electronic device (e.g., the electronic device102) supports a fast charging mode based on a wireless charging parameter received from the external electronic device. According to various embodiments of the disclosure, the response signal may include a signal for requesting a change of the amount of wireless transmission power from a first level to a second level from the external electronic device (e.g., the electronic device102). According to various embodiments of the disclosure, the first level may be the amount of wireless transmission power supplied in a normal charging mode, and the second level may be the amount of wireless transmission power supplied in a fast charging mode. According to various embodiments of the disclosure, the charging state may include at least one of a state related to external power, a state related to internal power consumption, or a heat generation degree due to a charging operation. According to various embodiments of the disclosure, the control circuit (e.g., the processor120or the control circuit380) may be configured to transmit a ping signal to the external electronic device (e.g., the electronic device102), to receive a response signal to the ping signal from the external electronic device, and to control the charging circuit to reduce power, a current, or a voltage supplied to the battery before transmitting power to the external electronic device. According to various embodiments of the disclosure, the control circuit (e.g., the processor120or the control circuit380) may be configured to identify power supplied from an outside through the connector, to supply at least part of the power supplied from the connector to the wireless power transfer circuit based on the response signal, and to supply at least part of remaining power to the battery. According to various embodiments of the disclosure, the response signal may include a wireless charging parameter of the external electronic device (e.g., the electronic device102), and the wireless charging parameter of the external electronic device may include at least one of a charging-related capability of the external electronic device, a charging-related state of the external electronic device, or an amount of power that the external electronic device can receive. According to various embodiments of the disclosure, the electronic device may further include a communication circuit (e.g., the communication circuit360). The control circuit (e.g., the processor120or the control circuit380) may be configured to transmit the power signal through an antenna, which is different from the coil for transmitting the power signal, using the communication circuit. According to various embodiments of the disclosure, the control circuit (e.g., the processor120or the control circuit380) may be configured to transmit the wireless charging parameter using the coil. According to various embodiments of the disclosure, the control circuit (e.g., the processor120or the control circuit380) may be configured to disable a wireless charging operation when a battery (e.g., the battery189) level or the charging state does not satisfy a specified condition. According to various embodiments of the disclosure, the control circuit (e.g., the processor120or the control circuit380) may be configured to disable the wireless charging operation by stopping transmission of a ping signal. According to various embodiments of the disclosure, the control circuit (e.g., the processor120or the control circuit380) may be configured to disable the wireless charging operation by including information indicating that provision of wireless charging is stopped in the wireless charging parameter. According to various embodiments of the disclosure, an electronic device (e.g., the electronic device101) may include: a connector (e.g., the connection terminal178) configured to connect to external power; a battery (e.g., the battery189); a charging circuit (e.g., the power management module188) configured to control a charging state of the battery; a coil (e.g., the coil340); a wireless power transfer circuit configured to be electrically connected to the coil; and a control circuit (e.g., the processor120or the control circuit380), wherein the control circuit may be configured to: charge the battery with the external power input through the connector using the charging circuit and to transmit a first power signal, which is generated using the wireless power transfer circuit, to an external electronic device through the coil; identify a state related to charging of the battery; transmit a wireless charging parameter determined at least based on the state related to charging of the battery to the external electronic device through the coil; receive a response signal corresponding to transmission of the wireless charging parameter from the external electronic device; transmit, based on the response signal, a second power signal to the external electronic device using the wireless power transfer circuit. FIG.6is an example600of wireless charging using an electronic device according to various embodiments. Referring toFIG.6, an electronic device101may generate a signal for wireless charging, and an electronic device102may charge a battery (e.g., the battery189) using the signal generated by the electronic device101. With the electronic device101connected to an adapter610, external power may be supplied to the electronic device101. In this case, according to various embodiments, the electronic device101may charge a battery (e.g., battery189) of the electronic device101using the external power and may generate a charging signal for charging the electronic device102at the same time. Referring toFIG.6, the charging signal may be radiated through a rear portion of the electronic device101. To this end, a coil (e.g., the coil340) may be disposed inside a rear cover of the electronic device101. Since a printed circuit board (PCB), an internal housing, or a liquid crystal display (LCD) disposed in front of the coil of the electronic device101may generate heat due to the impact of the charging signal, a shielding agent may be installed around the coil to reduce the impact on other circuits. Accordingly, during wireless charging, the rear portion of the electronic device101may be mainly used. FIG.7is a flowchart700showing that an electronic device generates a charging signal according to various embodiments. The subject of operations in the flowchart700illustrated inFIG.7may be understood as the electronic device101or a component (e.g., the processor120) of the electronic device101. Referring toFIG.7, in operation701, the electronic device101(e.g., the processor120) may identify a charging-related state. The charging-related state may be associated with pieces of information used to determine at least one parameter related to charging. For example, the charging-related state may include a state related to external power, a state related to internal power consumption, or various states depending on a battery charging operation. In operation703, the electronic device101may transmit at least one charging-related parameter of the electronic device101to an external electronic device (e.g., the electronic device102). The at least one charging-related parameter may be determined based on at least one charging parameter among a charging-related state of the electronic device101, a charging-related capability of the electronic device101, or information about an external power source (e.g., whether the external power source is connected or the type of the external power source). In operation705, the electronic device101may receive at least one charging-related parameter of the external electronic device. The at least one charging-related parameter may include a charging-related capability of the external electronic device (e.g., whether the external electronic device supports a fast charging mode), a charging mode change request (voltage change of a wireless power signal or power amount change), and a charging-related state of the external electronic device (e.g., the voltage, current, or power of a signal received by the reception circuit251or a battery charge amount), or at least one charging parameter of the electronic device101. In operation707, the electronic device101may generate a charging signal with power determined based on the at least one charging-related parameter of the external electronic device. For example, the charging signal may have a frequency set according to the at least one charging-related parameter of the external electronic device. For example, the charging signal may have an amount of power determined based on the charging-related state of the electronic device101. Accordingly, the external electronic device may charge a battery using the charging signal generated by the electronic device101. According to the embodiment described with reference toFIG.7, the electronic device101may determine transmission power, may generate a wireless charging signal, and may provide the wireless charging signal to the external electronic device. The electronic device101may receive a response signal from the external electronic device and may generate transmission power based on the response signal (e.g., a charging-related parameter). InFIG.7, after transmitting the charging-related parameter of the electronic device101, the electronic device101may receive the charging-related parameter of the external electronic device. According to another embodiment, the electronic device101may transmit the charging-related parameter of the electronic device101after receiving the charging-related parameter of the external electronic device. FIG.8is a signal exchange diagram800for wireless charging between electronic devices according to various embodiments. The signal exchange diagram800ofFIG.8illustrates a signal exchange between an electronic device101corresponding to the operations of the electronic device101described with reference toFIG.7and an external electronic device102. Referring toFIG.8, in operation801, the electronic device101may monitor a charging state. The electronic device101may identify a charging-related state. For example, the electronic device101may identify a battery voltage (e.g., a battery of the electronic device101), the state of a charging current, or a heat generation state due to a charging operation. In operation803, the electronic device101may transmit a beacon signal to the external electronic device102. A beacon is transmitted as a ping signal and may be referred to as a digital ping or a power beacon. Due to the beacon signal, the external electronic device102may recognize that the electronic device101can transmit a charging signal for wireless charging. According to another embodiment, the electronic device101may output an analog ping signal having a specific voltage. In operation805, the external electronic device102may transmit signal strength information to the electronic device101. The signal strength information may indicate the reception strength of the beacon signal received by the external electronic device102. The external electronic device102may transmit the signal strength information in response to the beacon signal. That is, the electronic device101may receive the signal strength information (signal strength power (SSP)) from the external electronic device102, thereby recognizing proximity of the external electronic device102. The electronic device101may recognize the external electronic device102to which wireless power is transferred. In operation807, the external electronic device102may transmit a power receiving unit (PRU) parameter to the electronic device101. The PRU parameter may include identification information or configuration information about the external electronic device102. The PRU parameter may include charging-related information about the external electronic device102. For example, the PRU parameter may indicate at least one of an identifier (ID) of the external electronic device102, a property (e.g., charging-related capability or battery capacity) of the external electronic device102, a state value (e.g., battery charge amount) of the external electronic device102, the amount of power that the external electronic device102can receive, a voltage that the external electronic device102can transmit, a reception power mode of the external electronic device102, or data related to a power signal generated by the external electronic device102. According to an embodiment, the PRU parameter may be transmitted through the same frequency band as that for a charging signal or through a different frequency band. The PRU parameter may be transmitted through a radio access technology (RAT) (e.g., Bluetooth, BLE, Wi-Fi, or NFC) different from that for transmitting the charging signal. In operation809, the external electronic device102may transmit a received power packet (RPP) to the electronic device101. The RPP may be periodically transmitted during wireless charging. Through the RPP, the electronic device101may recognize that a wireless charging process is in progress. Alternatively, the electronic device101may recognize the charging state of the external electronic device102. In operation811, the electronic device101may determine a power transmitting unit (PTU) parameter. The PTU parameter may include control information or configuration information about the electronic device101. The PTU parameter may include charging-related information about the electronic device101. For example, the PTU parameter may indicate at least one of an ID of the electronic device101, a property of the electronic device101, a state value (e.g., external power type or remaining battery level) of the electronic device101, a charging mode that the electronic device101can provide, or the amount of power that the electronic device101can transfer. In operation813, the electronic device101may transmit the PTU parameter to the external electronic device102. According to an embodiment, the PTU parameter may be transmitted using a coil340. Alternatively, the PTU parameter may be transmitted through a RAT (e.g., Bluetooth, BLE, Wi-Fi, or NFC) different from that for transmitting the charging signal. In operation815, the external electronic device102may transmit a response signal to the electronic device101. Upon receiving the response signal, the electronic device101may generate a power signal transmitted through the coil based on the response signal. For example, the electronic device may identify power supplied from the outside through a connector (e.g., the adapter610), may supply at least part of the power supplied from the connector to a wireless power transfer circuit based on the response signal, and may supply at least part of the remaining power to a battery (e.g., the battery189). As described in the embodiment with reference toFIG.8, the electronic device101may trigger a wireless charging process by transmitting a ping signal. However, according to another embodiment, when it is determined that power to be allocated to a charging signal for wireless charging is insufficient, the electronic device101may stop transmitting the ping signal, thereby disabling a wireless charging function. For example, when the charging capacity of the battery is less than a threshold value, the electronic device101may determine that the power to be allocated to the charging signal for wireless charging is insufficient. According to another embodiment, when it is determined that the power to be allocated to the charging signal for wireless charging is insufficient, the electronic device101may include information indicating a state in which wireless charging cannot be provided in the ping signal or a PTU parameter. According to another embodiment, when the amount of heat generated due to a charging operation exceeds a threshold value, the electronic device101may stop transmitting the ping signal, thereby disabling the wireless charging function. In the embodiments described with reference toFIG.7andFIG.8, the electronic device101may determine the amount of power that can be transferred for wireless charging. The amount of power that can be transferred may be determined based on a wireless charging-related state of the electronic device101. An embodiment of determining the amount of power that can be transferred will be described below with reference toFIG.9. FIG.9is a flowchart900showing that an electronic device determines the amount of power for wireless charging according to various embodiments. The subject of operations in the flowchart900illustrated inFIG.9may be understood as the electronic device101or a component (e.g., the processor120) of the electronic device101. Referring toFIG.9, in operation901, the electronic device101(e.g., the processor120) may determine a power inflow amount. When the electronic device101is connected to an external power source through an adapter (e.g., the adapter410), external power may be supplied. Accordingly, the electronic device101may determine the amount of power supplied from the outside. The power inflow amount may be determined by measurement or may be determined according to the type of the external power source. For example, the power inflow amount may be determined by a power management circuit (e.g., the power management circuit302or the power management circuit402) measuring the amount of power supplied from the outside. In operation903, the electronic device101may determine a power consumption amount or a battery charge amount. The power consumption amount may include the amount of power consumed for the operation of the electronic device101, and the battery charge amount may include the amount of power consumed to charge a battery of the electronic device101. The power consumption amount may be determined by measurement or may be determined based on a state. For example, the electronic device101may determine the power consumption amount or the battery charge amount based on a charging state of the battery, the type or number of applications being executed, the AP occupancy rate of an application, or the type or number of activated hardware modules. In operation905, the electronic device101may determine the amount of transferrable power. The electronic device101may determine the amount of transferrable power by subtracting the power consumption amount or the battery charge amount from the power inflow amount. According to an embodiment, the electronic device101may determine the amount of transferrable power in consideration of a margin. According to an embodiment, the amount of transferrable power may be determined based on not only a current state but also a predicted future state. The predicted state may be determined based on statistics on usage of the electronic device101. As described in the embodiment with reference toFIG.9, an electronic device101may determine the amount of transferrable power for wireless charging. A PRU parameter or a PTU parameter may be exchanged to determine the amount of transferrable power. Before transmitting the PTU parameter, the electronic device101may detect the amount of power supplied from the external power source or the amount of power supplied to the battery and may determine the maximum amount of transferrable power based on the detected information. An electronic device102may adjust the amount of wirelessly charged power based on the PTU parameter. According to various embodiments, before starting wireless charging, the electronic device101may supply power of a first level to the battery. The electronic device101may enter a wireless charging identification phase or configuration phase with the electronic device102, may identify a battery charging power state or a battery charge level, and may transmit a PTU parameter. When the battery capacity of the electronic device101is less than a specified capacity (e.g., about 20%), the electronic device101may maintain the power of the first level and may transmit data related to first wireless power that can be supplied when transmitting the PTU parameter. When the battery capacity of the electronic device101is high, the electronic device101may determine to supply power of a second level less than the first level to the battery, and may transmit information about second wireless power, which is greater than the first power, when transmitting the PTU parameter. According to various embodiments, according to the situation of the electronic device101(e.g., screen on/off, an application being executed, or a battery charging state (e.g., a constant current (CC) period or a constant voltage (CV) period), information about power that can be supplied from the electronic device101may be changed and maximum power that can be transferred may be changed. The electronic device101may detect the state of power used for the system. For example, the electronic device101may determine power consumed by a main component, such as a display (e.g., the display device160), a processor (e.g., the processor120), a camera (e.g., the camera module180), or a communication module190, may determine a PTU parameter based on power consumption, and transmit the PTU parameter. According to various embodiments, the electronic device101may transmit a charging signal after receiving SSP or a PRU parameter from the electronic device102. The electronic device101may transmit a PTU parameter to the electronic device102after transmitting the charging signal. The electronic device101and the electronic device102may then perform an operation for a power mode change. When the PTU parameter is changed in a power transfer period, the electronic device101may transmit the changed PTU parameter to the electronic device102. The amount of power transferred between the electronic device101and the electronic device102may be reset using the changed PTU parameter. An embodiment of resetting the amount of power will be described below with reference toFIG.10andFIG.11. FIG.10is a signal exchange diagram1000for a charging mode transition during wireless charging between electronic devices according to various embodiments. The signal exchange diagram1000ofFIG.10illustrates a signal exchange between an electronic device101and an external electronic device102after wireless charging starts through a process illustrated inFIG.8. Referring toFIG.10, in operation1001, the electronic device101may monitor a charging state (e.g., a charging state of the electronic device101). The electronic device101may identify a charging-related state. For example, the electronic device101may identify a battery voltage, the state of a charging current, or a heat generation state due to a charging operation. In operation1003, the external electronic device102may transmit an RPP to the electronic device101. The RPP may be periodically transmitted during wireless charging. Through the RPP, the electronic device101may recognize that a wireless charging process is in progress. Operation1001and operation1003may be continuously performed. When a predefined condition is satisfied during the monitoring, operation1005may be performed below. In operation1005, the electronic device101may determine a PTU parameter. The PTU parameter may include control information or configuration information about the electronic device101. The PTU parameter may include charging-related information about the electronic device101. For example, the PTU parameter may indicate at least one of an ID of the electronic device101, a property of the electronic device101, a state value of the electronic device101, or the amount of power/voltage that the electronic device101can transfer. When a specified condition is satisfied during monitoring the charging state, the electronic device101may determine the PTU parameter. In operation1007, the electronic device101may transmit the PTU parameter to the external electronic device102. According to an embodiment, the PTU parameter may be transmitted through the same frequency band as that for a charging signal or through a different frequency band. The PTU parameter may be transmitted through a RAT (e.g., Bluetooth, BLE, Wi-Fi, or NFC) different from that for transmitting the charging signal. As a result of monitoring in operation1001, when there is a change in the charging-related state, the electronic device101may include information indicating a change in the charging-related state, information indicating that a charging mode can be changed, or information indicating a changeable charging mode. In operation1009, the external electronic device102may determine a charging mode. The external electronic device102may determine the charging mode based on the PTU parameter received from the electronic device101or a charging-related property or state of the external electronic device102. Accordingly, it may be determined to maintain a current charging mode or to change to a different charging mode. In operation1011, the external electronic device102may transmit a charging mode transition request signal to the electronic device101. The charging mode transition request signal may include an indication of requesting a transition to a charging mode different from the currently operating charging mode or information indicating a different charging mode. According to an embodiment, the charging mode transition request signal may be transmitted through the same frequency band as that for the charging signal or through a different frequency band. The charging mode transition request signal may be transmitted through a RAT (e.g., Bluetooth, BLE, Wi-Fi, or NFC) different from that for transmitting the charging signal. FIG.11is a flowchart1100showing that an electronic device transitions to a mode for wireless charging according to various embodiments. The subject of operations in the flowchart1100illustrated inFIG.11may be understood as the electronic device101or a component (e.g., the processor120) of the electronic device101. A flowchart1100illustrated inFIG.11shows a specific case of a charging mode transition, which illustrates a transition from a normal charging mode to a fast charging mode. Referring toFIG.11, in operation1101, the electronic device101(e.g., the processor120) may identify the amount of transferable power. The amount of transferable power may be determined based on a charging-related state of the electronic device101. For example, the electronic device101may identify a power inflow amount or a power consumption amount and may calculate the amount of transferrable power based on the determined power inflow amount or power consumption amount. Here, identifying the amount of transferrable power may include an operation of identifying the amount of transferrable power, an operation of identifying a variance (e.g., an increase or decrease) in the amount of transferrable power, or an operation of identifying whether the amount of transferrable power is changed. In operation1103, the electronic device101may determine whether the amount of transferrable power has increased. When the amount of transferrable power has not increased, the electronic device101may return to operation1101. However, although not shown inFIG.11, according to another embodiment, when the amount of transferrable power has decreased, the electronic device101may perform an operation according to the decrease in the amount of transferrable power. When the amount of transferrable power has increased, the electronic device101may determine whether a charging mode transition request from an external electronic device (e.g., the electronic device102) is identified in operation1105. The electronic device101may determine whether the charging mode transition request is identified based on a PTU parameter received from the external electronic device. When the charging mode transition request is not identified, the electronic device101may terminate this process. When the charging mode transition request is identified, the electronic device101may transition to the fast charging mode in operation1107. The electronic device101may increase the power of a charging signal to a value enabling fast charging. Accordingly, the amount of power provided to a battery or another component of the electronic device101may be reduced. According to an embodiment, to transition to the fast charging mode, the electronic device101may re-perform an initialization operation, a ping operation, an identification or configuration operation. Alternatively, according to another embodiment, the electronic device101may re-perform the identification or configuration operation except for the ping operation. According to various embodiments of the disclosure, an electronic device (e.g., the electronic device101) may identify the amount of transferrable power (1101), and may reconfigure a PTU parameter to be transmitted to an external electronic device (e.g., the electronic device102) when the amount of transferrable power has increased. The electronic device101may monitor a charging state and may determine the amount of transferable power of the amount of external power flowing into the electronic device101. The electronic device101may reconfigure the PTU parameter to be transmitted when recognizing the external electronic device102according to the amount of power that can be supplied to the external electronic device. According to various embodiments of the disclosure, an operating method of an electronic device (e.g., the electronic device101) may include: identifying a battery level or a charging state; transmitting a wireless charging parameter related to generation or modification of a power signal to be transmitted to an external electronic device (e.g., the electronic device102) through a coil when the battery level or the charging state satisfies a specified condition; receiving a response signal to the transmitted wireless charging parameter from the external electronic device; or generating, based on the response signal, a power signal transmitted through the coil using the wireless power transfer circuit. FIG.12is an example1200of a change in the battery charging current of an electronic device during wireless charging according to various embodiments. The example1200ofFIG.12illustrates a change in the internal power consumption amount (e.g., battery charging current) of the electronic device101over time during wireless charging. Referring toFIG.12, the electronic device101may initially receive external power through a power connector. For example, when connected to a travel adapter (TA) having a rated capacity of about 15 W, the electronic device101may receive power of about 15 W. The electronic device101may use the received power to charge a battery. According to various embodiments, the electronic device101may operate in a ping phase to identify a wireless charging request from an electronic device102. When receiving a response from the electronic device102, the electronic device101may enter an identification and configuration phase at a first time1201. Accordingly, a configuration for power charging and transfer between the electronic device101and the electronic device102may be performed. The electronic device101may reduce a battery charging current before supplying power to the electronic device102. For example, the battery charging current may be reduced at a second time1202in order to activate wireless charging of the electronic device102. According to various embodiments, another example of a change in the amount of supplied power according to a charging state of the electronic device101is shown below in Table 1. TABLE 1Battery chargeAmount of wirelesslyTimeamountsupplied powert015 W0 Wt110 W5 Wt20 W15 W Referring to Table 1, at time t0, the electronic device101is in a state of not transmitting a charging signal and may charge the battery with first power (e.g., about 15 W). At time t1, the electronic device101may charge the battery with second power (e.g., about 10 W) less than the first power and may transfer first wireless power to an external electronic device (e.g., the electronic device102). At time t2, the electronic device101may charge the battery with third power (e.g., about 0 W) less than the second power and may transfer second wireless power (e.g., about 15W) to the external electronic device (e.g., the electronic device102). That is, at time t2, the electronic device101may finish charging the battery and may transfer the second wireless power to the external electronic device. For example, the electronic device101may perform fast wireless charging. According to various embodiments, the third power less than the second power may be, for example, about 0.1 to 5 W, and the remaining power in addition to the received power (e.g., about 15 W) may be supplied as wireless power. When the amount of power for wirelessly supplying power is changed, the electronic device101may perform a configuration operation for changing the amount of wireless charging power in a power transfer period. For example, at time t1or time t2, the electronic device101may perform an initial operation, a ping operation, and an identification or configuration operation. Accordingly, the electronic device101may transmit a changed PTU parameter to the external electronic device. That is, the electronic device101may re-perform the initial operation, the ping operation, and the identification or configuration phase through a renegotiation operation. Alternatively, according to another embodiment, the electronic device101may perform the identification and configuration or renegotiation operation excluding the ping operation. The electronic device101may determine the amount of power that can be received or whether normal/fast wireless charging is supported using a PRU parameter received from the external electronic device and may change a wireless charging power supply mode. For example, when the external electronic device does not support fast wireless charging, the electronic device101may not additionally perform an operation of changing the amount of wireless power. FIG.13is a state transition diagram1300of an electronic device according to various embodiments. The state transition diagram1300ofFIG.13illustrates various states of the electronic device101related to wireless charging. Referring toFIG.13, the electronic device101may operate in one of a selection state1310, a ping state1320, an identification and configuration state1330, a power transfer state1340, and a renegotiation state1350. The selection state1310may be a state in which enabling/disabling wireless charging is determined. When an object to be charged (e.g., the electronic device102) is detected in the selection state1310, the electronic device101may transition to the ping state1320. The ping state1320may be a state of transmitting a ping signal and waiting for a response. When no response is received, the electronic device101may transition back to the selection state1310. When the response is identified, the electronic device101may transition to the identification and configuration state1330. The identification and configuration state1330may be a state in which information about the object to be charged is obtained and a charging-related variable is set. When charging starts in the identification and configuration state1330, the electronic device101may transition to the power transfer state1340. The power transfer state1340may be a state in which a charging signal is generated or radiated. When a charging-related state of the electronic device101is changed in the power transfer state1340, the electronic device101may transition to the renegotiation state1350. The renegotiation state1350may be a state in which a charging-related parameter is exchanged or the charging-related variable is reset. When the charging-related variable is reset through the renegotiation state1350, the electronic device101may transition to the power transfer state1340. The proximity of the electronic device101to an external electronic device (e.g., the electronic device102) is recognized, and necessary information may be exchange through in-band communication or out-of-band communication in the identification and configuration state1330in the ping state1320. When the electronic device101transmits a PTU parameter to the external electronic device, the parameter may be transmitted based on a charging-related state of the electronic device101. Subsequently, power may be transferred in the power transfer state1340. In the renegotiation state1350, power supplied from the electronic device101to the external electronic device may be changed according to the PTU parameter. That is, a charging mode may be changed according to a power charging state of the electronic device101. According to various embodiments, the electronic device101may monitor a charging state and may determine the amount of transferable power of the amount of external power flowing into the electronic device101. The electronic device101may reconfigure a PTU parameter to be transmitted when recognizing the external electronic device102according to the amount of power that can be supplied to the external electronic device. The electronic device101may transition from the power transfer state1340to the renegotiation state1350, the identification and configuration state1330, or the ping state1320for an operation of detecting an object to be charged (e.g., the electronic device102) and may transmit the PTU parameter. The electronic device101may transmit transmission power (e.g., maximum power or guaranteed power), transmission signal voltage information, or the like. An electronic device according to various embodiments disclosed herein may include various types of devices. The electronic device may include, for example, a portable communication device (e.g., a smailphone), a computer device, a portable multimedia device, a portable medical device, a camera, a wearable device, or a home appliance. The electronic device according to the embodiments disclosed herein is not limited to the foregoing devices. It should be appreciated that various embodiments of the present disclosure and the terms used therein are not intended to limit the technological features set forth herein to particular embodiments and include various changes, equivalents, or replacements for a corresponding embodiment. With regard to the description of the drawings, similar reference numerals may be used to refer to similar or related elements. It is to be understood that a singular form of a noun corresponding to an item may include one or more of the things, unless the relevant context clearly indicates otherwise. As used herein, each of such phrases as “A or B,” “at least one of A and B,” “at least one of A or B,” “A, B, or C,” “at least one of A, B, and C,” and “at least one of A, B, or C,” may include any one of, or all possible combinations of the items enumerated together in a corresponding one of the phrases. As used herein, such terms as “1st” and “2nd,” or “first” and “second” may be used to simply distinguish a corresponding component from another, and does not limit the components in other aspect (e.g., importance or order). It is to be understood that if an element (e.g., a first element) is referred to, with or without the term “operatively” or “communicatively”, as “coupled with,” “coupled to,” “connected with,” or “connected to” another element (e.g., a second element), it means that the element may be coupled with the other element directly (e.g., wiredly), wirelessly, or via a third element. As used herein, the term “module” may include a unit implemented in hardware, software, or firmware, and may interchangeably be used with other terms, for example, “logic,” “logic block,” “part,” or “circuitry”. A module may be a single integral component, or a minimum unit or part thereof, adapted to perform one or more functions. For example, according to an embodiment, the module may be implemented in a form of an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Various embodiments as set forth herein may be implemented as software (e.g., the program140) including one or more instructions that are stored in a storage medium (e.g., internal memory136or external memory138) that is readable by a machine (e.g., the electronic device101). For example, a processor (e.g., the processor120) of the machine (e.g., the electronic device101) may invoke at least one of the one or more instructions stored in the storage medium, and execute it, with or without using one or more other components under the control of the processor. This allows the machine to be operated to perform at least one function according to the at least one instruction invoked. The one or more instructions may include a code generated by a complier or a code executable by an interpreter. The machine-readable storage medium may be provided in the form of a non-transitory storage medium. Wherein, the term “non-transitory” simply means that the storage medium is a tangible device, and does not include a signal (e.g., an electromagnetic wave), but this term does not differentiate between where data is semi-permanently stored in the storage medium and where the data is temporarily stored in the storage medium. According to an embodiment, a method according to various embodiments of the disclosure may be included and provided in a computer program product. The computer program product may be traded as a product between a seller and a buyer. The computer program product may be distributed in the form of a machine-readable storage medium (e.g., compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM)), or be distributed (e.g., downloaded or uploaded) online via an application store (e.g., PlayStore™), or between two user devices (e.g., smart phones) directly. If distributed online, at least part of the computer program product may be temporarily generated or at least temporarily stored in the machine-readable storage medium, such as memory of the manufacturer's server, a server of the application store, or a relay server. According to various embodiments, each component (e.g., a module or a program) of the above-described components may include a single entity or multiple entities. According to various embodiments, one or more of the above-described components may be omitted, or one or more other components may be added. Alternatively or additionally, a plurality of components (e.g., modules or programs) may be integrated into a single component. In such a case, according to various embodiments, the integrated component may still perform one or more functions of each of the plurality of components in the same or similar manner as they are performed by a corresponding one of the plurality of components before the integration. According to various embodiments, operations performed by the module, the program, or another component may be carried out sequentially, in parallel, repeatedly, or heuristically, or one or more of the operations may be executed in a different order or omitted, or one or more other operations may be added. | 81,096 |
11942802 | Like reference symbols in the various drawings generally indicate like elements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here. Various disclosed embodiments include illustrative systems, structures, and methods. As will be explained below, such embodiments can provide power to devices external to a structure. Given by way of non-limiting overview, in various embodiments a system is provided for wirelessly transmitting electrical power exterior a structure. In various embodiments a power transmitter is operably couplable to a source of electrical power and is configured to wirelessly transmit electrical power. A power receiver is alignable with the power transmitter on an opposing side of a non-conductive panel of a structure and is configured to generate electrical power responsive to the electrical power wirelessly transmitted by the power transmitter. Now that a non-limiting overview has been provided, illustrative details of non-limiting embodiments will be explained by way of non-limiting examples provided by way of illustration only and not of limitation. Referring toFIG.1, in various embodiments an illustrative structure20may be configured in a wireless power transmission configuration. In various embodiments the structure20includes a central gateway manager (CGM)22, a power management module (PMM)24, a source of electrical power32, a wireless power transmitter30, and a wireless power receiver40disposed external to the structure22. An electrical load42may be electrically coupled to the wireless receiver40. In various embodiments and given by way of example only and not of limitation, the structure20may be any stationary or moving structure that includes a source of electrical power. The structure20may be a vehicle, a towable camper, a building, or the like. In various embodiments the structure20includes a panel34. The panel34may be any non-conductive material configured to allow an electromagnetic field to pass from one side to another side of the panel34. The panel34may be made of glass, plexiglass, or the like. In various embodiments and given by way of example only and not of limitation, wireless charging between the wireless power transmitter30and the wireless power receiver40may be performed by tightly-coupled electromagnetic induction, loosely-coupled radiative electromagnetic resonant charging, or the like. The wireless power transmitter30and the wireless power receiver40will be described in more detail below. In various embodiments the panel34separates an interior of the structure20from an exterior of the structure20. In various embodiments the wireless power transmitter30is operably couplable to the source of electrical power32and is configured to wirelessly transmit electrical power in the form of an electromagnetic field that changes relative to the wireless power receiver40. The receiver40is alignable with the power transmitter30on an opposing side of the panel34. The wireless power receiver40is configured to generate electrical power (that is, electrical current) responsive to the electrical power wirelessly transmitted (induced) via the electromagnetic field produced by the wireless power transmitter30. The wireless power receiver be then be used to power an external accessory such as a projector or via an outlet embedded in the wireless power receiver. In various embodiments the CGM22may receive a request for electrical power to be supplied by the power source32to the receiver40via the transmitter30. The request for electrical power may be generated by various sources, such as, without limitation, a connection/alignment sensor, a user generated command, and the like. Responsive to the received request, the CGM22instructs the PMM24to instruct the power source32to supply electrical power to the transmitter30. Referring additionally toFIGS.2and3, in various embodiments the wireless power transmitter30may include a housing44, a circuit board48, a transmission coil46, electronics45, and magnets50. In various embodiments the transmission coil46and the electronics45are mounted to the circuit board48. In various embodiments, electrical traces on the circuit board48connect the transmission coil46to the electronics45. An electrical connection is connected to the circuit board48for electrically connecting the electronics45to the source of electrical power32. The source of electrical power32may be a source that produces a current, such as a generator, a battery, or the like. In various embodiments the electronics45and/or the circuit board48may include circuit components configured to receive the current from the source of electrical power32, convert the received current to a magnitude-varying current, such as an alternating current (AC), and sense when the receiver40is connected to or aligned with the transmitter30. In such embodiments the received current may be a direct current (DC) and the electronics45may include components such as, without limitation, an oscillator or the like, for converting the DC to the magnitude varying current. In other embodiments the source of electrical power32already produces AC electrical power. Thus, the electronics45may only regulate certain aspects of the AC electrical power, such as amplitude, frequency, or the like. Circuit components for applying magnitude-varying current or the like are well known in the art and no further explanation is necessary for a person of skill in the art to understand disclosed subject matter. Referring additionally toFIGS.4and5, in various embodiments the wireless power receiver40may include a housing54, a circuit board58, a receiver coil56, electronics55, and magnets60. The receiver coil56and the electronics55are mounted to the circuit board58. Electrical traces on the circuit board58connect the receiver coil56to the electronics55. An outlet port (power outlet)70is included in the housing54. The outlet port70electrically connects to the electronics55. A wire connected to the electrical load42may be received by the outlet port70for powering the electrical load42. An electromotive force (EMF) is induced in the receiver coil56responsive to a varying/changing magnetic field produced by magnitude varying current of the transmission coil46. When the electrical load42is connected to the wireless power receiver40, a circuit with the receiver coil56is closed, thereby allowing the EMF to induce an AC current. The electrical load42may be an AC or DC device. When the electrical load42is a DC device, such as, without limitation, LED lights, sound system, or the like, the electronics55include components configured to convert the induced AC current into a DC current, as desired. Circuit components for conversion of induced AC current or the like are well known in the art and no further explanation is necessary for a person of skill in the art to understand disclosed subject matter. In various embodiments the wireless power transmitter30and/or the wireless power receiver40includes magnets50and60disposed within the transmitter housing44and/or the receiver housing54. The magnets50of the transmitter housing44are configured to produce a magnetic force between opposing magnets60within the receiver housing54. The magnets50and60may be ferromagnetic material instead of a magnet provided the opposing feature within the other housing is a magnet. In various embodiments the housings44and/or54may include suction devices62and64, respectively. The suction devices62and64may be coupled to the housings44and54. The suction devices62and64are configured to provide an attaching force to the panel34. The magnets50and60may also produce an attaching force of the housings44and54to the panel34. Referring toFIGS.7and8, a vehicle72includes a roof74, such as without limitation a glass roof or the like. It will be appreciated that, as referred to herein, the vehicle72is a type of structure and the roof74is a type of panel. The transmitter housing44is attachable at an inside surface of the roof74. A receiver housing54is attachable at an outside surface of the roof74opposite the transmitter housing44. The receiver housing54connects to a projector80. Other electrical loads may receive power from the receiver housing54, such as, without limitations, lights, blenders, or the like. In some instances, one or more components may be referred to herein as “configured to,” “configured by,” “configurable to,” “operable/operative to,” “adapted/adaptable,” “able to,” “conformable/conformed to,” etc. Those skilled in the art will recognize that such terms (for example “configured to”) generally encompass active-state components and/or inactive-state components and/or standby-state components, unless context requires otherwise. While particular aspects of the present subject matter described herein have been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modifications may be made without departing from the subject matter described herein and its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as are within the true spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein. It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (for example, bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (for example, the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to claims containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (for example, “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (for example, the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (for example, “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that typically a disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms unless context dictates otherwise. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be typically understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.” The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software (e.g., a high-level computer program serving as a hardware specification), firmware, or virtually any to patentable subject matter under 35 U.S.C. 101. In an embodiment, several portions of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), or other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, limited to patentable subject matter under 35 U.S.C. 101, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software (e.g., a high-level computer program serving as a hardware specification) and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of a signal bearing medium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Video Disk (DVD), a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.; and a transmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link (e.g., transmitter, receiver, transmission logic, reception logic, etc.), etc.). With respect to the appended claims, those skilled in the art will appreciate that recited operations therein may generally be performed in any order. Also, although various operational flows are presented in a sequence(s), it should be understood that the various operations may be performed in other orders than those which are illustrated or may be performed concurrently. Examples of such alternate orderings may include overlapping, interleaved, interrupted, reordered, incremental, preparatory, supplemental, simultaneous, reverse, or other variant orderings, unless context dictates otherwise. Furthermore, terms like “responsive to,” “related to,” or other past-tense adjectives are generally not intended to exclude such variants, unless context dictates otherwise. While the disclosed subject matter has been described in terms of illustrative embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made thereto without departing from the scope of the claimed subject matter as set forth in the claims. | 16,115 |
11942803 | DEFINITIONS For the purposes of this disclosure, the following terms have the following meanings:Acidic oxide—a term used generally in the scientific literature to refer to binary compounds of oxygen with a nonmetallic element. An example is carbon dioxide, CO2. The oxides of some metalloids (e.g., Si, Te, Po) also have weakly acidic properties in their pure molecular state.Acidified metal oxide (“AMO”)—a term used here to denote a binary compound of oxygen with a metallic element which has been synthesized or modified to have an acidity greater than that of its natural mineralogical state and also a Hammett function, H0>−12 (not superacidic). The average particle size is also less than that of the natural mineralogical state. Naturally occurring mineralogical forms do not fall within the scope of the inventive AMO material. A synthesized metal oxide, however, that is more acidic than its most abundant naturally occurring mineralogical form (of equivalent stoichiometry) but not superacidic falls within the bounds of this disclosure and can be said to be an AMO material provided it satisfies certain other conditions discussed in this disclosure.Acidic—a term used generally in the scientific literature to refer to compounds having a pH of less than 7 in aqueous solution.Electron-withdrawing group (“EWG”)—an atom or molecular group that draws electron density towards itself. The strength of the EWG is based upon its known behavior in chemical reactions. Halogens, for example are known to be strong EWGs. Organic acid groups such as acetate are known to be weakly electron withdrawing.Hammett function—An additional means of quantifying acidity in highly concentrated acid solutions and in superacids, the acidity being defined by the following equation: H0=pKBH++log([B]/[BH+]). On this scale, pure 18.4 molar H2SO4has a H0value of −12. The value H0=−12 for pure sulfuric acid must not be interpreted as pH=−12, instead it means that the acid species present has a protonating ability equivalent to H3O+at a fictitious (ideal) concentration of 1012mol/L, as measured by its ability to protonate weak bases. The Hammett acidity function avoids water in its equation. It is used herein to provide a quantitative means of distinguishing the AMO material from superacids. The Hammett function can be correlated with colorimetric indicator tests and temperature programmed desorption results.Layered construction—As used herein, the term “layered construction” shall mean a battery cell comprised of discrete deposits of material (which may or may not be the same material) with at least one interface therebetween. The interface may be present during construction, but effectively diminished or eliminated in the final product as specified herein.Low loading—an active material or mixed layer including an active material wherein the active material is present in amounts in a range of 10% wgt. to 80% wgt.Metal oxide—a term used generally in the scientific literature to refer to binary compounds of oxygen with a metallic element. Depending on their position in the periodic table, metal oxides range from weakly basic to amphoteric (showing both acidic and basic properties) in their pure molecular state. Weakly basic metal oxides are the oxides of lithium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, rubidium, strontium, indium, cesium, barium and tellurium. Amphoteric oxides are those of beryllium, aluminum, gallium, germanium, astatine, tin, antimony, lead and bismuth.Monodisperse—characterized by particles of uniform size which are substantially separated from one another, not agglomerated as grains of a larger particle.pH—a functional numeric scale used generally in the scientific literature to specify the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution. It is the negative of the logarithm of the concentration of the hydronium ion [H3O+]. As used here it describes the relative acidity of nanoparticles suspended in aqueous solution.Surface functionalization—attachment of small atoms or molecular groups to the surface of a material.Superacid—substances that are more acidic than 100% H2SO4, having a Hammett function, H0<−12. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Described herein are high capacity electrochemical cells and cell components, such as electrodes, for such cells. The disclosed electrochemical cells and electrodes comprise metal oxides, which may be AMO or non-AMO nanomaterials, and exhibit high capacity. In embodiments, the metal oxides are provided at a relatively low loading (weight percent) in the electrodes, such as at weight percents less than 30%, with the majority of the remainder of the electrodes comprising conductive materials and binders. Even with such low loadings, capacities of greater than 10,000 mAh/g in the case of AMO nanomaterial has been observed. The electrodes may be provided in layered or non-layered configurations. Example layered configurations include separate layers including AMO nanomaterial and low loading or non-AMO containing layers. In other embodiments non-AMO metal oxides may be layered with other non-AMO metal oxides of the same of different material. In further embodiment, layers may include both AMO and non-AMO metal oxides in the same layered structure. The layering of electrodes is optional, however, and high capacities are observed in both layered and non-layered electrodes. Referring now toFIG.1, a lithium ion battery cell100is illustrated in a simplified cutaway view. The cell100may comprise a casing or container102. In some embodiments, the casing102is a polymer or an alloy. The casing102chemically and electrically isolates the contents of the cell100from adjacent cells, from contamination, and from damaging or being damaged by other components of the device into which the cell100is installed. A full battery may contain a plurality of cells arranged in a series and/or parallel configuration. The battery may have a further casing or securement mechanism binding the plurality of cells together as is known in the art. The cell100provides a cathode104and an anode106. The contents of the cell100undergo a chemical reaction when a conduction path is provided between the cathode104and anode106that is external to the cell100. As a result of the chemical reaction, electrons are provided at the anode106that flow to the cathode104via the circuit provided external to the battery (sometimes referred to as the load). At a basic level, during discharge of the cell100, the materials comprising the anode106are oxidized providing the electrons that flow through the circuit. The materials comprising the cathode104, as recipient of the electrons given up by the anode106, are reduced. Within the cell100, during discharge, metallic cations move through an electrolyte108from the anode106to the cathode104. In the case of a lithium based battery, the metallic cation may be a lithium cation (Li+). The electrolyte108may be a liquid electrolyte such as a lithium salt in an organic solvent (e.g., LiClO4in ethylene carbonate). Other lithium based electrolyte/solvent combinations may be used as are known in the art. In some cases the electrolyte108may be a solid electrolyte such as a lithium salt in a polyethylene oxide. Optionally, the electrolyte may comprise a polymer electrolyte. Example electrolytes include those described in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2017/0069931, which is hereby incorporated by reference. A separator110may be employed to prevent contact between the electrodes104,106. The separator110may be a porous layer of material that is permeable to the lithium ions and the electrolyte108but not otherwise electrically conductive so as to prevent internal shorting of the cell100. As is known in the art, the separator110may comprise glass fibers or may comprise a polymer, possibly with a semi-crystalline structure. Additional components, such as current collectors, may also be included in the cell100, but are not shown inFIG.1. Together the anode104, cathode106, electrolyte108, and separator110form the completed cell100. Since the separator110is porous, the electrolyte108may flow into, or be contained by, the separator110. Under normal operating conditions, the porosity of the separator110allows for ion (Li+) flow between the electrodes104,106via the electrolyte108. As is known in the art, a separator can be constructed so as to melt and close the internal pore structure to shut down the cell in the event of exposure to excess heat or a runaway exothermic reaction. Most lithium-based cells are so-called secondary batteries. They can be discharged and recharged many times before the chemical or structural integrity of the cell falls below acceptable limits. Cells and batteries according to the present disclosure are considered to be both primary (e.g., single use) and secondary batteries. In the case of the cell100being a secondary cell (or part of a secondary battery) it should be understood that the cell100may be recharged either alone or as a component of a completed system wherein multiple cells are recharged simultaneously (and possibly in the same parallel or series circuit). A reverse voltage is applied to the cell100in order to effect charging. It should be understood that various schemes for effective recharging of lithium batteries can be employed. Constant current, variable current, constant voltage, variable voltage, partial duty cycles, etc., may be employed. The present disclosure is not intended to be limited to a particular charging methodology unless stated in the claims. During charging of cell100, element115represents a voltage source that is applied between cathode104and anode106to provide electrons from cathode105to anode106and allow chemical reactions to take place. Lithium ions are shuttled from cathode104to the anode106through electrolyte108and separator110. As examples, cathode104or anode106may independently comprise a metal oxide according to the present disclosure. The metal oxide may be a nano-material, possibly substantially monodispersed, and in either AMO or non-AMO form. For use of an AMO material as a cathode, an anode may correspond to lithium metal or a lithium intercalation material, such as graphite. Non-AMO cathodes may also be paired with an anode that may correspond to lithium metal or a lithium intercalation material. Optionally, electrolyte108may include an acidic species, such as dissolved in an organic solvent with a lithium salt. In addition to or alternative to use of an acidic species in electrolyte108, an electrode (i.e., cathode104or anode106) may optionally comprise an AMO and an acidic species. Oxalic acid is an exemplary acidic species. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the presence of acidic species in the cathode104or anode106and/or electrolyte108improves a surface affinity of AMO materials toward lithium ions, resulting in an improved ability to take up lithium ions during discharge and overall improvement to capacity as compared to a similar cell lacking acidic species or having a basified electrode or electrolyte (i.e., including basic species). Alternatively or additionally, the presence of acidic species may allow for additional active sites for lithium uptake in cathode104. It should be understood thatFIG.1is not to scale. A shown inFIG.2, in most applications, the separator110occupies most or all of the space between the electrodes104,106and is in contact with the electrodes104,106. In such case, the electrolyte108is contained within the separator110(but may also intrude into the pores or surface of the anode or cathode).FIG.2is also not necessarily to scale. The actual geometry of a cell can range from relatively thin and flat pouches, to canister type constructions, to button cells and others. Cell construction techniques such as winding or bobbin or pin type assemblies may be used. Current collectors known in the art and other components (not shown) may also be relied upon to form a cell100into a commercially viable package. Although overall shape or geometry may vary, a cell or battery will normally, at some location or cross section, contain the electrodes104,106separated rather than touching, and have the electrolyte108and possibly separator110between them. Cells may also be constructed such that there are multiple layers of anodes and cathodes. Cells may be constructed such that two cathodes are on opposite sides of a single anode or vice versa. A functional or operational battery intended for a specific purpose may comprise a plurality of cells arranged according to the needs of particular application. An example of such a battery is shown schematically inFIG.3. Here the battery300comprises four lithium cells100arranged in series to increase voltage. Capacity can be increased at this voltage by providing additional stacks of four cells100in parallel with the stack shown. Different voltages can be achieved by altering the number of cells100arranged in series. A positive electrode306may be accessible on the outside of a casing302of the battery300. A negative electrode304is also provided. The physical form factor of the electrodes304,306may vary according to application. Various binders, glues, tapes and/or other securement mechanisms (not shown) may be employed within a battery casing302to stabilize the other components. Batteries based on lithium technology are generally operable, rechargeable, and storable in any orientation (if a secondary cell). As discussed above, cells100may take on various different geometric shapes. ThusFIG.3is not meant to represent any particular physical form factor of the battery300. The battery300may also comprise various adjunct circuitry308interposing the positive electrode308and the lithium cells100within the casing302of the battery300. In other embodiments, the adjunct circuitry interposes the negative electrode304and the lithium cells100instead of, or in addition to, interposing the positive electrode306and the lithium cells100. The adjunct circuitry308may include short circuit protection, overcharge protection, overheating shutdown and other circuitry as is known in the art to protect the battery300, the cells100, and/or any load attached to the battery300. The composition of materials chosen for the cathode104, anode106, and electrolyte may be critical to the performance of the cell100and any battery of which it forms a part. In the context of the present disclosure, various examples of AMOs and methods for their production are provided in this regard. These AMOs are suitable for use in forming anodes or cathodes in half cells, cells, and batteries. The AMOs of the present disclosure are otherwise compatible with known lithium cell technology including existing anode and cathode compositions, electrolyte formulations, and separator compositions. In other embodiments, the same or different production, construction, or formation methods may be employed as are utilized in the case of AMOs, but with non-AMO materials. It will be appreciated that the material of the anode106chosen for a cell or battery according to the present disclosure may be less electronegative than the material of the cathode104to suitably complement the cathodic materials. In one particular embodiment, the disclosed AMOs are useful as a cathode in a cell having a metallic lithium anode. In various embodiments of the present disclosure, the cathode104comprises an AMO material having a surface that is acidic but not superacidic. This would be in contrast to materials previously known and utilized as cathodes such as lithium cobalt or lithium manganese materials. The AMO materials of the present disclosure and methods for their production are described below. In other embodiments, the anode106comprises an AMO material of the present disclosure having a surface that is acidic but not super acidic. The surfaces of metal oxides are ideally arrays of metal and oxygen centers, ordered according to the crystalline structure of the oxide. In reality the arrays are imperfect, being prone to vacancies, distortion, and the effects of surface attachments. Regardless, any exposed metal centers are cationic (positively charged) and can accept electrons, thus functioning by definition as Lewis acid sites. Oxygen centers are anionic (negatively charged) and act as Lewis base sites to donate electrons. This leads to the well-known amphotericity of metal oxide surfaces. Under normal atmospheric conditions, the presence of water vapor will adsorb to the metal oxide surface either molecularly (hydration) or dissociatively (hydroxylation). Both OH− and H+ species can adsorb on the oxide surface. The negatively-charged hydroxyl species will attach at the metal, cationic (Lewis acid, electron accepting) centers, and the H+ will attach at the oxygen, anionic (Lewis base, electron donating) centers. Both adsorptions lead to the presence of the same functional group—a hydroxyl—on the metal oxide surface. These surface hydroxyl groups can serve as either Brønsted acids or as Brønsted bases, because the groups can either give up or accept a proton. The tendency of an individual hydroxyl group to be a proton donor or a proton acceptor is affected by the coordination of the metal cation or oxygen anion to which it is attached. Imperfections of the metal oxide surface such as oxygen vacancies, or coordination of the surface groups with other chemical species, mean that all cations and anions are not equally coordinated. Acid-base sites will vary in number and in strengths. When broadly “totaled” across the surface of the oxide, this can give the surface an overall acidic or basic character. The quantity and strength of Lewis acid and base sites (from the exposed metal cations and oxygen anions, respectively) and Brønsted acid and base sites (from the surface hydroxyl groups)—add broad utility and functionality to the metal oxide and its use in both chemical reactions and device applications. The sites are a strong contributor to the chemical reactivity of the metal oxide. They can serve as anchor sites to which other chemical groups, and even additional metal oxides, may be attached. And they can affect surface charge, hydrophilicity and biocompatibility. One way of altering the surface of metal oxides is to attach small chemical groups or electron-withdrawing groups (“EWGs”) in a process known as surface functionalization. The EWG induces polarization of the hydroxide bonds and facilitates dissociation of hydrogen. For example, a stronger EWG should lead to a more polarized bond and therefore a more acidic proton. The acidity of Lewis sites can be increased by inducing polarization that facilitates the donation of electrons to the site. When compounds so made are placed in water, the acidic protons will dissociate and so reduce the aqueous pH measurement. Though somewhat imprecise when working with solid acid/base systems rather than liquid ones, traditional methods of pH measurement utilizing titrations, pH paper and pH probes can be used to evaluate the acidity of metal oxides dispersed in aqueous solution. These measurements can be supplemented by the use of techniques including but not limited to colorimetric indicators, infrared spectroscopy, and temperature programmed desorption data to establish the acidified nature of the metal oxide surface. Surface groups can be examined by standard analytical techniques including but not limited to x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Surface functionalization can be accomplished post-synthesis, including but not limited to exposing the metal oxide to acidic solutions or to vapors containing the desired functional groups. It can also be accomplished via solid state methods, in which the metal oxide is mixed and/or milled with solids containing the desired functional groups. However, all of these methods require an additional surface functionalization step or steps beyond those required to synthesize the metal oxide itself. Synthesis and surface functionalization of the AMO material may be accomplished in a “single-pot” hydrothermal synthesis method or its equivalent in which the surface of the metal oxide is functionalized as the metal oxide is being synthesized from appropriate precursors. A precursor salt containing an EWG is solubilized and the resulting solution is acidified using an acid containing a second EWG. This acidified solution is then basified and the basified solution is heated then washed. A drying step produces the solid AMO material. By way of example, a preferred embodiment of an AMO form of tin oxide was synthesized and simultaneously surface functionalized using the following single-pot method:1. Initially, seven grams (7 g) of a tin (II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl22H2O) is dissolved in a solution of 35 mL of absolute ethanol and 77 mL distilled water.2. The resulting solution is stirred for 30 minutes.3. The solution is acidified by the addition of 7 mL of 1.2M HCl, added dropwise, and the resulting solution is stirred for 15 minutes.4. The solution is basified by the addition of 1M of an aqueous base, added dropwise until the pH of the solution is about 8.5.5. The resulting opaque white suspension is then placed in a hot-water bath (˜60° to 90° C.) for at least 2 hours while under stirring.6. The suspension is then washed with distilled water and with absolute ethanol.7. The washed suspension is dried at 100° C. for 1 hour in air and then annealed at 200° C. for 4 hours in air. This method results in an AMO of tin, surface-functionalized with chlorine, whose pH is approximately 2 when resuspended and measured in an aqueous solution at 5 wt % and room temperature. By definition its Hammett function, H0>−12. Although an open system such as a flask is described here, a closed system such as an autoclave may also be used. Utilizing the single pot method disclosed above, a number of AMO's have been synthesized. Table 1 below describes the precursors and acids that have been used. In some instances, a dopant is utilized as well: PrecursorDopantAcidSnAcCH3COOHSnAcH2SO4SnAcHNO3SnAcH3PO4SnAcC6H8O7SnAcC2H2O4SnAcFeAcHClSnAcFeAcH2SO4SnAcFeAcHNO3SnAcFeAcC2H2O4SnAcFeAcH3PO4SnAcFeAcC6H8O7SnAcHBrSnAcH3BO3SnSO4MnCl2H2SO4SnCl2MnCl2HClSnCl2FeCl3& AlCl3HClFeCl3SnCl2HClFe(NO3)3HNO3BiCl3HClZr(SO4)2H2SO4TiOSO4H2SO4Sb2(SO4)3H2SO4In(Cl)3HClIn2(SO4)3H2SO4In(III)BrHBrInCl3HClLiAc & FeCl3SnCl2HClwhere Ac is an acetate group with the chemical formula C2H3O2 In some embodiments, the electron withdrawing groups have a carbon chain length of 6 or less and/or an organic mass of 200 or less (AMU). In some embodiments, the electron withdrawing groups have a carbon chain length or 8 or less, or 10 or less, and/or an organic mass of 500 or less. It will be appreciated that the method's parameters can be varied. These parameters include, but are not limited to, type and concentration of reagents, type and concentration of acid and base, reaction time, temperature and pressure, stir rate and time, number and types of washing steps, time and temperature of drying and calcination, and gas exposure during drying and calcination. Variations may be conducted singly, or in any combination, possibly using experimental design methodologies. Additionally, other metal oxide synthesis methods—e.g., spray pyrolysis methods, vapor phase growth methods, electrodeposition methods, solid state methods, and hydro- or solvo thermal process methods—may be useful for achieving the same or similar results as the method disclosed here. A variety of annealing conditions are useful for preparing AMO nanomaterial. Example annealing temperatures may be below 300° C., such as from 100° C. to 300° C. Example annealing time may range from about 1 hours to about 8 hours, or more. Annealing may take place under a variety of atmospheric conditions. For example, annealing may occur in air at atmospheric pressure. Annealing may occur at elevated pressure (greater than atmospheric pressure) or reduced pressure (less than atmospheric pressure or in a vacuum). Annealing may alternatively occur in a controlled atmosphere, such as under an inert gas (e.g., nitrogen, helium, or argon) or in the presence of an oxidizing gas (e.g., oxygen or water). A variety of drying conditions are useful for preparing AMO nanomaterials. Example drying temperatures may be from 50° C. to 150° C. Example drying time may range from about 0.5 hours to about 8 hours, or more. Drying may take place under a variety of atmospheric conditions. For example, drying may occur in air at atmospheric pressure. Drying may occur at elevated pressure (greater than atmospheric pressure) or reduced pressure (less than atmospheric pressure or in a vacuum). Drying may alternatively occur in a controlled atmosphere, such as under an inert gas (e.g., nitrogen, helium, or argon) or in the presence of an oxidizing gas (e.g., oxygen or water). The performance characteristics of the AMO nanomaterials of the present disclosure differ from those of non-acidified metal oxide nanoparticles. As one example,FIG.4shows differences in the cyclic voltammogram of AMO tin prepared by the single-pot method relative to that of commercially available, non-AMO tin when cycled against lithium. For example, the surface-functionalized AMO material exhibits better reversibility than the non-AMO material. The presence of distinct peaks in the CV of the AMO material may indicate that multiple electron transfer steps are occurring during charging/discharging. For example, a peak at higher voltage may indicate direct oxidation/reduction of the AMO material, while a peak at lower voltage may originate due to changing the material structure of the AMO material (i.e., alloying). As another example,FIG.5shows the total reflectance of AMO tin oxide is different than that of commercially available, non-AMO tin oxide. The data indicates that the AMO has a lower band gap and therefore more desirable properties as a component of a photovoltaic system in addition to use as an anode according to the present disclosure. The AMO material may be thought of as having the general formula MmOx/G where MmOxis the metal oxide, m being at least 1 and no greater than 5, x being at least 1 and no greater than 21; G is at least one EWG that is not hydroxide, and / simply makes a distinction between the metal oxide and the EWG, denoting no fixed mathematical relationship or ratio between the two. G may represent a single type of EWG, or more than one type of EWG. Exemplary AMOs are acidified tin oxides (SnxOy), acidified titanium dioxides (TiaOb), acidified iron oxides (Fecal), and acidified zirconium oxide (ZreOf). Exemplary electron-withdrawing groups (“EWGs”) are Cl, Br, BO3, SO4, PO4and CH3COO. Regardless of the specific metal or EWG, according to the present disclosure, the AMO material is acidic but not superacidic, yielding a pH<7 when suspended in an aqueous solution at 5 wt % and a Hammett function, H0>−12, at least on its surface. The AMO material structure may be crystalline or amorphous (or a combination thereof), and may be utilized singly or as composites in combination with one another, with non-acidified metal oxides, or with other additives, binders, or conductive aids known in the art. In other words, an anode prepared to take advantage of the AMO's of the present disclosure may or may not comprise other materials. In one embodiment, the AMO may be layered upon a conductive material to form the cathode104. In some embodiments, the AMO material is added to a conductive aid material such as graphite or conductive carbon (or their equivalents) in a range of 10 wt % to 80 wt % and upwards of 90 wt % to 95 wt %. In preferred embodiments, the AMO is added at 10 wt %, 33 wt %, 50 wt %, and 80 wt %. To maximize the amount of overall surface area available, the AMO should be in nanoparticulate form (i.e., less than 1 micron in size) and substantially monodispersed. More preferably, the nanoparticulate size is less than 100 nm and, even more preferably, less than 20 nm or 10 nm. In other embodiments utilizing non-AMO metal oxides, the material may nevertheless be in nanoparticulate form and may be substantially monodispersed. Again, the nanoparticles size may be less than 100 nm and preferably less than 20 nm or less than 10 nm. Mixed-metal AMOs, in which another metal or metal oxide is present in addition to the simple, or binary oxide, have been reduced to practice in forming anodes utilized in half cells, cells, and batteries. These mixed-metal AMOs may be thought of as having the general formula MmNnOx/G and MmNnRrOx/G where: M is a metal and m is at least 1 and no greater than 5; N is a metal and n is greater than zero and no greater than 5; R is a metal and r is greater than zero and no greater than 5; O is total oxygen associated with all metals and x is at least 1 and no greater than 21; / simply makes a distinction between the metal oxide and the electron-withdrawing surface group, denoting no fixed mathematical relationship or ratio between the two; and G is at least one EWG that is not hydroxide. G may represent a single type of EWG, or more than one type of EWG. Some prior art mixed metal oxide systems, of which zeolites are the most prominent example, display strong acidity even though each simple oxide does not. Preferred embodiments of the mixed-metal AMO of this disclosure differ from those systems in that any embodiment must include at least one AMO which is acidic (but not superacidic) in simple MmOx/G form. Preferred mixed metal and metal oxide systems are SnxFecOy+dand SnxTiaOy+b, where y+d and y+b may be an integer or non-integer value. In another embodiment, the mixed metal AMO material is produced via the single-pot method with one modification: synthesis begins with two metal precursor salts rather than one, in any proportion. For example, Step 1 of the single-pot method may be altered as follows: Initially, 3.8 g of tin (II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl22H2O) and 0.2 g of lithium chloride (LiCl) are dissolved in a solution of 20 mL of absolute ethanol and 44 mL distilled water. Metal precursor salts as shown in Table 1 could also be used, in any proportion. The metal precursor salts could have the same or differing anionic groups, depending on the desired product; could be introduced at different points in the synthesis; or could be introduced as solids or introduced in a solvent. In some embodiments, a first metal precursor salt may be used for the primary structure (i.e., larger proportion) of the resultant AMO, and a second (and optionally a third) metal precursor salt may be added as a dopant or as a minor component for the resultant AMO. Experimentation with the single-pot method led to seven notable findings. First, in all cases both surface functionalization and acidity arise endogenously (seeFIG.6), rather than created post-synthesis. Unlike prior art surface functionalization methods, the single-pot method does not require any additional step or steps for surface functionalization beyond those required to synthesize the metal oxide itself, nor does it make use of hydroxyl-containing organic compounds or hydrogen peroxide. Second, the method is broadly generalizable across a wide range of metal oxides and EWGs. Using the methods of the present disclosure, metal oxides of iron, tin, antimony, bismuth, titanium, zirconium, manganese, and indium have been synthesized and simultaneously surface-functionalized with chlorides, sulfates, acetates, nitrates, phosphates, citrates, oxalates, borates, and bromides. Mixed metal AMOs of tin and iron, tin and manganese, tin and manganese and iron, tin and titanium, indium and tin, antimony and tin, aluminum and tin, lithium and iron, and lithium and tin also have been synthesized. Additionally, surface functionalization can be accomplished using EWGs that are weaker than halogens and SO4yet still produce acidic but not superacidic surfaces. For example, the method also has been used to synthesize AMOs surface-functionalized with acetate (CH3COO), oxalate (C2O4), and citrate (C6H5O7). A variety of Examples are described below. Third, there is a synergistic relationship between the EWG and other properties of the nanoparticles such as size, morphology (e.g., plate-like, spherical-like, needle- or rod-like), oxidation state, and crystallinity (amorphous, crystalline, or a mixture thereof). For example, differences in morphology can occur between AMO nanoparticles synthesized under identical conditions except for the use of a different EWG for surface functionalization (seeFIG.7). The surface functionalization may act to “pin” the dimensions of the nanoparticles, stopping their growth. This pinning may occur on only one dimension of the nanoparticle, or in more than one dimension, depending upon exact synthesis conditions. Fourth, the character of the AMO is very sensitive to synthesis conditions and procedures. For example, differences in morphology and performance of the AMO's nanoparticles can occur when synthesized under identical conditions except for having two different total reaction times (seeFIGS.8and9). Experimental design methodologies can be used to decide the best or optimal synthesis conditions and procedures to produce a desired characteristic or set of characteristics. Fifth, both the anion present in the precursor salt and the anion present in the acid contribute to the surface functionalization of the AMO. In one preferred embodiment, tin chloride precursors and hydrochloric acid are used in a synthesis of an AMO of tin. The performance of these particles differ from an embodiment in which tin chloride precursors and sulfuric acid are used, or from an embodiment in which tin sulfate precursors and hydrochloric acid are used. Therefore, matching the precursor anion and acid anion is preferred in some embodiments. Sixth, when utilizing a precursor with a weak EWG and an acid with a strong EWG, or vice versa, the strongly withdrawing anion will dominate the surface functionalization. This opens up a broader range of synthesis possibilities, allowing functionalization with ions that are not readily available in both precursor salts and acids. It may also permit mixed functionalization with both strong and weak EWGs. In one example, a tin acetate precursor and phosphoric acid are used to synthesize an AMO of tin. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the surface shows a greater atomic concentration of phosphorous than of the bonds associated with acetate groups (seeFIG.10). Seventh, and last, while the disclosed method is a general procedure for synthesis of AMOs, the synthesis procedures and conditions may be adjusted to yield sizes, morphologies, oxidation states, and crystalline states as are deemed to be desirable for different applications. As one example, catalytic applications might desire an AMO material which is more active in visible light (seeFIG.11A) or one which is more active in ultraviolet light (seeFIG.11B). In another example, the AMO material may be used as a battery electrode. A primary (single-use) battery application might desire an AMO with characteristics that lead to the highest capacity, while a secondary (rechargeable) battery application might desire the same AMO but with characteristics that lead to the highest cyclability.FIG.12compares the cyclability of two different batteries constructed from AMO materials, including a chlorine containing AMO and a sulfur containing AMO. The AMO material can result in enhanced battery performance, without deterioration of battery components or gas generation (seeFIG.13). This is exactly opposite what the prior art teaches. InFIG.13, the charge-discharge cyclability of a battery constructed as a half-cell of an AMO nanomaterial electrode versus lithium metal is shown, showing cyclability for up to 900 charge-discharge cycles, while still maintaining useful capacity and exceptional columbic efficiency. Such long cyclability is exceptional, particularly against the lithium metal reference electrode, as lithium metal is known to grow dendrites during even low cycle numbers, which can enlarge and result in dangerous and catastrophic failure of a battery cell. According to the present disclosure, in a complete cell, the anode106comprising a disclosed AMO may be utilized with a known electrolyte108and a cathode104comprising known materials such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2). The material comprising the separator110may likewise be drawn from those currently known in the art. In another embodiment, the anode106may comprise a disclosed non-AMO metal oxide with a known electrolyte108and a cathode104comprising known materials, and/or constructed according to known methods. In a complete cell, the cathode104comprising a disclosed AMO may be utilized with a known electrolyte108and an anode106comprising known materials such as carbon on copper foil, which display less electronegativity than AMO's of the present disclosure. The material comprising the separator110and electrolyte108may likewise be drawn from those currently known in the art as discussed above. In another embodiment, the cathode104may comprise a disclosed non-AMO metal oxide with a known electrolyte108and an anode106comprising known materials, and/or constructed according to known methods. Various layering and other enhancement techniques may be deployed to maximize capacity for holding lithium ions for powering the cell100. It should also be understood that a battery based according to the present disclosure can be deployed as a secondary (e.g., rechargeable) battery but can also serve as a primary battery. Although the anodes and cathodes of the present disclosure lend themselves to a reversible battery chemistry, a cell or battery constructed as described herein, may be satisfactorily deployed as a primary cell or battery. In the battery industry, the word ‘formation’ is used to denote initial charge or discharge of the battery carried out at the manufacturing facility prior to the battery being made available for use. The formation process is generally quite slow and may require multiple cycles directed at converting the active materials as-manufactured into a form that is more usable for cell cycling. These conversions may be alterations of the structure, morphology, crystallinity, and/or stoichiometry of the active materials. Cells and batteries constructed according to the present disclosure, in some embodiments, do not require initial formation and therefore are ready to use as primary cells or batteries. In other cases, limited or rapid formation may be employed. Moreover, by deploying the cells and batteries of the present disclosure as primary cells that are not intended to be recharged, some of the safety issues that may be inherent with lithium battery chemistry are mitigated, as it is known in the art that the safety issues more frequently arise during battery cycling. However, following an initial primary discharge, cells and batteries disclosed herein are optionally suitable for use as secondary battery systems which may undergo many charge-discharge cycles, such as up to tens, hundreds, or even thousands of cycles. In other embodiments according to the present disclosure, the cathode104comprises nanoparticles of tin oxide (SnO2) in non-AMO form. The tin-oxide nanoparticles may be substantially monodispersed. Titanium dioxide (TiO2), iron oxide (FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4), or another metal oxide may be substituted for the tin oxide according to embodiments of the present disclosure. Known electrolytes108, anodes106, and separators110, or those otherwise described in this disclosure may be utilized with such embodiments. It will be appreciated that other battery constructions are possible using the AMO and non-AMO metal oxides of the present disclosure. For example, a battery may comprise a first electrode comprising a metal oxide of the present disclosure (possibly in monodispersed nanoparticulate form), a second electrode, and an electrolyte positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode. As an example, in a lithium ion battery, the first electrode may operate as a cathode or an anode. For example, in operation as a cathode, the second electrode may correspond to lithium metal, graphite, or another anodic material. As another example, in operation as an anode, the second electrode may correspond to a LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiNiO2, or another cathodic material. Useful materials for the second electrode include, but are not limited to, graphite, lithium metal, sodium metal, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium titanate, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), lithium iron phosphate, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), or any combination of these. It will be appreciated that the AMO materials disclosed herein may also be added as dopants to conventional lithium ion cell anodes and/or cathodes, such as in amounts between 0.01 wt. % and 10 wt. %, or for example, an amount of about 1 wt. %, 5 wt. % or 10 wt. % of AMO material in an electrode. The disclosed AMO materials provide an incredible capacity for storing lithium atoms and by adding these materials to conventional lithium ion cell electrodes, the ability of these composite. As one specific example, an electrode comprises LiCoO2and an AMO. As another example, an electrode comprises a carbonaceous material, such as graphite, and an AMO. The metal oxides of the present disclosure may optionally be used with an acidic component, such as a binder, an acidic electrolyte, or an acidic electrolyte additive. This may be in the context of an anode, cathode, half-cell, complete cell, integrated battery, or other components. The inventors have surprisingly found that including acidic components and/or acidic species, such as organic acids or organic acid anhydrides, in a battery comprising an AMO material results in an increase in the capacity of versus batteries where the acidic species are not included. Again, the prior art teaches against use of acidic species, as these species may degrade metal current collectors and housings and cause deterioration in other electrode components. As shown inFIG.14, which provides comparative cyclability data for AMO-based batteries formed of the same materials and structure except for one having a standard electrolyte, one having a basified electrolyte, and one having an acidified electrolyte. The batteries included a construction as follows: all cathodes included the same AMO material; all anodes were lithium metal; the standard electrolyte was a 1:1:1 mix of dimethylene carbonate, diethylene carbonate, and ethylene carbonate with 1 M LiPF6; the acidified electrolyte was the standard electrolyte with 3 wt. % succinic anhydride; the basified electrolyte was the standard electrolyte with 3 wt. % dimethylacetamide. All batteries were cycled at the same discharge rate. As illustrated, the battery with the acidified electrolyte system exhibits the best cycling ability, maintaining the highest capacity over the largest number of cycles. FIG.15provides additional comparative cyclability data for two different batteries with the same battery construction including an acidified electrolyte, except that the AMO material of one battery is deacidified by washing with a solvent. The batteries included a construction as follows: the cathodes included the AMO material; the electrolyte was a 1:1:1 mix of dimethylene carbonate, diethylene carbonate, and ethylene carbonate with 1 M LiPF6and 3 wt. % succinic anhydride; the anodes were lithium metal. The batteries were cycled at the same discharge rate. The battery having the acidified AMO material exhibits higher capacity retention vs. cycle number, indicating that the acidified surface of the AMO may interact with the acidified electrolyte, providing enhanced performance. At the present time, lithium batteries are perceived to be a safety risk in certain situations. For example, airline regulations currently require partial discharge of lithium batteries that are to be carried in the cargo hold. Fires have been reported in devices utilizing lithium batteries resultant from runaway exothermal reactions. Moreover, lithium fires can be difficult to extinguish with popularly deployed fire suppression systems and devices. For these reasons, lithium containing compounds rather than metallic lithium is used in many commercial battery cells. Use of lithium containing compounds in an anode, rather than lithium metal, may, however, limit the amount of lithium available for reaction and incorporation into the cathode upon discharge, and may thus also limit the capacity of such cells. The presently disclosed AMO materials, however, show not only large uptake of lithium during discharge but also enhanced safety characteristics. For example, when battery cells comprising the AMO material in a cathode and a lithium metal electrode are subjected to safety tests, such as nail penetration tests, shorting tests, and overvoltage tests, the cells perform well and do not appear to pose an unacceptable risk of fire or explosion. This may be because the AMO's passivate lithium metal within a cell or battery. Even using solid or pure lithium as an anode, devices employing AMO's of the present disclosure as a cathode do not appear to pose an unacceptable risk of fire or explosion. The novel safety results may also be due to the low operating voltage of cells constructed according to the present disclosure, which in some embodiments is <1.5 V compared to a traditional lithium ion operating voltage of >3.0 V. Several cells were constructed with a cathode comprising an AMO (SnO2) according to the present disclosure. The cathode was prepared from a composition of the AMO (SnO2), Ketjen black (KB), polyvinylidene fluouride (PVDF), and polyaryl amide (PAA) at a ratio of 63/10/26.1/0.9 by volume. Double-sided layers of this composition were prepared at 4 mg/cm2per side. Six of these layers comprised the cathode. The area of the prepared cathode was 9×4 cm2. A separator was obtained from Targray Technology International, Inc. and comprised a 25 μm thick layer of polypropylene. The separator was 9.4×4.4 cm2in area. An electrolyte was prepared from 1M LiPF6in a solvent of ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate in a 1/1/1 ratio by volume. The anode was a 50 μm thick layer of lithium metal of 9.2×4.2 cm2in area. Two of the constructed cells were discharged prior to a safety test and found to have an actual capacity of 1.7 Ah, and a specific capacity of 1575 mAh/g SnO2. FIG.16is a plot of temperature and voltage for a cell constructed as described above and subjected to a nail penetration test. The test was conducted at room temperature and no events (e.g., fires) were observed. It can also be seen that the temperature and voltage remained stable. FIG.17Ais a plot of temperature and voltage for a cell constructed as described above and subjected to an overcharge test. A 1 A current was applied. Apart from some gassing from the cell no adverse events were observed over the timeframe of the test.FIG.17Bis a plot of the overcharge test ofFIG.17Afocusing on the start of the test. It should be understood that the examples constructed for purpose of penetration tests are not intended to be limiting with respect to the entire disclosure herein. Cells and batteries of various sizes, capacities, and materials may be constructed according to the present disclosure. Utilizing the AMO's of the present disclosure, such batteries would reap the benefits of the increased safety demonstrated herein, whether such safety is ultimately due to lithium passivation, lower voltage, or other factors. Embodiments of constructed electrochemical cells incorporating AMO material as a cathode and lithium as an electrode have been tested to successfully undergo up to 900 or more charge-discharge cycles without resulting in catastrophic and destructive failure. Stated another way, embodiments of constructed electrochemical cells incorporating AMO material as a cathode and lithium as an electrode have been tested to successfully undergo up to 900 or more charge-discharge cycles and still hold a charge and maintain useful capacity. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, the enhanced safety provided by use of AMO-based cathode materials in lithium cells may arise from the ability of the AMO material to passivate metallic lithium and prevent dendrite formation. The inventors have observed that, upon cycling, the metallic lithium anode did not appear to grow or otherwise form dendrites, but the metallic lithium anode took on a softer and less crystalline appearing structure. In some embodiments, the metallic lithium anode may be passivated, such as by cycling as a component of an electrochemical cell as described herein, and then removed from the electrochemical cell and used as an electrode in a new electrochemical cell with a different cathode. Additionally, cells constructed according to the present disclosure make use of low operating voltages, such as between 1 and 2 volts, which contrasts with the typical voltage of a lithium or lithium-ion battery cell, which operate commonly around 3-4.2 volts. Such a difference in operational voltage may, in part, account for the safety of the disclosed cells. With respect to construction of cells or batteries using lithium as an anode according to the present disclosure, in some embodiments, the entire anode (100%) is metallic lithium. The metallic lithium may only be substantially pure in that a minute percentage of the anode may comprise trace elements and impurities that do not affect the performance of the cell or battery in a measurable way. In various embodiments, the anode comprises at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% metallic lithium. For purposes of the present disclosure the term “metallic lithium” refers to lithium in its neutral atomic state (i.e., non-ionic state). The term metallic lithium is intended to distinguish over other forms of lithium including lithium ions and lithium compounds. The term metallic lithium may refer to neutral atomic lithium present in mixtures that comprise lithium atoms, such as mixtures of lithium and other elements, compounds, or substances. The term metallic lithium may refer to neutral atomic lithium present in lithium alloys, such as a metallic mixture including lithium and one or more other metals. The term metallic lithium may refer to neutral atomic lithium present in composite structures including lithium and one or more other materials. Electrodes comprising or including metallic lithium may include other materials besides lithium, but it will be appreciated that metallic lithium may correspond to an active material of such an electrode. In some cases, an anode in an electrochemical cell comprises metallic lithium. For purposes of this disclosure, metallic lithium may be taken to mean lithium that is not reacted with any other element so as to have formed a compound (at least at the time of battery or cell construction). In some embodiments, a portion of the anode may be metallic lithium while a portion of the anode may be a lithium compound containing various percentages of lithium that is reacted with other elements to form a lithium compound. The metallic lithium may be arranged to be segregated geometrically on or in the anode relative to the lithium compound portion of the anode. Referring now toFIG.18, a perspective view of a cathode1800according to aspects of the present disclosure is shown.FIG.18is not to scale. The cathode1800comprises 33.3% SnO2in AMO form. The AMO was prepared according to the methods disclosed above. To form a carbon layer1804a slurry of Ketjenblack EC-300J (SA: ˜800 m2/g) prepared using NMP solvent and coated on copper foil1802of thickness 10 μm. The slurry composition was 80% Ketjenblack and 20% PVDF by weight. As coated tape was dried in a vacuum oven at 100° C. To form a carbon/SnO2layer1806SnO2(AMO), Ketjenblack and PVDF each 33.3% by weight were mixed together and slurry was prepared by adding NMP solvent and coated on part of the Ketjenblack coated copper foil (1802,1804). The resultant tape was dried in a vacuum oven at 100° C. (overnight) and calendared at room temperature. Thickness of the tape was measured using a micrometer at SnO2coated and Ketjenblack (only) coated areas. The thickness of the Ketjen black layer1804is about 8 μm; the thickness of the electrode layer1806is about 2 μm. The foil layer1802is about 10 μm giving a total thickness of the cathode1800of about 18 μm. The calendared tape was punched out into circular discs at Ketjenblack (only) and SnO2coated areas. The weight of the Ketjenblack disc was subtracted from the SnO2disc to obtain total mass of the electrode material. In case of one tested cell type, the total mass of the electrode material is 0.0005 g (after subtracting the Ketjenblack disc weight), and the active material content is 0.000167 g (33.3% of total mass). Some important elements of the cathode1800are (1) layering, using a carbon undercoat (2) the use of Ketjenblack high surface area carbon in both undercoat and topcoat (3) the 33% active material topcoat, and (4) the thin (˜2 um) topcoat layer. All of these parameters may be further developed. In some embodiments, carbons other than Ketjenblack are used. Binders other than PVDF may be used. The cathode may be constructed in one or more layers. The percentage of active material may be more or less than 33%. The thickness of the one or more layers may be more or less than 2 um. A variety of current collectors may be used in order to optimize cell construction. It should be understood that the example above provides one instance of lower active material loading within the electrode than has heretofore been believed to promote optimal performance and capacity. As previous discussed, traditional preferences for active loading are 90%, 95%, or more where possible. According to the present embodiment, active loadings may be less than 80% w/w. In some embodiments, calculation of the active loading percentage may be a total active loading that includes various conductive layers of the electrode. For example, a layer with a higher (but still low according to prior art teachings) active material loading of 33% may provide a total active loading across the electrode of 23% when combined with the conductive layer that contains little or no active material. In various embodiments, the total active material loading of the electrode is less than 63% maximum. In another embodiment, the active material loading in total is between 23% and 33%. In yet another embodiment, the active material loading in total is between 11% and 14%. Specific energy densities exhibited by materials according to the present disclosure (e.g., AMO SnO2) are on par with those of fossil fuels. This is taught to be impossible by prior art scientific literature. The same effects are observed even with non-AMO metal oxides (e.g., tin oxide, titanium dioxide, and or iron oxide) when constructed as electrodes and batteries according to methods of the present disclosure. This suggests that the operational mechanism of these materials as active materials is outside of that currently known or taught. As described herein, non-AMO metal oxides may be constructed as electrodes with an active material loading that is substantially lower than taught by the prior art. For example, the active loading may be below 50%, such as 30-40% by weight, 20-25% by weight, or particularly 21% or 33% by weight. Formation of an electrode may be by repeated application of multiple layers of the active material until a desired thickness is reached. Conductive carbon may be layered with the active material as well. The conductive carbon may be applied at the same or different loading density as the active material. For example, the active material and the conductive carbon may both be present at 20-25%, for example, at 21% by weight. In some embodiments, it has been determined that application of the active material in multiple thin layers provides enhanced performance over a single thicker layer. Referring now toFIG.19a bar graph comparing lithiation capacities of various metal oxides using standard construction techniques compared to construction techniques according to the present disclosure is shown. High active material loading and other standard construction techniques were used in the first instance for AMO tin oxide, AMO iron oxide, and non-AMO tin oxide. The AMO tin oxide particle size was on the order of 5 nm. The non-AMO tin oxide particle size was on the order of 20 nm. The AMO tin oxide when utilized with standard construction techniques yielded a lithiation capacity of about 2000 mAh/g. When constructed as an electrode with lower active material loading (e.g., around 21% by weight) in a layered arrangement with nanoparticulate conductive carbon (also around 21% by weight), lithiation capacity increased to over 10,000 mAh/g. The increase using AMO iron oxide when subjected to the same test was from slightly less than 2000 mAh/g to around 8000 mAh/g. Non-AMO tin oxide, surprisingly, also increased from less than 2000 mAh/g to more than 6000 mAh/g. The average increase using the high capacity construction method was about 314%. Battery performance is driven in large part, if not almost exclusively, by the underlying chemistry producing the electric potential between the terminals. Most batteries or battery cells produce an ‘s’-shaped discharge curve. At a steady load or discharge rate, an initial, somewhat steep, voltage drop is observed followed by slower voltage drop as the battery is discharged. Near the end of the useful charge of the battery a second even steeper, precipitous decline in voltage is observed. This phenomenon can be observed in the example discharge curves plotted inFIG.20for alkaline batteries (Zn/MnO2), lithium ion batteries, lead-acid batteries, Nickel Cadmium batteries, and Nickel Metal-Hydride batteries. Of course, this does not exhaust the list of battery chemistries with s-shaped discharge curves, nor those with relatively high cutoff voltages. Known chemistries with cutoff voltages in excess of those observed in accordance with the chemistries of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to: lead-acid (1.75 V), zinc-carbon (0.75-9.0V), zinc-air (0.9 V), mercury oxide-zinc (0.9 V), alkaline (0.9 V), rechargeable alkaline (0.9 V), silver-oxide (1.2 V), nickel-zinc (0.9 V), nickel-iron (0.75 V), nickel-cadmium (0.9-1.05 V), nickel hydrogen (1.0 V), nickel-metal hydride (0.9-1.05 V), low self-discharge nickel-metal hydride (0.9-1.05), lithium-manganese dioxide (2.0 V), lithium-carbon monofluoride (2.0 V), lithium-iron disulfide (0.9 V), lithium cobalt oxide (2.5 V), lithium iron phosphate (2.0 V), lithium manganese oxide (2.5 V), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (3.0 V), and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (2.5 V). Most modern devices do not or cannot make use of the final, steep portion of the discharge curve and, once the voltage falls any considerable amount below the nominal voltage, the battery is considered “dead”. The battery may then be recharged or discarded. Not only are modern devices not engineered to take advantage of the final discharge portion of a battery, in some cases it may not be safe to attempt to do so. Lithium-ion batteries, for example, are known to become unstable in some cases if they are continued to discharge as voltage approaches zero. On the other hand, battery chemistries and construction techniques such as those described herein produce a more linear discharge curve from a completely full charge (or less than a full charge), all the way down to zero volts (or at least as close to zero volts as is usable by current devices).FIG.21is a representative discharge curve for a battery cell constructed according to the present disclosure based on AMO tin. FIG.22is a similar plot for a non-AMO active material cell based on construction methods disclosed herein. FromFIGS.21-22it can be seen that the discharge curves are more or less straight when compared to the curves of prior types of batteries. There is some initial “steep” voltage drop if discharge begins from near capacity of the cell. However, there is no sudden drop at the end of the cycle, even if the discharge is all the way to zero. In addition, a charge may be placed back onto the battery that is less than a full charge, and the discharge curve behaves predictably as shown. It will be appreciated that the far-right portion of the curve of a prior technology battery would be “wasted” since the battery cannot safely discharge into this area of the curve. Here however, it has been observed that there is no cell failure or unsafe operating condition for AMO and non-AMO type batteries of the present disclosure when deeply discharged. Further, a great deal of capacity of the battery remains available even when discharged below nominal voltage, as can be seen from the graphs (e.g., with a nominal voltage of 1). Previously, even so-called deep discharge batteries suffer from reduced lifespan when continually or repeatedly deeply discharged (e.g., to about 20% or of rated capacity). Batteries and cells of the present disclosure are capable not only of deep discharge without ill effect, but they may be super deeply discharged. For purposes of the present disclosure, a super deep discharge is taken to mean a discharge of the battery or cell to less than 20% of rated capacity. In some embodiments this discharge level is down to 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 1%, or less of capacity. Moreover, a super deep discharge (e.g., to 0 detectable volts) does not unduly damage the capacity of the cell. In some embodiments, a full super-deep discharge may cause a loss of capacity of around 0.2%. In various embodiments a full super-deep discharge cycle results in a loss of capacity of less than 0.3%, less than 0.25%, or less than 0.2%. In other words, the loss of capacity from a super deep discharge is commensurate with the ordinary loss of capacity seen with non-deep or non-super-deep discharges (per unit of power provided). New methods of using specific battery types (those of the present disclosure) have been determined to be useful based on repeated deep and super deep discharge being available with little or no harm to the cells. Particularly, new discharge and charge profiles are useful with batteries constructed with acidified metal oxides according to the present disclosure. Rather than stopping battery discharge at an arbitrary point (knowing that the battery is in the precipitous final decline range), the battery may be used as long as it possible for the load to which it is connected to be operated (and this without cell failure or dangerous operating conditions). In one embodiment, a battery constructed according to the present disclosure is used until voltage drops to 0.01 V. The battery may then be recharged fully (e.g., 2.8 V) or partially and used again until voltage drops to 0.01 V. In another embodiment, a battery according to the present disclosure is used until the functional threshold of the silicon chips which it powers is reached, and then it is recharged fully or partially and used again. Many chips and processors today operate at 1.0 V or less. Devices specifically engineered for lower consumption operate at lower voltages. Thus, a traditional lithium ion cell whose safe functional minimum voltage is about is about 2.8 to 3V still provides higher voltage than is needed to operate many chips. This potential cannot be safely utilized though owing to instability of further deep discharge of lithium ion cells. On the other hand, a cell constructed according to the present disclosure, virtually all of the useable power can be safely taken. As cells and batteries constructed according to the present disclosure may be discharge to 0.01 V or less, the only practical lower limit is the load or device which is being powered. As newer devices are developed having even lower operational voltages, batteries constructed according to the present disclosure, and used according to methods described herein, can provide both longer times between charging, and more efficient use of energy. In a prior art device utilizing traditional 3.6V lithium ion technology, an inefficient step-down transformer or voltage divider may be required to supply the correct operation voltage to a logic board or a newer chip that requires a substantially lower operation voltage than the battery can supply. A battery constructed according to the present disclosure may provide a maximum open circuit voltage (OCV) of 2.8 or less and a nominal voltage of around 1.0. Thus, a great deal of the power available from cells according to the present disclosure may be available for use by logic or chips without the need for any step-down voltage devices. This can simplify device design in some cases, and increase efficiency in nearly every conceivable case. Since batteries and cells constructed according to the present disclosure can easily supply more than enough voltage for many silicon chips, a step-down voltage device may be required at the initial high end of the of the discharge curve. However, such devices may be bypassed in later parts of the curve when they are not needed. This has the added effect of increasing efficiency as the battery or cell discharges. Therefore the “second half” of the discharge may actually provide more usable energy or a longer run time that the “first half”. Traditional lithium ion cells require a charge voltage of 3.8 V and, ideally, 4.2 V. Such a voltage can be difficult to supply for solar cells (which, individually, may only provide around 0.5 V) or other low voltage sources. It will be appreciated though, that batteries according to the present disclosure do not have to have such voltages to charge, and that any steady voltage applied to the cell or battery, that is higher than the current discharge voltage will result in at least some recharging. Therefore, even low or weak voltage sources such as individual solar cells may be able to provide usable charge to the battery or cell. Since batteries constructed according to the present disclosure are not harmed by low voltage charge and discharge, in some cases, the battery may be cycled to the limit of the materials only at low voltages. In other embodiments, the battery or cell may be sometimes operated at low voltage charge or discharge cycles (e.g., only lower than the nominal voltage of the cell) and then later operated at higher voltages (e.g., up to the full open circuit voltage such as 2.8 V or 3.2 V). A battery according to the present disclosure may be operated at higher voltages to power devices requiring such high relative voltages (e.g., greater than 1 V) and then used to power lower voltage devices when the discharge voltage falls below nominal, or below a predetermined distance below nominal. It should be understood that the wide variety of charge and discharge options for batteries or cells according to the present disclosure may occur across a wide variety of charge and discharger rates. Naturally, the quicker the discharge rate, the quicker the battery will become depleted, but the battery or cell may still be discharged essentially to zero. In some cases, a first discharge rate may be used for a first segment of the discharge, and a second discharge rate may be used for a second segment of the discharge. Many various discharge rates may be used at various times, or depending upon the needs of the devices powered by the battery. Similarly, for charging rates, a faster or slower charge rate may be used at any time during the discharge curve (so long as adequate voltage is available) depending upon the charging resource available at the time. Batteries and cells according to the present disclosure may also be used such that the battery or cell is never charged to above its nominal voltage, or is never charged above another predetermined threshold. Likewise, lower voltage thresholds can be used for discharge based upon the absolute minimum lower voltage that is useful for an attached load, or based upon another need of the user. These thresholds may also be redetermined or changed dynamically based upon resources and/or current use(s) or load(s)s attached to the battery or cell. According to various embodiments of methods of use of batteries or cells according to aspects of the present disclosure, the cell may be discharged to 99%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.1%, or another value before being subject to recharge. A recharge may occur to bring the battery back up to 100%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.1%, or some other portion of its capacity before it is discharged again. At such point, the discharge may take the battery back to any condition of discharge before returning to a charge state. Similarly, the discharge, and the charge rate are widely variable. For example, discharge rates may be from 0.01 C or lower to 1 C or higher. Charge rates may also be, for example, from 0.01 C or lower to 1 C or higher. All references throughout this application, for example patent documents including issued or granted patents or equivalents, patent application publications, and non-patent literature documents or other source material, are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties, as though individually incorporated by reference. All patents and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of skill of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. References cited herein are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety to indicate the state of the art, in some cases as of their filing date, and it is intended that this information can be employed herein, if needed, to exclude (for example, to disclaim) specific embodiments that are in the prior art. For example, when a compound is claimed, it should be understood that compounds known in the prior art, including certain compounds disclosed in the references disclosed herein (particularly in referenced patent documents), are not intended to be included in the claim. When a group of substituents is disclosed herein, it is understood that all individual members of those groups and all subgroups and classes that can be formed using the substituents are disclosed separately. When a Markush group or other grouping is used herein, all individual members of the group and all combinations and subcombinations possible of the group are individually included in the disclosure. As used herein, “and/or” means that one, all, or any combination of items in a list separated by “and/or” are included in the list; for example, “1, 2 and/or 3” is equivalent to “‘1’ or ‘2’ or ‘3’ or ‘1 and 2’ or ‘1 and 3’ or ‘2 and 3’ or ‘1, 2 and 3’”. Every formulation or combination of components described or exemplified can be used to practice the invention, unless otherwise stated. Specific names of materials are intended to be exemplary, as it is known that one of ordinary skill in the art can name the same material differently. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that methods, device elements, starting materials, and synthetic methods other than those specifically exemplified can be employed in the practice of the invention without resort to undue experimentation. All art-known functional equivalents, of any such methods, device elements, starting materials, and synthetic methods are intended to be included in this invention. Whenever a range is given in the specification, for example, a temperature range, a time range, or a composition range, all intermediate ranges and subranges, as well as all individual values included in the ranges given are intended to be included in the disclosure. As used herein, “comprising” is synonymous with “including,” “containing,” or “characterized by,” and is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. As used herein, “consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claim element. As used herein, “consisting essentially of” does not exclude materials or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the claim. Any recitation herein of the term “comprising,” particularly in a description of components of a composition or in a description of elements of a device, is understood to encompass those compositions and methods consisting essentially of and consisting of the recited components or elements. The invention illustratively described herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element or limitation that is not specifically disclosed herein. The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed. Thus, it should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention as defined by the claims. | 74,019 |
11942804 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Locking devices (e.g., access control readers, lockboxes, and hotel locks) may grant or deny access to a particular environment based on whether or not valid credentials are received from a requesting device (e.g., a mobile device). Locking devices and mobile devices each may rely on a battery within the respective device to complete a function (e.g., the mobile device may rely on a battery to transmit an access credential, and the locking device may rely on a battery to actuate a mechanical or electronic lock). When the battery in the mobile device or the battery in the locking device does not contain enough power (e.g., when the power is at a critical level) the device may not be able to complete the function. Often, however, one of the devices has available power that could, if transmitted to the other device, enable the other device to complete the function. Accordingly, in certain instances, it may be advantageous to transmit power between devices when one of the devices does not have enough power to complete a function. For example, when the battery in the mobile device is at a critical level it may be beneficial to transmit power from the locking device to the mobile device to enable the mobile device to transmit an access credential. Additionally, when the battery in the locking device is at a critical level it may be beneficial to transmit power from the mobile device to the locking device to enable the locking device to actuate a mechanical or electronic lock. To avoid the need of a connecting cable to transmit the power, the transmission of power between devices may be completed wirelessly. To enable wireless charging between the locking device and the mobile device, each device may include a wireless power coil. The term “wireless power coil” may include any electrically conductive structure capable of transmitting and/or receiving power. Each wireless power coil may be made of conductive wire, configured in a three dimensional or two dimensional planar shape. The term “wireless power coil” may be viewed as either singular or plural (e.g., each coil may be made of one continuous wire, or may include multiple wires). The wireless power coil in each device may allow power to transfer between devices using induction (e.g., electromagnetic induction). In certain instances, the wireless transmission of power between the locking device and the mobile device is Qi enabled. Meaning that the transfer of power between the locking device and the mobile device may follow standardized procedures such as, for example, procedures described in a Qi specification by Wireless Power Consortium. With reference now to the Figures, various schematic illustrations of a system for wirelessly transmitting power between a mobile device100and a various embodiments of a locking device200are shown inFIGS.1-3.FIG.1illustrates the wireless transmission of power between a mobile device100and a first embodiment of a locking device200.FIG.2illustrates the wireless transmission of power between a mobile device100and a second embodiment of a locking device200.FIG.3illustrates the wireless transmission of power between a mobile device100and a third embodiment of a locking device200. Regardless of the embodiment, the mobile device100includes a wireless power coil110, a communication module120configured to wirelessly transmit an access credential (e.g., using Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BTLE), Wi-Fi, Zigbee, infrared, cellular or any other short-range or long-range wireless communication method known to one skilled in the art), and at least one battery130configured to supply power to at least the communication module120. The locking device200, in each embodiment, includes a wireless power coil210, an authentication module220configured to receive and authenticate the access credential (e.g., from the communication module120of the mobile device100). Although described herein to receive the access credential from a mobile device100, it is envisioned that the locking device200may be configured to receive an access credential from at least one of an RFID card and/or a card with a magnetic stripe. Regardless of how the access credential is provided to the locking device200, the authentication module220, through being operatively connected to the lock actuator230, may lock or unlock a mechanical or electronic lock240when the access credential is authenticated. The system, in certain instances, is configured to wirelessly transmit power from the locking device200to the mobile device100. When power is provided from the locking device200to the mobile device100, the wireless power coil110of the mobile device100may be configured to receive power, and the wireless power coil210of the locking device200may be configured to wirelessly transmit power. The transfer of power from the locking device200to the mobile device100may occur when the storage of power in the battery130of the mobile device100is below a critical level. When the storage of power in the battery130of the mobile device100gets below a critical level the communication module120may not be able to send the access credential, as the battery130does not contain enough power to transmit the signal containing the credentials. In certain instances the system is provided such that the power is wirelessly transmitted from the locking device200to the mobile device100to enable the mobile device100to transmit the access credential to the locking device200. Being at a critical level may mean that the mobile device100is not able to complete a function (e.g., transmit an access credential) due to the amount of power left in the battery130. This critical level may, in certain instances, be when less than approximately 5% of a maximum level of power is remaining in the battery130. As shown inFIGS.1and2, which depict the first embodiment and the second embodiment, respectively, of the locking device200, the locking device200may include at least one battery250configured to supply power to the locking device200. The first embodiment (shown inFIG.1) of the locking device200may function as a hotel lock. The second embodiment (shown inFIG.2) of the locking device200may function as a lockbox. When including at least one battery250in the locking device200, at least a portion of the power transmitted from the locking device200to the mobile device100may be from the at least one battery250. As shown inFIG.3, which depicts the third embodiment of the locking device200, the locking device200may include a wired power supply260configured to supply power to the locking device200. The third embodiment of the locking device200may function as an access control reader. When the locking device200includes a wired power supply260, at least a portion of the power transmitted from the locking device200to the mobile device100may be from the wired power supply260. The wired power supply260may connect the locking device200with an electrical grid in order to provide power for the locking device200. The electrical grid may be viewed as the interconnected network for delivering electricity from producers to consumers (e.g., electrical power distributed from one or more distribution line to a home or business). This electrical power, in certain instances, may be transferred to the home or business prior to being distributed to the locking device200. In certain instances the system is configured to wirelessly transmit power from the mobile device100to the locking device200. When power is provided from the mobile device100to the locking device200the wireless power coil210of the locking device200may be configured to receive power, and the wireless power coil110of the mobile device100may be configured to wirelessly transmit power. The transfer of power from the mobile device100to the locking device200may occur when the storage of power in the battery250of the locking device200is below a critical level. When the storage of power in the battery250of the locking device200gets below a critical level the lock actuator230may not be able to lock or unlock the mechanical or electronic lock240of the locking device200, as the battery250does not contain enough power to actuate the mechanism of the lock240. In certain instances, the system is provided such that the power is wirelessly transmitted from the mobile device100to the locking device200to enable the lock actuator230to lock or unlock the mechanical or electronic lock240. Being at a critical level may mean that the locking device200is not able to complete a function (e.g., actuate the lock) due to the amount of power left in the battery250. This critical level may, in certain instances, be when less than approximately 5% of a maximum level of power is remaining in the battery250. As shown inFIGS.1-3, the configuration of the lock actuator230and the mechanical or electronic lock240may differ for each embodiment of the locking device200. For the first embodiment (shown inFIG.1) the lock actuator230may be an electrical connection to a dead bolt, where the dead bolt is the lock240. At least a portion of the lock actuator230(e.g., the electrical actuation mechanism) may be located within the locking device200. When in a locked position (e.g., when the dead bolt is extended), the lock240, in combination with the frame of the door, may prevent the door from being opened. As shown inFIG.1, this embodiment of the locking device200may rely on a battery250to supply power to at least the lock actuator230. As such, it may be advantageous in this embodiment to transmit power from the mobile device100to the locking device200when the storage of power in the battery250is below a critical level. Supplying power from the mobile device100to the locking device200may enable the lock actuator230to extend or retract the lock240for the door. For the second embodiment (shown inFIG.2) the lock actuator230may be an electrical connection to a latching mechanism, where the latching mechanism is the lock240. The latching mechanism may hold a compartment for a key to a house within the locking device200. At least a portion of the lock actuator230(e.g., the electrical actuation mechanism) may be located within the locking device200. When in a locked position (e.g., when the compartment is held inside the locking device200), the lock240(i.e. the latching mechanism) may prevent the compartment from coming outside of the locking device200, which may prevent access to the key. As shown inFIG.2, this embodiment of the locking device200may rely on a battery250to supply power to at least the lock actuator230. As such, it may be advantageous in this embodiment to transmit power from the mobile device100to the locking device200when the storage of power in the battery250is below a critical level. Supplying power from the mobile device100to the locking device200may enable the lock actuator230to release the compartment holding the key to the house. For the third embodiment (shown inFIG.3) the locking device200, as described above, may include a wired power supply260configured to supply power to the locking device200. The locking device200, depicted as an access control reader, may be viewed to be connected to another locking device200(i.e. a door controller), which controls the locking mechanism of a door. The door controller may be similar to the embodiment shown inFIG.1, where instead of having the authentication module220on the door controller, the authentication module220is located on the access control reader (i.e. the locking mechanism200depicted inFIG.3). The door controller may hold the door in a locked state until valid credentials are presented to the authentication module220of the access control reader (i.e. the locking device200). Once valid credentials are presented, the access control reader may instruct the door controller to open the locking mechanism of the door. Although not depicted, in certain instances the door controller may rely on a battery (not shown) to supply power. As such, it may be advantageous in this embodiment to transmit power from the mobile device100to the door controller (i.e. a locking device200) when the storage of power in the battery in the door controller is below a critical level. Supplying power from the mobile device100to the door controller (i.e. a locking device200) may enable the lock for the door to extend or retract. In certain instances, the locking device200is in two-way communication with the mobile device100. For example, the authentication module220of the locking device200may be configured to transmit a confirmation signal to the communication module120of the mobile device100when the access credential is authenticated. This confirmation signal, in certain instances, includes instructions to charge the battery250of the locking device200(e.g., when the storage of power in the battery250is below a critical level). Whether or not the mobile device100transmits power to the locking device200may be dependent on whether or not a confirmation signal is received within a threshold time. For example, if the mobile device100does not receive a confirmation signal from the locking device200within five (5) seconds of transmitting the access credentials, the wireless power coil110of the mobile device100may wirelessly transmit power to the wireless power coil210of the locking device200. Whether or not the authentication module220is capable of transmitting a confirmation signal may be dependent on the battery250containing enough power (e.g., if the battery250in the locking device200does not contain enough power, the authentication module220will not be able to transmit the confirmation signal). As such, when a confirmation signal is not received, it can be assumed that the battery250in the locking device200is low, and is in need of a charge. Whether or not a confirmation signal is received may also be indicative as to whether or not the locking device200is capable of completing a function (e.g., actuating the mechanical or electronic lock240). As described above, whether or not the locking device200is capable of completing a function may be dependent on the battery250containing enough power. As such, this confirmation signal may inform a user that the locking device200is in need of a charge before the locking device200can complete a function (e.g., actuate the lock). While the present disclosure has been described with reference to an exemplary embodiment or embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the present disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the present disclosure not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this present disclosure, but that the present disclosure will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the claims. | 15,156 |
11942805 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Examples of the present disclosure relate to a device capable of providing information for various handheld power tools. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to a tool-agnostic device that attaches to any of a number of handheld tools, and methods performed with respect to the tool-agnostic device. In some examples, the tool-agnostic device includes sensors for gathering data relating to the position (e.g., location, orientation), and/or state of a handheld tool. As used herein, “state” means operation, use, settings (such as speed settings or forward/reverse), or other non-position or tool identification information for a handheld tool. In some embodiments, the state of a handheld tool may refer to a current amount of power being used by the tool. The state and the location data, as well as other data described herein may also be usage data related to the use of the handheld tool. Because the tool-agnostic device can be attached to multiple different handheld tools, the tool-agnostic device does not have to be integrated into a particular tool. Instead, the tool-agnostic device can be attached to, and detached from, any number of different handheld tools. The tool-agnostic device is configured to collect information that is interpreted in a manner specific to a particular type of handheld tool. This feature allows a consumer to buy a single tool-agnostic device to be used with multiple handheld tools, and does not require manufacturers to integrate the sensors of the tool-agnostic device into each handheld tool. Integration of the sensors and electronics to individual, handheld tool housings may be cost prohibitive. Thus, the tool-agnostic device enables gathering of data and use of sensors without additional tool cost and/or customization and by a party which is not necessarily associated with the manufacturer of the tool. In addition, by utilizing a single device for multiple tools, a user does not have to upgrade tools to utilize the tool-agnostic device. Some examples described below relate to virtual reality uses of the tool-agnostic device. Virtual reality (VR) is an interactive computer-generated experience taking place within a partially or completely simulated environment. In a VR system example, an image of the handheld tool can be presented on the immersive content presentation system, along with information from the tool-agnostic device. For example, the location and orientation information from the tool-agnostic device can be used to properly orient the handheld tool on the display. Augmented reality (AR) systems may also be considered a form of VR that layers virtual information over a live camera feed into a headset or through a smartphone or tablet device giving the user the ability to view three-dimensional images. For example, an AR user may wear a device, such as AR goggles, through which or upon which the user may see images of the real world compiled with objects or other virtual information projected on top of the real world objects seen through the goggles. In an AR system example, a user views the actual tool through AR goggles, and information about the handheld tool, provided by the tool-agnostic device, is presented on the viewing field of the goggles. As described herein, the immersive content presentation system used with the tool-agnostic device may be referred to as simply a “virtual reality system” or “VR system.” As described herein, references to “VR systems” are intended to encompass AR systems or other similar virtual or partially virtual environments. VR systems provide opportunities for training, troubleshooting, or other teaching in a safe and controlled environment. However, costs associated with building compatible devices and tools for the training remain prohibitively high and customization of devices presents additional issues such as consistency. Turning now to the figures,FIG.1depicts an illustration of a block diagram for a system that includes a tool-agnostic device4in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. The system1includes a handheld tool2, a tool-agnostic device4, a removable battery6, a computing device16, and a network14. The handheld tool2may be any type of portable handheld tool designed to be operated by a person and may draw an electrical current for power. Some non-limiting examples of such handheld tools include drill motors, circular saws, jig saws, portable band saws, routers, rotary grinders, alligator shears, rotary sanders, belt sanders, or any other suitable tool. The handheld tool2may be battery operated, with a removable battery and/or may have an electrical power cord for a power source. In some embodiments, the tool-agnostic device4is removably attachable to multiple different types of handheld tools. The tool-agnostic device4may connect to the handheld tool2in any number of ways, with just one example being to the battery port of the handheld tool2. In other examples the tool-agnostic device4may connect directly to an outer surface or housing of the handheld tool2. For example, the tool-agnostic device4may be shaped to attach to a hand grip of a handheld tool2. In some embodiments, the tool-agnostic device4may connect to the handheld tool2at or through a battery port. The tool-agnostic device4may be inserted in or otherwise engage a battery port of a handheld tool2, and have a port configured to accept or otherwise engage a removable battery6. In these embodiments, the tool-agnostic device4may electrically connect the removable battery6to the handheld tool2when assembled together, and may be configured to obtain electricity usage information for the handheld tool. In some other examples, the tool-agnostic device4includes sensors to measure an electrical current through a handheld tool power cord and attaches to the handheld tool2in a location beside a battery port. Such current information can be provided to a state module12as described below. The tool-agnostic device4may include any number of sensors. In the example shown inFIG.1, the tool-agnostic device4includes a location sensor8, an orientation sensor10, a state sensor12, and a tool-type sensor42. The location sensor8(which may be a global positioning system (GPS) sensor or other suitable sensor) senses or provides information relating to a location of the tool-agnostic device and/or the handheld tool, such as GPS data, coordinates, and/or a position relative to other objects. The orientation sensor10(which may be a gyroscope sensor or other suitable sensor) senses an orientation in space of the tool-agnostic device and/or the handheld tool. The state sensor12provides data or information relating to the use, power consumption, settings, operating conditions, or any other non-position or non-orientation data of the handheld tool. The tool-type sensor42(which may be a radio frequency identifier (RFID) reader, a machine-readable code reader, or any other suitable sensor) senses and/or provides information related to a handheld tool identification. Each sensor of the tool-agnostic device may include one or more sensing devices and circuitry. In some examples, a single sensor may comprise multiple of the described sensors. For example, a single sensor may obtain and provide information described with respect to both the location sensor8and the orientation sensor10of the handheld tool2. Some non-limiting examples of location sensors8include GPS devices, proximity sensors, Bluetooth beacons, magnetic position sensors, optical sensors, hall effect sensors, and acoustic sensors. As would be recognized by one skilled in the art, GPS devices may provide location data by triangulating the handheld tool using electromagnetic signals based on multiple satellite signals or cellular tower signals. Proximity sensors detect the presence of nearby objects, often through the use of electromagnetic fields or beams. Magnetic position sensors or magnetic positioning uses magnetic sensor data to locate the handheld tool based on iron in the surrounding environment and structure. Bluetooth beacons or wireless based positioning systems measures the intensity of a received signal from one or more wireless or Bluetooth beacons or wireless access points. Optical sensors, such as cameras, may use collections of snapshots and build a database of images useful for estimating location in a venue based on images captured by the camera or optical sensor. Acoustic sensors may determine a location based on the volume or strength of acoustic signals from acoustic sources located in a space. Some non-limiting examples of orientation sensors10may include inclinometers, gyroscope sensors, and tilt switches. Inclinometers measure a slope or inclination of an object with respect to gravity's direction through the use of pendulums, spirit levels, liquid capacitive levels, and accelerometers to measure relative differences or directional gravitational forces. Some examples may implement a two-axis digital inclinometer using microelectromechanical tilt sensors for simultaneous two-dimensional angle readings of a plane tangent to earth. Tilt switches rely on conductive fluids and electrical contacts which the conductive fluids contact when tilted or oriented in particular orientations or directions. Some non-limiting examples of state sensors12include current sensors, motion sensors, accelerometers, magnetic position sensors, piezoelectric vibration sensors, shock sensors, piezoelectric film sensors, pressure sensors, temperature sensors, and magnetic angular sensors. A current sensor is a transducer that varies its output based on detection of a magnetic field resulting from the electric current. Motion sensors use accelerometers to detect motion of the sensors or the handheld device. Magnetic position sensors and magnetic angular sensors use hall effect sensors which vary an output voltage in response to a magnetic field. Piezoelectric vibration sensors and film sensors generate voltage when deformed by pressure or acceleration. Shock sensors are sometimes binary outputs which indicate whether a physical shock has occurred and typically use accelerometers and associated microelectromechanical systems. Pressure sensors typically have a diaphragm which is affected by a pressure change or difference and results in a voltage output using a piezoelectric or other transducer. Some non-limiting examples of tool-type sensors42include RFID readers and optical code readers. RFID readers use electromagnetic fields to identify information from tags (i.e., RFID tags) containing electronically-stored information. Optical code readers, such as barcode scanners use photosensors to read barcodes or other optical-based machine-readable codes. Some implementations of the disclosure may include additional sensors30configured to attach or secure to the handheld tool2separate from the tool-agnostic device4. The additional sensors30may sense handheld tool settings such as a rotation direction, a speed selection, implementation of a safety device, or other settings on the handheld tool2. In such implementations, the tool-agnostic device4may receive data from the additional sensors30for combining with data from the sensors8,10,12,42within the tool-agnostic device4for processing by the modules20,22,24,26, and40described below. The additional sensors30may be included as part of a kit or package intended to outfit a set of handheld tools with full-functionality in a VR environment. The additional sensors30may be configured to attach to an outside of the handheld tool2. In other implementations, the additional sensors30may be configured to insert or attach to an inside or internal portion of the handheld tool2so as to not interfere with use of the tool and to remain unseen and maintain an unmodified appearance for the handheld tool2. In some implementations, the tool-agnostic device4may include or incorporate a tool-type sensor42. The tool-type sensor42may be configured to detect information about the type of handheld tool2the tool-agnostic device4is installed on, and may provide that information to the computing device16. In some embodiments, the tool-type sensor42may read an identification tag32on the handheld tool2as described below. In some embodiments, the tool-type sensor42may utilize user input of a user-selectable option from a digital catalog either stored locally in the tool-agnostic device4or stored remotely in a computer system (not shown) in communication with the tool-agnostic device system. For example, when the tool-agnostic device4is used with a VR system, the user may select, as part of a setup process, the type of tool being used. Other user inputs are encompassed, such as capturing an image of the tool using an image capture device which is then processed by an object recognition device or technique to identify a tool-type for use. In some embodiments, the tool-type sensor42may be activated to obtain tool-type information each time that the tool-agnostic device is attached to a tool. For example, the tool-type sensor42may comprise an RFID reader that obtains identification information when it is placed in proximity of an RFID tag. In some embodiments, the tool-type sensor42may be activated to obtain tool-type information each time that the handheld tool is powered on. For example, the tool-type sensor42may comprise an optical code reader that scans a machine-readable code and obtains identification information when it detects current flowing from the battery to the handheld tool. Some examples of the tool-type sensor42may include a reader on the tool-agnostic device4that reads information from an identification tag32such as an RFID tag, optical code, or other unique identifiers which are attached or otherwise associated with the handheld tool2. When the tool-agnostic device4is to be connected to the handheld tool2the reader can be configured to read the identification tag32and thereby know what kind, type, or model of handheld tool2it is attached to for data interpretation purposes. In some embodiments, an identifier for a handheld tool may be a serial number and a corresponding identification tag32may comprise a barcode that, when scanned, includes the serial number. In these embodiments, the tool-type sensor42, which may be an optical code reader, may be positioned to read the barcode placed on the handheld tool. An identification tag32may be placed upon the handheld tool by a manufacturer of the handheld tool, or by another entity. It should be noted that some embodiments of the disclosure may not include a tool-type sensor42. In some embodiments, the tool-type module40, described below, may be configured to automatically identify a type of the handheld tool based on data gathered by one or more sensors8,10,12, or42. For example, the tool-type module40may identify the tool-type based on the profile of the data gathered. Different types of tools, drills, saws, routers, etc. will have different operating needs and unique sensor data profiles which the tool-type module40may identify and use to determine which tool the tool-agnostic device4is attached to. For example, a tool-type module40may be configured to identify a sensor data profile from sensor output provided to the tool-type module40. In this example, the tool-type module40may then compare the identified sensor data profile to sensor data profiles stored in relation to known tool types. The tool-agnostic device4also may include a transmitter28designed to communicate with a network14and/or a computing device16. The tool-agnostic device4can connect to separate devices through the network14. For example, the network14may include an open network, such as the internet, personal area network, local area network (LAN), campus area network (CAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), wide area network (WAN), wireless local area network (WLAN), a private network, such as an intranet, extranet, or other backbone. In some instances, the tool-agnostic device4may also be configured for short-range communication over short-range communication channels, such as Bluetooth or Bluetooth Low Energy channel. Communicating using a short-range communication such as BLE channel can provide advantages such as consuming less power, being able to communicate across moderate distances, being able to detect levels of proximity, achieving high-level security based on encryption and short ranges, and not requiring pairing for inter-device communications. In some implementations, gateways (e.g., Wi-Fi access point) can be used to exchange communications between the tool-agnostic device4and other devices. Communications between two or more systems and/or devices can be achieved by a secure communications protocol, such as secure sockets layer (SSL), transport layer security (TLS). In addition, data and/or transactional details may be encrypted based on any convenient, known, or to be developed manner, such as, but not limited to, DES, Triple DES, RSA, Blowfish, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), CAST-128, CAST-256, Decorrelated Fast Cipher (DFC), Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA), eXtended TEA (XTEA), Corrected Block TEA (XXTEA), and/or Rivest Cipher 5 (RC5), etc. The computing device16may additionally include one or more processor(s)36and memory34, configured to collect, store, process, or direct communication of information and data gathered by the tool-agnostic device4. Although shown as being in communication with the tool-agnostic device4through the network14, in some implementations, features of the computing device16may be mounted within or on the housing of the tool-agnostic device. In other implementations, the tool-agnostic device4may only collect and convey data to the computing device16over the network14for processing and implementation according to any of the methods described herein. The computing device16may be any type of computing device such as, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a smart phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a server computer, a thin-client device, a tablet PC, etc. Additionally, it should be noted that in some examples, the computing device16may be executed by one or more virtual machines implemented in a hosted computing environment. The hosted computing environment may include one or more rapidly provisioned and released computing resources, which computing resources may include computing, networking, and/or storage devices. A hosted computing environment may also be referred to as a cloud computing environment or distributed computing environment. In some examples, the computing device16may be in communication with the tool-agnostic device4via the network14. The computing device16may include one or more servers, perhaps arranged in a cluster or as individual servers not associated with one another. In one illustrative configuration, the computing device16may include at least one memory34and one or more processing units or processors(s)36. The processor(s)36may be implemented as appropriate in hardware, computer-executable instructions, firmware, or combinations thereof. Computer-executable instruction or firmware implementations of the processor(s)36may include computer-executable or machine-executable instructions written in any suitable programming language to perform the various functions described when executed by a hardware computing device, such as a processor36. The memory34may store program instructions that are loadable and executable on the processor(s)36, as well as data generated during the execution of these programs. Depending on the configuration and type of the computing device16, the memory34may be volatile (such as RAM) and/or non-volatile (such as ROM, flash memory, etc.). The computing device16may also include additional storage38, which may include removable storage and/or non-removable storage. The additional storage38may include, but is not limited to, magnetic storage, optical disks and/or tape storage. The disk drives and their associated computer-readable media may provide non-volatile storage of computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and other data for the computing devices. In some implementations, the memory34may include multiple different types of memory, such as SRAM, DRAM, or ROM. The memory34, the additional storage38, both removable and non-removable, are all examples of non-transitory computer-readable storage media. For example, computer-readable storage media may include volatile or non-volatile, removable or non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. The memory34and the additional storage38are all examples of non-transitory computer storage media. Additional types of non-transitory computer storage media that may be present in the computing device16may include, but are not limited to, PRAM, SRAM, DRAM, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, DVD or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by the computing device16. Combinations of any of the above should also be included within the scope of non-transitory computer-readable media. The computing device16and/or the processor36may store program instructions that are loadable and executable on one or more processor(s)36, as well as data gathered or received from the tool-agnostic device4from the sensors8,10,12, and42, and data generated during the execution of these programs. Turning to the contents of the memory34in more detail, the memory34may include an operating system and one or more modules for implementing the features disclosed herein including at least a location module20, an orientation module22, a state module24a VR module26, and/or a tool-type module40. The modules can be software, hardware, or a combination of software and hardware. The location module20is configured to receive sensed data from the location sensor8and provide various functions and operations described herein, including determining the location of the handheld tool2. The orientation module22is configured to receive sensed data from the orientation sensor10and provide various functions and operations described herein, including determining the orientation of the handheld tool2. The state module24may be configured to receive sensor data from the state sensor12and provide various function and operations described herein, including determining speed, use, settings, and other state parameters of the handheld tool2. The VR module26is configured to receive data and information from other modules and provide various functions including generating, displaying, and/or altering a VR system. The tool-type module40is configured to receive data from the tool-type sensor42and provide various functions and operations described herein including identifying what type or variety of tool the handheld tool2is used with the tool-agnostic device4. In some embodiments, one or more other modules may receive an indication of a type or category into which the handheld tool falls into from the tool-type module40and may process other information received from the tool-agnostic device4differently based on that type or category. In some examples, the VR module26may manage the integration of content from one or more sources and present the integrated content to one or more users who are using or wearing immersive devices. In one example, an immersive device may be a pair of AR glasses. In such an instance, content may be displayed over a display of the AR glasses and integrated with the physical environment viewable through translucent or substantially transparent portions of the AR glasses display. In another aspect, an immersive device may be a set of virtual reality goggles, a mobile device, or a computing device (e.g., laptop computer, tablet device, smartphone, smart television, etc.) In some examples, a camera of the virtual reality goggles, mobile device, or computing device may capture images (e.g., video frames) of the surrounding physical environment. The images may be integrated with content obtained by the virtual reality system. The resulting integrated images may then be presented to a user via a display of the virtual reality goggles, computing device, or mobile device, as is described in more detail below. In some examples, the tool-agnostic device4may communicate with a server or other computing device via the network14and facilitate generation of an immersive content presentation system, such as a virtual reality environment including the handheld power tool using the VR module26. For example, immersive content (e.g., virtual reality content, mixed reality content, augmented reality content, etc.) regarding the handheld power tool may be presented to a user wearing or holding an immersive device (e.g., virtual reality [VR goggles], or augmented reality [AR glasses, tablets, smartphones, etc.]). Such immersive content can include information provided by the tool-agnostic device. The modules20,22,24, and26may perform operations or methods with respect to the tool-agnostic device4including data gathering steps, where the tool-agnostic device4gathers data about the handheld tool2from the sensors8,10,12and42contained within the tool-agnostic device4, or the sensor30built on to the tool-agnostic device4. The tool-agnostic device4may then relay the data or information gathered by the various sensors and data collection devices to the computing device16and more specifically to the modules20,22,24, and26. The computing device16may process the data from sensors8,10,12, and42using the modules20,22,24,26, and40and other information gathered from the tool-agnostic device4, in some cases in addition to data input by a user, to determine a state and a tool location. The tool location data gathered by the location sensor8may include both a physical location and an orientation of the handheld tool2. The state may indicate, for example, a motor speed or a current drawn by a motor or device of the handheld tool2and be processed by the state module. In some instances, the VR module26may either generate a VR signal based on the state and the tool location, as well as other inputs, or the VR module26may communicate the information to a separate computing device for processing in relation to a VR system. The VR system may be altered based on the data from the sensors8,10,12, and42and may additionally provide information or data to a user of the VR system through the VR system. In some examples of the disclosure, a system including the tool-agnostic device4may be used as a teaching or coaching tool. In such an example, the tool-agnostic device4may be connected with a handheld tool2, and configured to communicate with the VR module26according to some examples herein. The tool-agnostic device4may gather data relating to a location and/or orientation of the handheld tool2and communicate with a VR system to display and communicate with a user relating to how the handheld tool2is being used. In some examples, a VR environment may be used to teach or coach a user in using the handheld tool2for particular tasks. For example, a user may wish to learn to properly drive a screw. As the user manipulates a drill motor equipped with a tool-agnostic device4, the VR system may be able to guide the user in proper placement of the drill motor and driver head in relation to the screw head and the environment. The system may also detect whether the user is handling the drill motor properly (e.g., holding the drill motor level and using an appropriate speed setting) and may provide a notification (e.g., audio or visual notice) to the user. In some embodiments, notification may alert a user by providing a warning signal. A warning signal may include an audible warning such as a siren, tone, or an intermittent tone as well as a visual signal such as a warning light, notification in a VR environment, or error message. In some examples, the tool-agnostic device4functions as a safety shut-off device and the memory34may include a safety module44to implement safety procedures. In such examples, the tool-agnostic device4contains various state sensors12as described above. The tool-agnostic device4may also contain a computing device16. In this example, the safety module44may perform processing steps and evaluation steps based on the data received from the state sensor12and other sensors to determine whether or not the handheld tool2is operating in a first or a second operating condition, or some other operating condition. Some operating conditions may indicate normal, typical safe operation of the handheld tool2. Some other operating conditions may indicate unsafe or atypical operation of the handheld tool2. In some operating conditions, the safety module44may determine, based on the data gathered by the state sensors12or by other information, that power to the handheld tool2should be disconnected for safety. For example, in the scenario that the safety module44detects that the handheld tool2is being operated in a powered state and that the location/orientation data indicates erratic movement of the handheld tool2(e.g., movement in location and/or position that exceeds some predetermined safety threshold). In this example, the safety module44may be configured to stop the flow of current from the battery to the handheld tool2. In some embodiments, a safety threshold may vary based on a type of tool onto which the device is attached. For example, safety thresholds may be more stringent when using a power saw than they are when using a drill motor. In some embodiments, the safety module may be configured to determine whether the handheld tool is operating in a first condition or a second condition, such as a safe state and an unsafe state. The safety module may determine the handheld tool is operating in a safe state when the data, such as usage data, state data, position data, or other data described herein is beneath or below a threshold safety value. The safety module may likewise determine the handheld tool is operating in an unsafe state when the data such as usage data, state data, position data, or other data described herein is above or over a threshold safety value. The threshold safety value may be predetermined and/or adaptive as described below. Some methods performed with respect to the tool-agnostic device4as a safety device include steps such as gathering information about the handheld tool2from the sensors8,10,12, and42, and alternately gathering information relating to a handheld tool type based on a user input. The safety module44may be configured to determine whether a handheld tool2is operated safely or unsafely. If the safety module44determines that the handheld tool2is operating safely, the tool-agnostic device4may continue to relay electrical power from a removable battery to the handheld tool2. If the safety module44determines that the handheld tool2is operating in an unsafe condition, based at least in part on the information gathered by the sensors8,10,12and42, then the tool-agnostic device4may disconnect or the safety module44may send a signal or instruction to disconnect or otherwise stop a flow of electricity from a removable battery6to the handheld tool2. FIGS.2and3show an example system100including a handheld tool102with a tool-agnostic device104installed for use according to any of the examples of the disclosure. In particular, inFIG.2, the handheld tool102is shown as a cordless drill/driver. At a lower end of the handheld tool102is the battery port108. The battery port108is configured to receive and retain a removable battery106. In the example system100, the tool-agnostic device104is inserted into the battery port108of the handheld tool102. The removable battery106, which is still necessary for the handheld tool102to operate, is connected to the tool-agnostic device104at a lower end of the tool-agnostic device104. In such a configuration, the removable battery106, the tool-agnostic device104, and the battery port108of the handheld tool102are all electrically connected in series with the tool-agnostic device104located in between the removable battery106and the battery port108. With the tool-agnostic device104in this location, the tool-agnostic device104is able to interrupt the electrical connection between the removable battery106and the battery port108. Additionally, this allows the tool-agnostic device104to include sensors such as current sensors to directly measure the current drawn by the handheld tool102from the removable battery106. In some examples, the tool-agnostic device104and the removable battery106may be combined or housed in a single unit. For example, the removable battery106may be built with the sensors8,10,12,42, transmitter28, and other components of the tool-agnostic device104. FIG.3shows an exploded view of the example system100with a handheld tool102, tool-agnostic device104, and removable battery106. The exploded view ofFIG.3shows how the tool-agnostic device104is connected to the handheld tool102and the removable battery106. At a lower end of the battery port108is a battery attachment mechanism110which is configured to securely hold and release a removable battery106. The tool-agnostic device104includes an upper securing surface112which is configured to releasably attach to the battery attachment mechanism110and also provides an electrical connection to the battery port108. The lower surface of the tool-agnostic device includes a battery securing mechanism114which has a structure similar, if not identical, to the battery attachment mechanism110. The removable battery106has an upper attachment surface116shaped and configured to attach to and secure to the battery attachment mechanism110as well as the battery securing mechanism114of the tool-agnostic device. To assemble the example system100, the tool-agnostic device104is inserted or slid into place in the battery port108, with the battery attachment mechanism110securing the upper securing surface112of the tool-agnostic device104. The removable battery is also inserted or slid into place in the battery securing mechanism114of the tool-agnostic device104. The upper attachment surface116of the removable battery106is mated with and secured to the battery securing mechanism114of the tool-agnostic device104. In some examples, the removable battery106may be inserted into the tool-agnostic device104before the tool-agnostic device104is inserted into the battery port108. In other examples the order of attachment may differ. FIG.4shows a system200according to examples of the disclosure. The system includes a handheld tool102and a computing device118. The handheld tool102includes several different components, including a tool-agnostic device104and a removable battery106. In the example shown inFIG.2, the handheld tool102is shown as a cordless drill, though other handheld tools which use a removable battery may be used as well. In the battery port108of the handheld tool102, the tool-agnostic device104is inserted and secured using a latching mechanism122typically used to secure a removable battery in place. The tool-agnostic device104is coupled to the handheld tool102on an upper end while the lower end of the tool-agnostic device couples to a removable battery106. The removable battery106is secured to the bottom end of the tool-agnostic device104with a latching mechanism124, normally used to secure the battery into the battery port108of the handheld tool102. In the system200, the computing device118may be communicatively coupled to the tool-agnostic device via a wireless communication, such as Bluetooth, or any other wireless communication system. In some examples, the tool-agnostic device104may communicate data gathered by a sensing system or various sensors to the computing device118. The computing device may be configured to perform methods and process the data gathered by the sensors of the tool-agnostic device for use by other systems or by the system200. The tool-agnostic device104may be configured to function as a safety feature for the handheld tool102. In such a configuration, the handheld tool102with the tool-agnostic device104installed, as described herein, may be used by a user for any purpose, such as cutting, drilling, routing, or other power tool operations. During operation of the handheld tool102, sensors within the tool-agnostic device104may collect data as described above. The tool-agnostic device104may relay the data from the sensors to the computing device118using the network and/or a transmitter as described earlier. The computing device118may interpret and process the data from the sensors using modules as described above to determine whether the user is operating the tool in a safe manner. If the computing device118determines, based on the data from the tool-agnostic device104, that the tool is operating in an unsafe manner, then the computing device118may send a signal to the tool-agnostic device104to cause it to take some preventative action. For example, the signal may instruct the tool-agnostic device104to electrically disconnect or interrupt the electrical connection between the handheld tool102and the removable battery106. In another example, the signal may instruct the tool-agnostic device104or a VR system to provide a notification to the user. A notification may be an audio notification or a visual (displayed) notification. For example, a notification may include a message or augmentation displayed upon a display screen of the VR system. In another example, the tool-agnostic device104and/or a safety module associated with the tool-agnostic device104may electrically disconnect the connection between the handheld tool102and the removable battery106when a safety device (not shown), such as a guard on a portable band saw is not engaged. If the safety device, which may be built in to the handheld tool102or be a modification, is not engaged or disengages during operation, the safety module and/or the tool-agnostic device may instruct, cause, or directly electrically disconnect the handheld tool102from the removable battery106. The safety device may be outfitted with external sensors to sense or detect engagement or use of the safety device. In some other instances, the safety device may have built in sensors within the handheld tool configured to communicate with the tool-agnostic device104and provide information relating to the use or engagement of safety devices or safety features. The system200may also be configured as a VR system configured to display the use and control of the handheld tool102. In the system200, the tool-agnostic device104may contain or include sensors as described herein to track performance and location of the handheld tool102. The computing device118, including the VR module26, in communication with the tool-agnostic device104, may also serve or be configured to present a VR display or be a portion of a VR system. In such a system200, the user may operate the handheld tool102in a VR environment and be presented with instructions, teaching, safety, or other notifications and direction. In some examples, the system200may be configured to teach a user how to perform certain tasks, such as driving a screw, or more complex tasks such as a remodeling or renovation project. The system200may also be configured to instruct a user to switch between different tools, meaning to remove the tool-agnostic device104from a handheld tool102and insert or connect the tool-agnostic device to a second handheld tool (not shown). This may all be part of a complex VR system or environment teaching a user various tasks requiring multiple tools. FIG.5is a system300that configured to perform a number of operations with the tool-agnostic device104. The system300includes a handheld tool102, a computing device118, and a second computing device120. The system300also includes a tool-agnostic device104connected to both the handheld tool102and a removable battery106. The tool-agnostic device104may be configured to collect data relating to the state, location, and/or type of handheld tool as described above. The tool-agnostic device104is communicatively coupled to the computing device118, using any suitable communication system described above. The computing device118is likewise communicatively coupled to, or in communication with, the second computing device120and may connect or communicate over the network14. The computing device118receives data from the tool-agnostic device104and, using the VR module26, generates a signal based on the data collected. The signal contains information related to a use of the handheld tool102and may also include information such as whether the tool is operating in a safe manner. The computing device118may, in some cases, relay information or signals to the second computing device120over the network14. The second computing device120is used to generate, alter, and manipulate a VR system and may be in communication with a number of user interaction devices such as VR goggles, displays handsets, gloves, or any user interaction device for a VR system. The signal sent from the computing device118to the second computing device120may also include instructions or data to aid the second computing device120in making, manipulating, altering, or displaying the handheld tool102in the VR environment. FIG.6shows an upper perspective view of an example of a tool-agnostic device104according to the disclosure. The example shown inFIGS.6-7is configured to interface with a particular style or design of removable battery port for a handheld tool system. The particular example of the tool-agnostic device104shown inFIG.6has several upper surfaces configured to interface with a battery port of a handheld tool. For example, electrical connectors126are shaped and design to interface with and electrically connect to a number of electrical connections within the battery port of the handheld tool. Along the lateral sides of the tool-agnostic device104are guides128which serve to slide into guide members of a battery port. The guides128are shaped to imitate similar guides on a removable battery. The tool-agnostic device104may be secured into the battery port of the handheld tool using a latch. In the example shown, the latch includes a latching member130shaped and configured to secure into a channel or slot of the battery port when the tool-agnostic device104is inserted into the battery port. The latching member130removably secures the tool-agnostic device104in place. A latch release132may engage or disengage the latching member130and allow the tool-agnostic device104to be inserted or removed from the battery port. When the latching member130is engaged, the tool-agnostic device104is secured into the battery port. The specific shape and geometry of the tool-agnostic device104may be adapted and altered from the example shown to match or imitate a shape or geometry of a removable battery intended for use with the handheld tool. While the specific geometry may differ, the importance of the shape of the tool-agnostic device104is that it must be capable of engaging with, electrically connecting to, and disengaging from the battery port of the handheld tool. The tool-agnostic device104includes a housing134which may be a rigid plastic, such as PVC, ABS, or any other suitable plastic. The housing134encloses an internal space which holds or contains a number of sensors, devices, and electrical connections as described above. In some embodiments, the tool-agnostic device104includes expansion slots150for adding sensors or components to expand the capabilities of the tool-agnostic device104. Additional sensors (not shown) may be plugged into the expansion slots150and provide additional functionality. Any sensors described herein, as well as other well-known sensors may be added to provide functionality for any particular application with respect to the tool-agnostic device104. For example, an additional sensor for sensing local temperature may be inserted into the expansion slots150for situations where a user may need information relating to a temperature at or around the handheld tool102. In some embodiments, the expansion slots may provide additional functionality or software modules rather than sensors. For example, additional modules and/or sensor for identifying attachments to the handheld tool102such as a drill bit or cutter head may be inserted into the expansion slots150. In addition, the tool-agnostic device104may be configured to communicate with additional sensors located outside the housing134, including sensors connected to external devices or to the handheld tool or components thereof. Additional non-limiting examples of sensors which may be in communication with the tool-agnostic device104include force sensors, pressure transducers, shock sensors, strain gauges, strain sensors, temperature sensors, rotary position sensors, magnetic rotary position sensors, angular sensors, magnetic angular sensors, or any other sensing device capable of detecting motion, force, electrical properties, or any changing property. FIG.7shows a second perspective view of a tool-agnostic device104. The underside or lower side of the tool-agnostic device104is shown. The underside, or side opposite the view ofFIG.6is configured to receive a connection point of a removable battery. The tool-agnostic device104comprises a number of structures and features designed to interface with the removable battery. In some examples, the underside of the tool-agnostic device104should resemble the battery port of the handheld tool. In the particular example shown inFIG.7, the structure includes a number of fins or pins136containing electrodes and designed to interface with matching electrodes on the removable battery. A guide or ledge138is designed to serve as an insertion rail, on which a guide or rail of the removable battery may slide as the removable battery is inserted or removed from the tool-agnostic device104. A slot140or groove is configured to receive a latching member of the removable battery to secure the battery in position when inserted. As described above, the specific structure of the tool-agnostic device104may vary or differ, but should, in any case, have an upper mating surface or connection which is substantially identical to a mating surface or connection of a removable battery and have a lower mating surface or connection which is substantially identical to a mating surface or connection of a battery port in the handheld tool. FIG.8shows a process400that may be carried out by examples of the disclosure. The process400includes the use of the VR system, the handheld tool, the tool-agnostic device, and one or more computing devices including one or more modules described earlier. Beginning at block402, the tool-agnostic device may use an array of sensors such as the location sensor8, orientation sensor10, state sensor12, and/or the tool-type sensor42to gather data, such as tool usage data412and tool location data414. Tool usage data412may include information such as current drawn from the removable battery and accelerometer or vibration sensor data. Tool location data414is gathered by the location sensor8and/or the orientation sensor10and may include position and orientation data associated with the handheld tool. Tool type data416is also gathered, at least initially, either by a user input device or by the tool-type sensor42. At block404, the data gathered by the sensors8,10,12, and42and/or the user input device is conveyed to the computing device16by the transmitter28. At block408, the computing device16receives the data from the tool-agnostic device4and modules, such as those described above, contained on the memory34perform operations or processes with the data. The data processing steps carried out by the modules20,22,24,26,40, and44include determining a state418and determining a tool location420. The tool location420determination may include the relative position, orientation, proximity, or other positional-type data of the handheld tool2in a space. In some examples the location data may be collected in reference to elements of the VR system or environment. The state418determination may include determining a speed of a motor, whether a switch is on/off, whether the tool is in reverse, or any other tool settings or operating conditions. At block408, the state418determination and the tool location420determination are used, at least in part by the VR module26, to generate a command or signal to communicate with a VR system. The signal or command may include altering the VR environment based on the data processing blocks406. The VR command generated at408may be generated by a module on a second computing device, or may be generated by the first computing device and the VR module26and sent to a second computing device, or in some examples, may remain with a first computing device which also produces the VR system. At block410, the command from block408is transmitted for use with a VR system. The VR system may be altered to show a changing handheld tool location or use. FIG.9shows a process500or method for implementing a safety shut-off feature for a handheld tool2using a tool-agnostic device4. The process500involves using sensors, such as22) those described herein, of a tool-agnostic device4to determine a safe/unsafe operating condition and disconnect power to the handheld tool2when the unsafe operating condition is determined or detected. The process500begins by gathering data using the sensors of the tool-agnostic device at step502. The data may include state data, location data, tool type data, or any other data according to the disclosure. At step504a safety module44determines, based on the data collected at step502, whether the tool is operating in a safe or unsafe condition. In some embodiments, one or more safety thresholds may be used to identify safe/unsafe conditions. For example, state data may be used to determine a safety threshold associated with an operating state of the handheld tool. The safety threshold may represent a maximum change in location and/or orientation for the tool in that operating state. Information related to the position of the handheld tool may then be compared to the safety threshold to determine whether the tool is being operated in a safe or unsafe mode by determining whether a change in position with respect to time exceeds the safety threshold. If the safety module44determines the handheld tool2is operating in a safe condition the process proceeds to step506and on to step508. At step508, the electrical connection for the handheld tool is left undisturbed and the process500begins again at step502. The process500may be iterative or a continuous process. If, at step504, the safety module44determines the handheld tool2is operating in an unsafe manner, then the process500proceeds to step510, and subsequently on to step512where the tool-agnostic device4disconnects the power source from the handheld tool2. The safety module44may generate a signal instructing the tool-agnostic device4to perform a disconnect operation electrically disconnecting a power source such as a removable battery6from the handheld tool2. The tool-agnostic device4may include internal switches or circuitry to disconnect the power or flow of electricity to the handheld tool2without physically disconnecting the power source or removable battery6. In some instances, step504may include the safety module44determining that data gathered in step502exceeds a predetermined “safe” threshold. In some instances, the threshold may be a scalar quantity intended to represent a sum total of various data points compiled together according to an algorithm. Data collected by the tool-type sensor42and processed by the tool-type module or data collected in step502may also impact the threshold required to determine an unsafe state. For example, determining that the tool-agnostic device4is connected to one type of handheld tool2such as a router or circular saw may have a higher or lower shutoff threshold than a threshold shutoff when the tool-agnostic device4is installed on a power drill. The predetermined threshold described above may be set in advance, be tool-type specific, and/or may be adaptable based on handheld tool usage or state. In some instances, the predetermined safety threshold may be a setting adjustable by a user via the computing device and/or the safety module described above. The threshold may automatically adjust based on the information or data sensed by the tool-type sensor. For example, when the tool-type sensor senses a cordless drill the threshold may be a first value X and when the tool-type sensor senses an angle grinder the threshold may be set to a second value Y. The values X and Y may differ or be identical. The tool-type determination may trigger or cause the threshold value to automatically be adjusted by the safety module. In some examples, the threshold value may vary based on data gathered by the state sensor. In one illustrative example, a user may operate a cordless drill motor at a low speed and a high speed. At the low speed, the state sensor and/or state module may determine the motor is spinning or turning at a relatively low speed and communicate with the safety module. The safety module may adjust the safety threshold to a higher or lower value. Upon the user operating the drill motor at high speed, the safety module may adjust the safety threshold either higher or lower. In one embodiment, the safety threshold at low drill motor speed may be higher than the safety threshold at high drill motor speed. In another embodiment, the safety threshold at high drill motor speed may be higher than the safety threshold at low drill motor speed FIG.10shows an illustration of an example VR environment600incorporating the tool-agnostic device104to augment a user's view or display. The user642may be wearing VR goggles or AR goggles as described earlier to produce the VR environment600. The VR environment includes displays of real-life objects such as the handheld tool102, tool-agnostic device104, battery106, and an work piece640that is the target of the user's work with the handheld tool102. The VR environment600includes display elements overlaid on the real-life elements including a battery indicator650, tool orientation or tilt indication658, tool attachment identification648, and other displays652,654, and656. The other displays652,654, and656may display information relating to data gathered by sensors within the tool-agnostic device104or may display information associated with modules or applications described herein. For example, the displays may include a motor speed, whether a safety device is enabled, a signal strength for the communication devices, or other features. For example, one or more sensors may detect the presence of a safety device. In this example, the user may be provided with a visual notification that the safety device is attached and/or a safety threshold may be adjusted to account for the presence of the safety device. In some embodiments, the VR environment600may be configured to display instructional information, such as guides646instructing a user642to place a part of the handheld tool102or attachment142in a location644on a work piece640. The VR environment600may also include instructions, either in one of the other displays652,654, and656or in other locations in the VR environment600for the user642to tilt the handheld tool102and/or to increase or decrease a motor speed or other operating parameter of the handheld tool102. In some embodiments, image information captured via an AR system implementation (e.g., a type of VR system) may be processed to determine one or more attributes/states of the handheld tool. For example, in the case that the handheld tool is a drill motor, the system may use item recognition to identify the tool type as being a drill motor. In this same example, the system may use other collected data (e.g., depth sensor data) to determine that the drill motor is currently fitted with a particular size drill bit. In some embodiments, the AR system may augment the display screen to include at least some of this information. The various examples further can be implemented in a wide variety of operating environments, which in some cases can include one or more user computers, computing devices or processing devices which can be used to operate any of a number of applications. User or client devices can include any of a number of general purpose personal computers, such as desktop or laptop computers running a standard operating system, as well as cellular, wireless, and handheld devices running mobile software and capable of supporting a number of networking and messaging protocols. Such a system also can include a number of workstations running any of a variety of commercially-available operating systems and other known applications for purposes such as development and database management. These devices also can include other electronic devices, such as dummy terminals, thin-clients, gaming systems, and other devices capable of communicating via a network. Most examples utilize at least one network that would be familiar to those skilled in the art for supporting communications using any of a variety of commercially-available protocols, such as Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (“TCP/IP”), Open System Interconnection (“OSI”), File Transfer Protocol (“FTP”), Universal Plug and Play (“UpnP”), Network File System (“NFS”), Common Internet File System (“CIFS”), and AppleTalk. The network can be, for example, a local area network, a wide-area network, a virtual private network, the Internet, an intranet, an extranet, a public switched telephone network, an infrared network, a wireless network, and any combination thereof. In examples utilizing a Web server, the Web server can run any of a variety of server or mid-tier applications, including Hypertext Transfer Protocol (“HTTP”) servers, FTP servers, Common Gateway Interface (“CGI”) servers, data servers, Java servers, and business application servers. The server(s) also may be capable of executing programs or scripts in response to requests from user devices, such as by executing one or more Web applications that may be implemented as one or more scripts or programs written in any programming language, such as Java®, C, C#, or C++, or any scripting language, such as Perl, Python, or TCL, as well as combinations thereof. The server(s) may also include database servers, including without limitation those commercially available from Oracle®, Microsoft®, Sybase®, and IBM®. The environment can include a variety of data stores and other memory and storage media as discussed above. These can reside in a variety of locations, such as on a storage medium local to (and/or resident in) one or more of the computers or remote from any or all of the computers across the network. In a particular set of examples, the information may reside in a storage-area network (“SAN”) familiar to those skilled in the art. Similarly, any necessary files for performing the functions attributed to the computers, servers, or other network devices may be stored locally and/or remotely, as appropriate. Where a system includes computerized devices, each such device can include hardware elements that may be electrically coupled via a bus, the elements including, for example, at least one central processing unit (“CPU”), at least one input device (e.g., a mouse, keyboard, controller, touch screen, or keypad), and at least one output device (e.g., a display device, printer, or speaker). Such a system may also include one or more storage devices, such as disk drives, optical storage devices, and solid-state storage devices such as random access memory (“RAM”) or read-only memory (“ROM”), as well as removable media devices, memory cards, flash cards, etc. Such devices also can include a computer-readable storage media reader, a communications device (e.g., a modem, a network card (wireless or wired)), an infrared communication device, etc.), and working memory as described above. The computer-readable storage media reader can be connected with, or configured to receive, a computer-readable storage medium, representing remote, local, fixed, and/or removable storage devices as well as storage media for temporarily and/or more permanently containing, storing, transmitting, and retrieving computer-readable information. The system and various devices also typically will include a number of software applications, modules, services, or other elements located within at least one working memory device, including an operating system and application programs, such as a client application or Web browser. It should be appreciated that alternate examples may have numerous variations from that described above. For example, customized hardware might also be used and/or particular elements might be implemented in hardware, software (including portable software, such as applets), or both. Further, connection to other computing devices such as network input/output devices may be employed. Storage media computer readable media for containing code, or portions of code, can include any appropriate media known or used in the art, including storage media and communication media, such as but not limited to volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage and/or transmission of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data, including RAM, ROM, Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (“EEPROM”), flash memory or other memory technology, Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (“CD-ROM”), digital versatile disk (DVD), or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage, or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by a system device. Based on the disclosure and teachings provided herein, a person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate other ways and/or methods to implement the various examples. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereunto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the disclosure as set forth in the claims. Other variations are within the spirit of the present disclosure. Thus, while the disclosed techniques are susceptible to various modifications and alternative constructions, certain illustrated examples thereof are shown in the drawings and have been described above in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intention to limit the disclosure to the specific form or forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents falling within the spirit and scope of the disclosure, as defined in the appended claims. The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the disclosed examples (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. The term “connected” is to be construed as partly or wholly contained within, attached to, or joined together, even if there is something intervening. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate examples of the disclosure and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the disclosure unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the disclosure. Disjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y, or Z,” unless specifically stated otherwise, is intended to be understood within the context as used in general to present that an item, term, etc., may be either X, Y, or Z, or any combination thereof (e.g., X, Y, and/or Z). Thus, such disjunctive language is not generally intended to, and should not, imply that certain examples require at least one of X, at least one of Y, or at least one of Z to each be present. Preferred examples of this disclosure are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the disclosure. Variations of those preferred examples may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate and the inventors intend for the disclosure to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, this disclosure includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the disclosure unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein. | 66,673 |
11942806 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates in general to battery charging and in particular to charging of batteries used in connection with wireless or mobile accessory devices. This section discusses the invention in terms of several exemplary embodiments to better illustrate the invention. The embodiments should not be taken by themselves to unnecessary restrict the scope of the invention. FIG.1illustrates a battery charging system100for mobile and accessory devices in accordance with a specific embodiment of the current invention. An exemplary battery charging system100may include host machine110, plurality of wireless or mobile accessory devices120,130,140, and plurality of rechargeable batteries160powering the wireless or mobile accessory devices120,130,140. In an exemplary embodiment, the host machine can be a desktop personal computer, and the wireless or mobile accessory devices can be any of several wireless or mobile devices proximally located to the desktop personal computer and adapted to communicate wirelessly with the desktop personal computer. Examples of wireless or mobile accessory devices include mice, keyboards, speakers, mp3 players, personal digital assistants, cell phones, laptop computers, microphones, headphones, and headsets. In another exemplary embodiment, the host machine can be a laptop computer and the wireless or mobile accessory devices can be any of wireless or mobile devices proximally located to the laptop computer and adapted to communicate wirelessly with the laptop computer. In an exemplary embodiment, the host machines can act as power charging devices while the wireless or mobile accessory devices can act as power consuming devices. As shown inFIG.1, batteries can be adapted to couple to power charging devices such as host machines through coupling mechanisms labeled as charging slots150inFIG.1. Similarly, batteries can couple to power consuming devices such as mobile or wireless devices through coupling mechanisms labeled as battery coupling components155inFIG.1. In an embodiment, host machines can be both power consuming devices as well as power charging devices. In a further embodiment, the charging slots and the coupling components may be the same components. An example where a host machine can be both a power consuming device as well as power charging device is a laptop computer. In an embodiment, a laptop host machine may be both a power charging and power consuming device that can enter either a power charging mode of operation or a power consumption mode of operation. When plugged into an external power, the laptop may enter into the power charging mode wherein the host machine is adapted to charge a plurality of batteries coupled to its battery charging slots. These batteries may later be used to provide power to either the accessory devices of the laptop or the laptop itself. When unplugged from an external power supply, the laptop may enter into power consuming mode and begin to consume power from some of the batteries coupled to its battery charging slots. In an embodiment, while unplugged, instead of continuing to provide power to recharge batteries for the accessory devices, the laptop may, to conserve power, terminate delivering power to charge the batteries for the accessory devices. The laptop may return to charging batteries for accessory devices when the laptop is plugged back to an external power supply. To decrease the potential downtime that a user may face as a result of waiting for rechargeable batteries to charge, another aspect of the invention envisions host machines with recharging slots that are adapted to hold in standby a plurality of rechargeable batteries that are fully charged. Since all batteries take time to recharge, it is convenient for the host machines to maintain a plurality of excess, fully charged batteries in standby that can be easily swapped with drained batteries once a drained battery is detected. According to another aspect of the current invention, charging slots150of power charging devices such as host machines110may be adapted to charge a variety of types of rechargeable batteries. According to another aspect of the current invention, a variety of types of rechargeable batteries may be adapted to power a large diversity of power consuming devices. In an embodiment, a type of battery may specify a unique physical form factor. In another embodiment, a type may specify a range of power parameters at which the battery can accept power. In another embodiment, a type may specify a range of power parameters at which the battery can output power. In yet another embodiment, a type may specify the energy capacity of a battery. FIG.2Ashows various perspectives of an exemplary physical form factor of rechargeable battery200. In an embodiment, the overall physical form factor is of a flat type that is adapted to conveniently couple with a large variety of electronic devices. From the outside, the exemplary battery comprises at least two visible parts, battery shell201and battery end cap205. In an embodiment, battery shell201can be made of either recyclable plastic or metal. In another embodiment, battery shell201can be made of anodized aluminum similar to the material used in the Apple iPod Shuffle. In an embodiment, end cap205may be further adapted to be removed to facilitate the replacement of the battery core202inside the battery. Depending on the embodiment, end cap205may be adapted to be removed by an end user directly or by specially designated recyclers. In a further embodiment, the end cap can be removed by users directly with specially provided tools. FIG.2Bshows a perspective view of components of a rechargeable battery as envisioned under an embodiment of the current invention. Illustrated are battery shell201, battery core202, terminals for conducting power203, sensor terminals204, and end cap205that fits over a portion of battery core202and battery shell201. In an embodiment, battery core202can be made of lithium polymer. The battery core can further be contained in a bag made of a material such as Mylar. FIG.2Cillustrates a few of the subcomponent that may be associated with battery end cap205in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. AsFIG.2Cillustrates, end cap205may comprise end cap shell206, end cap internal structure207, and battery electrical component208. In a specific embodiment, battery shell201, battery core202, and end cap components206and207can all be designed to help isolate electrical component208from battery shell201. Properly isolated, in an embodiment, battery shell201and end cap205may be made of metallic materials. In an embodiment, battery electrical component208may be adapted to carry out a variety of battery management functions including monitoring the various measurements of the battery properties. According to an embodiment, the battery properties measured for battery management purposes may include measurements such as the temperature and pressure and the current and voltage response of a battery in reaction to a power load. Depending on the specific embodiments, battery management may mean different things. For example, in an embodiment, the rate at which power may be drawn from a battery may be managed. In another embodiment, the extent to which a battery may be drained may be managed. Both the rate and the extent of discharge may need to be managed depending on, for example, whether the user wants to maximize the life expectancies of those batteries, maximize power available for an application, or minimize the battery weight for a device. According to an embodiment, battery management may also include the evaluation of the quality state of the battery core. For example, the evaluation can include an assessment of when a battery core might need to be replaced. According to another embodiment, battery management also includes an assessment of the charge state of the battery core. For example, the evaluation can include an assessment of when a battery needs to be recharged. According to an embodiment, battery management may be customized by type, brand or even make of battery cores. The management process may be implemented by software. In a further embodiment, the software may be customizable by user preferences or may also be updateable through software patches from the manufacturer. In an embodiment, battery electrical component208may be adapted to assess the quality state or the charge state of battery core202based on the charging history of a battery. According to a specific embodiment, where a battery core has a predetermined expected life time, electrical component208of a battery may be adapted to assess the quality of the battery core by tracking the number of charge/discharge cycles of the battery core. In the embodiment, after a predetermined number of charge/discharge cycles, the battery may be adapted to send a signal alerting of the need to replace the battery core. Electrical component208may also be adapted to implement more complicated algorithms. For example, battery electrical component208may also be adapted to store and keep track of the historical measurements of various battery properties. In a further embodiment, assessments based on charging histories may be enhance. For example, instead of just counting the number of charge and discharge cycles, electrical component208may be adapted to also distinguish between the number of slow and the number of fast charges. The charging histories may also be used to augment the interpretation of property measurements. For example in an embodiment, if the temperature and pressure gain for a given amount of charge or discharge for a battery core has been, for example, increasing with more recent charge cycles, electrical component208may normalize recent measurements against the recent increases. Alternatively, the recent trends may in itself be used to infer a charge state or quality state of the battery. Other measurements and inferences may be made. For example, in another embodiment, the measurements of the current and voltage responses may be used to help assess whether a reconditioning need to be performed. Another aspect of the invention relates to the location where battery management decisions are made. In general, according to one embodiment, a host machine, an accessory device, or an intelligent rechargeable battery may be adapted to conduct battery management functionalities. In a specific embodiment where the host machine implements battery management, a host machine may be adapted to identify a battery by an id and to store the battery charging histories by the id. In an embodiment where an accessory device is adapted to manage the process, the accessory may be adapted to identify a battery by an id and to store the battery charging histories by the id. In an embodiment where the battery is adapted to manage the process, the battery may be adapted to store its own local copies of charging histories. Battery functionality may also involve any combination of the entities described in the above embodiments. For example, a host machine, an accessory device, and an intelligent rechargeable battery may all participate in part of the battery management process. The specific roles each will play will depend on the specific embodiment. When the management process is carried out by the battery, electronic circuit210on the battery may be adapted to coordinate the battery management process. For example, if the battery determines that its core needs to be replaced, it may signal the host machine or accessory device to which the battery is coupled that the battery needs to be replaced. In embodiment, a host machine or accessory device may be adapted to alert the user especially if a host machine or accessory device is better equipped than a battery to alert a user. Where the host machine is best positioned to alert a user, when an accessory device is notified that a battery needs to be recharged, the device may preferably relay the message to a host machine. When a host machine is informed that a battery needs to be replaced, the host machine may then inform the user of the problem. In a specific embodiment, the host machine may also guide the user to obtain a replacement. Another aspect of the current invention relates to recycling. In an embodiment, battery core202may be adapted to be replaced while the rest of the batteries, including the battery shell, terminals for conducting power203, terminal sensors204, and end cap205, are reused. In an embodiment, the lifetime of a battery may be designed to be several times longer than a battery core. In a specific embodiment, battery end cap205can be adapted to allow battery core202to be accessed for replacement. When the time comes finally for the rest of the battery to be disposed, each of the components including battery shell201, battery core202, terminals for conducting power203, sensor terminals204, and end cap205may be adapted to be recycled so as to minimize environment impact of disposing rechargeable battery200. In the embodiment, the invention may also include methods for assessing whether a battery core needs to be replaced. In an embodiment, the assessment of whether to replace the core or to replace the entire battery may be based partly by monitoring measurements of battery properties. In a further embodiment, the assessments may be based also on the number of charge/discharge cycles the core has undergone. In general, according to an embodiment, the battery may be serviced by the user, by the manufacturer or a designated service center. Where a battery is serviced, either by the manufacturer or by the user, battery electrical component208is preferably adapted to detect the servicing, such as the swapping of the battery core, and to reinitialize or reset the electrical component. According to one embodiment, the electrical component may need to be re-initialized because it is configured with settings and parameters customized for a specific type, model, or manufacturer of a battery core. When the battery core is replaced, those settings and parameters need to be reset. In another embodiment, the electrical component may also have been adapted to store the charging histories for a battery core. When the battery core is replaced, those records also need to be reset. In some embodiments, information such as charging histories may be stored off the battery, such as on host machines. In those embodiments, the battery may be adapted to send a signal to the host machines for the host machines to rest and re-initialize the appropriate records and settings as appropriate. FIG.2Dillustrates additional details making up the battery electrical component208of an exemplary battery. In the embodiment, battery electrical component may comprise an electronic circuit210, a mount bracket for electronic circuit211, and a variety of accessories, including electric terminals212, terminal mounting brackets214, and terminal front plate215. In an embodiment, mount bracket211may be adapted to hold circuit board210of electrical component208inside battery end cap205. Circuit board210may be inserted and removed via simple friction fit. In one embodiment, electrical component208may be run by software or firmware that may be customized by a user. In a further embodiment, the software or firmware may also be updated by running a software patch from the manufacturer. In an embodiment, terminal mounting brackets214may use a friction fit to retain battery terminal posts212. Front plate215may be adapted to tie terminal mounting brackets214together and to provide an attachment surface for mounting bracket211. In an embodiment, end cap205may be formed of a plastic material, where end cap components206and207and end cap205may be injection molded as a single piece of recyclable plastic. In another embodiment, end cap205may be formed of a metallic material, where end cap components206and207may be injection molded as a component and be attached to end cap205via friction fit. FIGS.2E and2Fillustrate a more detailed illustration of electrical components in a specific embodiment of the current invention. AsFIG.2Fillustrates, besides electronic circuit210and components for conducting power, electrical component208may also include magnetic Switch217that prevents effective power transmission to and from the battery core in the absence of a magnetic field. In the embodiment, magnetic Switch217may be configured to close in the presence of a magnetic field above a predetermined threshold of magnetic strength. In another embodiment, magnetic Switch217may be configured to close based on some other unique characteristics of the magnetic fields. For example, a switch could be configured to close only in a magnetic field with fluxes of a threshold strength and fluxes at a predetermined orientation. Another aspect of the current invention relates to the concept of a “universal battery” where a few “types” of batteries are adapted to be coupled with a large variety of electronic devices. In one embodiment, the battery may be adapted to be charged at a range of power parameters. In another embodiment, the battery may be adapted to power devices at a range of power parameters. In one embodiment, when a battery is coupled to a power consuming device, electrical component208may be adapted to negotiate with the electronic device for power settings at which to output power. In the embodiment, electrical component208is preferably adapted to configure the battery to provide for power at the agreed power settings. In another embodiment, when a battery is coupled to a power charging device, electrical component208may be adapted to negotiate with the charging device for power settings at which the battery will accept power. In the embodiment, electrical component208is preferably adapted to configure the battery accept power at the agreed power settings. Therefore, in an embodiment, a “type” may specify a specific range of power parameters at which a battery is adapted to be charged. In another embodiment, a “type” may specify a specific range of power parameters at which a battery is adapted to output power. In another embodiment, a “type” may also specify the maximum energy capacity of a battery. According to an embodiment, a specific “type” of a universal battery may also specify a physical form factor.FIG.2Gshows four exemplary form factors—labeled to as Class A, Class B, Class C, and Class D—of an exemplary universal battery. According to one embodiment, all universal battery types feature a flat form factor adapted to conveniently couple with a large variety of electronic devices. A large form factor such as Class A may be adapted to couple with large mobile devices such as laptops. A medium form factor such as Class B and Class C may be adapted to couple with medium mobile or wireless devices such as cell phones, mp3 players, wireless keyboards, mice and game controllers, personal digital assistants, smart phones, larger wireless audiophile-type headphones. A small form factor such as Class D may be adapted to couple with smaller mobile or wireless devices such as mice, watches, RFID devices, and small sport-type headphones. In an embodiment, the energy storage capacities of the rechargeable batteries may or may not correlate with the type of a battery's physical form factor. Similarly, the power ranges at which the rechargeable batteries may be adapted to operate may or may not correlate with the type of its physical form factor. In one embodiment, batteries of all physical form factors feature the same range of power parameters. In another embodiment, each form factor offer specified ranges of energy storage capacities and range of power parameters. For example, according to an embodiment, Class A universal batteries may have a width of around 6.5″, height of around 4.8″ and thickness of around 0.4″. The batteries may also possess an energy storage of around 100 watt hours and may be adapted to accept power at up to 18 volts and 600 mA and output power at up to 14 volts and 500 mA. Similarly, Class B universal may have a width of around 2″, height of around 6.8″, and thickness of around 0.5″ and may possess an energy storage of around 50 watt hour. Class C universal batteries may have a width of around 0.25″, height of around 3″ and thickness of around 3″ and may possess an energy storage capacity of around 20 watt hour. Class D universal batteries may have a width of around 0.75″, height of around 1.8″ and thickness of around 0.2″ and may possess an energy storage capacity of around 0.02 watt hour. FIG.3Ashows an exemplary process through which a universal battery may be adapted to negotiate with and provide power to a power consuming device. In step3010, the universal battery is coupled to a power consuming device. In step3020, the universal battery attempts to negotiate with the power consuming device for a power parameter for the battery to output power. If the power consuming device is adapted to only accept power at a single fixed power parameter, the universal battery will ascertain that power parameter. If the universal battery can provide power at the required power parameter, the battery sends an acknowledgement in response to the power consuming device. If the power consuming device is adapted to accept power at a range of power parameters, the device and the battery may negotiate at step3020for a specific power parameter that is amenable to both according to the current embodiment. Once a specific power output parameter is agreed upon, an explicit acknowledgement from both the battery and the device may also be sent. After the agreement, the battery may begin delivering power at the agreed power parameter at3050, and the power consuming device may begin accepting power at the agreed power parameters at3060. For a variety of reasons, such as if the power consuming device requires power to be outputted at a range outside of the range of the battery, the negotiations process may fail. If the negotiations fail, the battery may refrain from providing power at3040, and the power consuming device may also take the precautionary step of refraining to accept power at step3045. Where a battery is coupled to a power charging device, an analogous process may be followed.FIG.3Bshows an exemplary process through which a universal battery may be adapted to negotiate with and accept power from a power charging device. In step3110, the universal battery is coupled to a power charging device. In step3120, the universal battery attempts to negotiate with the power charging device for a power parameter at which to accept power. If the power charging device is adapted to provide power only at a single fixed power parameter, that power parameter may be communicated to the battery. If the universal battery can accept power at the required power parameter, the battery sends an acknowledgement in response. If the power charging device is adapted to provide power at a range of power parameters, the device and the battery will negotiate at step3120for a specific power parameter that is amenable to both. Once a specific power parameter is agreed, the battery may begin accepting power at the agreed power parameter at3150. Similarly, the power charging device may also begin configuration to begin providing power at the agreed power parameters at3160. For a variety of reasons, such as if the battery requires power to be provided at a range outside of the range of the power charging device, the negotiations process fails. If negotiations fail, the battery may refrain from accepting power at step3140, and the power charging device may also refrain from providing power at3045. According to an embodiment, it may sometimes be convenient for a plurality of universal batteries to couple with a power consuming device or a power charging device.FIG.3Cshows an exemplary process through which a plurality of universal batteries may negotiate with and provide power to a power consuming device.FIG.3Dshows an exemplary process through which a plurality of universal batteries may negotiate with and accept power from a power charging device. For the most parts, the steps inFIGS.3C and3Dare analogous to the steps shown inFIGS.3A and3Bthough some differences do exist. For example, inFIG.3C, steps3220,3250, and3260may be different from steps3020,3050, and3060ofFIG.3A. Similarly, inFIG.3D, steps3320,3350, and3360may also be different from steps3120,3150, and3160inFIG.3B. Where a plurality of batteries are involved, according to an embodiment, the plurality of batteries may negotiate at step3220or3320, with the electronic device as a group. In an embodiment, the negotiations may be explicitly carried out by a coordinating battery and the power consuming device. For example, the plurality of batteries may first negotiate amongst themselves to designate a coordinating battery. The coordinating battery then negotiates with the power consuming device on behalf of the other batteries for power parameters at which each will output and/or accept power. According to an alternative embodiment, the plurality of batteries may negotiate at step3220or3320, with the electronic device independently between each of the batteries and the electronic device. In an embodiment, when a battery is coupled to an electronic device, the battery and the electronic device will proceed to negotiate with each other independently of any of the other of the plurality of batteries coupled to or that might be coupled to the device. Irrespective of whether the negotiations is accomplished collectively (such as through a coordinating battery) or individually (such as that carried out independently), the power requirements under which each of the plurality of batteries agrees to operate may or may not be the same. Also, depending on the actual parameters negotiated, the electronic device may connect the batteries in parallel or in series. In an embodiment with two batteries, two batteries configured to output the same voltage may be connected in parallel. Two batteries configured to output the same current may be connected in series, according to another embodiment. In an embodiment involving three batteries, two of the batteries may be connected in series while a third in parallel in one embodiment. According to another embodiment, all three may be connected in series. According to yet another embodiment, all three batteries may be connected in parallel also. According to a specific embodiment involving two batteries, when two exemplary universal batteries rated for 0-3 volts and 0-500 mA are coupled to an exemplary power consuming device that requires 3 volts and 400 mA, the power consuming device may negotiate for one of the batteries to output power at 3 volts and 300 mA and the other to output power at 3 volts and 100 mA. In the embodiment, the power consuming device would connect the two batteries in parallel, wherein the batteries in the parallel combination would give rise to a total power output of 3 volts and 400 mA. In another embodiment, the power consuming device would connect the two batteries in parallel and negotiate for both of the batteries to output power at 3 volts and 200 mA, giving rise to the same total power output of 3 volts and 400 mA. In yet another embodiment, the power consuming device may connect the two batteries in series and negotiate to have one batteries output power at 2 volts and 400 mA and the other at 1 volt and 400 mA, giving rise to the same total power output of 3 volts and 400 mA. In another embodiment, the power consuming device may connect the two batteries in series and negotiate to have both of the batteries output power at 1.5 volts and 400 mA, giving rise to the same total power output of 3 volts and 400 mA. In yet another embodiment, the power consuming device may only connect one of the two batteries and negotiate to one output power at 3 volts and 400 mA, with the other disconnected and serving as a backup. In the embodiment, when the one battery becomes drained, a user may be notified to replace the battery while the second or backup battery may be connected and configure to output power at 3 volts and 400 mA. Many other possibilities exist, with similar analogous embodiments applying also for coupling with power charging devices. In general, in embodiments such as those illustrated inFIGS.3A,3B,3C, and3D, each battery may negotiate for power parameters based on one of several constraints or goals. For example, when a battery is coupled to a power consuming device, the negotiations may be adapted to drain energy from the battery in constrained ways to help lengthen the time needed until the next recharge. In some battery types, for a fixed power requirement, outputting power at a threshold voltage or threshold current may help to also lengthen overall battery life. If multiple batteries are involved, load balancing among batteries may also become important. For example, to extend time until the batteries would have to be recharged, it may be more preferable to distribute power load more evenly among the plurality of batteries in some embodiments. On the other hand, if the need is to provide for backup power sources, it may be more preferable to concentrate load on some batteries, setting aside others as reserve power sources. When batteries are coupled to power charging devices, the batteries may similarly negotiate for power parameters based on one of several other constraints or goals. For example, according to one embodiment, minimizing recharge time and extending battery life may be important goals. To decrease charging time, for example, the batteries may need to be charged at a high power setting. To extend battery life, the batteries may need to be charged under a more modest power load. The optimal load for a battery may be further optimized for each battery by model, brand and/or type. In an embodiment, a charging device may concentrate power on a few batteries to quickly charge those batteries so some batteries are quickly made available while the rest of the batteries are charged at a more moderate rate. Another aspect of the invention relates to determining a battery's charge state. In an embodiment, the assessment may be carried out by measuring several properties of a battery and the battery's environment. According to an embodiment, the measurements may be taken either while the battery is charging or discharging or both. According to another embodiment, the measurements may involve the same measurements taken to assess quality assessments of a battery's core described above. FIG.4Ashows a perspective view of various sensors adapted to measure properties of the battery that may be useful to determine a battery's charge state. In one embodiment, the battery may be provided with sensors209adapted to measure the pressure and temperature or the voltage and current flowing into or out of battery core202. In another embodiment, the battery may also be provided with sensors209.ethat may be fitted along battery shell201to measure various ambient properties of the battery, including ambient humidity and temperature. Sensor terminal204may be adapted to conduct signals from sensors to electrical component208and vice versa. In an embodiment, to better assess the charge state or quality of a battery, measurements of battery characteristics such as voltage and current or pressure and temperature may be correlated with a power load. For example, the fact that the temperature of a battery core is at a certain threshold may not mean much unless that temperature is correlated with a power input or output at the given temperature. Measurements of battery characteristics may also be normalized against environmental factors. Trends in the observed characteristics may, according to an embodiment, be used to assess a battery's quality state, charge state, or other characteristics. According to another embodiment, a battery may also use trends in recorded power usage to estimate future power needs of a battery. According to an embodiment, a battery may be adapted to provide, based upon various measurements from the sensors and recorded trends, an estimated time to until a battery will become charged if the battery is undergoing charging or a time until a battery will become drained if the battery is providing power. In a specific embodiment, the pressure and temperature of the core may be first normalized against a measured power load. The normalized measurements may further be adjusted for environmental factors such as humidity and temperature. If the normalized and adjusted pressure and temperature measurements is monitored to rise above or fall below a predetermined threshold, the observation could be used to derive important information regarding a battery's charge state, quality, or other characteristics. Similar assessments can be done for the voltage and current. For example, if the voltage and current, normalized for a power load and adjusted for environmental factors such as humidity and temperature, is monitored to rise above or fall fellow certain thresholds, the measurements could similarly be used by themselves, or in conjunction with the pressure and temperature measurements described earlier, to derive important information about a battery's quality, charge state, or other characteristics. According to an embodiment, the assessment of charge state, quality, or other characteristics may be carried out by the battery itself or by external entities such as host machines and accessory devices. In an embodiment where the external entities are adapted carry out the assessments, the external entities may not have direct access to internal properties of the batteries such as pressure and temperature of the battery core useful in assessing various characteristics of a battery. In one embodiment, the battery may be adapted to communicate measurements of internal properties (obtained from internal sensors such as209and209.e) to the external entities. In another embodiment, the external entities may rely on external measurements of battery properties to infer the battery's internal measurements. In yet another embodiment, the assessment of a battery's charge state, quality, or other characteristics may be derived from external measurements alone. In general, according to an embodiment, information may be passed among the batteries, power consuming devices, and power charging devices. In one embodiment, the batteries may be adapted to communicate the battery's internal measurements of internal properties such as voltage, current, temperature and pressure to external entities to the external entities. In another embodiment, the batteries may be adapted to communicate the battery's own assessment of the battery's quality, charge state or other characteristics to the external entities. According to an embodiment, the communication among the batteries and the external entities may in general take place either directly or may be relayed. In one embodiment, the batteries may be adapted to communicate information directly with the directly coupled entities—usually either a host machine or an accessory device. In another embodiment, information to and from a battery may be adapted to be relayed through other external entities, such as another host machine or another accessory device, as appropriate. In an embodiment, when a battery detects that it is about to run out of charge, it may signal to the coupled accessory device of the information. The accessory device may in turn relay the information to a host machine, which may in turn alert a user of the situation. For example, if a battery is about to run out of charge, the host machine may be adapted to alert a user of that fact for the user to take appropriate actions. A user may for example need to save his work if it turns out that the temporary decommissioning of a wireless peripheral while a battery is being recharged or replaced is too big an obstacle to continue with work. In one embodiment, once alerted that a battery is about to become discharged, a user may save his work, locate the accessory devices with the drained batteries, and place the battery or batteries into the charging slot(s) on a host machine for immediate recharging. In another embodiment, a host machine may be adapted to provide an estimated time to discharge. In the embodiment, a host machine may correlate the charge state of the battery with the power requirements of the device to which the battery is coupled to offer a predicted time until the battery will need to be recharged. For batteries with less than a few hours of time left until the battery will need to be recharged but is in no danger of immediate discharge, a host machine may be adapted to remind a user when a user logs out to place those batteries in the host machines to recharge so the batteries will be ready with a complete charge when the user logs in to use the host machine the next time. FIG.4Billustrates an exemplary process involved in assessing a battery's charge state when a battery is connected to a power consuming device. In the first step, user preferences may be obtained as part of the initialization process in step4005. In step4010, measurements of battery and environmental properties may be obtained. In one embodiment, the temperature and pressure of the battery core, the temperature and humidity of the ambient environment, and the current and voltage of power flowing out of the battery may all be measured. In step4020, the historical profiles of battery and environmental properties, if available, may be obtained. These records can be useful in interpreting the various measurements presently obtained. For example, as batteries age, the temperature and pressure of a battery core per unit of power load may change. Correlating trends of such changes may help in more accurately inferring a charge state. In addition, in step4030, the charge history of the battery may also be obtained. For some batteries, battery properties may degrade with the number of charge cycles. Age thus may sometimes be better characterized by the number of charge cycles, possibly in combination with the trends of changes in battery properties as measured in step4020. In step4040, the charge state of a battery may be assessed based on a combination of the information obtained and processed in steps4010to4030. In step4050, if it is assessed that the battery is about to be imminently discharged, depending on user preferences, the system may alert the user in step4070. In a specific embodiment, depending partly on the user preferences obtained in step4005, the user may be alerted by a message displayed on a computer screen, a text message sent to a user's cell phone, and/or an email sent to the user. In another embodiment, if the battery state is communicated to a wireless accessory device, the device may relay the information to another device, such as the host machine, that may better communicate the message to a user. In yet another embodiment, if the battery state is evaluated by the battery, the battery may send a message to the wireless accessory device or the host machine to which it is coupled. If the message is relayed to an accessory device, the accessory device may be adapted to further forward the information to another device, such as the host machine, that can better communicate with a user, as described above. In step4060, status information regarding the current charge state of batteries may be communicated to users, depending, according to one embodiment, on user preferences obtained in step4005. FIG.4Cillustrates an exemplary process involved in assessing a battery's charge state when a battery is connected to a power charging device. In the first step, user preferences may be obtained as part of the initialization process in step4105. In step4110, measurements of battery and environmental properties may be obtained. In one embodiment, the temperature and pressure of the battery core, the temperature and humidity of the ambient environment, and the current and voltage of power flowing into the battery may all be measured. In step4120, the historical profiles of battery and environmental properties, if available, may be obtained. These records can be useful in interpreting the various measurements presently obtained. For example, as batteries age, the temperature and pressure of a battery core per unit of power charge may change. Correlating trends of such changes to age may help in more accurately inferring a battery's charge states. In addition, in step4130, the charge history of the battery may also be obtained. For some batteries, battery properties may degrade with the number of charge cycles. Age thus may sometimes be better characterized by the number of charge cycles, possibly in combination with the trends of changes in battery properties as measured in step4120. In step4140, the charge state of a battery may be assessed based on a combination of the information obtained and processed in steps4110to4130. At step4145, power is delivered to recharge the battery. In step4150, if it is assessed that charging should stop, the system terminates charging in step4170. In general, the decisions on when to stop charging may be optimized for a variety of goals and depend partly on user preferences. For example, if a user specifies that the battery should be charged to the battery's fullest capacity, charging would stop, according to one embodiment, when the battery is completely charged. However, if the user specifies to maximize the lifetimes of batteries, charging may need to stop short of a full complete charge. Similarly, the rate at which a battery is charged may also change depending on user goals. In an embodiment, a battery may be charged at a regular and fast rate. While users probably typically prefer fast recharge rates, sometimes a slower rate may be preferred to maximize battery lifetimes. In another embodiment, the rate at which batteries are charged may also change based on information derived from the battery, allowing a battery to be charged at different rates based on feedback from the battery as the battery is being charged. In one embodiment, the information from the battery may comprise information such as battery's current and voltage input or output. In another embodiment, the information may include a battery core's temperature and core pressure response in response to a charging (intake) or discharging (outtake) load. In an embodiment, a battery might be initialized charged at a fast rate, but as the core heats up, the rate may be slowed as appropriate to protect the battery. Another aspect of charging involves the determination of when to perform a recondition on a battery. According to an embodiment, some batteries may need to be completely discharged or reconditioned every predetermined number of charge/discharge cycles. According to an embodiment, the decision whether to undergo reconditioning may be based on assessments of measurements of the battery's core. According to a specific embodiment, batteries may undergo reconditioning based on temperature and pressure response of the battery core in response to a known power intake (charge) or power outtake (discharge). According to another embodiment, batteries may undergo reconditioning based on the number charge/discharge cycles. FIG.5Ashows a state diagram of the major states of a universal rechargeable battery in accordance with an embodiment of the current invention. When a rechargeable battery is not connected to any device, the battery may be at Rest State5000. At Rest State, the battery may not normally emit any power except for periodically entering Negotiation State5005. In one embodiment, upon entering Negotiation State5005, the battery may emit a low voltage handshake to attempt to initiate negotiations with an electronic device. In an embodiment, a battery may be prevented from entering Negotiation State5005unless objects emanating specific patterns of magnetic fields are brought into contact or in close proximity with the battery. In one embodiment, the specific patterns of magnetic fields may be characterized by a threshold strength and orientation of flux. In a specific embodiment, the battery may include a special magnetic safety switch which is activated only in the presence of special magnetic fields and which enables the battery to enter into Negotiation State5005only when activated. According to an embodiment where a battery is coupled to a power consuming device, if the battery successfully negotiates for a set of power parameters at which to output power, the battery may enter Output State5010and proceed to output power at the negotiated power output parameters. If the battery is removed from the power consuming device, the battery may go back into Rest State5000. If the power becomes depleted, the battery may shut down and go into Negotiations State5005, attempting to look for and negotiate with another power charging device. According to an embodiment where a battery is coupled to a power charging device, if the battery successfully negotiates for a set of power parameters at which to receive power at5005, the battery may proceed to accept power at the negotiated power parameters in state5030. Upon recharge5040, the battery may enter into Rest State5000. If a power consuming device with the proper magnetic field signature is then brought nearby a battery at Rest State5000, the battery may enter into state5005to attempt negotiations with the power consuming device for a set of power parameters at which to provide power to the power consuming device. If the battery successfully negotiates for a set of power parameters at which to output power, the battery may enter Output State5010, as described above. In the absence of any magnetic signature of any electronic device, the battery may remain at Rest State5000. If any of negotiations above—whether with a power consuming or power charging device—fails for any reason, the battery may enter into Safety Shutoff State5020. In Safety Shutoff State5020, the battery core can be disconnected from the battery terminals. Accordingly, according to an embodiment, even if an accidental short were to develop while a battery is in5005, such as by a magnetic metallic object, between the terminals of a battery, the power should be switched off soon enough that no major damage or power drain results. In general, according to an embodiment, negotiation may fail for many reasons. In one embodiment, as just discussed, negotiations may fail because the battery is not connected to any device but is instead shorted by a metallic, magnetic object. In another embodiment, the battery may be coupled to a device but negotiations may fail because the device and the battery do not share common range of power parameters for compatible operations. In another embodiment, negotiations may fail because the battery is coupled to a device in an incorrect configuration. FIGS.5B-5Iillustrate several functional schematics of an embodiment of a universal battery.FIG.5Billustrates the functional schematics of Resting State5000of an exemplary universal battery500. As illustrated, an exemplary battery includes metallic posts501and502, four switches (Switch1504, Switch2505, Switch3506, and Switch4507) that serve a variety of purposes that will be described in more detail below, Communications and Control Circuit510, a configurable Power Transmission Circuit depicted as Low Voltage Circuit511, a configurable Power Transmission Circuit depicted as Full Voltage Circuit512, and Battery Core513. The Low Voltage and Full Voltage circuits may represent electrical components that allow connections between the battery core and a coupled electronic device to be configured at various power settings or parameters. In an embodiment, Low Voltage Circuit511allows a minimum threshold of power to pass between battery core513and the electronic device. According to an embodiment, a low power signal may be used for the initial handshake communication between a universal battery and an electronic device before the power parameters of either the battery or the devices has been ascertained. Full Voltage Circuit512allows effective power transmission of electricity between battery core513and the electronic device at various power parameters. According to one embodiment, the full voltage mode should be allowed only after the power parameters of the electronic device to which a battery is coupled have been ascertained. According to an embodiment, during Resting State5000, switches1and2(504and505, respectively) are normally open, whereas switches3and4(506and507, respectively) are normally closed, as depicted inFIG.5B. In the exemplary embodiment, Switch1504may be adapted to close only in the presence of specific magnetic fields, and Switch2505is adapted to close only after the battery has successfully negotiated with an external device to accept or output power. Since both switches1and2(504and505, respectively) are normally open, neither the Low Voltage Circuit nor the Full Voltage Circuit is normally engaged during the Rest State. Consequently, there is normally no power drain, neither externally nor internally, when during the Rest State. FIG.5Cillustrates the functional schematics of the initial handshake negotiation of exemplary universal battery500. The initial handshake may occur when a battery is first connected to electronic device560. In the embodiment, the initial handshake process may begin with the battery ascertaining whether it is connected to an intelligent device adapted to function with a universal battery. If it is, according to the embodiment, the battery next determines whether the electronic device is a power consuming or power charging device. In the case where it is both, the battery will determine which mode, power consuming or power charging, the device is currently in. If the device is a power consuming device or in a power consuming mode, the battery may negotiate with the device for a set of power parameters at which the battery will output power to the power consuming device. If the device is a power charging device, the battery may negotiate for power parameters at which the charging device will receive power from the battery charging device. In an embodiment, the electronic device560can comprise magnetic posts550and551which emit a specific magnetic field that closes magnetic Switch1504on the battery. According to another embodiment, only one of posts550and551needs to be magnetic. According to yet another embodiment, only a portion of one post needs to be magnetic. In any case, according to the embodiment, the idea is to generate a strong magnetic flux capable of closing magnetic switch504on the battery. According to an embodiment, when magnetic Switch1504is closed, Low Voltage Circuit511is connected to electronic device560. At this stage, only a very low power signal may be allowed to be transmitted between the universal battery and intelligent device560, as depicted by the engagement (darkened path) of Low Voltage Circuit511inFIG.5C. In general, according to an embodiment, Low Voltage Circuit511may serve at least two purposes. In one embodiment, the circuit may prevent permanent damage to the battery or the shorting objects (including living tissues) that inadvertently come in contact with the battery terminals. According to an embodiment, the circuit may allow a battery to couple and to initiate handshake communications with a power consuming electronic devices before the power ratings of the power consuming device has been established. In another embodiment, the circuit can allow a power charging device to allow the battery to initiate handshake communications with the power charging electronic before the power charging device has had the opportunity to assess the power ratings of the battery. FIG.5Dshows the functional schematics of a successful connection state according to a specific embodiment of the invention. In this mode of operation, effective power transmission can be conducted between the battery and the coupled device. The power delivered may be either by a battery for powering a power consuming device or by a charging device for charging a battery. As can be seen, upon successful negotiation of power parameters, the battery may open Switch4507and close Switch2505, disconnecting the electrical terminals from Low Voltage Circuit511and connecting the electrical terminals to the Full Voltage Circuit512. According to an embodiment, Full Voltage Circuit512can then connect the battery terminals501and502to battery core at the agreed upon power parameters. If the electronic device is a power consuming device, power may be drawn from the battery core513through Full Voltage Circuit512to electronic device560at the agreed upon power parameters. If the electronic device is a power consuming device, power may be transferred from electronic device560through Voltage Circuit512to battery core513at the agreed upon power parameters. In an embodiment, the electronic device (either a power consuming device or a charging device) may possess safety Switch554as a redundancy feature. The switch may close only upon successful negotiation of power parameters with the battery to ensure that power flows in the device side only upon successful negotiations of power parameters. FIG.5Eshows the functional schematics of an accidental shorting of a battery's electrical terminals. InFIG.5E, terminals501and502are shorted by a metallic object. According to an embodiment, the shorted circuit may not cause any damage because in the absence of magnetic fields, Switch1504would remain open, disconnecting Low Voltage Circuit511as inFIG.5B. According to the embodiment, no electricity can accidentally flow from the battery core even when the terminals are shorted because the battery core is not connected to the battery terminals. In another embodiment, the short occurs in the presence of some ambient magnetic fields. In one embodiment, the ambient field might emanate directly from the object causing the short, such as a magnetic, metallic object581. In another embodiment, the magnetic field may emanate from other ambient sources. In any case, according to an embodiment, the existence of the ambient fields does not matter because the magnetic fields are not adapted to close Switch1504. The magnetic fields may not be strong enough, or the magnetic flux may not be of the right type (e.g. orientation) to trigger the closing of Switch1504. In another embodiment, the ambient magnetic fields might be of a type that can interfere with and cause magnetic Switch1504to accidentally close, as shown inFIG.5E. According to the embodiment, even were magnetic Switch1504to accidentally close, little damage would result because only a low power flow may be permitted to flow across magnetic object581. Because Switch2505is normally open in the absence of an affirmative confirmation of a successful negotiations, the battery core may be connected to the battery terminals only through Low voltage Circuit511. According to the embodiment, since a stray object causing the short usually do not have the capability to negotiate with the battery, Full Voltage Circuit512would usually not be engaged when the terminals of a battery are accidentally shorted by a stray object. Consequently, when the battery is accidentally shorted, the worst that may result may be a low powered short that, according to the embodiment, causes little if any damage. According to an embodiment, what little chance for damage that may result from a low powered short may be even further reduced because a low powered short may be allowed only for a short period of time. As described earlier, batteries in Rest State periodically send a low voltage signal to attempt to negotiate with a coupled electronics device. According one embodiment, the low powered short ofFIG.5Emay correspond to Negotiation State5005depicted inFIG.5A. If negotiation fails for any reason, as when a short occurs, the battery will enter Safety ShutOff State and re-enter Rest State. FIG.5Fshows the functional schematics of the shorting of a battery's electrical terminals when the low voltage circuit has been disconnected, such as after a Safety Shutoff has been initiated. In the embodiment, a magnetic, conductive object581placed across metallic posts501and502causes a short for a short time. After the battery has not explicitly received a successful negotiation acknowledgement, the battery re-opens Switch3506. The opening of the switch, according to one embodiment, cuts off the low power flow of electricity after a predetermined time. The short is terminated when the battery enters into Safety Shutoff State5020and Rest State5000. FIG.5Gshows the functional schematics of the shorting of a battery's electrical terminals when the low voltage circuit has been disconnected. In the embodiment, a magnetic, conductive object581placed across metallic posts501and502causes a short for a short time. However, since conductive object581is not magnetic in this embodiment, switch504is open, cutting off any flow of electricity. The short accordingly does not cause any damage or injury. FIG.5Hillustrates the coupling of a battery to an electronic device with a complementary type of battery and in a correct configuration. An aspect of the current invention involves the use of physical form factors to enhance proper and safe coupling between a battery and an electronic device. To reduce the risk of inadvertent power flows, a battery may also be adapted to conduct power through inductive means such as through magnetic fields. As illustrated inFIG.5H, one embodiment involves associating terminal leads of a particular physical form factor with a specific type of battery. For example, each of two terminals of a battery of a specific type can be designed to feature a specific length. In an embodiment, the form factor of the terminal leads includes complementary form factors such that for the terminal leads to form a proper electrical conducting circuit, the electronic device must be coupled to the battery of the correct type and in a correct configuration. FIG.5Iillustrates the coupling of a battery to an electronic device of an incompatible type or in an incorrect configuration. As is illustrated, when a battery of an incorrect type is coupled with the electronic device or when a battery is coupled with an electronic device in an incorrect configuration, no proper electrical coupling may be formed between the universal battery and the electronic device. Another aspect of the current invention involves the use of the same electrical path for transmitting and receiving communications signals and for transmitting and receiving power signals between a device and a battery. In one embodiment, because the communications and powers signal travel over the same electrical path, special precautions may need to be taken to make sure they do not interfere with each other. In a first embodiment, two separate time windows may be reserved for transmitting communications signals and for transmitting power signals. In a second embodiment, the communications signal may be modulated over the power signal during a common time window. FIG.6Adepicts the transmission of a low voltage communications signal according to an embodiment of the invention. One benefit of transmitting communications signals at low voltage levels is that low voltage signals allow devices and batteries to communicate with each other each without each having to ascertain the power capabilities of each other first. The transmission of signals take place at low enough powers that there is little chance of damage to each other regardless of what the power rating of each turn out to be. Negotiations may take place during this phase. Once the power parameters are agreed upon, the battery and the device may go into transmitting high voltage power at a subsequent time window. The transmissions shown inFIG.6Aare broken into 8 distinct windows of transmission601,602,603,604,605,606, and607. In an embodiment, the first window of transmission601may represent the initial window of transmission by an intelligent, universal battery when first connected to an electronic device. A constant low voltage probing signal may be sent by the battery when magnetic fluxes from the device have closed Switch1504as discussed above inFIGS.5C and5E. When the battery recognizes that a device is connected, the initial probing low voltage signal may be turned off, as shown in time window602, beginning a window of prelude before negotiations communication begins. According to an embodiment, at the end of time window602, the battery may begin transmitting a digital signal representing a sequence of 0 and 1 bits. The low voltage signal may be pulse width modulated signals, as shown, or may be encoded by other schemes, including amplitude or frequency modulated schemes. After the battery completes transmitting a first series of signals, the battery may return to outputting a low voltage signal in time window604similar to that transmitted in time window601. Next, it may be the device's chance to responds with its series of signals. At some preset time, the battery may stop transmitting the low voltage signal, and the system may enter into a window of silence of time window605similar to the window of prelude602. The device commences transmitting signals to the battery in time window606. This signal from the device to the battery may represent an acknowledgement of an agreement if the device agrees with a power setting at which to operate suggested in a prior transmission from the battery. After the signals have been transmitted, the device may return to transmitting a constant low signal in time window607. The cycle may begin again as the device silences and the battery adapted to send a second series of signals or acknowledgement transmissions afterwards. If all goes well, the battery-device system may terminate communications and enter into full power transmission mode. According to one embodiment, periodically during the full power transmission mode, the power transmitting device—either a battery or a power charging device—may need to shut off power temporarily to allow the battery and device to communicate with each other. In an embodiment, the battery may need to communicate with a power consuming device to check to see whether the current power settings at which power is output are still adequate. If the power settings are not adequate, a new round of negotiation for power parameters may be required. In another embodiment, the battery may need to communicate with a power consuming device to signal that the battery is about to run out of power. The device may have to take preemptive action, such as storing settings or alerting a user, if an imminent power shutoff is expected. In another embodiment, a battery may need to communicate with a power charging device to convey the fact that the battery is charged and that the charging device may stop transferring power. To minimize the disruption caused by the temporary termination of high power transmission to either a device or a battery, a capacitor-based system can be incorporated into the device or battery according to an embodiment. According to an embodiment, the capacitor system should at least store enough power to power the communication circuitry of the device or battery. Energy stored on a capacitor system onboard a battery should preferably enable the communication system on the battery to operate without tapping into the energy reserve in the battery core. This can reduce unnecessary load on the battery core and potentially increase battery life. On the electronic device side, energy stored on a capacitor system on board a device should preferably enable the device to communicate even when no effective power is being transferred from the battery to the device. In another embodiment, the capacity of the capacitor onboard a device may be made even larger to enable the system to power the device during the communicative phase so little to no power interruption to the device results even as the battery-device system enters into periodic communications phase. FIG.6Billustrates the transmission of a high voltage communications signal according to another embodiment of the invention. Unlike the embodiment shown inFIG.6A, the communications signals can be modulated at full power transmission voltage inFIG.6B. In the embodiment, when battery and device enters into periodic communications phase, the communications transmission may be adapted to take place at the full transmission voltage, in this case 6.2V. Whereas the effective power transmission carried by a low voltage communications signal such as that shown inFIG.6Amay be nearly zero, the effective power transmission carried by the high voltage communications signal inFIG.6Bcan be on average 50% of the full power transmission mode, irrespective of the statistical frequencies of 1 and 0's (this a characteristic of an embodiment of width modulated signals as depicted here). Increasing the effective power transmission during communication mode can greatly reduce the impact communication mode has on effective power transmissions between the battery and device. To further reduce the impact communication mode has on effective power transmissions between the battery and device, the system may further incorporate a capacitor-based system similar to the one discussed above forFIG.6A. A high-voltage communications mode may not be implemented in all systems. According to one embodiment, the battery and device should have ascertained each other's power ratings first to ensure that the high-voltage communications signals will not inadvertently damage each other. FIG.6Cillustrates the modulation of a communications signal over a power signal according to another embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, signal transmissions between a battery and a device may be adapted to take place over the same time. The battery-device system may not need to enter into a separate communicative phase and a separate power transmissions phase as in the embodiments ofFIGS.6A and6B. In the current embodiment, the communications signal may be superimposed or “piggy bagged” over the power transmission signal. As shown on the left hand side of the figure, according to an embodiment, the power signal may be transmitted at a full voltage of 6.2V DC signal. When a communications signal is overlaid over the base power signal, the resulting signal may fluctuate between 6.2+a volts and 6.2-b volts, as shown on the right on side of the figure, where a and b represent part of the amplitude of the communications signal. According to an embodiment, the overall amplitude a+b is preferably small compared with the full power voltage, i.e. 6.2. One advantage of the current embodiment is the reduction of disruptions to power transmission between the battery and device. Because the battery-device system may no longer need to undergo a communications phase where power is cut off, power can be transmitted 100% of the time. One potential disadvantage of such a system is the interference that could arise from the simultaneous transmission of power and communications signal. A sensitive battery may require to be charged at precisely 6.2V; a sensitive device may similarly require to be powered at precisely 6.2V. For such systems, the fluctuation of power between 6.2-b volts and 6.2+a volts may be too large and cause undesirable effects to the operations for certain power sensitive batteries and devices. FIG.7illustrates an embodiment of a negotiation process between an electronic device and a universal battery. In an exemplary embodiment, a universal battery at Rest State may be initially activated at700to negotiate for power parameters with a proximally located electronic device. In the embodiment, the electronic device may have been adapted to emit a specific magnetic field that to activated the battery. At705, the battery initiate transmission of a low voltage handshake communications signals to an electronic device awaiting a handshake signal to be sent. In an alternative embodiment, it is the electronic device that may be adapted to initialize the handshake process, with the battery waiting for a handshake signal to be sent. In either case, according to a current embodiment, the receiving device—whether a battery or a device—can be expected to send an acknowledgement in response to receiving an invitation to negotiate. In the embodiment, the negotiation process can proceed only when an acknowledgement is transmitted and received at710. If no acknowledgement is transmitted and received at710, the battery and the electronic device may disconnect from each other at725. If an acknowledgement of the handshake is received, the negotiation process may proceed where the battery and the electronic device negotiates to find a common range of acceptable power parameters at which to operate at715. If at step720the negotiation results in an agreed set of power parameters, the battery and device may establish a high voltage connection at the agreed parameters between each other at730. If the device is a power consuming device, the battery may begin outputting power and the device may begin accepting power at the agreed parameters. Alternatively, if the electronic device is a power supplying device (e.g., a battery charger), the battery may begin accepting power from the charger and the charger may begin to providing power to the battery at the agreed parameters. If no agreement of power parameters is reached, the battery and the device may disconnect from each other at step725, preventing further power transmissions between the battery core and the charging device. FIG.8shows an exemplary embodiment of the current invention where a plurality of host machines are grouped together to form a network of host machines800and801. In one embodiment, each host machine810,820,830,840, and850can be adapted to identify a battery by a battery id and store a local charging history associated with the battery id. In the embodiment, each host machine may also be adapted to share its local copies of charging histories with other host machines on the network. The sharing of the charging histories may occur over a peer-to-peer network or a server-client network. In a peer-to-peer network, when a host machine needs to access a complete charging history of a battery, the host machine may query each of the other host machines for their copies of charging histories to form an aggregated copy of charging histories. In a sever-client network, the host machine may query a server machine for an aggregated copy of charging histories previously aggregated from each of the host machines by the server. An exemplary aspect of the invention involves the use of a network of host machines cooperating together to increase the availability of charged rechargeable batteries when a drained battery is detected. In a standalone setup, when a battery coupled with a mobile or wireless device of a host machine is drained, a user may be directed to a slot on the host machine for a charged battery of a compatible type that the user can quickly swap. When no such battery can be found on the host machine, however, the user would have had to recharge the drained battery and wait for the battery to charge before the device containing the drained battery can be brought online again. In a current embodiment, the user may not have to wait even when a charged battery of a compatible type cannot be found on the host machine. In one embodiment, the user may now access not just batteries on the user's host machine, but also the pool of batteries held by all host machines belonging in a network of host machines of which the user's host machine is a part. In an embodiment, the host machine may query the network of host machines to determine whether another host machine contains a charged battery of a type compatible with the drained battery. If the host machine successfully identifies another host machine containing a charged battery that can be swapped with the drained battery, the host machine may be adapted to communicate that information to the user. The user can then swap the drained battery with the battery located in the network. If multiple charged batteries of a specific type can be found on the network, the host machine may be configured to sort a listing of batteries according to some criterion. The host machine may also suggest a particular that according to some criterion which battery to swap. In an embodiment, host machines on the same floor as the user might be preferred over host machines in other floors. Alternatively, host machines in one hall might be preferred over host machines in other halls. Host machines belonging to one group or department might also be preferred over host machines in other groups or departments. Host machines with more “surplus” of batteries might also be preferred over host machines with less “surplus” of batteries. In another embodiment, host machines with lighter work loads (hence less need to keep a large reserves of “surplus” batteries) might be preferred over host machines with greater work loads. According to another embodiment, host machines may also be adapted to allow a user to specify a list of preferred machines and to suggest batteries belonging in the preferred list. According to another embodiment, batteries may be ordered based on their quality or charging histories. As batteries are moved around, the various battery management functions that are managed by individual host machines, including the management of the rate at which a battery is charged and the time when a battery needs to be reconditioned, may also be implemented by a network of host machines. Despite the movement of the batteries across host machines, the charging histories and other information useful for battery management may be adapted to “float” through the network with the battery as a battery is moved around the network. Host machines belonging to a network may for example be adapted to query the network for copies of charging histories for the battery. When a battery is moved from one host machine to another host machine, the new host machine may thus to continue to access the histories and to carry out battery management functions as if the battery had been used with the new host machine all along. Another aspect of the invention involves a method to enable batteries to be serviced when the battery core or some of the other more perishable parts need to be replaced as the rest of the batteries are reused.FIG.9Ashows an exemplary process by which a rechargeable battery may be serviced. As shown, in the first step9010, a user may be alerted of a need to replace or service a battery. The process may then splits into two branches. The left side of the branch, constituting steps9030to9070, shows an exemplary process by which a rechargeable battery may be replaced by an end user. The right side of the branch, constituting steps9130to9170, shows an exemplary process by which a rechargeable battery may be serviced by an end user. In step9030, the user may need to replace a battery and can be directed to an e-commerce site to purchase a replacement battery. In the embodiment, the battery may have to be sent in because the replacement of the battery core, and/or other parts, is considered too complicated to perform by the end user. In an embodiment, a recycling surcharge may be issued in step9040for the purchase of a battery replacement. Recycling credits equaling the surcharge may be refunded when the user return the battery later when the battery needs to be replaced. In general, according to the embodiment, the new battery may be delivered by mail or picked up in a retail store. When a user receives or picks up the battery, the user may be provided an envelope or container in which to return the old battery9050. When the manufacturer or recycler receives the old battery, the user can be issued a recycling refund at step9060. The refund may be credited against the purchase price of the new battery or for future purchases in a network of e-commerce or retail establishments. At step9070, the manufacturer or recycler can refurbish the battery by replacing components including the battery core and reselling the battery again. Alternatively the manufacturer or recycler may destroy the battery, reusing and responsibly disposing as much of the battery's parts and materials as possible. Step9130may begin a series of steps for the user to service the battery directly. In step9130, the user can be directed to an e-commerce site to purchase a replacement battery core or other replaceable components. In an embodiment, the host machine may be adapted to guide the user through the process. In an embodiment, a host machine may direct a user to an e-commerce website to purchase a battery core replacement. In an embodiment, an e-commerce website address can be provided to the user. In the embodiment, the e-commerce website address may be retrieved from the memory of the battery or the host machine. In an alternative embodiment, the address may be obtained from a web service. Recycling credits can be given to provide an incentive for users to return the old core or other recyclable parts. In an embodiment, a recycling surcharge may be issued on the new battery core when the user purchases a replacement core at step9140. The replacement core may be delivered by mail or can be picked up in a retail store. When the user receives the battery core at step9150, the user can be provided with instructions and any necessary tools to replace the old battery core. The instructions should preferably be easy to follow, and the tools should be preferably easy to use. An exemplary series of steps may include: removing the battery end cap, sliding the old battery core out of the battery shell, sliding into the battery shell the new core, which snaps or locks into a predetermined position in the battery shell. The user may also be provided a return envelop or container in which to return or ship back the old battery core. When the return envelope or container sent by the user is received by the manufacturer or designated recycler, the user can be issued a recycling refund at step9160. The refund may be credited against the purchase price of the new battery core or used against future purchases in a network of e-commerce or retail establishments. In step9170, the manufacturer or recycler may refurbish and resell the battery core or destroy and recycle as much of the old core as possible. FIG.9Bshows an exemplary process by which a rechargeable battery can be replaced at a retail store kiosk. In step9210, a user can be alerted of a need to service or replace a battery. User can then directed at step9220to locations of local retail stores with kiosks adapted to replace or service the old battery. At the kiosk in step9230, user may drop the old battery into the kiosk for servicing or replacement. In step9240, the kiosk can be adapted to service the old battery by replacing the battery core of the old battery or by vending a compatible battery to replace the old battery. In one embodiment, a kiosk at a retail store can contain a specialized tool attached to an automated mechanism. If the kiosk machine determines that the battery core can be replaced, the machine, potentially using the specialized tool, can remove the end cap without damaging the battery components and drop the old battery core out of the shell into an internal container used for collecting old cores to be recycled. The machine can then take a new core from an internal supply that is periodically monitored and replaced, insert the new core into the shell, replace the end cap, and run diagnostic tests to ensure that all is in working order. If the kiosk machine determines that the battery cannot be serviced by replacing the core, it can select a new battery of a compatible type to vend to the user. At step9250, the user may be charged a fee based on whether the battery is serviced or replaced. In step9260, the user can retrieve a battery, which may be the old battery with a new core or a new battery compatible to be used in place of the old battery. In a specific embodiment of an exemplary process at a kiosk, the following steps may be performed at a kiosk:1) Push the two metallic posts out of the end cap and remove attached entire electronic subassembly from the end cap.2) Drop the end cap shell and attached structures into a container for recycling.3) Separate the electronic circuit from the metallic posts by breaking attachments may couple the posts to the circuit and extract components such as the magnetic switch and the positive/negative power connections for recycling.5) Remove the electronic circuit into a separate container for proper disposal, or potentially further processing by external equipment and procedures.6) Print a ticket for the user containing an ID number associated with the recycling credit granted to the user for this procedure. The user can then use this ID number at a physical or online retail purchase in the future. The machine has a network connection that allows it to communicate with a back-end system, that back-end system being the entity that generated the ID number and other associated data structures related to this recycling credit.7) Alternatively, use the credit toward the purchase of a new battery at the kiosk. This section has discussed several embodiments of the invention relating to the charging of batteries for wireless or mobile devices. The descriptions here are meant to be illustrative only and should not be taken to unnecessarily restrict the scope of the invention. While these inventions have been described in the context of the above specific embodiments, other modifications and variations are possible. A person skilled in the arts would understand that many variations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope and breadth of the present invention should not be limited by the specific embodiments described above and should instead be determined by the following claims and their full extend of equivalents. | 82,924 |
11942807 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION A riding-type mower100shown inFIG.1toFIG.3can be operated by an operator riding on the riding-type mower100to mow lawns, vegetation and the like. The riding-type mower100includes a body frame11, a seat12, a mowing unit13, a walking unit14, an operating device15, a power supply device16, and a control unit. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the terms “controller”, “control unit”, “power management module”, “module”, “unit” and “processor” may include or relate to at least one of hardware or software. The body frame11is configured to carry the seat12, and at least a portion of the body frame11extends along a direction parallel to a forward and back direction of the frame11. The seat12is configured for the operator sitting, and the seat12is mounted on the body frame11. The forward and back direction refers to a left-right direction inFIG.1. The mowing unit13is connected to the body frame11, and the mowing unit13includes a mowing element implementing a mowing function. As shown inFIG.4, the mowing unit13further includes a first motor131configured to drive the mowing element to rotate at a high speed. The mowing unit13may include more than one mowing element, and correspondingly, a number of first motors131may correspond to a number of mowing elements. In this example, the mowing elements are three blades, and three corresponding first motors are provided. In other examples, the mowing unit13further includes a first controller132controlling the first motor131. The walking unit14enables the riding-type mower100to walk on, i.e., move over, the lawn. As shown inFIG.2andFIG.3, the walking unit14includes a road wheel, the road wheel includes a first road wheel141and a second road wheel142, and the above-mentioned mowing unit13is disposed between the first road wheel141and the second road wheel142. Two first road wheels141are provided, and two second road wheels142are further provided. As shown inFIG.4, the walking unit14further includes a second motor143, and the second motor143is configured to drive the second road wheels142. Two second motors are further provided. When the two second motors143drive corresponding second walking wheels142to rotate at different rotational speeds, a speed difference occurs between the two second road wheels142, thereby causing the riding-type mower100to veer. In other examples, the walking unit14further includes a second controller144controlling the second motor143. The operating device15is configured to be operated by a user so as to control a walking and mowing action of the riding-type mower100. As shown inFIG.2, the operating assembly15may include a first operating assembly151and a second operating assembly. The first operating assembly151is configured to be operated by the user so as to start the second motor143in the walking unit14, thereby controlling the riding-type mower100to walk on the lawn. The two first operating assemblies151are provided, and in this example, the two first operating assemblies151control the two corresponding second motors143, respectively. The second operating assembly is configured to be operated by the user so as to start the first motor131in the mowing unit13, thereby controlling the mowing element to mow. As shown inFIG.3, the power supply device16includes at least one battery pack161, the at least one battery pack161is configured to supply an energy source to the riding-type mower100, and the at least one battery pack161is further configured to supply the energy source to another electric power tool. At least one battery cell group is disposed in the battery pack161, and the battery cell group includes a plurality of battery cells electrically connected to each other. In one example, the battery cell may be a lithium battery cell. The battery pack161can be detached from the body frame11by the user. The electric power tool system200shown inFIG.3includes the riding-type mower100and a hand-held electric power tool100a.The battery pack161in the power supply device16that supplies power to the riding-type mower100can be detached from the riding-type mower100and mounted to the hand-held electric power tool100a,such that the battery pack161can further supply the energy source to the hand-held electric power tool100a.That is to say, the battery pack161in the power supply device16of the present application can be applied to not only the riding-type mower100, but also other hand-held electric power tools100a,thereby improving the adaptability of the battery pack161and the ability of the riding-type mower100adapting to the battery pack161. In one example, the hand-held electric power tool100amay be a garden tool such as a grass trimmer, a pruner, or a blowing machine; a torque output tool such as an electric drill or an electric hammer; a saw-type tool such as an electric circular saw, a turning saw, or a reciprocating saw; or a grinding-type tool such as an angle grinder, or a sander. In other examples, the battery pack161is further configured to supply power to a hand-pushing electric power tool, such as a hand-pushing mower or a hand-pushing snow sweeper. In one example, a number of battery packs is greater than or equal to four and less than or equal to ten. A weight of a single battery pack is less than or equal to 4 KG. The advantage is that requirement of larger output power or larger output current of the riding-type mower100is satisfied and the whole riding-type mower100will not appear cumbersome. In one example, discharge power of the power supply device16ranges from 2 KW to 4 KW. In one example, discharge power of a single battery pack161ranges from 500 W to 6500 W. In one example, a capacity of a single battery pack161is greater than or equal to 130 Wh and less than or equal to 1000 Wh. As shown inFIG.3, the power supply device16further includes a battery compartment162for mounting the battery pack161, and the power supply device16may include a plurality of battery compartments162. For example, in this example, the power supply device16includes six battery compartments162, and the six battery compartments162are all disposed at one end of the seat12facing away from the first road wheel141. Correspondingly, the power supply device16includes six battery packs161, and the six battery packs161can be installed in the six corresponding battery compartments162, respectively. As shown inFIG.4, each battery compartment162is provided with a battery pack port164, and the battery pack port164is configured to electrically access the respective battery pack161. In one example, the battery pack port164includes a communication terminal, and the communication terminal of the battery pack port164is configured to be connected to a communication terminal of the battery pack161so as to transmit a communication signal. In one example, the six battery compartments162may also be formed by a single battery compartment with a larger size. That is to say, the power supply device16includes only one battery compartment162, and the plurality of battery packs161are all installed in the one battery compartment162. In this case, the one battery compartment162includes six battery pack ports164, and the six battery pack ports164are correspondingly connected to the six battery packs161, respectively. Alternatively, the power supply device16may include only one battery compartment162, and correspondingly, the power supply device16may also include one battery pack161. That is to say, a number of battery compartments162and a number of battery packs161are not specifically limited, and the corresponding relation between the battery compartments162and the battery packs161is not limited to a one-to-one correspondence, but a number of battery pack ports164should correspond to a maximum number of the accessed battery packs161. Referring toFIG.4, the power supply device16further includes a power management module163, and the power management module163can be electrically connected to the battery pack port164of each battery compartment162. The power management module163is configured to perform charge management or discharge management on an electrically accessed battery pack161. In one example, the power management module163relates to at least one of software or hardware. The power management module163may perform charge management or discharge management on one electrically accessed battery pack161, or perform charge management or discharge management on two or more electrically accessed battery packs161, or perform charge management and discharge management on two or more electrically accessed battery packs161; or perform charge management or discharge management on one or more battery packs in a plurality of battery packs161which are electrically accessed. In one example, the power management module163includes a charging port1631, an electric energy output port1632, and a controller1633. As shown inFIG.4, the charging port1631is configured to be electrically connected to a charger17so as to charge a battery pack161electrically connected to the power management module163. In one example, an electric energy input port is disposed outside the riding-type mower100, and an output interface of the charger17may be electrically connected to the charging port1631through an external cable or the output interface of the charger17may be electrically connected to the charging port1631in direct. For example, the output interface of the charger17is electrically connected to the charging port1631in a plug-and-unplug mode. In other examples, the charging port1631may be disposed inside the riding-type mower100, and the charger17may also be built in the riding-type mower100. In this case, the output interface of the charger17and the charging port1631are both disposed inside the riding-type mower100, and the output interface of the charger17is electrically connected to the charging port1631through internal wires. The electric energy output port1632is configured to output electric energy of the battery pack161to other electronic assemblies or external devices of the riding-type mower100so as to provide electric energy to the other electronic assemblies or external devices. For example, in this example, the electric energy output port1632is configured to supply the electric energy of the battery pack161to the first motor131and the first controller132of the mowing unit13and to the second motor143and the second controller144of the walking unit14. The electric energy output port1632is further configured to output the electric energy of the battery pack161to an auxiliary function module18, and the auxiliary function module18is configured to provide an auxiliary function of the riding-type mower100. The auxiliary function module18may include a power conversion module185, at least one alternating current (AC) electrical output interface181, at least one direct current (DC) electrical output interface182, at least one universal serial bus (USB) interface183, a lighting device184. The power conversion module185is configured to convert electric energy from at least one battery pack161into electric energy which can be used by external devices. The AC electrical output interface181may output 220V three-phase alternating current, the DC electrical output interface182may output 12V/25W direct current, and the USB interface may charge an electronic device (such as a mobile phone) having a USB interface. In one example, the auxiliary function module18may further include other function modules. In one example, the power conversion module185may also be integrated into the power management module163. As shown inFIG.4, the controller1633of the power management module163includes a charging unit and a discharge unit. The charging unit enables the charger17to charge the battery pack161electrically connected to the power management module163. In one example, the charging unit includes a charging input end, a charging output end, and an electronic switch. The charging input end of the charging unit is electrically connected to the charging port1631, and the charging output end of the charging unit is electrically connected to the battery pack port164. In one example, the charging input end of the charging unit is the charging port1631. In one example, the charging output end of the charging unit is the battery pack port164. The charging input end of the charging unit and the charging output end of the charging unit can achieve electrical connection between the battery pack161and the charger17. The electronic switch includes two contact ends and one enabled end, the two contact ends are connected in series between the charging input end and the charging output end, the enabled end is connected to the controller1633, and the enabled end is configured to receive a control signal from the controller1633so as to control on and off of the electronic switch. In one example, the electronic switch is a relay. In other examples, the electronic switch is a power switching tube. When the electronic switch is turned on, an electrical connection between the charging port1631and the battery pack port164is established so as to enable the charger17to charge the accessed battery pack161through the charging unit. When the electronic switch is disconnected, the electrical connection between the charging port1631and the battery pack port164is disconnected, and at this time, the charger17cannot charge the accessed battery pack161through the charging unit. In one example, an input end of the discharge unit is electrically connected to the battery pack port164, and an output end of the discharge unit is electrically connected to the electric energy output port1632. In one example, the input end of the discharge unit is the battery pack port164such that the battery pack port164is electrically connected to the discharge unit. In other examples, the input end of the discharge unit is electrically connected to the battery pack port164such that the battery pack161is electrically connected to the discharge unit. In one example, the discharge unit includes an electronic switch, the electronic switch includes two contact ends and one enabled end, the two contact ends are connected in series between the input end of the discharge unit and the output end of the discharge unit, the enabled end is electrically connected to the controller1633, and the enabled end is configured to receive a control signal from the controller1633so as to control the on and off of the electronic switch. In one example, the electronic switch is a relay. In other examples, the electronic switch is a power switching tube. The controller1633of the power management module163is configured to control the charging unit and the discharge unit and can further achieve coordinated management of the plurality of battery packs161. For example, a plurality of accessed battery packs161with a larger voltage difference are coordinated and managed so as to prevent cross-charging between the plurality of battery packs161when the voltage difference is relatively large, or battery packs161satisfying a charging and discharge condition are selected for charging control or discharging control. The controller1633of the power management module163is further configured to process data, output a control signal, and the like. In the above-mentioned examples of the present application, the riding-type mower100controls current distribution between at least two loads through the controller1633, and the at least two loads include the mowing unit13and the walking unit14. The mowing unit13includes the first motor131, and the walking unit includes the second motor143. The controller1633of the power management module163controls a working current of the first motor131of the mowing unit13during the mowing operation of the mowing unit13and a working current of the second motor143of the walking unit14during the walking of the walking unit14. In one example, the power supply device16may further include a detector or a monitoring circuit, and the detector or the monitoring circuit is configured to detect a physical parameter or an electrical parameter of the battery pack161during the battery pack161charging or discharging. For example, as shown inFIG.9, a voltage monitoring circuit165of each battery pack161is configured to detect a voltage of each battery pack161. A total voltage monitoring circuit167is configured to monitor a total voltage output by the power supply device16. A current detection circuit166associated with each battery pack161is disposed on each battery pack circuit, and the current detection circuit166is configured to detect a charging current or a discharge current of each battery pack161. A total current monitoring circuit168is configured to monitor a total current output by the power supply device16. A temperature detection circuit in the power supply device16is configured to detect an internal temperature of each battery pack161or a temperature of each battery compartment162. In one example, the power management module163may further include a battery capacity detection unit, and the battery capacity detection unit is configured to detect a battery capacity or a capacity of each battery pack161inserted into the battery compartment162. In this example, the power management module163is connected to each load in a bus mode. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the controller1633of the power management module163may include at least one processor or controller. In one example, the processor is a microprocessor (MCU). In one example, the controller1633may include only one processor or controller, and all battery packs161share the one processor or controller. The processor or controller is configured to control an indicator state of each battery pack161and the electronic switch on a charging and discharging circuit according to information of each battery pack161, such as a voltage, a current, a temperature, and SOC. In one example, the controller1633may include a plurality of processors or controllers, and a number of the processors is less than a number of the battery compartments162. For example, for six battery packs161, three battery packs161of the six battery packs161share one processor or controller, and there are two processors or controllers in total. In other examples, the controller1633includes processors or controllers, and a number of the processors or controllers is the same as a number of the battery compartments162. Each battery pack161has a respective processor or controller, and the processor or the controller is configured to control an indicator state of the corresponding battery pack161and a plurality of electronic switches on a circuit of the corresponding battery pack161according to information of a corresponding battery pack161, such as a current, a voltage, a temperature, and SOC. The controller1633may include a plurality of processors or controllers, and the plurality of processors or controllers may communicate and exchange respective information with each other. In this way, the plurality of processors or controllers can obtain state information and the like of all the battery packs161, so as to better achieve the coordinated management of charging and discharging of all the battery packs161. In one example, one processor or controller may further be selected as a host, and the host is configured to collect and process information of other processors or controllers (including current status information of each battery pack161) so as to coordinate and manage the plurality of processors or controllers. The host is further configured to transmit status information of the power supply device16or the plurality of battery packs161to an external apparatus (such as a display screen). One or more electronic switches are disposed in series on each battery pack circuit, and a control end of the electronic switch is electrically connected to a processor or controller of a corresponding battery pack161so as to receive a control signal from the corresponding processor or controller. In this way, in a charging process of the battery pack161, the electronic switch allows a charging current to flow into the battery pack161or prohibits a charging current from flowing into the battery pack161; and in a discharge process of the battery pack161, the electronic switch allows or prohibits a discharging current from the battery pack161. In one example, the electronic switch is a metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) tube. In this example, the power management module163can coordinate and manage the plurality of battery packs161in the power supply device16such that at least two battery packs161can jointly discharge to provide sufficient electric energy for the riding-type mower100. The power management module163is configured to determine whether the battery pack161satisfies a discharge condition and control a battery pack161satisfying the discharge condition to discharge when the battery pack161satisfies the discharge condition. The discharge condition includes that a sum of numbers of respective battery cell groups of all battery packs161connected in parallel is greater than or equal to five. In this way, a case that a current tolerated by each battery cell in the battery pack161being discharged exceeds a current of the battery pack161that can safely discharge due to larger output power or output current required by the riding-type mower100can be avoided. If the current tolerated by each battery cell exceeds the current of the battery pack161that can safely discharge, not only a service life of the battery pack161will be affected, but also safety problems will be caused. Moreover, a total parallel number of battery packs161in the power supply device16participating in discharge needs to be greater than or equal to five so as to ensure sufficient output power while improving the safety of the discharge process. For ease of description, a parallel number of the battery pack161is defined firstly. The parallel number of the battery pack161is a number of battery cell groups in the battery pack161connected in parallel, and the parallel number is expressed as a symbol P. A single battery pack161having a number n of internal battery cell groups connected in parallel may be referred to as an nP battery pack. For example, a 2P battery pack means that the number of battery cell groups in the battery pack connected in parallel is two. When the plurality of battery packs161are connected in parallel, the sum (that is, a total parallel number) of the battery cell groups of battery packs161connected in parallel is a sum of parallel numbers of respective battery cell groups of the battery packs161, and the total parallel number is expressed as a symbol Ptotal. For example, when a 1P battery pack161, a 2P battery pack161, and a 3P battery pack161are connected in parallel, the sum of numbers of battery cell groups of all the battery packs161connected in parallel Ptotal=1P+2P+3P=6P. For ease of description, the total parallel number Ptotalof battery packs in the present application is the sum of the number of all battery cell groups connected in parallel. According to the above-mentioned definition, when one 1P battery pack161and one 3P battery pack161are connected in parallel, or two 2P battery packs161are connected in parallel, the total parallel number Ptotalis equal to four. At this time, the above-mentioned parallel number condition is not satisfied, and the power supply device16will not discharge. In the present application, a number of battery packs161in the power supply device16satisfying the discharge condition may be one, two or more. In a case where the number of battery packs161satisfying the discharge condition is one, the number of internal battery cell of the battery packs161groups connected in parallel satisfying the discharge condition is greater than or equal to five. In a case where the number of battery packs161satisfying the discharge condition is two or more, the sum of numbers of battery cell groups of all battery packs161connected in parallel is greater than or equal to five. For example, when a 1P battery pack161, a 2P battery pack161, and a 3P battery pack161are connected in parallel, the sum of numbers of battery cell groups of all the battery packs161connected in parallel is six. As described above, when the sum of the numbers of battery cell groups of the battery packs161connected in parallel in the power supply device16satisfying the discharge condition is less than 5, the power supply device16will not discharge. In a case where the number of battery packs161satisfying the discharge condition is two or more, the battery cell groups of the battery packs161satisfying the discharge condition have a same rated voltage. In this way, when the plurality of battery packs161are discharged at the same time, the battery cell groups of the battery packs161can be prevented from being overdischarged due to insufficient electric power, thus damaging the battery pack161. In one example, a number of battery cells in each battery cell group may be equal or not equal. That is to say, the power supply device16may include only one battery pack161, and the number of battery cell groups of the battery pack161connected in parallel is greater than or equal to five. The power supply device16may also include at least two battery packs161, and the sum of numbers of battery cell groups of the respective battery packs161connected in parallel is greater than or equal to five. In this example, the battery pack161inserted into the battery compartment162must be in an operational state, that is, the battery pack161has no abnormalities. For example, the battery pack161does not have an abnormal condition that the battery pack161cannot work normally due to factors such as over-temperature or imbalance, that is, the battery pack161is in the operational state such that the battery pack161can be discharged and the safety of discharge can be ensured. The discharge condition further includes that a temperature of the battery pack161is less than a preset temperature threshold. In one example, when the temperature of the battery pack161is greater than or equal to the preset temperature threshold, the power management module163controls the battery pack161to discharge after waiting for the temperature of the battery pack161is changed to be less than the preset temperature threshold. In a discharge process of the power supply device16, when a discharge current of any one battery pack161is greater than a preset current threshold, the power management module163controls the battery packs161to stop discharging. In one example, a value of the preset current threshold ranges from 40 A-60 A. In a discharge process of the power supply device16, when a voltage difference of each battery cell in any one battery pack161is greater than a preset voltage difference threshold, the power management module163controls the battery packs161to stop discharging, that is, when voltages of internal battery cells of the battery pack161are unbalanced, the power management module163controls the battery packs161to stop discharging. When the power supply device16includes only one battery pack161, when the battery pack161satisfies the discharge condition, the power management module163may control the battery pack161to discharge. When at least two battery packs161satisfy the discharge condition, the at least two battery packs161can together discharge only when voltages of the at least two battery packs161are equal or substantially equal, that is, only when a voltage difference of the at least two battery packs161is within a preset range can the at least two battery packs161jointly discharge. In this example, the voltages of the at least two battery packs161being equal refers to that a voltage difference between every two battery packs in the plurality of battery packs161is less than the preset voltage difference threshold, and the preset voltage difference threshold may be 2V, 1V, or the like. The joint discharge of the at least two battery packs161ensures that a current in a discharge loop of each battery pack161does not exceed a safe current value that the battery pack161can tolerate. The advantage is that an output current of the riding-type mower100can be prevented from being too large. If only one battery pack161discharges within a preset period of time, a discharge current in the discharge loop of the battery pack161is bound to be very large and may exceed the safe current value that the discharge loop of the battery pack161can tolerate, thus not only affecting the service life of the battery pack161, but also causing safety accidents. Only the voltages of the at least two battery packs being equal or substantially equal is satisfied, the at least two battery packs can jointly discharge, that is, if the voltage difference value is within the preset range, the phenomenon of reverse current that a high-voltage battery pack161charges a low-voltage battery pack161due to the large voltage difference between battery packs161connected in parallel and the parallel discharge of the battery packs161at the same time can be avoided, which is not conducive to the normal discharge of the battery pack10and the normal operation of the riding-type mower100. In the power supply device16having two or more battery packs161, a plurality of battery packs161with an equal or substantially equal voltage may be provided, that is, the voltage difference of the plurality of battery packs161is within the preset range. The plurality of battery packs161with an equal or substantially equal voltage are defined as one battery pack unit, a plurality of battery packs161with a same uniform voltage are defined as one battery pack unit, and the one battery pack unit has one uniform voltage. In this way, the one battery pack unit has at least two battery packs161. A single battery pack161may also be defined as one battery pack unit, the one battery pack unit has only one battery pack161, and a uniform voltage of the battery pack unit may be defined as a voltage of the battery pack161. In this example, if a plurality of battery pack units having different uniform voltages are provided, that is, when at least two battery pack units are provided, a method of the power management module163controlling the at least two battery pack units to jointly discharge includes steps described below. Battery packs161with an equal or substantially equal voltage are grouped into one battery pack unit, that is, battery packs161where a voltage difference between the battery packs is within the preset range is grouped into one battery pack unit. The battery pack units sequentially discharge according to a voltage level sequence of the battery pack units from highest to lowest until all battery pack units jointly discharge finally. In the discharge process of the power supply device16, the voltage monitoring circuit165, a temperature monitoring circuit, and the current detection circuit166which are correlated with each battery pack161monitor the temperature of each battery pack161, the voltage of each battery pack161, the current of a single battery pack circuit, and a switching tube on each battery pack circuit in real time. If the battery pack161has an abnormal state such as overtemperature, overcurrent of a battery pack circuit, or internal cell voltage imbalance in the discharge process, the power management module163enables the battery pack161to stop working and removes the battery pack161from a discharge battery pack queue, such that the battery pack161exits a discharge state without affecting the operation of the whole machine. In one example, in order to ensure that the riding-type mower100can have at least some power to complete the remedial work, such as braking or returning to the base, when the parallel number of battery packs161is less than a preset parallel number, even if a battery pack161has abnormal conditions, the battery pack161will not be removed. Referring toFIG.5,FIG.5illustrates a discharge method of the power supply device of the riding-type mower100, and the method includes steps described below. In step S101, a status of a battery pack and a status of a battery pack circuit in each battery compartment162are monitored in real time. For example, whether a voltage of the battery pack161, a temperature of the battery pack161, a discharge current of a single battery pack circuit and a temperature of a MOS tube of the battery pack circuit appear abnormalities is monitored. If the battery pack161inserted into the battery compartment162is overheated or unbalanced, a discharge current of a single-path battery pack is greater than an over current protection threshold (such as 50 A) or a duration of the discharge current of the single-path battery pack being greater than the over current protection threshold (such as 50 A) is greater than a preset duration (such as 30 s), or the MOS of the circuit of the battery pack circuit is overheated, it is determined that the battery pack161is in an abnormal state or an inoperative state. In step S102, the battery pack in the abnormal state is stopped from discharging. When a battery pack in the abnormal state is detected, the power management module163stops the battery pack161in the abnormal state from discharging. In other examples, in the discharge process, if an abnormality occurs in the battery pack161, the power management module163controls all the battery packs161to stop discharging, removes the abnormal battery pack161from the discharge queue, and re-performs discharge control on other battery packs161satisfying the discharge condition according to the above-mentioned method. In step S103, a total parallel number Ptotalof battery packs without abnormality is counted. As described above, the total parallel number Ptotalof the plurality of battery packs161is a sum of parallel numbers of the respective battery packs161, and the parallel number P of each battery pack161is the number of interior battery cells in the each battery pack161connected in parallel. For example, when a 1P battery pack161, a 2P battery pack161, and a 3P battery pack161are connected in parallel, the total parallel number Ptotal=1P+2P+3P=6P. Assuming that the parallel number P of each battery pack161is 2 and all of the six battery packs161have no abnormalities, then the total parallel number of battery packs161without abnormalities inFIG.7is Ptotal=2*6=12. In step S104, whether Ptotalis greater than or equal to the preset parallel number is determined. In one example, the preset parallel number is set to 5. If the total parallel number Ptotalof the battery packs161without abnormality is greater than or equal to 5, step S105is turned to. If the total parallel number Ptotalof the battery packs161without abnormality is less than 5, step S107is turned to, and the discharge of the power supply device16is terminated. The preset parallel number P herein may also be other values, as long as an actual output current of each battery cell is matched with factory characteristics of the battery cell and the discharge current of each battery cell is within a safe current range that the battery cell can tolerate. In step S105, the at least two battery packs161are grouped into at least two battery pack units according to a voltage uniformity condition. Still referring toFIG.4, assuming that a first battery pack BAT1, a second battery pack BAT2and a third battery pack BAT3satisfy the voltage uniformity condition and the uniform voltage is 40V, a fourth battery pack BAT4and a sixth battery pack BAT6satisfy the voltage uniformity condition and the uniform voltage is 50V, and a voltage of a fifth battery pack BAT5is 45V, then, the first battery pack BAT1, the second battery pack BAT2and the third battery pack BAT3are grouped into one group, that is, a first battery pack unit, and a voltage of the first battery pack unit is 40V; similarly, the fourth battery pack BAT4and the sixth battery pack BAT6are grouped into one group, that is, a second battery pack unit; the fifth battery pack BAT5may be formed into one group, that is, a third battery pack unit (this battery pack unit has only one battery pack), and a voltage of the third battery pack unit is 45V. In step S106, the battery pack units sequentially discharge according to the voltage level sequence of the battery pack units from highest to lowest until all battery pack units jointly discharge finally. The power supply device16shown inFIG.4is described as an example, and the plurality of battery pack units are sorted according to the voltage level sequence from highest to lowest as follows: the second battery pack unit>the third battery pack unit>the first battery pack unit. In one example, the controller1633of the power management module163outputs a control signal to the battery packs161of the second battery pack unit, that is, the fourth battery pack BAT4and the sixth battery pack BAT6, such that the fourth battery pack BAT4and the sixth battery pack BAT6jointly discharge. After the fourth battery pack BAT4, the sixth battery pack BAT6of the second battery pack unit and the fifth battery pack BAT5of the third battery pack unit satisfy the voltage uniformity condition, the controller1633of the power management module163outputs a control signal to the fourth battery pack BAT4, the fifth battery pack BAT5, and the sixth battery pack BAT6such that the fourth battery pack BAT4, the fifth battery pack BAT5, and the sixth battery pack BAT6jointly discharge. After the fourth battery pack BAT4, the fifth battery pack BAT5, the sixth battery pack BAT6and the first battery pack BAT1, the second battery pack BAT2, and the third battery pack BAT3of the first battery pack unit satisfy the voltage uniformity condition, the controller1633of the power management module163outputs a control signal to the first battery pack BAT1, the second battery pack BAT2, the third battery pack BAT3, the fourth battery pack BAT4, the fifth battery pack BAT5, and the sixth battery pack BAT6, such that the first battery pack BAT1, the second battery pack BAT2, the third battery pack BAT3, the fourth battery pack BAT4, the fifth battery pack BAT5, and the sixth battery pack BAT6jointly discharge, thereby finally achieving joint discharge of the six battery packs. According to this mode, a discharge sequence of the plurality of battery packs inFIG.4is BAT4and BAT6→BAT4, BAT5and BAT6→BAT1, BAT2, BAT3, BAT4, BAT5and BAT6. In this example, when the plurality of battery packs161are grouped into one battery pack unit according to the voltage uniformity condition, the plurality of battery packs161discharge at the same time. In step S107, the discharge of the power supply device16is terminated. In the discharge process, when a battery pack161is inserted or pulled out, the discharge control needs to be re-performed on the plurality of battery packs161according to the above-mentioned method. In the discharge process of the power supply device16, if the temperature of the battery pack161is greater than or equal to the preset temperature threshold, the power supply management module163adds the battery pack161to the discharge queue after waiting for the temperature of the battery pack161changing to be less than the preset temperature threshold and controls the battery pack161to discharge. Referring toFIG.6,FIG.6illustrates another discharge method of the power supply device of the riding-type mower100, and the discharge method includes steps described below. In step S201, a state of each battery pack and a state of a battery pack circuit in each battery compartment162are monitored in real time. For example, whether a voltage of the battery pack161, a temperature of the battery pack161, a discharge current of a single battery pack circuit and a temperature of a MOS tube of the battery pack circuit appear abnormalities is monitored, if the battery pack161inserted into the battery compartment162is overheated or unbalanced, a discharge current of a single-path battery pack is greater than an over current protection threshold (such as 50 A) or a duration of the discharge current of the single-path battery pack being greater than the over current protection threshold (such as 50 A) is greater than a preset duration (such as 30 s), or the MOS of the battery pack circuit is overheated, it is determined that the battery pack161is in an abnormal state or an inoperative state. In step S202, whether a battery pack only has temperature abnormality is determined. If a battery pack only has the temperature abnormality, the battery pack joins the battery pack discharge queue after the temperature of the battery pack is restored to a normal temperature, and the power management module163can control the battery pack to discharge. If the battery pack has more than temperature abnormality, step S203is turned to. In one example, the temperature monitoring circuit detects the temperature of each battery pack161in real time, and the power management module163determines whether the temperature of each battery pack161satisfies a temperature condition for charging and discharging. For example, when whether the temperature of the battery pack161is greater than or equal to the preset temperature threshold is determined, if the battery pack161satisfies the charging and discharging condition and has no other abnormal conditions, the battery pack161is determined to be free of abnormalities; and if the battery pack has only the temperature abnormality, after waiting for cooling of the battery pack161and monitoring the temperature of the battery pack until the temperature of the battery pack returns a normal state, the battery pack161joins the discharge queue, and the battery pack161is controlled to discharge. In step S203, an abnormal battery pack is stopped from discharging. When a battery pack161in the abnormal state is monitored, the power management module163stops the battery pack161in the abnormal state from discharging. In other examples, in the discharge process, if an abnormality occurs in the battery pack161, the power management module163controls all the battery packs161to stop discharging, removes the abnormal battery pack161from the discharge queue, and re-performs discharge control on other battery packs161satisfying the discharge condition according to the above-mentioned method. In step S204, a total parallel number Ptotalof battery packs without abnormality is counted. The above-mentioned step S103is referred to. In step S205, whether Ptotalis greater than or equal to the preset parallel number is determined. In this example, if the total parallel number of battery packs161is less than the preset parallel number, it may be considered that in step S202, a battery pack161previously having an abnormal temperature has restored to the normal temperature during waiting, so step S201can be returned to until the total parallel number Ptotalof battery packs without abnormality is greater than or equal to the preset parallel number. In one example, timekeeping may be performed after step S701is returned to, and the discharge process is exited after a preset period of time (such as 5 min) is exceeded, so as to avoid energy waste caused by long-time waiting or program cycling. In step S206, at least two battery packs are grouped into at least two battery pack units according to the voltage uniformity condition. The above-mentioned step S105is referred to. In step S207, battery pack units sequentially discharge according to the voltage level sequence of the battery pack units from highest to lowest until all battery pack units jointly discharge finally. The above-mentioned step S106is referred to. In this example, when the plurality of battery packs161are grouped into one battery pack unit according to the voltage uniformity condition, the plurality of battery packs161discharge at the same time. In step S208, the discharge of the power supply device16is terminated. In the discharge process, when a battery pack161is inserted or pulled out, the discharge control needs to be re-performed on the plurality of battery packs161according to the above-mentioned method. As shown inFIG.7, the riding-type mower100or the power supply device16includes at least a first battery pack circuit and a second battery pack circuit which are connected in parallel, where the first battery pack circuit includes a first battery pack161aand a first electronic switch which are connected in series with each other, and the second battery pack circuit includes a second battery pack161band a second electronic switch which are connected in series with each other. The power management module163controls the first electronic switch on the first battery pack circuit and the second electronic switch on the second battery pack circuit, such that output current of the at least two battery packs161connected in parallel are between a first rated current and a second rated current. The first rated current is a working current at which the riding-type mower100can at least perform mowing, and the second rated current is a working current at which the riding-type mower100can at least perform walking. The first electronic switch and the second electronic switch may include a plurality of electronic switches, and the plurality of electronic switches are configured to be turned on when different charging and discharging conditions are satisfied, separately, so as to improve the safety and reliability of the charging and discharging process. Referring toFIG.7, in one example, the power supply device16includes the first battery pack circuit and the second battery pack circuit which are connected in parallel, the first battery pack circuit includes the first battery pack161a,and the second battery pack circuit includes the second battery pack161bconnected in series. The method of the power management module163controlling the two battery packs161to jointly discharge includes steps described below. A voltage of the first battery pack161aand a voltage of the second battery pack161bare acquired. Whether the voltage of the first battery pack161aand the voltage of the second battery pack161bare equal or substantially equal is determined. When the voltage of the first battery pack161aand the voltage of the second battery pack161bare equal or substantially equal, that is, a voltage difference between the first battery pack161aand the second battery pack161bis within a preset range, the first battery pack161aand the second battery pack161bare controlled to jointly discharge. When the difference between the voltage of the first battery pack161aand the voltage of the second battery pack161bis relatively large, that is, the voltage difference exceeds the preset range, a battery pack with a higher voltage between the first battery pack161aand the second battery pack161bis controlled to discharge first until the voltage of the first battery pack161aand the voltage of the second battery pack161bare equal or substantially equal, that is, the voltage difference is within the preset range, and then the first battery pack161aand the second battery pack161bare controlled to jointly discharge. The power supply device16includes the first battery pack circuit and the second battery pack circuit which are connected in parallel with each other. The first battery pack circuit includes a discharge MOS tube Q11and a charging MOS tube Q12which are connected in series with the first battery pack161a,the discharge MOS tube Q11and the charging MOS tube Q12are connected in subtractive series, and both the discharge MOS tube Q11and the charging MOS tube Q12include a parasitic diode. The second battery pack circuit includes a discharge MOS tube Q21and a charging MOS tube Q22which are connected in series with the second battery pack161b,the discharge MOS tube Q21and the charging MOS tube Q22are connected in subtractive series, and both the discharge MOS tube Q21and the charging MOS tube Q22include a parasitic diode. In one example, the first battery pack161afurther includes a microcontroller, the second battery pack161bfurther includes a microcontroller, and the microcontroller is configured to communicate with the controller1633of the power management module163of the power supply device16so as to ensure a normal charging and discharging process. The method of the power management module163controlling the two battery packs161to jointly discharge includes steps described below. The charging MOS tube in the first battery pack circuit and the charging MOS tube in the second battery pack circuit are controlled to be turned on. A discharge MOS tube in a battery pack circuit where a battery pack with a higher voltage between the first battery pack161aand the second battery pack161bis located is controlled to be turned on. When a current of a battery pack circuit where a battery pack with a lower voltage between the first battery pack161aand the second battery pack161bis located is greater than a first preset current threshold, the discharge MOS tube in this battery pack circuit is controlled to be turned on so as to enable the first battery pack161aand the second battery pack161bto jointly discharge. In one example, a value of the first preset current threshold ranges from 0 A to 3 A. Referring toFIG.8, the method of the power management module163controlling the two battery packs161to jointly discharge includes steps described below. In step S301, a charging MOS tube in the first battery pack circuit and a charging MOS tube in the second battery pack circuit are controlled to be turned on. In step S302, a discharge MOS tube in a battery pack circuit where a battery pack161with a higher voltage between the first battery pack161aand the second battery pack161bis located is controlled to be turned on. In step S303, whether a current of a battery pack circuit where a battery pack with a lower voltage is located is greater than the first preset current threshold is determined. If the current of the battery pack circuit where the battery pack with the lower voltage is located is greater than the first preset current threshold, step S104is turned to. If the current of the battery pack circuit where the battery pack with the lower voltage is located is less than the first preset current threshold, step S103is turned to, and the discharge of the battery pack with the higher voltage between the first battery pack161aand the second battery pack161bis continued until the current of the battery pack circuit where the battery pack with the lower voltage is located being greater than the preset current threshold is detected. In one example, a value of the first preset current threshold ranges from 0 A to 3 A. In step S304, a discharge MOS tube in the battery pack circuit where the battery pack with the lower voltage between the first battery pack and the second battery pack is located is controlled to be turned on. In step S305, the first battery pack161aand the second battery pack161bjointly discharge. Assuming that the voltage of the first battery pack161ais greater than the voltage of the second battery pack161b,for example, the voltage of the first battery pack161ais 58V and the voltage of the second battery pack161bis 50V, then a process of the controller1633of the power management module163controlling the two battery packs161to discharge includes steps described below. The controller1633transmits a control signal to a first branch discharge MOS tube Q11of the first battery pack circuit and a second branch discharge MOS tube Q21of the second battery pack circuit so as to enable the first branch discharge MOS tube Q11of the first battery pack circuit and the second branch discharge MOS tube Q21of the second battery pack circuit to be turned on. The controller1633compares the voltages of the respective battery packs161and controls the battery pack161with a high voltage to discharge first. In one example, the controller1633compares and determines, according to the voltages of the battery packs161detected by a voltage monitoring module165disposed in the power supply device16, the battery pack161with the higher voltage and transmits a control signal to the battery pack161with the higher voltage to discharge first. In this example, the voltage of the first battery pack161ais 58V, and the voltage of the second battery pack161bis 50V. Therefore, the controller1633transmits the control signal to a first branch charging MOS tube Q12connected in series on the first battery pack circuit to turn on the first branch charging MOS tube Q12, such that both the first branch discharge MOS tube Q11and the first branch charging MOS tube Q12of the first battery pack circuit are turned on, and the first battery pack161adischarges first. After the voltage of the first battery pack161areduces to be equal or substantially equal to the voltage of the second battery pack161b,the controller1633controls the first battery pack161aand the second battery pack161bto jointly discharge. As shown inFIG.7, the first battery pack circuit further includes a current detection circuit166a,and the current detection circuit166ais configured to detect a current of the first battery pack circuit. The second battery pack circuit further includes a current detection circuit166b,and the current detection circuit166bis configured to detect a current of the second battery pack circuit. During the discharge of the first battery pack161a,both the discharge MOS tube Q11and the charging MOS tube Q12on the first battery pack circuit are turned on, the first battery pack discharges through the discharge MOS tube Q11and the charging MOS tube Q12, and the first battery pack circuit has a current flow. At this time, only the charging MOS tube Q22in the second battery pack circuit is turned on, but since the discharge MOS tube Q21has the parasitic diode, even if the discharge MOS tube Q21in the second battery pack circuit is not turned on, if a positive voltage difference exists between two ends of the discharge MOS tube Q21, a low current still will flow through the parasitic diode. In this example, since the voltage of the first battery pack161ais greater than the voltage of the second battery pack161b,a voltage difference between the two ends of the parasitic diode of the discharge MOS tube Q21on the second battery pack circuit is negative, the parasitic diode of the discharge MOS tube Q21on the second battery pack circuit cannot be turned on, and a current value detected by the current detection circuit166bof the second battery pack circuit is zero. As time goes on, the first battery pack161adischarges and a voltage value of the first battery pack161acontinuously decreases; when the voltage of the first battery pack161areduces to be equal or substantially equal to the voltage of the second battery pack161b,that is, the voltage difference is within the preset range, such that the parasitic diode of the second branch discharge MOS tube Q21can be turned on, a low current flows through the parasitic diode of the discharge MOS tube Q21on the second battery pack circuit, and the current detected by the current detection circuit166bof the second battery pack circuit is greater than the preset threshold. The controller1633determines, based on the current detected by the current detection circuit166b,that the voltage of the first battery pack161ais equal or substantially equal to the second battery pack161b,that is, the voltage difference is within the preset range, and then the controller1633outputs the control signal to control the discharge MOS tube Q21of the second battery pack circuit to be turned on, such that the first battery pack161aand the second battery pack161bjointly discharge. In one example, a value of the preset current threshold ranges from 0 to 3 A. In the above-mentioned examples, the power supply device16includes two battery packs161. In other examples, when the power supply device16includes a plurality of dischargeable battery packs161, the power management module163controls the plurality of battery packs161to discharge according to the above-mentioned similar method. Referring toFIG.9, the power supply device16includes a plurality of battery pack circuits connected in parallel, each battery pack circuit includes a battery pack161(BAT1, BAT2, BAT3, BAT4, BAT5, and BAT6), a discharge MOS tube (Q11, Q21, Q31, Q41, Q51, and Q61) and a charging MOS tube (Q12, Q22, Q32, Q42, Q52, and Q62), and the battery pack161, the discharge MOS tube and the charging MOS tub are connected in series. The discharge MOS tube is configured to control the battery pack161to discharge, and the charging MOS tube is configured to control the battery pack161to charge. The discharge MOS tube and the charging MOS tube are connected in series, and the discharge MOS tube and the charging MOS tube include a parasitic diode connected to the discharge MOS tube in parallel and a parasitic diode connected to the charging MOS tube in parallel, respectively. In one example, a control end of each electronic switch of each battery pack161is electrically connected to a processor or a controller of a corresponding battery pack161through an isolated drive circuit so as to improve the effectiveness of the processor or the controller in controlling the electronic switch. The power management module163is configured to enable each charging MOS tube in the plurality of battery pack circuits to be turned on and enable a discharge MOS tube in a battery pack circuit where a battery pack161with a highest voltage is located to be turned on. When a current of any one of the plurality of battery pack circuits is greater than the first preset current threshold, the power management module163is configured to control the discharge MOS tube in the one battery pack circuit to be turned on, so as to enable the battery pack161with the highest voltage and the battery pack161of the battery pack circuit where a current of the battery pack circuit is greater than the first preset current threshold to jointly discharge. FIG.9illustrates a power supply device16according to one example, the power supply device16includes six battery packs161and battery pack circuits composed of the six battery packs161, and six battery pack circuits161are connected in parallel. Referring toFIG.10,FIG.10illustrates a discharge method of the power supply device16of the riding-type mower100according to one example, and the discharge method includes steps described below. In step S401, each charging MOS tube in the plurality of battery pack circuits is turned on. In this example, the power management module163controls each charging MOS tube (Q12, Q22, Q32, Q42, Q52, and Q62) in each battery pack circuit to be turned on. In step S402, a discharge MOS tube in a battery pack circuit where a battery pack161with a highest voltage is located is turned on. Assuming that the voltage of the battery pack BAT6is the highest, the discharge MOS tube Q61of the battery pack circuit where the battery pack BAT6is located is controlled to be turned on. In step S403, whether a current of a battery pack circuit is greater than the first preset current threshold is determined. The current monitoring circuit166of each battery pack circuit monitors a current of a battery pack circuit where the current monitoring circuit166is located and outputs the current to the controller1633of the power management module163. The controller1633of the power management module163determines, according to a current value detected by the current monitoring circuit166of each battery pack circuit, whether the current of each battery pack circuit is greater than the first preset current threshold. In step S405, the battery pack161with the highest voltage and the battery pack161of the battery pack circuit where a current of the battery pack circuit is greater than the first preset current threshold jointly discharge. When a current of any one of the plurality of battery pack circuits is greater than the first preset current threshold, the power management module163controls the discharge MOS tube in the one battery pack circuit to be turned on, so as to enable the battery pack161with the highest voltage and the battery pack161of the battery pack circuit where a current of the battery pack circuit is greater than the first preset current threshold to jointly discharge. According to the above-mentioned mode, assuming that voltages of the above-mentioned battery packs BAT1, BAT2, BAT3, BAT4, BAT5, and BAT6are sequentially increased, the power management module163first controls the charging MOS tube of the battery pack circuit where a respective battery pack161is located to be turned on and controls the discharge MOS tube Q61of the battery pack circuit where the battery pack BAT6is located to be turned on so as to enable the battery pack BAT6to discharge first. When it is detected that the current of the battery pack circuit where the battery pack BAT5is located is greater than the first preset current threshold, the power management module163controls the discharge MOS tube of the battery pack circuit where the battery pack BAT5is located to be turned on so as to enable the battery pack BAT5and the battery pack BAT6discharge simultaneously. When it is detected that the current of the battery pack circuit where the battery pack BAT4is located is greater than the first preset current threshold, the power management module163controls the discharge MOS tube of the battery pack circuit where the battery pack BAT4is located to be turned on so as to enable the battery pack BAT4, the battery pack BAT5and the battery pack BAT6to discharge simultaneously; and so on. The power management module163controls the plurality of battery packs161to discharge according to the above-mentioned method. Enabling the battery packs161to jointly discharge according to the voltage level sequence from highest to lowest has an advantage that the battery pack161with a higher voltage charging the battery pack161with a lower voltage can be avoided, thus facilitating the operation of the riding-type mower100. In an operational process of the riding-type mower100, a condition that a direction of a rotation speed of the second motor143is opposite to a torque direction may appear (for example, in a process of braking or downhill), the second motor143is in a power generation state, a current output from the power supply device16to the second motor143is reduced, and the battery pack161may not be required for power supply at this time. In this example, when a current of any one of the plurality of battery pack circuits except the battery pack circuit where the battery pack with the highest voltage is located is less than a second preset current threshold, a discharge MOS tube in the one battery pack circuit is controlled to be turned off. In one example, a value the second preset current threshold ranges from 0 A to 3 A. Due to the power generation of the second motor143, excess energy will be generated, while holding a current path of the battery pack161with the highest voltage not off can determine whether energy recovery is required (see the details below), such that the excess energy is fed back to the battery pack161, and the excess energy can also be prevented from damaging electronic components in the circuit, such as MOS tubes. As shown inFIG.9, the riding-type mower100further includes a total current detection circuit168. The total current detection circuit168is configured to detect a current in a total current loop output by the power supply device16. The power management module163is configured to: in a discharge process of the power supply device16, after a total current being less than a third preset current threshold is detected, enable a charging MOS tube and a discharge MOS tube in a battery pack circuit where a battery pack161with a lowest voltage is located to be turned on, and charging MOS tubes and discharge MOS tubes in battery pack circuits where the rest battery packs except the battery pack with the lowest voltage are located to be turned off. That is to say, when it is detected that the total current is negative, it can be determined that the second motor143is in the power generation state, and an energy recovery mode is entered at this time. In the energy recovery mode, a current loop of the battery pack161with the lowest voltage is kept open, such that excess energy generated by the power generation of the second motor143can be fed back into the battery pack161with the lowest voltage. On one hand, energy recovery and utilization can be achieved, and on the other hand, the excess energy can be prevented from damaging electronic components in the circuit, such as charging MOS tubes and discharging MOS tubes. In one example, a value of the third preset current threshold ranges from −3 A to 0 A. In this way, when the total current being negative is detected, it can be determined that the second motor143is in the power generation state. In one example, the value of the third preset current threshold ranges from −1 A to 3 A. In this way, a possible condition that the power supply device repeatedly enters and exits the energy recovery mode due to current fluctuation can be avoided, and the energy recovery mode can be accurately entered, thus timely preventing excessive energy from damaging electronic components in the circuit. The electric energy output by the power supply device16of the riding-type mower100can be used by a plurality of loads, and the loads include the walking unit14, the mowing unit13, and other auxiliary function modules. The walking unit14and the mowing unit13are two main function modules of the riding-type mower100and can achieve the walking function and the mowing function of the riding-type mower100, respectively. In this example, as shown inFIG.4, the mowing unit13includes three first motors131, and the walking unit14includes two second motors143. Under normal circumstances, the current output by the battery pack161can satisfy the usage requirement, but when the load suddenly increases (for example, during uphill or the grass is dense), the output current will also suddenly increase, and at this time, the total current of the discharge loop may exceed the safe current range, that is, overcurrent phenomenon will occur, which will affect the service life of the battery pack161and even bring safety problems. In this example, when the overcurrent phenomenon occurs, current-limiting protection treatment is performed on each load such that the total output current of the power supply device16is reduced below the safe current. In this example, when the overcurrent phenomenon occurs in the discharge process of the power supply device16, the riding-type mower100reasonably limits the current of each load according to a preset rule, that is, the current output by the power supply device16is reasonably distributed, so as to not only enable the total output current to be less than or equal to the over current protection (OCP) threshold and but also ensure that the riding-type mower100can satisfy the actual working condition requirements. A current-limiting protection method of the riding-type mower100for a plurality of loads includes steps described below. An over current protection (OCP) threshold is preset. The total output current of the power supply device16is monitored in real time. Whether the total output current exceeds the OCP threshold is determined. When the total output current exceeds the OCP threshold, current-limiting protection information is generated according to a preset rule such that the total output current of the power supply device16reduces to be equal to or less than the OCP threshold. The current-limiting protection information includes a current distribution rule for the plurality of loads, and each load limits its own current according to received current-limiting protection information, thus achieving current-limiting protection. The riding-type mower100includes a current-limiting protection unit1634, the current-limiting protection unit1634may be disposed in the power management module163(as shown inFIG.4), and the current-limiting protection unit1634is configured to coordinate and distribute the current flowing to each load such that the total output current of the power supply device16reduces to be equal to or less than the OCP threshold. The current-limiting protection unit1634generates current-limiting protection information and transmits the current-limiting protection information to each load, and the current-limiting protection information includes a current distribution rule for a plurality of loads. The current-limiting protection unit1634may relate to software, hardware, or both the software and the hardware. In other examples, the current-limiting protection unit1634may also be disposed in the load, and the current-limiting protection unit1634is configured to coordinate and distribute the current flowing to each load such that the total output current of the power supply device16reduces to be equal to or less than the OCP threshold. Referring toFIG.11, the power output by the power supply device16of the riding-type mower100being only supplied to the walking unit14and the mowing unit13for use is described as an example to illustrate a multi-load current-limiting protection method of the riding-type mower100. The plurality of loads of the riding-type mower100include not only the walking unit14and the mowing unit13, but may also include other auxiliary function modules, such as a function of lighting or cell phone charging. The multi-load current-limiting protection method of the riding-type mower100shown inFIG.11includes steps described below. In S501, an over current protection (OCP) threshold is preset. The OCP threshold is set by a user according to the characteristics of the battery pack161used by the riding-type mower100or the characteristics of the riding-type mower100, or according to both the characteristics of the battery pack161and the characteristics of the riding-type mower100. In one example, a maximum safety current that can be output by the plurality of battery packs161currently used by the riding-type mower100is set to the OCP threshold, and when the actual current of the power supply device16exceeds the maximum safety current, the service life of the battery packs161will be affected and even safety problems will be caused. In one example, the OCP threshold ranges from 80 A to 200 A. In S502, a total output current of the power supply device16is monitored in real time. In one example, the total current detection circuit168monitors the magnitude of the total current on the discharge loop in real time. In other examples, the current detection circuit166on a loop of each battery pack161monitors the current output by each battery pack161in real time, and the magnitude of the total output current of the power supply device16is obtained by summing the output current of each battery pack161. In S503, whether the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold is determined; if yes, step S504is turned to; and if no, step S502is turned to. In one example, the controller1633of the power management module163determines whether the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold, and if yes, step S504is turned to. In S504, current-limiting protection information is generated according to a preset current distribution rule, and the current-limiting protection information includes a current distribution rule for each load. When the total output current of the power supply device16exceeding the OCP threshold is detected, the current-limiting protection unit1634generates the current-limiting protection information according to the preset current distribution rule so as to enable the total output current of the power supply device16reduce to be equal to or less than the OCP threshold. The current-limiting protection information includes the current distribution rule for each load and the specific current distribution rule is described below in detail. In one example, when the power management module163determines that the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold, the power management module163transmits an overcurrent signal to the current-limiting protection unit1634, and the current-limiting protection unit1634generates the current-limiting protection information according to the preset rule and transmits the current-limiting protection information to each load. The current-limiting protection information includes the current distribution rule for each load. In this example, the current-limiting protection unit1634is disposed in the power management module163, and the power management module163can transmit the current-limiting protection information to a control unit of each load through a bus. In S505, each load adjusts a current of the load itself according to the current-limiting protection information. After a controller of each load receives the current-limiting protection information, each load adjusts the current of the load itself according to the current distribution rule in the current-limiting protection information so as to enable the total output current of the power supply device16reduce to be equal to or less than the OCP threshold. For example, the first controller144of the mowing unit13controls the first motor131, and the first motor131limits its own current in a deceleration mode. The second controller144of the walking unit14controls the second motor143, and the second motor143limits its own current in the deceleration mode. In S506, current-limiting protection is terminated. The current-limiting protection is terminated when the total output current of the power supply device16reduces to be equal to or less than the OCP threshold. The riding-type mower100has a complex operating condition. For example, in a mowing process of the riding-type mower100, if the riding-type mower100encounters an uphill slope, the current required by the walking unit14is greater than the current required by the mowing unit13, otherwise it is not conducive for the riding-type mower100to climb the hill. While if the riding-type mower100encounters a downhill slope, the current supplied to the walking unit14may be less than the current supplied to the mowing unit13. In addition, it is also necessary to ensure that the walking unit14obtains sufficient electric energy to successfully return to the base after the mowing operation is completed. Therefore, in the face of the complex operating condition of the riding-type mower100, when the riding-type mower100has the overcurrent phenomenon, how to distribute the current flowing to each load such that the total current output by the power supply device16is less than or equal to the OCP threshold and the riding-type mower100satisfies the actual operating condition requirements is a challenging task. For this purpose, in several examples of the current distribution rule for each load in the current-limiting protection information provided by the present application, the total current output by the power supply device16can be below the safe current and the riding-type mower100can satisfy the actual operating condition requirements. EXAMPLE ONE A current distribution ratio of each load during current-limiting protection is set, that is, a current upper limit (that is, a current-limiting protection current) of each load during current-limiting protection is set in advance, and a proportion of each current-limiting protection current in the OCP threshold is a fixed value, that is, a fixed current distribution ratio (hereinafter referred to as a current-limiting protection current distribution ratio). Each load corresponds to a same or different current-limiting protection currents or current-limiting protection current distribution ratios. For example, the first motor131corresponds to a first current-limiting protection current distribution ratio or a first current-limiting protection current, and the second motor143corresponds to a second current-limiting protection current distribution ratio or a second current-limiting protection current. In one example, for the riding-type mower100, the first thing that needs to be ensured is the walking function of the walking unit14such that the riding-type mower100can return to the base after the mowing operation is completed. Therefore, the first current-limiting protection current or the first current-limiting protection current distribution ratio of the first motor131of the mowing unit13may be set to be less than the second current-limiting protection current or the second current-limiting protection current distribution ratio of the second motor143of the walking unit14. For example, the first current-limiting protection current is set to 25% of the OCP threshold or the first current-limiting protection current distribution ratio is set to 25%, and the second current-limiting protection current is set to 75% of the OCP threshold or the second current-limiting protection current distribution ratio is set to 75%. For example, the OCP threshold is set to 80 A. If the load suddenly increases (for example, a dense amount of grass is encountered), the total output current of the power supply device16rises to 90 A and exceeds the preset OCP threshold (that is, 80 A), at this time, the total current detection circuit168of the power supply device16detects that the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold, the power management module163outputs the current-limiting protection signal to the current-limiting protection unit1634, and the current-limiting protection unit1634generates the current-limiting protection information. The plurality of loads limit the actual currents thereof within a range of the current-limiting protection current of the load itself according to the respective current limit protection currents or current limit protection current distribution ratios, such that the total output current of the power supply device16reduces to be less than or equal to the OCP threshold, thereby achieving overcurrent protection. In one example, after the plurality of loads receive the current-limiting protection information including the current-limiting protection current distribution ratio or the current-limiting protection current of the load itself, whether the actual current of the load itself exceeds the current-limiting protection current of the load itself is determined. If the actual current of the load itself exceeds the current-limiting protection current of the load, the current of the load itself is limited within the current-limiting protection current of the load; and if the actual current of the load itself does not exceed the current-limiting protection current of the load, the load continues to operate at the present current. To sum up, the current distribution rule in example one includes steps described below. The current-limiting protection current or the current-limiting protection current distribution ratio of each load is set. Whether a present working current of each load exceeds the current-limiting protection current or the current-limiting protection current distribution ratio of the load itself is determined. When it is determined that the present working current of the load exceeds the current-limiting protection current or the current-limiting protection current distribution ratio of the load itself, the present working current of the load is reduced until the current of the load is less than or equal to the current-limiting protection current of the load itself or a current corresponding to the current-limiting protection current distribution ratio of the load itself. When it is determined that the present working current of the load does not exceed the current-limiting protection current of the load itself, the load continues to operate at the present working current. In one example, referring toFIG.12, the power output by the power supply device16being supplied only to the walking unit14and the mowing unit13is described as an example, and according to the current distribution rule of the example one, the multi-load current-limiting protection method of the riding-type mower100includes steps described below. In step S601, an OCP threshold is preset. In one example, the OCP threshold ranges from 80 A to 200 A. In step S602, a current-limiting protection current or a current-limiting protection current distribution ratio of each load is set. In one example, a first current-limiting protection current distributed by the current-limiting protection unit1634to the first motor131is 25% (that is, 20 A) of the OCP threshold, and a second current-limiting protection current distributed by the current-limiting protection unit1634to the second motor143is 75% (that is, 60 A) of the OCP threshold. In one example, after the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold, the current-limiting protection unit1634sets the current-limiting protection current or the current-limiting protection current distribution ratio of each load. In the present example, the current-limiting protection current or the current-limiting protection current distribution ratio of each load is preset before the overcurrent phenomenon occurs. In step S603, a total current output by the power supply device16is monitored in real time. In one example, the total current detection circuit168monitors the magnitude of the total current on the discharge loop in real time. In step S604, whether the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold is determined; if yes, step S605is turned to; and if the total output current of the power supply device16does not exceed the OCP threshold, step S603is turned to. In one example, the controller1633of the power management module163determines whether the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold; if yes, step S605is turned to; and if the total output current of the power supply device16does not exceed the OCP threshold, step S603is turned to. In step S605, current-limiting protection information is generated according to the current-limiting protection current or the current-limiting protection current distribution ratio of each load. When the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold, the current-limiting protection unit1634generates the current-limiting protection information according to the set current-limiting protection current or the current-limiting protection current distribution ratio of each load. The current-limiting protection current or the current-limiting protection current distribution ratio is as described in step S602. In step S606, whether a present working current of each load exceeds the current-limiting protection current of the load itself is determined; if yes, step S607is turned to; and if the present working current of each load does not exceed the current-limiting protection current of the load itself, step S608is turned to. After receiving the current-limiting protection information, each load determines, according to the current-limiting protection current or the current-limiting protection current distribution ratio, whether the current of the load itself exceeds the current-limiting protection current of the load; if yes, step S607is turned to; and if the current of the load itself does not exceed the current-limiting protection current of the load itself, step S508is turned to. In step S607, the current of the load itself is reduced until an actual current of the load is less than or equal to the current-limiting protection current of the load itself. If the load determines that current of the load itself exceeds the current-limiting protection current of the load itself, the current of the load itself is reduced until the current of the load is less than or equal to the current-limiting protection current of the load. In one example, when it is determined that the present working current of the mowing unit13or the walking assembly14exceeds the current-limiting protection current of the mowing unit13or the walking assembly14, the current of the mowing unit13or the walking assembly14can be reduced by reducing a rotational speed of the first motor131or the second motor143until an actual working current of the mowing unit13or the walking assembly14is less than or equal to the current-limiting protection current of the mowing unit13or the walking assembly14. In step S608, the load continues to operate at the present working current. If the load determines that the current of the load itself does not exceed the current-limiting protection current of the load itself, the load continues to operate at the present working current. In step S609, current-limiting protection is terminated. The current-limiting protection is terminated after the total output current of the power supply device16reduces to be equal to or less than the OCP threshold. The current-limiting protection current or the current-limiting protection current distribution ratio of each load is set, and when the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold, the current of each load is limited within the current-limiting protection current or the current-limiting protection current distribution ratio of the load itself, such that the output current of the power supply device16reduces to be equal to or less than the OCP threshold, thereby achieving the current-limiting protection. EXAMPLE TWO When the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold, whether a present working current of a load exceeds the OCP threshold is determined first. If a present current working current of a load exceeds the OCP threshold, the current distribution rule is processed according to example one. If no present working current of a load exceeds the OCP threshold, according to a set sequence of priority levels of current-limiting protection for loads, current-limiting is selectively performed on one or more loads according to the sequence of the priority level from high to low. In this way, a fixed current distribution ratio can be avoided to be set, thus enabling the current to be effectively utilized. For example, the set OCP threshold is 80 A, the first current-limiting protection current is distributed to be 25% of the OCP threshold or the first current-limiting protection current distribution ratio is 25%; the second current-limiting protection current is distributed to be 75% of the OCP threshold or the second current-limiting protection current distribution ratio is distributed to be 75%; and at this time, the first current-limiting protection current is 20 A, and the second current-limiting protection current is 60 A. If it is detected that the total output current of the power supply16is 90 A, the total output current is greater than the set over current protection threshold 80 A. At this time, if the actual current of the first motor131is detected to be 60 A and the actual current of the second motor143is 20 A, according to the method of example one, the current of the first motor131needs to be limited from 60 A to the current-limiting protection current 20 A of the first motor131, while the actual current 20 A of the second motor143does not exceed the current-limiting protection current 60 A of the second motor143, so the second motor does not to be limited. In this way, the total current after current-limiting protection is 20 A+20 A=40 A, the total current is far less than the set over current protection threshold 80 A, the electric energy fails to be effectively utilized, thus affecting the service performance of the riding-type mower100and being unfavorable to the working effect of the riding-type mower199. A current distribution rule of example two includes steps described below. A priority level of current-limiting protection for each load is set. A present working current of each load is acquired. If the current working current of a load does not exceed the OCP threshold, a distribution current of a load requiring current-limiting is calculated according to a sequence of the priority levels of current-limiting protection for the loads. The current-limiting is selectively performed on one or more loads according to the calculated distribution current of the load on which current-limiting protection is preferentially performed until the total output current of the power supply device16is equal to or less than the OCP threshold. The power output by the power supply device16being supplied only to the mowing unit13and the walking unit14is described as an example. Considering that the riding-type mower100requires sufficient electric energy to ensure a successful return to the base after the operation is completed, a priority level of current-limiting protection for the mowing unit13may be set higher than a priority level of current-limiting protection for the walking unit14, that is, when the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold, the current of the mowing unit13is preferentially limited. Referring toFIG.13, according to the current distribution rule of example two, the multi-load current-limiting protection method of the riding-type mower100includes steps described below. In step S701, an OCP threshold is preset. In one example, the OCP threshold ranges from 80 A to 200 A. In step S702, a sequence of priority levels of current-limiting protection for the loads and a current-limiting protection current or a current-limiting protection current distribution ratio of each load are set. In one example, a priority level of current-limiting protection for the first motor131of the mowing unit13is set to I level, and a priority level of current-limiting protection for the second motor143of the walking unit14is set to be II level. That is to say, when the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold, the current of the mowing unit13is preferentially limited. In one example, a first current-limiting protection current distributed by the current-limiting protection unit1634to the first motor131is 25% of the OCP threshold (that is, 50 A), and a second current-limiting protection current distributed by the current-limiting protection unit1634to the second motor143is 75% of the OCP threshold (that is, 150 A). For example, when the OCP threshold is 200 A, the first current-limiting protection current distributed by the current-limiting protection unit1634to the first motor131is 50 A, and the second current-limiting protection current distributed by the current-limiting protection unit1634to the second motor143is 150 A. In one example, after the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold, the current-limiting protection unit1634sets the sequence of the priority levels of current-limiting protection for the loads and the current-limiting protection current or the current-limiting protection current distribution ratio of each load. In this example, the sequence of the priority levels of current-limiting protection for the loads and the current-limiting protection current or the current-limiting protection current distribution ratio of each load are preset before the overcurrent phenomenon occurs. In step S703, a total output current of the power supply device16is monitored in real time. In one example, the total current detection circuit168monitors the magnitude of the total current on the discharge loop in real time. In step S704, whether the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold is determined; if the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold, step S705is turned to; and if the total output current of the power supply device16does not exceed the OCP threshold, step S703is turned to. In one example, the controller1633of the power management module163determines whether the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold; if the total output current exceeds the OCP threshold, step S705is turned to; and if the total output current of the power supply device16does not exceed the OCP threshold, step S703is turned to. In step S705, the present working current of each load is acquired. The current detection circuit166of each load detects the working current of each load. In one example, the current detection circuit166of each load transmits the detected working current of each load to the power management device163. The current detection circuit166of each load transmits the detected working current of each load to the controller of each load, and the controller of each load transmits the present working current information to the power management device163in a bus mode. In step S706, whether a present working current of a load exceeds the OCP threshold is determined; if a present working current of a load exceeds the OCP threshold, step A inFIG.13is turned to, and step A is executed according to partial content (FIG.12) in example one; and if no present working current of a load exceeds the OCP threshold, step S707is turned to. In one example, the power management device163determines whether a present working current of a load exceeds the OCP threshold according to acquired working current of each load. If a present working current of a load exceeds the OCP threshold, step A inFIG.13is turned to, and the current of each load is limited within the current-limiting protection current or the current-limiting protection current distribution ratio of the load itself according to example one, such that the total output power of the power supply device16reduces to be equal to or less than the OCP threshold. If no present working current of a load exceeds the OCP threshold, step S707is turned to. In step S707, according to the sequence of the priority levels of current-limiting protection for the loads, a distribution current of a load on which the current-limiting protection is preferentially performed is calculated. In one example, based on the received present working current of each load, the power management device163calculates the distribution current of the load requiring the current-limiting protection according to the sequence of the priority levels of current-limiting protection for the loads. In this example, since the priority level of current-limiting protection for the first motor131of the mowing unit13is superior to the priority level of current-limiting protection for the second motor143of the walking unit14, when the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold, the current of the mowing unit13is preferentially limited. In one example, the distribution current of the first motor131is calculated according to the following formula: the distribution current of the first motor131=the OCP threshold−the present working current of the second motor143. In step S708, the current-limiting protection information is generated according to the calculated distribution current of the load. The current-limiting protection unit1634receives the above-mentioned calculated distribution current of the load, generates current-limiting protection information including the distribution current of the load, and transmits the current-limiting protection information to each load. In step S709, the working current of the load requiring the current-limiting is reduced until the working current of the load is equal to the calculated distribution current of the load. After receiving the current-limiting protection information transmitted by the current-limiting protection unit1634, each load correspondingly adjusts the current of each load itself according to the distribution current of the load in the current-limiting protection information. In this example, the current of the first motor131of the mowing unit13is preferentially limited, and the distribution current of the first motor131=the OCP threshold−the present working current of the second motor143. According to such current distribution rule, the working current of the first motor131is reduced to be: the OCP threshold−the present working current of the second motor143, while the second motor143continues to operate at the present working current of the second motor143. In step S710, current-limiting protection is terminated. The current-limiting protection is terminated after the total output current of the power supply device16reduces to be equal to or less than the OCP threshold. Through the above-mentioned examples, when none of the currents of the loads exceeds the OCP threshold, according to the set sequence of the priority levels of current-limiting protection for the loads, the current-limiting is selectively performed on one or more loads according to the sequence of the priority levels from high to low, such that the total output current is reduced to be equal to or less than the OCP threshold. In this way, the power being effectively utilized is ensured and the total output current of the power supply device16is within the range of a current-limiting value. Through the above mode, the defects of example one can be improved. EXAMPLE THREE In this example, when the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold and the current-limiting protection is required, the current distribution is dynamically adjusted according to a present current situation of each load, that is, the current-limiting protection current of each load is dynamically adjusted such that the total output current of the power supply device16is less than or equal to the OCP threshold. The advantages are described below. When the current-limiting protection current distribution ratio is set to a fixed value, the problem that the electric energy may not be effectively utilized to affect the usability of the riding-type mower100and be unfavorable to the working effect of the riding-type mower100can be avoided. In example three, a calculation formula for the distribution current of each load is described below. A distribution currentI1 of a first load=a proportion per1 of a present working current of the first load in a total current of all loads*the OCP threshold. A distribution currentI2 of a second load=a proportion per2 of a present working current of the second load in the total current of all loads*the OCP threshold. A distribution currentI3 of a third load=a proportion per3 of a present working current of the third load in the total current of all loads*the OCP threshold. A distribution currentInof anthload=a proportion pernof a present working current of thenthload in the total current of all loads*the OCP threshold. The power output by the power supply device16being supplied only to the mowing unit13and the walking unit14is described as an example. The current of the first motor131of the mowing unit13and the current of the second motor143of the walking unit are distributed as modes described below. A distribution current of the first motor 131=a present working current of the first motor 131/(the present working current of the first motor 131+a present working current of the second motor 143)*the OCP threshold. A distribution current of the second motor 143=the present working current of the second motor 143/(the present working current of the first motor 131+the present working current of the second motor 143)*the OCP threshold. In one example, the calculation formula for the distribution current of each load may further be calculated by using the formula described below. The distribution currentI1 of the first load=the proportion per1 of the present working current of the first load in a present total output current of the power supply output device 16*the OCP threshold. The distribution currentI2 of the second load=the proportion per2 of the present working current of the second load in the present total output current of the power supply output device 16*the OCP threshold. The distribution currentI3 of the third load=the proportion per3 of the present working current of the third load in the present total output current of the power supply output device 16*the OCP threshold. The distribution currentInof thenthload=the proportion pernof the present working current of the nthload in the present total output current of the power supply output device 16*the OCP threshold. In this way, the current of the first motor131of the mowing unit13and the current of the second motor143of the walking unit are distributed in the mode described below. The distribution current of the first motor 131=the present working current of the first motor 131/the total output current of the power supply device 16*the OCP threshold. The distribution current of the second motor 143=the present working current of the second motor 143/the total output current of the power supply device 16*the OCP threshold. In one example, the wording “present” refers to a moment when the total output current of the power supply device16is detected to be greater than the OCP threshold. In this way, according to the proportion of the present working current of each load in the total current of all loads (or the proportion of the present working current of each load in the present total output current of the power supply device16), the distribution current of each load at a next moment is calculated. Through such the mode, the current distribution of each load is dynamically adjusted, so that the electric energy or power output by the power supply device16can be ensured to be effectively utilized. In one example, the load may further include other loads. EXAMPLE FOUR In this example, when the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold and the current-limiting protection is required, a current of each load is gradually reduced according to a preset current reducing step of each load or a current reducing step determined based on present operating conditions (such as light, medium, or heavy) of each load, such that the current of each load is gradually reduced until the total current is equal to or less than the OCP threshold. For example, when the riding-type mower100performs the mowing operation on flat ground, the present operating condition of the mowing unit13may be considered as medium or heavy and the present operating condition of the walking unit14is light or medium, the current distributed to the mowing unit13may be gradually reduced at a smaller current reducing step, while the current distributed to the walking unit14is gradually reduced at a larger current reducing step so as to cooperate with the mowing unit13to operate, that is, the current reducing step of the mowing unit13is less than the current reducing step of the walking unit14until the total output current of the power supply device16reduces to be equal to or less than the OCP threshold. Similarly, when the riding-type mower100is on an uphill slope, the present operating condition of the walking unit14may be considered to be heavy, so the current distributed to the walking unit14may be gradually reduced at a smaller current reducing step and the current distributed to the mowing unit13may be gradually reduced at a larger current reducing step until the total output current of the power supply device16reduces to be equal to or less than the OCP threshold. In one example, the current distribution rule includes steps described below. The present working condition of each load is determined. A current reducing step of each load is determined according to the present working condition of each load. The current of each load is gradually reduced according to the current reducing step of each load itself such that the current of each load is gradually reduced until the total current is equal to or less than the OCP threshold. In one example, the present working condition of each load is defined by detecting a working current of each load at a previous moment, and a magnitude of the working current of each load at the previous moment exceeding the OCP threshold or the preset current-limiting protection current is calculated to determine the current reducing step of each load. Referring toFIG.14, according to the current distribution rule of example four, the multi-load current-limiting protection method of the riding-type mower100includes steps described below. In step S801, an OCP threshold is preset. In one example, the OCP threshold ranges from 80 A to 200 A. In step S802, a total output current of the power supply device16is monitored in real time. In one example, the total current detection circuit168monitors the magnitude of the total current on the discharge loop in real time. In step S803, whether the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold is determined; if the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold, step S804is turned to; and if the total output current of the power supply device16does not exceed the OCP threshold, step S802is turned to. In one example, the controller1633of the power management module163determines whether the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold; if the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold, step S804is turned to; and if the total output current of the power supply device16does not exceed the OCP threshold, step S802is turned to. In S804, a working current of each load at a previous moment is acquired, and a present working condition of each load is determined. In one example, the current detection current166of each load detects the working current of each load at the previous moment. The previous moment herein may be one second before, two seconds before, three seconds before, and so on, and the previous moment is selected by the user according to the specific situation, which is not limited herein. In one example, the present working condition of each load may also be determined by detecting a current of each load at a present moment. In one example, the controller of each load determines the present working condition of the load according to the detected working current of each load at the previous moment. For example, if it is detected that the working current of the load at the previous moment is greater than or equal to a first preset threshold, the load is considered to be in a heavy load condition; if it is detected that the working current of the load at the previous moment is greater than or equal to a second preset threshold value and less than the first preset threshold value, the load is considered to be in a medium load condition; and if it is detected that the working current of the load at the previous moment is less than the second preset threshold value, the load is considered to be in a light load condition. In S805, a current reducing step of each load is determined according to the working current of each load at the previous moment. In one example, the working current of each load at the previous moment is compared with the OCP threshold or the over current protection threshold of each load itself so as to determine whether a magnitude of an exceeded current value is large. For example, when the working current of each load at the previous moment is greater than a preset threshold, if the magnitude of the exceeded current value is large, a large current reducing step is set; and if the magnitude of the exceeded current value is small, a small current reducing step is set. In one example, if the working current of the load at the previous moment exceeds the OCP threshold by a large amount, the current reducing step of the load is set to a larger step; if the working current of the load at the previous moment exceeds the OCP threshold by a small amount, the current reducing step of the load is set to a smaller step; and the current reducing step of each load is set to zero until the total output current of the power supply device16reduces to be equal to or less than the OCP threshold. In one example, if the working current of the load at the previous moment exceeds the current-limiting protection current (see example one) of each load itself by a large amount, the current reducing step of the load is set to a larger step; if the working current of the load at the previous moment exceeds the current-limiting protection current of each load itself by a small amount, the current reducing step of the load is set to a smaller step; and the current reducing step of each load is set to zero until the total output current of the power supply device16reduces to be equal to or less than the OCP threshold. In one example, the current reducing step of each load may further be preset. When the total output current of the power supply device16exceeds the OCP threshold, the current of each load is gradually reduced according to the preset current reducing step such that the current of each load is gradually reduced until the total output current of the power supply device16is equal to or less than the OCP threshold. The current-limiting protection unit1634generates the current-limiting protection information including the current reducing step of each load according to the magnitude of the working current of each load at the previous moment exceeding the OCP threshold, and transmits the current reducing step of each load itself to each load. In S806, a current of a load is gradually reduced according to the corresponding current reducing step of the load until the total output current of the power supply device16is equal to or less than the OCP threshold. Through such the mode, the current of each load is gradually reduced according to the preset current reducing step of each load such that the current of each load is gradually reduced until the total output current of the power supply device16is equal to or less than the OCP threshold. In step S807, current-limiting protection is terminated. The current-limiting protection is terminated after the total output current of the power supply device16reduces to be equal to or less than the OCP threshold. At this time, the current reducing step of each load should be reduced to zero. In one example, the wording “present” described above refers to a moment when the total output current of the power supply device16is greater than the OCP threshold. In one example, one load of the plurality of loads is designated as a host, a controller of the one load is used as a main control unit, the main control unit can acquire information of each load through the bus, and the information includes present state information, next-step operation state prediction information, and the like. According to such the mode, the main control unit may also be used as the current-limiting protection unit1634. Each load includes a controller and a communication unit, and the plurality of loads can exchange information with each other. In this way, each load can know current information of the load itself and other loads so as to better achieve overall current distribution and improve overall efficiency of a system. Referring toFIG.15, the riding-type mower100includes a display module19, and the display module19can display status information of the power supply device16of the riding-type mower100. The status information of the power supply device16includes battery capacity information and remaining working time of the power supply device16, battery capacity information of each battery pack161inserted into the battery compartment162, and the like such that it is convenient for the user to check state of the power supply device16and state of the battery pack161so as to arrange the subsequent work of the riding-type mower100. The display module19includes a total battery capacity display unit191. In one example, a total battery capacity of the power supply device16is shown as a percentage. In one example, a fixed total capacity is used as a reference, and a ratio of an actual capacity of the battery pack161inserted into the battery compartment162to the total capacity is used as present total battery capacity information of the riding-type mower100. In one example, a sum (that is, the total capacity) of fully charged capacities of all battery packs161inserted into the battery compartment162is used as a reference, and a ratio of the actual capacities of all battery packs161inserted into the battery compartment162to the sum of the fully charged capacities of all battery packs161is used as the present total battery capacity information of the power supply device16and the riding-type mower100. The display module19further includes a battery compartment status display unit192. The battery compartment status display unit192can display at least a state of the battery compartment162, and the state of the battery compartment162includes whether a battery pack161is inserted into the battery compartment162, whether the battery pack161inserted into the battery compartment162is in an operating state, and the like. In one example, the battery compartment status display unit192includes a status indicator light corresponding to a respective battery compartment162, and the status indicator light is configured to display the state of the battery compartment162. When the battery pack161in the battery compartment162is in the operating state, a status indicator light of a corresponding battery compartment162is lighted, where the operating state includes a discharge state and a charge state. In one example, the battery compartment status display unit192further includes a battery capacity display indicator light, and the battery capacity display indicator light is configured to display battery capacity information of the battery pack161in each battery compartment162. One battery capacity display indicator light is provided. The state of each battery compartment162and the battery capacity information of the battery pack161in the battery compartment162are alternately displayed through a combination of the status indicator light and the battery capacity display indicator light corresponding to the respective battery compartment162. In this way, not only the number of indicator lights is reduced and the cost is saved, but also a display interface of the display module19is more compact, thereby simplifying the design. In one example, the display module19further includes a remaining working time display unit, and the remaining working time display unit is configured to display remaining working time of the power supply device16. The remaining working time of the power supply device16is set at least according to the operating state of the first motor131of the mowing unit13or the operating state of the second motor143of the walking unit14, or according to the operating states of both the first motor131and the second motor143. In one example, the remaining working time display unit displays the remaining working time of the power supply device16and the remaining working time of the load corresponding to the selected load condition in different load selections, such that it is convenient for the user to view and arrange subsequent work. For example, when the mowing unit13is selected, that is, the first motor131of the mowing unit is selected as the load, and the remaining working time display unit displays the remaining working time of the riding-type mower100for mowing. When the walking unit14is selected, that is, the second motor143is selected as the load, the remaining working time display unit displays the remaining working time of the riding-type mower100for walking. When the mowing unit13and the walking unit14are selected, that is, the first motor131and the second motor143are selected as loads, the remaining working time display unit displays the total remaining working time of the riding-type mower100for walking and mowing at the same time. In one example, the display module19further includes an abnormal status alarm region193, and the abnormal status alarm region193is configured to display an abnormal state of the power supply device16and transmit alarm information to alert the user. For example, the abnormal state of the power supply device16may be that the battery capacity is insufficient, the battery pack161is unbalanced, or the battery pack161is overheated, or the like. In one example, each battery pack161inserted into the power supply device16has an independent display interface, each display interface can display the battery capacity state of each battery pack161, and the user can view the state of each battery pack161through the display interface. The state includes the battery capacity information of the battery pack161. | 117,495 |
11942808 | MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Overview of the Present Embodiment An energy storage apparatus, including: an energy storage device; a circuit breaker connected in series with the energy storage device; a reception unit that receives a discharge instruction to discharge remaining electric power of the energy storage device; and a management unit, in which the management unit executes protection processing of opening, when a state of charge of the energy storage device drops below a predetermined threshold value, the circuit breaker to protect the energy storage device from overdischarging, and protection release processing of releasing protection of the energy storage device when the discharge instruction is received by the reception unit. Without provision of a discharge resistance inside the energy storage apparatus, the remaining electric power of the energy storage device is discharged using an external discharge resistance. Since the remaining electric power of the plurality of energy storage apparatuses can be discharged using one external discharge resistance, the configuration of the energy storage apparatus can be simplified as compared with the case where each energy storage apparatus is provided with a discharge resistance. However, if the energy storage device is protected from overdischarging, the circuit breaker opens when the state of charge of the energy storage device drops below a predetermined threshold value, so that, if an external discharge resistance is used, the remaining electric power of the energy storage device cannot be discharged to the end. Therefore, unless the worker disassembles the energy storage apparatus and exposes the internal energy storage device, the remaining electric power cannot be discharged to the end, which may cause a short circuit. Alternatively, when the circuit breaker opens, the terminal voltage becomes 0 V, so the worker may disassemble the apparatus thinking that it has completely discharged, and there is a possibility of a short circuit. According to the above energy storage apparatus, the protection of the energy storage device is released when the discharge instruction is received, so that the remaining electric power of the energy storage device can be discharged to the end also by using an external discharge resistance. Therefore, it is possible to discharge the remaining electric power of the energy storage device to the end with a simple configuration while protecting the energy storage device from overdischarging. The management unit, in the protection release processing, if the circuit breaker is closed when receiving the discharge instruction, may set operation thereof so as not to execute the protection processing even if the state of charge of the energy storage device subsequently drops below the threshold value. When an external discharge resistance is attached to the energy storage apparatus and the state of charge of the energy storage device has not yet dropped below a predetermined threshold value, the protection processing of the energy storage device has not been executed, and thus the circuit breaker is closed. If the circuit breaker is closed and an external discharge resistance is attached, the external discharge resistance discharges the remaining electric power of the energy storage device, but when the state of charge of the energy storage device subsequently drops below the threshold value, the protection processing is executed and the circuit breaker opens. Therefore, the remaining electric power of the energy storage device is not discharged to the end. According to the above energy storage apparatus, if the circuit breaker is closed when receiving the discharge instruction, the apparatus sets the operation of the management unit so as not to execute the protection processing even if the state of charge of the energy storage device subsequently drops below a predetermined threshold value, so that it is possible to prevent the circuit breaker from opening to stop discharging during the discharge of the remaining electric power. Therefore, it is possible to discharge the remaining electric power of the energy storage device to the end also by using an external discharge resistance. The management unit, in the protection release processing, if the protection processing has already been executed and the circuit breaker is open when the discharge instruction is received, may close the circuit breaker. When the external discharge resistance is attached and the state of charge of the energy storage device has already dropped below a predetermined threshold value, the protection processing is executed and the circuit breaker is open. Therefore, in this case, even if an external discharge resistance is attached to the energy storage apparatus, the remaining electric power of the energy storage device is not discharged. According to the above energy storage apparatus, if the circuit breaker is open when the discharge instruction is received, the circuit breaker is closed, so that the remaining electric power of the energy storage device can be discharged to the end also by using an external discharge resistance. A housing in which the energy storage device is housed is provided, and the reception unit may receive the discharge instruction from outside the housing in a non-contact manner. As a configuration for receiving the discharge instruction of the energy storage device, a configuration using a mechanical switch operated by a worker from the outside of the housing can be considered. However, the mechanical switch is not preferable from the viewpoint of waterproof/dustproofness of the energy storage apparatus. According to the above energy storage apparatus, since the discharge instruction is received in a non-contact manner, the waterproof/dustproofness of the energy storage apparatus can be improved as compared with the case of using a mechanical switch. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the risk that the discharge of the remaining electric power of the energy storage device is hindered by the intrusion of water or dust. The reception unit may include a magnetic switch that is provided inside the housing and that is turned on when driven by a magnetic force from the outside of the housing, and output an electric signal to the management unit when the magnetic switch is turned on. According to the above energy storage apparatus, a discharge instruction from the outside can be received in a non-contact manner. This can improve the waterproof/dustproofness of the energy storage apparatus, and reduce the risk that the discharge of the remaining electric power of the energy storage device is hindered by the intrusion of water or dust. The reception unit is provided in the housing, and may include a transmission part that transmits light outside the housing to the inside of the housing, a detachable shield member that covers the transmission part from the outside of the housing, and a photoelectric switch which is provided inside the housing and turned on by receiving the light transmitted through the transmission part, and output an electric signal to the management unit when the photoelectric switch is turned on. According to the above energy storage apparatus, a discharge instruction from the outside can be received in a non-contact manner. This can improve the waterproof/dustproofness of the energy storage apparatus, and reduce the risk that the discharge of the remaining electric power of the energy storage device is hindered by the intrusion of water or dust. According to the above energy storage apparatus, it is possible to visually judge whether or not the remaining electric power is discharged by the presence or absence of the shielding member, so that the safety during work is improved. The energy storage device may be a lithium-ion battery. For example, if the energy storage device is a lead-acid battery, it can be disassembled by disconnecting the lead-acid battery, but if it is a lithium-ion battery, disassembling in this way is dangerous if there is electric power remaining in the energy storage device. According to the above energy storage apparatus, the remaining electric power of the lithium-ion battery can be discharged to the end, so the safety when disassembling the lithium-ion battery is improved. The energy storage apparatus is mounted on a vehicle, and the management unit may execute the protection release processing only when the energy storage apparatus is removed from the vehicle. According to the above energy storage apparatus, when the energy storage apparatus is mounted on the vehicle, the protection release processing is not executed even if the discharge instruction is received. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the case in which the discharge instruction is issued in a state where the energy storage apparatus is mounted on the vehicle, and the remaining electric power of the energy storage device is discharged to the end. As a result, it is possible to reduce the possibility that the energy storage device cannot be used due to overdischarge. The external discharge device includes a first contact connected to one of a positive electrode external terminal and a negative electrode external terminal of the energy storage apparatus, a second contact connected to the other, a discharge resistance provided in a current path connecting the first contact and the second contact, and an instruction unit for instructing the energy storage apparatus to discharge. According to the above external discharge device, since the external discharge device instructs the energy storage apparatus to discharge, it is not necessary to perform a work for instructing discharge separately from a work of attaching the external discharge device to the energy storage apparatus during work. Therefore, the convenience during work is improved. The technology disclosed in this specification can be realized in various modes such as an apparatus, a method, a computer program for realizing the functions of the apparatus or method, and a recording medium recording the computer program. First Embodiment An embodiment will be described with reference toFIGS.1to6. (1) Configuration of Energy Storage Apparatus An energy storage apparatus1according to the first embodiment will be described with reference toFIG.1. The energy storage apparatus1is mounted on a vehicle2, and supplies electric power to a starter for starting an engine (an example of an internal combustion engine) of the vehicle2and auxiliary machineries (ECU, headlight, air conditioner, audio, etc.) mounted on the vehicle2. As shown inFIG.2, the energy storage apparatus1includes an outer case10(an example of a housing), and a plurality of energy storage devices12housed inside the outer case10. The outer case10is composed of a main body13and a lid body14made of a synthetic resin material. The main body13has a bottomed tubular shape, and is composed of a bottom surface portion15having a rectangular shape in plan view and four side surface portions16rising from four sides thereof to form a tubular shape. An upper opening17is formed in an upper end portion by the four side surface portions16. The lid body14has a rectangular shape in plan view, and a frame body18extends downward from four sides thereof. The lid body14closes the upper opening17of the main body13. On the upper surface of the lid body14, a protruding portion19having a substantially T-shape in plan view is formed. A positive electrode external terminal20is fixed to one corner portion of the two locations where the protruding portion19is not formed on the upper surface of the lid body14, and a negative electrode external terminal21is fixed to the other corner portion. The energy storage device12is a repeatedly chargeable secondary battery, and is specifically, for example, a lithium-ion battery. As shown inFIGS.3(a) and3(b), the energy storage device12has an electrode assembly housed in a rectangular parallelepiped case22together with a non-aqueous electrolyte. The case22is composed of a case body24and a cover25that closes an opening above the case body24. The electrode assembly, although not shown in detail, has a separator made of a porous resin film arranged between a negative electrode element formed by applying an active material to a substrate made of copper foil and a positive electrode element formed by applying an active material to a substrate made of aluminum foil. These are all belt-shaped, and are wound in a flat shape so that they can be housed in the case body24in a state where the negative electrode element and the positive electrode element are displaced from each other on the opposite sides in the width direction with respect to the separator. A positive electrode terminal27is connected to the positive electrode element via a positive electrode current collector. A negative electrode terminal29is connected to the negative electrode element via a negative electrode current collector. Each of the positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector has a plate-shaped pedestal portion30and a leg portion31extending from the pedestal portion30. Through holes are formed in the pedestal portion30. The leg portion31is connected to the positive electrode element or the negative electrode element. Each of the positive electrode terminal27and the negative electrode terminal29has a terminal main body portion32and a shaft portion33protruding downward from the center portion of the lower surface thereof. The terminal main body portion32and the shaft portion33of the positive electrode terminal27are integrally formed of aluminum (single material). In the negative electrode terminal29, the terminal main body portion32is made of aluminum, the shaft portion33is made of copper, and these are assembled. The terminal main body portions32of the positive electrode terminal27and the negative electrode terminal29are arranged at both ends of the cover25via gaskets made of an insulating material, and are exposed to the outside from the gaskets. As shown inFIG.4, a plurality of (for example, twelve) energy storage devices12are housed in the main body13in a state of being arranged in the width direction. Here, the plurality of energy storage devices12are arranged from one end side to the other end side of the main body13(direction of arrow Y1 to Y2) with three energy storage devices12as one set so that in the same set, the terminal polarities of adjacent energy storage devices12are the same, and between adjacent sets, the terminal polarities of adjacent energy storage devices12are opposite to each other. In the three energy storage devices12(first set) located closest to the arrow Y1 side, the arrow X1 side is the negative electrode and the arrow X2 side is the positive electrode. In the three energy storage devices12(second set) adjacent to the first set, the arrow X1 side is the positive electrode and the arrow X2 side is the negative electrode. Furthermore, the third set adjacent to the second set has the same arrangement as the first set, and the fourth set adjacent to the third set has the same arrangement as the second set. As shown inFIG.5, terminal bus bars (connecting members)36to40as conductive members are connected to the positive electrode terminal27and the negative electrode terminal29by welding. On the arrow X2 side of the first set, the positive electrode terminals27are connected by the first bus bar36. Between the first set and the second set, the negative electrode terminals29of the first set and the positive electrode terminals27of the second set are connected by the second bus bar37on the arrow X1 side. Between the second set and the third set, the negative electrode terminals29of the second set and the positive electrode terminals27of the third set are connected by the third bus bar38on the arrow X2 side. Between the third set and the fourth set, the negative electrode terminals29of the third set and the positive electrode terminals27of the fourth set are connected by the fourth bus bar39on the arrow X1 side. On the arrow X2 side of the fourth set, the negative electrode terminals29are connected by the fifth bus bar40. Referring also toFIG.2, the first bus bar36located at one end of the flow of electricity is connected to the positive electrode external terminal20via a first electronic device (for example, fuse), a second electronic device (for example, relay), a bus bar43and a bus bar terminal (not shown). The fifth bus bar40located at the other end of the flow of electricity is connected to the negative electrode external terminal21via bus bars44A and44B and a negative electrode bus bar terminal (not shown). As a result, each energy storage device12can be charged and discharged via the positive electrode external terminal20and the negative electrode external terminal21. The electronic devices and the electric component connecting bus bars43and44B are attached to a circuit board unit41arranged above the plurality of energy storage devices12that are stacked. The bus bar terminal is arranged on the lid body14. (2) Electrical Configuration of Energy Storage Apparatus The electrical configuration of the energy storage apparatus1will be described with reference toFIG.6. As shown inFIG.6, the energy storage apparatus1includes a plurality of energy storage devices12described above and a battery management system50(BMS) that manages these energy storage devices12. The BMS50is mounted on the circuit board unit41shown inFIG.2. The BMS50includes a current sensor51, a relay53(an example of a circuit breaker), a reception unit54, and a management unit55. The current sensor51is connected in series with the energy storage device12, and measures the current value I[A] of the current flowing through the energy storage device12and outputs it to the management unit55. The relay53is connected in series with the energy storage device12. The relay53is for protecting the energy storage device12from overcharging and overdischarging, and is opened and closed by the management unit55. The reception unit54is for receiving a discharge instruction from the outside of the outer case10. The reception unit54includes a current path57that branches from a current path56to which the energy storage device12is connected and is connected to the management unit55, and a normally open relay58(an example of a magnetic switch) provided in the current path57. When a magnet is brought close to the outer case10from outside the outer case10, the relay58is closed (that is, the relay58is turned on) by the magnetic force (an example of a discharge instruction) of the magnet. The end of the current path57on the side of the management unit55is connected to a predetermined input port of the management unit55, and when the relay58is turned on, a voltage (an example of an electric signal) is applied to the input port of the management unit55. The management unit55operates with electric power supplied from the energy storage device12, and includes a CPU, ROM, RAM, a communication unit, and the like. The CPU manages each unit of the energy storage apparatus1by executing various programs stored in the ROM. The management unit55may include an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), or the like instead of the CPU or in addition to the CPU. (3) Configuration of External Discharge Device The configuration of an external discharge device3will be described with reference toFIG.6. The external discharge device3discharges the remaining electric power of the energy storage device12when the energy storage apparatus1is disassembled. The external discharge device3includes a first contact60, a second contact61, a current path62, a discharge resistance63, and a magnet64(an example of an instruction unit). The first contact60is connected to one of the positive electrode external terminal20and negative electrode external terminal21of the energy storage apparatus1, and the second contact61is connected to the other one. The current path62connects the first contact60and the second contact61. The discharge resistance63is provided in the current path62. The magnet64is for closing the relay58of the energy storage device12, and is arranged at a position near the relay58when the external discharge device3is attached to the energy storage apparatus1. (4) Processing Executed by Management Unit As the processing executed by the management unit55, the protection processing for protecting the energy storage device12from overdischarging and the protection release processing for releasing the protection of the energy storage device12will be described. (4-1) Protection Processing The management unit55estimates the state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage device12at predetermined time intervals, and opens the relay53when the SOC drops below a predetermined threshold value (an example of protection processing). As a result, the current path56is cut off, and the energy storage device12is protected from overdischarging. A current integration method, for example, is known as a method for estimating SOC. The current integration method is a method in which the charge/discharge current of the energy storage device12is constantly measured by the current sensor51to measure the amount of electric power flowing in and out of the energy storage device12, and this is adjusted from the initial capacity to estimate the SOC. The SOC and the open circuit voltage (OCV) of the energy storage device12have a relatively accurate correlation. Therefore, instead of directly determining from the SOC whether the SOC has dropped below a predetermined threshold value, it may be determined that the SOC has dropped below a predetermined threshold value when the OCV drops below a predetermined reference value. The OCV is not necessarily a voltage when the circuit is open, but may be a voltage when the current flowing through the energy storage device12is below a predetermined reference value. (4-2) Protection Release Processing When disassembling the energy storage apparatus1, the worker attaches the external discharge device3to the energy storage apparatus1before disassembling the energy storage apparatus1in order to discharge the remaining electric power of the energy storage device12. When the external discharge device3is attached, the first contact60of the external discharge device3contacts the positive electrode external terminal20(or the negative electrode external terminal21), and the second contact61contacts the negative electrode external terminal21(or the positive electrode external terminal20). When the external discharge device3is attached and the SOC of the energy storage device12has not yet dropped below the predetermined threshold value described above, the protection processing for the energy storage device12has not been executed, so the relay53is closed. When the relay53is closed and the external discharge device3is attached, the external discharge device3discharges the remaining electric power of the energy storage device12. When the external discharge device3is attached and the remaining electric power of the energy storage device12is discharged, the SOC of the energy storage device12subsequently drops below a threshold value, and thus, the protection processing is executed during discharge of the remaining electric power, and the relay53opens. Therefore, the remaining electric power of the energy storage device12is not discharged to the end as it is. On the other hand, when the external discharge device3is attached and the SOC of the energy storage device12has already dropped below a predetermined threshold value, the protection processing has already been executed and the relay53is open, so even if the external discharge device3is attached to the energy storage apparatus1, the remaining electric power of the energy storage device12is not discharged. Therefore, upon receiving the discharge instruction, the management unit55releases the protection of the energy storage device12, so that the remaining electric power of the energy storage device12is discharged to the end. Specifically, when the external discharge device3is attached to the energy storage apparatus1, the relay58is turned on by the magnetic force of the magnet64(the reception unit54receives the discharge instruction). When the relay58is turned on, a voltage is applied to the input port of the management unit55. When the voltage is applied to the input port, the management unit55determines whether or not the relay53is closed. When the relay53is closed, the management unit55sets its operation so as not to execute the protection processing even if the SOC subsequently drops below a predetermined threshold value. Therefore, even if the SOC of the energy storage device12drops below the threshold value after the external discharge device3is attached, the relay53is not opened, and the remaining electric power of the energy storage device12is discharged to the end. On the other hand, when the relay53is open, the management unit55closes the relay53. Therefore, even if the protection processing has been already executed and the relay53is open, the remaining electric power of the energy storage device12is discharged to the end. (6) Effects of the Embodiment According to the energy storage apparatus1, without provision of the discharge resistance inside the energy storage apparatus1, the remaining electric power of the energy storage device12is discharged by using the external discharge resistance63. Thus, the remaining electric power of the plurality of energy storage apparatuses1can be discharged by using one discharge resistance63. Therefore, the configuration of the energy storage apparatus1can be simplified as compared with the case where the discharge resistance63is provided for each energy storage apparatus1. Then, according to the energy storage apparatus1, when the discharge instruction is received, the protection of the energy storage device12is released, so that the remaining electric power of the energy storage device12can be discharged to the end also by using the external discharge resistance63. Therefore, according to the energy storage apparatus1, it is possible to discharge the remaining electric power of the energy storage device12to the end with a simple configuration while protecting the energy storage device12from overdischarging. According to the energy storage apparatus1, if the relay53is closed when the discharge instruction is received, the apparatus sets its operation so as not to execute the protection processing even if the SOC of the energy storage device12subsequently drops below a predetermined threshold value. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the case in which the relay53opens during discharge of the remaining electric power to stop the discharge. Therefore, the remaining electric power of the energy storage device12can be discharged to the end also by using the external discharge resistance63. According to the energy storage apparatus1, when the discharge instruction is received, the relay53is closed when the protection processing has been already executed and the relay53is open, so that the remaining electric power of the energy storage device12can be discharged to the end also by using the external discharge resistance63. According to the energy storage apparatus1, since the discharge instruction from the outside of the outer case10is received in a non-contact manner, the waterproof/dustproofness of the energy storage apparatus1can be improved as compared with the case of using a mechanical switch. Accordingly, it is possible to reduce the risk that the discharge of the remaining electric power of the energy storage device12is hindered by the intrusion of water or dust. According to the energy storage apparatus1, since it includes the relay58that is closed when driven by the magnetic force from the outside of the outer case10, the discharge instruction from the outside of the outer case10can be received in a non-contact manner. As a result, the waterproof/dustproofness of the energy storage apparatus1can be improved, and the risk that the discharge of the remaining electric power of the energy storage device12is hindered by the intrusion of water or dust can be reduced. According to the energy storage apparatus1, the remaining electric power of the lithium-ion battery can be discharged to the end, and therefore the safety when disassembling the lithium-ion battery is improved. According to the external discharge device3, since the external discharge device3instructs the energy storage apparatus1to discharge, it is not necessary to perform the work of instructing discharge separately from the work of attaching the external discharge device3to the energy storage apparatus1during work. Therefore, the convenience during work is improved. Second Embodiment The second embodiment will be described with reference toFIG.7. An energy storage apparatus201according to the second embodiment is different from the energy storage apparatus1according to the first embodiment in the configuration of a reception unit254and the configuration of an external discharge device203. (2-1) Electrical Configuration of Energy Storage Apparatus The electrical configuration of the energy storage apparatus201will be described with reference toFIG.7. The outer case10of the energy storage apparatus201is formed with an opening for allowing light to enter the inside of the outer case10. The reception unit254receives the discharge instruction by receiving light incident from the opening, not by the magnetic force from the outside. Specifically, the reception unit254includes a transmission part210, a shielding member211, a current path214, and a phototransistor215(an example of a photoelectric switch). The transmission part210closes the above-mentioned opening and transmits light to the inside of the outer case10, and is specifically transparent glass or plastic. The shielding member211is, for example, a seal (hereinafter referred to as a seal211) that does not transmit light, and is detachably attached to the transmission part210from the outside of the outer case10. The current path214is branched from the current path56to which the energy storage device12is connected and is connected to the management unit55. The phototransistor215is provided in the current path214. The phototransistor215closes when it receives light. When the phototransistor215is closed, a voltage (an example of an electric signal) is applied to the input port of the management unit55. (2-2) Configuration of External Discharge Device The configuration of the external discharge device203will be described with reference toFIG.7. The external discharge device203is substantially the same as the external discharge device3according to the first embodiment except that the magnet64is not provided. (2-3) Protection Release Processing When disassembling the energy storage apparatus201, the worker peels off the seal211before (or after) attaching the external discharge device203to the energy storage apparatus201. When the seal211is peeled off, external light is received by the phototransistor215, and a voltage is applied to the input port of the management unit55. When the voltage is applied to the input port, the management unit55executes the protection release processing described in the first embodiment. (2-4) Effect of Embodiment According to the energy storage apparatus201, since it includes the phototransistor215that receives light from the outside of the outer case10, a discharge instruction from the outside of the outer case10can be received in a non-contact manner. Accordingly, the waterproof/dustproofness of the energy storage apparatus201can be improved, and the risk that the discharge of the remaining electric power of the energy storage device12is hindered by the intrusion of water or dust can be reduced. According to the energy storage apparatus201, whether or not the remaining electric power is discharged can be visually determined by the presence or absence of the seal211, so that the safety during work is improved. Other Embodiments The technology disclosed in the present specification is not limited to the embodiments described by the above description and the drawings, and, for example, the following embodiments are also included in the technical scope disclosed in the present specification.(1) In the first embodiment, the case where the external discharge device3is provided with the magnet64has been described as an example, but the external discharge device3may not include the magnet64as in the second embodiment. In that case, the worker may manually bring the magnet64close to the outer case10to turn on the relay58. In that case, the worker may leave the magnet64brought close to the outer case10as it is. By doing so, it is possible to visually judge whether or not the remaining electric power is discharged by the presence or absence of the magnet64, so that the safety during work is improved.(2) In the above-described first embodiment, the case where the protection release processing is executed when the external discharge device3is attached regardless of whether or not the energy storage apparatus1is mounted on the vehicle2has been described as an example. On the other hand, the management unit55may execute the protection release processing only when the energy storage apparatus1is removed from the vehicle2. With this configuration, when the energy storage apparatus1is mounted on the vehicle2, the protection release processing is not executed even if the discharge instruction is received, so that it is possible to prevent the case in which the discharge instruction is issued in a state where the energy storage apparatus1is mounted on the vehicle2, and the remaining electric power of the energy storage device12is discharged to the end. As a result, it is possible to reduce the possibility that the energy storage device12cannot be used due to overdischarge. Whether or not the energy storage apparatus1is mounted on the vehicle2can be determined, for example, from a signal transmitted from the vehicle2to the energy storage apparatus1. Specifically, in general, the energy storage apparatus1receives a signal that represents the state of an engine from the vehicle2at regular time intervals. Therefore, the management unit55may determine that it is mounted on the vehicle2when the signal is received from the vehicle2at regular time intervals, and may determine that it is not mounted on the vehicle2when the signal is not received even after the constant time elapses.(3) Although the relay53is described as an example of the circuit breaker in the above embodiment, the circuit breaker is not limited to this. For example, the circuit breaker may be an FET (Field effect transistor).(4) In the above embodiment, the case where the discharge instruction is received in a non-contact manner by the magnetic force or light from the outside has been described as an example, but the discharge instruction may be received by the mechanical switch, or the discharge instruction may be received via the communication unit included in the management unit55.(5) In the above embodiment, as the configuration for receiving the discharge instruction in a non-contact manner, the case where it is received by magnetic force or light has been described as an example. However, the configuration in which the discharge instruction is received in a non-contact manner is not limited to this. For example, the discharge instruction may be received by wireless communication.(6) In the above second embodiment, a seal is described as an example of the shielding member211, but the shielding member211is not limited to a seal as long as it is detachable and covers the transmission part210from the outside of the outer case10. For example, a plate material made of plastic and having a light shielding property may be detachably fixed with a screw or the like. A light-shielding cloth material may be attached with an adhesive or the like.(7) In the above first embodiment, the case where the external discharge device3includes the magnet64as the instruction unit has been described as an example, but the instruction unit is not limited to the magnet64. For example, when the energy storage apparatus1receives a discharge instruction by wireless communication, the instruction unit may be a transmission unit that transmits a discharge instruction to the energy storage apparatus1. When the energy storage apparatus1receives a discharge instruction with a push button switch (mechanical switch), it may be a protruding portion that is protruding from the external discharge device so that the push button switch is pressed when the external discharge device is attached to the energy storage apparatus.(8) In the above first embodiment, the case where the energy storage apparatus1is mounted on the vehicle2has been described as an example, but the energy storage apparatus1is not limited to being mounted on the vehicle2. For example, the energy storage apparatus1may be used in an energy storage system installed in a business office or the like and storing electric power. It may be mounted on an aircraft or a ship and used for driving. It may be an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) that supplies electric power to electrical equipment when the system loses power.(9) In the above embodiment, the case where the management unit55, in the protection release processing, executes both of a process of setting its operation so as not to execute the protection processing if the relay53is closed when the discharge instruction is received, even if the SOC subsequently drops below the threshold value, and a process of closing the relay53when the discharge instruction is received and the protection processing has already been executed and the relay53is open, has been described as an example. On the other hand, only one of these processes may be executed.(10) In the above embodiment, the lithium-ion battery is described as an example of the energy storage device12, but the energy storage device12may be, for example, a lead storage battery or a capacitor that causes an electrochemical reaction. DESCRIPTION OF REFERENCE SIGNS 1: energy storage apparatus2: vehicle3: external discharge device10: outer case (an example of housing)12: energy storage device20: positive electrode external terminal21: negative electrode external terminal53: relay (an example of circuit breaker)54: reception unit55: management unit58: relay (an example of magnetic switch)60: first contact61: second contact62: current path63: discharge resistance64: magnet (an example of instruction unit)201: energy storage apparatus203: external discharge device210: transmission part211: seal (an example of shielding member)215: phototransistor (an example of photoelectric switch)254: reception unit | 39,114 |
11942809 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION A charging station ecosystem is described in which charging stations can dispense chargers, that may be used and subsequently returned to any charging station. The system includes indoor and outdoor charging stations, a subscription model, and the ability to lock chargers into a charging station disabled, until a removal is authorized, when the charger is ejected. In one embodiment, a charging station includes a plurality of nests. In some embodiments, each nest has an “extrude” or “partially eject” option where the charger is pushed partially out of the nest for easy removal by a user. In one embodiment, for outdoor charging stations, there is a single door through which the outdoor charging station dispenses chargers. The following detailed description of embodiments of the invention makes reference to the accompanying drawings in which like references indicate similar elements, showing by way of illustration specific embodiments of practicing the invention. Description of these embodiments is in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. One skilled in the art understands that other embodiments may be utilized, and that logical, mechanical, electrical, functional and other changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims. FIG.1is a block diagram showing one embodiment of the elements of the system. A public charging station ecosystem110may include one or more an indoor charging stations120, an outdoor charging stations, and one or more in-vehicle charging stations140. An indoor charging station120in one embodiment includes a plurality of nests into which individual chargers fit. In one embodiment, each individual indoor charging station includes a configuration of seven chargers of the same size, arranged in a flower form. This shape makes it easy to expand a charging station setup to include multiple charging stations, which together form any of a variety of pleasing shapes. Of course, alternative shapes and configurations for the charging station may be used. An indoor charging station setup120may include a plurality of individual charging stations. In another embodiment, the charging station may include a variety of different charger shapes and/or capabilities. For example, a charging station may include a larger charger for laptops, or different chargers with different types of connectors. Indoor charging stations120have unique charging station IDs. In one embodiment, the indoor charging station120sare coupled to a wireless network, and interact with the user through an application on the user's mobile device. In one embodiment, the wireless network150may be a cellular network. Outdoor charging stations130in one embodiment are designed to be fully enclosed with an openable door through which a charger is dispensed. In one embodiment, the outdoor charging stations130may use solar energy for recharging. The outdoor charging stations in one embodiment also have unique charging station IDs. In one embodiment, the outdoor charging stations are coupled to a wireless network, and interact with the user through an application on the user's mobile device. In one embodiment, the wireless network150may be a cellular network. In-vehicle charging stations140in one embodiment are designed to be used in a vehicle, and attached to the vehicle. The attachment may use a vent clip, a suction cup, tape, or another method of securing the in-vehicle charging station to the car. A charger is coupled to the in-vehicle charging station. In one embodiment, the attachment of the charger is magnetic. In one embodiment, the in-vehicle charging station also is coupled to a wireless network150, and interact with the user through a web page or an application on the user's mobile device. In one embodiment, the wireless network150may be a cellular network. In one embodiment, the in-vehicle charging station may couple to the network either directly or through a mobile device, such as the driver's mobile device. In one embodiment, in-vehicle charging stations may be designed to accept multiple chargers, such as a trio in-vehicle charging station. This design may be useful for drivers who provide taxi services or similar cases where the vehicle is likely to see a lot of users. In one embodiment, trio in-vehicle charging stations are attached to a vent, using suction cups, tape, glue or attachment mechanisms. In one embodiment, the chargers used by each kind of charging station120,130,140are compatible. In one embodiment, they are identical. The combination of charging stations form a charging station ecosystem110. The system, in one embodiment is designed to provide a plurality of locations from where a user may take a charger, and a plurality of locations to which a charger may be returned. In one embodiment, there are public charging system ecosystems110which may include one or more of indoor, outdoor, and car charging stations. Public charging stations are available to anyone who utilize a website, web application, or downloadable application to obtain a charger. In addition to public charging system ecosystems110, in one embodiment there may also be private charging station ecosystems115, which may include one or more of indoor charging stations125, outdoor charging stations135, and in-vehicle charging stations145. Private charging stations are only available to members of a group who are affiliated with the private charging station. A private charging station may be owned by an individual, an organization such as a corporation or university, etc. In one embodiment, private charging stations115may be branded to visually make it clear that a charger removed from a private charging station cannot be returned to a public charging station. In one embodiment, if a user attempts to return a private charging station charger to a public charging station, or to an unrelated private charging station, the system would reject the charger, and the user would receive a message that private chargers can only be returned to the associated private charging station(s). In one embodiment, private charging station chargers may be physically differentiated, so that a charger removed from a private charging station cannot be returned to a public charging station. In one embodiment, there may additionally be intermittently connected charging stations117. Intermittently connected charging stations117are designed to operate when they are not in contact with the server160. In general, as will be described below, charging stations110,115are enabled by commands from a server system160. However, in one embodiment some charging stations may be capable of operating when intermittently connected to power. Such charging stations117would include memory to store the transactions completed, and would upload such transaction data when connected. In one embodiment, such charging stations117request access to the network of a mobile device (e.g. a phone being charged) and utilize that network to complete transactions. In one embodiment, some intermittently connected charging stations117are capable of being stand-alone systems with sufficient computing power to complete transactions with users, including charging credit cards, etc. Some of the processes for such intermittently connected charging stations are described below with respect toFIG.9B. In one embodiment, each charger and each charging station has a unique identifier. In one embodiment, the unique identifier may be a QR code or bar code on the back of the charger, and charging station. In another embodiment, the unique ID may be an NFC (near field communication) or RFID (radio frequency identification) tag. The unique IDs may be a mix of bar codes, QR codes, RFID tags, NFC tags, or other methods of providing an accessible unique ID for each device—charging station and chargers. The charging stations120,125,130,135,140,145in one embodiment communicate via a network150. In one embodiment, charging stations communicate via wireless communication such as Wi-Fi, cellular network, wired connection to a network, or other communication method. In one embodiment, server system160controls the charging stations, and enables the charging station to release chargers to a user, and enables a user to return chargers to a charging station. In one embodiment, server system160may include one or more server computer systems. In one embodiment, server computer system160may be a distributed or cloud based system in which the server-processes are implemented by various devices. Server160collects data from the public and private charging station ecosystems110,115. This data may be analyzed and provided to venues, for example suggesting rearrangement of the charging stations within an organization based on usage pattern. Additionally, because data is collected about user patterns, the system may also be able to recommend additional venues for new installations. Furthermore, because the system utilizes the rechargeable batteries in the chargers, the server160may collect and analyze battery usage and capability data. This information, in one embodiment is used to ensure that chargers remain in use, and are optimally cycled through charge and discharge cycles for efficient and long life. This information, in one embodiment, may be provided to battery manufacturers. User device180accesses the server system160via a website, a web application, or a downloadable application. The user device180may be used, once an account has been set up, to obtain charging stations temporarily to recharge the mobile device (or other devices). The user device180may be a cellular phone, tablet, laptop computer, or another device which can utilize an application or website, and connect to the Internet directly or through an intermediary. In one embodiment, a station owners' subsystem170enables companies and/or individuals who host or operate one or more charging stations, whether public or private, to obtain data about their stations, and its use. Service and/or admin devices190may enable an administrator or repairer to service a charging station. As noted, user devices may be used to obtain chargers from a station. In one embodiment, user device180may run an application associated with the system. In one embodiment, the user device180may access the service through a website, or by scanning the QR code/barcode or other unique identifier of a charging station. FIG.2is an overview flowchart of the functioning of a charging station. The process starts at block210. At block215, the charging station is installed in the location. In one embodiment, a sign-up process, described below is used prior to installation. In one embodiment installation may install one or more charging stations as a “group.” The group of charging stations communicate together with the server, and are used as a single unit, in one embodiment. At block220, the charging station is connected to a network. In one embodiment, the network is the Internet, and the connection is via a cellular network, a wireless network, or a wired network. In one embodiment, the installation includes a router or other communications element. In one embodiment, each charging station includes a cellular communications chip, enabling the charging station to communicate over cellular networks. This removes the need for the location to provide network. In one embodiment, in a charging station setup including multiple charging stations, only one charging station needs to have a cellular communications chip. At block225, connections are established between the chargers in the charging station, and the charging station. In one embodiment, after physical installation of the charging station, the chargers are inserted into the individual nests of the charging station, for an indoor charging station type. For an outdoor charging station, each charger is inserted through an insertion door, one at a time. Establishing connection between the charger and the charging station in one embodiment includes obtaining a charger ID, and a charger state for each charger. The charger state for each charger includes the charger state, which is the capacity of the battery as a percent, the temperature of the battery, voltage level, and charging status (e.g. charging, fully charged, not charging). At block230, the chargers are turned off. A turned off charger can take on charge but cannot output any power. It is effectively not useable until activated. In one embodiment, a charger is turned off via a command sent by the charging station, to the charger's CPU. The command disconnects the discharge path for the charger. In one embodiment, the system uses a software control to turn off the chargers. In one embodiment, a mechanical element is used to turn off the charger. At block232, power to any filled nests is turned on. In one embodiment, when a nest has no charger in it, it is by default OFF. This decreases the power consumption of the charger station, and is useful for power efficiency. In one embodiment, power may also be turned off for nests that are fully charged. In one embodiment, when power is limited, for example when a site has power use restrictions, the system may selectively charge a few chargers at a time, turning off the other nests. In one embodiment, when power is limited, the nests of chargers which are sufficiently charged, are turned off. At block235, the process determines whether a charger has been returned to the charging station. If so, the return is reported to the server, along with a status report about the charger. The charger is then turned off. The server also closes the session with the user's account. If the charger state and the connection between the nest and the charger is verified by the server, the power to the nest is then turned on, initiating charging. At block245, the process determines whether a charger has been requested from the charging station. The user's system communicates with the server, therefore the charging station receives the instruction from the server that a charger has been requested, after the request is validated. That is, the charging station is not informed in one embodiment until after the user's account has been set up/validated, and the request is ready to be fulfilled. At that point, the charger is instructed to activate the selected charger, and extrude the selected charger for the user. At block255, the process determines whether the proximity sensors is activated, in one embodiment. In one embodiment, the proximity sensor is activated when a user waves a hand in front of the charging station, or gets within a certain distance of the charging station. If the proximity sensor is activated, at block260the charging station and chargers are lit up. In one embodiment, the lighting varies based on proximity to the charging station. In one embodiment, the lighting implements a “breathing” type pattern where the lights get brighter and dimmer in a slow pattern. The timing of this pattern is arbitrary. In one embodiment, the “breathing” type light pattern has an approximate timing aligned with normal breathing, e.g. getting brighter for 1-2 seconds slowly, holding for 0.5-1 second, and then dimming slowly for 1-2 seconds, and then holding for 0.5-2 seconds. The process then returns to block235, to continue monitoring for new returns, requests, or proximity experiences. FIGS.3A-3Billustrate embodiments of a charging station.FIG.3Aillustrates one embodiment of a charging station300which includes seven identically sized chargers302positioned in a symmetric configuration of nests. The exemplary configuration shown inFIG.3Ais a flower shape, in which seven equally sized hexagonal chargers302are within a charging station300. In this illustration, one nest304is empty. FIG.3Billustrates some alternative embodiments of the charging station310,316,318,320. Charging station310illustrates a configuration in which five identically sized chargers314surround one larger charger312. In one embodiment, this configuration shows one way in which a laptop charger, or another type of charger may be incorporated into the charging station310. Charging station316shows an alternative charger shape of triangles. Charging station318, shows an alternative charger shape of squares. Charging station320shows an alternative charger shape of triangles for smaller chargers, and a larger laptop charger having a trapezoidal shape. In one embodiment, each of the configurations is designed to be expandable, so a set of charging stations can together form an interesting shape. However, this is not a requirement of the system. The shape of the charging station, and the shapes of the individual chargers are not limited by those illustrated here. One of skill in the art would understand that the shapes of both the chargers and charging stations are arbitrary. Thus, alternative shapes or sizes may be used, without departing from the scope of the invention. FIG.3Cillustrates one embodiment of a charger attached to a wall, using a mounting socket power base340. The mounting socket power base340, in one embodiment, is attached to a wall or other structure to provide support. The mounting socket power base340also provides the network and power connection for the charging station, in one embodiment. The mounting socket power base340can be initially installed in a position, and then the charging station is inserted onto the mounting socket power base340, as shown inFIG.3D. In one embodiment, multiple mounting sockets may be mounted to enable a set of charging stations to be placed together. In one embodiment, the design is such that the mounting socket power base340can be installed for all charging stations, before inserting any charging stations. FIG.3Eillustrates a kiosk350onto which one or more charging stations may be mounted. As can be seen in the top view, the kiosk in one embodiment is a triangular prism, in which each side may have one or more charging stations. The electronics and connections are in the center of the kiosk350. In this illustration, two of the three sides of the kiosk350are shown with charging stations. One of the sides illustrates two charging stations, and one illustrates five. Any number of charging stations may be mounted on a kiosk350. In one embodiment, all of the charging stations mounted to a kiosk may serve as a single group, coupled together in the kiosk center. Alternatively, each side may be a separate group. FIG.3Fillustrates one embodiment of a charging station setup mounted on a board. The board360may be a standing board mount360, supported by a stand, as shown. In another embodiment, shown inFIG.3G, the board may be a wall board mount365, designed to be mounted on the wall.FIG.3Gillustrates a set of six charging stations367, together forming a charging station setup369. By mounting the charger station on a board360,365, rather than directly on the wall, in one embodiment moving the charger stations becomes easier. It also provides a simpler way to hide the network and power connections, rather than requiring in-wall wiring. FIG.3Hillustrates another embodiment of a stand for a charging station. The stand is designed to stably support a single charging station. Unlike the kiosk and the board mounted charging stations, in one embodiment, the stand370does not have the mounting socket attached to a flat surface. Rather, the mounting socket is mounted into a tabletop mount which may be fixed to a horizontal surface. FIG.3Iillustrates one embodiment of a “see-through” illustration of an exemplary outdoor charger. In one embodiment, the outdoor charger has six nests mounted in a circle, on a carousel type mount, which can rotate within the enclosed outdoor charging station375. When a charger is requested, the outdoor charging station375identifies the appropriate charger to dispense, in one embodiment, based on charging level. The outdoor charging station then rotates the carousel dispenser, until the nest is aligned with the charging station door379. The nest then partially ejects the charger, through the door379. In this way, the outdoor charging station can protect the charging station and nests and chargers from the elements, while providing chargers on demand. In one embodiment, the outdoor charging station door379may be a door which is closed when the outdoor charging station is not in use, and is opened only to dispense a charger. In some embodiments, the outdoor charging station375may have some lights such as LEDs mounted on the inside of the translucent casing, such that the outdoor charging station375may also provide visual feedback of dispensing and accepting chargers, as described with respect to the indoor charging station. In another embodiment, the mechanism within outdoor charging station may be a rollers moving a charger to the door for dispensing. In another embodiment, the mechanism within the outdoor charging station may be a conveyor belt for moving the chargers. In one embodiment, the outdoor charging station375may have a solar panel. The solar panel can provide a portion of the power used by the charging station375, and in emergencies can provide backup power. FIG.3J-3Millustrate embodiments of a charger. The charger in one embodiment has a hexagonal shape with a suction cup385on its top surface. The back of the charger is designed to fit into the nest of a charging station, and receive power. In one embodiment, the charger380incorporates one or more charging cords390. This means that a user does not need to have a charging cord available to use the charger. The charging cord fits into the body of the charger, when the charger is not in use. In one embodiment, the charger380may also provide inductive charging capabilities. Because the suction cup is stable, and the shape of the charger is regular, in one embodiment, the charger380may be used as a kickstand for the phone, while the charger is in use.FIG.3Lillustrates this use. This also means that the user can pick up their phone, without having to be concerned about the charger being dislodged, or the cord being damaged. FIG.3Mone embodiment of a charger, with edge color options. In one embodiment, edge colors may be various colors of plastic, used to differentiate chargers from various private charging stations. In one embodiment, the charger frame is transparent, and the charger includes around its edge a number of RGB LEDs, as shown. In one embodiment, six or more RGB LEDs are distributed along the edge of the charger. The RGB LEDs enable the charger to light up in various colors. FIG.4is a flowchart of one embodiment of reporting from the charging station to a server. The process starts at block410. At block415, the charging station reports the status for each nest to the server. The status includes whether the nest is empty or filled. At block420, the charging station polls each charger to obtain the charger ID and the current charger state. The current charger state in one embodiment includes the state of charge, voltage level, the status of charging (charging, fast charging, not charging, fully charged), and the temperature of the battery, as well as any detected faults. In one embodiment, the current charger state provides enough information to evaluate the battery status in the charger. Batteries can be recharged fully between 400 and 1200 cycles. Over time, the typical battery will take on less charge, and will discharge less completely. The system, through this polling mechanism keeps track of the state of each battery. This data is sent to the server, with charger ID and nest ID for each charger. At block425, a returned charger is received by the charging station. At block427, a connection is established between the charging station and the charger. In one embodiment, the connection is via a conductive wireless charging and data sync technology with a magnetic connection capability. In one embodiment, the Magconn™ connector system by may be used. In one embodiment, the connection may be a separate power connection and data connection. In one embodiment, the data connection may be a wireless connection. At block430, the charger ID is read and the nest ID where the charger was returned, and the charger ID are sent to the server. Then the charging station sends the nest ID and charger ID to the server. This enables the server to identify the user who previously had the charger, and close the session, and complete billing/tracking data. At block435, the server sends a command to turn off the charger. In another embodiment, this may be done by the charging station, without a server command. A turned off charger cannot be used until it is activated again. In one embodiment, the charger is turned off via a software command, which can only be received by radio command from the charging station or by wireless touch connection from the charging station. This means that a charger that is turned off is not usable. If someone manages to remove a charger from a nest without following the proper process, the charger would remain turned off, and thus would not be usable as a charger. At block440, the charging station turns off the charger, and if the charger's power level is below a threshold, turns on the power to the nest, and starts recharging the charger. In one embodiment, the turning off is done by sending a command to the charger's CPU, via the magnetic connector. In one embodiment, if the charge level in the charger is above a threshold, it is not charged. In one embodiment, that threshold is 80% charge. In another embodiment, that threshold is 95% charge. In one embodiment, the threshold may be any level of charge that retains a useable amount of power in the charger. The process then returns to block415, to continue reporting the status of each nest, and each charger. FIG.5is a flowchart of one embodiment of signing up an organization to host charging stations. The process starts at block510. At block515, an organization signs up for one or more charging stations. In one embodiment, an organization may indicate how many charging stations they want to host, and how many venues they want those charging stations for. At block520, the organization selects whether they will be a public or private venue. A pubic venue allows anyone with the application to obtain a charger, and return a charger. A private venue restricts access to the charging station and the chargers to members. Generally, most organizations would be public venues. At block525, a group ID is assigned to the charging stations. In one embodiment, a group ID is for a particular location. In another embodiment, an organization can assign multiple group IDs to a single venue, when there are multiple locations with stations inside the venue. For example, the common area of a university may have a charging station at the cash registers and in the dining hall, etc. Thus, an organization signing up for multiple locations would get multiple group IDs. At block530, the charging stations are installed at the venue. Installation includes, in one embodiment, setting up a wall-mounted board, a kiosk, or a table stand. Installation also includes connecting the charging stations to power and network. At block535, the charging stations are assigned to the group ID. The charging stations are now ready for use, if they are in a public venue. For a private venue, in one embodiment a separate application is made available to users. In one embodiment, the venue may add the users who are members/permitted to take chargers to a permissions list, and the same application may be used with permission validation. In one embodiment, users may join the venue by entering a subscription code, clicking through a link, or otherwise obtaining an access code. At block540, the owner receives access to online usage data for the stations and chargers. The online usage data permits the organization to monitor how their charging stations are utilized. The organization may then add charging stations, remove charging stations, move charging stations between locations, etc. At block545, the administrator or manager of the venue receives access to venue management options. The venue management options may permit the administrator to control the hardware, do diagnostics, change light displays, alter color preferences, etc. In another embodiment, this type of control access may not be provided. At block550, the organization is given access to real-time charging station and charger data. The process the ends at block560. FIG.6is a block diagram of one embodiment of the structure of a transaction, including the identification of the components involved from the individual transaction to the administrator. FIG.7is a flowchart of one embodiment of signing for a business account by a provider or individual user or provider. An individual user may wish to have a charging station in their home or their car. In one embodiment, they are able to sign up for an account and set up a charging station. In one embodiment, a provider is a user who provides chargers to others. This may be done via delivery (e.g. picking up chargers and taking them to requesting users), as an add-on service for other services (for example for a taxi or ride sharing service), etc. The process starts at block710. At block715, the business account set up is initiated. At block720, the user determines whether they want to have a personal charging station, or whether they want to be a provider. At block725, the user sets up billing information. In one embodiment, the user is charged for the cost of a charging station, if they choose to have one in their home. At block730, the user requests the chargers and optionally a charging station. The order process is then complete. In one embodiment, the charging station and chargers are shipped to the user. In another embodiment, if the user is only getting chargers, the user may pick up one more chargers from any charging station, at block732. At block735, the charger is assigned to the business account owner. At block740, the process determines whether the account is a provider account. A provider account can assign chargers to others. In one embodiment, this is done using the provider account. At block750, the process determines whether the charger has been reassigned. In one embodiment, the charger is reassigned when the provider scans the charger, and the recipient of the charger also scans the charger. At block755, the charger assignment is updated. The charger is reassigned from the provider to the recipient. At block760, the process determines whether the provider is being compensated for the delivery. If so, the payment is tracked, at block765. The process then continues to block770. At block770, the process determines whether the provider's charger has been reassigned or returned to a charging station. If the charger is reassigned or returned to the charging station, the user, at block775can get a new charger. The process then returns to block740. In this way, a provider like a driver or delivery person can provider chargers to users. FIG.8is a block diagram of one embodiment of the structure of a transaction, including the identification of the components involved. FIG.9Ais a flowchart of one embodiment of the interaction between the charging station and a user for obtaining a charger. The process starts at block910. At block915, the user initiates the process. This may be done by scanning a QR code associated with the charging station, entering a link, using a biometric such as a fingerprint or voice, using an NFC, opening the application and selecting “request charger,” or taking another action to initiate the process. At block920, the system automatically opens a web application or downloaded application, in one embodiment, and a request for a charger is initiated. In one embodiment, if the charging station is not yet identified, by scanning the QR code which includes the ID, the user is asked to enter the group ID, or otherwise identify the particular charging station. At block930, the process determines whether the user already has an account. If so, the process continues to block932. In one embodiment, if the user has an account but their log-in has expired, the user is requested to authenticate themselves. Once authentication is complete, and the Group ID of the station is received, so the system knows which charging station to use, at block932the charging station ejects the charger, and the charger is assigned to the user. The user's account is updated indicating that a charger was taken out. In one embodiment, the user may have a subscription account, in which case they are not charged. In one embodiment, the user may have an hourly account, in which case they are charged. In some embodiments, the chargers are provided at no cost to the user. At block955, the charger is assigned to the user and a session is opened. The session is open until the charger is returned to the charging station, or reassigned if the user has a repair/provider type account. The process then ends at block957. If the user does not have an account, as determined at block930, the process continues to block935. At block935, the user is asked to create an account and accept the user agreement. At block940, the user chooses a subscription model, and adds a payment mechanism. In one embodiment, the subscription model may be a monthly subscription, an hourly subscription, or another type of subscription. At block945, the user is authenticated. At block950, the account is charged for the subscription, and the charging station releases a charger. In some embodiments, there may not be a charge for the subscription. For example, an organization may set up a free private charging station ecosystem. At block955, the charger is assigned to the user, and a session is opened. The process then ends at block957. FIG.9Bis a flowchart of one embodiment of interacting with an intermittently connected charger. In one embodiment, the system has an emergency option, which enables the release of a charger, in an emergency scenario even if the charging station cannot successfully connect to the network. In one embodiment, the ejection may also work if the charging station does not have power. In one embodiment outdoor charging stations may have backup power through a solar panel. The process starts at block960. At block962, determines whether the network is available. If so, at block964the charging station receives an emergency release request from a user. At block966, the system verifies the emergency. Once verified, the SOS switch is activated. The SOS switch provides a manual override of the nest lock, which permits removal of a charger. At block968, the user confirms release of the charger, and the charger is assigned to the user's account. The process then ends at block998. If network is not available, and thus the user cannot request the emergency release, the process continues to block970. At block970, the process identifies an emergency, and extended network and power outage. In one embodiment, this is done manually by administrators. In one embodiment, the venue administrator may make this determination. In another embodiment, only the owner may make this determination. At block972, the SOS switch is activated, to enable manual release of a charger. In one embodiment, if power is available, the charging station may light up the nest from which a charger has been released. At block974, the process determines whether a charger has been taken. If not, at block976, the released nest may be periodically lit, to indicate its availability. The process then determines, at block978whether the emergency has ended. If not, the process continues to block974. If the emergency has ended, at block980the SOS switch is turned back off, and the charging station returns to its regular state. The process then ends at block998. If at block974, the process determines that the charger has been the process continues to block982. At block982, the process determines whether the user has indicated that the charger has been taken. The user may indicate in the application that they have taken an emergency charger. If the user accepts the charger, the charger is assigned to the user, at block984. The process then ends at block998. If no user has accepted the charger, the system requests that the user accept the charger, at block984. In one embodiment, the charger may connect to a charging station if it is in proximity, via a wireless connection such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc. In one embodiment, the charger may connect to the user's mobile device, via a wireless connection to request that the user accept the charger assignment. Then, the process returns to block982, to check whether the user has done so. In this way, in an emergency the system may be used to provide power, even when the charging station itself is not powered, and does not have an Internet connection. FIG.10is a flowchart of one embodiment of the interaction between the user and a charger that has been checked out from a charging station. The process starts at block1010. At block1015, the user receives the charger. At block1020, the user may determine that the charger is damaged. If that is the case, the user may report it promptly after receiving the charger. If the user does so, the user is issued a new charger, and any charges associated with the damaged charger are removed. The charging station, in one embodiment, locks in the damaged charger and does not release it to another user until it has been cleared for use again. This may be done, in one embodiment, by the organization, administrator, a repairer, or system provider, or algorithm. In one embodiment, the system may perform a reset on the charger. Once the charger has been reset, in one embodiment, the charging station may charge and discharge the charger, and if the charging status data indicates that the charger is functioning correctly, release the charger. If the charger is not damaged, the process determines whether the user is returning the charger to a charging station, at block1030. This may be any public charging station if the charger was obtained from a public charging station. If the user is returning it to a charging station, they return it to any empty nest, and receive confirmation that the charger has been successfully returned. In one embodiment, the charging station flashes a green light confirming, and a message is sent via the application, text, or another means confirming the return. In one embodiment, if the user's subscription is hours based, the process also closes out the session and ensures that the appropriate charges or use tracking has occurred. If the user is returning the charger to a provider, at block1040, at block1045, the provider scans the charger. The charger is assigned to the business user, and the user receives confirmation that their session has closed. If the user has not returned the charger to a charging station or a provider, at block1050, the process determines whether the rental time has expired. In one embodiment, rental time over 24-hours is considered expired. In some embodiments, the user may indicate their intended rental time at the time of rental (e.g. “rent for two hours”) and the rental may expire at the end of that period. If the time has not yet expired, the user is charged according to their subscription. In one embodiment, if the user has an hourly subscription but the time they have had the charger would cost them more than the weekly or monthly rental cost, the user's account may be updated to a different subscription model. The user may alter this back, at any time. The process then returns to block1030, to determine whether the user has returned the charger. If the time has expired, at block1050, the user is reminded to return the charger at block1060. In one embodiment, reminders to return the charger start after some number of hours, e.g. 3 hours. In one embodiment, multiple reminders may be sent. At block1065, the process determines whether the time since the charger was due to be returned is above a threshold. In one embodiment, the threshold is two days. Other thresholds may be set. In one embodiment, the initial reminders are followed with reminders that a cost for a lost charger may be incurred if the charger is not promptly returned. If the time is above the threshold, at block1070, the user is charged for a lost charger. The process then ends at block1075. FIG.11is a signal diagram showing the interaction between the user side, the server, the charging station, and the charger being released to a user. The user app initiates the process by sending a request for a charger to the server. In one embodiment, the request may include additional limitations. The additional limitations, for example, may include the type of connection needed, the type of power needed (e.g. mobile phone v. laptop charger) ADA access needed, etc. ADA access, in one embodiment, ensures that the charger released can be reached by someone in a wheelchair. The server then verifies the user account, and uses data from charging station1130to verify available chargers. The server1120then sends a message to the charging station to release a charger. If the user account validation fails, the user subscription verification fails, or the charging station lacks available chargers, the request fails, and a message is sent back to the user to update their account or go to a location with available chargers. In one embodiment, a map of charging stations may be provided to the user, an embodiment of which is shown inFIG.24. In one embodiment, the map may include information about the number of available chargers (non-reserved). In one embodiment, the application may enable users to filter the list or mapped location of charging stations to show only those charging stations that have available chargers (get) or available empty nests (return). In one embodiment, the most charged charger is released. In one embodiment, the limitations with the request may alter which charger is released. In one embodiment, the charger may be released based on usage data, e.g. the charger with charge above a threshold that has seen the least use may be released. The charging station1130sends the signal to activate the charger, and sends the eject charger command to the nest. In one embodiment, the nest lights up, when the command to eject the charger is received, to indicate to the user which charger to pick up. In one embodiment, the lighting pattern used by the nest is a breathing pattern. The nest indicates that the charger has been ejected, and picked up by the user. Alternatively, the nest may indicate that either the ejection failed, or the charger was not picked up by the user. If the process was successful, the confirmation is sent to the server. If the process failed, the failure is sent to the server. The server sends the success or failure message to the user. In one embodiment, if there is a failure, and the failure was to by the user, e.g. there was a mechanical failure on ejecting a charger, the process automatically loops back and auto-generates a new request for a charger. In one embodiment, this may be transparent to the user with no indication that a failure occurred except a slightly longer wait for the charger to be available. FIG.12is a signal diagram showing the interaction between the user side, the server, the charging station, and the charger being returned to a charging station. When the user puts a charger into a charging station the charging station detects the newly occupied nest, and collects the charger ID, and reports the charger ID returned to the station. The station verifies that the return is correct, by verifying the charger ID. In one embodiment, if the user is attempting to return a public charger to a private charging station, or a private charger to a public charging station, the incorrect return is rejected. The server instructs the station to eject the charger. The charger is ejected by the system, and the user is informed that the return cannot be made. If the charger is being appropriately returned, in one embodiment, the charging station turns on the nest, and the charging station provides a visual feedback to the user of a successful return. In one embodiment, this is a breathing light, confirming acceptance of the charger. The charging station turns OFF the charger, and then turns ON power for the nest. In one embodiment, this command comes from the server. In another embodiment, this command may come from the charging station. The charging station1130also informs the server of the return. The server confirms a successful return of the charger to the charging station, and closes the open session with the user. In one embodiment, final accounting is done, based on the usage data. The charger reports its charger ID and charger state. The charger state in one embodiment includes state of charge, voltage level, battery temperature, and charging state. In one embodiment, the state of charge is derived from information reported by the charger, and indicates the relative percentage of charge for the battery. The charging station reports the charger ID, charger state, and the associate nest ID to the server. The server tracks the charger IDs, states of charge, and which nests are occupied. FIG.13is a flowchart of one embodiment of the standard communication between the charging station and the chargers. The process starts at block1310. At block1315, the charging station monitors its own status. In one embodiment, at block1317, the charging station does an inventory survey. In one embodiment, the charging station does an inventory survey periodically. The period may be every 10 seconds. In another embodiment, the period may be every 30 seconds, or longer. At block1320the process determines whether the charger is being forcibly removed. In one embodiment, this occurs if a nest indicates that a charger has moved, when the charging station has not ejected the charger. If so, an alarm is sounded. In one embodiment, the alarm is built into the mounting socket. In addition to not having to route it through the charging station, it also means that even if the charging station is ripped off the wall, the alarm will remain attached, and sounding. In one embodiment, the alarm may also include visual alarms (flashing red lights, for example). The charger is maintained off, so it is not functional. In one embodiment, the alarm stops when the charger is returned to the charging station. In one embodiment, the alarm stops only when the system has verified that the same charger that was removed has been returned to the charging station. At block1327, the process determines whether the charging station itself is being assaulted. If so, the process continues to block1325, and an alarm is sounded, and all chargers are maintained off, so they are not useful. The process then returns to block1315. At block1330a charger is received in the charging station. The status of the returned charger is verified, as is its charger ID. In one embodiment, the charger may be rejected if the charger ID indicates that it cannot be returned to this charging station. At block1330, the charger status is verified. In one embodiment, this is done via the inventor survey, which obtains the charger ID, charger voltage level, and charger state. At block1340, the charger is powered OFF. Then the nest is powered on, if the charger connection is verified so that the charger can be charged. At block1350, the process determines whether the charger is failing to charge. If so, at block1355the charger is locked into the charger station, until it has been replaced, fixed, or confirmed functional. In one embodiment, a repairer may be alerted to this status. The process then returns to block1315to continue monitoring the system. The process determines at block1360if the charger has been opened. In one embodiment, there is a hardware element inside each charger, which shows whether the charger case has been physically opened. Because an opened charger case may be a vector for malware, or other issues, if the hardware element indicates the charger case has been opened, the process at block1355locks in the charger. In one embodiment, the hardware element is a switch which is depressed during assembly but nearly impossible to depress when not in a manufacturing setting. In one embodiment, the hardware element is an electronic connection made over the seam of the charger, such that the electrical connection is broken when the case is opened. If one embodiment, the hardware element is a spring. Other hardware elements may be used to verify that the charger case has remained intact. The process determines at block1370whether the charger is at end of life. In one embodiment, the average battery has between 400 and 1200 charge-discharge cycles before it no longer functions well. Therefore, the system monitors the state of the batteries, to ensure that none of the batteries have reached end of life. If a battery has reached end of life, the process returns to block1355to lock the charger into the station. In this way the system monitors its own state continuously. FIG.14is a flowchart of one embodiment of the use of lights by the charging station. In one embodiment, the charger casing is translucent, and the charger has RGB LEDs around its edges. The system may do various things with these lights. At block1415, the process detects a user is in proximity to the sensor. In one embodiment, the detection may be someone waving a hand in front of the charging station. At block1425, the chargers are lit up based on a level of charge. In one embodiment, the all chargers are lit in green, yellow, and red, based on a level of charge. In another embodiment, only the nest of the most charged charger is lit up. In one embodiment, the light level is increased and decreased based on proximity, at block1430. In one embodiment, the lights may have a breathing pattern, becoming brighter and dimmer in a regular pattern approximately matching standard human respiration. At block1440, the process determines that there had been no interaction with the charging station in a certain time. In one embodiment, the time is 5 minutes. In one embodiment, the time may set by the venue anywhere between seconds and hours. If there had been users within the timeframe, the process returns to block1415to continue monitoring for proximity and time elapsed. If there had been no users within a certain time, an LED lightshow is played. In one embodiment, the LED lightshow is programmable using the RGB lights of the chargers. In one embodiment, the default LED lightshow uses patterns of light to engage the attention. However, the light show is the lowest priority task for the charging station. Therefore, during the show the process monitors whether something else is occurring such as a request for a charger, or a proximity of a user. If so, the light show is ended at block1460and the system responds to the priority request. If nothing interrupts, the light show cycle finishes, at block1465, and ends. In one embodiment, the time is reset, so the period between light shows is the time set by the venue. FIG.15is a flowchart of one embodiment of a reservation process. The process starts at block1510. At block1515, the system receives a reservation request from a user for a charger, or for a nest to return a charger. In one embodiment, the user may make this reservation by selecting a nearby charging station, from map, such as the one shown inFIG.24. At block1520, the process determines whether there are any available chargers/nests, as requested, at the nearby charging station If not an alternative charging station is suggested to the user, at block1525. The process then ends at block1590. At block1530, the process determines whether all chargers/nests at the selected location are reserved. If so, an alternative charging station is suggested to the user. The process at block1540determines whether all available chargers/nests are ADA-reserved. In one embodiment, and optionally for the venue's control, a subset of chargers and nests may be reserved for ADA-use. In one embodiment, the two lowest placed nests and chargers are reserved for ADA-use. This would mean that one or two nests and/or chargers are not made available if the user requesting them has not indicated that they request the ADA-compliant positioning for the nest and/or charger. If all available chargers/nests are ADA reserved, at block1520the user is guided to another charging station. In one embodiment, rather than utilizing the above process after receiving a booking request, the system shows only those charging stations at which there are available chargers/nests on the map for the booking request when the user selects the booking option. In such instances, the process only utilizes blocks1550-1580. At block1550, the most charged available charger/an available nest is reserved for the user. In one embodiment, instead of using the most charged available charger, the system selects among the chargers having a charging level above a threshold based on other factors. For example, in one embodiment, the charger may be randomly selected from among chargers having charge above 80%. In one embodiment, the system may use predictive selection, knowing that by the time the reserving user will be able to pick up the charger, the selected charger will be at the appropriate charge level. In one embodiment, the charger may be selected based on how often it had been recently used. At block1560, the process determines whether the reserved charger has been taken from the charging station, or the reserved nest has been used for a return. In one embodiment, a reserved charger cannot be taken out by someone else. In one embodiment, the light may indicate that a charger is reserved by lighting up that charger in red, if a user tests the charger via proximity sensor. In one embodiment, a reserved empty nest cannot be used by someone else. If someone attempts to use the reserved empty nest, the nest rejects the attempt to insert the charger, and the user is informed that this nest is reserved for someone else. In one embodiment, the system may provide a timeframe for the reservation. In one embodiment, in such a scenario the user may be given the opportunity to perform an exchange instead of a return. That is the user may be permitted to return their charger, and immediately take out a new charger, leaving the same number of open nests. In one embodiment, when the user who reserved a charger/nest arrives at the charging station, the user can confirm the reservation by opening the application. The charger then is ejected, or the nest flashes to indicate to the user where to return their charger. If the user has returned the charger/taken the charger, the process ends at block1590. If the user has not completed the transaction the process determines whether a timeout has been reached, at block1570. In one embodiment, venues may set their own timeouts, and the user may be warned when they make a reservation, e.g. “You made a reservation at XYZ bakery for a charger, the reservation will be held for 15 minutes.” In another embodiment, the reservation length may be universal. In one embodiment, the default reservation period is 30 minutes. In one embodiment, the application provides a countdown. If the timeout hasn't yet been reached, the process returns to block1560. If timeout has been reached, the reservation is released, at block1580. The process then ends at block1590. FIG.16is a flowchart of one embodiment of the repairer interaction with the system. The process starts at block1610. In one embodiment repairer features may be available only to those users who have been vetted by the system owner and/or venue owner. At block1620the user adds a repairer feature to their account. In one embodiment, the repairer feature is a separate application that that is accessed via a web application or a separate downloadable application. At block1625, the system identifies a charger or charging station that is non-functional or locked. In one embodiment, the system identifies such devices in close proximity to the user who is a repairer. The repairer is informed that there is a charging station and/or charger(s) for repair. At block1630, the repairer accepts the request, and goes to the location. In one embodiment, a repairer may choose to accept or refuse the repair request. In one embodiment, the repairer may indicate that they can accept at some future time. If a repairer is available earlier, they may take the repair. At block1640, the repairer releases the affected charger from a charging station. The charger is associated with the repairer's account. As noted above, a charger deemed to be damaged is locked into the charging station. The repairer application can unlock the nest to remove the damaged charging station. If the problem is with the entire charging station, in one embodiment, the repairer replaces the charging station with a spare station. At block1645, the process determines whether the repair is trivial. Trivial repairs may be something being stuck or dirty, or something similar that a repairer may be able to handle directly locally. If the correction is trivial, at block1650the repairer makes the repairs directly. Otherwise, the repairer replaces the charger/station and returns the device for repair. At block1660, the device is released from the repairer's account when the fixed charger is returned to an empty nest, whether in the same charging station or another, or when the charger or charging station are received by the repair facility. The repairer is then credited with the correction, at block1665. In one embodiment, the complexity of the repairer's actions may be compensated. That is, a repair that involves taking a charger out of a nest, and shipping it off for repair would not be compensated as much as a repairer who fixes a problem locally. The process then ends at block1670. FIG.17is a block diagram of one embodiment of the elements in a repairer process. FIGS.18A and18Bare diagrams showing one embodiment of a charging station extruding a charger.FIG.18Aillustrates a side view and a slight perspective view of the charging station, with the chargers in their nests.FIG.18Billustrates a side view and a slight perspective view of the same charging station, with one charger partially ejected showing that the charger remains safely within the nest, but sufficiently extruded from the charging station to enable easy pickup by a user. FIG.18Cillustrates one embodiment of the nest structure used to extrude the charger. The inside of the cup of the nest pushes up, to shift the nest outward. FIG.19illustrates one embodiment of the components of the nest structure. The components include a printed circuit board (PCB), and a push element, shown in more detail inFIG.20A-20B. The charger rests in a push nest component, which is pushed outward by the nest, when the charger is being extruded. In one embodiment, the PCB includes a multiprocessor enabling the charger to provide smart charging, light up, and be turned on and off as discussed above. In one embodiment, the nest is surrounded by a light guide. The light guide enables the nest to light up in various ways as discussed above. In one embodiment, a cork or other supportive material is placed in the nest. The outside is the protective cup. FIG.20A-20Billustrates one embodiment of the gearing used for extruding the charger from the nest. In one embodiment, the push nest component is moved using gears. In one embodiment, as shown inFIGS.20A and20Ba single motor is used to turn gears to move the center push element outward, to move out the charger. In one embodiment, ejection distance is limited, to ensure that the push cup does not fall out of the charging station. In one embodiment, the ejection distance is limited by two screws that hold the push cup. FIG.21A-21Billustrate one embodiment of the gearing from a side view. The figure illustrates how the charger, resting on the push nest is pushed up, by the gearing.FIG.21Cillustrates a side view of nest component showing the light strip of LEDs and a guide. The LEDs in one embodiment, include 18 RBG LEDs, enabling the nest to light up in all colors. In one embodiment, the LEDs are placed symmetrically with three LED per side, one on each corner, and one in the middle. This allows the nest display to have even light. In one embodiment, the LEDs are positioned to direct light toward the front of the nest/side, not up. In one embodiment, the light guide enables the light to be directed outward. FIG.21Dillustrates the assembled charging station, with seven identical nest elements. Because the nest elements are consistent and simple, the system may be used to assemble a large number of charging stations. FIG.22Aillustrates one embodiment of attaching an indoor charging unit to a wall. The mounting socket power base2220is attached to a surface that will support the charging station2210. The charging station2220has a charging station plug2230, which is attached to the mounting socket power base2220by sliding onto it. Because of the design, the two elements are easy to assemble to each other. Additionally, this single connection provides power and data, in one embodiment. In another embodiment, the charging station2210may receive data through a wireless connection. In one embodiment, the alarm is placed inside the mount. FIG.22Billustrates one embodiment of the mounting socket power base. In one embodiment, the mounting socket power base2220has three points of connection to a surface. It has a power connection, and data connection. In one embodiment, connector1accepts an AC-power brick which provides power to the mounting socket power base2220. Connector2is the connector to the charging station (not shown). Connector3is the connector to another mounting socket power base, in a multi-station arrangement. In one embodiment, two mounting socket power bases may be coupled to a mounting socket power base. FIG.22Cillustrates the connector2from a different angle, showing that it includes a plurality of stiff wires, which couple into the charging station's plug2230. FIG.22Dillustrates one embodiment in which multiple mounting socket power bases may be coupled. In one embodiment, in a multi-charger station configuration, a single mounting socket power base is the “master” device which provides power and data to other devices coupled to it. The master mounting socket power base (here center mounting socket power base2240) may have two subordinate mounting socket power bases2250,2255coupled to it. Each of the side/subordinate mounting socket power bases2250,2255, may in turn be coupled to one further mounting socket power base. In one embodiment, this allows any number of mounting socket power bases to be chained. Practically, in one embodiment, no more than eight such bases should be chained with a single power supply. FIG.23illustrates one embodiment of the arrangement of the interconnected charging stations in a single venue. In one embodiment, for installation the three mounting socket power base are installed in the pre-arranged relationship. In one embodiment, a template may be used, which defines the relationship between the mounting socket power bases. Once the mounting socket power bases are installed, cords may be used, to connect the subordinate mounting socket power bases to the master device. The master device may be set up for data communication. In one embodiment, the master device may receive an Internet connection via an ethernet cable or a similar device. The charging stations may then be slipped onto each of the mounting socket power bases. The charging stations are then in close proximity, and connected to power, and network. In one embodiment, the master device may set up an internet connection using the cellular network or wireless network. In one embodiment, only the master device in any set of charging stations communicates with the server. The master device receives reports from the subordinate devices, and reports data from its own systems and from the subordinate devices as well. Of course, though many of the processes in this application are shown as flowcharts, in some embodiment the processes shown are implemented as an interrupt-driven processes. Additionally, when the process stages are not dependent on each other their ordering is arbitrary. Furthermore, unless specifically indicated, the processes may be varied, or skipped, depending on the setup being used, and the limitations and capabilities of the systems. In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. | 65,780 |
11942810 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Prior to the description, it should be understood that the terms used in the specification and the appended claims should not be construed as limited to general and dictionary meanings, but interpreted based on the meanings and concepts corresponding to technical aspects of the present disclosure on the basis of the principle that the inventor is allowed to define terms appropriately for the best explanation. Therefore, the description proposed herein is just a preferable example for the purpose of illustrations only, not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure, so it should be understood that other equivalents and modifications could be made thereto without departing from the scope of the disclosure. In addition, in the present disclosure, if it is deemed that a detailed description of a related known configuration or function may obscure the subject matter of the present disclosure, the detailed description will be omitted. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, it will be understood that the term “comprises” when used in this specification, specifies the presence of stated elements, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other elements. Additionally, the term such as “processor” or “control unit” as used herein refers to a processing unit executing at least one function or operation, and this may be implemented by hardware and software either alone or in combination. In addition, throughout the specification, it will be further understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected to” another element, it can be directly connected to the other element or intervening elements may be present. In this specification, a secondary battery includes a negative electrode terminal and a positive electrode terminal and may refer to one independent cell that can be physically separated. For example, a pouch-type lithium secondary battery may be regarded as a secondary battery. In addition, the secondary battery may refer to an assembly of cells connected in series and/or in parallel. For example, a module or pack in which a plurality of lithium secondary batteries are connected in series and/or in parallel suitable for a design capacity may be regarded as a secondary battery. FIG.1is a block diagram showing an apparatus for controlling an operation of a secondary battery using a relative deterioration degree of an electrode according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Referring toFIG.1, an apparatus10for controlling an operation of a secondary battery using a relative deterioration degree of an electrode according to the embodiment of the present disclosure is coupled to a secondary battery20to identify the type of an electrode having a relatively large deterioration degree out of a positive electrode and a negative electrodes of the secondary battery20in a MOL state and adaptively control a charging/discharging operation condition according to the type of the identified electrode. The apparatus10for controlling an operation of a secondary battery according to the present disclosure includes a sensor unit30for measuring an operation characteristic value of the secondary battery while the secondary battery20is being charged or discharged, a control unit40for identifying a deterioration-biased electrode having a relatively large deterioration degree out of a positive electrode and a negative electrode of the secondary battery20and adaptively controlling a charging/discharging operation condition of the secondary battery20according to the type of the deterioration-biased electrode, and a storage unit60for storing operation characteristic values of the secondary battery20, programs necessary for executing control logics, data derived while executing the control logics, predefined parameters, and the like. Preferably, the sensor unit30includes a voltage measuring unit30a, a current measuring unit30band a temperature measuring unit30c, and measures voltage, current and temperature of the secondary battery20under the control of the control unit40while the secondary battery20is operating. The voltage measuring unit30aperiodically measures a voltage between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the secondary battery20according to the request of the control unit40, and outputs the measured voltage value to the control unit40. Then, the control unit40receives the measured voltage value and records the same in the storage unit60. The voltage measuring unit30amay include a floating capacitor for charging and holding the voltage of the secondary battery20, a voltage sensing circuit for measuring the voltage of the secondary battery20charged and held in the floating capacitor, and the like, but the present disclosure is limited thereto. When the secondary battery20includes a plurality of cells connected in series, the design of the voltage measuring unit30amay be changed to simultaneously or time-differentially measure the terminal voltage of the plurality of cells. Since the technology for measuring the voltage for a plurality of cells is widely known in the art, it will not be described in detail here. The current measuring unit30bperiodically measures a current flowing through the secondary battery20according to the request of the control unit40and outputs the measured current value to the control unit40. The current flowing through the secondary battery20is a charging current or a discharging current. The current measuring unit30bmeasures the voltage applied to both ends of a sense resistor R when a current flows through the secondary battery20and outputs the same to the control unit40. The voltage at both ends of the sense resistor R corresponds to the measured current value. The control unit40may convert the voltage value at both ends of the sense resistor R into a measured current value using Ohm's law (V=IR). The current measuring unit30bmay be replaced by another known current sensor such as a Hall sensor. The temperature measuring unit30cperiodically measures a temperature of the secondary battery20according to the request of the control unit40and outputs the measured temperature value to the control unit40. The temperature measuring unit30cmay be a temperature sensor known in the art, such as a thermocouple, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. According to an embodiment, the apparatus10for controlling an operation of a secondary battery may be operatively coupled to a charging unit C. The charging unit C applies a charging current to the secondary battery20according to a preset charging protocol according to the request of the control unit40. Preferably, the charging current is a constant current or a pulse current. The pulse current is a charging current in which a charging section where a DC current is applied to the secondary battery20and a rest section where a DC current is not applied to the secondary battery20are repeated. The charging unit C may vary depending on a device to which the secondary battery20is mounted. For example, if the secondary battery20is mounted to an electric vehicle, the charging unit C may be a charging station for the electric vehicle. As another example, if the secondary battery20is mounted to an electric vehicle or a hybrid electric vehicle, the charging unit C may be a regeneration charging unit that provides a charging power during a deceleration process of the vehicle. As still another example, if the secondary battery20is mounted to a mobile terminal such as a smartphone or a laptop computer, the charging unit C may be a charging circuit provided in the corresponding terminal. Preferably, the charging unit C may be coupled with a control system (not shown) that adjusts the charging current applied to the secondary battery20according to the request of the control unit40. A load L is an element that receives a discharging current from the secondary battery20. The load L may be an inverter coupled to a motor of an electric-driven vehicle, a DC/DC converter electrically coupled to an electric component of an electric-driven vehicle, a power conversion circuit for supplying a power to a circuit of a mobile terminal, or the like. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. Preferably, the discharging current is a constant current or a pulse current. The pulse current is a discharging current in which a discharge section where a DC current is applied to the load L and a rest section where a DC current is not applied to the load L are repeated. The control unit40may be electrically operatively coupled to the charging unit C. In addition, the control unit40may adaptively change a charging operation condition such as the type of the charging current supplied to the secondary battery20(a pulse current or a constant current), a C-rate of the charging current, a duty ratio and a duration by controlling the charging unit C when the secondary battery20is charged. The control unit40is also electrically operatively coupled to the load L. In this case, the control unit40may control the discharging of the secondary battery20to apply a discharging current to the load L. A load management system (not shown) that manages the control of the load L may receive information about an available discharging output from the control unit40and control the power consumed by the load L within the range of the available discharging output. In addition, the control unit40may adaptively change a discharging operation condition such as the type of the discharging current (a pulse current or a constant current) supplied from the secondary battery20to the load L, a C-rate of the discharging current, a duty ratio and a duration by controlling the load management system (not shown) when the secondary battery20is discharged. The control unit40may be connected with the control system of the charging unit C and the load management system through a communication line, and may exchange a command message required to control charging and discharging of the secondary battery20with the control system of the charging unit C and the load management system by means of communication. The control unit40may calculate an electrochemical reaction resistance and an ion diffusion resistance of the secondary battery20in a deterioration diagnosing SOC section while the secondary battery20is being charged or discharged, and determine an electrode having a relatively large deterioration degree out of the electrodes of the secondary battery20in consideration of a relative ratio of the ion diffusion resistance to the electrochemical reaction resistance. Hereinafter, the electrochemical reaction resistance is represented by Rt1and the ion diffusion resistance is represented by Rt2. In addition, Rt1,kis used when representing a plurality of electrochemical reaction resistance, and Rt2,kis used when representing a plurality of ion diffusion resistance. Here, k is a natural number of 1 to n. The deterioration diagnosing SOC section refers to a SOC section preset to identify the type of an electrode having a relatively large deterioration degree out of the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the secondary battery20while the secondary battery20is being charged or discharged. In the present disclosure, the electrode having a relatively large deterioration degree is called a deterioration-biased electrode, and the deterioration-biased electrode may be any one out of a positive electrode and a negative electrode. Preferably, an OCV profile of the negative electrode or the positive electrode according to the SOC of the secondary battery20has a flat section, and the deterioration diagnosing SOC section corresponds to the flat section of the OCV profile. Preferably, the secondary battery is a lithium secondary battery. Also, the positive electrode may include Li1+aNixCoyMnzO2(0≤a≤0.2, 0≤x,y,z≤1) as an active material, and the negative electrode may include graphite, LTO (LiTiO2) or LFP (LiFePO4) as an active material. However, the present disclosure is not limited by the types of the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material. FIG.2are graphs showing a cell OCV profile, a positive electrode OCV profile and a negative electrode OCV profile of a lithium secondary battery that includes LiaNixCoyMnzO2, which is a lithium transition metal oxide, as an active material in a positive electrode and includes graphite as an active material in a negative electrode. A dashed-dotted line profile represents an OCV profile, and a solid line profile represents a resistance profile. In an embodiment, the lithium secondary battery is a pouch-type lithium polymer cell, and the operating voltage range is 3.0 to 4.2V. The electrolyte of the lithium secondary battery includes a solvent and a lithium salt. The solvent includes EC (Ethylene Carbonate) and EMC (Ethyl Methyl Carbonate) in a weight ratio of 3:7. The lithium salt is LiPF6with a concentration of 1 mol. The cell OCV profile shown inFIG.2is created based on OCV data for each SOC obtained through a full charging experiment for a lithium secondary battery in a BOL state. In addition, a positive electrode OCV profile and a negative electrode OCV profile are measured simultaneously when measuring the cell OCV profile using a reference electrode inserted in the lithium secondary battery. Referring toFIG.2, the positive electrode OCV profile has a pattern in which OCV increases as the SOC of the lithium secondary battery increases, and the negative electrode OCV profile has a flat section in which the OCV is kept constant when the SOC is 67% to 97% while the OCV is decreasing as the SOC of the lithium secondary battery increases. Therefore, for the lithium secondary battery according to the embodiment, the flat section in the SOC section of 67% to 97% may be set in advance as a deterioration diagnosing SOC section. In the present disclosure, since the deterioration diagnosing SOC section is changed according to the type of the active materials included in the positive electrode and the negative electrode, it is obvious to those skilled in the art that the deterioration diagnosing SOC section is not limited to the numerical range suggested in the embodiment. According to the present disclosure, the electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1refers to an electrical resistance involved in the process where lithium ions are inserted into active material particles by causing an electrochemical reaction on the surface of the active material particles. In addition, the ion diffusion resistance Rt2refers to an electrical resistance involved in the process where lithium ions are diffused into the active material particles after being inserted into the active material particles by an electrochemical reaction. For reference, when the secondary battery20is charged, the active material particles into which lithium ions are inserted are negative electrode active materials, and when the secondary battery20is discharged, the active material particles into which lithium ions are inserted are positive electrode active materials. The electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1may be determined as follows. After allowing a pulse current to flow through the secondary battery20during an electrochemical reaction time required for the electrochemical reaction of lithium ions, a voltage change amount of the secondary battery20is measured according to the flow of pulse current and the electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1may be determined from the measured voltage change amount and the magnitude of the pulse current using Ohm's law. In addition, the ion diffusion resistance Rt2may be determined as follows. After allowing a pulse current to flow through the secondary battery20for a time during which lithium ions can be inserted into the active material particles after an electrochemical reaction and then diffuse inside the active material particles, a voltage change amount of the secondary battery20is measured according to the flow pulse current, the ion diffusion resistance Rt2may be determined from the measured voltage change amount and the magnitude of the pulse current using Ohm's law. FIG.3is a graph showing an example of a pulse current applied to the secondary battery20while the secondary battery is being charged in a deterioration diagnosing SOC section according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Referring toFIG.3, if a charging pulse current with a duration of Δt is applied to the secondary battery20, an electrochemical reaction of lithium ions occurs on the surface of the negative electrode active material during an initial short time t1, and then lithium ions are diffused inside the negative electrode active material during a remaining time t2. Hereinafter, a time section in which the electrochemical reaction occurs among the sections of the charging pulse current is defined as an electrochemical reaction section t1, and a time section in which the diffusion of lithium ions occurs is defined as an ion diffusion section t2. Preferably, the duration of the ion diffusion section t2is longer than the duration of the electrochemical reaction section t1. In an example, when the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material included in the secondary battery20are LiaNixCoyMnzO2and graphite, respectively, and the magnitude Ipulseof the charging pulse is 0.5 C-rate, the electrochemical reaction section t1may be from 0 second to 0.1 second, and the ion diffusion section t2may be from 0.1 second to 10 seconds. That is, the duration of the electrochemical reaction section t1may be 0.1 second, and the duration of the ion diffusion section t2may be 9.9 seconds. Meanwhile, it is obvious that the duration of the electrochemical reaction section t1and the duration of the ion diffusion section t2may vary depending on the reaction mechanism of lithium ions and the type and diameter of active material particles. Preferably, the duration of the electrochemical reaction section t1and the duration of the ion diffusion section t2may be set in advance through an experiment and may be stored in advance in the storage unit60. The control unit40may periodically apply a charging pulse current having a duration of Δt and a DC current magnitude of Ipulseto the secondary battery20by controlling the charging unit C while the SOC of the secondary battery20passes through the preset deterioration diagnosing SOC section in order to determine the type of the deterioration-biased electrode when the secondary battery20is charged. The charging pulse current may be applied to the secondary battery20together with a constant current while the secondary battery20is being charged in a constant current mode, or may be applied to the secondary battery20in a state where the constant current charging is stopped. The control unit40may also receive the operation characteristic value of the secondary battery20from the sensor unit30periodically while each charging pulse current is applied and record the same in the storage unit60, and calculate a first voltage change amount ΔV1,kgenerated in the electrochemical reaction section t1and a second voltage change amount ΔV2,kgenerated in the ion diffusion section t2with reference to the operation characteristic value, and calculate an electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1,k(ΔV1,k/Ipulse) and an ion diffusion resistance Rt2,k(ΔV2,k/Ipulse) using Ohm's law, respectively. Here, k is a sequence index of the charging pulse current. Therefore, when a k+1thcharging pulse current is applied, the electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1,k+1and the ion diffusion resistance Rt2,k+1are ΔV1,k+1/Ipulseand ΔV2,k+1/Ipulse, respectively. In addition, when a k+2thcharging pulse current is applied, the electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1,k+2and the ion diffusion resistance Rt2,k+2are ΔV1,k+2/Ipulseand ΔV2,k+2/Ipulse, respectively. In addition, when an nthcharging pulse current is applied, the electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1,nand the ion diffusion resistance Rt2,nare ΔV1,n/Ipulseand ΔV2,n/Ipulse, respectively. The control unit40may also receive the operation characteristic values from the sensor unit30and records the same in the storage unit60whenever each charging pulse current is applied to the secondary battery20while the secondary battery20is being charged in the deterioration diagnosing SOC section by the charging unit C, and determine the SOC (SOCk) of the secondary battery20with reference to the operation characteristic value. Here, k is a sequence index of the charging pulse current, and SOCkrepresents a SOC of the secondary battery20calculated after a kthcharging pulse current is applied to the secondary battery20. As an example, the control unit40may calculate a SOC change amount (Ipulse*Δt/Q) by counting the measured current value Ipulseof the secondary battery20over time whenever a charging pulse current is applied to the secondary battery20, and determine a SOC (SOCk) by adding the SOC change amount (Ipulse*Δt/Qcell) to a previous SOC (SOCk−1). Here, Ipulseis the magnitude of the charging pulse current, Δt is a duration of the charging section in the charging pulse, and Qcellis a charging capacity of the secondary battery20. As another example, the control unit40may adaptively determine the SOC (SOCk) of the secondary battery20whenever each charging pulse current is applied while the secondary battery20is being charged in the deterioration diagnosing SOC section using an extended Kalman filter. The extended Kalman filter is widely known in the art to which the present disclosure belongs. As an example, the extended Kalman filter may be an adaptive algorithm based on an equivalent circuit model or an electrochemical ROM (Reduced Order Model). The estimation of SOC using the extended Kalman filter is described, as an example, in the paper of Gregory L. Plett “Extended Kalman filtering for battery management systems of LiPB-based HEV battery packs, Parts 1, 2 and 3” (Journal of Power Source 134, 2004, 252-261), which may be incorporated as a part of this specification. Of course, the SOC (SOCk) of the secondary battery20may be determined by other known methods capable of determining SOC by selectively utilizing the operation characteristic value of the secondary battery20, in addition to the above-described current counting method or the extended Kalman filter. Preferably, the control unit40may record the SOC (SOCk), the electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1,k(ΔV1,k/Ipulse) and the ion diffusion resistance Rt2,k(ΔV2,k/Ipulse) determined whenever each charging pulse current is applied to the secondary battery20in the storage unit60. The number of data recorded in the storage unit60is identical to the number of charging pulse currents. If the data on the electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1,kand the ion diffusion resistance Rt2,kfor each SOC are stored in the storage unit60, the control unit40controls the charging unit C to switch to a normal charging mode to continuously charge the secondary battery20until the secondary battery20is charged to a full charging state. In the normal charging mode, the control unit40may control the charging unit C to apply a charging pulse current or a constant current to the secondary battery20. After acquiring a plurality of data on the electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1,kand the ion diffusion resistance Rt2,kin the deterioration diagnosing SOC section, the control unit40calculates a relative ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kof the ion diffusion resistance Rt2,kto the electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1,kfor each SOC (SOCk) and record the same in the storage unit60. Here, Rt2,k/Rt1,kis named as a deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio corresponding to SOC (SOCk), and the number of deterioration diagnosing resistance ratios recorded in the storage unit60is identical to the number of charging pulse currents. The control unit40also identifies a deterioration-biased electrode having a relatively large deterioration degree by comparing the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kcalculated for each SOC (SOCk) with a reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,referpreset for each SOC (SOCk). The reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,refermay be determined according to the above-described method based on the secondary battery20in a BOL state and then recorded in the storage unit60in advance. The number of reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratios Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,referrecorded in the storage unit60is identical to the number of charging pulse currents. According to an embodiment, if an average value of the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kcalculated for each SOC (SOCk) is greater than an average value of the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,referpreset for each SOC (SOCk), the control unit40may determine the positive electrode as the deterioration-biased electrode. Alternatively, if a ratio of the SOC section where the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kis greater than the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,referin the deterioration diagnosing SOC section is equal to or greater than a threshold value, the positive electrode may be determined as the deterioration-biased electrode. Conversely, if the average value of the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kcalculated for each SOC (SOCk) is smaller than the average value of the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,referpreset for each SOC (SOCk), the control unit40may determine the negative electrode as the deterioration-biased electrode. Alternatively, when the ratio of the SOC section where the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kis smaller than the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,referin the deterioration diagnosing SOC section is equal to or greater than the threshold value, the negative electrode may be determined as the deterioration-biased electrode. The above determination criterion is effective when the negative electrode of the secondary battery20has an OCV profile including a flat section, and the positive electrode of the secondary battery20has an OCV profile not including a flat section. According to another embodiment, if the average value of the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kcalculated for each SOC (SOCk) is greater than the average value of the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,referpreset for each SOC (SOCk), the control unit40may determine the negative electrode as the deterioration-biased electrode. Alternatively, when the ratio of the SOC section where the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kis greater than the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,referin the deterioration diagnosing SOC section is equal to or greater than the threshold value, the negative electrode may be determined as the deterioration-biased electrode. Conversely, if the average value of the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kcalculated for each SOC (SOCk) is smaller than the average value of the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,referpreset for each SOC (SOCk), the control unit40may determine the positive electrode as the deterioration-biased electrode. Alternatively, when the ratio of the SOC section where the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kis smaller than the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,referin the deterioration diagnosing SOC section is equal to or greater than the threshold value, the positive electrode may be determined as the deterioration-biased electrode. The above determination criterion is effective when the positive electrode of the secondary battery20has an OCV profile including a flat section, and the negative electrode of the secondary battery20has an OCV profile not including a flat section. After determining the deterioration-biased electrode, the control unit40may adaptively adjust the charging/discharging operation condition of the secondary battery20by controlling the charging unit C or the load management system according to the type of the deterioration-biased electrode and the deviation of the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kcalculated for each SOC (SOCk) and the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,refercalculated for each SOC (SOCk). Preferably, the charging/discharging operation condition may be at least one selected from a charging cutoff voltage, a discharging cutoff voltage, a rest section of the charging pulse current, a rest section of the discharging pulse current, a C-rate of the charging current, and a C-rate of the discharging current. In an example, if the deterioration-biased electrode is the positive electrode, when performing a next charging/discharging cycle, the control unit40may decrease the charging cutoff voltage, increase the discharging cutoff voltage, decrease the C-rate of the charging current or the discharging current, or increase the rest section of the charging pulse current or the discharging pulse current according to the deviation between the average value of the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kand the average value of the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,refer. Here, the increase of the rest section refers to an increase of rest time. If the charging/discharging operation condition of the secondary battery20is changed as above, it is possible to mitigate the collapse of the structure of the active material particles included in the positive electrode at the end of charging or discharging. Preferably, the variation amount for each charging/discharging operation condition may be defined in the form of a look-up table according to the deviation between the average value of the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kand the average value of the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,referand recorded in the storage unit60in advance. In this case, the control unit40may adaptively adjust the charging and discharging operation condition of the secondary battery20in the next charging/discharging cycle by controlling the charging unit C/the load management system with reference to the look-up table. In another example, if the deterioration-biased electrode is the negative electrode, the control unit40may decrease the charging cutoff voltage, increase the discharging cutoff voltage, decrease the C-rate of the charging current or the discharging current, or increase the rest section of the charging pulse current or the discharging pulse current according to the deviation between the average value of the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kand the average value of the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,refer. If the charging/discharging operation condition of the secondary battery20is changed as above, lithium ions may be sufficiently diffused into the active material particles to prevent lithium from being precipitated in the negative electrode. Preferably, the variation amount for each charging/discharging operation condition may be defined in the form of a look-up table according to the deviation between the average value of the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kand the average value of the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,referand recorded in the storage unit60in advance. In this case, the control unit40may adaptively adjust the charging/discharging operation condition of the secondary battery20in the next charging/discharging cycle by controlling the charging unit C/the load management system with reference to the look-up table. Meanwhile, the present disclosure may be applied even when the secondary battery20operates in a discharging mode, unlike the former embodiment. In this case, the control unit40may control the load management system while the SOC of the secondary battery20passes through the deterioration diagnosing SOC section in a discharging mode so that the discharging pulse current flows through the secondary battery20. The discharging pulse current is identical to the charging pulse current, except that the direction of the discharging pulse current is opposite to that of the charging pulse current. The discharging pulse current may flow through the secondary battery20while maintaining a constant current discharge of the secondary battery20, or may flow through the secondary battery20in a state where the constant current discharging of the secondary battery20is stopped. The control unit40may determine a SOC of the secondary battery by using the operation characteristic value of the secondary battery20measured through the sensor unit30whenever the discharging pulse current flows through the secondary battery20in the preset deterioration diagnosing SOC section. In addition, the control unit40may determine an electrochemical reaction resistance from the voltage change amount measured during the preset initial time in each discharging pulse current section, and determine the ion diffusion resistance from the voltage change amount measured during the remaining time except for the initial time. In addition, the control unit40may determine a deterioration-biased electrode having a relatively large deterioration degree by comparing the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio, which is a relative ratio of the ion diffusion resistance to the electrochemical reaction resistance, with the preset reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio. In addition, the control unit40may adaptively adjust the operation condition of the next charging/discharging cycle according to the type of the deterioration-biased electrode as in the above-descried embodiment. In the present disclosure, the storage unit60is a storage medium capable of recording and erasing data electrically, magnetically, optically or quantum mechanically. Non-limiting examples of the storage unit60may include a RAM, a ROM, a register, a hard disk, an optical recording medium, and a magnetic recording medium. The storage unit60may be electrically coupled to the control unit40, for example via a data bus, to be accessible by the control unit40. The storage unit60may store and/or update and/or delete a program including various control logics executed by the control unit40, and/or data generated when the control logics are executed, and/or predefined data, parameters and look-up tables required for execution of various control logics. The storage unit60may be logically divided into two or more parts. In the present disclosure, the control unit40may optionally include a processor, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), another chipset, a logic circuit, a register, a communication modem, a data processing device, or the like, known in the art to execute the various control logics described above. In addition, when the control logic is implemented in software, the control unit40may be implemented as a set of program modules. At this time, the program module may be stored in a memory and executed by a processor. The memory may be provided inside or outside the processor and be connected to the processor through various well-known computer components. Also, the memory may be included in the storage unit60of the present disclosure. In addition, the memory refers to a device in which information is stored, regardless of the type of device, and does not refer to a specific memory device. In addition, one or more of the various control logics of the control unit40may be combined, and the combined control logics may be written in a computer-readable code system and recorded in a computer-readable recording medium. The recording medium is not particularly limited as long as it is accessible by a processor included in a computer. As an example, the storage medium includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a ROM, a RAM, a register, a CD-ROM, a magnetic tape, a hard disk, a floppy disk and an optical data recording device. The code scheme may be distributed to a networked computer to be stored and executed therein. In addition, functional programs, codes and code segments for implementing the combined control logics may be easily inferred by programmers in the art to which the present disclosure belongs. The apparatus10for controlling an operation of a secondary battery according to the present disclosure may be included in a battery management system100as shown inFIG.9. The battery management system100controls the overall operation related to charging and discharging of a battery, and is a computing system called a battery management system (BMS) in the art. In addition, the apparatus10for controlling an operation of a secondary battery according to the present disclosure may be mounted to various types of electric driving mechanism200as shown inFIG.10. According to an embodiment, the electric driving mechanism200may be a mobile computer device such as a mobile phone, a laptop computer and a tablet computer, or a handheld multimedia device such as a digital camera, a video camera and an audio/video reproduction device. According to another embodiment, the electric driving mechanism200may be an electric power device movable by electricity, such as an electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, an electric bicycle, an electric motorcycle, an electric train, an electric ship and an electric plane, or a power tool having a motor, such as an electric drill and an electric grinder. FIG.4is a flowchart for specifically illustrating a method for controlling an operation of a secondary battery using a relative deterioration degree of an electrode according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown inFIG.4, first, if the process starts, in Step S10, the control unit40determines whether there is a charging start request. In an example, if the secondary battery20is connected to the charging unit C, the control system of the charging unit C may transmit a charging start request to the control unit40. If the determination of Step S10is YES, Step S20proceeds, and if the determination of Step S10is NO, the progress of the process is deferred. In Step S20, the control unit40measures an OCV value of the secondary battery20using the sensor unit30and records the same in the storage unit60. Here, the OCV value corresponds to a measured voltage value of the secondary battery20measured before charging starts. Step S30proceeds after Step S20. In Step S30, the control unit40turns on a switch installed on a line that connects the secondary battery20and the charging unit C, and controls the charging unit C to apply a charging current to the secondary battery20according to a preset charging protocol. Preferably, the charging protocol may be a CC-CV charging protocol, a pulse charging protocol, a constant current-constant power charging protocol, or the like, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. Step S40proceeds after Step S30. In Step S40, the control unit40measures an operation characteristic value of the secondary battery20using the sensor unit30and records the same in the storage unit60. Here, the operation characteristic value includes a measured voltage value, a measured current value and a temperature measurement value of the secondary battery. Step S50proceeds after Step S40. In Step S50, the control unit40calculates a SOC by using the operation characteristic value of the secondary battery20recorded in the storage unit60and stores the same in the storage unit60. Here, SOC may be calculated using a current counting method or an extended Kalman filter. Step S60proceeds after Step S50. In Step S60, the control unit40determines whether the SOC of secondary battery20belongs to a deterioration diagnosing SOC section. Preferably, the deterioration diagnosing SOC section refers to an SOC section corresponding to the flat section included in the OCV profile of the positive electrode or the OCV profile of the negative electrode. If the determination of Step S60is YES, Step S70proceeds. In Step S70, the control unit40controls the charging unit C to apply a charging pulse current to the secondary battery20. The charging pulse current includes a charging section in which a DC current is applied and a rest section in which a DC current is not applied, as shown inFIG.3. The charging section includes a preset electrochemical reaction section t1and an ion diffusion section t2. The magnitude of the DC current applied to the secondary battery20in the charging section is Ipulse. Step S80proceeds after Step S70. In Step S80, the control unit40periodically measures the operation characteristic value of the secondary battery20using the sensor unit30while the charging pulse current is applied and records the same in the storage unit60. In addition, the control unit40calculates a first voltage change amount (ΔV1,k) generated in the electrochemical reaction section t1and a second voltage change amount (ΔV2,k) generated in the ion diffusion section t2with reference to the operation characteristic value recorded in the storage unit60, calculate the electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1,kand ion diffusion resistance Rt2,k, respectively, using Ohm's law, and records the same in the storage unit60. Here, k is a sequence index of the charging pulse current. Step S90proceeds after Step S80. In Step S90, the control unit40calculates a SOC change amount (Ipulse*Δt/Qcell) according to the application of the charging pulse current by referring to the operation characteristic value of the secondary battery20recorded in the storage unit60. In addition, the control unit40determines a SOC (SOCk) after the charging pulse current is applied by counting the SOC change amount (Ipulse*Δt/Qcell) to the previous SOC (SOCk−1), and records the same in the storage unit60. Here, Ipulseis the magnitude of the charging pulse current, Δt is the duration of the charging section, and Qcellis the charging capacity of the secondary battery20. Step S100proceeds after Step S90. In Step S100, the control unit40determines whether the application period of the charging pulse current has elapsed. If the determination in Step S100is NO, the process is deferred, and if the determination in Step S100is YES, the process returns to S60. When the process returns to Step S60, if the SOC (SOCk) of the secondary battery20belongs to the deterioration diagnosing SOC section, the control unit40repeats the process of applying a charging pulse current again (S70), calculating the electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1,kand the ion diffusion resistance Rt2,kand records the same in the storage unit60(S80), and calculating a SOC change amount (Ipulse*Δt/Qcell) according to the application of the charging pulse current to calculate the SOC (SOCk) after the charging pulse current is applied and records the same in the storage unit60(S90). Therefore, Steps S70to S90are continuously repeated whenever a charging pulse current is applied to the secondary battery20while the SOC (SOCk) of the secondary battery20belongs to the deterioration diagnosing SOC section. By doing so, the control unit40may acquire a plurality of data about the electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1,kand the ion diffusion resistance Rt2,kfor each SOC (SOCk) while the SOC (SOCk) of the secondary battery20passes through the deterioration diagnosing SOC section. Meanwhile, if the determination of Step S60is NO, namely if the SOC (SOCk) of the secondary battery20does not belong to the deterioration diagnosing SOC section, the process proceeds to Step S110. In Step S110, the control unit40determines whether the secondary battery20is fully charged. In an example, if the SOC (SOCk) of the secondary battery20becomes 100%, the control unit40may determine that the secondary battery20is fully charged. If the determination result of Step S110is YES, the control unit40stops the charging of the secondary battery in Step S120, and if the determination result of Step S110is NO, the process proceeds to Step S30to continuously apply the charging current to the secondary battery20by controlling the charging unit C according to the preset charging protocol. The applied charging current may be a constant current or a pulse current. Step S130proceeds after Step S120. In Step S130, the control unit40determines whether there is a discharging start request for the secondary battery20. In an example, the control unit40may receive a discharging start request from the load control system. If the determination in Step S130is YES, the control unit40turns on a switch installed on a line that connects the secondary battery20and the load L in Step S140to discharge the secondary battery20, and if the determination in Step S130is NO, the process is deferred. Step S150proceeds after Step S140. In Step S150, the control unit40determines whether there is a charging start request. The charging start request may be provided from the control system of the charging unit C. If the determination of Step S150is NO, the control unit40maintains the discharging of the secondary battery20, and if the determination of Step S150is YES, the control unit40stops the discharging of the secondary battery20in Step S160. Step S170proceeds after Step S160. In Step S170, the control unit40adjusts the charging/discharging operation condition of the secondary battery20. FIG.5is a flowchart for specifically illustrating a process of adjusting a charging operation condition of the secondary battery20by the control unit40according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Referring toFIG.5, in Step P10, the control unit40calculates a deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kfor each SOC (SOCk) using the electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1,kand the ion diffusion resistance Rt2,kstored for each SOC (SOCk) in the storage unit60. Here, k is a natural number of 1 to n, and n is the number of all charging pulse currents applied to the secondary battery20while the SOC (SOCk) of the secondary battery20belongs to the deterioration diagnosing SOC section. Step P20proceeds after Step P10. In Step P20, the control unit40identifies a deterioration-biased electrode having a relatively large deterioration degree by comparing the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kcalculated for each SOC (SOCk) with the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,referpreset for each SOC (SOCk). According to an embodiment, in Step P20, if the average value of the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kcalculated for each SOC (SOCk) is greater than the average value of the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,referpreset for each SOC (SOCk), the control unit40may determine the positive electrode as the deterioration-biased electrode. Alternatively, in Step P20, if the ratio of the SOC section where the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kis greater than the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,referis equal to or greater than a threshold value in the deterioration diagnosing SOC section, the control unit40may determine the positive electrode as the deterioration-biased electrode. Conversely, in Step P20, if the average value of the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kcalculated for each SOC (SOCk) is smaller than the average value of the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,referpreset for each SOC (SOCk), the control unit40may determine the negative electrode as the deterioration-biased electrode. Alternatively, in Step P20, if the ratio of the SOC section where the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kis smaller than the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,referis equal to or greater than the threshold value in the deterioration diagnosing SOC section, the control unit40may determine the negative electrode as the deterioration-biased electrode. The above determination criterion is effective when the negative electrode of the secondary battery20has an OCV profile including a flat section, and the positive electrode of the secondary battery20has an OCV profile not including a flat section. In another embodiment, in Step P20, if the average value of the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kcalculated for each SOC (SOCk) is greater than the average value of the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,referpreset for each SOC (SOCk), the control unit40may determine the negative electrode as the deterioration-biased electrode. Alternatively, in Step P20, if the ratio of the SOC section where the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kis greater than the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,referis equal to or greater than the threshold value in the deterioration diagnosing SOC section, the control unit40may determine the negative electrode as the deterioration-biased electrode. Conversely, in Step P20, if the average value of the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kcalculated for each SOC (SOCk) is smaller than the average value of the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,referpreset for each SOC (SOCk), the control unit40may determine the positive electrode as the deterioration-biased electrode. Alternatively, in Step P20, if the ratio of the SOC section where the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kis smaller than the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,referis equal to or greater than the threshold value in the deterioration diagnosing SOC section, the control unit40may determine the positive electrode as the deterioration-biased electrode. The above determination criterion is effective when the positive electrode of the secondary battery20has an OCV profile including a flat section, and the negative electrode of the secondary battery20has an OCV profile not including a flat section. Step P30proceeds after Step P20. In Step P30, the control unit40determines whether the deterioration-biased electrode is a positive electrode. If the determination of Step P30is YES, namely if the deterioration-biased electrode is the positive electrode, in Step P40, the control unit40may adaptively adjust the charging/discharging operation condition to be applied to the next charging/discharging cycle according to the deviation between the average value of the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kand the average value of the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,refer. Preferably, the charging/discharging operation condition may be at least one selected from a charging cutoff voltage, a discharging cutoff voltage, a rest section of the charging pulse current, a rest section of the discharging pulse current, a C-rate of the charging current, and a C-rate of the discharging current. In an example, if the deterioration-biased electrode is the positive electrode, when performing the next charging/discharging cycle, the control unit40may decrease the charging cutoff voltage, increase the discharging cutoff voltage, decrease the C-rate of the charging current or the discharging current, or increase the rest section of the charging pulse current or the discharging pulse current according to the deviation between the average value of the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kand the average value of the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,refer. Here, the rest section refers to a rest time. When the deterioration-biased electrode is the positive electrode, the variation amount for each charging/discharging operation condition may be set in advance as a look-up table according to the deviation between the average value of the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kand the average value of the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,refer. If the charging/discharging operation condition of the secondary battery20is changed as above, it is possible to mitigate the collapse of the structure of the active material particles included in the positive electrode at the end of charging or discharging. If the determination of Step P30is NO, in Step P50, the control unit40determines whether the deterioration-biased electrode is the negative electrode. If the determination of Step P50is YES, namely if the deterioration-biased electrode is the negative electrode, in Step P60, the control unit40may adaptively adjust the charging/discharging operation condition to be applied to the next charging/discharging cycle according to the deviation between is the average value of the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kand the average value of the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,refer. Specifically, in Step P60, if the deterioration-biased electrode is the negative electrode, the control unit40may decrease the charging cutoff voltage, increase the discharging cutoff voltage, decrease the C-rate of the charging current or the discharging current, or increase the rest section of the charging pulse current or the discharging pulse current according to the deviation between the average value of the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kand the average value of the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,refer. When the deterioration-biased electrode is the negative electrode, the variation amount for each charging/discharging operation condition may be set in advance as a look-up table according to the deviation between the average value of the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kand the average value of the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,refer. If the charging/discharging operation condition of the secondary battery20is changed as above, lithium ions may be sufficiently diffused into the active material particles to prevent lithium from being precipitated in the negative electrode. The control unit40may adjust the charging/discharging operation condition to be applied in the next charging/discharging cycle in Step P40or Step P60, and then proceed to Step S30to apply a charging current to the secondary battery20according to the changed condition. Meanwhile, the present disclosure may be applied even when the secondary battery20operates in a discharging mode, unlike the above-described embodiment. In this case, the control logic shown inFIG.4may be easily changed to be suitable for the discharging mode of the secondary battery20, as being obvious to those skilled in the art. That is, when the secondary battery20is discharged in the deterioration diagnosing SOC section, the control unit40may control the load management system so that a discharging pulse current flows through the secondary battery20, determine a deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio by calculating the ratio of the electrochemical reaction resistance and the ion diffusion resistance for each SOC whenever each discharging pulse current flows, determine a deterioration-biased electrode by comparing the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio calculated for each SOC with the preset reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio, and adjust the charging/discharging operation condition to be applied to the next charging/discharging cycle according to the type of the deterioration-biased electrode. According to the present disclosure, for the secondary battery in a MOL state, the type of electrode having a relatively large deterioration degree may be identified out of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and the charging/discharging operation condition may be adaptively controlled in consideration of the electrochemical characteristics of the corresponding electrode. Therefore, it is possible to safely control the charging/discharging operation of the secondary battery in a MOL state, compared to the prior art in which the charging/discharging operation condition is adjusted in consideration of the deterioration degree of the entire secondary battery. In addition, since the charging/discharging operation condition is adaptively controlled by focusing on the electrode having a relatively large deterioration degree, the life of the secondary battery may be increased by balancing the positive electrode deterioration degree and the negative electrode deterioration degree. EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE Hereinafter, an experimental example of the present disclosure will be described. This experimental example is provided to explain the effect of the present disclosure, and it is obvious that the scope of the present disclosure is not limited by the experimental example described below. FIG.6is a graph in which an electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1,kand an ion diffusion resistance Rt2,kcalculated whenever a charging pulse current is applied to a lithium secondary battery while the lithium secondary battery in a BOL state is being charged in a deterioration diagnosing SOC section where SOC is 67% to 97% are plotted according to OCV. Since OCV is in a 1:1 relationship with SOC, each graph is substantially identical to the profile of the electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1,kand the ion diffusion resistance Rt2,kaccording to SOC. The lengths of the charging section and the rest section of the charging pulse current applied to the lithium secondary battery are 10 seconds, respectively. Also, in the charging section, the section during which the electrochemical reaction resistance is determined is 0.1 seconds, and the section during which the ion diffusion resistance is determined is 9.9 seconds. The magnitude Ipulseof the charging pulse current is 0.5 C-rate. The lithium secondary battery is a lithium polymer cell, which includes LiaNixCoyMnzO2, which is a lithium transition metal oxide, as a positive electrode active material and includes graphite as a negative electrode active material. The electrolyte of the lithium secondary battery includes a solvent and a lithium salt. The solvent includes EC (Ethylene Carbonate) and EMC (Ethyl Methyl Carbonate) in a weight ratio of 3:7. The lithium salt is LiPF6with a concentration of 1 mol. InFIG.6, a closed square represents the electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1,k, and an open square represents the ion diffusion resistance Rt2,k. As shown in the drawing, the electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1,kis relatively greater than the ion diffusion resistance Rt2,k. FIG.7is a graph in which a lithium secondary battery in a MOL1 state and a lithium secondary battery in a MOL2 state are prepared and then an electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1,kand an ion diffusion resistance Rt2,kcalculated while through each lithium secondary battery is pulse-charged in a deterioration diagnosing SOC section where SOC is 67% to 97% are plotted according to OCV. The lithium secondary battery in a MOL1 state is a secondary battery in which the deterioration degree of the positive electrode is relatively larger than the deterioration degree of the negative electrode. In the lithium secondary battery in a MOL1 state, the structure of the active material included in the positive electrode is deteriorated by intentionally causing overcharging of the secondary battery so that the deterioration degree of the positive electrode is increased relatively larger than the positive electrode of negative electrode. The lithium secondary battery in a MOL2 state is a secondary battery in which the deterioration degree of the negative electrode is relatively larger than the deterioration degree of the positive electrode. In the lithium secondary battery in a MOL2 state, the deterioration degree of the negative electrode is increased relatively larger than the deterioration degree of the positive electrode by intentionally applying a charging condition in which lithium is precipitated on the surface of the active material particles contained in the negative electrode. InFIG.7, the profile plotted with closed squares represents the electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1,kof the lithium secondary battery in a BOL state, and the profile plotted with open squares represents the ion diffusion resistance Rt2,kof the lithium secondary battery in a BOL state. In addition, the profile plotted with closed circles represents the electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1,kof the lithium secondary battery in a MOL1 state, and the profile plotted with open circles represents the ion diffusion resistance Rt2,kof the lithium secondary battery in a MOL1 state. In addition, the profile plotted with closed triangles represents the electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1,kof the lithium secondary battery in a MOL2 state, and the profile plotted with open triangles represents the ion diffusion resistance Rt2,kof the lithium secondary battery in a MOL2 state. InFIG.8, the profile represented by closed squares represents the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,refer, the profile represented by closed circles represents the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kof the lithium secondary battery in a MOL1 state, and the profile represented by closed triangles represents the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kof the lithium secondary battery in a MOL2 state. Referring toFIGS.7and8, the electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1,kof the lithium secondary battery in a MOL1 state is not significantly changed compared to the reference value Rt1,refer, but the magnitude of the ion diffusion resistance Rt2,kis increased over the reference values Rt2,referin the entire section of the deterioration diagnosing SOC. As a result, it may be found that the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kof the lithium secondary battery in a MOL1 state is relatively larger than the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,refer. In addition, the electrochemical reaction resistance Rt1,kof the lithium secondary battery in a MOL2 state increases over the reference value Rt1,referin the entire section of the deterioration diagnosing SOC, and the magnitude of the ion diffusion resistance Rt2,kis not significantly changed compared to the reference value Rt2,refer. As a result, it may be found that the deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k/Rt1,kof the lithium secondary battery in a MOL2 state is relatively smaller than the reference deterioration diagnosing resistance ratio Rt2,k,refer/Rt1,k,refer. The above result is in good agreement with the fact that the deterioration-biased electrode is a positive electrode in the case of the lithium secondary battery in a MOL1 state, and the deterioration-biased electrode is a negative electrode in the case of the lithium secondary battery in a MOL2 state. Therefore, as disclosed above, if the type of a deterioration-biased electrode having a relatively large deterioration degree is identified out of the electrodes of the secondary battery in a MOL state and the charging/discharging operation condition to be applied in the next charging/discharging cycle is adaptively adjusted according to the type of the deterioration-biased electrode, the deterioration rate of the deterioration-biased electrode may be alleviated. Therefore, the safety of charging (especially, high-speed charging) may be improved, and the life of the secondary battery may be increased by balancing the positive electrode deterioration degree and the negative electrode deterioration degree. In the description of the various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, it should be understood that the element referred to as ‘unit’ is distinguished functionally rather than physically. Therefore, each element may be selectively integrated with other elements or each element may be divided into sub-elements for effective implementation control logic(s). However, it is obvious to those skilled in the art that, if functional identity can be acknowledged for the integrated or divided elements, the integrated or divided elements fall within the scope of the present disclosure. The present disclosure has been described in detail. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the disclosure, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the scope of the disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description. | 65,480 |
11942811 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS At least one embodiment of the invention is directed to a method. This involves a method for precharging a second network section with electrical energy from a first network section of a DC network. An initial voltage prevailing in the second network section is here, in an initial state, lower than a DC voltage prevailing in the first network section. At a first point in time, the two network sections are connected together in an electrically conductive manner via a resistance current path comprising a precharging resistor. At a subsequent second point in time, as soon as the voltage in the second network section lies between the initial voltage and the DC voltage, the two network sections are connected together in an electrically conductive manner via a semiconductor switch arranged parallel to the resistance current path. The semiconductor switch is operated here in a clocked mode or in a linear range as a controllable resistor. Operation in the linear range requires less effort in terms of a protective circuit. However, when operating in the linear range, power is lost in the power semiconductor, which is in this case operating as a variable resistor. In addition, the circuit complexity for operation of the semiconductor switch in a linear range is greater than for operation of the semiconductor switch in the clocked mode. If the two network sections are connected electrically via the semiconductor switch arranged parallel to the resistance current path, the two network sections can moreover remain connected in an electrically conductive manner via the resistance current path. At least one embodiment of the invention is directed to a switching device. This involves a switching device for precharging a second network section with electrical energy from a first network section of a DC network. The switching device comprises a resistance current path comprising a precharging resistor. The switching device comprises a semiconductor switch that is arranged parallel to the resistance current path and designed to connect the two network sections electrically and that comprises at least one power semiconductor. The power semiconductor can be operated here in a clocked mode or in a mode in the linear range as a controllable resistor. The switching device also comprises a control unit for controlling the power semiconductor. The semiconductor switch that is arranged parallel to the resistance current path comprises at least one power semiconductor that can be operated in a clocked mode or in a mode in the linear range as a controllable resistor. All power semiconductor that can be switched off may be considered here, such as for example IGBTs (insulated gate bipolar transistors), MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors), GTOs (gate turn-off thyristors) and so forth. In at least one embodiment, a change is made between different current limitation methods during the period of the voltage equalization between the two network sections, wherein the most suitable current limitation method is chosen depending on the voltage difference currently prevailing. In this way, the disadvantages with which the respective precharging possibilities are associated are largely circumvented. In a first time section of the method according to an embodiment of the invention, the precharging takes place via the precharging resistor: due to the fact that at the beginning of this first time section, the voltage driving the equalization current is still relatively high, the equalization current flowing between the two network sections is also relatively high; effective precharging can thus take place at first. Due to the equalization current continuing to flow through the precharging resistor, the voltage level in the second network section continues to tend towards the voltage level in the first network section, and the voltage driving the equalization current falls significantly as time goes by; a phase is reached in which the precharging resistor is relatively large in comparison with the reduced driving voltage, so that the equalization current is significantly smaller than at the beginning of the first time section. If it were desired to wait in this constellation for the full precharging of the second network section it could take an unacceptably long time, or even never be achieved since, as already explained in the introduction, a voltage difference always remains between the two network sections if the load is already drawing power during the precharging phase, for example due to the leakage currents of the capacitors, due to the current through balancing resistors, or else due to auxiliary power supplies that start up immediately after what may be a relatively low voltage value is reached. At this point, a second time section, following the first time section, of the method according to an embodiment of the invention starts in which the precharging takes place through a semiconductor switch, arranged parallel to the resistance current path and operated in clocked fashion or in a linear range. When operating in the clocked mode the semiconductor switch acts as a switching mode DC voltage converter in which the output voltage is smaller than the magnitude of the input voltage. The semiconductor switch is switched on and off regularly by a controller; usually a few hundred up to several million switching cycles are performed each second. Electrical energy is thereby transferred from the first network section to the second network section. Because of the driving voltage between the two connected network sections at the beginning of the second time section, which voltage is significantly reduced in comparison with the voltage present at the beginning of the first time section, the current rise is lower than it would have been under the voltage present at the beginning of the first time section; as a result, clock frequency and/or current ripple remain relatively small. As a consequence, the maximum current of the current ripple remains at a level that lies within the safe working region of the semiconductor switch. The semiconductor switch operated in the linear range, also referred to as the active region, acts as a controllable resistor that limits the equalization current. Because of the driving voltage between the two connected network sections at the beginning of the second time section, which voltage is significantly reduced in comparison with the voltage present at the beginning of the first time section, the equalization current and the corresponding thermal power loss are significantly smaller than they would have been under the voltage present at the beginning of the first time section. The semiconductor switch is consequently not thermally overloaded; an over-dimensioning of the semiconductor switch ensuring safety in this respect can thus be omitted. An embodiment of the present invention thus makes it possible to achieve complete precharging without additional components. In the precharging phase via the precharging resistor, the high voltage difference between the two connected network sections that is initially present is exploited. In the precharging phase via the semiconductor switch, on the other hand, a high voltage difference which prevails in the precharging phase via the precharging resistor is unwanted: the lower voltage difference between the two connected network sections now prevailing is used instead. After passing through the two time sections of the method according to the invention described above, no voltage difference, or no significant voltage difference, exists any longer between the two connected network sections. In this case, the precharging can be regarded as complete in order to change over to normal operation. In normal operation the two network sections are preferably connected to one another via the semiconductor switch. The transfer between operation of the semiconductor switch in the clocked mode or in the linear range and the subsequent normal operation in which the two network sections lie practically at the same voltage level is smooth here: It is possible to regulate the clocking in the clocked mode with respect to a peak current value of the equalization current that at some time will no longer be reached, and the semiconductor switch thus simply remains switched on; it is alternatively possible to regulate the active range with respect to a current that is to flow, so that the set resistance value becomes smaller and smaller until finally it reaches the minimum value meaning that the switch remains switched on. An embodiment of the present invention implements a protection concept for plant operation in order to avoid a damaging equalization current, wherein the protection concept can be adapted variably to the plant configuration. According to a preferred configuration of an embodiment of the invention, the two network sections are connected via the semiconductor switch as soon as the voltage in the second network section is between 60 and 90 percent of the DC voltage. This voltage range is the optimum range to open the semiconductor switch, since the best compromise is achieved there between an increasing delay with further precharging via the precharging resistor, and a greater power loss or risk of damage through high currents in the event of precharging via the semiconductor switch starting earlier. According to a preferred configuration of an embodiment of the invention, the two network sections are connected via the semiconductor switch as soon as an equalization current flowing via the resistance current path is smaller than a predefined threshold value. The threshold value can be selected here in such a way that the best compromise is achieved for the specified network section constellation between an increasing delay with further precharging via the precharging resistor, and a greater power loss or risk of damage through high currents in the event of precharging via the semiconductor switch starting earlier. According to a preferred configuration of an embodiment of the invention, the resistance current path comprises a switch in series with the precharging resistor, wherein the control unit is designed to control the switch. The resistance current path through the precharging resistor can be opened and closed with the switch. According to a preferred configuration of an embodiment of the invention, the switch arranged in the resistance current path comprises at least one power semiconductor. This switch can be designed as a switchable semiconductor, for example a transistor, an IGBT, a MOSFET or the like. It is also possible for the switch to be designed in the form of two anti-serially connected switchable semiconductors, possibly each having a diode connected antiparallel with the switchable semiconductor. If a mechanical switch is to switch the precharging resistor on and off, the mechanical switch must have a DC-switching capacity; this is, however, often difficult to realize with mechanical switches. A switchable power semiconductor has a DC-switching capacity and, moreover, a power semiconductor can switch significantly faster than a mechanical switch. At least one embodiment of the invention is directed to a computer program product. The computer program product is designed to be able to be carried out in at least one control unit. The computer program product can be designed as software, for example as an app that can be downloaded from the Internet, or as firmware that can be stored in a memory and can be carried out by a processor or a computing device. Alternatively or in addition, the computer program product can also be designed at least partially as a hard-wired circuit, for example as an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit). The computer program product according to an embodiment of the invention is designed to carry out the method described above according to an embodiment of the invention. The computer program product is also designed to carry out an embodiment of the method for precharging a network section. It is in particular designed to carry out the step of connecting, at a first point in time, the two network sections via a resistance current path comprising a precharging resistor. It is, in addition, designed to carry out the step of connecting the two network sections via a semiconductor switch that is arranged parallel to the resistance current path and operated in a clocked mode or in a mode in the linear range as a controllable resistor at a subsequent second point in time as soon as the voltage in the second network section lies between the initial voltage and the DC voltage. According to the invention, the computer program product is designed to implement and carry out at least one embodiment of the method outlined for precharging a network section. The computer program product according to the invention can be designed here to carry out the method for precharging a network section, the computer program product being designed to be executable in a control unit of the switching device. The computer program product can here be designed to combine all of the partial functions of the method in itself, i.e. monolithically. The computer program product can alternatively also be of segmented design and distribute partial functions in each case to segments which are executed on separate hardware. The computer program product can thus be designed to be able to be carried out partially in a control unit of the first network section and partially in a control unit of the second network section. In addition, part of the method can be carried out in a control unit and another part of the method in an instance on a higher level than the control unit such as, for example, a PLC, a manual parameterization device or a computer cloud. At least one embodiment of the invention is directed to a DC network with a first network section and a second network section, wherein, in an initial state, an initial voltage prevailing in the second network section is lower than a DC voltage prevailing in the first network section. The DC network here comprises a switching device according to an embodiment of the invention arranged between the first network section and the second network section, as is described above. According to a preferred embodiment of the DC network according to the invention, the two network sections each comprise a first conductor and a second conductor between which the voltage of the respective network section is present, wherein the two network sections are permanently connected to one another via the second conductors and can be connected to one another and disconnected from one another via the first conductors by way of a switching device. Embodiments of the present invention have—speaking generally—electrotechnical subject matter. Terms such as “connected” and “disconnected” or “insulated” and the like are therefore always intended in the electrical sense rather than in the mechanical sense. FIG.1shows a DC network100with a plurality of network sections31. The network sections31are supplemented in the illustration ofFIG.1additionally with an individual lower case letter. When reference is made below to an entirely specific one of the network sections31illustrated inFIG.1, the reference sign, supplemented with the corresponding lower case letter, is used, i.e., for example, the reference sign31cor the reference sign31f. If, on the other hand, reference is simply made generally to the network sections31, only the reference sign31, without being supplemented by a lower case letter, is used. As a rule, the DC network comprises a central network section, referred to for short as the central section. In the illustration ofFIG.1, this is the network section31a. The central section31arepresents the “hub” for the other network sections31. The central section31ais thus common to the other network sections31. As can be seen fromFIG.1, the network sections31can form branches similar to a tree structure. The network section31d, for example, is itself divided into further network sections31eto31h. It is also possible for a plurality of network sections31to be connected one after another. In the illustration ofFIG.1, these are the network sections31kand31l. The “network section”31mrepresents the connection of the central section31ato an AC network—a three-phase network in this case. The nature of the network sections31per se can be determined as required, for example as a load zone, a robot cell or a consumer branch. As a rule, however, they comprise in each case an electrical energy store32. The energy store32can, for example, be a battery or a capacitor. In most cases the network sections31further comprise at least one energy source33and/or at least one consumer34. A photovoltaic plant or a (charged) battery is an example of an energy source33. An electric motor, a heating appliance and an (uncharged) battery are examples of consumers34. Other energy sources33and other consumers34can, however, also be present. Combinations are also possible. For reasons of clarity, the energy store32, the energy source33and the consumer34are only drawn for one of the network sections31inFIG.1. The corresponding units32,33and34can, however, also be present in the other network sections31. The DC network comprises a switching device35for each of the network sections31. Depending on how the switching device35is driven, the respective network section31can be connected to at least one other network section31or disconnected from the at least one other network section31by way of the respective switching device35. As a result of this, the network sections31bto31lcan be connected to or disconnected from the central section1adirectly or indirectly via other network sections31. A switching process, for example, i.e. a change between two different switch states, of the switching device35of the network section31fbrings about the connection or the disconnection of the network section31fto or from the network section31d. Depending on the switch state of the switching device35for the network section31d, the network section31fis thus connected via the network section31dto the central section31aor is disconnected from it or is only connected to or disconnected from the network section31dwithout there being a further connection to the central section31a. As a result of the configuration as a DC network, the network sections31have a first, positive potential Φ1in a first electrical conductor L+ and a second, negative potential Φ2in a second electrical conductor L−. For reasons of clarity, the reference signs L+, L− of the conductors are only drawn for the network sections1aand if inFIG.1. Two conductors of the network sections31, that are at an equal or almost equal potential Φ, can be connected to one another via the switching devices35, i.e., for example, a first electrical conductor L+, that is at a positive potential Φ1, of one of the network sections31to first electrical conductors L+, that are at a positive potential Φ1, of the other network sections31and, similarly, a second electrical conductor L−, that is at a negative potential Φ2, of one of the network sections31to second electrical conductors L−, that are at a negative potential Φ2, of the other network sections31. A “crosswise” connection, i.e. for example, of the first conductor L+ of the central section31ato the second conductor L− of one of the other network sections31, is, on the other hand, not permissible. In the simplest case, a switching device35is designed in such a way that, depending on the switch state, it only disconnects or connects a first conductor L+, that is at a first, positive potential Φ1, of a first network section31from or to a first conductor L+, that is at the first, positive potential Φ1, of the other network sections31. The second conductors L−, that are at the negative potential Φ2, of the network sections31, on the other hand, are permanently connected to one another. Thus in this case it may be that only a single-pole disconnection of the respective network section31from the other network sections31occurs. Only one (1) switching path is thus present. Without restricting the generality, it can always be assumed here that the positive potential Φ1is the switched potential, while the negative potential Φ2is not switched. The inverse procedure is, however, also in principle possible. It is also, however, possible that a two-pole disconnection of the respective network section31from the other network sections31takes place with the aid of two switches, i.e. one switch per conductor. Preferably a first switch disconnects or connects a first conductor L+, that is at a first potential Φ1, of a first network section31from or to a first conductor L+, that is at the first potential Φ1, of the other network sections31, and a second switch disconnects or connects a second conductor L−, that is at a second potential Φ2, of a first network section31from or to a second conductor L−, that is at the second potential Φ2, of the other network sections31. For as long as the network sections31are connected to one another, the positive potentials Φ1are equal to one another, and the negative potentials Φ2are also equal to one another. The potential difference U between the positive potentials Φ1and negative potentials Φ2, i.e. the electrical voltage present between the conductors L+, L−, is thus also the same for the network sections31. If possible, the voltage U should be equal to a rated value. The rated value can be chosen as required; it can, for example, be 24 V, 380 V, 760 V or another suitable value. When the network sections31are disconnected from one another, then in the case of the single-pole disconnection, the negative potential Φ2is still the same for the network sections31. In this case, on the other hand, the positive potential Φ1can have individual values for the network sections31or, potentially, groups of network sections31. This also additionally applies to the negative potential Φ2in the case of two-pole disconnection. In both cases—that is both in the case of single-pole disconnection as well as in the case of two-pole disconnection—the voltage U can however individually have its own value for each of the respective network sections31or respective group of network sections31. If the voltage U1of a first network section31differs from the voltage U2of another network section31, i.e. if U1≠U2, the corresponding network sections31cannot simply be electrically connected, since the current triggered by the voltage difference AU between the conductors L that are at different potentials Φcan be so high that electrical components, in particular power semiconductors, can be damaged. It is true that such a current only flows when capacitive loads are connected; that is, however, normal in industrial networks, since intermediate converter circuits are coupled together there. To equalize voltage differences ΔU=U1−U2of this type between the conductors L that are to be connected before the connection, the switching devices35each have a precharging resistor6(shown inFIG.4). FIG.2shows an enlarged view of the connection illustrated inFIG.1between the central network section31aand the network section31iin which an electrical consumer34is connected, referred to for short as the consumer network section31i, by way of a switching device35connected between the two network sections31a,31i. The switching device35here connects the conductor L+, that is at a positive potential, of the central network section31ato the corresponding conductor L+ of the consumer network section31i, and the conductor L−, that is at a negative potential, of the central network section31ato the corresponding conductor L− of the consumer network section31i. FIG.3shows a further enlarged illustration of the switching device35shown inFIG.2, with which the consumer network section31iwith the electrical consumer34can be electrically connected to or disconnected from the central network section31a. For this purpose, the switching device35enables a single-pole disconnection of the network section31ifrom the central network section31a, wherein the switching device35performs a disconnection of the conductors L+, that are at a positive potential, of the network sections31a,31i, while leaving the conductors L−, that are at a negative potential, of the network sections31a,31ialways connected. The switching device35comprises a semiconductor switch1with which the positive conductors L+ can be disconnected and connected. To this end, the semiconductor switch1comprises at least one power semiconductor that can be operated in a clocked mode or in a mode in the linear range as a controllable resistor. The switching device35comprises a resistance current path2for connection in parallel with the semiconductor switch1, in which current path the equalizing current is passed through a precharging resistor. The semiconductor switch1and the resistance current path2can be controlled by a control unit16that is connected to a data memory17. A computer program product is stored in the data memory, which computer program product, when carried out by the control unit16, executes the steps of the method according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG.4shows a first example embodiment of the switching device. The resistance current path2comprises two IGBTs7and9connected anti-serially, referred to below for the sake of simplicity simply as transistors, each with a diode8,10connected antiparallel with the transistor7and9, and a precharging resistor6connected in series with the transistors. The transistors7,9are controlled by a first control unit12, i.e. switched to be conductive or blocking: this is done by changing the gate-emitter voltage at the respective transistor7,9. In a first current direction, the current path thus runs through a first transistor9, switched to be conductive, the diode8that is connected antiparallel with the second transistor7that is switched to be blocking, and the precharging resistor6. In a second current direction opposite to the first current direction, the current path thus runs through the precharging resistor6, the second transistor7that is switched to be conductive, and the diode10that is connected antiparallel with the first transistor9, which is switched to be blocking. The current path through the semiconductor switch1passes through two switchable power semiconductors3that are connected in series and designed as normally blocking, n-channel MOSFETs connected anti-serially. The MOSFETs3are controlled, i.e. switched to be conductive or blocking, by a second control unit13: the drive of the MOSFETs3is achieved by a control voltage (gate-source voltage), or a control potential (gate potential), the flow of current from drain to source can be influenced therewith. MOSFETs have an intrinsic inverse diode, for which reason a diode connected antiparallel with the MOSFETs3, as is necessary with the IGBT in the resistance current path2, can be omitted. A snubber element4,5, formed by a series circuit of a capacitor4with a resistor5, in this case: a variable resistor that is also referred to as a varistor, is connected in parallel with the two MOSFETs3. The capacitor4and the resistor5are dimensioned here appropriately for the voltage and for the current. The snubber element4,5limits an overvoltage when the MOSFETs3are switched off. FIG.4also shows a voltage acquisition device11for measuring the electrical voltage dropping across the switching device35, a current acquisition device14for measuring the electrical current flowing through the switching device35, and a signal processing device15that receives measurement signals from the voltage and current acquisition devices11,14, evaluates them, and outputs signals to the two control units12,13. The signal processing device15can receive signals19from the outside, e.g. from an operator of the switching device, for switching on and off as well as transmit status signals20to the outside, e.g. to an operator of the switching device. Both the current flowing through the resistance current path2and the current flowing through the semiconductor switch1can be measured by the current acquisition device14. FIG.5shows a flow diagram of a method according to an embodiment of the invention for limiting an equalization current between the two network sections31a,31i, wherein, in an initial state51, an initial voltage U2_t0prevailing in the second network section is smaller than a DC voltage UDC prevailing in the first network section. In a first step52, the two network sections31a,31iare electrically connected via the resistance current path2which comprises a precharging resistor. The equalization current flowing through this electrical connection, whose magnitude is limited by the precharging resistor, flows in a direction such that the potential difference between the two network sections31a,31ibecomes more balanced, in other words: the equalization current continuously reduces the voltage difference between the two network sections31a,31i. In a query step53, a query is regularly made as to whether the voltage U2in the second network section31iis between the initial voltage U2_t0and the DC voltage UDC, and whether the voltage value U2in the second network section31iexceeds a specified percentage of the DC voltage UDC: as long as the voltage value U2in the second network section31idoes not exceed a specific percentage of the DC voltage UDC (arrow “N”), the semiconductor switch1remains closed. Only when the voltage value U2in the second network section31iexceeds a specific percentage of the DC voltage UDC (arrow “Y”) is the semiconductor switch1opened, wherein the power semiconductors3in the semiconductor switch1are operated in a clocked mode of the semiconductor switch1and/or in a mode in the linear range as controllable resistors. FIG.6shows a further example embodiment of a voltage acquisition device11for the switching device35according to an embodiment of the invention. The voltage acquisition device11in this example taps the voltage difference in the first electrical conductor L+ at measurement points before and after the switching device35, as well as the potential Φ2of the second electrical conductor L−. FIG.7shows the current and voltage profiles of a power semiconductor with changes of state plotted against time t. Four measurement curves21-24are illustrated on the diagram. The measurement curve21characterizes the gate signal in the power semiconductor3in the main branch. The equalization current IA is illustrated by measurement curve22. The measurement curve23shows the voltage across the switching device according to the invention. The DC network voltage UDC is illustrated in measurement curve24. The illustration inFIG.7is also divided into regions A, B, C and D. The power semiconductor3is switched off in the region A, which starts at t0and ends at t1. At this time the full voltage is dropped across the power semiconductor. In the region B, between t1and t2, precharging via the precharging resistor until a threshold value is reached is illustrated. The region C between t2and t3shows the clocking of the power semiconductor in the main path down to a voltage difference of zero, or until the equalization current is smaller than a predefined reference value. The fact that the measurement curves are dotted is intended to indicate that the measurement curves in the region C are subject to very large excursions as a result of the clocked operation; the dotted line shows a type of average value. Subsequently, starting at t3in region D, the switched-on power semiconductor is shown, wherein there is now no longer any voltage difference between the input and output. FIG.8shows a diagram for explaining the clocked operation of a semiconductor switch. The semiconductor, a transistor, for example, operates as a switch that is switched on and off at a high frequency, for example by way of a pulse-width modulated control voltage or by way of a two-point controller. In the upper part ofFIG.8, a plot of a voltage U against time t shows that the semiconductor switch at which the voltage V is present is open during a partial time region from 0 up to t1of a period duration T (switched-on time) and is closed in the remaining partial region from t1up to T. The ratio between the switched-on time to the period duration (t1/T) is known as the duty cycle or duty ratio. In the lower part ofFIG.8, a plot of an equalization current IA against time t shows that as a result of this alternating opening and closing of the semiconductor switch in the duty ratio, a triangular curve of the equalization current IA caused by the driving voltage V results, in which the equalization current IA moves back-and-forth between a minimum value IA, min and a maximum value IA, max with an amplitude ΔIA. A mean equalization current IA, mean results as the temporal mean value of the current, oscillating with a triangular waveform, and is plotted in the lower part ofFIG.8as a dashed line. FIG.9shows a diagram to explain the operation of a power semiconductor, in this case: a field effect transistor (FET) with drain, source and gate terminals, in the linear range. The drain current ID is plotted on the diagram against the drain-source voltage VDS, while various drain current curves are plotted on the diagram for different values of gate-source voltages VGS; in the event that the gate-source voltage VGS is equal to the threshold voltage VT, i.e. VGS=VT, the drain current curve runs along the x-axis. A linear (ohmic) operating range line of the semiconductor on the left of the diagram is distinguished from a saturated (active) operating range sat of the semiconductor on the right by a dashed parabolic line VDS sat. This representation of the relationships between the drain current ID and the drain-source voltage VDS depending on the gate-source voltage VGS is referred to as the output characteristic diagram of a MOSFET. | 34,237 |
11942812 | The drawings described herein are for illustration purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure in any way. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the present disclosure, application, or uses. It should be understood that throughout the drawings, corresponding reference numerals indicate like or corresponding parts and features. Hereinafter, exemplary forms disclosed in the present specification will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the present specification, the same or similar components will be denoted by the same or similar reference numerals, and a repeated description thereof will be omitted. Terms “module” and/or “unit” for components used in the following description are used only in order to easily describe the specification. Therefore, these terms do not have meanings or roles that distinguish them from each other in and of themselves. In describing exemplary forms of the present specification, when it is determined that a detailed description of the well-known art associated with the present disclosure may obscure the gist of the present disclosure, it will be omitted. The accompanying drawings are provided only in order to allow exemplary forms disclosed in the present specification to be easily understood and are not to be interpreted as limiting the spirit disclosed in the present specification, and it is to be understood that the present disclosure includes all modifications, equivalents, and substitutions without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. Terms including ordinal numbers such as first, second, and the like will be used only to describe various components, and are not to be interpreted as limiting these components. The terms are only used to differentiate one component from other components. It is to be understood that when one component is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” to another component, it may be connected or coupled directly to the other component or may be connected or coupled to the other component with a further component intervening therebetween. Further, it is to be understood that when one component is referred to as being “directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another component, it may be connected or coupled directly to the other component without a further component intervening therebetween. It will be further understood that terms “comprise” and “have” used in the present specification specify the presence of stated features, numerals, steps, operations, components, parts, or combinations thereof, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, numerals, steps, operations, components, parts, or combinations thereof. FIG.1shows a battery system in some forms of the present disclosure,FIG.2AandFIG.2Billustrates a variation of a relay inFIG.1in some forms of the present disclosure. Referring toFIG.1, a battery system100includes an inlet10, a relay20, a bidirectional on-board charger (OBC)30, a main battery40, low voltage DC-DC converter (LDC)50, an auxiliary battery60, an autonomous driving load70, and a controller80. When the inlet10is connected to an outlet2, the inlet10is connected to an external charger1through an external cable3. For example, the outlet2may include a coupling device (not shown) for coupling the outlet2with the inlet10, and the inlet10may include a locking device (not shown) for locking the coupling device of the outlet2according to a control signal transmitted from the controller80. When the locking device of the inlet10is in a locked state, the controller80may control the vehicle to not start, for example, not to allow power to be transferred to a drive motor. The relay20is switched according to a relay control signal RC received from the controller80. For example, the relay20may interconnect the inlet10and the bidirectional OBC30, thereby to form a charge path. For another example, the relay20may interconnect the bidirectional OBC30and the autonomous driving load70, thereby to form a discharge path. In some forms of the present disclosure, the relay20may include a first relay21and a second relay22. For example, referring toFIG.1, the first relay21may electrically connect or disconnect the inlet10and the bidirectional OBC30. The second relay22may electrically connect or disconnect the bidirectional OBC30and the autonomous driving load70. In some forms of the present disclosure, the relay20may be configured as a single switch including a first contact point and a second contact point. For example, referring toFIG.2AandFIG.2B, the relay20may be configured as a single switch (e.g., a single pole double through (SPDT) switch) including a circuit that selectively turns on and off two electrical connection terminals (contact points). At this time, the relay20may selectively switch, an electrical connection between the inlet10and the bidirectional OBC30, or an electrical connection between the autonomous driving load70and the bidirectional OBC30. At this time,FIG.2Ais an example of the connection state of the relay20in the charging mode, andFIG.2Bis an example of the relay20in the discharge mode. Hereinafter, changing the relay20from open state to closed state is called “turn on”, and changing the relay20from closed state to open state is called “turn off”. Turn on and off is collectively called “switching”. The bidirectional OBC30includes an AC-DC and DC-DC bidirectional power conversion topology, and transfers electric power for charge or discharge according to a power control signal PCS transferred from the controller80. The controller80may generate the power control signal PCS for controlling a direction of the power transfer of the bidirectional OBC30and a power transfer amount. A first end of the bidirectional OBC30is connected to the main battery40, and a second end of the bidirectional OBC30may be selectively connected to the inlet10or the autonomous driving load70through the relay20. For example, in the charging mode for charging the main battery40by the electrical power supplied form the external charger1, the electrical power is supplied to the main battery40through the charge path. At this time, the charge path may include, the inlet10connected to the external charger1through the outlet2, the bidirectional OBC30, and the main battery40. The bidirectional OBC30may convert an AC power supplied form the external charger1to a DC power according to an AC-DC power control signal PCS_1transferred from the controller80, and supply the converted power to the main battery40for charging. For another example, in the discharge mode for supplying a power discharged from the main battery40to the autonomous driving load70, the electrical power is supplied to the autonomous driving load70through the discharge path. At this time, the discharge path may include, the main battery40, the bidirectional OBC30, and the autonomous driving load70. The bidirectional OBC30may convert a high voltage DC power discharged from the main battery40to a low voltage DC power appropriate for the autonomous driving load70according to the DC-DC power control signal PCS_2transferred from the controller80, and supply the converted power to the autonomous driving load70. Then, a separate component part, for example, a secondary LDC connected between the main battery40and the autonomous driving load70, conventionally employed for convert a high voltage DC power discharged from the main battery40to a low voltage DC power and to supply the converted power to the autonomous driving load70may be removed, thereby achieving reduction in cost and vehicle weight. At this time, a first LDC may correspond to the LDC shown inFIG.3. The main battery40may be configured as a plurality of battery cell (not shown) modules that are electrically connected in series/in parallel. The quantity of battery cells employed in the main battery40may be appropriately set, for example, appropriately for supplying power to a drive motor of the vehicle. In addition, the main battery40may be configured by a plurality of battery packs connected in series or in parallel, where each battery pack is formed as a plurality of battery cells connected in series. That is, the quantity of battery packs, the quantity of battery cells, and connection relationship thereof, in the battery module may be appropriately designed in consideration of required electrical load. The LDC50converts the high voltage power to the low voltage power, to charge the auxiliary battery60. For example, in the charging mode, the LDC50may convert the high voltage power supplied form the bidirectional OBC30to the low voltage power, to charge the auxiliary battery60. For another example, in the discharge mode, the LDC50may convert the high voltage power supplied form the main battery40to the low voltage power, to charge the auxiliary battery60. The auxiliary battery60may supply power to the electrical component load of the vehicle by being electrically connected. For example, the auxiliary battery60may be charged, through the LDC50, by electrical power supplied from the bidirectional OBC30or the main battery40. At this time, the electrical component load may include, water pump, air-conditioning system, direction indicator, head lamp, window brush, and the like, for providing driver's convenience in a normal driving mode of an electric vehicle or hybrid vehicle, but is not limited thereto. The autonomous driving load70includes, various electrical component load for providing driver's convenience in an autonomous driving mode of the electric vehicle or hybrid vehicle. For example, the autonomous driving load70may include, sensors requiring high computing power, an electrically assisted power steering, and the like. Conventionally, a separate LDC has been typically employed for supplying sufficient power for the autonomous driving load70. However, in some forms of the present disclosure, the autonomous driving load70is supplied power by controlling switching of the relay20interconnecting the autonomous driving load70and the bidirectional OBC30, thereby without a separate LDC. The controller80determine the charging mode or the discharge mode of the vehicle, and transfers a control signal to the relay20and the bidirectional OBC30, to charge the main battery40or to supply power to the autonomous driving load70. FIG.1toFIG.4illustrate the controller80as an independent device, but is not limited thereto. The controller may be installed in the bidirectional OBC30, or may be implemented as a control system such as a vehicle charging management system (VCMS). FIG.3illustrates a power transfer path in the charging mode in some forms of the present disclosure. FIG.4illustrates a power transfer path in the discharge mode in some forms of the present disclosure. FIG.5is a flowchart showing a battery control method in some forms of the present disclosure. Hereinafter, a battery control method and a battery system enabling the battery control method in some forms of the present disclosure is described in detail with reference toFIG.1toFIG.5. First, at step S10, the controller80determines the charging mode or the discharge mode of the electric vehicle based on an inlet state signal CC and a key state signal DS. The inlet state signal CC may be transferred from a sensor (not shown) that detects a connected state or disconnected state between the inlet10and the outlet2. The key state signal DS may be transferred from a sensor (not shown) that detects whether the vehicle is turned on. When a connection signal CC1of the inlet10and a key-off signal DS1are received, the controller80may determine the charging mode of the main battery When a disconnection signal CC2of the inlet10and a key-on signal DS2are received, the controller80may determine the discharge mode of the main battery. For example, the key-on signal DS2is a signal indicating that the vehicle is turned on, for example, ready to move, i.e., ready to supply power to a drive motor, and the key-off signal DS1is a signal indicating that the vehicle is turned off. The term key used in the key-on and key-off signal should not be interpreted to mean that an actual key is necessarily used. The vehicle may be turned on and off by various other schemes, such as a push button, a mobile device authentication, and the like. Subsequently at step S20, the controller80controls switching of the relay20depending on the charging mode or the discharge mode, to form a power transfer path, that is, the charge path or the discharge path. Referring toFIG.3, when the inlet10is connected to the external charger1through the outlet2and the vehicle is turned off to enter the charging mode, the controller80may form the charge path by transferring an on-level relay control signal RC_1to the first relay21positioned between the inlet10and the second end of the bidirectional OBC30and transferring an off-level control signal RC_2to the second relay22positioned between the autonomous driving load70and the second end of the bidirectional OBC30. In some forms of the present disclosure, upon entering the charging mode, the controller80may form the charge path by controlling the relay20to electrically connect the inlet10and the bidirectional OBC30. At this time, the relay20may be configured as a single switch (e.g., a single pole double through (SPDT) switch) including a circuit that selectively turns on and off two electrical connection terminals (contact points). Referring toFIG.4, when the inlet10is disconnected from the external charger1through the outlet2and the vehicle is turned off to enter the discharge mode, the controller80may form the discharge path by transferring the off-level relay control signal RC_1to the first relay21positioned between the inlet10and the second end of the bidirectional OBC30and transferring the on-level control signal RC_2to the second relay22positioned between the autonomous driving load70and the second end of the bidirectional OBC30. For another example, upon entering the discharge mode, the controller80may form the discharge path by controlling the relay20to electrically connect the autonomous driving load70and the bidirectional OBC30. At this time, the relay20may be configured as a single switch (e.g., a single pole double through (SPDT) switch) including a circuit that selectively turns on and off two electrical connection terminals (contact points). Subsequently at step S30, the controller80transfers an electric power control the signal PCS to the bidirectional OBC30, to supply power to the main battery40or the autonomous driving load70. Referring toFIG.3, in the charging mode, the controller80may transfer the AC-DC power control signal PCS_1to the bidirectional OBC30such that the AC power supplied form the external charger1may be converted to the DC power to charge the main battery40. At this time, the AC-DC power control signal PCS_1may include information on an amount of power to be converted Referring toFIG.4, in the discharge mode, the controller80may transfer the DC-DC power control signal PCS_2to the bidirectional OBC30such that the high voltage DC power discharged from the main battery40may be converted to the low voltage DC power appropriate for the autonomous driving load70and supplied to the autonomous driving load70. At this time, the DC-DC power control signal PCS_2may include information on an amount of power to be converted While this disclosure has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be practical exemplary forms, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the disclosed forms. On the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. | 15,939 |
11942813 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS First Preferred Embodiment Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below by referring to the drawings. A battery system according to the present preferred embodiment includes multiple battery modules which are capable of supplying power to a load, and a module controller configured or programmed to control power supply to the load from the battery modules or control stopping of the power supply. The module controller monitors, for each of the battery modules, whether the battery module is abnormal or normal, based on at least one of the following types of information of the battery included in each of the battery modules: the voltage value, the SOC value indicating the state of charge, and the temperature. In response to detection of an abnormality, the module controller selects a battery module having the abnormality, without stopping the abnormal battery module. After that, the module controller compares the current value of a current supplied to the load, with the total value of the rated currents of all the battery modules that are normal and that are supplying power to the load. If the current value of the current supplied to the load is greater than the total value of the rated currents of all the battery modules that supply power to the load, the module controller performs control to stop all the battery modules. If the current value of the current supplied to the load is less than or equal to the total value of the rated currents of all the battery modules that are supplying power to the load, the module controller performs control to stop the abnormal battery modules and not to stop the normal battery modules. A power supply system according to the present preferred embodiment is usable, for example, to supply power to a server which needs backup power supply in case of power failure. As illustrated inFIG.1, the power supply system according to the present preferred embodiment includes two power supply modules12A and12B and a battery system101. The two power supply modules12A and12B and the battery system101are connected to a load31to which power is supplied from the power supply modules12A and12B and the battery system101. The load31is, for example, a blade server which allows removable accommodation in a single cabinet. The power supply modules12A and12B, which include AC-DC converters121A and121B, respectively, and converter controllers122A and122B, respectively, which control operations of the AC-DC converters121A and121B, output a preset constant voltage to the load31. The voltage, which is output to the load31, is set based on the input rated voltage of the load31, and is set, for example, to 12 V. The AC-DC converters121A and121B are connected in parallel between a system power supply11and the load31. The AC-DC converters121A and121B each include a transformer, a rectifier smoothing circuit, and a power conversion circuit which includes a switching device and which increases or decreases the voltage. The power supply modules12A and12B include voltage detectors211A and211B, respectively, which detect the output voltages of the AC-DC converters121A and121B, and current detectors212A and212B, respectively, which detect output currents. The converter controllers122A and122B, which are, for example, microcomputers each including an internal clock, correspond to the two AC-DC converters121A and121B, respectively. The converter controllers122A and122B perform constant voltage control on the AC-DC converters121A and121B through control of operations of the switching devices of the power conversion circuits of the AC-DC converters121A and121B. Thus, each of the AC-DC converters121A and121B changes, rectifies, and smooths the voltage of an alternating current (for example, about 200 V) supplied from the system power supply11, and then decreases the voltage to change the decreased voltage to a direct-current voltage (for example, about 12 V) for supply to the load31. The converter controllers122A and122B output, to the battery system101, output-current information indicating the current values of currents that are output from the AC-DC converters121A and121B, which are control targets, to the load31. For example, in case of power failure of the system power supply11, the converter controllers122A and122B output stop-notification information to the battery system101when the AC-DC converters121A and121B are to be stopped. For example, the current detectors212A and212B each detect the voltage across both the ends of a resistor (not illustrated) connected in series between the corresponding one of the AC-DC converters121A and121B and the load31. Thus, the current detectors212A and212B detect the current values of the output currents of the AC-DC converters121A and121B. Then, the voltage detectors212A and212B output, to the converter controllers122A and122B, the voltages proportional to the detected output currents. The voltage detectors211A and211B each detect the difference voltage between the voltage, which is obtained by dividing, in a certain division ratio, the voltage occurring at the output end of the corresponding one of the power supply modules12A and12B, and the reference voltage which is preset based on the specification of the load31. The voltage detectors211A and211B output, to the converter controllers122A and122B, voltages corresponding to the detected difference voltages. The converter controllers122A and122B control operations of the AC-DC converters121A and121B so that the output voltages of the AC-DC converters121A and121B are maintained at constant voltages corresponding to the reference voltage, based on the difference voltages received from the voltage detectors211A and211B. The battery system101includes three battery modules13A,13B, and13C, and a module controller51which controls power supply from the battery modules13A,13B, and13C to the load31and controls stopping of the power supply. The battery modules13A,13B, and13C are connected to the load31and the power supply modules12A and12B through a common power line L1. The battery modules13A,13B, and13C includes batteries41A,41B, and41C, respectively, bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C, respectively, converter controllers132A,132B, and132C, respectively, which control operations of the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C, current detectors232, and voltage detectors231and241. The batteries41A,41B, and41C, which are, for example, lithium ion batteries or redox-flow batteries, output, for example, direct-current voltages from about 35 V to about 59 V. The batteries41A,41B, and41C are obtained, for example, by electrically connecting multiple tubular batteries each having electrodes in both the end portions in the tube axis direction. The bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C, each having a switching device, increase or decrease voltages. The bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C operate in the discharge mode or the charge mode. The discharge mode is a mode in which currents, which are output from the batteries41A,41B, and41C, are supplied to the load31. The charge mode is a mode in which the batteries41A,41B, and41C are charged with power supplied from the power supply modules12A and12B. The converter controllers132A,132B, and132C, which are, for example, microcomputers each including an internal clock, control operations of the switching devices of the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C. The converter controllers132A,132B, and132C perform PWM control on the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C. For example, when the power supply modules12A and12B supply power to the load31, the converter controllers132A,132B, and132C cause the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C to operate in the charge mode. In contrast, when discharge-instruction information is received from the module controller51described below, the converter controllers132A,132B, and132C cause the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C to operate in the discharge mode. At that time, the converter controllers132A,132B, and132C perform constant voltage control on the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C so that a constant voltage is output to the load31. Further, when stop-instruction information is received from the module controller51described below, the converter controllers132A,132B, and132C stop the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C. For example, each current detector232detects the voltage which occurs between both the ends of a resistor (not illustrated) connected in series between the corresponding one of the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C and the load31. Thus, each current detector232detects the current value of an output current or an input current of the corresponding one of the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C. Then, each current detector232outputs, to the corresponding one of the converter controllers132A,132B, and132C, a voltage proportional to the detected output current. For example, each voltage detector231detects the difference voltage between the voltage, which is obtained by dividing, in a certain division ratio, the voltage occurring at the output end of the corresponding one of the battery modules13A,13B, and13C, and the reference voltage which is preset based on the specification of the load31. Then, each voltage detector231outputs, to the corresponding one of the converter controllers132A,132B, and132C, a voltage corresponding to the detected difference voltage. When the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C are to operate in the discharge mode, the converter controllers132A,132B, and132C control operations of the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C so that the output voltages of the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C are maintained at a constant voltage corresponding to the reference voltage described above, based on the difference voltages which are received from the voltage detectors231. Each voltage detector241detects the voltage, that is, the battery voltage, occurring between the output end of the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C. As a voltage detector241, for example, a detector including a voltage sensor is used. The voltage sensor, which is connected in common to the electrodes of the batteries included in the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C and which is connected to its positive-side tab and its negative-side tab, measures the voltage occurring between the positive-side tab and the negative-side tab. Each voltage detector241outputs, to the corresponding one of the converter controllers132A,132B, and132C, a detected-voltage signal indicating the detected voltage. The converter controllers132A,132B, and132C generate battery-voltage information, indicating the battery voltages of the batteries41A,41B, and41C, from the detected-voltage signals received from the voltage detectors241, and output the generated battery-voltage information to the module controller51. Upon reception of the stop-notification information, which is described above, from the converter controllers122A and122B of the power supply modules12A and12B, the module controller51outputs, to the converter controllers132A,132B, and132C, discharge-instruction information for instructing the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C of the battery modules13A,13B, and13C to operate in the discharge mode. Then, the module controller51selects, from the batteries41A,41B, and41C, a battery module (for example, the battery module13A) having a battery (for example, the battery41A) whose battery voltage is below a preset first voltage threshold, based on the battery-voltage information received from the converter controllers132A,132B, and132C. The condition that a battery voltage is below the first voltage threshold corresponds to the first stop condition for the battery modules13A,13B, and13C. The first voltage threshold may be set, for example, so as to indicate a voltage which is below the voltage corresponding to about 10% of the maximum rated voltage of each of the batteries41A,41B, and41C. Assume that the current value of a load current required to be supplied to the load31exceeds the total current value of the rated currents of the battery modules13B and13C belonging to a battery module group, which is supplying power to the load31, of all the other battery modules, excluding the battery module13A, among the battery modules13A,13B, and13C. In this case, the module controller51controls the converter controllers132A,132B, and132C so that the power supply to the load31from the battery modules13A,13B, and13C is stopped. The condition that the current value of a load current required to be supplied to the load31exceeds the total current value of the rated currents of all the other battery modules, excluding those with battery voltages below the first voltage threshold, among the battery modules13A,13B, and13C corresponds to the second stop condition for the battery modules13A,13B, and13C. The module controller51includes a processor and a memory. The processor runs programs stored in the memory. Thus, as illustrated inFIG.2, the module controller51functions as a load-current acquiring unit511, a voltage acquiring unit512, a module rated-current calculation unit513, a determination unit514, a selection unit515, and an instruction unit516. The memory includes a threshold storage unit531which stores information indicating the first voltage threshold, a load-current storage unit532which stores load-current information indicating the current value of a current required to be supplied to the load31, and a rated-current storage unit539which stores rated-current information indicating the rated current values of the battery modules13A,13B, and13C. The first voltage threshold is set, for example, to a voltage of about 60% with respect to the battery voltages of the batteries41A,41B, and41C in full charge. While the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C of the battery modules13A,13B, and13C operate in the discharge mode, the load-current acquiring unit511repeatedly generates load-current information at a preset time interval based on the output-current information received from the converter controllers132A,132B, and132C, and stores the generated information in the load-current storage unit532. The voltage acquiring unit512acquires the battery-voltage information received from the converter controllers132A,132B, and132C, and notifies the determination unit514of the voltage values indicated by the acquired battery-voltage information. The module rated-current calculation unit513refers to the rated-current information of some of the battery modules13A,13B, and13C which is stored in the rated-current storage unit539to calculate the total current value of the rated currents of some of the battery modules13A,13B, and13C, and notifies the determination unit514of the calculated total current value. The determination unit514monitors, for each of the battery modules13A,13B, and13C, whether the battery module is abnormal or normal, based on the voltage values of the battery voltages of the batteries41A,41B, and41C included in the battery modules13A,13B, and13C, respectively. The determination unit514determines whether a battery having a battery voltage which is below the first voltage threshold is present among the batteries41A,41B, and41C included in the battery modules13A,13B, and13C, respectively, based on the voltage values of the battery voltages notified from the voltage acquiring unit512. The determination unit514obtains load-current information stored in the load-current storage unit532, and determines whether the current value indicated by the load-current information exceeds the total current value of the rated currents of the battery modules13A,13B, and13C other than the battery modules each having the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C having a battery voltage which is below the first voltage threshold. If the determination unit514determines that a battery having a battery voltage which is below the first voltage threshold is present among the batteries41A,41B, and41C included in the battery modules13A,13B, and13C, respectively, that is, if the determination unit514determines that an abnormal battery module is present among the battery modules13A,13B, and13C, the selection unit515selects such a battery module among the battery modules13A,13B, and13C as a first battery module. For example, when the power supply modules12A and12B are operating, the instruction unit516outputs, to the converter controllers132A,132B, and132C, charge-instruction information for instructing the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C of the battery modules13A,13B, and13C to operate in the charge mode. Upon reception of the stop-notification information, described above, from the converter controllers122A and122B of the power supply modules12A and12B, the instruction unit516outputs, to the converter controllers132A,132B, and132C, discharge-instruction information for instructing the bi-directional DCDC converter131A,131B,131C to operate in the discharge mode. Thus, the converter controllers132A,132B, and132C operate the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C in the discharge mode, and power is supplied from the batteries41A,41B, and41C to the load31. If the determination unit514determines that the current value indicated by the load-current information exceeds the total current value of the rated currents of battery modules, other than the first battery module, among the battery modules13A,13B, and13C, the instruction unit516outputs stop-instruction information for instructing the battery modules13A,13B, and13C to stop. A battery-system control process performed by the module controller51according to the present preferred embodiment will be described by referring toFIG.3. The battery-system control process is repeatedly performed at a preset processing cycle. The processing cycle is set, for example, about 1 msec. The voltage acquiring unit512acquires battery-voltage information from each of the converter controllers132A,132B, and132C of the battery modules13A,13B, and13C (step S101). At that time, the voltage acquiring unit512notifies the determination unit514of voltage values indicated by the acquired battery-voltage information. The determination unit514determines whether a battery module including a battery voltage with a voltage value Vb is below the first voltage threshold Vbth1is present (step S102). As described below in second and third preferred embodiments, the determination unit may further determine whether a battery module having a temperature exceeding a preset temperature threshold is present among the battery modules13A,13B, and13C, or may further determine whether a battery having an SOC value which is below a preset SOC threshold is present among the batteries41A,41B, and41C. If the determination unit514determines that all the voltage values Vb of the battery voltages of the batteries41A,41B, and41C are greater than or equal to the first voltage threshold Vbth1(step S102: No), the battery-system control process ends. In contrast, assume that the determination unit514determines that a battery having a battery voltage whose voltage value Vb is below the first voltage threshold Vbth1is present among the batteries41A,41B, and41C (step S102: Yes). In this case, the selection unit515selects a battery module (for example, the battery module13A) having a battery (for example, the battery41A) whose battery voltage is determined by the determination unit514to be below the first voltage threshold (step S103). In the series of processes in step S102and step S103, the determination unit514determines whether a battery module satisfying the first stop condition is present among the battery modules13A,13B, and13C, and the selection unit515selects the battery modules satisfying the first stop condition. At the time point of the end of step S103, the battery module13A is not stopped. Thus, in the series of processes in step S102and step S103, a battery module (for example, the battery module13A) that is to be stopped is selected. Assume that the battery module13B and the battery module13C are supplying power to the load31. After that, the determination unit514obtains load-current information stored in the load-current storage unit532(step S104). The module rated-current calculation unit513calculates the total current value Wbt of the rated currents of all the battery modules (in this case, the battery module13B and the battery module13C), which are supplying power to the load31and which are other than the battery module13A selected by the selection unit515in step S103(step S105). At that time, the module rated-current calculation unit513notifies the determination unit514of the calculated total current value Wbt. The determination unit514determines whether the current value WL indicated by the obtained load-current information exceeds the total current value Wbt of the rated currents of the battery modules13B and13C (step S106). The condition that the current value WL indicated by the load-current information exceeds the total current value Wbt of the rated currents of the battery modules13B and13C is the second stop condition. Assume that the determination unit514determines that the current value WL indicated by the load-current information is less than or equal to the total current value Wbt of the rated currents of the battery modules13B and13C (step S106: No). In this case, the selection unit515does not select any battery modules, and the process in step S108, which is described below, is performed. In contrast, assume that the determination unit514determines that the current value WL indicated by the load-current information exceeds the total current value Wbt of the rated currents of the battery modules13B and13C (step S106: Yes). In this case, the selection unit515selects all the battery modules (in this case, the battery module13B and the battery module13C), which have supplied power to the load in step1and which are other than the battery module13A selected by the selection unit515in step S103(step S107). The battery modules (in this case, the battery module13B and the battery module13C) selected in the series of processes from step S104to step S107are not stopped at this time point. After that, the instruction unit516collectively transmits the stop-instruction information to all the battery modules selected in step S103and step S107(step S108), and the battery-system control process ends. At the time point of execution of the series of processes in step S102and step S103, for example, if the battery module13B does not supply power to the load31, in step S105, the module rated-current calculation unit513excludes the rated current of the battery module13B and calculates the current value of the rated current of the battery module13C as the total current value Wbt. As described above, in the battery system101according to the present preferred embodiment, in the series of processes in step S102and step S103, a battery module (for example, the battery module13A) having the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C whose battery voltage is below the first voltage threshold is selected from the battery modules13A,13B, and13C. When the current value indicated by the load-current information exceeds the total current value of the rated currents of all the battery modules13B and13C, which have supplied power to the load31and which are other than the battery module13A, among the battery modules13A,13B, and13C, the battery modules13B and13C are selected. The instruction unit516collectively transmits the stop-instruction information to all the battery modules, which are selected by the selection unit515, to stop power supply to the load31. Thus, collective transmission of the stop-instruction information for stopping battery modules causes application of excessive stress to the battery modules13A,13B, and13C to be reduced or prevented, causing reduction or prevention of breakdowns of the battery modules13A,13B, and13C due to the excessive stress. When the batteries41A,41B, and41C are stopped due to an excessive discharge current flowing from the batteries41A,41B, and41C, a user of the battery system needs to check, for example, if the batteries41A,41B, and41C and their peripheral circuits are abnormal. In contrast, in the battery system101according to the present preferred embodiment, when an excessive discharge current is expected to flow from the batteries41A,41B, and41C, that is, when the current value indicated by the load-current information exceeds the total current value of the rated currents of all the battery modules13B and13C, other than the battery module13A, among the battery modules13A,13B, and13C, discharge from the batteries41A,41B, and41C is stopped, resulting in no occurrence of an excessive discharge current in the battery modules13B and13C. Thus, the check for abnormality is not necessary in restart of the batteries41A,41B, and41, achieving a reduction of the MTTR (mean time to recovery) of the battery modules13A,13B, and13C. Second Preferred Embodiment A battery system according to the present preferred embodiment is different from that of the first preferred embodiment in that each of the battery modules includes a temperature detector which detects the temperature of the battery module. When a first battery module which has a battery voltage exceeding the preset first voltage threshold or has a temperature exceeding a preset temperature threshold is present among the battery modules, a module controller according to the present preferred embodiment selects the first battery module. The module controller regards, as a second battery module, a battery module, whose battery voltage is below a preset second voltage threshold which is higher than the first voltage threshold, in a battery module group which is a group of all the battery modules, among the battery modules, that are supplying power to a load and that are other than the first battery module. When the current value of a current required to be supplied to the load exceeds the total current value of the rated currents of the battery modules, other than the second battery module, in the battery module group, the module controller selects all the battery modules belonging to the battery module group. The module controller stops power supply to the load from all the selected battery modules. As illustrated inFIG.4, a power supply system according to the present preferred embodiment includes the two power supply modules12A and12B and a battery system2101. InFIG.4, substantially the same configurations as those in the first preferred embodiment are designated with the same reference numerals as those inFIG.1. The battery system2101includes three battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C, and a module controller2051which controls power supply from the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C to the load31or controls stop of the power supply. The battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C include the batteries41A,41B, and41C, respectively, the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C, respectively, the converter controllers132A,132B, and132C, respectively, which control operations of the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C, the current detectors232, the voltage detectors231and241, and temperature detectors2251. Each temperature detector2251includes a temperature sensor which uses, for example, a thermocouple or a thermistor, and a temperature-information output unit which outputs, to the module controller2051, temperature information indicating the ambient temperature detected by the temperature sensor. The module controller2051selects a battery module, which has a battery having a battery voltage which is below the preset first voltage threshold, or a battery module (for example, the battery module2013A), having a temperature exceeding the preset temperature threshold, among the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C based on the battery-voltage information, which is received from the converter controllers132A,132B, and132C, and based on the temperature information received from the temperature detectors2251. The condition that the battery voltage of at least one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C included in the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C is below the preset first voltage threshold, or that the temperature of at least one of the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C exceeds the preset temperature threshold corresponds to the first stop condition for the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C. When the current value of a load current required to be supplied to the load31exceeds the total current value of the rated currents of all the other battery modules, that is, the battery module2013C, excluding the selected battery module2013A and the battery module2013B having the corresponding one of the battery41A,42B,43C whose battery voltage is below the preset second voltage threshold larger than the first voltage threshold, among the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C, the module controller2051controls the converter controllers132A,132B, and132C so that power supply from the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C to the load31is stopped. The condition that the current value of a load current required to be supplied to the load31exceeds the total current value of the rated currents of all the other battery modules, excluding a battery module having battery voltage which is below the first threshold or having a temperature exceeding the temperature threshold and a battery module having a battery voltage which is below the second voltage threshold, among the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C corresponds to the second stop condition for the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C. In the module controller2051, a processor runs programs stored in a memory. Thus, as illustrated inFIG.5, the module controller2051is configured or programmed to function as the load-current acquiring unit511, the voltage acquiring unit512, a temperature acquiring unit2517, the module rated-current calculation unit513, a determination unit2514, the selection unit515, and the instruction unit516. InFIG.5, substantially the same configurations as those in the first preferred embodiment are designated with the same reference numerals as those inFIG.2. The memory includes a threshold storage unit2531which stores information indicating the first voltage threshold, the second voltage threshold, and the temperature threshold, the load-current storage unit532which stores the load-current information, and the rated-current storage unit539. The second voltage threshold is set to a voltage lower than the first voltage threshold. The first voltage threshold is set, for example, so as to indicate a voltage of about 60% with respect to the battery voltages of the batteries41A,41B, and41C in full charge. The second voltage threshold is set, for example, so as to indicate a voltage of about 62% with respect to the battery voltages of the batteries41A,41B, and41C in full charge. The temperature threshold is set based on the allowable temperature of the batteries41A,41B, and41C, and is set, for example, to about 80° C. The temperature acquiring unit2517acquires temperature information received from the temperature detectors2251of the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C, and notifies the determination unit2514of the temperatures indicated by the acquired temperature information. The determination unit2514determines whether a battery having a battery voltage which is below the first voltage threshold is present among the batteries41A,41B, and41C included in the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C, respectively, based on the voltage values of the battery voltages notified from the voltage acquiring unit512. The determination unit2514monitors, for each of the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C, whether the battery module is abnormal or normal, based on the temperatures of the batteries41A,41B, and41C included in the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C, respectively. In the monitoring, the determination unit2514determines whether a battery module having a temperature exceeding the temperature threshold is present among the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C, based on the temperatures notified from the temperature acquiring units2517. The determination unit514determines whether a battery module having the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C whose voltage value is below the second voltage threshold is present among the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C which belong to a battery module group excluding those each having the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C whose battery voltage is below the first voltage threshold and those each having a temperature exceeding the temperature threshold, from the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C. Further, the determination unit2514obtains the load-current information stored in the load-current storage unit532, and determines whether the current value indicated by the load-current information exceeds the total current value of the rated currents of the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C other than the following battery modules: those each having the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C of the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C whose battery voltage is below the first voltage threshold; those each having a temperature exceeding the temperature threshold; those each having the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C whose voltage value is below the second voltage threshold. When the determination unit2514determines that a battery module having the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C whose battery voltage is below the first voltage threshold or having a temperature exceeding the temperature threshold is present among the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C, the selection unit515selects, as a first battery module, the corresponding battery module2013A,2013B, or2013C. The determination unit514determines, to be a second battery module, a battery module having the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C whose battery voltage is below the second voltage threshold, among the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C, other than the first battery module included in the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C. When the current value of a current required to be supplied to the load31exceeds the total value of the rated current values of the battery modules, other than the first battery module and the second battery module, among the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C, the selection unit515selects all the battery modules, other than the first battery module, among the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C. For example, when the battery41A of the battery module2013A has a battery voltage which is below the first voltage threshold, the selection unit515selects the battery module2013A as a first battery module. For example, when the temperature of the battery module2013A exceeds the temperature threshold, the selection unit515also selects the battery module2013A as a first battery module. When, among the batteries41B and41C of the remaining battery modules2013B and2013C which are supplying power to the load31, the battery41B has a battery voltage which is below the second voltage threshold, the selection unit515regards the battery module2013B as a second battery module. When the current value of a current required to be supplied to the load31exceeds the rated current value of the battery module2013C which is other than the first battery module2013A and the second battery module2013B among the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C, the selection unit515selects all the battery modules2013B and2013C which are other than the first battery module2013A, among the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C. A battery-system control process performed by the module controller2051according to the present preferred embodiment will be described by referring toFIG.6. Like the first preferred embodiment, the battery-system control process is repeatedly performed at a preset processing cycle. The voltage acquiring unit512acquires the battery-voltage information from each of the converter controllers132A,132B, and132C of the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C (step S201). At that time, the voltage acquiring unit512notifies the determination unit2514of the voltage values indicated by the acquired battery-voltage information. The determination unit2514determines whether a battery having a battery voltage whose voltage value Vb is below the first voltage threshold Vbth1is present (step S202). Assume that the determination unit2514determines that a battery having a battery voltage whose voltage value Vb is below the first voltage threshold Vbth1is present among the batteries41A,41B, and41C (step S202: Yes). In this case, the selection unit515selects a battery module (for example, the battery module2013A) having a battery (for example, the battery41A) which is determined by the determination unit2514to have a battery voltage which is below the first voltage threshold (step S205). In contrast, assume that the determination unit2514determines that all the voltage values Vb of the battery voltages of the batteries41A,41B, and41C are greater than or equal to the first voltage threshold Vbth1(step S202: No). In this case, the temperature acquiring unit2517acquires the temperature information from the temperature detectors2251of the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C (step S203). At that time, the temperature acquiring unit2517notifies the determination unit2514of the temperatures indicated by the acquired temperature information. The determination unit2514determines whether a battery module having a temperature Thm which exceeds the temperature threshold Thmth1is present among the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C, based on the temperatures of the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C which are notified from the temperature acquiring unit2517(step S204). If the determination unit2514determines that all the temperatures Thm of the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C are less than or equal to the temperature threshold Thmth1(step S204: No), the battery-system control process ends. In contrast, assume that the determination unit2514determines that a battery module having a temperature Thm which exceeds the temperature threshold Thmth1is present among the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C (step S204: Yes). In this case, the selection unit515selects the battery module (for example, the battery module2013A) which is determined by the determination unit2514to have a temperature Thm which exceeds the temperature threshold Thmth1(step S205). In this step, the determination unit2514determines whether a battery module satisfying the first stop condition is present among the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C, and the selection unit515selects the battery module satisfying the first stop condition. At the time point of the end of step S205, the battery module2013A is not stopped. In the series of processes from step S201to step S205, battery modules (for example, the battery module2013A) that are to be stopped are selected. Without execution of the process in step S202, only the processes in steps S203and S204may be performed. Subsequently, the determination unit2514determines whether a battery module having the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C which has a battery voltage whose voltage value Vb is below the second voltage threshold Vbth2is present among the battery modules2013B and2013C that are included in the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C which are supplying power to the load31, and that each have the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C which has a battery voltage whose voltage value Vb is greater than the first voltage threshold Vbth1or each have a temperature Thm below the temperature threshold Thmth1(step S206). If the determination unit2514determines that all the voltage values Vb of the battery voltages of the batteries41B and41C are greater than or equal to the second voltage threshold Vbth2(step S206: No), the process in step S208described below is performed. In contrast, assume that the determination unit2514determines that a battery having a battery voltage whose voltage value Vb is below the second voltage threshold Vbth2is present among the batteries41B and41C (step S206: Yes). In this case, the selection unit515excludes, from the calculation targets for the total current value Wbt of the rated current values of the battery modules in step S209described below, the battery module (for example, the battery module2013B) having the battery (for example, the battery41B) which is determined by the determination unit2514to have a battery voltage whose voltage value Vb is below the second voltage threshold Vbth2(step S207). After that, the determination unit2514obtains the load-current information stored in the load-current storage unit532(step S208). The module rated-current calculation unit513calculates the total current value Wbt of the rated currents of all the battery modules (in this case, the battery module2013C), which are supplying power to the load31and which are other than the battery module2013A selected by the selection unit515in step S205and other than the battery module2013B determined by the determination unit2514in step S207(step S209). Then, the determination unit2514determines whether the current value WL indicated by the obtained load-current information exceeds the total current value Wbt of the rated currents which is calculated by the module rated-current calculation unit513(step S210). Assume that the determination unit2514determines that the current value WL indicated by the load-current information is less than or equal to the total current value Wbt of the rated currents of the battery modules2013C (step S210: No). In this case, the instruction unit516collectively transmits the stop-instruction information to the battery module2013A selected in step S205(step S212), and the battery-system control process ends. In contrast, assume that the determination unit514determines that the current value WL indicated by the load-current information exceeds the total current value Wbt of the rated currents of the battery modules2013C (step S210: Yes). In this case, the selection unit515selects all the battery modules (in this case, the battery module2013B and the battery module2013C), which are supplying power to the load31and which are other than the battery module2013A selected by the selection unit515in step S205(step S211). The battery modules (in this case, the battery module2013B and the battery module2013C) selected in the series of processes from step S206to step S211are not stopped at this time point. After that, the instruction unit516collectively transmits the stop-instruction information to all the battery modules selected in step S205and step S211described above (step S212), and the battery-system control process ends. As described above, in the battery system2101according to the present preferred embodiment, among the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C, the bi-directional DC-DC converter (for example, the bi-directional DC-DC converter131A) of the battery module (for example, the battery module2013A) having a temperature exceeding the temperature threshold is stopped. Thus, excessive increases of the temperatures of the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C may be prevented, achieving reduction or prevention of breakdowns of the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C due to the excessive temperature increases. In the module controller2051according to the present preferred embodiment, when the current value of a current required to be supplied to the load31exceeds the total current value of the rated currents of all the other battery modules, that is, the battery module2013C, that are included in the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C and that are other than the battery module2013A having a battery voltage which is below the first voltage threshold or having a temperature exceeding the temperature threshold and other than the battery module2013B having a battery voltage which is below the second voltage threshold, power supply from the battery modules2013A,2013B, and2013C to the load31is stopped. Thus, the battery module2013B having the battery41B whose battery voltage is highly likely to be below the first voltage threshold may be stopped in advance, achieving reduction or prevention of damage of the battery41B due to excessive discharge of the battery41B. Third Preferred Embodiment A battery system according to the present preferred embodiment is different from that of the first preferred embodiment in that each of the battery modules includes a current detector which detects discharge currents from its battery or charge currents to its battery. The module controller according to the present preferred embodiment calculates SOC values indicating the states of charge of the batteries, based on the histories of the current values of discharge currents or charge currents detected by the current detectors. When a first battery module having a battery, which has a battery voltage which is below the preset first voltage threshold or has an SOC value which is below a preset SOC threshold, is present among the batteries of the battery modules, the module controller selects the first battery module. The module controller selects a second battery module, which has a battery voltage which is below the preset second voltage threshold higher than the first voltage threshold, from a battery module group which is a group of all the battery modules, which are supplying power to a load and which are other than the first battery module, among the battery modules. When the current value of a current required to be supplied to the load is less than or equal to the total current value of the rated current of at least one battery module, other than the first battery module and the second battery module, among the battery modules, the module controller controls the other battery modules so that the battery modules, other than the first battery module, among the battery modules supply power to the load. As illustrated inFIG.7, a power supply system according to the present preferred embodiment includes the two power supply modules12A and12B and a battery system3101. InFIG.7, substantially the same configurations as those in the first preferred embodiment are designated with the same reference numerals as those inFIG.1. The battery system3101includes three battery modules3013A,3013B, and3013C, and a module controller3051configured or programmed to control power supply from the battery modules3013A,3013B, and3013C to the load31and controls stop of the power supply. The battery modules3013A,3013B, and3013C include the batteries41A,41B, and41C, respectively, the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C, respectively, converter controllers3132A,3132B, and3132C, respectively, which control operations of the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C, current detectors232and3242, and the voltage detectors231and241. Each current detector3242detects a voltage which occurs across both the ends of a resistor (not illustrated) connected in series between the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C and the corresponding one of the bi-directional DCDC converters131A,131B, and131C. Thus, each current detector3242detects the current value of a discharge current from the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C or a charge current which is output to the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C from the corresponding one of the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C. Then, each current detector3242outputs, to the corresponding one of the converter controllers3132A,3132B, and3132C, a detected current signal indicating the detected current. The converter controllers3132A,3132B, and3132C each generate charge/discharge-current information indicating the current value of a discharge current or a charge current from/to the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C from a detected current signal received from the corresponding current detector3242, and output the generated charge/discharge-current information to the module controller3051. Along with the charge/discharge-current information, the converter controllers3132A,3132B, and3132C each output, to the module controller3051, operation-mode information indicating the operation mode of the corresponding one of the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C. In addition, the converter controllers3132A,3132B, and3132C each generate battery-voltage information indicating the battery voltage of the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C from a detected-voltage signal received from the corresponding voltage detector241, and output the generated battery-voltage information to the module controller3051. The module controller3051calculates an SOC value indicating the state of charge of each of the batteries41A,41B, and41C, based on the charge/discharge-current information received from the converter controllers3132A,3132B, and3132C. Based on the battery-voltage information received from the converter controllers3132A,3132B, and3132C and the calculated SOC values, when a battery module (for example, the battery module3013A) having a battery (for example, the battery41A) which has a battery voltage which is below the preset first voltage threshold or has an SOC value which is below the preset SOC threshold is present among the batteries41A,41B, and41C of the battery modules3013A,3013B, and3013C, the module controller3051selects the battery module3013A. The condition that the battery voltage of at least one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C included in the battery modules3013A,3013B, and3013C is below the preset first voltage threshold, or that the SOC value of at least one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C is below the SOC threshold corresponds to the first stop condition for the battery modules3013A,3013B, and3013C. When the current value of a load current required to be supplied to the load31exceeds the total current value of the rated currents of all the battery modules3013B and3013C, other than the selected battery module3013A, among the battery modules3013A,3013B, and3013C, the module controller3051controls the converter controllers132A,132B, and132C so that power supply from the battery modules3013A,3013B, and3013C to the load31is stopped. In the module controller3051, a processor runs programs stored in a memory. Thus, as illustrated inFIG.8, the module controller3051is configured or programmed to function as the load-current acquiring unit511, the voltage acquiring unit512, a charge/discharge-current acquiring unit3519, an SOC calculation unit3518, the module rated-current calculation unit513, a determination unit3514, the selection unit515, and the instruction unit516. InFIG.8, substantially the same configurations as those in the first preferred embodiment are designated with the same reference numerals as those inFIG.2. The memory includes a threshold storage unit3531which stores information indicating the preset first voltage threshold, the preset second voltage threshold, and the preset SOC threshold, the load-current storage unit532, a charge/discharge-current history storage unit3533which stores histories of current values of charge currents or discharge currents of the batteries41A,41B, and41C, and the rated-current storage unit539. The charge/discharge-current history storage unit3533stores information indicating current values of charge currents or discharge currents of the batteries41A,41B, and41C, in association with the batteries41A,41B, and41C on a time-series basis. For example, the charge/discharge-current history storage unit3533stores, as a positive current value, a current value indicating a charge current, and, as a negative current value, a current value indicating a discharge current. The second voltage threshold is set to a voltage greater than the first voltage threshold. The SOC threshold is set based on the electric storage performance of the batteries41A,41B, and41C, and is set, for example, to about 1%. The charge/discharge-current acquiring unit3519acquires charge/discharge-current information, which is received from the converter controllers3132A,3132B, and3132C, at every preset processing cycle, and stores the acquired charge/discharge-current information in the charge/discharge-current history storage unit3533on a time-series basis. When the operation-mode information received from the converter controllers3132A,3132B, and3132C indicates the discharge mode, the charge/discharge-current acquiring unit3519converts, to a negative value, the current value indicated by the charge/discharge-current information, and stores the converted value in the charge/discharge-current history storage unit3533. In contrast, when the operation-mode information received from the converter controllers3132A,3132B, and3132C indicates the charge mode, the charge/discharge-current acquiring unit3519stores the current value indicated by the charge/discharge-current information, as it is, in the charge/discharge-current history storage unit3533. The SOC calculation unit3518calculates an SOC value indicating the state of charge of each of the batteries41A,41B, and41C, based on the charge/discharge-current information stored in the charge/discharge-current history storage unit3533, and notifies the determination unit3514of the calculated SOC value. Specifically, the SOC calculation unit3518integrates the current values indicated by the charge/discharge-current information to calculate the current-integrated value. The SOC calculation unit3518divides the calculated current-integrated value by the amount of electricity of the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C which are in full charge, and thus calculates the SOC value. The determination unit3514determines whether a battery having a battery voltage which is below the first voltage threshold is present among the batteries41A,41B, and41C included in the battery modules3013A,3013B, and3013C, based on the voltage values of the battery voltages notified from the voltage acquiring unit512. When all the voltage values of the battery voltages of the batteries41A,41B, and41C are greater than or equal to the first voltage threshold, the determination unit3514determines whether a battery having an SOC value which is below the SOC threshold is present among the batteries41A,41B, and41C, based on the SOC values notified from the SOC calculation unit3518. The determination unit3514monitors, for each of the battery modules3013A,3013B, and3013C, whether the battery module is abnormal or normal, based on the SOC values of the batteries41A,41B, and41C included in the battery modules3013A,3013B, and3013C. In this monitoring, the determination unit3514determines whether a battery module having the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C having a battery voltage which is below the second voltage threshold is present among the battery modules3013A,3013B, and3013C belonging to the battery module group which is included in the battery modules3013A,3013B, and3013C which are supplying power to the load31and from which a battery module having the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C having a battery voltage which is below the first voltage threshold and a battery module having an SOC value which is below the SOC threshold are excluded. Further, the determination unit3514obtains the load-current information stored in the load-current storage unit532, and determines whether the current value indicated by the load-current information exceeds the total current value of the rated currents of the battery modules3013A,3013B, and3013C, other than a battery module having the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C having a battery voltage which is below the first voltage threshold and other than a battery module having an SOC value which is below the SOC threshold among the battery modules3013A,3013B, and3013C. When the determination unit3514determines that a battery having a battery voltage which is below the first voltage threshold, or a battery having an SOC value which is below the SOC threshold is present among the batteries41A,41B, and41C, the selection unit515selects, as a first battery module, a battery module3013A,3013B, or3013C having such a battery41A,41B, or41C. When the determination unit3514determines that a battery module having the corresponding one of batteries41A,41B, and41C whose battery voltage is below the second voltage threshold is present among the battery modules3013A,3013B, and3013C other than the first battery module included in the battery modules3013A,3013B, and3013C, the selection unit515selects, as a second battery module, such a battery module3013A,3013B, or3013C. For example, when the battery41A of the battery module3013A has a battery voltage which is below the first voltage threshold, the selection unit515selects the battery module3013A as a first battery module. Alternatively, when the battery module3013A has an SOC value below the SOC threshold, the selection unit515also selects the battery module3013A as a first battery module. Among the batteries41B and41C of the remaining battery modules3013B and3013C which are supplying power to the load31, when the battery41B has a battery voltage which is below the second voltage threshold, the selection unit515selects the battery module3013B as a second battery module. A battery-system control process performed by the module controller3051according to the present preferred embodiment will be described by referring toFIG.9. Like the first preferred embodiment, the battery-system control process is repeatedly performed at a preset processing cycle. The voltage acquiring unit512acquires battery-voltage information from each of the converter controllers3132A,3132B, and3132C of the battery modules3013A and3013B,3013(step S301). At that time, the voltage acquiring unit512notifies the determination unit3514of the voltage values indicated by the acquired battery-voltage information. The determination unit3514determines whether a battery having a battery voltage whose voltage value Vb is below the first voltage threshold Vbth1is present (step S302). Assume that the determination unit3514determines that a battery having a battery voltage whose voltage value Vb is below the first voltage threshold Vbth1is present among the batteries41A,41B, and41C (step S302: Yes). In this case, the selection unit515selects a battery module (for example, the battery module3013A) having a battery (for example, the battery41A) which is determined by the determination unit3514to have a battery voltage which is below the first voltage threshold (step S306). In contrast, assume that the determination unit3514determines that all of the voltage values Vb of the battery voltages of the batteries41A,41B, and41C are greater than or equal to the first voltage threshold Vbth1(step S302: No). In this case, the charge/discharge-current acquiring unit3519acquires charge/discharge-current information from the converter controllers3132A,3132B, and3132C, and stores the acquired charge/discharge-current information in the charge/discharge-current history storage unit3533(step S303). Then, the SOC calculation unit3518calculates the SOC values of the batteries41A,41B, and41C based on the charge/discharge-current information stored in the charge/discharge-current history storage unit3533(step S304). The SOC calculation unit3518notifies the determination unit3514of the calculated SOC values. The determination unit3514determines whether a battery having an SOC value Sb which is below the SOC threshold Sbth1is present among the batteries41A,41B, and41C, based on the SOC values of the batteries41A,41B, and41C which are notified from the SOC calculation unit3518(step S305). If the determination unit3514determines that all the SOC values Sb of the batteries41A,41B, and41C are greater than or equal to the SOC threshold Sbth1(step S305: No), the battery-system control process ends. In contrast, assume that the determination unit3514determines that a battery having an SOC value Sb which is below the SOC threshold Sbth1is present among the batteries41A,41B, and41C (step S305: Yes). In this case, the selection unit515selects the battery module (for example, the battery module3013A) having the battery (for example, the battery41A) which is determined by the determination unit3514to have an SOC value Sb which is below the SOC threshold Sbth1(step S306). In the series of processes from step S301to step S306, the determination unit3514determines whether a battery module satisfying the first stop condition is present among the battery modules3013A,3013B, and3013C, and the selection unit515selects the battery module satisfying the first stop condition. At the time point of the end of step S306, the battery module3013A is not stopped. Thus, in the series of processes from step S301to step S306, battery modules (for example, the battery module3013A) that are to be stopped are selected. In the series of processes from step S301to step S306, without execution of the process in step S302described above, only the processes from steps S303to S305may be performed. After that, the determination unit3514determines whether at least one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C which has a battery voltage whose voltage value Vb is below the second voltage threshold Vbth2is present among the batteries41B and41C, which are among the batteries41A,41B, and41C included in the battery modules3013A,3013B, and3013C that are supplying power to the load31and each of which has a battery voltage whose voltage value Vb is greater than or equal to the first voltage threshold Vbth1and has an SOC value that is greater than or equal to the SOC threshold Sbth1, based on the SOC values of the batteries41A,41B, and41C notified from the SOC calculation unit3518(step S307). If the determination unit3514determines that all the voltage values Vb of the battery voltages of the batteries41B and41C are greater than or equal to the second voltage threshold Vbth2(step S307: No), the process in step S309described below is performed. In contrast, assume that the determination unit3514determines that, among the batteries41B and41C, a battery having a battery voltage whose voltage value Vb is below the second voltage threshold Vbth2(step S307: Yes). In this case, the selection unit515excludes, from the calculation targets of the total current value Wbt of the rated current values of battery modules in step S310described below, the battery module (for example, the battery module3013B) having the battery (for example, the battery41B) which is determined by the determination unit3514to have a battery voltage whose voltage value Vb is below the second voltage threshold Vbth2(step S308). After that, the determination unit3514obtains the load-current information stored in the load-current storage unit532(step S309). The module rated-current calculation unit513calculates the total current value Wbt of the rated currents of all the battery modules (in this case, the battery modules3013B and3013C), which are supplying power to the load31and which are other than the battery module3013A and3013B selected by the selection unit515in step S306(step S310) and step S308. The determination unit3514determines whether the current value WL indicated by the acquired load-current information exceeds the total current value Wbt of the rated currents which is calculated by the module rated-current calculation unit513(step S311). Assume that the determination unit3514determines that the current value WL indicated by the load-current information is less than or equal to the total current value Wbt of the rated currents of the battery modules3013B and3013C (step S311: No). In this case, the instruction unit516collectively transmits the stop-instruction information to the battery modules3013A which are selected in step S306described above (step S313), and the battery-system control process ends. In contrast, assume that the determination unit514determines that the current value WL indicated by the load-current information exceeds the total current value Wbt of the rated currents of the battery modules3013B and3013C (step S311: Yes). In this case, the selection unit515selects all the battery modules (in this case, the battery module3013B and the battery module3013C), which are supplying power to the load31and which are other than the battery module3013A selected by the selection unit515in step S306(step S312). The battery modules (in this case, the battery module3013B and the battery module3013C) selected in the series of processes from step S307to step S312are not stopped at this time point. After that, the instruction unit516collectively transmits the stop-instruction information to all the battery modules selected in step S306and step S312described above (step S313), and the battery-system control process ends. As described above, in the battery system3101according to the present preferred embodiment, among the batteries41A,41B, and41C, the bi-directional DC-DC converter (for example, the bi-directional DC-DC converter131A) of the battery module (for example, the battery module3013A) having a battery (for example, the battery41A) having an SOC value which is below the SOC threshold is stopped. Thus, excessive discharge of the batteries41A,41B, and41is prevented, achieving reduction or prevention of damage of the batteries41A,41B, and41C due to the excessive discharge. In addition, assume that the current value of a current required to be supplied to the load31exceeds the total current value of the rated currents of all the other battery modules, that is, the battery module3013C, which is obtained by excluding, from the battery modules3013A,3013B, and3013C, the battery module3013A, which has the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C having a battery voltage which is below the first voltage threshold or has an SOC value which is below the SOC threshold, and the battery module2013B, whose battery voltage is below the second voltage threshold. In this case, the module controller3051stops the power supply from the battery modules3013A,3013B, and3013C to the load31. Thus, the battery module3013B, having the battery41B whose battery voltage is highly likely to be below the first voltage threshold, may be stopped in advance, achieving reduction or prevention of damage of the battery41B due to excessive discharge of the battery41B. The preferred embodiments of the present invention are described above. The present invention is not limited to the configurations according to the preferred embodiments described above. For example, as in a battery system4101illustrated inFIG.10, four battery modules3013A,3013B,3013C, and3013D may be included. InFIG.10, substantially the same configurations as those in the third preferred embodiment are designated with the same reference numerals as those inFIG.7. The battery module3013D includes a battery41D, a bi-directional DC-DC converter131D, a converter controller3132D which controls operations of the bi-directional DC-DC converter131D, the current detectors232and3242, and the voltage detectors231and241. The battery41D has substantially the same as the batteries41A,41B, and41C. The converter controller3132D has substantially the same functions as those of the converter controllers3132A,3132B, and3132C. A module controller4051has substantially the same function as that of the module controller3051described in the third preferred embodiment, and performs the battery-system control process described in the third preferred embodiment. Assume that, for example, the SOC values of the four batteries41A,41B, and41C,41D are about 1%, about 2%, about 2%, and about 50%, respectively. Assume that the SOC threshold is about 1.5% and that the battery voltages of the batteries41B and41C are below the second voltage threshold. In this case, the module controller4051outputs stop-instruction information to the battery modules3013B and3013C, having the batteries41B and41C, as well as the battery module3013A having the battery41A, so as to stop the battery modules3013A,3013B, and3013C. Assume that the SOC values of the four batteries41A,41B, and41C,41D are about 1%, about 2%, about 50%, and about 50%, respectively. Assume that the SOC threshold is about 3%, and that the battery voltage of the battery41C is below the second voltage threshold. In this case, the module controller4051outputs stop-instruction information to the battery module3013C, having the battery41C, as well as the battery modules3013A and3013B having the batteries41A and41B, so as to stop the battery modules3013A,3013B, and3013C. In the preferred embodiments, the example in which the module controllers51,2051, and3051output the stop-instruction information to the converter controllers132A,132B,132C,2132A,2132B,2132C,3132A,3132B, and3132C in accordance with the various stop conditions, so as to stop the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C is described. However, the configuration is not limited to this. For example, as in a battery system5101inFIG.11, a module controller5051may open/close switches SWA, SWB, and SWC disposed in battery modules5013A,5013B, and5013C, in accordance with the various stop conditions. The switches SWA, SWB, and SWC are, for example, semiconductor relays or mechanical relays, and are interposed between the batteries41A,41B, and41C and the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C. The battery modules5013A,5013B, and5013C include switch driving units5261which drive the switches SWA, SWB, and SWC in accordance with instruction information received from the module controller5051. Upon reception of the stop-instruction information from the module controller5051, a switch driving unit5261opens the corresponding one of the switches SWA, SWB, and SWC. The configuration enables rapid shutdown of the power supply from the batteries41A,41B, and41C to the load31. Accordingly, stress applied to the battery modules5013A,5013B, and5013C may be reduced. In the preferred embodiments, the example in which the battery modules13A,13B,13C,2013A,2013B,2013C,3013A,3013B, and3013C each have the corresponding one of the bi-directional DC-DC converters131A,131B, and131C is described. However, the configuration is not limited to this. For example, as in a battery system6101illustrated inFIG.12, battery modules6013A,6013B, and6013C which do not have bi-directional DC-DC converters may be included. InFIG.12, substantially the same configurations as those in the first and third preferred embodiments are designated with the same reference numerals as those inFIGS.1and7. The battery modules6013A,6013B, and6013C include the batteries41A,41B, and41C, respectively, the switches SWA, SWB, and SWC, respectively, voltage detectors6231, current detectors6232, and the switch driving units5261. For example, each current detector6232detects a voltage, which occurs across both the ends of a resistor (not illustrated) connected in series between the corresponding one of the switches SWA, SWB, and SWC and the load31, so as to detect the output current of the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C. Each current detector6232generates output-current information indicating the current value of the detected output current, and outputs the generated output-current information to the module controller3051. For example, each voltage detector6231detects a voltage which is obtained by dividing, in a certain division ratio, the voltage which occurs at the output end of the corresponding one of the battery modules6013A,6013B, and6013C. Each voltage detector6231generates battery-voltage information indicating the detected voltage, and outputs the generated battery-voltage information to the module controller51. The module controller3051determines whether a battery having a battery voltage which is below the first voltage threshold is present among the battery modules6013A,6013B, and6013C, based on the battery-voltage information received from the voltage detectors6231. If the module controller3051determines that a battery having a battery voltage which is below the first voltage threshold is not present, the module controller3051calculates an SOC value indicating the state of charge of each of the batteries41A,41B, and41C, based on the output-current information received from the current detectors6232. The module controller3051selects a battery module (for example, the battery module6013A) having a battery (for example, battery41A) having an SOC value which is below the SOC threshold. When the module controller3051determines that the current value of a load current required to be supplied to the load31exceeds the total current value of the rated currents of all the battery modules6013B and6013C which are obtained by excluding the battery module6013A from the battery modules6013A,6013B, and6013C, the module controller3051controls the switch driving units5261so that power supply from the battery modules6013A,6013B, and6013C to the load31is stopped. The present configuration enables rapid shutdown of the power supply from the batteries41A,41B, and41C to the load31. Accordingly, stress applied to the battery modules6013A,6013B, and6013C may be reduced. In the first preferred embodiment, the module controller51may include an SOC determination unit which determines SOC values from the battery voltages of the batteries41A,41B, and41C, and a correlation storage unit which stores correlation information indicating the correlation between the battery voltages of the batteries41A,41B, and41C and the SOC values. The SOC determination unit refers to the correlation information stored in the correlation storage unit, and determines the SOC values corresponding to the battery voltages of the batteries41A,41B, and41C. In this case, the determination unit may determine whether a battery having an SOC value which is below the SOC threshold described in the third preferred embodiment is present among the batteries41A,41B, and41C, based on the SOC values of the batteries41A,41B, and41C which are determined by the SOC determination unit. The selection unit may select a battery module having the corresponding one of the batteries41A,41B, and41C whose SOC value is below the SOC threshold. In the second preferred embodiment, the example in which the determination unit2514determines whether a battery having a battery voltage whose voltage value Vb is below the first voltage threshold Vbth1is present is described. However, the configuration is not limited to this. For example, the determination unit2514may be a unit which does not compare the voltage value Vb of a battery voltage with the first voltage threshold Vbth1. Specifically, in the battery-system control process described by usingFIG.6in the second preferred embodiment, the processes in steps S201, S202, S206, and S207may be skipped. The process may start from the process in step S203. After the process in step S205is performed, processes in step S208and its subsequent steps may be performed. In this case, the selection unit515may select only a battery module having a battery whose temperature Thm is determined by the determination unit2514to exceed the temperature threshold Thmth1in step S205. Also in the third preferred embodiment, for example, the determination unit3514may be a unit which does not compare the voltage value Vb of a battery voltage with the first voltage threshold Vbth1. Specifically, in the battery-system control process described by usingFIG.9in the third preferred embodiment, the processes in steps S301, S302, S307, and S308may be skipped. The process may start from the process in step S303. After the process in step S306is performed, the processes in step S309and its subsequent steps may be performed. In this case, the selection unit515may select only a battery module having a battery whose SOC value Sb is determined by the determination unit3514to be below the SOC threshold Sbth1. The present invention includes various preferred embodiments and modifications which are made without departing from the broad spirit and scope of the present invention. The preferred embodiments are described above to explain the present invention, not to limit the scope of the present invention. That is, the scope of the present invention is defined by the claims, not by the preferred embodiments. Various modifications, which are made within the scope of the claims and the scope of the present invention, may be regarded as within the scope of the present invention. Preferred embodiments of the present invention are suitable for use in or as a battery system which is used along with a power supply module for servers. While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it is to be understood that variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. The scope of the present invention, therefore, is to be determined solely by the following claims. | 77,860 |
11942814 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF DISCLOSED EMBODIMENTS In each of the following embodiments, the same reference number represents an element or component that is the same or similar. FIG.1is a schematic view of a smart battery device according an embodiment of the present invention. Please refer toFIG.1. The smart battery device100may be configured to store an electrical power, and provide the stored electrical power to a power receiving device (not shown) connected thereto. In some embodiments, the power receiving device may be various electronic devices or electronic vehicles that need to be actuated with the electrical power, but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. The smart battery device100includes a battery unit110, a temperature-sensing unit120, a processing unit130, a discharging switch140and a charging unit150. The battery unit110is configured to provide the electrical power. In some embodiments, the battery unit110may be formed by one battery cell or more battery cells connected in series and/or in parallel. In addition, the battery unit110may be a Lithium battery, a Nickel-Hydrogen battery, a Sealed Lead-Acid battery, or any other suitable rechargeable battery. The temperature-sensing unit120senses the ambient temperature to generate a temperature signal. In some embodiments, the temperature-sensing unit120may be implemented by a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor, a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor, a temperature-sensing chip or nay other suitable temperature-sensing element. The processing unit130is coupled to the battery unit110and the temperature-sensing unit120. In some embodiments, the processing unit130may be implemented by a system on a chip (SoC), a central processing unit (CPU), a micro controller unit (MCU), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), an application processor (AP) or a digital signal processor (DSP), but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. The discharging switch140is coupled to the battery unit110and the processing unit130. The processing unit130controls the discharging switch140, such that the smart battery device100may enter to a discharging mode to provide the electrical power of the battery unit110to the power receiving device, for example. The charging unit150is coupled to the processing unit130and a battery positive terminal BATT+ of the smart battery device100. The processing unit130controls the charging unit150, such that the smart battery device100may enter to a charging mode, so as to charge the battery unit110through a charging current provided by an external power (not shown), for example. In some embodiments, the discharging switch140and the charging unit150may be implemented by a field-effect transistor (FET), but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. In the embodiment, the processing unit130may detect whether an external power exists. When the processing unit130detects that the external power exists, indicates that the smart battery device100may enter a charging mode, such that the processing unit130may control the charging unit150to charge the battery unit110. Then, in the charging mode, the processing unit130receives the temperature signal and obtains the power capacity of the battery unit110, sets a full capacity according to the temperature signal, and generates an indication flag when the power capacity of the battery unit110reaches full capacity, wherein the indication flag is used to indicate that the battery unit is in a fully charged state. That is, the processing unit130may set different full capacities of the battery unit110according to different temperatures. Therefore, the lifespan and safety of the battery may be effectively increased. Furthermore, after the processing unit130the temperature signal, the processing unit130may determine whether the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than a first predetermined temperature. In the embodiment, the first predetermined temperature is, for example, 0 degree, but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. When the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than the first predetermined temperature, it indicates that the smart battery device100is at a colder temperature. In order to present the battery unit110from being charged at this temperature and affecting lifespan or performance of the battery unit110, the processing unit130may control the smart battery device100to enter a protection mode. For example, the processing unit130may control the charging unit150to be turned off, so as to turn off a function of charging the battery unit110. When the temperature of the temperature signal is not lower than the first predetermined temperature, the processing unit130may determine whether the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than a second determined temperature. In the embodiment, the second predetermined temperature is, for example, higher than the first predetermined temperature. In addition, the second predetermined temperature is, for example, 25 degrees, but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. When the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than the second predetermined value, for example, the temperature is between 0 degree and 25 degrees, it indicates that the smart battery device100is at relatively normal temperature. Then, the processing unit130may set the full capacity to a first predetermined value and generate the indication flag when the power capacity of the battery unit110reaches the first predetermined value. In the embodiment, the first predetermined value is, for example, 100%, but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. That is, when the temperature is between 0 degree and 25 degrees and the power capacity of the battery unit110reaches the first predetermined value, the processing unit130generates, for example, an indication flag with a high logic level “1” to indicate that the battery unit110is in the fully charged state (such as 100%). Then, the indication flag with the high logic level “1” may be provided to the power receiving device, such that the power receiving device may display that the battery unit110is in the fully charged state (i.e. 100%). When the temperature of the temperature signal is not lower than the second predetermined temperature, the processing unit130may determine whether the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than a third predetermined temperature. In the embodiment, the third predetermined temperature is, for example, higher than the second predetermined temperature. In addition, the third predetermined temperature is, for example, 45 degrees, but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. When the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than the third predetermined value, for example, the temperature is between 25 degrees and 45 degrees, it indicates that the smart battery device100is at a relatively high temperature. Then, the processing unit130may set the full capacity to a second predetermined value and generate the indication flag when the power capacity of the battery unit110reaches the second predetermined value. In the embodiment, the second predetermined value is, for example, lower than the first predetermined value. In addition, the second predetermined value is, for example, 95%, but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. That is, when the temperature is between 25 degrees and 45 degrees and the power capacity of the battery unit110reaches the second predetermined value (such as 95%), the processing unit130generates, for example, the indication flag with the high logic level “1” to indicate that the battery unit110is in the fully charged state (such as 100%). Then, the indication flag with the high logic level “1” may be provided to the power receiving device, such that the power receiving device may display that the battery unit110is in the fully charged state (i.e. 100%). When the temperature of the temperature signal is not lower than the third predetermined temperature, the processing unit130may determine whether the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than a fourth predetermined temperature. In the embodiment, the fourth predetermined temperature is, for example, higher than the third predetermined temperature. In addition, the fourth predetermined temperature is, for example, 60 degrees, but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. When the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than the fourth predetermined value, for example, the temperature is between 45 degrees and 60 degrees, it indicates that the smart battery device100is at a higher temperature. Then, the processing unit130may set the full capacity to a third predetermined value and generate the indication flag when the power capacity of the battery unit110reaches the third predetermined value. In the embodiment, the third predetermined value is, for example, lower than the second predetermined value. In addition, the third predetermined value is, for example, 90%, but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. That is, when the temperature is between 45 degrees and 60 degrees and the power capacity of the battery unit110reaches the third predetermined value (such as 90%), the processing unit130generates, for example, the indication flag with the high logic level 1 to indicate that the battery unit110is in the fully charged state (such as 100%). Then, the indication flag with the high logic level “1” may be provided to the power receiving device, such that the power receiving device may display that the battery unit110is in the fully charged state (i.e. 100%). When the temperature of the temperature signal is not lower than the fourth predetermined temperature, for example, the temperature is higher than 60 degrees, it indicates that the smart battery device100is at an excessively high temperature. In order to present the battery unit110from being charged at this temperature and affecting span or performance of the battery unit110, the processing unit130may control the smart battery device100to enter the protection mode. For example, the processing unit130may control the charging unit150to be turned off, so as to turn off the function of charging the battery unit110. In the above embodiment, after the processing unit130generates, for example, the indication flag with the high logic level “1”, when the processing unit130detects that the power capacity of the battery110is not in the fully charged state (e.g. 100%, 95%, or 90%) corresponding to the indication flag, the processing unit130may clear the indication flag, and provide the current power capacity of the battery unit110to the power receiving device, such that the power receiving device displays the current power capacity of the battery unit110. In addition, the smart battery device100of the embodiment further includes a current-sensing unit160. The current-sensing unit160is coupled to the battery unit110, the processing unit130and a battery negative terminal BATT− of the smart battery device100. The current-sensing unit160may sense the discharging current of the battery unit110. When the processing unit130detects that the external power does not exist, it indicates that the smart battery device100may enter a discharging mode, such that the processing unit130may control the discharging switch140to discharge the battery unit110. Then, in the discharging mode, the processing unit130may receive the temperature signal and the discharging current, and generate an adjustment indication according to the temperature signal or the C-rate of the discharging current, wherein the adjustment indication is used to indicate the power receiving device to adjust an operation. Afterward, the processing unit130may transmit the adjustment indication to the power receiving device through a transmission interface131. In some embodiments, transmission interface131is, for example, a system management bus (SMbus). That is, the processing unit130may provide different adjustment indications to the power receiving device according to the different temperatures or the different C-rates of the discharging current, such that the power receiving device adjusts the power consumption of the internal components thereof (for example, adjusting the frequency of a processing device (such as CPU) of the power receiving device). Therefore, lifespan and safety of the battery may be effectively increased. Furthermore, after the processing unit130receives the temperature signal, the processing unit130may determine whether the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than the first predetermined temperature. In the embodiment, the first predetermined temperature is for example, −20 degrees, but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. When the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than the first predetermined temperature, it indicates that the smart battery device100is at a too cold temperature. In order to present the battery unit110from being discharged at this temperature and affecting lifespan or performance of the battery unit110, the processing unit130may control the smart battery device100to enter a protection mode. For example, the processing unit130may control the discharging switch140to be turned off, so as to turn off a function of discharging the battery unit110. When the temperature of the temperature signal is not lower than the first predetermined temperature, the processing unit130may determine whether the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than a second determined temperature. In the embodiment, the second predetermined temperature is, for example, higher than the first predetermined temperature. In addition, the second predetermined temperature is, for example, 45 degrees, but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. When the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than the second predetermined value, for example, the temperature is between −20 degrees and 45 degrees, it indicates that the smart battery device100is at relatively normal temperature, and the processing unit130does not generate the adjustment indication. That is, the processing unit130does not generate the adjustment indication to the power receiving device, and the power receiving device does also not adjust the operation and performs the normal operation. Then, the processing unit130may continuously monitor the temperature signal to perform the subsequent operation, such as the operation of controlling the smart battery device100to enter the protection mode or not generating an adjustment indication. When the temperature of the temperature signal is not lower than the second predetermined temperature, the processing unit130may determine whether the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than a third predetermined temperature. In the embodiment, the third predetermined temperature is, for example, higher than the second predetermined temperature. In addition, the third predetermined temperature is, for example, 50 degrees, but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. When the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than the third predetermined value, for example, the temperature is between 45 degrees and 50 degrees, it indicates that the smart battery device100is at a slightly higher temperature. Then, the processing unit130generates an adjustment indication with a first adjustment value. In the embodiment, the first adjustment value is, for example, a throttling of 25%, but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. That is, when the temperature is between 45 degrees and 50 degrees, the processing unit130generates, for example, the adjustment indication with the throttling of 25% to the power receiving device, such that the power receiving device may perform the throttling of 25% for the frequency of the processing device of the power receiving device according to the adjustment indication with the throttling of 25%. Then, the processing unit130may continuously monitor the temperature signal to perform the subsequent operation, such as the operation of not generating an adjustment indication or generating an adjustment indication with the first adjustment value. When the temperature of the temperature signal is not lower than the third predetermined temperature, the processing unit130may determine whether the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than a fourth predetermined temperature. In the embodiment, the fourth predetermined temperature is, for example, higher than the third predetermined temperature. In addition, the fourth predetermined temperature is, for example, 55 degrees, but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. When the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than the fourth predetermined value, for example, the temperature is between 50 degrees and 55 degrees, it indicates that the smart battery device100is at a relatively high temperature. Then, the processing unit130generates an adjustment indication with a second adjustment value. In the embodiment, the second adjustment value is, for example, a throttling of 50%, but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. That is, when the temperature is between 50 degrees and 55 degrees, the processing unit130generates, for example, the adjustment indication with the throttling of 50% to the power receiving device, such that the power receiving device may perform the throttling of 50% for the frequency of the processing device of the power receiving device according to the adjustment indication with the throttling of 50%. Then, the processing unit130may continuously monitor the temperature signal to perform the operation of generating an adjustment indication with the first adjustment value or generating an adjustment indication with the second adjustment value. When the temperature of the temperature signal is not lower than the fourth predetermined temperature, the processing unit130may determine whether the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than a fifth predetermined temperature. In the embodiment, the fifth predetermined temperature is, for example, higher than the fourth predetermined temperature. In addition, the fifth predetermined temperature is, for example, 60 degrees, but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. When the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than the fifth predetermined value, for example, the temperature is between 55 degrees and 60 degrees, it indicates that the smart battery device100is at a higher temperature. Then, the processing unit130generates an adjustment indication with a third adjustment value. In the embodiment, the third adjustment value, for example, a throttling of 75%, but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. That is, when the temperature is between 55 degrees and 60 degrees, the processing unit130generates, for example, the adjustment indication with the throttling of 75% to the power receiving device, such that the power receiving device may perform the throttling of 75% for the frequency of the processing device of the power receiving device according to the adjustment indication with the throttling of 75%. Then, the processing unit130may continuously monitor the temperature signal to perform the operation of generating an adjustment indication with the second adjustment value or generating an adjustment indication with the third adjustment value. When the temperature of the temperature signal is not lower than the fifth predetermined temperature, for example, the temperature is higher than 60 degrees, it indicates that the smart battery device100is at an excessively high temperature. Then, the processing unit130generates an adjustment indication with a shutdown indication. That is, when the temperature is higher than 60, the processing unit130generates an adjustment indication with the shutdown indication to the power receiving device, such that the power receiving device performs the shutdown operation, so as to prevent the battery unit110from being discharged at this temperature and affecting lifespan or performance of the battery unit110. Therefore, the processing unit130generates an adjustment indication, such that the processing device of the power receiving device performs the throttling operation or the power receiving device perform the shutdown operation to avoid the over-discharge of the battery unit110, thereby effectively increasing lifespan, performance and safety of the battery unit110. In addition, after the processing unit130receives the discharging current, the processing unit130may determine whether the C-rate of the discharging current is lower than a first predetermined C-rate. In the embodiment, the first predetermined C-rate is, for example, 1C, but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. When the C-rate of the discharging current is lower than the first predetermined C-rate, it indicates that the C-rate of the discharging current is normal, and the processing unit130does not generate the adjustment indication. That is, the processing unit130does not generate the adjustment indication to the power receiving device, and the power receiving device does also not adjust the operation and performs the normal operation. Then, the processing unit130may continuously monitor the discharging current to perform the subsequent operation, for example, the processing unit130does not generate the adjustment indication. When the C-rate of the discharging current is not lower than the first predetermined C-rate, the processing unit130may determine whether the C-rate of the discharging current is lower than a second predetermined C-rate. In the embodiment, the second predetermined C-rate is, for example, higher than the first predetermined C-rate. In addition, the second predetermined C-rate is, for example, 1.2C, but the embodiment is not limited thereto. When the C-rate of the discharging current is lower than the second predetermined C-rate, for example, the C-rate of the discharging current is between 1C and 1.2C, it indicates that the C-rate of the discharging current is slightly higher. Then, the processing unit130generates an adjustment indication with a first adjustment value. In the embodiment, the first adjustment value is for example, a throttling of 50%, but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. That is, when the C-rate of the discharging current is between 1C and 1.2C, the processing unit130generates, for example, the adjustment indication with the throttling of 50% to the power receiving device, such that the power receiving device may perform the throttling of 50% for the frequency of the processing device of the power receiving device according to the adjustment indication with the throttling of 50%. Then, the processing unit130may continuously monitor the discharging current to perform the subsequent operation, such as the operation of not generating an adjustment indication or generating an adjustment indication with the first adjustment value. When the C-rate of the discharging current is not lower than the second predetermined C-rate, the processing unit130may determine whether the C-rate of the discharging current is lower than a third predetermined C-rate. In the embodiment, the third predetermined C-rate is, for example, higher than the second predetermined C-rate. In addition, the third predetermined C-rate is, for example, 1.4C, but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. When the C-rate of the discharging current is lower than the third predetermined C-rate, for example, the C-rate of the discharging current is between 1.2C and 1.4C, it indicates that the C-rate of the discharging current is high. Then, the processing unit130generates an adjustment indication with a second adjustment value. In the embodiment, the second adjustment value is, for example, higher than the first adjustment value. In addition, the second adjustment value is, for example, a throttling of 75%, but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. That is, when the C-rate of the discharging current is between 1.2C and 1.4C, the processing unit130generates, for example, the adjustment indication with the throttling of 75% to the power receiving device, such that the power receiving device may perform the throttling of 75% for the frequency of the processing device of the power receiving device according to the adjustment indication with the throttling of 75%. Then, the processing unit130may continuously monitor the discharging current to perform the subsequent operation, such as the operation of generating an adjustment indication with the first adjustment value or generating an adjustment indication with the second adjustment value. When the C-rate of the discharging current is not lower than the third predetermined C-rate, the processing unit130may determine whether the C-rate of the discharging current is lower than a fourth predetermined C-rate. In the embodiment, the fourth predetermined C-rate is, for example, higher than the third predetermined C-rate. In addition, the fourth predetermined C-rate is, for example, 1.5C, but the embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. When the C-rate of the discharging current is lower than the fourth predetermined C-rate, for example, the C-rate of the discharging current is between 1.4C and 1.5C, it indicates that the C-rate of the discharging current is higher. Then, the processing unit130generates an adjustment indication with a limit indication. That is, when the C-rate of the discharging current is between 1.4C and 1.5C, the processing unit130generates an adjustment indication with the limit indication to the power receiving device, such that the power receiving device performs a limit operation for the frequency of the processing device of the power receiving device according to the adjustment indication with the limit indication. For example, the frequency of the processing device of the power receiving device may be limited to, for example, the throttling of 75%. Then, the processing unit130may continuously monitor the discharging current to perform the subsequent operation, such as the operation of generating an adjustment indication with the second adjustment value or generating an adjustment indication with the limit indication. When the C-rate of the discharging current is not lower than the fourth predetermined C-rate, for example, the C-rate of the discharging current is higher than 1.5C, it indicates that the C-rate of the discharging current is too high. Then, the processing unit130generates an adjustment indication with a shutdown indication. That is, when the C-rate of the discharging current is higher than 1.5C, the processing unit130generates an adjustment indication with the shutdown indication to the power receiving device, such that the power receiving device may perform a shutdown operation according to the adjustment indication with the shutdown indication. Therefore, the processing unit130generates an adjustment indication, such that the processing device of the power receiving device performs the throttling operation or the power receiving device perform the shutdown operation to avoid the over-discharge of the battery unit110, thereby effectively increasing lifespan, performance and safety of the battery unit110. According to the above-mentioned description, the embodiment of the present invention additionally provides an operation method of a smart battery device.FIG.2is a flowchart of an operation method of a smart battery device according an embodiment of the present invention. In step S202, the method involves sensing the ambient temperature to generate a temperature signal. In step S204, the method involves in a charging mode, receiving the temperature signal and obtaining the power capacity of the battery unit. In step S206, the method involves setting the full capacity according to the temperature signal, and generating an indication flag when the power capacity of the battery unit reaches full capacity, wherein the indication flag is used to indicate that the battery unit is in the fully charged state. In step S208, the method involves sensing the discharging current of the battery unit. In step S210, the method involves in a discharging mode, receiving the temperature signal and the discharging current. In step S212, the method involves generating an adjustment indication according to the temperature signal or the C-rate of the discharging current, wherein the adjustment indication is used to indicate a power receiving device to adjust an operation. FIG.3is a detailed flowchart of step S206inFIG.2. In step S302, the method involves determining whether the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than the first predetermined temperature. When the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than the first predetermined temperature, the method performs step S304. In step S304, the method involves controlling the smart battery device to enter a protection mode. When the temperature of the temperature signal is not lower than the first predetermined temperature, the method performs step S306. In step S306, the method involves determining whether the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than a second predetermined temperature. When the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than the second predetermined temperature, the method performs step S308. In step S308, the method involves setting the full capacity to a first predetermined value and generating an indication flag when the power capacity of the battery unit reaches the first predetermined value. When the temperature of the temperature signal is not lower than the second predetermined temperature, the method performs step S310. In step S310, the method involves determining whether the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than a third predetermined temperature. When the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than the third temperature, the method performs step S312. In step S312, the method involves setting the full capacity to a second predetermined value and generating an indication flag when the power capacity of the battery unit reaches the second predetermined value. When the temperature of the temperature signal is not lower than the third predetermined temperature, the method performs step S314. In step S314, the method involves determining whether the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than a fourth predetermined temperature. When the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than the fourth predetermined temperature, the method performs step S316. In step S316, the method involves setting the full capacity to a third predetermined value and generating an indication flag when the power capacity of the battery unit reaches the third predetermined value. When the temperature of the temperature signal is not lower than the fourth predetermined temperature, the method performs step S318. In step S318, the method involves controlling the smart battery device to enter the protection mode. In the embodiment, the second determined temperature is higher than the first predetermined temperature, the third determined temperature is higher than the second determined temperature, the fourth determined temperature is higher than the third determined temperature, the second predetermined value is lower than the first predetermined value, and the third predetermined value is lower than the second predetermined value. FIGS.4A and4Bare a detailed flowchart of step S212inFIG.2. In step S402, the method involves determining whether the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than the first predetermined temperature. When the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than the first predetermined temperature, the method performs step S404. In step S404, the method involves controlling the smart battery device to enter a protection mode. When the temperature of the temperature signal is not lower than the first predetermined temperature, the method performs step S406. In step S406, the method involves determining whether the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than the second predetermined temperature. When the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than the second predetermined temperature, the method performs step S408. In step S408, the method involves not generating an adjustment indication. After performing step S408, the method may return to step S402to perform the subsequent operation. When the temperature of the temperature signal is not lower than the second predetermined temperature, the method performs step S410. In step S410, the method involves determining whether the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than a third predetermined temperature. When the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than the third predetermined temperature, the method performs step S412. In step S412, the method involves generating an adjustment indication with a first adjustment value. After performing step S412, the method may return to step S406to perform the subsequent operation. When the temperature of the temperature signal is not lower than the third predetermined temperature, the method performs step S414. In step S414, the method involves determining whether the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than a fourth predetermined temperature. When the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than the fourth predetermined temperature, the method performs step S416. In step S416, the method involves generating an adjustment indication with a second adjustment value. After performing step S416, the method may return to step S410to perform the subsequent operation. When the temperature of the temperature signal is not lower than the fourth predetermined temperature, the method performs step S418. In step S418, the method involves determining whether the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than a fifth predetermined temperature. When the temperature of the temperature signal is lower than the fifth predetermined temperature, the method performs step S420. In step S420, the method involves generating an adjustment indication with a third adjustment value. After performing S420, the method may return to step S414to perform the subsequent operation. When the temperature of the temperature signal is not lower than the fifth predetermined temperature, the method performs step S422. In step S422, the method involves generating an adjustment indication with a shutdown indication. In the embodiment, the second predetermined temperature is higher than the first predetermined temperature, the third predetermined temperature is higher than the second predetermined temperature, the fourth predetermined temperature is higher than the third predetermined temperature, the fifth predetermined temperature is higher than the fourth predetermined temperature, the second adjustment value is higher than the first adjustment value, and the third adjustment value is higher than the second adjustment value. FIG.5is another detailed flowchart of step S212inFIG.2. In step S502, the method involves determining whether the C-rate of the discharging current is lower than a first predetermined C-rate. When the C-rate of the discharging current is lower than the first predetermined C-rate, the method performs step S504. In step S504, the method involves not generating an adjustment indication. When the C-rate of the discharging current is not lower than the first predetermined C-rate, the method performs step S506. In step S506, the method involves determining whether the C-rate of the discharging current is lower than a second predetermined C-rate. When the C-rate of the discharging current is lower than the second predetermined C-rate, the method performs step S508. In step S508, the method involves generating an adjustment indication with a first adjustment value. After performing step S508, the method may return to step S502to perform the subsequent operation. When the C-rate of the discharging current is not lower than the second predetermined C-rate, the method performs step S510. In step S510, the method involves determining whether the C-rate of the discharging current is lower than a third predetermined C-rate. When the C-rate of the discharging current is lower than the third predetermined C-rate, the method performs step S512. In step S512, the method involves generating an adjustment indication with a second adjustment value. After performing step S512, the method may return to step S506to perform the subsequent operation. When the C-rate of the discharging current is not lower than the third predetermined C-rate, the method performs step S514. In step S514, the method involves determining whether the C-rate of the discharging current is lower than a fourth predetermined C-rate. When the C-rate of the discharging current is lower than the fourth predetermined C-rate, the method performs step S516. In step S516, the method involves generating an adjustment indication with a limit indication. After performing step S516, the method may return to step S510to perform the subsequent operation. When the C-rate of the discharging current is not lower than the fourth predetermined C-rate, the method performs step S518. In step S518, the method involves generating an adjustment indication with a shutdown indication. In the embodiment, the second predetermined C-rate is higher than the first predetermined C-rate, the third predetermined C-rate is higher than the second predetermined C-rate, the fourth predetermined C-rate is higher than the third predetermined C-rate, and the second adjustment value is higher than the first adjustment value. It should be noted that the order of the steps ofFIG.2,FIG.3,FIG.4A,FIG.4BandFIG.5is only for illustrative purposes, and is not intended to limit the order of the steps of the present invention. The user may change the order of the steps above according the requirement thereof. The flowcharts described above may add additional steps or use fewer steps without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. In summary, according to the smart battery device and the operation method thereof disclosed by the embodiment of the present invention, the temperature-sensing unit senses the ambient temperature to generate the temperature signal. In the charging mode, generates an indication flag according to the temperature signal and the power capacity of the battery unit, wherein the indication flag is used to indicate that the battery unit is in the fully charged state. In addition, the embodiment of the present invention may further include the current-sensing unit to sense the discharging current of the battery unit. In the discharging mode, the processing unit generates an adjustment indication according to the temperature signal of the C-rate of the discharging current, wherein the adjustment indication is used to indicate the power receiving device to adjust the operation. Therefore, the smart battery device may be effectively managed, so as to increase lifespan, performance and safety of the battery unit. While the present invention has been described by way of example and in terms of the preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements (as would be apparent to those skilled in the art). Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should be accorded the broadest interpretation to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements. | 40,225 |
11942815 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present disclosure relates generally to solar-powered electronic devices powered by a rechargeable battery and a solar panel. More specifically, the present disclosure provides a power management module for a solar-powered electronic device. The power management module uses a combination of discrete electronic components and firmware to manage the operation and configuration of both the rechargeable battery and the solar panel. Additionally, the present disclosure provides methods for power management of a solar-powered electronic device. One example of a solar-powered electronic device is a solar-powered asset tracker. An asset tracker is an electronic device deployed in an asset for tracking the location and condition thereof. An asset tracker is typically part of an asset tracking system. An asset tracking system allows an administrator to track the location and condition of one or more than one assets. An asset may be a vehicle, a piece of equipment, a shipping container, a trailer, a tank, or any other type of asset whose location and condition need to be tracked. The power management module and the method for power management of a solar-powered electronic device presented in this disclosure are not, however, limited by such embodiment. The solar-powered electronic device discussed in this disclosure is an electronic device that can practically operate off of a rechargeable battery and/or a solar panel. Examples a solar-powered electronic device include, but are not limited to, an asset tracker; a communication and signal booster such as a Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) extender or a cellular signal booster; an electronic weather station including rain gauges, temperature sensors, anemometers, and barometers; an electronic wireless surveillance system including cameras, motion sensors, and communication modules; a ventilation system, such as attic fans and ventilation systems for vehicles; and any other electronic device that utilizes both a solar panel and a rechargeable battery. In this disclosure a “solar panel” refers to a portable solar panel suitable for use with an electronic device, not large solar panels typically installed on building rooftops. A portable solar panel is a compact and lightweight energy harvesting device that converts sunlight into electrical energy by using photovoltaic cells. Photovoltaic cells are made of materials that generate electrons when exposed to light. A portable solar panel is designed to provide a convenient and renewable power source for various portable electronic devices, such as a solar-powered asset tracker. The electric energy generated by the solar panel may be used to charge a rechargeable battery and/or power the various components of a solar-powered asset tracker, as will be described in detail below. Common types of portable solar panels for portable electronic devices include monocrystalline solar panels, polycrystalline solar panels, and thin-film solar panels. Monocrystalline solar panels use a single silicon crystal per photovoltaic cell, while polycrystalline solar panels use multiple silicon crystals melted together per photovoltaic cell. Thin-film solar cells are made by depositing one or more thin layers of photovoltaic material onto a substrate, such as glass, plastic, or metal. A rechargeable battery is a type of battery that can be charged and discharged multiple times making it reusable. Rechargeable batteries can be recharged, using electrical energy, to restore their energy storage capacity for future use. A rechargeable battery may be of any of the following types of rechargeable batteries: Nickel-Cadmium (Ni—Cd), Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH), Lithium-Ion (Li-ion), or Lithium Polymer (LiPo). Ni—Cd batteries are less common since they have a relatively low energy density compared to other rechargeable battery types, and because they suffer from the memory effect. NiMH batteries have better energy density than Ni—Cd batteries but still suffer from the memory effect. Li-ion batteries are widely used as they have a higher energy density than Ni—Cd and NiMH, and have no memory effect. Variants of Li-ion batteries include Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2), Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4), Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (Li—NMC), and Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (Li—NCA). LiPo batteries Pouch Cell LiPo batteries and Cylindrical Cell LiPo batteries. A non-limiting embodiment of a solar-powered electronic device powered by is described below in the form of a solar-powered asset tracker operating in the context of an asset tracking system. Asset Tracking System An asset tracking system facilitates tracking and monitoring the location, movement, and condition of various assets. An asset tracking system may be used in logistics, transportation, supply chain management, and other industries. Asset trackers are devices that are coupled with assets to track and monitor the location, movement, and condition of the assets. An asset may be a vehicle, a valuable piece of equipment, a shipping container, a trailer, a tank, or any other type of asset whose location, movement, and condition need to be tracked. The asset tracker is an electronic device that contains at least one of a location module, an inertial measurement unit, and one or more sensors. The location module determines the location of the asset tracker, and hence the location of the asset. The inertial measurement unit detects motion, orientation, and heading. The one or more sensors determine the conditions experienced by the asset tracker, such as temperature, pressure, noise, and the like. The asset tracker periodically communicates the location, movement, and/or conditions thereof to a remote server, such as an asset tracking server. Accordingly, the location, movement, and/or condition of the asset may be tracked in real-time or near real-time. FIG.1shows a high-level block diagram of an asset tracking system101. The asset tracking system101includes an asset tracker200deployed in an asset100, a network50, an asset tracking server130, an administration terminal140, and satellites170. While a single instance of each element is shown for simplicity, multiple instances of each shown element are typical in an asset tracking system. The asset100shown is in the form of a shipping container placed on a trailer105coupled to a tractor110. The asset100may be a shipping container, a vehicle, industrial equipment, construction equipment, a tank holding a chemical, or any other asset whose location, movement, and/or condition needs to be tracked. The asset100may be transported by a trailer105as shown, or may be transported by a ship, a train, an airplane, or any other means of transportation. The asset100may also be a piece of industrial or construction equipment, such as a generator, a concrete mixer, a compressor, and the like. Such types of assets may have wheels and may be towed from one site to another. The asset tracker200is an electronic device couplable to an asset, such as the asset100. The asset tracker200is configured to track the location, movement, and/or condition of the asset100. The asset tracker200may be battery-powered or solar-powered. A battery-powered asset tracker is an electronic asset tracker powered by a non-rechargeable battery. A solar-powered asset tracker is powered by a solar panel and a rechargeable battery. A detailed description of the internal components of a solar-powered asset tracker300are described with reference toFIG.3, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The solar-powered asset tracker300is an example of a solar-powered electronic device powered by a rechargeable battery and a solar panel. The asset tracker200utilizes a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) to obtain the location thereof. In the depicted embodiment, the asset tracker200is in communication with the satellites170to obtain the location thereof. The asset tracker200also contains an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and/or sensors such as temperature, light, and pressure sensors. The combination of location data, movement, and sensor data are termed asset tracking data112. The asset tracker200connects to a network50which allows the asset tracker200to send the asset tracking data112to a remote server such as the asset tracking server130. The network50may be a single network or a combination of networks such as a data cellular network, a wide area network, the Internet, and other network technologies. The network50provides connectivity between the asset tracker200and the asset tracking server130, and between the administration terminal140and the asset tracking server130. In some implementations of the asset tracking system101, the network50is a cellular network utilizing cellular technology. In one implementation, the network50uses the second-generation (2G) cellular technology which is based on the Global System for Mobiles (GSM) protocol and supports data transmission protocols such as the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) or the Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). In another implementation, the network50uses the Third-generation (3G) cellular technology utilizing the Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS) supporting data transfer using the High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) protocol. In yet another implementation, the network50uses the Fourth-generation cellular technology (4G) which uses the Long Term Evolution (LTE) protocol. In another implementation, the network50uses the Fifth-generation (5G) cellular technology. In yet another implementation, the network50uses the Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-loT) which is a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology that is part of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standard. In some implementations of the asset tracking system101, the network50comprises a Wide Area Network (WAN) using non-cellular WAN technologies. One example of a non-cellular WAN technology that the network50can use is the Worldwide Interoperability For Microwave Access (WiMAX™) which is based on the IEEE 810.16 family of standards. Another example of a non-cellular WAN technology that the network50may use is Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN™) technology which is a low-power WAN protocol. Yet another example of a non-cellular WAN technology that the network50may use is Weightless which is a family of open standard low-power WAN (LPWAN) technology that operate in the sub-GHz frequency bands. In some implementations of the asset tracking system101, the network50uses a wired network technology when the asset tracker200is coupled to an asset that provides wired network connectivity. Examples of wired network technologies include Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Local Talk™, Token Ring, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). In some implementations, the network50is a combination of the above-specified technologies. The asset tracking server130is an electronic device capable of executing machine-executable programming instructions for receiving, storing, and analyzing the asset tracking data112. The asset tracking server130may be implemented as a single computer system or a cluster of computers. The asset tracking server130may utilize an operating system such as Linux, Windows, Unix, FreeBSD, macOS Server, VMware ESXI, Microsoft Hyper-V Server, Oracle Solaris, IBM AIX, or any other equivalent operating system. Alternatively, the asset tracking server130may be implemented on a cloud computing platform, such as Amazon Web Service (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform (GCP), IBM Cloud, Oracle Cloud, and Alibaba Cloud. The asset tracking server130is connected to the network50and may receive asset tracking data112from the asset tracker200. The asset tracking server130may have a plurality of software modules for performing data analysis and analytics on the telematics data to obtain useful asset information about the assets100. The asset tracking server130may be coupled to an asset tracking database132for storing telematics data and/or the results of the analytics which are related to the asset100. The asset tracking server130may communicate the asset tracking data112pertaining to the asset100to the administration terminal140. The satellites170may be part of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) which is a satellite-based navigation system that provides positioning, navigation, and timing services worldwide. The four primary GNSS systems in operation today are Global Positioning System (GPS), Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), Galileo, and BeiDou. GPS was developed and operated by the United States, GLONASS is the Russian counterpart of GPS, Galileo is the European Union's GNSS, and BeiDou is the Chinese GNSS system. Other less commonly used GNSS systems are QZSS (Japan) and IRNSS or NavIC (India). The location information may be processed by a location module on the asset tracker200to provide location data indicating the location of the asset tracker200(and hence the location of the asset100coupled thereto). In other implementations (not shown), the asset tracker200may use other means to determine the location thereof as outlined below. The administration terminal140is an electronic device capable of connecting to the asset tracking server130, over the network50. The administration terminal can be configured to retrieve data and analytics related to one or more assets100; to receive alerts from the asset tracking server130in respect of one or more conditions on the asset tracker200; or to issue commands to one or more asset tracker200via the asset tracking server130. The administration terminal140is shown as a laptop computer, however, this is not necessarily the case. An administration terminal may be a desktop computer, an industrial human-machine interface (HMI), a touch screen panel, a table, a smartphone, an Augmented Reality (AR) headset, or a Network Operations Center (NOC). The administration terminal140may run a web browser or a custom application which allows retrieving data and analytics, pertaining to one or more assets100, from the asset tracking server130via a web interface of the asset tracking server130. The administration terminal140may also be used to issue commands to one or more asset tracker200via the asset tracking server130. An administrator11may communicate with the asset tracking server130using the administration terminal140. In addition to retrieving data and analytics, the administration terminal140allows the administrator11to set alerts and geofences for keeping track of the assets100, receiving notifications of deliveries, and so on. In operation, an asset tracker200is coupled to an asset100to capture the asset's location, motion and/or one or more conditions pertaining to the asset. The location data is determined by a location module in communication with the satellites170. The motion data is determined by an inertial measurement unit that is part of the asset tracker200or coupled thereto. The one or more conditions are determined from sensor data gathered from sensors in the asset tracker200or external sensors coupled to the asset tracker200. The combination of location data, motion data, and/or sensor data comprises the asset tracking data112. The asset tracker200sends the asset tracking data112to the asset tracking server130over the network50. The asset tracking server130may process, aggregate, and analyze the asset tracking data112to generate asset information pertaining to the asset100. The asset tracking server130may store the asset tracking data112and/or the generated asset information in the asset tracking database132. The administration terminal140may connect to the asset tracking server130, over the network50, to access the asset tracking data112and/or the generated asset information. Alternatively, the asset tracking server130may push the asset tracking data112and/or the generated asset information to the administration terminal140. An administrator11may use the administration terminal140to set alerts for certain activities pertaining to the assets100. When criteria for an alert is met, the asset tracking server130sends a message to the administration terminal140to notify the administrator11. For example, when an asset is moved outside of a service area the asset tracking server130may send an alert message to the administration terminal140. An administrator11may also use the administration terminal140to configure an asset tracker200by issuing commands thereto via the asset tracking server130. For example, the asset tracking server130may issue a command to the asset tracker200to capture certain types of sensor data in response to certain conditions. Solar-Powered Asset Tracker As an example of an electronic device powered by a rechargeable battery and a solar panel, a solar-powered asset tracker300is described with reference toFIG.2andFIG.3. FIG.3is a perspective view of a solar-powered asset tracker300, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The solar-powered asset tracker200has a housing202for housing the internal components of the asset tracker200. On the top surface203of the housing202, there is a solar panel250acting as an energy harvester for the solar-powered asset tracker300. When deployed, the solar-powered asset tracker300is coupled to an asset and located for optimal exposure to sunlight. For example, a solar-powered asset tracker300is typically attached to a top surface of the asset so as to have exposure to direct sunlight. FIG.3is a block diagram of a solar-powered asset tracker300, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The solar-powered asset tracker300is an example of a solar-powered electronic device. The solar-powered asset tracker300includes a controller230. A plurality of peripherals are coupled to the controller230by different types of interfaces. The peripherals include a memory240, a network interface220, an IMU290, a short-range wireless communications module270, sensors204, a location module206, and a serial communications module280. The solar-powered asset tracker300also includes a solar panel250and a rechargeable battery210. A power management subsystem400couples the solar panel250to the rechargeable battery210, the controller230, and the peripherals. Some of the peripherals shown may be optional as will be discussed below. The controller230may include one or any combination of a processor, a microprocessor, a microcontroller (MCU), a central processing unit (CPU), a System-on-Chip (SOC), a processing core, a state machine, a logic gate array, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or any other hardware component or combination of hardware components capable of executing machine-executable programming instructions. The controller230may follow a Von Neumann Architecture, a Harvard Architecture, or a Modified Harvard Architecture. The controller230may be a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) processor supporting a complex instruction set that can perform multiple operations in a single instruction. Alternatively, the controller230may be a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) processor having a simplified and streamlined instruction set, and employs a pipeline architecture to optimize execution. The controller230may have a single processor core or multiple processor cores supporting parallel execution of instructions. The controller230may have an internal memory for storing machine-executable programming instructions to be executed by the controller230to carry out the steps of the methods described in this disclosure. The memory240is an electronic storage component that enables storage of data and machine-executable programming instructions. The memory240may be a read-only-memory (ROM) including a Programmable ROM (PROM), and Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM), or Flash memory. The memory240may be a random access memory (RAM) including Static RAM (SRAM) and Dynamic RAM (DRAM). Alternatively, the memory240may be a Ferroelectric RAM (FRAM), a Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM), or a Phase-Change Memory (PCM). The memory240may also be any combination of the aforementioned types. The memory240is for storing machine-executable programming instructions and/or data to support the functionality described in this disclosure. The memory240is coupled to the controller230, via a memory bus, thus enabling the controller230to execute the machine-executable programming instructions stored in the memory240and to access the data stored therein. The location module206provides the location of the asset tracker200. In some implementations, the location module206is a Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) transceiver using one or more of the above-mentioned GNSS technologies. In other implementations, the location module206determines the location of the solar-powered asset tracker300from a cellular network using cell tower triangulation. In this case, the location module206is coupled with the network interface220, which in this case is a cellular modem, for receiving signal measurements from multiple nearby cell towers. The location module206uses the signal measurements to estimate the location of the solar-powered asset tracker300. The location information determined by the location module206is sent to the controller230. The location data may be in the form of a latitude and longitude or in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates. The sensors204may be one or more of: a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, an optical sensor, a humidity sensor, a gas sensor, an acoustic sensor, a pH sensor, a soil moisture sensor, or any other suitable sensor indicating a condition pertaining to the asset100to which the solar-powered asset tracker300is coupled. The sensors204are coupled to the controller via any one of serial, parallel, or bus technologies. For example, some of the sensors204may connect to the controller230via a parallel interface. Other sensors204may connect to the controller230via a bus using any one of the known bus technologies such as the Industry Standard Architecture (ISA), Extended ISA (EISA), Micro Channel Architecture (MCA), Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA), Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), PCI Express (PCI-X), Personal Computer Memory Card Industry Association (PCMCIA), Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP), and Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI). The sensors204may connect to the controller via a serial link such as a Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART), Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), or Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C). The sensors204provide sensor data to the controller230. Some asset trackers may not have any sensors204and may only provide location information and/or IMU information. Some asset trackers may have the capability of pairing with external sensors via a wired or a wireless interface. The IMU290is an inertial measurement unit. The IMU290is a device used to measure and provide information about the asset tracker's motion, orientation, and acceleration. The IMU290may be comprised of several components working together. For example, the IMU290may be comprised of one or more accelerometer, a gyroscope, a magnetometer, and a barometer. An accelerometer measures linear acceleration in three axes (typically X, Y, and Z). A gyroscope measures the angular velocity or rate of rotation around each of the three axes. A magnetometer measures the strength and direction of a magnetic field and thus determines the heading or orientation relative to the Earth's magnetic field. A barometer measures the atmospheric pressure and that can be used to estimate changes in altitude. Some IMUs contain a microcontroller or a processor that runs sensor fusion algorithms to combine and process the data from the various above-mentioned sensors. Other IMUs contain a communication interface to interface with an external microcontroller or processor. Some asset trackers may not contain an IMU unit and may report motion determined from the change in location reported by the location module206. The IMU290may communicate with the controller via a parallel interface, a serial interface using any one of the above-mentioned serial technologies, a bus interface using any one of the above-mentioned bus technologies, or may connect directly to General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) and interrupt pins of the controller230. In some implementations, the network interface220includes a cellular modem utilizing cellular technology. In one implementation, the network interface220uses the second-generation (2G) cellular technology which is based on the Global System for Mobiles (GSM) protocol and supports data transmission protocols such as the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) or the Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). In another implementation, the network interface220uses the Third-generation (3G) cellular technology utilizing the Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS) supporting data transfer using the High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) protocol. In yet another implementation, the network interface220uses the Fourth-generation cellular technology (4G) which uses the Long Term Evolution (LTE) protocol. In another implementation, the network interface220uses the Fifth-generation (5G) cellular technology. In yet another implementation, the network interface220uses the Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-loT) which is a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology that is part of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standard. In some implementations, the network interface220comprises a Wide Area Network (WAN) modem using non-cellular WAN technologies. The network interface220may use non-cellular WAN technologies. One example of a non-cellular WAN technology that the network interface220can use is the Worldwide Interoperability For Microwave Access (WiMAX™) which is based on the IEEE 810.16 family of standards. Another example of a non-cellular WAN technology that the network interface220may use is Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN™) technology which is a low-power WAN protocol. Yet another example of a non-cellular WAN technology that the network interface may use is Weightless which is a family of open standard low-power WAN (LPWAN) technology that operate in the sub-GHz frequency bands. In some implementations, the network interface220uses a wired network technology when the solar-powered asset tracker300is coupled to an asset that provides wired network connectivity. Examples of wired network technologies include Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Local Talk™, Token Ring, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). The network interface220may be integrated into the controller or coupled thereto via a parallel interface, a serial interface using any one of the above-mentioned serial technologies, a bus interface using any one of the above-mentioned bus technologies, or may connect directly to General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) and interrupt pins of the controller230. The network interface220is used to transmit the asset tracking data112to the asset tracking server130over the network50. The network interface220may also be used to receive instructions from the asset tracking server130for configuring the solar-powered asset tracker300in a certain mode and/or requesting a particular type of the asset tracking data112from the asset100. The short-range wireless communications module270is a component intended for providing short-range wireless communication capability to the solar-powered asset tracker300. The short-range wireless communications module270comprises at least one of a Bluetooth™ module, a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi™) module, a Zigbee™ module, a Near Field Communication (NFC™) module, a Z-Wave module, and a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID™). Alternatively, the short-range wireless communications module270comprises any other short-range wireless communications module. Bluetooth is a widely used wireless technology for short-range communication between devices. Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency band and supports different versions with varying data rates and ranges. Wi-Fi is a wireless communication technology commonly used for local area network (LAN) connectivity. Wi-Fi operates in different frequency bands, including 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, and offers higher data rates compared to Bluetooth. NFC is a short-range wireless communication technology that enables devices to establish communication by bringing them close together, typically within a few centimeters. Zigbee is a low-power wireless communication protocol designed for short-range communication in wireless sensor networks, which operates on the IEEE 810.15.4 standard. Z-Wave is a wireless communication technology that operates in the sub-GHz frequency range, allowing for longer range and better penetration through walls compared to some other wireless technologies. RFID is a technology that uses electromagnetic fields to identify and track objects or individuals wirelessly. It consists of tags or labels that store data and readers that transmit and receive signals to interact with the tags. The short-range wireless communications module270allows other devices to communicate with the solar-powered asset tracker300over a short-range wireless network. For example, external wireless sensors may send sensor data to the solar-powered asset tracker300via the short-range wireless communications module270. The serial communications module280is an example of a wired communications module. The serial communications module280is an electronic peripheral for providing serial wired communications to the solar-powered asset tracker300. For example, the serial communications module280may be one of a Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART), a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), an Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) module, a Controller Area Network (CAN) transceiver, or an RS-232 transceiver. A UART enables synchronous data transmission between devices and supports relatively low data rates. SPI is a synchronous serial communication protocol that allows devices to exchange data in full-duplex mode. I2C is a serial communication protocol that enables devices to communicate using a two-wire interface. CAN is a serial communication bus commonly used in automotive and industrial applications. In some examples, the serial communications module280allows an external device to connect with the solar-powered asset tracker300for downloading asset tracking data112therefrom. In other examples, the serial communications module allows external sensors to send sensor data to the solar-powered asset tracker300. The rechargeable battery210is used to power the solar-powered asset tracker300in conjunction with the solar panel250. Rechargeable batteries are energy storage devices that can be reused multiple times by recharging them after they have been depleted. Rechargeable batteries offer a more sustainable and cost-effective alternative to disposable, single-use batteries. Since a solar-powered asset tracker300may be deployed in the field for months or even years, and can be recharged by a solar panel, the use of a rechargeable battery is appropriate. The use of a rechargeable battery averts the need to access the asset tracker to frequently or periodically replace a non-rechargeable battery. The rechargeable battery210may be of any of the above-mentioned rechargeable battery technologies. The solar panel250is a portable solar panel disposed, as shown onFIG.2, on top of the housing202of the solar-powered asset tracker300. The solar panel250may be of any one of the above-mentioned solar panel types. The solar panel250is coupled to the rechargeable battery210and the peripherals of the solar-powered asset tracker300via the power management subsystem400. The power management subsystem400is a subsystem composed of a plurality of electronic components that are utilized to control the operation of the rechargeable battery210and the solar panel250for optimal operation and longevity of the solar-powered asset tracker300as will be described in further details below. In operation, the controller230may receive one or more of: sensor data from the sensors204, location data from the location module206, motion and/or orientation data from the IMU290, and other data from the short-range wireless communications module270or the serial communications module280. Collectively, the gathered data comprises the asset tracking data112. The controller230transmits the asset tracking data112to the asset tracking server130over the network50via the network interface220. In some implementations, the solar-powered asset tracker300receives, via the network interface220, commands from the asset tracking server130over the network50. The received commands instruct the asset tracker200to be configured in a particular way. For example, the received commands may configure the way in which the solar-powered asset tracker300gathers asset tracking data112. Problems with Traditional Solar-Powered Electronic Devices In a traditional solar-powered electronic device, when solar energy is available, the solar panel250generates electric energy that is used to charge the rechargeable battery210. When solar energy is unavailable or low, the rechargeable battery210powers the various components of the solar-powered asset tracker300. The inventors have identified a number of problems with traditional solar-powered electronic devices. In a traditional solar-powered electronic device, the solar-powered electronic device and its peripherals are powered by the rechargeable battery at all times. Accordingly, the solar panel is connected to the rechargeable battery. When solar light falls on the solar panel, the solar panel produces electric energy which charges the rechargeable battery. When no or low solar light is falling on the solar panel, the solar-powered electronic device runs off of the rechargeable battery. A typical arrangement has a serial switch that connects the solar panel to the rechargeable battery when the rechargeable battery needs charging. Otherwise, the serial switch is open. There are a number of problems that a traditional solar-powered electronic device encounters as a result of the aforementioned power arrangement. One problem with a traditional power-management arrangement in a solar-powered electronic device is the failure to report a dead battery for replacement in a timely manner. In the example of the solar-powered asset tracker300, the solar-powered asset tracker300has a network interface220and is able to send messages to the asset tracking server130. However, if the solar-powered asset tracker300was running off the rechargeable battery210and the rechargeable battery210fails, the solar-powered asset tracker300will stop working. An administrator11will not know the real cause the solar-powered asset tracker300has ceased to send any asset tracking data112. As will be presented below, the present disclosure overcomes this problem by detecting the failed rechargeable battery condition and powering the solar-powered asset tracker300from the solar panel250. Advantageously, the solar-powered asset tracker300is able to operate and send a message to the asset tracking server130reporting the failed rechargeable battery condition. As a result, administrator11is informed of the need to replace the rechargeable battery210. Another problem with the traditional power arrangement in a solar-powered electronic device is the unnecessary charging and discharging of the rechargeable battery. As is known in the art, a rechargeable battery's life is reduced by the number of discharge/recharge cycles that the rechargeable battery is subjected to. In a traditional arrangement, even if there is solar light falling on the solar panel, the solar-powered electronic device still operates from the rechargeable battery. This causes the rechargeable battery to discharge and is subsequently recharged by the solar panel. As a result, the life of the rechargeable battery is reduced and the rechargeable battery eventually dies prematurely. When the rechargeable battery dies, the solar-powered electronic device needs to be replaced or at least undergo maintenance to replace the rechargeable battery thus causing a disruption in the operation of the solar-powered electronic device. For a solar-powered asset tracker deployed in the field, the disruption of service relating to replacement of the battery or of the asset tracker can lead to the case where the asset tracking data112is no longer being delivered. As a result, assets may be misplaced or lost without the knowledge of an administrator11. The cost of maintaining or replacing the solar-powered asset tracker is another consideration. In the present disclosure, the problem of rechargeable battery life reduction due to the repetitive discharging/recharging thereof is solved by disconnecting a rechargeable battery210that is fully charged, from the solar panel250and powering the solar-powered asset tracker300from the solar panel250as long as the solar panel250can provide enough electric energy for the operation of the solar-powered asset tracker300. Advantageously, the number of discharge/recharge cycles of the rechargeable battery210is reduced thereby increasing the longevity of the rechargeable battery210. As a result, the solar-powered asset tracker300, or any other solar-powered electronic device, can operate for longer periods without the need for maintenance or replacement. When the solar-powered asset tracker300is powered by the solar panel250only (because the rechargeable battery210is fully charged and has been disconnected), situations arise when the electric power delivered by the solar panel250is insufficient to power certain peripherals, such as the network interface220. In such cases, the power management subsystem400is configured, by the controller230, to temporarily engage the rechargeable battery210to perform certain functions that require higher electrical power than the solar panel250can deliver. Yet another problem that may be encountered in a traditional power arrangement in a solar-powered device is the draining of the rechargeable battery210through the solar panel250when the solar panel250is not generating any electric energy, such as at nighttime or in dark areas such as tunnels. Draining of the rechargeable battery210through the solar panel250degrades the cells of the solar panel250thus reducing the lifetime thereof. In this disclosure, when the solar panel250is not generating any electric energy, the solar panel250is disconnected such that the rechargeable battery210does not drain through the solar panel. Advantageously, the degradation of the solar panel250is reduced and the solar-powered asset tracker300can operate for longer durations in the field without the need for maintenance or for solar panel replacement. As mentioned above, the power management subsystem400of the asset tracker200is comprised of a plurality of components. Some of the plurality of components are discrete components while others are integrated circuits (ICs) as will be described below. A simplified block diagram of the power management subsystem400is shown inFIG.4. FIG.4depicts the solar panel250, the rechargeable battery210, and the controller230in conjunction with the various components of the power management subsystem400, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The power management subsystem400is comprised of a solar panel bottom voltage sensor405, a solar panel bottom Field Effect Transistor (FET) switch410, a solar panel current sensor415, a rechargeable battery current sensor425, a top battery switch420, a bottom battery switch430, an unregulated voltage sensor435, a bulk capacitor440, and a falling threshold detector445. The peripherals of the solar-powered asset tracker300are represented by the load480. For example, the load480represents one or more of the sensors204, the location module206, the IMU290, the network interface220, the short-range wireless communications module270, and the serial communications module280. A description of the individual components and their function are given below. The solar panel bottom voltage sensor405is connected at one end thereof to the negative terminal of the solar panel250, and connected at another end thereof to the solar panel bottom FET switch410. The solar panel bottom voltage sensor405measures a solar panel voltage representing the voltage at the negative terminal of the solar panel250(“solar panel bottom voltage408”). As will be explained below, the solar panel bottom voltage408indicates whether the solar panel250is producing sufficient electric energy to power the peripherals of the solar-powered asset tracker300. An implementation of the solar panel bottom voltage sensor405is shown in the schematic ofFIG.6. The solar panel bottom FET switch410is an electronic switch that is used to connect/disconnect the solar panel250to/from the rechargeable battery210and the rest of the peripherals, which are represented by the load480. For reasons provided below, the solar panel bottom FET switch410is implemented as such and not as a general electronic switch. As shown, the solar panel bottom FET switch410is implemented as an N-channel Field Effect Transistor (NFET). Hereinafter, the solar panel bottom FET switch410will be referred to as the solar panel bottom NFET410. For the solar panel bottom NFET410, the drain (D) is connected to the negative terminal of the solar panel250and the source (S) is connected to the ground terminal490. The gate (G) is connected to an output pin of the controller230so that the controller can open or close the solar panel bottom NFET410. When the solar panel bottom NFET410is closed, current can flow therethrough. When the solar panel bottom NFET410is open, current cannot flow from the drain to the source, but may flow from the source to the drain through what is known as the body diode shown between the source and the drain. As will be described below, this feature of the NFET allows detecting whether the solar panel250is producing electrical energy or not. It should, however, be noted that a P-channel Field Effect Transistor (PFET) would also work if connected with the source thereof connected to the negative terminal of the solar panel250and the drain thereof connected to the ground terminal490. To illustrate how the solar-powered asset tracker300determines whether the solar panel250is producing sufficient electric energy, the following discussion considers the case when the solar panel bottom NFET410is closed and when the solar panel bottom NFET410is open. Firstly, the case when the solar panel bottom NFET410is closed is discussed. When the solar panel250is providing sufficient electric power, electric current flows out of the positive terminal (+) of the solar panel250towards the rechargeable battery210and the other peripherals represented by the load480. In this case, current flows from the ground into the solar panel250negative terminal (−). The solar panel bottom voltage408is 0V as the solar panel bottom voltage408point is connected to the ground. When the solar panel250is not providing sufficient electric power, electric current flows out of the rechargeable battery210into the positive terminal (+) of the solar panel250, out of the negative terminal (−) of the solar panel250, through the solar panel bottom NFET410to the ground. In this case the solar panel bottom voltage408is 0V as the solar panel bottom voltage408point is connected to the ground. The foregoing shows that with the solar panel bottom FET closed, the solar-powered asset tracker300cannot determine whether the solar panel is providing sufficient electric power. Secondly, the case when the solar panel bottom NFET410is open is discussed. When the solar panel250is providing sufficient electric power, electric current flows out of the positive terminal (+) of the solar panel250towards the rechargeable battery210and the other peripherals represented by the load480. In this case, current flows from the ground, through the body diode of the solar panel bottom NFET410into the solar panel250negative terminal (−). The body diode of the solar panel bottom NFET410causes a voltage drop of approximately 0.5V (junction diode voltage), and the solar panel bottom voltage408is approximately −0.5V. Conversely, when the solar panel250is not providing sufficient electric power, electric current flows out of the rechargeable battery210into the positive terminal (+) of the solar panel250. However, the solar panel bottom NFET410does not allow current to pass from the drain (D) to the source (S) when the solar panel bottom NFET410is open. As such, the solar panel bottom voltage408is equal to the rechargeable battery voltage, which is a positive voltage such as 2.5V, 3.3V, 4.2V, or 5V. In view of the above, it is noted that when the solar panel250is producing sufficient electric energy, the solar panel bottom NFET410needs to be closed so sufficient current flows from the solar panel250to power the load480and/or charge the rechargeable battery210. It is also noted that for determining whether the solar panel250is determining sufficient electric energy, the solar panel bottom NFET410needs to be open and the solar panel bottom voltage408needs to be read.FIG.5depicts a method500by the solar-powered asset tracker300for controlling the solar panel250to prevent draining the rechargeable battery210through the solar panel250as discussed above. The controller230of the solar-powered asset tracker300controls the solar panel bottom NFET410. Specifically, machine-executable programming instructions (i.e., “firmware”) executed by the controller230cause the controller to open or close the solar panel bottom switch via a signal connected to the gate (G) of the solar panel bottom NFET410. Additionally, machine-executable programming instructions executed by the controller230keep track of the status of the solar panel bottom NFET410. Accordingly, the solar-powered asset tracker300knows whether the solar panel250is connected to the ground or not. At step502, when the solar panel250is connected to the ground, control goes to step504. If the solar panel250is not connected to the ground, then control goes to step506. At step504, the solar-powered asset tracker300(via firmware executed by the controller230) disconnects the solar panel250from the ground by opening the solar panel bottom NFET410. This is done so that the controller230may read the solar panel bottom voltage408from the solar panel bottom voltage sensor405. Control then goes to step506. At step506, the solar-powered asset tracker the controller230reads the solar panel bottom voltage408from the solar panel bottom voltage sensor405. As discussed above, the solar panel bottom voltage408indicates whether current is flowing from the solar panel250to the peripherals and the rechargeable battery210or flowing from the rechargeable battery210into the solar panel250. At step508, the solar-powered asset tracker determines whether the solar panel250is generating sufficient electric energy. The direction of the current flow indicates whether the solar panel250is generating enough electrical energy or not. Specifically, a positive voltage value for the solar panel bottom voltage408indicates that current is flowing from the rechargeable battery210into the solar panel250and therefore the solar panel250is not generating sufficient electric energy to power the solar-powered asset tracker300. In this case, the solar panel bottom NFET410is kept in the open state and the solar panel250remains disconnected. At step508, a negative voltage for the solar panel bottom voltage indicates that current is flowing out of the positive terminal of the solar panel250and from the ground, through the body diode of the solar panel bottom NFET410into the negative terminal of the solar panel250. This indicates that the solar panel250generates sufficient electrical energy, and control goes back to510. At step510, the solar-powered asset tracker300connects the solar panel250from the ground to allow the solar panel250to provide electric power to the load480and/or to recharge the rechargeable battery210. The method500may be executed periodically to check the status of the solar panel250and disconnect it if necessary. This is represented by the flow arrow between step510back to step502. The method500may also be called by other methods for determining whether the solar panel250is generating sufficient electric energy to power the various peripherals of the electronic device. Advantageously, the above method allows the solar-powered asset tracker300to detect the case when the rechargeable battery210is draining through the solar panel250due to the fact that the solar panel250is not capable of generating sufficient electric power. Additionally, the above method provides a way to disconnect the solar panel250from the rechargeable battery210to prevent draining of the rechargeable battery210through the solar panel250thus degrading the solar panel cells. As discussed above, the solar panel bottom voltage408takes on a negative voltage value (e.g., −0.5V) if the solar panel250is producing sufficient electric energy, while the solar panel bottom NFET410is off. Conversely, the solar panel bottom voltage408takes on a positive voltage (e.g., 1.8V, 3.3V, 5V, etc.) when the solar panel250is not producing sufficient electric energy. Since the solar panel bottom voltage408may have a negative value or a positive value, such signal cannot be provided to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) built into the controller230for determining whether the solar panel250is producing sufficient electric energy. Accordingly, the solar panel bottom voltage sensor405is configured to convert the solar panel bottom voltage to a positive-only signal. With reference toFIG.6, there is shown an implementation of the solar panel bottom voltage sensor405, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. InFIG.6, the solar panel bottom NFET410is implemented as an NFET. The solar panel bottom NFET410is connected at the gate thereof to a solar panel switch enable signal (SLR_NFET_EN) through a resistor R26. The solar panel switch enable signal is connected to an output pin of the controller230so that the controller230may open or close the solar panel bottom NFET410. Another resistor R30 connects the gate of the solar panel bottom NFET410to the ground. The solar panel bottom NFET410is connected at the source (terminal2) thereof to the ground, and at the drain thereof to an implementation of the solar panel bottom voltage sensor405. The solar panel bottom voltage sensor405is implemented as an op amp602. The output606of the op amp602is connected to the inverting input603thereof and outputs a solar panel bottom voltage sensor signal (SLR_BOT_VSENSE). The non-inverting input605of the op amp602is connected to ground. The positive supply terminal604of the op amp602is connected to a solar panel voltage sensor enable signal (SLR_BOT_VSENSE_EN). The negative supply terminal608of the op amp602is connected to the drain of the solar panel bottom NFET410. When the solar-powered asset tracker300needs to check the solar panel bottom voltage408, firmware executed by the controller230de-asserts the signal SLR_NFET_EN thus putting the solar panel bottom NFET410in cut-off mode (i.e., switch is open, except for the conductivity through the body diode discussed above). With the solar panel bottom NFET410in cut-off mode, the firmware executed by the controller230asserts the signal SLR_BOT_VSENS_EN. At this point the output signal SLR_BOT_VSENSE of the op amp602of the solar panel bottom voltage sensor405outputs a positive analog signal that indicates whether the solar panel250is producing electrical energy or not. The output signal SLR_BOT_VSENSE takes a lower positive voltage value when the solar panel bottom voltage408is positive and takes a higher positive voltage value when the solar panel bottom voltage408is negative (i.e., −0.5V as discussed above because of the voltage drop between the ground and the body diode of the solar panel bottom NFET410). The output signal SLR_BOT_VESNSE of the solar panel bottom voltage sensor405is input to an ADC channel of the controller230. The controller230executes firmware that periodically asserts the solar panel voltage sensor enable signal (SLR_BOT_VSENSE_EN), and converts, using the ADC channel thereof, the solar panel bottom voltage sensor signal (SLR_BOT_VSENSE) to a digital value. The digital value determines whether the solar panel bottom voltage408is positive or negative. Accordingly, for cases where the solar panel bottom NFET410is open and the solar-powered asset tracker300is running off of the rechargeable battery210, the solar-powered asset tracker is also able to connect the solar panel250back (by enabling the solar panel bottom NFET410), when the solar-powered asset tracker300determines that the solar panel250is once again producing electrical energy. When the solar panel250is known not to be producing sufficient electrical energy, the controller230leaves the solar panel bottom NFET410open. In some implementations, the firmware executed by the controller230uses a periodic timer to periodically perform the aforementioned steps of asserting the solar panel voltage sensor enable signal (SLR_BOT_VSENSE_EN), converting the solar panel bottom voltage sensor signal (SLR_BOT_VSENSE), and comparing the digital value to determine whether the solar panel bottom voltage408is positive or negative. Logging Solar Panel and Battery Charging and Discharging Currents The asset tracker200needs to monitor and log parameters related to the current generated by the solar panel250and the charge/discharge current of the rechargeable battery210. The solar panel current sensor415is a current sensing device that provides a digital value indicative of the current provided by the solar panel250at any given time. The rechargeable battery current sensor425indicates whether current is flowing into the rechargeable battery210(during charging) or flowing out of the rechargeable battery210(when the solar panel250is not providing electrical energy and thus the system is powered by the rechargeable battery210). The magnitudes of the charging current (current flowing into the rechargeable battery210) and the discharging current (current flowing out of the rechargeable battery210) are both provided to the controller230and are tracked for metrics and analysis. Solar Panel Current Sensor In some implementations, the solar panel current sensor415is a current sense amplifier comprised of a shunt resistor, an operational amplifier (“op amp”) to boost the voltage drop across the shunt resistor, and an ADC for converting the boosted voltage drop to a digital value representing the current supplied by the solar panel250. In some implementations, the ADC is an integral part of the controller230. In such cases, the solar panel current sensor may comprise a shunt resistor and an op amp. In some implementations, the solar panel current sensor415is one of: a differential amplifier, a zero drift amplifier, an instrumentation amplifier, a current sensing ADC, a current sensing transformer, a magnetic field sensor, and a transimpedance amplifier. In some embodiments, the solar panel current sensor415is an integrated circuit (IC) such as the INA191current sense amplifier from Text Instruments™. As an example,FIG.7shows an implementation of a solar panel current sensor700as a current sense amplifier710, which is an INA191current sense amplifier. The shunt resistor R1 is connected to the signal line connected to the positive terminal of the solar panel250. The current sense amplifier710measures the current flowing in the shunt resistor R1 via the two inputs thereof IN+ and IN−, through the resistors R2 and R3, respectively. The output pin (OUT) of the current sense amplifier710provides an indication of the current output by the solar panel250as the signal SLR_ISENSE. The current sense amplifier710is enabled by the solar panel current sensor enable signal (ISENSE_EN) which is connected to the enable (EN) pin of the current sense amplifier710. In operation, when the controller230executes machine-executable programming instructions that assert the solar panel current sensor enable signal ISENSE_EN, the current sense amplifier710outputs a voltage on the solar panel current sensor signal SLR_ISENSE that is indicative of the solar panel current. The solar panel current sense signal SLR_ISENSE may be input to an ADC channel of the controller230so that the solar panel current sense signal SLR_ISENSE is converted to a digital value representing the solar panel current supplied by the solar panel250. The digital values representing the current supplied by the solar panel250can be sent, by the solar-powered asset tracker300, over the network interface220, to the asset tracking server130. The digital values representing the current supplied by the solar panel250can be analyzed and/or correlated with other data. Rechargeable Battery Charge and Discharge Sensor The solar-powered asset tracker300also needs to determine whether the rechargeable battery210is being charged by the solar panel250or is being discharged while powering the components of the solar-powered asset tracker300. The magnitude of both the rechargeable battery charging current and the rechargeable battery discharging current are also helpful in determining metrics such as charging rate and the discharging rate of the rechargeable battery210. The solar-powered asset tracker300has a rechargeable battery current sensor425connected to the positive terminal of the rechargeable battery210(via the top battery switch420). FIG.8depicts a bidirectional current sensor800, that is an implementation of the rechargeable battery current sensor425, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The bidirectional current sensor800is comprised of two oppositely coupled current sensors for measuring the rechargeable battery current in both the charging and discharging directions. The charging direction is when current is flowing from the solar panel250towards the rechargeable battery210. The discharging direction is when the current is flowing from the rechargeable battery210to the solar panel250. In the depicted implementation, the charging current is measured by the charging current sense amplifier810, and the discharging current is measured by the discharging current sense amplifier820. Each of the charging current sense amplifiers810and the discharging current sense amplifier820may be implemented by the INA191current sense amplifier. A shunt resistor R8 is connected to the rechargeable battery210via the top battery switch420. When current flows through the shunt resistor R8 in the charging direction, and the charging current sense amplifier enable signal ISENSE_EN is asserted, the charging current sense amplifier810measures the rechargeable battery charging current and provide a rechargeable battery charging current signal BAT_CHRG_SENSE which is an analog voltage that may be converted by an ADC to a value representing the rechargeable battery charging current. When current flows through the shunt resistor R8 in the discharging direction, and the discharging current sense amplifier enable signal ISENSE_EN is asserted, the discharging current sense amplifier820measures the rechargeable battery discharging current and provide a rechargeable battery discharging current signal BAT_DSCHRG_ISENSE which is an analog voltage that may be converted by an ADC to a value representing the rechargeable battery charging current. The controller230may have a built-in ADC that converts both the rechargeable battery charging current signal and the rechargeable battery discharging current signal to digital values. The rechargeable battery charging and discharging current values may be sent over the network50to the asset tracking server130via the network interface220for recording and analysis. The rechargeable battery charging current, for example, can be used to determine how many minutes or hours until the rechargeable battery210becomes fully charged. Unregulated Voltage Sensing The bus connecting the solar panel250, the rechargeable battery210, and all the peripherals represented by the load480is termed the “unregulated voltage bus”488because the voltage on such a bus can vary. The voltage of the unregulated voltage bus488is measured by the unregulated voltage sensor435. The voltage that the unregulated voltage sensor435measures will depend on whether the rechargeable battery210is connected to the unregulated voltage bus488or not. As can be seen inFIG.4, the rechargeable battery210can be connected, at the positive terminal thereof, to the unregulated voltage bus488by closing the top battery switch420(and closing the bottom battery switch430to close the circuit and connect the negative terminal of the rechargeable battery210to the ground). Similarly, the solar panel250is connected, at the positive terminal thereof, to the unregulated voltage bus488(via the solar panel current sensor415). Accordingly, the solar panel250and the rechargeable battery210are both connected at respective positive terminals thereof with the controller230and the plurality of peripherals via the unregulated voltage bus488. When the top battery switch420and the bottom battery switch430are both closed, the rechargeable battery210is connected to the unregulated voltage bus488. When both the rechargeable battery210and the solar panel250are connected to the unregulated voltage bus488, the unregulated voltage sensor435measures the battery voltage of the rechargeable battery210. The solar panel250is considered a current source and the voltage for the solar panel250varies with the intensity of the sun radiation incident on the solar panel250. For example, solar radiation varies from sunny days to partly cloudy days, to mostly cloudy days. Other weather conditions and events such as fog, smoke from forest fires, and sandstorms also affect the solar panel voltage. When the top battery switch420and the bottom battery switch430are open, the rechargeable battery210is disconnected from the unregulated voltage bus488. When the rechargeable battery210is disconnected from the unregulated voltage bus488, the unregulated voltage sensor435measures the solar panel voltage at the positive terminal of the solar panel250. In some embodiments, the top battery switch420or the bottom battery switch430is one of a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) switch, a relay, a Solid-State Relay (SSR), an Integrated Circuit (IC) switch, and an optocoupler. If MOSFET technology is to be used, due to the presence of the body diode when an NFET or a PFET is off, the top battery switch420is a PFET and the bottom battery switch is an NFET. This embodiment will be described below with reference toFIG.10. Preventing Unnecessary Discharging/Charging As discussed above, it is desirable to reduce the charge/discharge cycles for the rechargeable battery210in order to prolong the life of the rechargeable battery210. For this reason, the power management subsystem400disconnects the rechargeable battery210from the load480when two conditions are satisfied. The first condition is that the solar panel250is producing sufficient electrical energy to power the load480. The second condition is that the rechargeable battery210is fully charged. As discussed, the first condition is determined by the solar panel bottom voltage sensor405. In this case, current flows from the solar panel250to the rechargeable battery210thus charging the battery. The second condition is when the rechargeable battery210voltage reaches a maximum battery voltage that indicates that the rechargeable battery210is fully charged. Specifically, a fully-charged rechargeable battery will have a maximum battery voltage measured at the terminals thereof. For example, a fully charged 4.2V Li-Ion battery will have 4.2V across the positive and negative terminals thereof. Once the battery loses some of its charge, the voltage between the positive and negative terminals thereof drops. When the battery voltage rises and reaches a maximum battery voltage threshold, this indicates that the rechargeable battery210is fully charged. The unregulated voltage sensor435outputs an unregulated voltage signal to the controller230reflecting the rechargeable battery voltage. The unregulated voltage sensor output is an analog voltage indicating the voltage on the unregulated voltage bus488. The controller230can compare the rechargeable battery voltage with a maximum battery voltage. If the rechargeable battery voltage reaches the maximum battery voltage, the controller230determines that the rechargeable battery210is fully charged. In response to determining that the rechargeable battery210is fully charged, and knowing (from the solar panel bottom voltage sensor405) that the solar panel250is generating enough power to power up the peripherals, the controller230disengages the rechargeable battery210from the peripherals. Specifically, the controller230outputs control signals that open the top battery switch420and the bottom battery switch430. Advantageously, the rechargeable battery210is not discharged and recharged unnecessarily and the life of the rechargeable battery210is prolonged. FIG.9depicts a simplified implementation of the top battery switch420and the bottom battery switch430, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. In the depicted embodiment, the top battery switch420is comprised of a PFET Q3 with a 1M resistor R17 connected between the gate and the source thereof. The gate of the PFET Q3 is connected to the drain of an NFET Q4, the source of the PFET Q3 is connected to the positive terminal of the rechargeable battery210, and the drain of the PFET Q3 is connected to the unregulated voltage bus488. The gate of the NFET Q4 is connected to a top battery switch control signal named BAT_PFEN_EN via a 1K resistor R18. The gate of the NFET Q4 is also connected to the ground via a 1M resistor R19. When the top battery switch control signal BAT_PFEN_EN is de-asserted, the NFET Q4 is off. No current passes through Q4 and therefore the voltage on the gate of Q3 is equal to the voltage on the source of Q3. Since Vsg of Q3 is 0, Q3 is off. When the top battery switch control signal BAT_PFET_EN is asserted Q4 turns on and current flows from the positive terminal of the rechargeable battery210, through R17 and through Q4. The current passing through R17 causes a voltage drop such that Vsg of Q3 is greater than the threshold voltage for Q3 and Q3 turns on thus connecting the positive terminal of the rechargeable battery210to the unregulated voltage bus488. The bottom battery switch430is implemented as an NFET Q6 having the drain thereof connected to the negative terminal of the rechargeable battery210and the source thereof connected to ground. A bottom battery switch control signal BAT_NFET_EN is connected to the gate of Q6 via a 1K resistor R23, and the gate of Q3 is connected to ground via a 1M resistor R24. When the bottom battery switch control signal BAT_NFET_EN is de-asserted, Q6 is off, and the negative terminal of the rechargeable battery210is not connected to ground. Conversely, when the bottom battery switch control signal BAT_NFET_EN is asserted, current flows through R23 then R24 to ground. The voltage drop across R23 causes Vgs for Q6 to be greater than the threshold voltage and Q6 turns on thus connecting the negative terminal of the rechargeable battery210to ground. It should be noted that the PFET Q3 and the NFET Q4 each has a body diode when in cut-off mode but since Q3 is a PFET and Q4 is an NFET the respective body diodes thereof conduct current in opposite directions. Accordingly, when both BAT_PFET_EN and BAT_NFET_EN are de-asserted, Q3 and Q4 are off, and no current passes to or from the rechargeable battery210. Handling Brownouts Due to Drop in Solar Radiation As discussed above, the rechargeable battery210may be disconnected from the unregulated voltage bus488(and hence the rest of the system) when the rechargeable battery210is fully charged and the solar panel250is capable of powering the system. In such conditions, there is a risk of brownout if the solar panel250is no longer capable of providing enough power to power the load480. When the rechargeable battery210is disconnected from the unregulated voltage bus488, the unregulated voltage sensor435compares the solar panel voltage with a brownout voltage threshold. For example, it may be known that some of the peripherals of the asset tracker do not work with supply voltages below 3.5V. In response to the solar panel voltage (i.e., the voltage of the unregulated voltage bus488) reaching or dropping below the brownout voltage threshold, the unregulated voltage sensor435signals the controller230indicating that the solar panel voltage is too low for the operation of the solar-powered asset tracker300. In response to receiving a signal indicating that the solar panel voltage has reached the brownout threshold, the controller230closes both the top battery switch420and the bottom battery switch430, thereby engaging the rechargeable battery210. Advantageously, connecting the rechargeable battery210back prevents a brownout condition that could take place when the solar panel250does not have sufficient sun radiation to generate adequate current to power the asset tracker's peripherals. When switching between the solar panel250and the rechargeable battery210an instantaneous drop in voltage on the unregulated voltage bus488may take place. The bulk capacitor440remedies that situation. The bulk capacitor440charges from the solar panel250or the rechargeable battery210and in the event of an instantaneous drop (brownout), the bulk capacitor440discharges to the unregulated voltage bus488thus keeping the unregulated voltage bus488at a voltage level that is higher than the brownout voltage threshold. Advantageously, when the solar panel250is capable of the operation of the electronic device (i.e., the solar-powered asset tracker300) then the rechargeable battery210is not engaged. In this case, the rechargeable battery210is not unnecessarily discharged and recharged, particularly if the rechargeable battery210is already full. The discharge/recharge cycles of the rechargeable battery210are reduced thus prolonging the life of the rechargeable battery210. Conversely, when the solar panel250is incapable of supplying enough current to drive all the required peripherals used in an expected operation, then the rechargeable battery210is engaged to prevent a brownout condition. Handling Rechargeable Battery Failure Another problem that is mitigated by the present disclosure is that of the rechargeable battery failure. The rechargeable battery210has a particular life and when it reaches the end of that life, the voltage provided by the rechargeable battery drops below a minimum voltage threshold that the peripherals of the solar-powered asset tracker300needs to function. When this takes place, the solar-powered asset tracker300checks whether the solar panel250can power the solar-powered asset tracker300. If the solar panel250can power the solar-powered asset tracker300(as determined from the solar panel bottom voltage408), the solar panel bottom NFET410is closed to connect the solar panel250to the ground allowing the solar panel250to efficiently power the load480. If the solar panel250cannot power the solar-powered asset tracker, the solar-powered asset tracker shuts down until the solar panel250has enough radiation to produce sufficient electric energy to power up the system. With reference toFIG.4, when there is sufficient electric energy produced by the solar panel250, current flows through the body diode of the solar panel bottom NFET410into the negative terminal of the solar panel250and out of the positive terminal of the solar panel250to the load480. The current turns on the controller230which checks the solar panel bottom voltage408. In response to detecting that the solar panel bottom voltage408indicates that the solar panel250is generating electrical energy, the controller230enables (i.e., closes) the solar panel bottom NFET410thus allowing the solar-powered asset tracker300to run off of the solar panel250, and send a notification regarding the detective battery to the asset tracking server130. FIG.10depicts a method1000of controlling a solar-powered electronic device powered by a solar panel and a rechargeable battery connected to the unregulated voltage bus488as depicted inFIG.4. At step1010, the electronic device reads the voltage of the unregulated voltage bus. For example, the controller230may execute firmware machine-executable programming instructions which enable the unregulated voltage sensor435. The output of the unregulated voltage sensor435is an analog voltage representing the voltage of the unregulated voltage bus. With reference toFIG.11, there is shown an exemplary unregulated voltage sensor, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The depicted unregulated voltage sensor is comprised of an op amp U43 in a voltage follower arrangement. The inverting input of the op amp U43 is from the center of a voltage divider connected to the unregulated voltage bus488via a PFET switch Q2. The voltage divider is comprised of a resistor R13 and a resistor R15 as shown. The output of op amp U43 is an analog signal representing the voltage of the unregulated voltage bus488(VUNREG_VSENSE). The controller230can enable the unregulated voltage sensor via the unregulated voltage sensor enable signal VUNREG_VSENSE_EN. The unregulated voltage sensor enable signal VRUNEG_VENSE_EN is input to the gate of an NFET switch Q1 which is connected at the drain thereof to the gate of the PFET Q2 and to the unregulated voltage bus488via the resistor R4. When the unregulated voltage sensor enable signal VRUNEG_VENSE_EN is de-asserted, Vgs for Q1 is 0V and Q2 is off. Since no current flows through Q1, no current flows through R4. The voltage at the gate of Q2 is higher than the voltage at the source of Q2. Vsg is less than the threshold voltage. Accordingly Q2 is off, and the inverting input of the op amp U43 is not connected to the unregulated voltage bus488. When the unregulated voltage sensor enable signal VRUNEG_VENSE_EN is asserted, current flows through R11 causing the voltage Vgs to exceed the threshold voltage for the NFET Q1. NFET Q1 turns on causing current to flow through R4 and the voltage at the gate of Q2 becomes 0V. As a result, Vsg for Q2 is greater than the threshold voltage for a PFET. Current flows through Q1, R13, and R15. The inverting input of U43 is a voltage representing the voltage drop on R15 which is proportional to the unregulated voltage bus488. The output of the unregulated voltage sensor is input into an ADC channel of either a dedicated ADC or one built into the controller230. The solar-powered electronic device firmware can determine the voltage of the unregulated voltage bus. Turning back toFIG.10. At step1020, the electronic device determines whether the rechargeable battery210is connected to the unregulated voltage bus488. In other words, the electronic device determines whether at least one switch between the rechargeable battery210and the unregulated voltage bus488are open or closed. When the at least one switch between the rechargeable battery210and the unregulated voltage bus is closed, then control goes to step1030. If the at least one switch between the rechargeable battery210and the unregulated voltage bus488are open, control goes to step1040. In some implementations, the at least one switch comprises the top battery switch420and/or the bottom battery switch430as discussed above. At step1030, the electronic device has determined that the rechargeable battery210is connected to the unregulated voltage bus488. In this case, the electronic device concludes that the voltage of the unregulated voltage bus488represents the battery voltage of the rechargeable battery210. At step1030, the electronic device checks whether the battery voltage indicates that the rechargeable battery210is fully charged, i.e. that the battery voltage has reached a maximum battery voltage threshold indicating a full charge. If the battery voltage indicates that the rechargeable battery210is fully charged, then control goes to step1050. If the battery voltage indicates that the rechargeable battery210is not fully charged, then control goes to step1070. At step1050, the electronic device has determined that the rechargeable battery210is fully charged. However, before disconnecting the battery, the electronic device first determines whether the solar panel250can power the electronic device. Accordingly, at step1050, the electronic device executes the method500ofFIG.5which includes the step of reading the solar panel bottom voltage408and determining whether the solar panel250generates sufficient electric energy. At step1055, if the solar panel250is providing sufficient electrical energy to power the electronic device, control goes to step1058. If the solar panel250is not providing sufficient electrical energy, control goes back to step1010. At step1058, the electronic device disconnects the rechargeable battery from the unregulated voltage bus, by opening a switch therebetween, for example. For example, the electronic device may de-assert the top battery switch control signal BAT_PFET_EN and de-assert the bottom battery switch control signal BAT_NFET_EN. The top battery switch420and the bottom battery switch430are turned off and the rechargeable battery210is isolated from the load480. The load480is powered solely by the solar panel250. The discharge/recharge of the rechargeable battery210is stopped thus prolonging the life of the rechargeable battery210. Subsequent to that, control goes back to step1010. At step1070, the rechargeable battery210is not fully charged. The electronic device checks whether the voltage of the unregulated voltage bus488indicates that the rechargeable battery210may be defective. A battery is defective when the voltage drops to a defective voltage threshold. As an example, a battery may be at full capacity when its voltage is 3.5V and at a minimum capacity when its voltage is 2.5V. If the battery drops below 2.5V, such as to 2.0V, this may indicate that the battery is wearing out and may not charge back to its full capacity or may take a long time to charge back to its full capacity. In such cases, it is advisable to send a notification indicating that the battery may need to be replaced or that the electronic device needs to be replaced (if the battery is non-removable). If the rechargeable battery210is determined to be defective based on the measured voltage of the unregulated voltage bus488, control goes to1075. If the battery is not defective, control goes back to step1010. One way to determine the defective battery condition is through comparing the voltage of the unregulated voltage bus against a defective voltage threshold. This may be done via firmware executed by a controller of the electronic device such as the controller230. At step1075, the electronic device checks whether the solar panel250can provide sufficient energy for the electronic device to perform a communication action. Specifically, the electronic device checks whether the solar panel250, can power up the network interface220to transmit a notification message to a remote server, such as the asset tracking server130. When the solar panel250is capable of providing sufficient electrical energy to power up the network interface, control goes to step1080. When the solar panel250is not capable of providing sufficient electrical energy to power up the network interface220, the electronic device waits in step1075. If the implementation of the circuit ofFIG.6is used, when the solar panel250is capable of providing sufficient electrical energy, the controller can detect this based on the solar panel bottom voltage408, and control goes to step1080. At step1080, the electronic device powers up the network interface220and sends a notification to a remote server indicating that the rechargeable battery210of the electronic device needs to be replaced. Control then goes back to step1010. At step1040, the electronic device determines that the rechargeable battery210is disconnected from the unregulated voltage bus488. The electronic device is aware of the status of the at least one switch (e.g., the top battery switch420and the bottom battery switch430) between the rechargeable battery210and the unregulated voltage bus488as that switch is operated under control of the electronic device, such as by firmware executed by a controller230of the electronic device. Since the rechargeable battery210is disconnected from the unregulated voltage bus488, then the voltage of the unregulated voltage bus488represents the voltage provided by the solar panel250as applied to the peripherals (i.e., the load480and the controller230) of the electronic device. The electronic device determines a minimum unregulated voltage bus voltage below which some peripherals may not work correctly or at all. This minimum unregulated voltage bus voltage may be termed the brownout voltage or the brownout threshold. If the voltage of the unregulated voltage bus488is at or below the brownout threshold, then the electronic device determines a potential brownout condition and control goes to step1060. If the voltage of the unregulated voltage bus is above the brownout threshold, control goes back to step1010. At step1060, the electronic device connects the rechargeable battery210to the unregulated voltage bus488to prevent a brownout condition. For example, the controller230asserts the top battery switch control signal BAT_PFET_EN and asserts the bottom battery switch control signal BAT_NFET_EN, to enable both the top battery switch420and the bottom battery switch, respectively. The electronic device may also execute step1060in response to detecting, by the falling threshold detector445that the voltage of the unregulated voltage bus has fallen below the minimum unregulated voltage bus while the rechargeable battery210is disconnected from the unregulated voltage bus488(i.e., after executing step1058). In response to detecting that the voltage of the unregulated bus488has fallen below the minimum unregulated voltage bus, the falling threshold detector445asserts an interrupt line to the controller230that triggers an interrupt event therewith. In response to the interrupt event, the controller230executes firmware instructions which execute step1060connecting the rechargeable battery210to the unregulated voltage bus488. At step1064, the electronic device executes the method500described above with reference toFIG.5. In this method, the electronic device decides whether to connect the solar panel250based on whether the solar panel250is capable of producing sufficient electrical energy. As discussed above, the method500executes periodically by the electronic device to determine whether the solar panel250should be disconnected from the ground to prevent the draining of the rechargeable battery210through the solar panel250. Embodiments have been described where the techniques are implemented in circuitry and/or computer-executable instructions. It should be appreciated that some embodiments may be in the form of a method or process, of which at least one example has been provided. The acts performed as part of the method or process may be ordered in any suitable way. Accordingly, embodiments may be constructed in which acts are performed in an order different than illustrated, which may include performing some acts simultaneously, even though shown as sequential acts in illustrative embodiments. Various aspects of the embodiments described above may be used alone, in combination, or in a variety of arrangements not specifically discussed in the embodiments described in the foregoing and is therefore not limited in its application to the details and arrangement of components set forth in the foregoing description or illustrated in the drawings. For example, aspects described in one embodiment may be combined in any manner with aspects described in other embodiments. | 84,926 |
11942816 | Before any embodiments of the invention are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the following drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. In addition, it should be understood that the term “electric utility meter” may refer to ANSI 2S type electric utility meters, as well as any other electric utility meter types that are used to determine a customer's power consumption. DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG.1illustrates a schematic of an electric utility distribution system according to one embodiment of the application. A utility service provider, U, delivers electricity through the electric utility distribution system to a customer's load-side electrical system E. The electric utility distribution system includes a distribution transformer DT that supplies electrical power to the customer's load-side electrical system E through an electric utility meter M1. Electric utility meter M1, may be, but not limited to, an ANSI 2S type watt-hour meter, and includes a controller (not shown) that includes an electronic processor. The electronic processor may be, for example, a microprocessor or any other suitable programming device. The distribution transformer DT outputs a first phase voltage, VA, at 120V between line L1and neutral conductor N. The distribution transformer DT also outputs a second phase voltage, VC, at 120V between line L2and neutral conductor N. According to some embodiments, the voltage output of distribution transformer DT is measured as 120V when the measurement is taken between a respective line, L1or L2, and the neutral N. Alternatively, the voltage output of distribution transformer DT may be measured as 240V when the measurement is taken between lines L1and L2. Meter M1includes a controller (not shown) having an electronic processor, for example, a microprocessor or another suitable programming device. As illustrated inFIG.1, meter M1further includes back-feed detection circuitry that includes a remote disconnect switch S1having a first switch arm S1-1in line L2and a second switch arm S1-2in line L1. Switch arms S1-1and S1-2of remote switch S1may be controlled simultaneously, by the controller, such that when remote switch S1is instructed to be opened or closed, switch arms S1-1and S1-2are simultaneously opened or closed respectively. For example, if meter M1receives a command from the electric utility provider to open remote disconnect switch S1, both S1-1and S1-2will be opened simultaneously. When the remote disconnect switch S1is opened, the flow of electric power between the distribution transformer DT and customer's load-side electrical system E is interrupted. Likewise, if meter M1receives a command from the electric utility provider to close remote disconnect switch S1, both S1-1and S1-2will be closed simultaneously. When the remote disconnect switch S1is closed, the flow of electric power between the distribution transformer DT and customer's load-side electrical system E is enabled. Referring toFIG.1, the back-feed detection circuitry of meter M1further includes a virtual neutral connection VN. When there are no back-feed voltage sources connected to the customer's load-side electrical system E, the virtual neutral VN of meter M1is established at ground potential by electrically connecting a balanced voltage divider to the virtual neutral VN. The balanced voltage divider includes a first leg, having two resistors R1and R4, which is connected in series between line L1and virtual neutral VN. The balanced voltage divider further includes a second leg, having two resistors R2and R3, which is connected in series between the virtual neutral VN and line L2. Example resistance values of the resistors included in the balanced voltage divider resistors are indicated inFIG.1; however, it should be understood that the resistance values indicated inFIG.1are merely provided for exemplary purposes and do not limit the balanced voltage divider from including resistors having resistance values that are different from the ones illustrated. The second leg of the balanced voltage divider, which includes resistors R2and R3, is further divided at a connection point P, which is located on the second leg of the voltage divider resistors R2and R3. A sensing signal SENSE generated at point P is measured by an analog/digital (A/D) converter A/D1. According to some embodiments, meter M1's internal DC ground reference may be a “floating ground” that is at the line L2potential. As illustrated inFIG.1, the meter M1's ground reference may be indicated by a circuit node labeled “L2Meter GND REF” at ground potential. Therefore, the voltage measurements of sensing signal SENSE taken by A/D1are equivalent to a voltage drop across resistor R3with respect to meter M1's internal ground reference. The voltage measurements of sensing signal SENSE taken by A/D1are monitored by the controller of meter M1to determine whether a back-feed voltage source is connected at customer's load-side electrical system E. When there are no back-feed voltage sources connected to the customer's load-side electrical system E, the voltage sensing signal SENSE may be a voltage signal having a first voltage value (for example, 2.5V) with respect to meter M1's internal ground reference. It should also be understood that the value of voltage sensing signal SENSE may be measured and represented in any method that is preferable. For example the value of voltage sensing signal SENSE may be measured and represented as, but not limited to, an amplitude, a magnitude, an average, or a root-mean square (RMS) value. As illustrated inFIG.1, the back-feed detection circuitry of meter M1further includes a first detection impedance Z1and a second detection impedance Z2. According to some embodiments, the first detection impedance Z1includes a capacitor C1, which is connected between line L1and the virtual neutral VN, and the second detection impedance Z2includes a capacitor C2, which is connected between line L2and the virtual neutral VN. When a back-feed voltage source is connected between either line L1or L2and neutral N, the first and second detection impedances, Z1and Z2, may be altered and induce a shift in the voltage of virtual neutral VN. A shift in the voltage of virtual neutral VN may alter the voltage of sensing signal SENSE that is measured by A/D1. First and second detection impedances Z1and Z2are not restricted to being implemented as capacitors. For example, the first and second detection impedances, Z1and Z2, may be implemented as opto-isolators including resistors and LED-diodes. Capacitance values of the detection impedances are indicated inFIG.1; however, it should be understood that the capacitance values depicted inFIG.1are merely examples and do not limit the detection impedances, Z1and Z2, from including circuit components having capacitance and resistance values that are different from the ones illustrated. As discussed above, shifting the voltage value of the virtual neutral VN may result in a change in the voltage of sensing signal SENSE. Accordingly, when a back-feed voltage source is connected to the customer's load-side electrical system E between a line L1or L2and neutral N, the value of voltage sense signal SENSE may be greater than or less than the first voltage value of the sensing signal SENSE that is measured when there are no back-feed voltage sources connected to the customer's load-side electrical system E. For example, when a back-feed voltage source (for example, an external power source such as a generator) is connected between line L1and neutral N (L1-N), the voltage value of sensing signal SENSE may be greater than the first voltage value of the sensing signal SENSE when there are no back-feed voltage sources connected to the customer's load-side electrical system E. In a similar manner, when a back-feed voltage source (for example, a neighbor's electrical system) is connected between line L2and neutral N (L2-N), the voltage value of sensing signal SENSE may be less than the first voltage value of the sensing signal SENSE when there are no back-feed voltage sources connected to the customer's load-side electrical system E. In some embodiments, connecting a back-feed voltage source between line L1and neutral N may increase the voltage of sensing signal SENSE and connecting a back-feed voltage source between line L2and neutral N may decrease the voltage of sensing signal SENSE. In addition, introducing back-feed voltage sources that are out of phase with or have different frequencies that the line-side voltages may further distort the voltage of sensing signal SENSE. For example, if the line-side voltages are delivered at a frequency of 60 Hz and a back-feed voltage source having a frequency of 50 Hz is connected between L2-N of the customer's load-side electrical system, the sensing signal SENSE may be modulated by a 10 Hz beat frequency. The sensing signal SENSE is measured by A/D1and monitored by the controller of meter M1to determine whether a line to neutral (L-N) back-feed condition is present at the customer's load-side electrical system E. The controller can determine whether a back-feed voltage source is connected between line L1and neutral N by comparing the value of the sensing signal SENSE to the first voltage value of the sensing signal SENSE that is present when there are no back-feed voltage sources connected to the customer's load-side electrical system E. For example, if the value of the sensing signal SENSE is greater than the first voltage value by a predetermined threshold, the controller of meter M1may determine that a back-feed voltage source is connected between line L1and neutral N of the customer's load-side electrical system. Likewise, the controller of meter M1can determine whether back-feed voltage source is connected between line L2and neutral N by comparing the value of the sensing signal SENSE to the first voltage value of the sensing signal SENSE that is present when there are no back-feed voltage sources connected to the customer's load-side electrical system E. For example, if the value of the sensing signal SENSE is less than the first voltage value by a predetermined threshold, the controller of meter M1may determine that a back-feed voltage source is connected between line L2and neutral N of the customer's load-side electrical system. FIGS.2A-Dillustrate voltage waveforms present at various nodes of the back-feed detection circuitry of meter M1according toFIG.1. In particular, the voltage waveforms illustrated inFIGS.2A-Dcorrespond to conditions of the utility distribution system such that remote disconnect switch S1of meter M1is open and there are no external power sources connected to the customer's load-side electrical system E, wherein external power sources at the customer's load-side electrical system E are represented as back-feed voltage sources L1VBackfeed and L2VBackfeed respectively. Thus, the voltage waveforms illustrated inFIGS.2A-Dare generated when back-feed voltage sources L1VBackfeed and L2VBackfeed are set to zero. It should be understood that the waveforms generated correspond to the resistance and capacitance values indicated for the back-feed detection circuit elements ofFIG.1. Moreover, the waveforms are provided as exemplary visual representations of the effects of connecting back-feed voltage sources to a customer's load-side electrical system and do not limit the scope of the present application. Furthermore, all of the waveform plots are represented as voltage vs. time signals. The waveforms illustrated byFIGS.2A and2Brepresent split-phase 120V AC voltages that are present on lines L1(FIG.2A) and L2(FIG.2B) respectively.FIG.2Cillustrates the voltage signal present at the virtual neutral VN of meter M1when back-feed voltage sources L1VBackfeed and L2VBackfeed are set to zero, meaning there are no external power sources providing a back-feed voltage to the customer's load-side electrical system E. As illustrated inFIG.2C, the voltage signal present at the virtual neutral VN is equal to zero, or the ground potential, when there is no back-feed voltage provided to the customer's load-side electrical system E.FIG.2Dillustrates the voltage of sensing signal SENSE that is measured by A/D1at point P of the balanced voltage divider circuit. As illustrated inFIG.2D, the voltage waveform of sensing signal SENSE has a first voltage value, which has an amplitude of 2.5V, when there is no back-feed voltage provided to the customer's load-side electrical system E. FIG.3illustrates the electric utility distribution system illustrated byFIG.1; however, back-feed voltage source L2VBackfeed is now set to 120V instead of zero. Moreover,FIG.3illustrates the electric utility distribution system according to the embodiment illustrated byFIG.1when an external power source is connected to the consumer E's load-side electrical system. FIGS.4A-Dillustrate voltage waveforms present at various nodes of the back-feed detection circuitry of meter M1according toFIG.3. In particular, the voltage waveforms illustrated inFIGS.4A-Dcorrespond to voltage signals that are present at various nodes of the back-feed detection circuit when remote disconnect switch S1is open and a back-feed voltage source, L2VBackfeed, of 120V is connected between line L2and neutral N of the customer's load-side electrical system E. The waveforms illustrated byFIGS.4A and4Brepresent split-phase 120V AC voltages that are present on lines L1(FIG.4A) and L2(FIG.4B) respectively.FIG.4Cillustrates the voltage signal present at the virtual neutral VN of meter M1. As illustrated inFIG.4C, the voltage signal present at the virtual neutral VN is no longer equal to zero; rather, the voltage signal generated at the virtual neutral VN is a sinusoidal waveform resulting from an imbalance introduced into the voltage divider network consisting of resistors R1-R4. In particular, the voltage divider network becomes unbalanced in response to the first detection impedance Z2being altered by the back-feed voltage source connected between line L2and the neutral N. Therefore, connecting a back-feed voltage source, such as L2VBackfeed, between line L2and neutral N at customer's load-side electrical system E shifts the voltage potential present at the virtual neutral VN of meter M1from ground potential to a non-zero voltage. As illustrated inFIG.4D, the measured voltage of sensing signal SENSE has an amplitude of approximately 1.3V in response to the voltage of virtual neutral VN being shifted; thus, connecting a back-feed voltage source, such as L2VBackfeed, between line L2and neutral N at customer's load-side electrical system E may cause the first value of sensing signal SENSE to decrease (for example, from 2.5V to 1.3V). Accordingly, the controller of meter M1may detect the decrease in the voltage of sensing signal SENSE and determine that a back-feed voltage source is connected between line L2and neutral N at customer's load-side electrical system E. FIGS.5A-5D,6A-6D, and7A-7Dillustrate responses of the back-feed detection circuitry of meter M1when other back-feed conditions (not illustrated) are present in the electric utility distribution system. In particular, the voltage waveforms illustrated inFIGS.5A-Dcorrespond to voltage signals that are present at various nodes of the back-feed detection circuit of meter M1when remote disconnect switch S1is open and a back-feed voltage source, such as V1VBackfeed, of 120V is connected between line L1and neutral N (L1-N) of the electric utility distribution system. The waveforms illustrated byFIGS.5A and5Brepresent split-phase 120V AC voltages that are present on lines L1(FIG.5A) and L2(FIG.5B) respectively.FIG.5Cillustrates the voltage signal present at the virtual neutral VN of meter M1. As illustrated inFIG.5C, the voltage signal present at the virtual neutral VN is a non-zero voltage waveform resulting from an imbalance introduced into the voltage divider network consisting of resistors R1-R4. Thus, connecting a back-feed voltage source, such as L1VBackfeed, between line L1and neutral N at customer's load-side electrical system E may change the potential present at the virtual neutral VN of meter M1from ground potential to a non-zero voltage.FIG.5Dillustrates the voltage of sensing signal SENSE, which has an amplitude of approximately 3.8V. Thus, connecting a back-feed voltage source, such as L2VBackfeed, between line L2and neutral N at customer's load-side electrical system E may cause the first value of sensing signal SENSE to increase (for example, form 2.5V to 3.8V). Accordingly, the controller of meter M1may detect the increase in the voltage of sensing signal SENSE and determine that a back-feed voltage source is connected between line L2and neutral N at customer's load-side electrical system E. The voltage waveforms illustrated inFIGS.6A-Dcorrespond to voltage signals that are present at various nodes of the back-feed detection circuit of meter M1when remote disconnect switch S1is open and a back-feed voltage source, such as L2VBackfeed, of 120V and 60° out-of-phase with the line-side voltages of L1and L2is connected between line L2and neutral N (L2-N) of the electric utility distribution system. The waveforms illustrated byFIGS.6A and6Brepresent split-phase 120V AC voltages that are present on lines L1(FIG.6A) and L2(FIG.6B) respectively.FIG.6Cillustrates the voltage signal present at the virtual neutral VN of meter M1. As illustrated inFIG.6C, the voltage signal present at the virtual neutral VN is an irregular waveform that is out of phase with line-side voltage present at lines L1and L2.FIG.6Dillustrates the voltage of sensing signal SENSE, which has an amplitude of approximately 3.1V. Thus, connecting a back-feed voltage source that is out of phase with the line-side voltage sources, L1and L2, between line L2and neutral N (L2-N) at customer's load-side electrical system E may alter the voltage amplitude and phase of sense signal SENSE measured by A/D1. The voltage waveforms illustrated inFIGS.7A-Dcorrespond to voltage signals that are present at various nodes of the back-feed detection circuit when remote disconnect switch S1is open and a 120V, 57 Hz unsynchronized back-feed voltage source that is 60° out of phase with line-side voltages L1and L2is connected between line L1and neutral N (L1-N) of the electric utility distribution system. The waveforms illustrated byFIGS.7A and7Brepresent split-phase 120V AC voltages that are present on lines L1(FIG.7A) and L2(FIG.7B) respectively.FIG.7Cillustrates the non-zero voltage signal present at the virtual neutral VN of meter M1.FIG.7Dillustrates the voltage sense signal, SENSE, which is measured at point P of the balanced voltage divider circuit. As illustrated inFIG.7D, the voltage waveform of sense signal, SENSE, has an amplitude of approximately 3.8V and is modulated by a 3 Hz beat frequency. Thus, connecting a non-60 Hz back-feed voltage source that is out of phase with the line-side voltages L1and L2between line L1and neutral N (L1-N) at customer's load-side electrical system E may cause the first amplitude of sensing signal SENSE to increase (for example, form 2.5V to 3.V) and become out of phase with the line-side voltages. As described above, the configuration of meter M1, illustrated inFIGS.1and3, is configured to detect when a back-feed voltage source is connected between either of line L1and L2and the neutral N; however, meter M1may be less effective in detecting when a 240 V back-feed voltage source is connected between lines L1and L2. Accordingly,FIG.8illustrates an electric utility meter M2, such as an ANSI 12S watt-hour meter, capable of detecting such a back-feed voltage condition. Meter M2includes a physical neutral connection NC, as opposed to the virtual neutral connection of meter M1. Meter M2further includes a balanced voltage divider including a first leg connected between line L1and neutral N and a second leg connected between line L2and neutral N. The first leg of the balanced voltage divider includes two resistors, R1and R4, connected in series between line L1and neutral N. The second leg of the balanced voltage divider includes two resistors, R2and R3, connected in series between line L2and neutral N. Example resistance values of the resistors included in the balanced voltage divider resistors are indicated inFIG.8; however, it should be understood that the resistance values indicated inFIG.8are merely provided for exemplary purposes and do not limit the balanced voltage divider from including resistors having resistance values that are different from the ones illustrated. The first leg of the voltage divider further includes a connection point P1located between resistors R1and R4at which a sensing signal SENSE L1is produced. Sensing signal SENSE L1is measured between line L1and neutral connection NC. Likewise, the second leg of the voltage divider further includes a connection point P2located between resistors R2and R3at which a sensing signal SENSE L2is produced. Sensing signal SENSE L2is measured between line L2and neutral connection NC. Sensing signals SENSE L1and SENSE L2are measured by analog to digital converters A/D1and A/D2respectively. The measured sensing signals are monitored by a controller of meter M2to determine whether a line to neutral or line to line back-feed voltage condition is present. In particular, the controller of meter M2monitors the measured sensing signals SENSE L1and SENSE L2respectively to detect if a back-feed voltage source is connected between line L1and neutral N, between line L2and neutral N, or between line L1and line L2by determining whether the voltage of sensing signals SENSE L1and SENSE L2is different from a first voltage value by a predetermined threshold. Although meter M2is capable of detecting a line to line back-feed condition, it would be more desirable to have a meter configuration that does not require a physical neutral connection. Accordingly,FIG.9illustrates a modified version of meter M1, electric utility meter M3, which is capable of detecting a line L1to neutral N back-feed condition, a line L2to neutral N back-feed condition, and a line L1to line L2back-feed condition without having a physical connection to the neutral conductor N. Referring toFIG.9, meter M3includes back-feed detection circuitry having separate detection paths for lines L1and L2. In particular, meter M3includes a first balanced voltage divider and a second balanced voltage divider, both of which extend between lines L1and L2. The first voltage divider includes a first leg that extends between line L1and a first virtual neutral VN1, which includes two series connected resistors R1and R4. A second leg of the first voltage divider extends between the first virtual neutral VN1and line L2and includes two series connected resistors R2and R3. The second balanced voltage divider includes a first leg that extends between line L1and a second virtual neutral VN2, which includes two series connected resistors R5and R7. A second leg of the second voltage divider extends between the second virtual neutral VN2and line L2and includes two series connected resistors R6and R8. The voltage potential of the first virtual neutral VN1can be measured at point P3. Likewise, the voltage potential of the second virtual neutral VN2can be measured at point P4. Example resistance values of the resistors included in the first and second balanced voltage divider resistors are indicated inFIG.9; however, it should be understood that the resistance values indicated inFIG.9are merely provided for exemplary purposes and do not limit the first and second balanced voltage dividers from including resistors having resistance values that are different from the ones illustrated. The second leg of the first voltage divider, which includes resistors R2and R3, is further divided at a connection point P5, which is located between resistors R2and R3. A sensing signal SENSE L1is measured by an A/D converter (not shown) at point P5and monitored by a controller (not shown) of meter M3to detect whether a back-feed voltage condition is present between line L1and the first virtual neutral VN1. In particular, the sensing signal SENSE L1can be monitored to determine whether an external power source has been connected between line L1and neutral N at the customer's load-side electrical system. Similarly, the second leg of the second voltage divider, which includes resistors R6and R8, is further divided at a connection point P6, which is located between resistors R6and R8. A sensing signal SENSE L2is measured by the A/D converter at point P6and monitored by the controller of meter M3detect whether a back-feed voltage condition is present between line L2and the second virtual neutral VN2. In particular, the sensing signal SENSE L2can be monitored to indicate whether and external power source has been connected between line L2and neutral N at the customer's load-side electrical system. As illustrated inFIG.9, the back-feed detection circuitry of meter M3further includes a first detection impedance Z1and a second detection impedance Z2. According to some embodiments, the first detection impedance Z1includes a capacitor C1, which is connected between line L1and the first virtual neutral VN1, and the second detection impedance Z2includes a capacitor C2, which is connected between line L2and the second virtual neutral VN2. When a back-feed voltage source is connected between either line L1or L2and neutral N, the first and second detection impedances, Z1and Z2, may be altered and induce a shift in one of the first and second virtual neutrals, VN1and VN2. A shift in the voltage of the first virtual neutral VN1may alter the voltage of sensing signal SENSE L1that is measured by the A/D converter. Likewise, a shift in the voltage of the second virtual neutral VN2may alter the voltage of sensing signal SENSE L2that is measured by the A/D converter. Capacitance values of the detection impedances are indicated inFIG.9; however, it should be understood that the capacitance values depicted inFIG.9are merely examples and do not limit the detection impedances, Z1and Z2, from including circuit components having capacitance and resistance values that are different from the ones illustrated. Moreover, the first and second detection impedances, Z1and Z2, may include more or less components than capacitors C1and C2. Similar to the controller of meter M1, the controller of meter M3is further configured to determine which line, L1or L2, a back-feed voltage source is connected to at the customer's load-side electrical system E. For example, if the voltage of the sensing signal SENSE L1measured at point P5differs from a first voltage value of sensing signal SENSE L1, which is a predefined voltage value measured at point P5when there is no back-feed voltage condition present, the controller of meter M3may determine that a back-feed voltage source is connected between line L1and neutral N. Likewise, if the voltage of the sensing signal SENSE L2measured at point P6differs from a second voltage value of sensing signal SENSE L2, which is a predefined voltage value measured at point P6when there is no back-feed voltage condition present, the controller of meter M3may determine that a back-feed voltage source is connected between line L2and neutral N. In addition, since the back-feed detection circuitry of meter M3includes two virtual neutrals, VN1and VN2, and two corresponding sensing signals, SENSE L1and SENSE L2, the controller of meter M3is capable of determining whether a back-feed condition is present between lines L1and L2. For example, if the controller of meter M3simultaneously detects the presence of both an L1-N back-feed condition and an L2-N back-feed condition, the controller of meter M3may determine that a line L1to line L2back-feed condition is present, which means an external power source has been connected between lines L1and L2at the customer's load-side electrical system E. Thus, the configuration of meter M3allows for electric utility meters that do not include physical neutral connections (for example, ANSI 2S watt-hour meters) to detect the presence of a line L1to neutral N back-feed condition, the presence of a line L2to neutral N back-feed condition, and the presence of a line L1to line L2back-feed condition. Furthermore, the back-feed detection circuitry of meter M3enables the controller of meter M3to determine which of the lines, L1and L2, is being back-fed by an external power source. FIG.10illustrates an alternative embodiment of an electric utility meter, meter M4, that employs the virtual neutral concepts of meters M1and M3. As illustrated inFIG.10, the first and second impedance detection circuits included in the back-feed detection circuitry of meters M1and M3may be replaced with first and second optocoupler circuits, OC1and OC2, in the back-feed detection circuitry of meter M4. The first optocoupler circuit may include a resistor R4and an LED diode U2connected in series between line L1and the virtual neutral VN. The second optocoupler circuit includes a resistor R8and an LED diode U3connected in series between the virtual neutral VN and line L2. The outputs of the first and second optocoupler circuits may be directly monitored by a controller (not shown) of meter M4to determine whether a back-feed condition is present at the customer's load-side electrical system E. For example, the output of the first optocoupler circuit may be monitored by the controller of meter M4to detect the presence of a back-feed voltage source that is connected between line L1and the neutral N. Likewise, the output of the second optocoupler circuit may be monitored by the controller of meter M4to detect the presence of a back-feed voltage source that is connected between line L2and the neutral N. In addition, if the controller of meter M4simultaneously detects the presence of both an L1-N back-feed condition and an L2-N back-feed condition based on the outputs of the first and second optocoupler circuits OC1and OC2, the controller of meter M4may determine that a line L1to line L2back-feed condition is present. Resistance values of the optocoupler circuits and voltage divider are indicated inFIG.10; however, it should be understood that the resistance values depicted inFIG.10are merely examples and do not limit the first and second optocoupler circuits, OC1and OC2, and voltage divider from including circuit components having resistance values that are different from the ones illustrated. Moreover, the first and second optocoupler circuits, OC1and OC2, may include more or less components than are illustrated. FIG.11is a flowchart illustrating a process, or operation,100for detecting the connection of a back-feed voltage source at a customer's load-side electrical system according to one embodiment. It should be understood that the order of the steps disclosed in process100could vary. Furthermore, additional steps may be added and not all of the steps may be required. Accordingly, process100includes establishing a virtual neutral within back-feed detection circuitry of an electric utility meter (block105). A connection point is established between series connected resistive elements of a voltage divider included in the back-feed detection circuitry of the electric utility meter (block110). A switch within the back-feed detection circuitry of the electric utility meter is opened to interrupt flow of electric power to a load (block115). When the switch is opened, the electric utility meter monitors a voltage signal at the established connection point to determine whether a back-feed voltage source is connected at the load (block120). Thus, the application provides, among other things, a system and method for detecting a presence of a back-feed voltage source connected to a customer's load-side electrical system. Various features and advantages of the application are set forth in the following claims. | 32,332 |
11942817 | DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION First Embodiment FIG.1is a circuit diagram of a power supply circuit10according to the present embodiment. The power supply circuit10supplies power to three loads, i.e., a first load12a, a second load12b, and a third load12c. The power supply circuit10includes a power control unit16, a first intelligent power unit18a, a second intelligent power unit18b, and a third intelligent power unit18c. Hereinafter, the power control unit may be referred to as a PCU. Hereinafter, the intelligent power unit may be referred to as an IPU. The PCU16includes a first generator14aand a second generator14bas power sources. The first generator14ahas a capacitor22atherein. The second generator14bhas a capacitor22atherein. The first generator14ahas a protective device24a. The second generator14bhas a protective device24b. The protective device24amonitors a current output from the first generator14a. When overcurrent is detected, the protective device24astops operation of the first generator14a. The protective device24bmonitors a current output from the second generator14b. When overcurrent is detected, the protective device24bstops operation of the second generator14b. The first IPU18aincludes a first battery17aas a power source. The second IPU18bincludes a second battery17bas a power source. The third IPU18cincludes a third battery17cas a power source. The first load12ahas a capacitor20atherein. The second load12bhas a capacitor20btherein. The third load12chas a capacitor20ctherein. The first generator14ais connected to a first power transmission bus27aby a PCU bus bar26aa. The first generator14ais connected to a second power transmission bus27bby a PCU bus bar26ab. The second generator14bis connected to the first power transmission bus27aby a PCU bus bar26ba. The second generator14bis connected to the second power transmission bus27bby a PCU bus bar26bb. The PCU bus bars26aa,26ab,26ba,26bbmay be multiplexed. The first power transmission bus27aconnects the first generator14aand the second generator14bin parallel. The second power transmission bus27bconnects the first generator14aand the second generator14bin parallel. A PCU fuse28aaand a PCU switch30aaare provided between the positive terminal of the first generator14aand the PCU bus bar26aa. The PCU fuse28aaand the PCU switch30aaare connected in series. A PCU fuse28aband a PCU switch30abare provided between the positive terminal of the first generator14aand the PCU bus bar26ab. The PCU fuse28aband the PCU switch30abare connected in series. A PCU fuse28baand a PCU switch30baare provided between the positive terminal of the second generator14band the PCU bus bar26ba. The PCU fuse28baand the PCU switch30baare connected in series. A PCU fuse28bband a PCU switch30bbare provided between the positive terminal of the second generator14band the PCU bus bar26bb. The PCU fuse28bband the PCU switch30bbare connected in series. The PCU switch30aaand the PCU switch30bacorrespond to a first positive electrode switch of the present invention. The PCU switch30aband the PCU switch30bbcorrespond to a second positive electrode switch of the present invention. When the PCU switch30aais ON, the first generator14ais electrically connected to the first power transmission bus27a. When the PCU switch30bais ON, the second generator14bis electrically connected to the first power transmission bus27a. When the PCU switch30aais OFF, the first generator14ais electrically disconnected from the first power transmission bus27a. When the PCU switch30bais OFF, the second generator14bis electrically disconnected from the first power transmission bus27a. When the PCU switch30abis ON, the first generator14ais electrically connected to the second power transmission bus27b. When the PCU switch30bbis ON, the second generator14bis electrically connected to the second power transmission bus27b. When the PCU switch30abis OFF, the first generator14ais electrically disconnected from the second power transmission bus27b. When the PCU switch30bbis OFF, the second generator14bis electrically disconnected from the second power transmission bus27b. There is no particular limitation on the method of switching each of the PCU switches30aa,30ab,30ba, and30bbbetween ON and OFF. For example, these switches may be switched by an electrical signal. Alternatively, these switches may be manually switched. These switches may be switched by physical actions such as heat and pressure. These switches may also be switched by chemical action. The first IPU18ais connected to the first power transmission bus27aby an IPU bus bar32aa. The second IPU18bis connected to the first power transmission bus27aby an IPU bus bar32ab. The third IPU18cis connected to the first power transmission bus27aby the IPU bus bar32ac. The first IPU18ais connected to the second power transmission bus27bby an IPU bus bar32ba. The second IPU18bis connected to the second power transmission bus27bby an IPU bus bar32bb. The third IPU18cis connected to the second power transmission bus27bby an IPU bus bar32bc. The IPU bus bar32aa, the IPU bus bar32ab, the IPU bus bar32ac, the IPU bus bar32ba, the IPU bus bar32bband the IPU bus bar32bcmay be multiplexed. A power transmission bus switch34aais provided between the negative wire of the first power transmission bus27aand the IPU bus bar32aa. A power transmission bus switch34abis provided between the negative wire of the first power transmission bus27aand the IPU bus bar32ab. A power transmission bus switch34acis provided between the negative wire of the first power transmission bus27aand the IPU bus bar32ac. A power transmission bus switch34bais provided between the negative wire of the second power transmission bus27band the IPU bus bar32ba. A power transmission bus switch34bbis provided between the negative wire of the second power transmission bus27band the IPU bus bar32bb. A power transmission bus switch34bcis provided between the negative wire of the second power transmission bus27band the IPU bus bar32bc. The power transmission bus switch34aa, power transmission bus switch34ab, and power transmission bus switch34accorrespond to a first negative electrode switch of the present invention. The power transmission bus switch34ba, the power transmission bus switch34bb, and the power transmission bus switch34bccorrespond to a second negative electrode switch of the present invention. When the power transmission bus switch34aais ON, the first load12ais electrically connected to the first power transmission bus27a. When the power transmission bus switch34abis ON, the second load12bis electrically connected to the first power transmission bus27a. When the power transmission bus switch34acis ON, the third load12cis electrically connected to the first power transmission bus27a. On the other hand, when the power transmission bus switch34aais OFF, the first load12ais electrically disconnected from the first power transmission bus27a. When the power transmission bus switch34abis OFF, the second load12bis electrically disconnected from the first power transmission bus27a. When the power transmission bus switch34acis OFF, the third load12cis electrically disconnected from the first power transmission bus27a. When the power transmission bus switch34bais ON, the first load12ais electrically connected to the second power transmission bus27b. When the power transmission bus switch34bbis ON, the second load12bis electrically connected to the second power transmission bus27b. When the power transmission bus switch34bcis ON, the third load12cis electrically connected to the second power transmission bus27b. On the other hand, when the power transmission bus switch34bais OFF, the first load12ais electrically disconnected from the second power transmission bus27b. When the power transmission bus switch34bbis OFF, the second load12bis electrically disconnected from the second power transmission bus27b. When the power transmission bus switch34bcis OFF, the third load12cis electrically disconnected from the second power transmission bus27b. The operation method for switching each of the power transmission bus switches34aa,34ab,34ac,34ba,34bb, and34bcbetween ON and OFF is not particularly limited. For example, these switches may be switched by an electrical signal. Alternatively, these switches may be manually switched. These switches may be switched by physical actions such as heat and pressure. These switches may also be switched by chemical action. The first IPU18ais connected to the negative wire of the IPU bus bar32aaand the negative wire of the IPU bus bar32bavia an IPU fuse36a. The second IPU18bis connected to the negative wire of the IPU bus bar32aband the negative wire of the IPU bus bar32bbvia an IPU fuse36b. The third IPU18cis connected to the negative wire of the IPU bus bar32acand the negative wire of the IPU bus bar32bcvia an IPU fuse36c. The first battery17ais provided in parallel with the first generator14aand the second generator14b. The second battery17bis provided in parallel with the first generator14aand the second generator14b. The third battery17cis provided in parallel with the first generator14aand the second generator14b. A battery fuse38aand a battery switch40aare connected to the positive terminal of the first battery17a. The battery fuse38aand the battery switch40aare connected in series. A battery fuse38band a battery switch40bare connected to the positive terminal of the second battery17b. The battery fuse38band the battery switch40bare connected in series. A battery fuse38cand a battery switch40care connected to the positive terminal of the third battery17c. The battery fuse38cand the battery switch40care connected in series. A battery switch41ais connected to the negative terminal of the first battery17a. A battery switch41bis connected to the negative terminal of the second battery17b. A battery switch41cis connected to the negative terminal of the third battery17c. A precharge circuit42ais connected in parallel with the battery switch41a. The precharge circuit42aincludes a resistor44aand a precharge switch46a. The resistor44aand the precharge switch46aare connected in series. A precharge circuit42bis connected in parallel with the battery switch41b. The precharge circuit42bincludes a resistor44band a precharge switch46b. The resistor44band the precharge switch46bare connected in series. A precharge circuit42cis connected in parallel with the battery switch41c. The precharge circuit42cincludes a resistor44cand a precharge switch46c. The resistor44cand the precharge switch46care connected in series. When power is supplied from the first battery17ato the first load12a, the power supply circuit10turns on the battery switch40aand the battery switch41a. At this time, the power supply circuit10turns off the precharge switch46a. When power is supplied from the second battery17bto the second load12b, the power supply circuit10turns on the battery switch40band the battery switch41b. At this time, the power supply circuit10turns off the precharge switch46b. When power is supplied from the third battery17cto the third load12c, the power supply circuit10turns on the battery switch40cand the battery switch41c. At this time, the power supply circuit10turns off the precharge switch46c. When charging the capacitor20ainside the first load12a, the power supply circuit10turns on the battery switch40aand the precharge switch46a. At this time, the power supply circuit10turns off the battery switch41a. When charging the capacitor20binside the second load12b, the power supply circuit10turns on the battery switch40band the precharge switch46b. At this time, the power supply circuit10turns off the battery switch41b. When charging the capacitor20cinside the third load12c, the power supply circuit10turns on the battery switch40cand the precharge switch46c. At this time, the power supply circuit10turns off the battery switch41c. The operation method for switching each of the battery switches40a,40b,40c,41a,41b,41c, and the precharge switches46a,46b,46cbetween ON and OFF is not particularly limited. For example, these switches may be switched by an electrical signal. Alternatively, these switches may be manually switched. These switches may be switched by physical actions such as heat and pressure. These switches may also be switched by chemical action. The first load12ais connected to the first IPU18aby a load cable48a. A load fuse50ais provided between the first IPU18aand the positive wire of the load cable48a. The second load12bis connected to the second IPU18bby a load cable48b. A load fuse50bis provided between the second IPU18band the positive wire of the load cable48b. The third load12cis connected to the third IPU18cby a load cable48c. A load fuse50cis provided between the third IPU18cand the positive wire of the load cable48c. The first generator14aand the second generator14bsupply power to the first load12avia the load cable48a. The first generator14aand the second generator14bsupply power to the second load12bvia the load cable48b. The first generator14aand the second generator14bsupply power to the third load12cvia the load cable48c. The load cable48a, load cable48b, and load cable48cmay be multiplexed. The first IPU18ais connected via a diode52ato the positive wire of the IPU bus bar32aaand the positive wire of the IPU bus bar32ba. The diode52aallows the flow of current from the first generator14atoward the load cable48aand also allows the flow of current from the second generator14btoward the load cable48a. On the other hand, the diode52adoes not allow the flow of current from the load cable48atoward the first generator14aand also does not allow the flow of current from the load cable48ato the second generator14b. The second IPU18bis connected to the positive wire of the IPU bus bar32aband the positive wire of the IPU bus bar32bbthrough a diode52b. The diode52ballows electric current to flow from the first generator14atoward the load cable48b, and also allows electric current to flow from the second generator14btoward the load cable48b. On the other hand, the diode52bdoes not allow the current to flow from the load cable48bto the first generator14aand also does not allow the current to flow from the load cable48bto the second generator14b. The third IPU18cis connected to the positive wire of the IPU bus bar32acand the positive wire of the IPU bus bar32bcthrough a diode52c. The diode52callows electric current to flow from the first generator14atoward the load cable48cand also allows the current to flow from the second generator14btoward the load cable48c. On the other hand, the diode52cdoes not allow the flow of current from the load cable48cto the first generator14aand also does not allow the flow of current from the load cable48cto the second generator14b. A transistor54ais connected in parallel with the diode52a. When the transistor54ais ON, the first generator14aand the second generator14bare electrically connected to the load cable48athrough the transistor54a. When the transistor54ais OFF, the first generator14aand the second generator14bare electrically connected to the load cable48athrough the diode52a. A transistor54bis connected in parallel with the diode52b. When the transistor54bis ON, the first generator14aand the second generator14bare electrically connected to the load cable48bvia the transistor54b. When the transistor54bis OFF, the first generator14aand the second generator14bare electrically connected to the load cable48bvia the diode52b. A transistor54cis connected in parallel with the diode52c. When the transistor54cis ON, the first generator14aand the second generator14bare electrically connected to the load cable48cvia the transistor54c. When the transistor54cis OFF, the first generator14aand the second generator14bare electrically connected to the load cable48cvia the diode52c. Switching of the transistors54a,54b, and54cbetween ON and OFF is controlled by a base current or a gate voltage. A precharge circuit may be provided in parallel with the transistor54a. When the capacitor22ainside the first generator14aand the capacitor22binside the second generator14bare charged by electric power of the first battery17a, electric power is supplied to the capacitor22aand the capacitor22bthrough the precharge circuit. A precharge circuit may be provided in parallel with the transistor54b. When the capacitor22ainside the first generator14aand the capacitor22binside the second generator14bare charged by electric power of the second battery17b, electric power is supplied to the capacitor22aand the capacitor22bthrough the precharge circuit. A precharge circuit may be provided in parallel with the transistor54c. When the capacitor22ainside the first generator14aand the capacitor22binside the second generator14bare charged by electric power of the third battery17c, electric power is supplied to the capacitor22aand the capacitor22bthrough the precharge circuit. As a result, an inrush current can be prevented from occurring when the capacitors22aand22bare charged. In the above, the power supply circuit10having the PCU16with two generators has been described. That is, the power supply circuit10having the PCU16including the first generator14aand the second generator14bhas been described above. However, the PCU16may have one generator. The PCU16may include three or more generators. In the above, the power supply circuit10having three IPUs has been described. That is, the power supply circuit10having the first IPU18a, the second IPU18b, and the third IPU18chas been described above. However, the power supply circuit10may have one or more IPUs. A large-capacity capacitor may be used in place of the first battery17a, the second battery17b, and the third battery17c. The power supply circuit10includes an arithmetic unit and a judgment unit (not shown), and the power supply circuit10controls each switch in addition to the transistors54a,54b, and54c. The arithmetic unit and the judgment unit can be realized by, for example, a processing circuitry. The processing circuitry is constituted by an integrated circuit such as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) or an FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array). Further, the processing circuitry may be constituted by an electronic circuit including a discrete device. The processing circuitry may be composed of a processor such as a CPU (Central Processing Unit) or a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), for example. In this case, the processing circuitry can be realized by the processor executing a program stored in a storage unit (not shown). [Configuration of PCU Switches and Power Transmission Bus Switches] FIG.2is a schematic diagram of the power supply circuit10.FIG.2schematically shows connection among the first load12a, the second load12b, the third load12c, the first generator14a, the second generator14b, the first power transmission bus27a, the second power transmission bus27b, the PCU switches30aa,30ab,30ba,30bb, and the power transmission bus switches34aa,34ab,34ac,34ba,34bb,34bc. Hereinafter, the wiring between the first generator14aand the first power transmission bus27awill be referred to as a first power source conduction path56a. The wiring between the second generator14band the first power transmission bus27ais referred to as a first power source conduction path56b. The wiring between the first power transmission bus27aand the first load12ais referred to as a first load conduction path58a. The wiring between the first power transmission bus27aand the second load12bis referred to as a first load conduction path58b. The wiring between the first power transmission bus27aand the third load12cis referred to as a first load conduction path58c. The wiring between the second power transmission bus27band the first load12ais referred to as a second load conduction path62a. The wiring between the second power transmission bus27band the second load12bis referred to as a second load conduction path62b. The wiring between the second power transmission bus27band the third load12cis referred to as a second load conduction path62c. As shown inFIG.2, the PCU switch30aais provided in the positive wire of the first power source conduction path56a. The PCU switch30bais provided in the positive wire of the first power source conduction path56b. The power transmission bus switch34aais provided in the negative wire of the first load conduction path58a. The power transmission bus switch34abis provided in the negative wire of the first load conduction path58b. The power transmission bus switch34acis provided in the negative wire of the first load conduction path58c. As shown inFIG.2, the PCU switch30abis provided in the positive wire of a second power source conduction path60a. The PCU switch30bbis provided in the positive wire of a second power source conduction path60b. The power transmission bus switch34bais provided in the negative wire of the second load conduction path62a. The power transmission bus switch34bbis provided in the negative wire of the second load conduction path62b. The power transmission bus switch34bcis provided in the negative wire of the second load conduction path62c. Note that the PCU switch30aamay be disposed in the negative wire of the first power source conduction path56a, and the PCU switch30bamay be disposed in the negative wire of the first power source conduction path56b. In this case, the power transmission bus switch34aais disposed on the positive wire of the first load conduction path58a, the power transmission bus switch34abis disposed on the positive wire of the first load conduction path58b, and the power transmission bus switch34acis disposed on the positive wire of the first load conduction path58c. Further, the PCU switch30abmay be disposed in the negative wire of the second power source conduction path60a, and the PCU switch30bbmay be disposed in the negative wire of the second power source conduction path60b. In this case, the power transmission bus switch34bais disposed on the positive wire of the second load conduction path62a, the power transmission bus switch34bbis disposed on the positive wire of the second load conductive path62b, and the power transmission bus switch34bcis disposed on the positive wire of the second load conduction path62c. The power supply circuit10of this embodiment is a circuit for supplying direct-current (DC) power to a load. However, the same arrangement as that of each switch of the power supply circuit10of the present embodiment can be applied to a circuit for supplying alternating-current (AC) power to a load. [Operation of PCU Switches and Power Transmission Bus Switches] FIGS.3to6are schematic views ofFIG.2with the addition of an ON/OFF state of each switch and arrows indicating current flow.FIG.3shows an ON/OFF state of each switch and current flow in a normal state.FIG.4shows an ON/OFF state of each switch and current flow when an abnormality has occurred in the first power transmission bus27a.FIG.5shows an ON/OFF state of each switch and a current flow when an abnormality has occurred in the third load12c.FIG.6shows an ON/OFF state of each switch and current flow when an abnormality has occurred in the second generator14b. Normally, as shown inFIG.3, the PCU switch30aaand the PCU switch30baare turned on. The power transmission bus switch34aa, the power transmission bus switch34ab, and the power transmission bus switch34acare turned on. The PCU switch30aband the PCU switch30bbare turned off. The power transmission bus switch34ba, power transmission bus switch34bb, and power transmission bus switch34bcare turned off. Thus, power is supplied from the first generator14ato each of the first load12a, the second load12b, and the third load12cvia the first power transmission bus27a. Power is supplied from the second generator14bto each of the first load12a, the second load12b, and the third load12cvia the first power transmission bus27a. At this time, no current flows through the second power transmission bus27b. When an abnormality has occurred in the first power transmission bus27a, as shown inFIG.4, the PCU switches30aband30bbare turned on. The power transmission bus switch34ba, the power transmission bus switch34bband power transmission bus switch34bcare turned on. The PCU switch30aaand the PCU switch30baare turned off. The power transmission bus switch34aa, the power transmission bus switch34ab, and the power transmission bus switch34acare turned off. Thus, power is supplied from the first generator14ato each of the first load12a, the second load12b, and the third load12cvia the second power transmission bus27b. Power is supplied from the second generator14bto each of the first load12a, the second load12b, and the third load12cvia the second power transmission bus27b. At this time, no current flows through the first power transmission bus27a. It should be noted that the buses used for power supply may be switched between the first power transmission bus27aand the second power transmission bus27bregardless of whether or not an abnormality has occurred in the first power transmission bus27a. When an abnormality has occurred in the third load12c, the PCU switch30aaand the PCU switch30baare turned on as shown inFIG.5. The power transmission bus switch34aaand the power transmission bus switch34abare turned on. The PCU switch30aband the PCU switch30bbare turned off. The power transmission bus switch34ac, the power transmission bus switch34ba, the power transmission bus switch34bb, and the power transmission bus switch34bcare turned off. Thus, the third load12cis electrically separated from the first power transmission bus27aand the second power transmission bus27b. When an abnormality has occurred in the second generator14b, the PCU switch30aais turned on as shown inFIG.6. The power transmission bus switch34aa, the power transmission bus switch34ab, and the power transmission bus switch34acare turned on. The PCU switches30ab,30ba, and30bbare turned off. The power transmission bus switches34ba,34bband34bcare turned off. This electrically separates the second generator14bfrom the first power transmission bus27aand the second power transmission bus27b. Effects FIG.7is a schematic view of a power supply circuit100.FIG.7shows an example of the configuration of the PCU switches30aa,30ab,30ba,30bband the power transmission bus switches34aa,34ab,34ac,34ba,34bb,34bc. The power supply circuit100shown inFIG.7has a plurality of power transmission buses (a first power transmission bus27aand a second power transmission bus27b) for stable power supply. In normal operation, the power supply circuit100electrically disconnects the power sources (the first generator14aand the second generator14b) from the second power transmission bus27bwhich is a backup power transmission bus. The power supply circuit100also electrically separates the loads (the first load12a, the second load12b, and the third load12c) from the second power transmission bus27bwhich is a backup power transmission bus. As a result, it is possible to prevent an abnormality occurring in the first power transmission bus27a, which is a power transmission bus used in normal operation, from affecting the second power transmission bus27b. When an abnormality has occurred in the first power transmission bus27aused in normal operation, the power supply circuit100electrically disconnects the power sources (the first generator14aand the second generator14b) from the first power transmission bus27a. The power supply circuit100electrically separates the loads (the first load12a, the second load12b, and the third load12c) from the first power transmission bus27a. Thereafter, the power supply circuit100electrically connects the power sources (the first generator14aand the second generator14b) to the second power transmission bus27b. The power supply circuit100electrically connects the loads (first load12a, second load12b, and third load12c) to the second power transmission bus27b. Thus, power is supplied from the power source to the load via the second power transmission bus27b. Further, when an abnormality has occurred in a power source or a load, the power supply circuit100electrically interrupts the power source in which the abnormality has occurred or the load in which the abnormality has occurred, from the first power transmission bus27a. As described above, in order to electrically connect the power sources and the loads to the power transmission buses and electrically disconnect the power sources and the loads from the power transmission buses, the configuration of the power supply circuit100as shown inFIG.7is conceivable. That is, as shown inFIG.7, a PCU switch30aais provided in each of the positive wire and the negative wire of the first power source conduction path56a. A PCU switch30bais provided in each of the positive wire and the negative wire of the first power source conduction path56b. A PCU switch30abis provided in each of the positive wire and the negative wire of the second power source conduction path60a. A PCU switch30bbis provided in each of the positive wire and the negative wire of the second power source conduction path60b. Further, as shown inFIG.7, a power transmission bus switch34aais provided in each of the positive wire and the negative wire of the first load conduction path58a. A power transmission bus switch34abis provided in each of the positive wire and the negative wire of the first load conduction path58b. A power transmission bus switch34acis provided in each of the positive wire and the negative wire of the first load conduction path58c. A power transmission bus switch34bais provided in each of the positive wire and the negative wire of the second load conduction path62a. A power transmission bus switch34bbis provided in each of the positive wire and the negative wire of the second load conduction path62b. A power transmission bus switch34bcis provided in each of the positive wire and the negative wire of the second load conduction path62c. Thus, the power supply circuit100shown inFIG.7can electrically connect each of the first generator14a, the second generator14b, the first load12a, the second load12b, and the third load12cto each of the first power transmission bus27aand the second power transmission bus27b. The power supply circuit100shown inFIG.7can electrically separate each of the first generator14a, the second generator14b, the first load12a, the second load12b, and the third load12cfrom each of the first power transmission bus27aand the second power transmission bus27b. However, in the power supply circuit100shown inFIG.7, since a large number of switches are provided, the power supply circuit100becomes heavy in weight, large in size, and expensive. Therefore, in the power supply circuit10of the present embodiment, the PCU switch30aais provided only in the positive wire of the first power source conduction path56a. The PCU switch30bais provided only in the positive wire of the first power source conduction path56b. The PCU switch30abis provided only in the positive wire of the second power source conduction path60a. The PCU switch30bbis provided only in the positive wire of the second power source conduction path60b. Further, in the power supply circuit10of the present embodiment, the power transmission bus switch34aais provided only in the negative wire of the first load conduction path58a. The power transmission bus switch34abis provided only in the negative wire of the first load conduction path58b. The power transmission bus switch34acis provided only in the negative wire of the first load conduction path58c. The power transmission bus switch34bais provided only in the negative wire of the second load conduction path62a. The power transmission bus switch34bbis provided only in the negative wire of the second load conduction path62b. The power transmission bus switch34bcis provided only in the negative wire of the second load conduction path62c. Thus, the power supply circuit10of this embodiment can electrically connect each of the first generator14a, the second generator14b, the first load12a, the second load12b, and the third load12cto each of the first power transmission bus27aand the second power transmission bus27b. Further, the power supply circuit10of this embodiment can electrically separate each of the first generator14a, the second generator14b, the first load12a, the second load12b, and the third load12cfrom each of the first power transmission bus27aand the second power transmission bus27b. In the power supply circuit100of the example shown inFIG.7, the number of switches (PCU switches30aa,30ab,30ba,30bband power transmission bus switches34aa,34ab,34ac,34ba,34bb,34bc) is 20. On the other hand, in the power supply circuit10of the present embodiment shown inFIG.2, the number of switches (PCU switches30aa,30ab,30ba,30bband power transmission bus switches34aa,34ab,34ac,34ba,34bb,34bc) is 10. Therefore, the power supply circuit10can be reduced in weight, size, and cost. In the power supply circuit10of the present embodiment, the PCU switch30aais provided on the positive wire of the first power source conduction path56a. The PCU switch30bais provided on the positive wire of the first power source conduction path56b. Further, the PCU switch30abis provided on the positive wire of the second power source conduction path60a. The PCU switch30bbis provided on the positive wire of the second power source conduction path60b. Thus, for each of the first power source conduction path56a, the first power source conduction path56b, the second power source conduction path60a, and the second power source conduction path60b, similar parts (PCU switch30aa, PCU switch30ba, PCU switch30ab, and PCU switch30bb) are provided on similar wires (positive wires). Therefore, the cost of the power supply circuit10can be reduced. Further, in the power supply circuit10of the present embodiment, the power transmission bus switch34aa, the power transmission bus switch34ab, and the power transmission bus switch34acare provided in the negative wires of the first load conduction path58a, the first load conduction path58b, and the first load conduction path58c, respectively. The power transmission bus switch34ba, the power transmission bus switch34bb, and the power transmission bus switch34bcare provided in the negative wires of the second load conduction path62a, the second load conduction path62b, and the second load conduction path62c, respectively. Thus, the components constituting the first load conduction path58a, the first load conduction path58b, and the first load conduction path58ccan be made the same as the components constituting the second load conduction path62a, the second load conduction path62b, and the second load conduction path62c. Therefore, the cost of the power supply circuit10can be reduced. Second Embodiment FIG.8is a schematic diagram of the power supply circuit10.FIG.8schematically shows connection among the first load12a, the second load12b, the third load12c, the first generator14a, the second generator14b, the first power transmission bus27a, the second power transmission bus27b, the PCU switches30aa,30ab,30ba,30bb, and the power transmission bus switches34aa,34ab,34ac,34ba,34bb,34bc. The power supply circuit10of this embodiment differs from the power supply circuit10of the first embodiment in the arrangement of the PCU switch30aa, the PCU switch30ab, the PCU switch30ba, the PCU switch30bb, the power transmission bus switch34aa, the power transmission bus switch34ab, the power transmission bus switch34ac, the power transmission bus switch34ba, the power transmission bus switch34bb, and the power transmission bus switch34bc. The PCU switch30aaand the PCU switch30bacorrespond to the first positive electrode switch of the present invention. The PCU switch30aband the PCU switch30bbcorrespond to the second negative electrode switch of the present invention. The power transmission bus switch34aa, the power transmission bus switch34ab, and the power transmission bus switch34accorrespond to the first negative electrode switch of the present invention. The power transmission bus switch34ba, the power transmission bus switch34bb, and the power transmission bus switch34bccorrespond to the second positive electrode switch of the present invention. As shown inFIG.8, the PCU switch30aais provided in the positive wire of the first power source conduction path56a, and the PCU switch30bais provided in the positive wire of the first power source conduction path56b. On the other hand, the PCU switch30abis provided in the negative wire of the second power source conduction path60a, and the PCU switch30bbis provided in the negative wire of the second power source conduction path60b. That is, the PCU switch30aaand the PCU switch30baare provided in the respective positive wires of the first power source conduction path56aand the first power source conduction path56b. On the other hand, the PCU switch30aband the PCU switch30bbare provided in the respective negative wires of the second power source conduction path60aand the second power source conduction path60b. As shown inFIG.8, the power transmission bus switch34aais provided in the negative wire of the first load conduction path58a. The power transmission bus switch34abis provided in the negative wire of the first load conduction path58b. The power transmission bus switch34acis provided in the negative wire of the first load conduction path58c. On the other hand, the power transmission bus switch34bais provided in the positive wire of the second load conduction path62a. The power transmission bus switch34bbis provided in the positive wire of the second load conduction path62b. The power transmission bus switch34bcis provided in the positive wire of the second load conduction path62c. That is, the power transmission bus switch34aa, the power transmission bus switch34ab, and the power transmission bus switch34acare provided in the respective negative wires of the first load conduction path58a, the first load conduction path58b, and the first load conduction path58c. On the other hand, the power transmission bus switch34ba, the power transmission bus switch34bb, and the power transmission bus switch34bcare provided in the respective positive wires of the second load conduction path62a, the second load conduction path62b, and the second load conduction path62c. Effects In the power supply circuit10of the present embodiment, the PCU switch30aaand the PCU switch30baare provided respectively in the positive wire of the first power source conduction path56aand the positive wire of the first power source conduction path56b. On the other hand, the PCU switch30aband the PCU switch30bbare provided respectively in the negative wire of the second power source conduction path60aand the negative wire of the second power source conduction path60b. Moreover, the power transmission bus switch34aa, the power transmission bus switch34ab, and the power transmission bus switch34acare provided respectively in the negative wire of the first load conduction path58a, the negative wire of the first load conduction path58b, and the negative wire of the first load conduction path58c. On the other hand, the power transmission bus switch34ba, the power transmission bus switch34bb, and the power transmission bus switch34bcare provided respectively in the positive wire of the second load conduction path62a, the positive wire of the second load conduction path62b, and the positive wire of the second load conduction path62c. This can prevent uneven weight distribution of the power supply circuit10. Technical Invention Obtained from Embodiments Technical inventions that can be understood from the above embodiments will be described below. A power supply circuit (10) includes: a first power source conduction path (56a,56b) provided between a power source (14a,14b) and a first power transmission bus (27a); a first load conduction path (58a,58b,58c) provided between the first power transmission bus and a load (12a,12b,12c); a second power source conduction path (60a,60b) provided between the power source and a second power transmission bus (27b); and a second load conduction path (62a,62b,62c) provided between the second power transmission bus and the load. The power supply circuit (10) further includes: a first positive electrode switch (30aa,30ba) provided in a positive wire of one of the first power source conduction path or the first load conduction path, the first positive electrode switch being configured to switch between an electrically connected state and an electrically disconnected state of the power source and the first power transmission bus or of the first power transmission bus and the load; a first negative electrode switch (34aa,34ab,34ac) provided in a negative wire of another of the first power source conduction path or the first load conduction path, the first negative electrode switch being configured to switch between an electrically connected state and an electrically disconnected state of the power source and the first power transmission bus or of the first power transmission bus and the load; a second positive electrode switch (30ab,30bb) provided in a positive wire of one of the second power source conduction path or the second load conduction path, the second positive electrode switch being configured to switch between an electrically connected state and an electrically disconnected state of the power source and the second power transmission bus or of the second power transmission bus and the load; and a second negative electrode switch (34ba,34bb,34bc) provided in a negative wire of another of the second power source conduction path or the second load conduction path, the second negative electrode switch being configured to switch between an electrically connected state and an electrically disconnected state of the power source and the second power transmission bus or of the second power transmission bus and the load. In the power supply circuit, the first positive electrode switch may be provided in the positive wire of the first power source conduction path; the first negative electrode switch may be provided in the negative wire of the first load conduction path; the second positive electrode switch may be provided in the positive wire of the second power source conduction path; and the second negative electrode switch may be provided in the negative wire of the second load conduction path. In the power supply circuit, the first positive electrode switch may be provided in the positive wire of the first power source conduction path; the first negative electrode switch may be provided in the negative wire of the first load conduction path; the second positive electrode switch may be provided in the positive wire of the second load conduction path; and the second negative electrode switch may be provided in the negative wire of the second power source conduction path. In the power supply circuit described above, the power source may include a plurality of power sources; the first power source conduction path may be provided between each of the power sources and the first power transmission bus; the first power transmission bus may connect the plurality of power sources in parallel; the second power source conduction path may be provided between each of the power sources and the second power transmission bus; and the second power transmission bus may connect the plurality of power sources in parallel. In the power supply circuit, the load may include a plurality of loads; the first load conduction path may be provided between the first power transmission bus and each of the loads; the first power transmission bus may connect the plurality of loads in parallel; the second load conduction path may be provided between the second power transmission bus and each of the loads; and the second power transmission bus may connect the plurality of loads in parallel. The present invention is not particularly limited to the embodiment described above, and various modifications are possible without departing from the essence and gist of the present invention. | 44,385 |
11942818 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Examples of the methods and systems discussed herein are not limited in application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The methods and systems are capable of implementation in other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Examples of specific implementations are provided herein for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to be limiting. In particular, acts, components, elements, and features discussed in connection with any one or more examples are not intended to be excluded from a similar role in any other examples. Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. Any references to examples, embodiments, components, elements or acts of the systems and methods herein referred to in the singular may also embrace embodiments including a plurality, and any references in plural to any embodiment, component, element or act herein may also embrace embodiments including only a singularity. References in the singular or plural form are not intended to limit the presently disclosed systems or methods, their components, acts, or elements. The use herein of “including,” “comprising,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” and variations thereof is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. References to “or” may be construed as inclusive so that any terms described using “or” may indicate any of a single, more than one, and all of the described terms. In addition, in the event of inconsistent usages of terms between this document and documents incorporated herein by reference, the term usage in the incorporated features is supplementary to that of this document; for irreconcilable differences, the term usage in this document controls. A power grid is connected to one or more loads and one or more power sources to provide power to the one or more loads. In some examples, a power grid may be connected to additional devices configured to support the one or more loads connected to the power grid. For example, such additional devices may include battery-energy-storage systems (BESSs), uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs), and so forth. A BESS may be configured to exchange power with a power grid to absorb surplus power from the power grid (for example, surplus renewable energy) and inject power to the grid. The BESS may store power in one or more energy-storage devices, such as batteries. For example, a BESS may include a bi-directional AC/DC converter configured to be coupled to a battery or other energy-storage device. The BESS may receive DC power from, or provide DC power to, the energy-storage device, and provide AC power to, or receive AC power from, the power grid. For example, in a power grid powered at least in part by renewable-energy sources (for example, wind turbines), the BESS may draw and store energy from the power grid when power supply exceeds demand (for example, while wind speeds around the wind turbines are high). The BESS may provide energy to the power grid when, for example, demand exceeds supply from the renewable-energy sources. In this manner, power may be stored for later use when supply exceeds demand. In some examples, a BESS may also provide backup power to one or more loads when power on the power grid experiences a grid disturbance, such as a voltage sag or blackout. For example, the BESS may draw DC power from the energy-storage device, convert the DC power to AC power, and provide the converted AC power to the power grid to power the one or more loads. In this manner, the BESS may offer fault ride through (FRT) by enabling the BESS to remain connected to the power grid for the duration of a fault, such as a transient voltage sag, thereby “riding through” (that is, remaining connected during) the fault. A UPS may be configured to provide uninterrupted power to one or more loads. For example, a UPS may be coupled to a main-power source, such as a power grid, and a backup-power source, such as a battery. The UPS may provide power derived from the back-up power source to the one or more loads when, for example, power on the power grid is not acceptable (for example, by being disturbed or unavailable). Some UPS architectures may be capable of quickly disconnecting critical loads from the power grid when grid power is not acceptable, or may be implemented between the power grid and the critical loads such that the critical loads are substantially always isolated from the power grid. In such architectures, high-quality power may be provided to the critical loads even immediately after a grid disturbance occurs. In some examples, certain BESS architectures (for example, including a single AC/DC converter) may not be configured to provide high-quality power continuously, for example, immediately after a grid disturbance occurs. Accordingly, certain UPSs may be more desirable than BESSs for powering critical loads. However, certain UPS topologies may be more complex and/or include additional components as compared to certain BESSs. For example, a UPS may include a first DC/AC converter coupled to a power grid and to an energy-storage device, and a second DC/AC converter coupled to a critical load and to the energy-storage device. In this manner, the critical load may be isolated from the power grid. However, the first DC/AC converter and the second DC/AC converter may be isolated from one another. Each of the converters may thus be sized to power their respective loads individually. For example, the first DC/AC converter may be sized to power non-critical loads on the power grid and the second DC/AC converter may be sized to power the critical loads isolated from the power grid. Although such an architecture may enable power to be provided to critical and non-critical loads during power disturbances, the UPS may be larger, more complex, and/or more expensive than certain BESSs, for example. Example power devices described herein, which may include and/or be referred to as UPSs, can provide similar functionality as existing BESSs and/or existing UPSs with a smaller, less complex, and/or less expensive topology. Example power devices may include and/or be referred to herein as UPSs. In one example, a UPS includes a first DC/AC converter switchably coupled in parallel with a second DC/AC converter. The first DC/AC converter and the second DC/AC converter may have a power rating that is less than (for example, approximately half) a power rating of the loads that the converters are configured to power. The first DC/AC converter and the second DC/AC converter may normally be coupled in parallel such that a combined power rating of the DC/AC converters is substantially equal to or greater than the power rating of the loads. In the event of a grid fault, the DC/AC converters may be switchably disconnected from one another. The DC/AC converters may be switchably disconnected quickly enough to prevent the grid fault from substantially adversely affecting the critical loads, such as by providing low-quality (for example, caused by the grid fault) power to the critical loads. During the fault, the first DC/AC converter may power the non-critical loads and provides power to the power grid to provide fault ride through. For example, the first DC/AC converter may inject power to the power grid as requested by the power grid during the fault. The second DC/AC converter may power the critical loads. For example, the second DC/AC converter may transition from grid-following operation while operating as a battery-energy-storage system to grid-forming operation to operate as an uninterruptible power supply. After a determined amount of time (for example, a maximum expected duration of a transient fault, as compared to an extended outage), the DC/AC converters may again be switchably coupled in parallel to power the critical loads. In some examples, the determined amount of time may be sufficiently short such that the DC/AC converters are capable of powering the converters' respective loads despite the fact that the power ratings of the DC/AC converters may individually be less than the power ratings of the loads. If the grid fault remains after the predetermined amount of time (for example, because the grid fault is a non-transient fault, such as a blackout condition), the parallel-connected DC/AC converters may remain decoupled from the non-critical loads and the power grid while remaining coupled to the critical loads. Conversely, if the grid fault no longer exists after the predetermined amount of time (for example, because the grid fault is a transient fault, such as a voltage sag), the parallel-connected DC/AC converters may again be coupled to the non-critical loads in addition to the critical loads. Accordingly, example UPSs may provide similar functionality as known UPSs and/or BESSs in a smaller, less complex, and/or less expensive topology. FIG.1illustrates a block diagram of a power system100according to an example. The power system100includes at least one main power source102(“main power source102”), at least one uninterruptible power supply (UPS)104(“UPS104”), at least one load106(“loads106”), and at least one energy-storage device108(“energy-storage device108”). It is to be appreciated that components of the power system100may perform additional operations than known components having similar names as those of the power system100. For example, although the UPS104may perform operations of an uninterruptible power supply, the UPS104may also perform operations of other power devices, such as battery-energy-storage systems. The main power source102is coupled to the UPS104and to the loads106via a power connection110. The power connection110may be, for example, a power grid. The main power source102may include several power sources, such as generators, wind turbines, and so forth, configured to distribute power to one or more devices such as the UPS104and the loads106. The UPS104may be coupled to the power connection110at a main-power connection, the energy-storage device108at an energy-storage-device connection, and to the loads106at one or more output connections. The loads106may be coupled to the power connection110and to the UPS104at one or more respective load connections. The energy-storage device108may be coupled to the UPS104. The loads106may include at least one standard load112(“standard loads112”), at least one essential load114(“essential loads114”), and/or at least one critical load116(“critical loads116”). Standard loads may include loads that are powered down if the main power source102is no longer able to provide acceptable power (for example, power having parameters within certain ranges, such as by having an AC voltage within a desired range). A standard load may include, for example, a microwave oven. Essential loads may include loads for which fault ride through (FRT) is desired, but for which uninterrupted power is not required (for example, after main power fails but before a backup-power source, such as a generator, starts up). An essential load may include, for example, emergency lights in a commercial building. Critical loads may include loads for which uninterrupted power is desired. A critical load may include, for example, certain medical devices in a hospital. The main power source102may be configured to provide main power to the UPS104and to at least one of the loads106. In some examples, the main power source102may provide power directly to the standard loads112, the essential loads114, and the critical loads116. While the main power source102provides power to the standard loads112, the essential loads114, and the critical loads116, the UPS104may also draw power from the main power source102to charge the energy-storage device108. The UPS104may also draw power from the energy-storage device108and provide power to the power grid supplying the standard loads112, the essential loads114, and the critical loads116in conjunction with the main power source102, for example, by injecting power to the power grid. The UPS104may inject power to the loads106to increase a power factor of the loads106, for example. In the event of a grid fault, the UPS104may disconnect the main power source102from the critical loads116and begin providing uninterrupted power directly to the critical loads116. The UPS104may also provide power to the power grid, the essential loads114, and/or the standard loads112for at least a transient period of time to support FRT. In some examples, the power system100may include a switching device (for example, a slow switch) controllable by the UPS104and configured to disconnect the essential loads114from the main power source102and the standard load112while maintaining the essential loads114connected to the UPS104during the grid fault. If the fault lasts for more than a determined amount of time (for example, an expected duration of a transient grid fault, as distinguished from a longer term main-power outage), then the UPS104may stop providing power to the essential loads114and/or the standard loads112and only provide power to the critical loads116. In this manner, the UPS104provides FRT for the essential loads114and/or the standard loads112, and provides uninterrupted power to the critical loads116. FIG.2illustrates a block diagram of the power system100according to another example. The power system100includes the main power source102, the UPS104, the loads106, and the energy-storage device108. The UPS104includes a first power converter200, a second power converter202, a first switching device204, a second switching device206, at least one controller208(“controller208”), one or more voltage sensors and/or one or more current sensors210(“voltage and current sensors210”), a first power input and/or output connection212(“first output connection212”), a second power input and/or output connection214(“second output connection214”), at least one energy-storage-device connection216(“energy-storage-device connection216”), and a third switching device218. In some examples, the first power converter200and the second power converter202may each be implemented as a DC/AC power converter. In other examples, such as examples in which the main power source102is configured to provide DC power, the power converters200,202may be implemented as DC/DC power converters. The first power converter200is coupled to the energy-storage-device connection216at a first connection, and to the first switching device204and the second switching device206at a second connection. In examples in which the first power converter200is a DC/AC converter, the first power converter200may receive and/or provide DC power at the first connection, and may receive and/or provide AC power at the second connection. In various examples, the first power converter200may be communicatively coupled to the controller208. The second power converter202is coupled to the energy-storage-device connection216at a first connection, and to the first switching device204and the critical loads116(via the second output connection214) at a second connection. In examples in which the second power converter202is a DC/AC converter, the second power converter202may receive and/or provide DC power at the first connection, and may receive and/or provide AC power at the second connection. In various examples, the second power converter202may be communicatively coupled to the controller208. The first switching device204is coupled to the first power converter200and the second switching device206at a first connection, is coupled to the voltage and current sensors210at a second connection, and is configured to be coupled to the controller208at a control connection. In various examples, the first switching device204may be considered to be coupled between the first power converter200and the first output connection212. The second switching device206is coupled to the first power converter200and the first switching device204at a first connection, is coupled to the second power converter202and the critical loads116at a second connection, and is configured to be coupled to the controller208at a control connection. In various examples, the second switching device206may be considered to be coupled between the first power converter200and the second power converter202. The switching devices204,206may include one or more switches. In some examples, the second switching device206may be implemented as a switching device that is configured to switch relatively quickly, such as a solid-state fast switch (for example, an IGBT, MOSFET, and so forth) or hybrid fast switch, as compared to other switching devices, such as static switches. The first switching device204may be implemented as a similar switching device in some examples, or may be implemented as a slower switching device in other examples, such as a relay, SCR, thyristor, and so forth. The controller208is communicatively coupled to the first power converter200, the second power converter202, the first switching device204, the second switching device206, the voltage and current sensors210, and the third switching device218. In some examples, the controller208may be communicatively coupled to the energy-storage device108. In various examples, the controller208may send one or more control signals to the power converters200,202to control operation of the power converters200,202. The controller208may also send one or more control signals to the switching devices204,206,218to control a switching state of the switching devices204,206,218. A switching state may include, for example, closed and conducting or open and non-conducting. The controller208may receive voltage and/or current information from the voltage and current sensors210. In some examples, the controller208may be coupled to at leas one grid controller coupled to the main power source102and configured to, for example, request power injection from the UPS104. The voltage and current sensors210are coupled to the first switching device204at a first connection, and to the first output connection212at a second connection. The voltage and current sensors210may include multiple sensors. The voltage and current sensors210may be coupled to the controller208. The voltage and current sensors210may sense voltage and/or current information indicative of a voltage and/or current of the power connection110and provide the voltage and/or current information to the controller208. In some examples, the voltage and current sensors210may be implemented at additional or different locations in the UPS104, such as by being part of one or both of the converters200,202. In some examples, the voltage and current sensors210may be implemented in a different location in the power system100, which may be at least partially external to the UPS104. For example, a first set of one or more sensors may be implemented internal to the UPS104and a second set of one or more sensors may be implemented external to the UPS104. In another example, all of the voltage and current sensors210may be implemented external to the UPS104. The first output connection212is coupled to the voltage and current sensors210and to the essential load114and the third switching device218via the power connection110. In various examples, the first output connection212may receive power from, and provide power to, the power connection110. For example, the first output connection212may receive power from the main power source102and/or provide power to the loads106. Accordingly, no limitation is implied by examples in which the first output connection212is referred to as an output connection. The second output connection214is coupled to the second switching device206and the second DC/AC converter202and to the critical loads116. In various examples, the second output connection214may receive power from, and provide power to, the critical loads116. For example, the second output connection214may receive power from the critical loads116where, for example, the critical loads116include regenerative loads. Accordingly, no limitation is implied by examples in which the second output connection214is referred to as an output connection. The energy-storage-device connection216is coupled to the energy-storage devices108and to the power converters200,202. In various examples, the energy-storage-device connection216may receive power from, and provide power to, the energy-storage devices108. For example, the power converters200,202may provide power to the energy-storage devices108via the energy-storage-device connection216to recharge the energy-storage devices108with energy derived from the main power source102. In some examples, the power converters200,202may additionally or alternatively draw power from the energy-storage devices108via the energy-storage-device connection216to discharge power to one or more of the loads106. In various examples, the energy-storage-device connection216may include multiple energy-storage-device connections each coupled to one or more energy-storage devices. In some examples in which the energy-storage-device connection216includes multiple energy-storage-device connections, the first power converter200is coupled to one or more first energy-storage-device connections, and the second power converter202is coupled to one or more second energy-storage-device connections. In other examples, the energy-storage-device connection216includes a single energy-storage-device connection configured to be coupled to both of the power converters200,202. The third switching device218is coupled to the main power source102and the standard load112at a first connection, and to the essential load114and the first power connection212at a second connection. In some examples, the third switching device218is optional and may be omitted by being replaced with a short circuit. The third switching device218may disconnect the main power source102and the standard load112from the UPS104while enabling the essential load114to remain coupled to the UPS104via the first power connection212. In other examples, the third switching device218is omitted such that the main power source102and the standard load112are coupled to the first power connection212directly. The controller208may be coupled to the power converters200,202and the switching devices204,206,218(connections not illustrated for clarity). The controller208may control the UPS104to operate in one or more modes of operation based on, for example, power received from the main power source102. For example, the controller208may control operate of the converters200,202and/or the switching devices204,206,218based on the power received from the main power source102. As discussed in greater detail below, the controller208may select a mode of operation of the UPS104based at least in part on parameters of main power received from the main power source102, such as a voltage level of the main power. FIG.3illustrates a process300of operating the UPS104according to an example. At least a portion of the process300may be executed at least in part by the controller208. For purposes of example, an example of the process300is described in which grid power is initially determined to be normal, as discussed below. It is to be appreciated that, in other examples, the process300may begin at a different act and/or under different conditions. At act302, the controller208determines that main power is normal. Main power may refer to power on the power connection110, which may be provided by the main power source102. Main power may also be referred to as “grid power” in examples in which the power connection110is representative of a power-grid connection. The controller208may receive voltage and/or current information (or “power information”) from the voltage and current sensors210. The power information may be indicative of a state and/or parameters of the grid power. The controller208may determine a state or parameters of the grid power based on the power information., such as voltage parameters, frequency parameters, and so forth. For example, the controller208may determine that the grid power is normal based on a determination that a current and/or voltage of the grid power are within certain expected, normal ranges, as opposed to experiencing voltage spikes and sags, for example. At act304, the controller208controls the first switching device204and the second switching device206to be in a closed and conducting position. The controller208may close the switching devices204,206responsive to determining that the grid power is normal at act302.FIG.4illustrates a block diagram of the power system100in which the switching devices204,206are in a closed and conducting position. As illustrated byFIG.4, the power converters200,202are coupled in parallel via the second switching device206. Accordingly, in some examples, a power output of the parallel-connected power converters200,202may be approximately equal to a sum of the power outputs of the power converters200,202. In some examples, the power converters200,202each have a power rating that is half of a power rating of the loads106. However, while the power converters200,202are coupled in parallel, a combined power rating of the power converters200,202may be substantially equal to or greater than the power rating of the loads106. In some examples, the controller208may also control the third switching device218to be in a closed and conducting position at act304. At act306, the controller208controls the power converters200,202to operate in a normal mode of operation. In the normal mode of operation, the controller208may control the power converters200,202to draw main power from the main power source102via the power connection110and charge the energy-storage device108with the main power. For example, the controller208may control the power converters200,202to charge the energy-storage device108responsive to determining that a charge level of the energy-storage device108is below a threshold charge level. The controller208may be communicatively coupled to the energy-storage device108to receive charge information from the energy-storage device108. The charge information may be indicative of a charge level of the energy-storage device108. Controlling the power converters200,202may include controlling the power converters200,202to draw AC power from the power connection110, convert the AC power to DC power, and provide the DC power to the energy-storage device108. Also, in the normal mode of operation, the controller208may also control the power converters200,202to draw backup power from the energy-storage device108and provide power derived from the backup power to one or more of the loads106. For example, the controller208may provide power to the loads106to improve a power factor of power provided to the loads106. The controller208may receive power information from the voltage and/or current sensors210and determine, based on the power information, whether to provide power to the loads106. In some examples, the controller208may exchange information with a grid controller monitoring the power connection110and operate based on the received information. For example, the controller208may receive a request from the grid controller to provide power to the power connection110to provide frequency support, peak power shaving, and so forth. At act308, the controller208determines whether a grid disturbance is detected. A grid disturbance may be an example of a power fault, or “fault.” The controller208may determine whether a grid disturbance is present on the power connection110based on power information received from the voltage and current sensors210. The controller208may determine whether a grid disturbance is present by determining whether a voltage, current, or parameter derived therefrom (for example, power) meets one or more grid-disturbance criteria. Grid-disturbance criteria may include one or more ranges or thresholds of values. For example, a voltage sag, which may be a type of grid disturbance, may be detected responsive to determining that a voltage on the power connection110drops below a certain threshold voltage for more than a threshold amount of time (which may include, for example, zero seconds). Other grid disturbances, such as a current or power falling outside of or within certain ranges, may also be detectable by the controller208. If the controller208does not detect a grid disturbance (308NO), then the process300returns to act306. The controller208repeatedly controls the converters200,202in the normal mode of operation at act306and determines whether a grid disturbance is detected at act308until a grid disturbance is detected (308YES). For example, the controller208may repeatedly execute the acts periodically, aperiodically, continuously, and so forth. If a grid disturbance is detected (308YES), then the process300continues to act310. At act310, the controller208disconnects the first power converter200from the second output connection214and disconnects the second power converter202from the first output connection212. For example, the controller208may control the second switching device206to be in an open and non-conducting position. As discussed above, the second switching device206may be a fast-switching device, such as a solid-state breaker, such that the critical loads116may be quickly disconnected from the main power source102in the event of a grid disturbance. In this manner, the critical loads116may be isolated from low-quality power. FIG.5illustrates a block diagram of the power system100in which the first switching device204is in a closed and conducting position and the second switching device206is in an open and non-conducting position.FIG.5may therefore illustrate the power system100during a grid disturbance. As illustrated byFIG.5, the power converters200,202are not coupled in parallel when the second switching device206is opened. A connection between the power converters200,202via the second switching device206is illustrated in dashed lines to indicate that substantially no power passes through the second switching device206. In some examples, the controller208may control the third switching device218to be closed and conducting such that the main power source102and the standard loads112, in addition to the essential loads114, remain coupled to the first power connection212. In other examples, the controller208may control the third switching device218to be open and non-conducting such that only the essential loads114are coupled to the first power connection212. At act312, the controller208controls the power converters200,202to operate in a ride-through mode. The controller208may operate the power converters200,202in the ride-through mode during a grid disturbance up to a determined amount of time. For example, the determined amount of time may represent an expected duration of a transient disturbance, as distinguished from a non-transient fault, such as a power outage. During the ride-through mode, the controller208may control the first power converter200to provide power to the essential loads114and/or the standard loads112to provide FRT protection. In some examples, the controller208may control the first power converter200to provide power only to the essential loads114, and not the standard loads112, to provide FRT protection. For example, the controller208may control the third switching device218to open such that FRT is provided only to the essential loads114. As discussed above, the essential loads114may include loads for which FRT protection is desired, but for which uninterrupted power may not be required. Accordingly, the first power converter200may not provide power to the standard loads112during a grid disturbance in some examples. In one example, the controller208controls the first power converter200in a grid-following mode to provide FRT protection. The controller208may also control the second power converter202to provide uninterrupted power to the critical loads116during the grid disturbance. In one example, the controller208controls the second power converter202in a grid-forming mode to provide uninterrupted power to the critical loads116. The controller208may continue to control the power converters200,202to power their respective loads in the ride-through mode such that the loads106remain powered at least through a transient fault. At act314, the controller208determines, after a specified time period, whether the grid disturbance has ended. The specified time period may represent an expected duration of a transient grid disturbance, as distinguished from a non-transient fault, such as a power outage. For example, the specified time period may be 100 ms, 200 ms, 250 ms, or another time period. If the controller208determines, after the specified time period, that the grid disturbance has ended (314YES), then the process300returns to act302and resumes the normal mode of operation. For example, the controller208may determine that the grid disturbance has ended responsive to determining that the power information no longer satisfies the criteria of a grid disturbance, as discussed above at act308. If the controller208determines that the grid disturbance has not ended (314NO), then the process300continues to act316. At act316, the controller208disconnects the first power converter200from the first output connection212and connects the first power converter200to the second output connection214. For example, the controller208may control the first switching device204to be in an open and non-conducting position and the second switching device206to be in a closed and conducting position. In some examples, the controller208may introduce a delay between opening the first switching device204and closing the second switching device206to ensure that the first switching device204is open before the second switching device206is closed, thereby avoiding cross-conduction. As discussed above, in some examples the power converters200,202may each have a power rating that is less than a power rating of the loads106. Although the power converters200,202may be capable of providing adequate power to the loads106during the grid disturbance in the ride-through mode, the power converters200,202may not be configured to provide power to the loads106for significantly longer than the specified time period of act314at least in part because of the lower power rating of the power converters200,202. Accordingly, at act316, the first power converter200may be disconnected from the power connection110via the first switching device204and connected in parallel with the second power converter202to the critical load116. As discussed above, a combined power rating of the power converters200,202may be substantially equal to or greater than a power rating of the critical loads116. At act318, the controller208controls the power converters200,202in a backup mode of operation.FIG.6illustrates a block diagram of the power system100in the backup mode of operation. As illustrated inFIG.6, the controller208controls the power converters200,202to provide uninterrupted power to the critical loads116during the backup mode of operation. Conversely, the standard loads112and the essential loads114may not receive power. As discussed above, the standard loads112and the essential loads114may not receive uninterrupted power, although a user may re-classify an essential or standard load as a critical load to provide uninterrupted power to the re-classified load in some examples. Accordingly, the UPS104continues to provide uninterrupted power to the critical loads116while power is unavailable from the main power source102. In some examples, the controller208controls the third switching device218to be open and non-conducting in the backup mode of operation. In other examples, the controller208controls the third switching device218to be closed and conducting in the backup mode of operation. At act320, the controller208determines whether main power is restored. The controller208may receive power information from the voltage and current sensors210and determine, based on the power information, whether main power is restored. The controller208may determine that main power is restored responsive to determining that acceptable main power is available via the power connection110. The controller208may evaluate one or more parameters, such as voltage and current, to determine whether the main power is acceptable. For example, the controller208may determine whether the one or more parameters fall within one or more desired ranges. If the controller208determines that grid power is restored (320YES), then the process300returns to act302and again operates in the normal mode, reconnecting the converters200,202to the output connections212,214at act304. If the controller208determines that grid power is not restored (320NO), then the process300continues to act322. At act322, the controller208determines whether the energy-storage device108is discharged. The energy-storage device108may be considered discharged when a charge level of the energy-storage device108falls below a discharge level. As appreciated by one or ordinary skill in the art, an energy-storage device may be considered discharged even when some charge remains in the energy-storage device because a complete discharge may adversely affect a state of health of the energy-storage device. Accordingly, the controller208may determine that the energy-storage device108is discharged even when charge remains in the energy-storage device108. In some examples, the controller208is communicatively coupled to, and receives charge information from, the energy-storage device108. The controller208may determine whether the energy-storage device108is discharged based on the charge information. In some examples, the charge information includes a direct indication that the energy-storage device108is discharged. In another example, the charge information includes information that the controller208uses to determine whether the energy-storage device108is discharged, such as a current state of charge of the energy-storage device108which the controller208may compare to a discharge threshold. If the controller208determines that the energy-storage device108is not discharged (322NO), then the process300returns to act318, and acts318-322are repeatedly executed until main power is restored (320YES) or the energy-storage device108is discharged (322YES). If the energy-storage device108is discharged (322YES), then the process300continues to act324. At act324, the controller208controls the UPS104to stop discharging power to the critical loads116. The controller208may determine that, because main power and stored backup power are unavailable, the UPS104may no longer be capable of powering the critical loads116. Accordingly, the controller208may control the power converters200,202to discontinue providing output power to the critical loads116. The process300may then end. In various examples, the process300may begin again at act302when main power is again normal. It is to be appreciated that, although in some examples a UPS (for example, the UPS104) may include two DC/AC converters (for example, the power converters200,202), in other examples the UPS may include more than two DC/AC converters. In some examples, a power rating of each of n DC/AC converters may be sized to be about 1/n of a power rating of loads powered by the UPS. For example, a UPS may include three DC/AC inverters each having a power rating that is approximately one-third of a power rating of loads powered by the UPS. It is to be appreciated that different switching arrangements than those identified above are within the scope of the disclosure. The principles of the disclosure include any of various switching-device configurations of a UPS in which one or more switching devices disconnect critical loads (for example, critical loads116) from a power connection (for example, power connection110) in response to a grid disturbance while continuing to power one or more critical, essential, and/or standard loads (for example, during the grid disturbance). As discussed above, one or more switching devices may be coupled to the UPS but may not be included within the UPS. Similarly, in some examples, the controller208may be at least partially external to the UPS104. Various controllers, such as the controller208, may execute various operations discussed above. Using data stored in associated memory and/or storage, the controller208also executes one or more instructions stored on one or more non-transitory computer-readable media, which the controller208may include and/or be coupled to, that may result in manipulated data. In some examples, the controller208may include one or more processors or other types of controllers. In one example, the controller208is or includes at least one processor. In another example, the controller208performs at least a portion of the operations discussed above using an application-specific integrated circuit tailored to perform particular operations in addition to, or in lieu of, a general-purpose processor. As illustrated by these examples, examples in accordance with the present disclosure may perform the operations described herein using many specific combinations of hardware and software and the disclosure is not limited to any particular combination of hardware and software components. Examples of the disclosure may include a computer-program product configured to execute methods, processes, and/or operations discussed above. The computer-program product may be, or include, one or more controllers and/or processors configured to execute instructions to perform methods, processes, and/or operations discussed above. Having thus described several aspects of at least one embodiment, it is to be appreciated various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part of, and within the spirit and scope of, this disclosure. Accordingly, the foregoing description and drawings are by way of example only. | 42,481 |
11942819 | DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, an embodiment of a control device will be described with reference toFIGS.1to6. A control device100illustrated inFIG.1is an in-vehicle control device that adjusts a braking force of a vehicle. The control device100includes a braking device10and a controller40that controls the braking device10. The braking device10includes an electric motor11which is an example of an actuator, and a pump12which supplies a brake fluid in accordance with driving of the electric motor11. The control device100is provided with a battery21, a capacitor22, and a power source selection portion23. The battery21functions not only as a power supply source of the electric motor11of the braking device10, but also as a power supply source of an actuator of another in-vehicle device. The battery21can be charged by, for example, electricity generation of an in-vehicle electrical generator. The capacitor22can be charged by, for example, power supply from the battery21. In the present embodiment, capacitance of the capacitor22is smaller than capacitance of the battery21. The power source selection portion23selects one of the battery21and the capacitor22as the power supply source of the electric motor11, and operates to supply power from the selected power supply source to the electric motor11. For example, the power source selection portion23includes at least one switching element. According to the control device100of the present embodiment, the electric motor11is driven by the power supply from the power supply source, selected by the power source selection portion23, of the battery21and the capacitor22. Detection signals are input to the controller40from various sensors. Examples of the sensor include a first voltage sensor31, a second voltage sensor32, and a third voltage sensor33. The first voltage sensor31detects a battery voltage Vbt, which is a voltage of the battery21, and outputs a signal corresponding to a detection result as a detection signal. The second voltage sensor32detects a capacitor voltage Vc, which is a voltage of the capacitor22, and outputs a signal corresponding to a detection result as a detection signal. The third voltage sensor33detects an output voltage Vout, which is a voltage output from the power source selection portion23, and outputs a signal corresponding to a detection result as a detection signal. The controller40may have any one of the following configurations (a) to (c). (a) The controller40includes one or more processors that execute various types of processing in accordance with a computer program. The processor includes a CPU and memories such as RAM and ROM. The memory stores a program code or a command configured to cause the CPU to execute the processing. The memory, that is, a computer readable medium includes any available medium that can be accessed by a general-purpose or dedicated computer. (b) The controller40includes one or more dedicated hardware circuits that perform various types of processing. Examples of the dedicated hardware circuit include an integrated circuit for a specific application, that is, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or a field programmable gate array (FPGA). (c) The controller40includes a processor that executes a part of various types of processing according to a computer program, and a dedicated hardware circuit that executes the remaining processing of the various types of processing. The controller40includes a determination unit41and a control unit42as functional units. The determination unit41determines whether the battery21is normal. The control unit42executes driving processing of the power source selection portion23and driving processing of the electric motor11. In the present embodiment, a first mode and a second mode are prepared as control modes for driving the electric motor11. The first mode is a normal control mode. The second mode is a control mode in which a power consumption amount of the electric motor11is reduced as compared to when the electric motor11is driven in the first mode. The control unit42selects the first mode or the second mode based on a determination result of the determination unit41. In the driving processing of the electric motor11, the control unit42drives the electric motor11in the selected control mode. Next, with reference toFIG.2, a processing routine executed by the determination unit41will be described. The present processing routine is repeatedly executed every predetermined control cycle. In the present processing routine, in step S11, it is determined whether disconnection occurs in a power supply path from the battery21to the power source selection portion23. In a case where the battery21is selected by the power source selection portion23, when no disconnection occurs, the output voltage Vout is substantially the same as the battery voltage Vbt. On the other hand, when the disconnection occurs, the output voltage Vout deviates from the battery voltage Vbt. Therefore, for example, in the case where the battery21is selected by the power source selection portion23, when a difference between the output voltage Vout and the battery voltage Vbt is less than a difference determination value, it is considered that no disconnection occurs. On the other hand, when the difference is equal to or larger than the difference determination value, it is considered that the disconnection occurs. When the capacitor22is selected by the power source selection portion23, it is not possible to determine whether the disconnection has occurred in the power supply path, and therefore, it is considered that no disconnection occurs. If it is determined that the disconnection occurs (S11: YES), the processing proceeds to the next step S12. In step S12, ON is set to both an abnormality flag FLG1and a disconnection flag FLG2. The abnormality flag FLG1is a flag in which OFF is set when the battery21is normal and ON is set when the battery21is not normal. The disconnection flag FLG2is a flag in which ON is set when it is determined that the disconnection occurs in the power supply path from the battery21to the power source selection portion23, and OFF is set when it is determined that the disconnection does not occur. The case in which the disconnection occurs is an example of a case in which the battery21is not normal. Therefore, when the disconnection flag FLG2is set to ON, the abnormality flag FLG1is also set to ON. Thereafter, the present processing routine is temporarily ended. On the other hand, in step S11, if it is determined that the disconnection does not occur in the power supply path from the battery21to the power source selection portion23(NO), the processing proceeds to the next step S13. In step S13, it is determined whether the battery voltage Vbt is abnormally low. In the present embodiment, when the battery voltage Vbt is less than an abnormality determination voltage VbtTh1, it is considered that the battery voltage Vbt is abnormally low. On the other hand, when the battery voltage Vbt is equal to or higher than the abnormality determination voltage VbtTh1, the battery voltage Vbt is not regarded as abnormally low. In this case, a voltage sufficiently lower than a rated voltage of the battery21is set as the abnormality determination voltage VbtTh1. If it is determined that the battery voltage Vbt is abnormally low (S13: YES), the processing proceeds to the next step S14. In step S14, the abnormality flag FLG1is set to ON, and the disconnection flag FLG2is set to OFF. That is, when the battery voltage Vbt is abnormally low, the battery21can be determined to be not normal even when no disconnection occurs in the power supply path from the battery21to the power source selection portion23. Therefore, the abnormality flag FLG1is set to ON even though the disconnection flag FLG2is not set to ON. Thereafter, the present processing routine is temporarily ended. On the other hand, in step S13, if it is determined that the battery voltage Vbt is not abnormally low (NO), the processing proceeds to the next step S15. In step S15, it is determined whether the abnormality flag FLG1is set to ON. If the abnormality flag FLG1is set to OFF (S15: NO), the battery21can be determined to be normal, and thus the present processing routine is temporarily ended without changing the flags FLG1and FLG2. In this case, a state in which OFF is set for both of FLG1and FLG2is maintained. On the other hand, if the abnormality flag FLG1is set to ON (S15: YES), the processing proceeds to the next step S16. In step S16, it is determined whether the battery voltage Vbt has returned to normal. In the present embodiment, when the battery voltage Vbt is equal to or higher than a normal return voltage VbtTh2, it is considered that the battery voltage Vbt has returned to normal. On the other hand, when the battery voltage Vbt is less than the normal return voltage VbtTh2, it is considered that the battery voltage Vbt is not returned to normal. In this case, a voltage higher than the abnormality determination voltage VbtTh1is set as the normal return voltage VbtTh2. If it is determined that the battery voltage Vbt has not returned to normal (S16: NO), the processing proceeds to step S14described above. That is, a state in which it is determined that the battery21is not normal is maintained. On the other hand, if it is determined that the battery voltage Vbt has returned to normal (S16: YES), the processing proceeds to the next step S17. In step S17, both the abnormality flag FLG1and the disconnection flag FLG2are set to OFF. Then, the present processing routine is temporarily ended. Next, with reference toFIG.3, a processing routine, which is executed by the control unit42to determine a timing of switching the control mode and changing the power supply source of the electric motor11in a situation in which the first mode is selected, will be described. The present processing routine is repeatedly executed while the first mode is selected. In the present processing routine, in step S21, it is determined whether the abnormality flag FLG1is set to ON. If the abnormality flag FLG1is set to ON (S21: YES), the processing proceeds to the next step S22. In step S22, it is determined whether the disconnection flag FLG2is set to ON. If the disconnection flag FLG2is set to ON (S22: YES), the processing proceeds to the next step S23. In step S23, the second mode is selected as the control mode. That is, the control mode is switched from the first mode to the second mode. Subsequently, in the next step S24, the power supply source of the electric motor11to be selected by the power source selection portion23is changed from the battery21to the capacitor22. In the present embodiment, when a state in which the battery21is determined to be normal is transitioned to a state in which the battery21is determined to be not normal, the control mode is switched from the first mode to the second mode. After the control mode is switched, the power supply source of the electric motor11selected by the power source selection portion23is changed to the capacitor22. Thereafter, the present processing routine is temporarily ended. On the other hand, if the disconnection flag FLG2is set to OFF in step S22(NO), the processing proceeds to the next step S25. In step S25, it is determined whether the driving of the electric motor11is stopped. If the driving of the electric motor11is not stopped (S25: NO), the present processing routine is temporarily ended. On the other hand, if the driving of the electric motor11is stopped (S25: YES), the processing proceeds to step S23described above. That is, when no disconnection of the battery21occurs, and the electric motor11is driven even though the battery21is determined to be not normal, both a state in which the first mode is selected as the control mode and a state in which the battery21is selected as the power supply source of the electric motor11are maintained. In this case, after the driving of the electric motor11is stopped, the control mode is switched (S23), and the power supply source of the electric motor11is changed (S24) in sequence. On the other hand, in step21, if the abnormality flag FLG1is set to OFF (NO), the present processing routine is temporarily ended. That is, when the battery21is determined to be normal, both the state in which the first mode is selected as the control mode and the state in which the battery21is selected as the power supply source of the electric motor11are maintained. Next, with reference toFIG.4, a processing routine, which is executed by the control unit42to determine a timing of switching the control mode and changing the power supply source of the electric motor11in a situation in which the second mode is selected, will be described. The present processing routine is repeatedly executed while the second mode is selected. In the present processing routine, in step S31, it is determined whether the abnormality flag FLG1is set to OFF. If the abnormality flag FLG1is set to OFF (S31: YES), the processing proceeds to the next step S32. In step S32, it is determined whether the capacitor voltage Vc is less than a switching determination capacitor voltage VcTh1. When the capacitor voltage Vc is less than the switching determination capacitor voltage VcTh1, it is considered that the capacitor voltage Vc is sufficiently low. On the other hand, when the capacitor voltage Vc is equal to or higher than the switching determination capacitor voltage VcTh1, it is considered that electric charges are still accumulated in the capacitor22. For example, by setting a value close to “0” as the switching determination capacitor voltage VcTh1, it is possible to determine whether the capacitor voltage Vc is substantially “0”. If the capacitor voltage Vc is less than the switching determination capacitor voltage VcTh1(S32: YES), the processing proceeds to the next step S33. In step S33, the power supply source of the electric motor11to be selected by the power source selection portion23is changed from the capacitor22to the battery21. Subsequently, in the next step S34, the first mode is selected as the control mode. In the present embodiment, when a state in which the battery21is determined to be not normal is transitioned to a state in which the battery21is determined to be normal, the power supply source of the electric motor11selected by the power source selection portion23is changed to the battery21. After the power supply source of the electric motor11is changed, the control mode is switched from the second mode to the first mode. Thereafter, the present processing routine is temporarily ended. On the other hand, in step S32, if the capacitor voltage Vc is equal to or higher than the switching determination capacitor voltage VcTh1(NO), the processing proceeds to the next step S35. In step S35, it is determined whether the driving of the electric motor11is stopped. If the driving of the electric motor11is not stopped (S35: NO), the present processing routine is temporarily ended. On the other hand, if the driving of the electric motor11is stopped (S35: YES), the processing proceeds to step S33described above. That is, when the capacitor voltage Vc is equal to or higher than the switching determination capacitor voltage VcTh1, even though the battery21is determined to be normal, during the driving of the electric motor11, both the state in which the second mode is selected as the control mode and the state in which the capacitor22is selected as the power supply source of the electric motor11are maintained. After the driving of the electric motor11is stopped, the power supply source of the electric motor11is changed (S33) and the control mode is switched (S34) in sequence. On the other hand, in step31, if the abnormality flag FLG1is set to ON (NO), the present processing routine is temporarily ended. That is, when the battery21is determined to be not normal, both the state in which the second mode is selected as the control mode and the state in which the capacitor22is selected as the power supply source of the electric motor11are maintained. Functions and effects of the present embodiment will be described. First, with reference toFIG.5, a case will be described in which the battery21is transitioned from the state of being determined to be normal to the state of being determined to be not normal. As illustrated in (a), (b), (c) and (d) ofFIG.5, when the electric motor11is driven in the first mode from a timing t11, since the battery21is selected as the power supply source of the electric motor11, the battery voltage Vbt starts to decrease. In an example illustrated in FIG.5, from a timing t12, the battery voltage Vbt is less than the abnormality determination voltage VbtTh1, and the abnormality flag FLG1is set to ON. That is, the state in which the battery21is determined to be normal is transitioned to the state in which the battery21is determined to be not normal. However, the electric motor11is driven until a timing t13. Therefore, even though the battery21is determined to be not normal, the driving of the electric motor11in the first mode is continued, and the state in which the battery21is selected as the power supply source of the electric motor11is continued. When the driving of the electric motor11is stopped at the timing t13, the control mode of the electric motor11is switched from the first mode to the second mode at a subsequent timing t14. In this way, at a timing t15after the second mode is selected as the control mode, the power supply source of the electric motor11selected by the power source selection portion23is changed from the battery21to the capacitor22. Then, when the driving of the electric motor11is instructed at a subsequent timing t16, the electric motor11is driven in the second mode by power supply from the capacitor22. Here, the first mode is a mode in which the power consumption amount of the electric motor11is larger as compared to when the electric motor11is driven in the second mode. Therefore, when the electric motor11is driven in the first mode in a situation in which the capacitor22is selected by the power source selection portion23, the power consumption amount of the electric motor11is large, and thus the capacitor voltage Vc rapidly decreases. In contrast, in the present embodiment, after the second mode is selected in which the power consumption amount of the electric motor11is reduced, the capacitor22is selected as the power supply source of the electric motor11. Accordingly, when the electric motor11is driven in the first mode in which the power consumption amount of the electric motor11is large, the power supply from the capacitor22to the electric motor11can be prevented. Therefore, the capacitor voltage Vc can be prevented from suddenly decreasing. Incidentally, since the disconnection of the battery21occurs, the battery21may be determined to be not normal. When the disconnection occurs in the battery21, the battery21cannot supply power to the electric motor11. Therefore, when it is determined that the disconnection occurs in the battery21, during the driving of the electric motor11, the control mode is switched from the first mode to the second mode. The power supply source of the electric motor11is changed from the battery21to the capacitor22. Accordingly, even though the battery21cannot supply power to the electric motor11due to the occurrence of the disconnection, the driving of the electric motor11can be continued. Furthermore, in this case, the electric motor11is driven in the second mode. Therefore, as compared to the case in which the driving of the electric motor11in the first mode is continued, the time during which the electric motor11is driven can be lengthened. Next, with reference toFIG.6, a function and an effect in a case will be described in which the battery21is transitioned from the state of being determined to be not normal to the state of being determined to be normal. In an example illustrated inFIG.6, while the capacitor22is selected as the power supply source of the electric motor11, the battery21is charged by electricity generation of the electrical generator of the vehicle and the like. As illustrated in (a), (b), (c) and (d) ofFIG.6, the driving of the electric motor11is started at a timing t21when the battery voltage Vbt rises due to charging. In this case, since the battery21is determined to be not normal, the electric motor11is driven in the second mode by the power supply from the capacitor22. Then, the capacitor voltage Vc gradually decreases. At a timing t22during the driving of the electric motor11in the second mode, the battery voltage Vbt is equal to or higher than the normal return voltage VbtTh2, and it is determined that the battery voltage Vbt has returned to normal. That is, the state in which the battery21is determined to be not normal is transitioned to the state in which the battery21is determined to be normal. However, the electric motor11is driven until a timing t23. Therefore, even though the battery21is determined to be normal, the state in which the capacitor22is selected as the power supply source of the electric motor11is continued, and the driving of the electric motor11in the second mode is continued. When the driving of the electric motor11is stopped at the timing t23, the power supply source of the electric motor11is changed from the capacitor22to the battery21at a subsequent timing t24. In this way, at a timing t25after the battery21is selected as the power supply source, the control mode of the electric motor11is switched from the second mode to the first mode. Then, when the driving of the electric motor11is instructed thereafter, the electric motor11is driven in the first mode by the power supply from the battery21. In the present embodiment, after the battery21is selected as the power supply source of the electric motor11, the first mode in which the power consumption amount of the electric motor11is large is selected. Accordingly, when the electric motor11is driven in the first mode, the power supply from the capacitor22to the electric motor11can be prevented. Therefore, the capacitor voltage Vc can be prevented from suddenly decreasing. Incidentally, when the electric motor11is driven in the second mode, the capacitor voltage Vc may be less than the switching determination capacitor voltage VcTh1. In this case, the capacitor voltage Vc is extremely low, and a power supply amount from the capacitor22to the electric motor11may not be sufficiently secured during the driving of the electric motor11in the second mode. Therefore, in the present embodiment, when the capacitor voltage Vc is less than the switching determination capacitor voltage VcTh1in a situation in which the electric motor11is driven in the second mode, during the driving of the electric motor11, the power supply source of the electric motor11is changed from the capacitor22to the battery21. Accordingly, the power supply amount to the electric motor11can be prevented from being unable to be secured during the driving of the electric motor11, and thus the driving of the electric motor11can be prevented from being interrupted. The above embodiment can be modified and implemented as follows. The above embodiment and the following modification can be implemented in combination with each other as long as the embodiment and the modification are technically not in conflict with each other.In a situation in which the battery21is determined to be normal, when the battery voltage Vbt is lower than the capacitor voltage Vc, the battery21may be determined to be not normal. When a value obtained by subtracting the battery voltage Vbt from the capacitor voltage Vc is equal to or larger than a determination value, the battery21may be determined to be not normal.The determination as to whether the battery voltage Vbt has returned to normal may be changed as follows. For example, when the battery voltage Vbt is higher than the capacitor voltage Vc, it may be determined that the battery voltage Vbt has returned to normal. When a value obtained by subtracting the capacitor voltage Vc from the battery voltage Vbt is equal to or larger than a return determination value, it may be determined that the battery voltage Vbt has returned to normal.In the above embodiment, in a case where the battery21is transitioned from the state of being determined to be not normal to the state of being determined to be normal, when the capacitor voltage Vc is less than the switching determination capacitor voltage VcTh1, even during the driving of the electric motor11, the power supply source of the electric motor11is changed to the battery21, and then the control mode is switched to the first mode. However, the disclosure is not limited thereto. For example, during the driving of the electric motor11, the power supply source of the electric motor11is changed to the battery21, whereas the state of selecting the second mode as the control mode may be maintained. In this case, it is preferable that the control mode is switched to the first mode after the driving of the electric motor11is stopped.In a case where the battery21is transitioned from the state of being determined to be not normal to the state of being determined to be normal, even though the capacitor voltage Vc is equal to or higher than the switching determination capacitor voltage VcTh1, during the driving of the electric motor11, the power supply source of the electric motor11may be changed from the capacitor22to the battery21. Furthermore, during the driving of the electric motor11, the control mode may be switched from the second mode to the first mode after the power supply source of the electric motor11is changed to the battery21. On the contrary, the state in which the second mode is selected as the control mode may be continued until the driving of the electric motor11is stopped. In this case, it is preferable that the control mode is switched from the second mode to the first mode after the driving of the electric motor11is stopped.In a case where the battery21is transitioned from the state of being determined to be normal to the state of being determined to be not normal, the control mode may be switched to the second mode during the driving of the electric motor11even when no disconnection occurs in the battery21. Furthermore, during the driving of the electric motor11, the power supply source of the electric motor11may be changed to the capacitor22. On the contrary, the state in which the battery21is selected as the power supply source of the electric motor11may be continued until the driving of the electric motor11is stopped. In this case, it is preferable to change the power supply source of the electric motor11from the battery21to the capacitor22after the driving of the electric motor11is stopped.In a case where the battery21is determined to be not normal due to the determination that the disconnection occurs in the battery21, the power supply source of the electric motor11may be changed to the capacitor22before the control mode is switched. In this case, it is preferable that the control mode is immediately switched to the second mode after the power supply source is changed to the capacitor22.As the capacitor22, a capacitor having a capacity equal to that of the battery21may be used, or a capacitor having a capacity larger than the battery21may be used.The actuator driven by the power supply from one of the battery21and the capacitor22may be an in-vehicle actuator other than the electric motor11of the braking device10. For example, the actuator may be an electromagnetic valve of the braking device10or an actuator of an in-vehicle steering device. The actuator may be a driving motor for a power window.The control device may not be an in-vehicle device. Next, technical ideas that can be understood from the above embodiment and modification will be described. (A) A controller applied to the above control device including: the determination unit and the control unit. | 28,168 |
11942820 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Special Definitions Wherever used throughout the disclosure and claims, the term ‘generally’ has the meaning of ‘approximately’ or ‘closely’ or ‘within the vicinity or range of’. The term ‘generally’ as used herein is not intended as a vague or imprecise expansion on the term it is selected to modify, but rather as a clarification and potential stop gap directed at those who wish to otherwise practice the appended claims, but seek to avoid them by insignificant, or immaterial or small variations. All such insignificant, or immaterial or small variations are intended to be covered as part of the appended claims by use of the term ‘generally’. Turning now to the drawings, electrical generating improvements will be described by reference to the numerals of the drawing figures wherein like numbers indicate like parts. InFIG.1, prior art generator10has stator1, field coil2, rotor3, and current input output4. These components interact in well-known fashion to generate a current. InFIG.2, motor-generator100has current input output104, stator101, field coils102, rotors103, permanent magnets105, and shaft center120. This figure schematically illustrates how center of magnet105on rotor103(which is coaxial with stator101via center shaft120—though exploded in the drawing) passes directly over center of field coil102. InFIG.3, stator101has current input output104, field coils102which in turn have coil air cores100. Shaft center120is illustrated for purposes of aligning this figure with other drawings as to location of the common shaft of the motor-generator. This figure schematically illustrates how field coils102are disposed and wired on stator101. InFIG.4, stator101has current input output104, field coils102, capacitors110and rotary switch130(for example a commutator). This figure schematically illustrates the wiring for field coils102and the rotary switch110and the capacitors130. InFIG.4an example wiring schematic is shown (coils are still as shown inFIG.2, but only schematically illustrated here). A commutator coaxial with the axle of the rotors is employed to pulse input voltage to the stator coils. A DC input is applied to the coils during contact of the commutator brushes with the commutator contacts. This input comes desirably from voltage generated by a generator or second motor-generator (running solely in generator mode) that is shaft-linked or on the same shaft at the motor-generator with the commutator. The stator coil pulse voltage can also be applied from an external source. FIG.5is a schematic illustration of repulsion motion that happens between an energized (polarized) field coil and a permanent magnet on the rotor. During voltage input to a coil it becomes a polar magnet and interacts with the magnet pair disposed on either side of it in well-known repulsor-attractor fashion (FIG.5A). That is, the N pole of the coil repels an N pole of a nearby magnet, or attracts an S pole, while the S pole of the coil attracts an N pole of the nearest magnet on that side, or repels an S pole. In this way a pulsed, brief application of voltage to the coils causes the rotors to turn.FIG.5Bschematically illustrates the un-energized coil (Step1, below) aligned with the rotor magnet and it's N pole at what we are calling the 12:00 position. When a rotor N pole has proceeded to ‘just past’ center alignment (toward 12:30 position in Step2,FIG.5C) the respective coil is energized, creating an opposing N pole. This repels the magnet (above) which causes the rotor to spin (Step3, toward 1:30 and beyond.FIG.5D). InFIG.6, the On-Off cycles of the field coils102on stator101are illustrated. Continuing from the example above, when the next rotor magnet pole (which is now an S pole facing the coil) is about to reach the coil, the illustrative cycle starts. When the example rotor pole is approaching center alignment (toward 11:30 position, or the upper radial line of the Off zone202ofFIG.6) the coil is turned off. The example rotor S pole is over the coil air core106of what would be (if it were energized) the N pole of the first of two coils in Off zone202, and continues across air core106of the next coil102(which f it were energized would be a S pole) to the lower radial line of Off zone202. During this transit time through Off zone202, the motor-generator is in generator mode because no power is flowing into the cells. Instead the magnetic force of the magnet passing by the coils is generating current in the coils. As the example S pole leaves Off zone202, crossing immediately into On zone201, the coils are once again energized, power is being applied to the coils and the unit is now acting as a motor, and not as a generator. The process schematically illustrated inFIG.5is repeated. The example S pole of the rotor magnet is repulsed by the energized S pole of coil102at the beginning of On zone201, and as the example S pole of the magnet crosses about midway of On zone201, it is attracted by the energized N pole of coil102at the end of On zone201, thus continuing the rotational force on the rotor until the example S pole leaves On zone201, crossing into new Off zone202(not illustrated), as the pattern repeats. FIG.7schematically illustrates rotary switch130(commutator in the figure, for ease of discussion, though persons skilled in the art will appreciate how other rotary switches are those also covered). Switch130has alternating electrical contacts131and insulated spaces132, corresponding respectively to On zones201and Off zones202. The rotary switch permits only a brief input of electricity to coils102(seeFIG.6) and when the brushes (in the commutator example) move off contact131, the electrical input to the coils is cut off. By this time however, the magnets of the rotors have moved to new positions relative to when and where they were when the current was applied to the coils. At this later time in the rotation of the magnets on their respective rotors, they are now passing over respective coils and generating current in the coils for a considerable are, the are defined in large part by the are covered by insulator132. See also timing schematic illustrated inFIG.6. The commutator has relatively small contacts131compared to insulated spaces132, so that it spends more time in an Off position202than in an On position201. Thus the On-Off arcs201and202respectively inFIG.6correspond to the shape and spacing of the commutator contacts and the relative arcs shown inFIG.7. It is believed that one possible factor for suitable On-Off ratios has to do with the relative diameter of the air core (space inside the stator field coil windings) and the size of the magnet on the rotor. Desirably, the magnet has a diameter generally equal to the diameter of the air core, though larger or smaller magnets can be made to serve. So for example, the center of a magnet crossing into a core space of a particular coil is set as ‘Off’ for the coils, and only goes ‘On’ again as the center of the magnet leaves the core space of the next coil in the path of rotation. Thus the magnet crosses two successive core spaces during Off, and only the trailing portion and leading portion of two coil windings (no core spaces) during On. See illustrative arcs for Off and On inFIG.6. Alternatively, instead of using the center of the magnet as the defining switch point, it can be the leading edge of the magnet. In other words, at least in some examples, how these arcs are set and what the most effective ratios are depend on diameter of coil air space, diameter of magnet, width of coil windings and the spacing between the coils; the parameters of the commutator (or other shaft position sensing means) are advantageously set in accordance with these ratios and size considerations. It should be noted that field coils and magnets have centers that become generally congruent at points during rotation of rotors; that is, the center of each magnet passes across the center of each coil, generally. Magnets are polar and have an axis between the poles that is also generally parallel to the axis of the motor shaft. An example device is designed with an 8 pole setup. For any particular facing view of the poles of a rotor or a stator that would be 4 N and 4 S poles on the stator and on each rotor. This means that the coils are desirably cycled on and off 4 times per full rotor rotation of a rotor. During all transitions of a rotor pole over center of a coil pole (‘center’ here referring roughly to any magnet center to coil center position from 11:30 to 12:30—seeFIG.5), and across the windings on the other side of the coil pole and then across the nearside windings of the next coil (seeFIG.6, “Off” position), the coils are Off and the magnet motion produces current in the respective coils. Thus for a majority of rotation of the rotors the coils are turned off and are acting as generator coils. In this example device, for approximately 40% of rotation time power flows into the coils, with the other approximately ($60% of rotation time spent generating power from the coils. The generated current passes in parallel into the series of motor run capacitors. The example device has the following pertinent specifications: For the stator coils, copper wire, 17 AWG SAPTZ 152 turns are used. Coil diameter is roughly 75 mm, total coil wire length is roughly 100 m, total wire resistance is 1.69 ohms and each coil weighs approximately 0.94 Kg. The coils are RoHS compliant and have a dielectric rating of HIPOT at 1000 VAC. The magnets and the coil air core space are both approximately 38 mm. The magnets are Neodymium N52 Class with a strength of 48.5 Kg pull force. Rotor diameter is 31-32 cm, stator diameter is 36-37 cm. The distance from center to center of coils/magnets is roughly 12 cm, with a radius line from shaft center to center of coils/magnets being roughly 14.6 cm. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The disclosed motor-generator and its improved electrical generation provide significantly great efficiency in power generation than conventional models. Units can be built in compact form and operated in locations not usually associated with large scale power generation. In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural features. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific features shown, since the means and construction shown comprise preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the legitimate and valid scope of the appended claims, appropriately interpreted in accordion with the doctrine of equivalents. | 10,748 |
11942821 | In the drawings,1is injection molding assembly,2is stator iron core,3is front framework,4is rear framework,5is stator winding,6is front lining ring,7is rear lining ring,8is mounting bracket,9is processed stator groove,10is processed stator assembly,11is first steel sleeve,12is first thin plate,13is second thin plate,14is retainer ring groove,15is second steel sleeve,16is third thin plate,17is fourth thin plate,18is fifth thin plate,19is plastic or insulating paper,20is new framework,21is extension portion,22is tooth portion of the stator iron core,23is inner groove,24is lining ring in the embodiment 4, and25is injection molding stator assembly in the embodiment 4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS The technical solutions in embodiments of the disclosure are described clearly and completely below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the disclosure. Obviously, the described embodiments are merely a part of embodiments of the disclosure and not all the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all of other embodiments obtained by a person of ordinary skill in the art without any creative effort shall belong to the protection scope of the present invention. Embodiment 1 An injection molding stepping motor provided by the present invention includes an injection molding stator assembly1and a rotor assembly, wherein the injection molding stator assembly1includes a stator iron core2, a front framework3, a rear framework4, a stator winding5, a front lining ring6, a rear lining ring7and a mounting bracket8, the stator winding5is wound in a groove of the stator iron core into which the front framework and the rear framework are inserted, the front lining ring6and the rear lining ring7are mounted on two sides of the stator iron core2, the stator iron core2is fixed on the mounting bracket8, and the front lining ring6and the rear lining ring7each adopts a structure which is formed by punching and laminating thin plates with different inner diameters, as shown inFIG.4toFIG.6. The thin plates include a first thin plate12and a second thin plate13which have different inner diameters, and the first thin plate12and the second thin plate13are laminated for placing a retainer ring groove14for preventing a rotor from being removed. In order to avoid the magnetic flux leakage of the motor and improve the strength of the motor, the thin plate materials for punching the front lining ring and the rear lining ring of the motor are stainless steel. Embodiment 2 As shown inFIG.7toFIG.8, the designed front and rear lining rings are also formed by punching and laminating thin plates, wherein the thin plates include a third thin plate16, a fourth thin plate17and a fifth thin plate18, the third thin plate16and the fifth thin plate18have the same inner diameter, the inner diameter of the fourth thin plate17is greater than that of the third thin plate16, the fifth thin plate18is arranged on a side closest to the stator iron core2, the third thin plate16is adjacently connected to the fifth thin plate18, and the fourth thin plate17is embedded in the third thin plate16. Preferably, the fifth thin plate18is a thin plate made of a non-magnetic-conductive material, and the third thin plate and16and the fourth thin plate17adopt iron plates. The laminating thickness of the fifth thin plate18is 1-2 mm. When a second steel sleeve15is mounted, the end of the non-magnetic-conductive material18is mounted on an inner side of the stator to be in contact with the stator iron core of the motor. The mounting position of the lining ring is shown inFIG.9. Embodiment 3 The front and rear lining rings adopt the lining ring in the embodiment 1 or the embodiment 2, but high-temperature resistant plastic or insulating paper19is added to one side of the injection molding stator assembly close to the stator iron core, as shown in theFIG.10, the thickness is 0.5-2 mm. Embodiment 4 FIG.11designs a new frame20, the framework is provided with an extension portion21in a radial direction, and the extension portion21covers a tooth portion of the stator. The assembling diagram of the stator iron core (the winding is not shown) and the framework is shown inFIG.12, the radial extension portion of the framework covers the tooth portion22of the stator iron core of the motor. The assembling diagram of the assembling diagram of the stator iron core (the winding is not shown), the framework and the steel sleeve are shown inFIG.13, the lining ring24in the embodiment 1 or the embodiment 2 is adopted, as shown inFIG.13, the groove23is present, and the injection molding stator25is shown inFIG.14. The above merely describes specific embodiments of the present invention, but the protection scope of the disclosure is not limited thereto. Any person skilled in the art may easily conceive equivalent modifications or substitutions within the technical scope of the disclosure, and these modifications or substitutions shall fall within the protection scope of the disclosure. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention should be determined with reference to the appended claims. | 5,165 |
11942822 | The present disclosure is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, and some representative embodiments are shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail herein. It should be understood, however, that the novel aspects of this disclosure are not limited to the particular forms illustrated in the above-enumerated drawings. Rather, the disclosure is to cover all modifications, equivalents, combinations, subcombinations, permutations, groupings, and alternatives falling within the scope of this disclosure as encompassed, for example, by the appended claims. DETAILED DESCRIPTION This disclosure is susceptible of embodiment in many different forms. Representative embodiments of the disclosure are shown in the drawings and will herein be described in detail with the understanding that these embodiments are provided as an exemplification of the disclosed principles, not limitations of the broad aspects of the disclosure. To that extent, elements and limitations that are described, for example, in the Abstract, Introduction, Summary, and Detailed Description sections, but not explicitly set forth in the claims, should not be incorporated into the claims, singly or collectively, by implication, inference or otherwise. For purposes of the present detailed description, unless specifically disclaimed: the singular includes the plural and vice versa; the words “and” and “or” shall be both conjunctive and disjunctive; the words “any” and “all” shall both mean “any and all”; and the words “including,” “containing,” “comprising,” “having,” and the like, shall each mean “including without limitation.” Moreover, words of approximation, such as “about,” “almost,” “substantially,” “generally,” “approximately,” and the like, may each be used herein in the sense of “at, near, or nearly at,” or “within 0-5% of,” or “within acceptable manufacturing tolerances,” or any logical combination thereof, for example. Lastly, directional adjectives and adverbs, such as fore, aft, inboard, outboard, starboard, port, vertical, horizontal, upward, downward, front, back, left, right, etc., may be with respect to a motor vehicle, such as a forward driving direction of a motor vehicle when the vehicle is operatively oriented on a horizontal driving surface. Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numbers refer to like features throughout the several views, there is shown inFIG.1a schematic illustration of a representative automobile, which is designated generally at10and portrayed herein for purposes of discussion as a passenger vehicle with a parallel two-clutch (P2) hybrid-electric powertrain. The illustrated automobile10—also referred to herein as “motor vehicle” or “vehicle” for short—is merely an exemplary application with which novel aspects of this disclosure may be practiced. In the same vein, implementation of the present concepts into a hybrid electric powertrain should also be appreciated as a representative implementation of the novel concepts disclosed herein. As such, it will be understood that facets of this disclosure may be applied to other powertrain architectures, may be incorporated into any logically relevant type of motor vehicle, and may be utilized for both automotive and non-automotive applications alike. Lastly, only select components of the motor vehicles and electric machines have been shown and will be described in additional detail herein. Nevertheless, the vehicles and devices discussed below may include numerous additional and alternative features, and other available peripheral components and hardware, for carrying out the various methods and functions of this disclosure. The representative vehicle powertrain system is shown inFIG.1with a prime mover—represented herein by a restartable internal combustion engine (ICE) assembly12and an electric motor/generator unit (MGU)14—that drivingly connects to a driveshaft15of a final drive system11by a multi-speed automatic power transmission16. The engine12transfers power, typically by way of torque via an engine crankshaft13, to an input side of the transmission16. Engine torque is first transmitted via the crankshaft13, acting as the engine's torque output member, to rotate an engine-driven torsional damper assembly26, and concurrently transferred through the torsional damper assembly26to an engine disconnect device28. This engine disconnect device28, when operatively engaged, transmits torque received from the ICE assembly12, by way of the damper26, to input structure of the torque converter (TC) assembly18. As the name implies, the engine disconnect device28may be selectively disengaged to drivingly disconnect the ICE12from the motor14, TC assembly18, and transmission16. To propel the hybrid vehicle10ofFIG.1, the transmission16is adapted to receive, selectively manipulate, and distribute tractive power output from the engine12and motor14to the vehicle's final drive system11. The final drive system11is represented herein by a driveshaft15, a rear differential22, and a pair of rear drive wheels20. The power transmission16and torque converter18ofFIG.1may share a common transmission oil pan or “sump”32for supply of hydraulic fluid. A shared transmission pump34provides sufficient hydraulic pressure for the fluid to selectively actuate hydraulically activated elements of the transmission16, the TC assembly18and, for some implementations, the engine disconnect device28. The ICE assembly12operates to propel the vehicle10independently of the electric traction motor14, e.g., in an “engine-only” operating mode, or in cooperation with the motor14, e.g., in “vehicle-launch” or “motor-boost” operating modes. In the example depicted inFIG.1, the ICE assembly12may be any available or hereafter developed engine, such as a compression-ignited diesel engine or a spark-ignited gasoline or flex-fuel engine, which is readily adapted to provide its available power output typically at a number of revolutions per minute (RPM). Although not explicitly portrayed inFIG.1, it should be appreciated that the final drive system11may take on any available configuration, including front wheel drive (FWD) layouts, rear wheel drive (RWD) layouts, four-wheel drive (4WD) layouts, all-wheel drive (AWD) layouts, six-by-four (6×4) layouts, etc. FIG.1also depicts an electric motor/generator unit (“motor”)14that operatively connects via a rotor shaft, motor support hub, or belt (collectively motor output member29) to the hydrodynamic torque converter18. The torque converter18, in turn, drivingly connects the motor14to an input shaft17of the transmission16. The electric motor/generator unit14is composed of an annular stator assembly21circumscribing and concentric with a cylindrical rotor assembly23. The rotor assembly23is rotatably attached to a motor housing33of the electric motor14, which is mounted to a vehicle body31of the motor vehicle10. As shown inFIG.1, the stator assembly21is coaxial with and separated by an airgap from the rotor assembly23within the motor housing33(also referred to herein as “housing”). Electric power is provided to the stator21through a high-voltage electrical system, including electrical conductors/cables27that pass through the motor housing via suitable sealing and insulating feedthroughs (not illustrated). Conversely, electric power may be provided from the MGU14to an onboard traction battery pack30, e.g., through regenerative braking. Operation of any of the illustrated powertrain components may be governed by an onboard or remote vehicle controller or network of controllers and devices, which is represented inFIG.1by a programmable electronic control unit (ECU)25. Power transmission16may use differential gearing24to achieve selectively variable torque and speed ratios between transmission input and output shafts17and19, respectively. One form of differential gearing is the epicyclic planetary gear arrangement, which offers the advantage of compactness and different torque and speed ratios among members of the planetary gearing. Traditionally, hydraulically actuated torque establishing devices, such as clutches and brakes, are selectively engageable to activate the aforementioned gear elements for establishing desired forward and reverse speed ratios between the transmission's input and output shafts17,19. While envisioned as a 6-speed or 8-speed automatic transmission, the power transmission16may optionally take on other functionally appropriate configurations, including Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) architectures, automated-manual transmissions, etc. Hydrodynamic torque converter assembly18ofFIG.1operates as a fluid coupling for operatively connecting the engine12and motor14with the internal epicyclic gearing24of the power transmission16. Disposed within an internal fluid chamber of the torque converter assembly18is a bladed impeller36facing a bladed turbine38. The impeller36is juxtaposed in serial power-flow fluid communication with the turbine38, with a TC stator (not shown) interposed between the impeller36and turbine38to selectively alter fluid flow therebetween. The transfer of torque from the engine and motor output members13,29to the transmission16via the TC assembly18may be through stirring excitation of hydraulic fluid, such as transmission oil, inside the TC's internal fluid chamber caused by rotation of the impeller and turbine36,38blades. To protect these components, the torque converter assembly18is constructed with a TC pump housing, defined principally by a transmission-side pump shell40fixedly attached to an engine-side pump cover42such that a working hydraulic fluid chamber is formed therebetween. FIG.2illustrates an example of an electric machine114that employs magnetic material for exchanging electromagnetic forces with electrically conductive windings to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, and vice versa. The electric machine114has a multiphase, hairpin-wound stator assembly116that nests therein and circumscribes a PM-bearing synchronous reluctance rotor assembly118. While available for use in automotive and non-automotive applications alike, the electric machine114ofFIG.2may be particularly suited for use in a hybrid-electric powertrain as a traction motor (e.g., motor14FIG.1) with an engine (e.g., ICE assembly12), and to operate in at least an engine-cranking mode, a regenerative-charging mode, and a torque-assist mode. Electric machine114may be designed to achieve: a relatively high efficiency, such as at least about 85% efficiency over a calibrated output power and speed range; a relatively high power density (e.g., greater than about 1500 watts per liter) and torque density (e.g., greater than about 5 Newton-meters per liter); a relatively wide peak power range (e.g., about 4 to 6 kilowatts or greater); a maximum speed of at least about 18,000 rpm; a reduced mass and inertia (e.g., for fast dynamic response to user output demands); and to fit into a relatively small packaging space. Innumerable alternative motor architectures may be employed by the electric machine114to meet similar and alternative operating parameters. With continuing reference toFIG.2, the stator assembly116is coaxial with and surrounds the rotor assembly118while maintaining a small airgap115therebetween. In accord with the illustrated example, this airgap115may be not less than about 0.2 millimeters (mm) and not greater than about 1.0 mm, for example, in order to maximize power output and minimize the number of permanent magnets120borne by the rotor assembly118to provide the desired power output. The representative stator and rotor assemblies116,118ofFIG.2, both of which are portrayed as truncated right-circular cylinders with a generally annular shape, are concentrically aligned about a longitudinal center axis A of the electric machine114. The stator assembly116has a hollow stator core126with a central bore122that nests therein the rotor assembly118. The rotor assembly118has a hollow rotor core128, e.g., that keys, splines, welds, etc., to a motor shaft (e.g., motor output member29ofFIG.1). It should be appreciated that a protective outer housing (shown schematically inFIG.1) may surround an outer periphery of the stator assembly116and can rotatably support the rotor and rotor output shaft of the electric machine114. Rotor assembly118ofFIG.2is fabricated with a rotor core or body128for supporting multiple permanent magnets120(twenty-four (24) PMs in the illustrated example) that are circumferentially spaced around a central bore124. Specifically, the rotor core128is stamped, precision machined, and assembled with multiple rotor slots130arranged in radially spaced barrier layers (e.g., four distinct barrier layers). A first barrier layer130A of slots130may be positioned closest to an inner periphery of the rotor core128, while a fourth barrier layer130D of slots130may be positioned furthest from the rotor body's inner periphery than the other barrier layers. A second barrier layer130B may be radially interposed between the first and third barrier layers130A,130C, while a third barrier layer130C may be radially interposed between the second and fourth barrier layers130B,130D. For at least some embodiments, only select barrier layers (e.g., the first and third barrier layers130A,130C) may house magnets120, while other select barrier layers (e.g., the second and fourth barrier layers130B,130D) do not house magnets120and, thus, act as flux barriers. In other embodiments, only one or all of the barrier layers may comprise slots storing therein permanent magnets. The rotor core128may be fabricated from metallic disc-shaped laminates, including high-grade steel materials, that are stacked and adhered together to maintain high-speed rotational stress within predetermined limits. Stator assembly116ofFIG.2is fabricated with a stator core or body126that has multiple radially aligned, axially elongated, and circumferentially spaced stator slots132(e.g., 60 total slots in the illustrated example). Each stator slot132extends longitudinally through the stator core126, parallel to the rotational axis A of the electric machine114. The stator slots132house complementary legs of electrically conductive, multiphase stator windings134. Stator windings134—also referred to herein as “hairpin windings”—may be grouped into different sets, each of which may carry an identical number of phases of electrical current, such as three, five, six, or seven phases. In addition, the stator windings134may extend axially beyond the longitudinal ends of the stator core126. A ratio of an outer diameter of the stator core126to an axial length of the stator core126may be not less than 1.5 and not greater than 3.5, for example, to satisfy packing space constraints for a desired application of the electric machine114, such as the vehicle powertrain ofFIG.1. For ease of manufacture and increased costs savings, it may be desirable that all of the permanent magnets120share an identical, rectangular polyhedron shape. Nevertheless, any one or more or all of the PM bodies may take on innumerable shapes and sizes, including other polyhedral block-type magnets, ring-shaped (annular) magnets, bread-loaf block-type magnets, curved tile magnets, etc. In a non-limiting example, each permanent magnet120may have a thickness of about 1.5 mm to 2.5 mm to fit within a slot130having complementary dimensions. A total mass of magnet material used by the electric machine114(i.e., the mass of all magnets120) may be about 150 grams to about 250 grams. The permanent magnets120of the electric machine114may all be fabricated from the same material, such as Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB); alternatively, the magnets120may employ different materials, such as Samarium Cobalt (SmCo), Aluminum Nickel Cobalt (AlNiCo), or any combination of rare earth magnet materials. Similar to the permanent magnets120ofFIG.2, it may be desirable that all of the multiphase stator windings134share an identical construction, including material composition, method of manufacture, and final geometry. Each stator winding134may be fabricated from a unitary bar conductor, which is formed into a U-shaped geometry that is defined by a pair of hairpin legs that project from opposing ends of a hairpin crown. The hairpin's unitary bar conductor may take on a rectangular cross-section, a square cross-section, a circular cross-section, or any other suitable shape. The hairpin legs are inserted into the slots132of the stator core126, with each leg extending through a different stator slot132such that the hairpin crown (or “end-turn”) extends over several of the stator slots132(e.g., each crown may extend across three or more slots). These hairpin windings134may be inserted in a “staggered” or “interleaved” pattern with respect to adjacent hairpins. Any given stator slot132may include a number of hairpin legs (e.g., four in the illustrated example ofFIG.2). Once all of the hairpin stator windings134are inserted into the slots132of the stator core126, the ends of the hairpin legs extending from a longitudinal end of the stator core126are bent. Electrical connections are then made to each winding134. During operation of the electric machine114, e.g., in a regenerative-charging mode, the rotor assembly118is rotated via the rotor output shaft while the stator assembly116is held relatively stationary. In so doing, the permanent magnets120are moved past the multiphase stator windings134; the magnetic field emitted by the permanent magnets120generates an electrical current in the windings134through electromagnetic induction. This induced electric current may be used to power a load (e.g., recharge traction battery pack30ofFIG.1). Conversely, during operation of the electric machine114, e.g., in an engine-cranking mode, an EV motoring mode, or a torque-assist mode, an electric current is supplied to the stator windings134by a suitable power source (e.g., traction battery pack30). Passing the supplied current through the multiphase stator windings134will generate a magnetic field at the stator teeth136. The magnetic field output from the stator teeth136interacts with the permanent magnets120in the rotor assembly118such that the rotor core128and attached shaft rotate in unison to generate a rotary driving force. Turning next toFIGS.3and4, there is shown an example of an electric machine214with a stator assembly216having optimized stator tooth geometries and variable-size conductor layers, e.g., for reduced AC winding loss and proximity effect. Although differing in appearance, it is envisioned that any of the features and options described above with reference to the traction motor/generator unit14ofFIG.1and the multiphase ACPM electric machine114ofFIG.2can be incorporated, singly or in any combination, into the radial-flux electric machine214ofFIGS.3and4, and vice versa. As a non-limiting point of overlap, the hairpin-wound stator assembly216is coaxially aligned with and separated by an airgap215from a magnet-bearing rotor assembly218. Similar to the stator assembly116ofFIG.2, stator assembly216ofFIG.3is constructed with a flux-permeable cylindrical stator core226having multiple circumferentially spaced stator slots232that are aligned radially with and extend axially through the core226. Wound through these stator slots232are numerous electromagnetic conductors or windings234, which may be in the nature of hairpin windings134, coil windings, or other similarly suitable electrical conductors. Illustrative points of demarcation between the electric machine214ofFIG.3and its corresponding counterparts inFIGS.1and2, such as its tooth head, stator slot, and conductor layer designs, will be explicated in detail below. Interleaved with and separating the stator core slots232are elongated stator teeth236, which are circumferentially spaced from one another and radially aligned with respect to the stator core226. These stator teeth236may project radially inward from an inner-diameter (ID) surface of a cylindrical hub portion (138inFIG.2) of the stator core226, spaced equidistantly around the rotor assembly218. For simplicity of design and ease of manufacture, it may be desirable that all of the stator teeth236are substantially structurally identical to one another (within acceptable manufacturing tolerances). Each flux-transmitting stator tooth236is formed with a tooth body221that is composed of a tooth neck223and a tooth head225, as can best be seen inFIG.4. An outermost radial end of the tooth neck223is integral with or otherwise attached to the ID-surface of the cylindrical hub, whereas an innermost radial end of the tooth neck223is integral with or otherwise attached to the tooth head225. The cylindrical hub138is a rigid, toroidal structure that defines the main body and circumferential periphery of the stator core226. In line with the illustrated example, the tooth neck223, tooth head225, and cylindrical hub are integrally formed with one another to define a single-piece, unitary structure. For laminate stator constructions, the teeth223are multi-piece segments of the laminate stack, whereas each laminate's neck223, head225, and hub portions are mutually integral. To help minimize ohmic copper losses in the conductive windings234while concomitantly decreasing the AC proximity effect experienced by the windings234closest to the rotor assembly218, especially at high operating speeds, the stator teeth heads225are engineered to minimize the stator flux leakage through the tooth tip while retaining the windings234farther from the airgap215than comparable designs (e.g.,FIG.2). According to aspects of the disclosed embodiments, the teeth heads225may all share a common axial cross-section—sectioned along a plane orthogonal to the rotational axis A—with a trapezoidal crown227portion that is integral with a rectangular tooth tip229portion. The trapezoidal crown227is shown inFIG.4with an isosceles trapezium shape having a narrow edge (designated by hidden line231) that is smaller than and parallel to a wide edge (designated by hidden line233). The wide edge233may define a radially outermost end of the stator tooth236, whereas the narrow edge231may define a radially innermost end of the trapezoidal crown227, which is closest to and faces the airgap215. Opposing ends of the wide edge233of the trapezoidal crown227may terminate at filleted corners235(e.g., rounded with an approximately 0.2 mm radius). In the same vein, opposing ends of the narrow edge231may terminate at and intersect with convex rounded corners237that adjoin the rectangular tip229. The rectangular tooth tips229may be shaped and sized to maintain a narrowed stator slot gap239that helps to minimize flux leakage through the gap and thereby optimize torque ripple. To provide the stator slots232with a generally uniform circumferential stator slot width WSS, the tooth neck223portion of each stator tooth body221may have a variable circumferential tooth neck width WTNthat changes along the diametric length of the stator tooth236. In particular, the tooth neck width WTNofFIG.4tapers and, thus, progressively decreases in size from the outermost radial end to the innermost radial end of the tooth neck223such that the slot width WSSis fixed along the diametric length of each stator slot232. For optimized tooth geometry, the portion of the tooth neck223immediately adjacent to and adjoining the tooth head225has a neck width WTN′that extends in a circumferential direction with respect to the stator core226(e.g., from left to right inFIG.4). The narrow edge231of the tooth crown227has a respective narrow edge width WNEand the wide edge233has a wide edge width WWEthat is wider than the narrow edge width WNE. Both the narrow edge and wide edge widths WNE, WWEof the crown227may be about equal to or, as shown, wider than the neck width WTN′. Likewise, a tooth tip width WTTof the crown's rectangular tip229may be wider than the neck width WTN′, narrow edge width WNE, and wide edge width WWE. To minimize AC proximity effect and any resultant internal resistance to current flow through the stator conductors, neighboring stator teeth221of the stator core226cooperatively retain the electromagnetic windings234in their respective stator slots232, especially those closest to the airgap215, a predefined minimum radial distance away from the rotor assembly218. As best seen inFIG.3, for example, each subset of electromagnetic windings234housed in a particular stator slot232has a “closest” winding234′ that is nearest to the airgap215and rotor assembly218. Each of these windings234′ is seated against the trapezoidal crowns227of neighboring stator teeth236, bolstered on buttressing shoulders defined by protruding segments of the wide edge233. The closest winding234′ and, as a consequence, all of the electromagnetic windings234in a slot232are spaced from the rotor assembly218by at least a minimum separation distance DS. This minimum separation distance DSmay be calculated as (Z/Ag), where Agis an airgap distance of the airgap215and Z is a constant of about 1.2 to about 2.0. In a non-limiting example, the airgap distance Agmay be equal to about 0.60 mm to about 0.80 mm or, in a specific example, about 0.68 mm, such that the separation distance DSis equal to about 1.5 mm to about 3.3 mm or, in a specific example, at least about 2.6 mm. With continuing reference to the radial-flux electric machine214presented inFIGS.3and4, a respective subset of the electromagnetic windings234is wound through each of the stator slots232. According to the non-limiting example ofFIG.3, the legs of eight (8) electromagnetic hairpin windings234are wound through each stator slot232, arranged in a radial stack with the winding legs packaged mutually parallel with and spaced diametrically from one another. One or more of the windings234of the radial stack closest to the rotor assembly218are smaller than one or more of the windings farthest from the rotor assembly218. Specifically, the four windings234closest to the rotor assembly218(collectively designated241inFIG.3) have a first radius/thickness that is approximately half that of a second radius/thickness of the four windings234farthest from the rotor assembly218(collectively designated243inFIG.3). As shown, the four farthest windings243each has a rectangular axial cross-section, whereas the four closest windings241each has a square axial cross-section. It should be appreciated that each of the stator slots232may contain greater or fewer than eight electromagnetic conductors234. Moreover, the windings234may take on alternative cross-sectional geometries, including those noted above in the discussion ofFIG.2, may include greater or fewer than four farthest and four closest windings, and may incorporate greater than two distinct conductor sizes. Aspects of the present disclosure have been described in detail with reference to the illustrated embodiments; those skilled in the art will recognize, however, that many modifications may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The present disclosure is not limited to the precise construction and compositions disclosed herein; any and all modifications, changes, and variations apparent from the foregoing descriptions are within the scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the present concepts expressly include any and all combinations and subcombinations of the preceding elements and features. | 27,576 |
11942823 | MODES OF THE INVENTION Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the technical spirit of the present invention is not limited to some embodiments which will be described and may be realized using various other embodiments, and at least one component of the embodiments may be selectively coupled, substituted, and used to realize the technical spirit within the range of the technical spirit. In addition, unless clearly and specifically defined otherwise by context, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein can be interpreted as having customary meanings to those skilled in the art, and meanings of generally used terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, will be interpreted by considering contextual meanings of the related technology. In addition, the terms used in the embodiments of the present invention are considered in a descriptive sense and not for limiting the present invention. In the present specification, unless clearly indicated otherwise by the context, singular forms include the plural forms thereof, and in a case in which “at least one (or one or more) among A, B, and C” is described, this may include at least one combination among all possible combinations of A, B, and C. In addition, in descriptions of components of the present invention, terms such as “first,” “second,” “A,” “B,” “(a),” and “(b)” can be used. The terms are only to distinguish one element from another element, and an essence, order, and the like of the element are not limited by the terms. In addition, it should be understood that, when an element is referred to as being “connected or coupled” to another element, such a description may include both of a case in which the element is directly connected or coupled to another element and a case in which the element is connected or coupled to another element with still another element disposed therebetween. In addition, in a case in which any one element is described as being formed or disposed “on or under” another element, such a description includes both a case in which the two elements are formed or disposed in direct contact with each other and a case in which one or more other elements are interposed between the two elements. In addition, when one element is described as being disposed “on or under” another element, such a description may include a case in which the one element is disposed at an upper side or a lower side with respect to another element. Hereinafter, example embodiments of the invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Components that are the same or correspond to each other will be denoted by the same reference numerals regardless of the figure numbers, and redundant descriptions will be omitted. FIG.1is a view illustrating a motor according to an embodiment,FIG.2is a view illustrating a rotor and a stator of the motor according to the embodiment, andFIG.3is a perspective view illustrating one example of a stator core of the motor according to the embodiment. InFIG.1, an x direction may be referred to as a shaft direction, and a y direction may be referred to as a radial direction. In addition, the shaft direction may be perpendicular to the radial direction. Referring toFIGS.1and2, a motor1according to the embodiment may include a housing100in which an opening is formed at one side, a cover200disposed on the housing100, a rotor300coupled to a shaft500, a stator400disposed in the housing100, the shaft500configured to rotate with the rotor300, a busbar600disposed on the stator400, and a sensor part700configured to detect rotation of the rotor300. Here, the stator400may be disposed to correspond to the rotor300. In this case, the rotor300of the motor1may include ten magnets320, and the stator400may include twelve teeth412. Referring toFIG.3, a stator core410according to one embodiment that is disposed in the stator400may be formed by arranging a plurality of unit stator cores410ain a circumferential direction. In this case, the stator core410according to one embodiment may be referred to as a first stator core. The unit stator core410amay be formed by stacking a plurality of sheets S in the shaft direction. In this case, fine air gaps may be formed between the unit stator cores410a, and the air gaps become a factor to reduce a cogging torque and a torque ripple of the motor1. However, since a fixing force between the unit stator cores410adue to the air gap should be considered, welding may be performed on some of the air gaps formed between the unit stator cores410ato connect the unit stator cores410aso as to secure the coupling force. In addition, due to partial welding, a formation amount of air gap formed between the unit stator cores410amay be maintained to match with a preset amount thereof. Accordingly, when welding portions Y are formed by welding one portions of regions A at which unit yokes411aof the unit stator cores410ameet on an upper surface and a lower surface of the stator core410in the shaft direction, a cogging torque and a torque ripple of the motor1may be reduced. Accordingly, noise and vibration of the motor1may also be reduced. The motor1may be a motor used in an electronic power steering (EPS) system. The EPS system may assist a steering force using a driving force of the motor to secure turning stability and provide a rapid restoring force of a vehicle. Accordingly, a driver of the vehicle can travel safely. The housing100and the cover200may form an exterior of the motor1. In addition, the housing100may be coupled to the cover200to form an accommodation space. Accordingly, as illustrated inFIG.1, the rotor300, the stator400, the shaft500, the busbar600, the sensor part700, and the like may be disposed in the accommodation space. In this case, the shaft500is rotatably disposed in the accommodation space. Accordingly, the motor1may further include bearings10disposed on an upper portion and a lower portion of the shaft500. The housing100may be formed in a cylindrical shape. In addition, the rotor300, the stator400, and the like may be accommodated in the housing100. In this case, the shape or material of the housing100may be variously changed. For example, the housing100may be formed of a metal material which firmly withstands even at high temperature. The cover200may be disposed on an open surface of the housing100, that is, an upper portion of the housing100, to cover an opening of the housing100. Referring toFIGS.1and2, the rotor300may be disposed inside the stator400, and the shaft500may be coupled to a central portion of the rotor300through a press-fitting method. In this case, the term “inside” may be referred to as a direction toward a center C, and the term “outside” may be referred to as a direction opposite to the term “inside.” In addition, the rotor300may be rotatably disposed inside the stator400. Referring toFIG.2, the rotor300may include a rotor core310and a plurality of magnets320disposed on an outer circumferential surface of the rotor core310in the circumferential direction. As illustrated inFIG.2, ten magnets320may be disposed on the outer circumferential surface of the rotor core310to be spaced apart from each other at preset intervals. In this case, the magnets320may be referred to as rotor magnets or drive magnets. In this case, an example, in which the plurality of magnets320are disposed on the outer circumferential surface of the rotor core310of the rotor300, is illustrated, but the present invention is not necessarily limited thereto. For example, the rotor300may also be formed as an interior permanent magnet (IPM) rotor in which magnets320are disposed in a rotor core310. The rotor core310may be formed in a form, in which a plurality of circular thin steel plates are stacked on each other, or a single cylindrical form. In addition, a hole coupled to the shaft500may be formed at a center C of the rotor core310. The magnets320generate a rotating magnetic field with coils430wound around the stator core410of the stator400. The magnets320may be disposed so that an N-pole and an S-pole are alternately disposed around the shaft500in the circumferential direction. Accordingly, due to an electrical interaction between the coils430and the magnets320, the rotor300is rotated, and the shaft500is rotated in conjunction with the rotation of the rotor300so that a driving force of the motor1is generated. Meanwhile, the rotor300may further include a can (not shown) disposed to cover the rotor core310to which the magnets320are attached. The can may protect the rotor core310and the magnets320from external shocks and physical and chemical stimuli while inhibiting foreign materials from being introduced to the rotor core310and the magnets320. In addition, the can inhibits the magnets320from being separated from the rotor core310. The stator400may be disposed inside the housing100. In this case, the stator400may be coupled to the housing100through a hot press fitting method. Accordingly, the stator400may be supported by an inner circumferential surface of the housing100. In addition, the stator400is disposed outside the rotor300. That is, the rotor300may be rotatably disposed inside the stator400. Referring toFIGS.1and2, the stator400may include the stator core410, insulators420disposed on the stator core410, and the coils430wound around the insulators420. In this case, the insulators420may be disposed between the stator core410and the coils430to insulate the coils430. The coils430configured to generate the rotating magnetic field may be wound around the stator core410. Referring toFIG.3, the stator core410may be formed by arranging the plurality of unit stator cores410ain the circumferential direction. The stator core410may include a yoke411, the teeth412protruding from the yoke411in the radial direction, and the welding portions Y formed on the yoke411. In this case, the yoke411may be formed to have a predetermined width W1in the radial direction. The yoke411may be formed in a cylindrical shape. In this case, unit yokes411aof the unit stator cores410amay be disposed in the circumferential direction to form the yoke411. The plurality of teeth412may be disposed to protrude from an inner circumferential surface of the yoke411in the radial direction. In this case, the teeth412may be disposed to be spaced apart from each other in the circumferential direction. Accordingly, slots may be formed between the teeth412for winding the coils430. In this case, the tooth412may be a unit tooth412aof the unit stator core410a. In addition, the coil430may be wound around the tooth412. In this case, the insulator420may be disposed between the tooth412and the coil430to insulate the tooth412from the coil430. FIG.4is a perspective view illustrating the unit stator core of the motor according to the embodiment, andFIG.5is a perspective view illustrating the sheet of the unit stator core of the motor according to the embodiment. Referring toFIG.4, the unit stator core410amay include the unit yoke411ahaving an arc shape and the unit tooth412aprotruding from the unit yoke411ain the radial direction. In this case, the unit stator core410amay be formed by stacking a plurality of thin steel sheets S. Referring toFIG.5, the sheets S may include yoke parts411band tooth parts412bprotruding from the yoke parts411bin the radial direction. In addition, since the sheets S are stacked on each other in the shaft direction, the plurality of yoke parts411bmay form the unit yoke411a, and the plurality of tooth parts412bmay form the unit tooth412a. In this case, the welding portion Y may be disposed on an upper surface of the yoke part411bdisposed at an uppermost side of the plurality of unit stator cores410aor on a lower surface of the yoke part411bdisposed at a lowermost side of the plurality of unit stator cores410a. The insulator420may be formed of a synthetic resin material to insulate the stator core410from the coil430. In addition, the coil430may be wound around the stator core410on which the insulator420is disposed. Accordingly, the coil430may form the rotating magnetic field when power is supplied thereto. The insulators420may be coupled to an upper side and a lower side of the stator core410. In this case, the insulators420may also be formed as one single product so as to be coupled to the stator core410. Alternatively, a plurality of unit insulators may also be formed as the insulators420so that the insulators420are disposed on the stator core410in the circumferential direction. FIG.6is a perspective view illustrating the unit stator core and the insulator of the motor according to the embodiment. Referring toFIG.6, the insulator420may include a body421around which the coil430is wound, an inner guide422extending to protrude from an inner side of the body421in the shaft direction, an outer guide423extending to protrude from an outer side of the body421in the shaft direction, and protrusions424protruding from the outer guide423in the circumferential direction. In this case, the protrusions424may protrude from one lower regions of side surfaces423aof the outer guide423in the circumferential direction. Accordingly, the protrusions424may be disposed to cover one portions of an upper surface and a lower surface of the yoke411forming the stator core410. In this case, the body421, the inner guide422, the outer guide423, and the protrusions424may be integrally formed. The coil430may be wound around the body421. The body421may be disposed on the tooth312of the stator core410to insulate the stator core410from the coil430. The body421may be formed in a “c” shape, and grooves421amay be formed in an outer surface of the body421. In this case, the groove421amay be concavely formed in a groove shape. In addition, when the coil430is wound around the body421, the groove421amay guide an arrangement of the coil430. The inner guide422may be disposed at an inner side of the body421. As illustrated inFIG.6, the inner guide422may be formed to protrude from an inner side of the body421in the shaft direction and in the circumferential direction. In this case, the shaft direction may be a longitudinal direction of the shaft500. Accordingly, the inner guide422may support the coil430wound around the body421to inhibit the coil430from being separated inward from the body421. The outer guide423may be disposed at an outer side of the body421. As illustrated inFIG.6, the outer guide423may be formed to protrude from the outer side of the body421in the shaft direction and the circumferential direction. Accordingly, the outer guide423may include a first outer guide part423bdisposed on an inner circumferential surface of the unit yoke411aand a second outer guide part423cdisposed in the shaft direction with respect to the unit yoke411a. In this case, the first outer guide part423band the second outer guide part423cmay be integrally formed. In this case, the outer guide423may be disposed so that one portion, which protrudes in the shaft direction, of the outer guide423is disposed on the unit yoke411a. For example, the second outer guide part423cmay be disposed to protrude in the shaft direction from the unit yoke411a. Accordingly, the second outer guide part423cof the outer guide423may be disposed to overlap one region of the unit yoke411ain the shaft direction. The outer guide423may support the coil430wound around the body421to inhibit the coil430from being separated outward from the body421. Referring toFIG.6, the protrusions424may protrude from the side surfaces423aof the outer guide423in the circumferential direction. In this case, the protrusions424may be disposed to cover one portions of an upper surface and a lower surface of the unit yoke411a. In addition, the protrusions424may be disposed inside the upper surface and the lower surface of the unit yoke411a. In this case, the protrusion424may be formed to have a predetermined width W2in the radial direction. In this case, the width W2of the protrusion424in the radial direction is smaller than a width W4of the outer guide423in the radial direction. Meanwhile, the protrusion424may be formed in a plate shape having a predetermined height based on the upper surface of the unit yoke411ain the shaft direction. In this case, the height of the protrusion424in the shaft direction is smaller than a height of the outer guide423in the shaft direction based on the upper surface of the yoke411. When it is considered that the protrusion424is disposed to cover one portion of the unit yoke411a, although the outer guide423may also extend in the circumferential direction instead of the protrusion424, forming the protrusion424to protrude from the side surface423aof the outer guide423is advantageous for reducing a material cost. FIG.7is a view illustrating an arrangement relationship between the unit stator cores disposed adjacent to each other and the insulators in the motor according to the embodiment. Referring toFIG.7, the insulators420may be disposed in a state in which the unit stator cores410aare disposed adjacent to each other in the circumferential direction. Alternatively, the unit stator cores410aon which the insulators420are disposed may also be disposed in the circumferential direction. Accordingly, the protrusions424of the insulators420which are adjacent to each other may be disposed to cover one portions of the yoke411of the stator core410. Regions in which the unit yokes411aof the unit stator core410aare in contact with and meet each other may be formed on the upper surface and the lower surface of the stator core410. In this case, regions A disposed on the upper surface and the lower surface of the yoke411may be referred to as contact regions among the regions in which the unit yokes411aare in contact with and meet each other. In addition, the protrusion424may be disposed to cover one portion of the region A. As illustrated inFIG.7, the protrusion424may be disposed to cover an inner side of the region A. Accordingly, only one outer portion of the region A is exposed due to the protrusion424. In this case, the region A exposed due to the protrusion424may be provided as a welding point A1. In this case, the region A exposed due to the protrusion424may be referred to as an exposed region. In addition, the welding portion Y may be formed by welding the exposed region A. That is, the welding portion Y may be formed on the welding point A1which is a boundary region between the unit stator cores410a. In this case, the welding portion Y may be formed on the upper and lower surfaces, on which the protrusions424are not disposed, of the stator core410to have a predetermined width W3in the radial direction. In this case, the width W3of the welding portion Y in the radial direction may be 0.4 to 0.6 times the width W1of the yoke411or the yoke part411bin the radial direction. The width W3of the welding portion Y in the radial direction may be 0.5 times the width W1of the yoke411in the radial direction. Accordingly, since the air gap, which is wider than that of a case in which the welding portion Y is formed on an entirety of the region A, may be secured, the welding portion Y may be formed on one exposed portion of the region A, and thus the cogging torque and the torque ripple of the motor1may be further reduced. Meanwhile, in an example of the insulator420of the motor1, the protrusions424are used to cover one portions of the upper surface and the lower surface of the yoke411, but the present invention is not necessarily limited thereto. For example, when the welding portion Y may be formed to have the preset width W3in the radial direction, the protrusion424may also not be formed on the insulator420. However, when the welding portion Y is formed in a state in which the insulator420is disposed on the stator core410, the protrusion424may inhibit the welding portion Y from being excessively formed. In addition, since the welding portion Y may be formed to have the preset width W3in the radial direction due to the protrusion424, constant values of the cogging torque and the torque ripple may be maintained so that constant quality of the motor1may be maintained. Referring toFIG.2, the welding portions Y may be formed on the upper surface and the lower surface of the yoke411. In this case, the welding portion Y may be disposed at an outer side of the upper surface of the yoke411. For example, the welding portion Y may be formed around the welding point A1. In addition, the welding portion Y may be formed through a laser welding process. FIG.8is a perspective view illustrating another example of the stator core of the motor according to the embodiment, andFIG.9is an exploded perspective view illustrating another example of the stator core of the motor according to the embodiment. Instead of the stator core410according to one example, a stator core450according to another example may be disposed in a stator400. In this case, the stator core450according to another example may be referred to as a second stator core. When the stator core450according to another example is described with reference toFIGS.8and9, since the same symbols refer to the same components of the stator core410according to one example, the detailed descriptions will be omitted. Referring toFIGS.8and9, the stator core450may include a stator core body451formed by arranging a plurality of unit stator cores410ain a circumferential direction and cover sheets452disposed on and below the stator core body451. In addition, unit yokes411aof the unit stator core410amay meet at regions, and welding portions Y may be formed at one points P at which the regions meet outer circumferential surfaces of the cover sheets452. Accordingly, the stator core450may include a yoke411and a plurality of teeth412protruding from the yoke411in a radial direction. That is, there is a difference in that the cover sheets452may be disposed on and below the stator core450according to another example when compared to the stator core450. In addition, there is a difference in that positions of the welding portions Y of the stator core450according to another example are different from the welding portions Y formed on the stator core410. For example, the cover sheets452may include an upper cover sheet disposed in an upper portion and a lower cover sheet disposed in a lower portion of the unit stator core410a. In addition, the welding portions Y may be formed at boundary portions between sheets disposed at uppermost sides of the unit stator cores410aand the upper cover sheet and between sheets disposed at lowermost sides of the unit stator cores410aand the lower cover sheet. The cover sheets452may support an upper portion and a lower portion of the stator core body451. Referring toFIG.9, the cover sheet452may include a yoke part452ahaving a ring shape and a plurality of tooth parts452bprotruding from the yoke part in the radial direction. In this case, the yoke part452aand the plurality of tooth parts452bmay be integrally formed. In this case, when viewed from above, the unit stator core410amay be formed by, in a shaft direction, stacking sheets S including yoke parts411ahaving a ring shape and tooth parts412bprotruding in the radial direction. Accordingly, tooth parts412bof the sheets S may overlap tooth parts452bof the cover sheets452in the shaft direction. The welding portions Y of the stator core450may be formed at one points P at which the regions meet the outer circumferential surface of the cover sheet452, wherein the unit yokes411aof the unit stator core410amay meet in the regions. In this case, the one points P may be provided as welding points. Accordingly, the welding portions Y may connect the sheets S disposed at an uppermost layer and a lowermost layer of the stator core body451to the cover sheets452so as to fix the cover sheets452to the stator core body451. In this case, since point-welding is performed at the welding portions Y of the stator core450, a cogging torque and a torque ripple of the motor1may be reduced when the air gaps are considered. Accordingly, noise and vibration of the motor1may also be reduced. As illustrated inFIG.1, the shaft500may be rotatably supported by the bearings10in the housing100. In addition, the shaft500may be rotated in conjunction with rotation of the rotor300. The busbar600may be disposed on the stator400. In addition, the busbar600may be electrically connected to the coil430of the stator400. The busbar600may include a busbar body and a plurality of terminals disposed in the busbar body. In this case, the busbar body may be a mold product formed through an injection molding process. In addition, each of the terminals may be electrically connected to the coil430of the stator400. The sensor part700may detect a magnetic force of a sensing magnet installed to rotate in conjunction with the rotor300to check a present position of the rotor300so as to detect rotation of the shaft500. The sensor part700may include a sensing magnet assembly710and a printed circuit board (PCB)720. The sensing magnet assembly710is coupled to the shaft500to rotate in conjunction with the rotor300so as to detect the position of the rotor300. In this case, the sensing magnet assembly710may include sensing magnets and a sensing plate. The sensing magnets and the sensing plate may be coaxially coupled. The sensing magnets may include main magnets disposed close to a hole forming an inner circumferential surface thereof in the circumferential direction and sub-magnets. The main magnets may be arranged like the drive magnets inserted into the rotor300of the motor. The sub-magnets may be divided further than the main magnets so that the sub-magnets may be formed to have poles of which the number is greater than the number of poles of the main magnets. Accordingly, a rotation angle may be divided and measured more precisely, and thus the motor may be driven more smoothly. The sensing plate may be formed of a metal material having a disc shape. The sensing magnet may be coupled to an upper surface of the sensing plate. In addition, the sensing plate may be coupled to the shaft500. In this case, a hole through which the shaft500passes may be formed in the sensing plate. A sensor configured to detect a magnetic force of the sensing magnets may be disposed on the PCB720. In this case, a Hall integrated circuit (IC) may be provided as the sensor. In addition, the sensor may detect changes in an N-pole and an S-pole of the sensing magnet to generate a sensing signal. While the present invention has been described with reference to the exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. REFERENCE NUMERALS1:MOTOR100:HOUSING200:COVER300:ROTOR310:ROTOR CORE320:MAGNET400:STATOR410, 450:STATOR CORE410a:UNIT STATOR CORE411:YOKE412:TOOTH420:INSULATOR424:PROTRUSION430:COIL500:SHAFT600:BUSBAR700:SENSOR PARTY:WELDING PORTION | 27,266 |
11942824 | DETAILED DESCRIPTIVE ELEMENTS An ideal embodimentFIG.1of the present invention an axial flux machine1typically used as a generator, motor, or pump that has a central axis with a shaft10and a plurality of inner rotors2in this embodiment numbering2arranged on said shaft with circumferentially disposed magnetic flux generators such as electromagnets or permanent magnets3A,3B, in this case24per permanent magnets per said inner rotor(s) with opposing adjacent sides of said rotor alternating in polarity3A,3B in a standard configuration. Outer rotors8have flux terminators6attached to them preferably out of some soft ferromagnetic material to complete the axial flux magnetic path in the case of standard magnetic fields. Circumferentially dispersed around said rotors is a plurality of conductive windings4with a typical winding segment having a continuous conductor with joints or connections taking place beyond outer rotors8usually near the flux termination ring but not in the direct flux path generated by flux generators affixed to said rotors. A plurality of winding spacer(s) example11may be used to stabilize windings during assembly and direct coolant or pumped media during operation. FIG.2Winding segments are circularly arrayed about the central axis of axial flux machine1in a 360-degree fashion. In this embodiment segments are connected in a typical 3-phase arrangement with separate phases interconnections kept on a separate circumferential plane in relation to the axis and shaft10for ease of interconnecting and troubleshooting although alternate winding connections are possible due to all the winding segments interconnections or bridges9A,9B,9C, respectively, outside of the flux path and are easily reconfigured by removing end-bells or bearing supports (not shown). In the gap between two example spacers11,25is an example of media entrance area into machine windings26(casing, bearings and supports removed for clarity) and an exit area(s)28and30, formed in the gap between example spacers11,29and spacers25,27respectively, for the media fed into area26after it has flowed between windings depicted, into an area close to central shaft and exiting between windings and rotor(s) on either side of spacer25and spacer11not facing gap26. Example spacers may be made as a single part or part of the case (not shown) or joined in groups or even a single piece if desired or done away with in alternative embodiments. FIG.3typical winding segments such as winding4, fromFIG.1, have gap(s) formed12for coolant or pumping media to flow from the exterior area to the inner area of the windings. Depicted are asymmetrical end connections36for a single phase. Each winding segment has portions that lie between two rotors and each of these portions have two legs, leg A19and leg B20although flat windings are shown windings can be flat, round, hollow, twisted wire, litz wire or any other shape conductor. Flat diagramFIG.4depict a typical winding segment of a particular phase's bends that allow two legs depicted19,20with19being leg A and20being leg B. Bends are depicted here as21,22,23,24, which are only indicated on one portion of the typical winding segment4. Each winding portion has an outer axial cross piece(s)18and an inner axial cross piece13with18extending axially across a rotor and13extending axially between two rotors. Other configurations and bends are possible. FIG.5andFIG.6Perspective and axial or end views of typical bends needed for leg A19and leg B20to cross magnetic flux paths when current is flowing through the winding. Bends22, and24are formed to allow leg A19to cross a magnetic flux path of a permanent magnet3B in one direction and bends21, and23are formed to allow leg B20to cross a flux magnetic path permanent magnet3A in the opposing direction so when current flows down one leg and back up the other force is generated upon the rotor in a common direction. Also shown are cross pieces18and13. FIG.7depicts6winding segments connected in pairs of2typical of a 3-phase arrangement in normal and perspective view. Shown is said gap12and axial cross pieces13. Between two adjacent windings piece13a gap or space14may be formed, if needed, by extending other winding(s) length to allow media to flow when windings are extremely tightly packed. Depicted are flux enhancers or core material15preferably made of electrical steel, Ferrite, or some other soft magnetic material that can be used to increase the flux density and magnetic attraction between rotors and direct media flow between adjacent windings. Between each leg A and leg B epoxy (shaded area) or some other glue-like material may be used between winding legs and flux enhancers to secure them in place. While epoxy, fiberglass, phenolic paper, or other suitable surface35providing definition to media path between the windings, rotor(s), and gap12 FIG.8depicts winding interconnections for a typical3phase segment interconnects,9A,9B,9C and atypical Y phase connectionbetween the three phases40and external connections17from one axial end of said machine. FIGS.9and10show examples of case entrance and exit openings for coolant or pumped media to flow. Openings may be arranged so that all entrances are on one portion of the case and all exits on another or arrayed around the case as depicted in examples case8openings31,32or in arrangements such as9for convenience of mounting manifolds, outer coolant case, or partial submersion of said machine into media or coolant. FIG.11depicts a cross section of machine depicting a single media path flowing41as a dotted line from outside of the machine opening case31down through the windings and returning between the windings and rotors before exiting the case through opening32. FIG.12depicts an alternate winding in normal and perspective views that may be used for rotors with Halbach arrays instead of conventional permanent magnet arrangements with the main difference being18now being generally straight and the change in bends depicted as37,38and39. FIG.13depicts a typical single winding consisting of two connected segments33,34showing bridge or interconnector9A to better show multiple segment electrical path. | 6,190 |
11942825 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION The following description relates to a cooling system that space efficiently and effectively cools a stator and inverter power packs of an electric machine. This effective cooling arrangement is achieved by routing oil through channels in the stator that are near a periphery of a stator lamination stack, where the inverter power packs are attached (e.g., directly coupled) at the periphery. In this way, the oil channels serve a dual-use cooling functionality. Consequently, both the stator lamination stack and the inverter power packs can be efficiently cooled. FIG.1schematically illustrates a cooling system for an electric machine.FIG.2shows a cross-sectional view of the electric machine and cooling system formed in a housing thereof.FIGS.3and4show different views of a stator core and inverter power modules that may be enclosed in the housing of the electric machine shown inFIGS.1-2. FIG.1illustrates an electric drive unit101with an electric machine100(e.g., an electric motor or motor-generator).FIG.1further schematically depicts a cooling system102for the electric machine. In one particular example, the electric machine100includes at least one inverter power module cooled by the cooling system102, as will be elaborated on herein, particularly with regard toFIGS.2-4. The electric drive unit101may additionally include a gearbox and/or other suitable components. The electric drive unit101and cooling system102may reside in a transmission system104of a vehicle103or other suitable system. In such examples, the vehicle may take a variety of forms in different embodiments, such as a light, medium, or heavy duty vehicle. Alternatively, the electric machine may be used in other suitable systems, such as systems in manufacturing facilities or other industrial settings. In some examples, in addition to the electric machine100in the transmission system104, the vehicle103may further include another motive power source, such as an internal combustion engine (ICE) (e.g., a spark and/or compression ignition engine) or other suitable devices designed to generate rotational energy. The internal combustion engine may include conventional components such as cylinders, pistons, valves, a fuel delivery system, an intake system, an exhaust system, and the like. Further, the electric machine100may include components for generating mechanical power as well as electric power during a regeneration mode, in some cases, such as a stator, a rotor, and the like enclosed within a housing110. Thus, the transmission system104and electric machine100may be utilized in a hybrid or battery electric vehicle. In one particular example, the electric drive unit101includes one or more inverter power modules positioned within the housing110of the electric machine100along with the stator and rotor. Specifically, the housing110may enclose inverter the power modules302,304, and306arranged with a stator200, shown inFIGS.3-4as a stator and inverter power module assembly300. The specific structures of the stator, rotor, and inverter power modules will be further described herein with respect toFIGS.2-4. The housing110may therefore be structured to accommodate the one or more inverter power module(s) at housing portions111, as illustrated via dashed boxes. The inverter power module(s) may be electrically connected to a DC voltage source (e.g., one or more batteries in a battery pack) and designed to convert electrical energy supplied from the DC voltage source to AC power used to power the electric machine100. In one example, the one or more inverter power modules may include multiple modules which may be positioned in the housing110at housing portions111a,111band111cfor providing 3-phase AC power to the electric machine100. Further, in some examples, the inverter power module(s) may have a generally rectangular shape and extend axially along a portion of the electric machine100, specifically positioned along a peripheral surface of a stator of the electric machine, as will be discussed in greater detail herein with respect toFIGS.2-4. Accordingly, the housing portions111of the housing110may have a generally rectangular profile and may protrude radially outward to an extent corresponding to the volume of the inverter power module(s), in one example. When three inverter power modules are included in the housing110, three distinct housing portions111a,111b, and111cmay protrude outwardly from the housing for enclosing each of the modules. Alternatively, the housing portions111a-111cwhere the three inverter power modules are enclosed may be included in a single section of the housing110that protrudes radially outward along a portion of the circumference of the housing. In other examples, however, the housing110may have a general smooth surface at housing portions111, where spaces for accommodating the inverter power modules are provided within the housing. However, in other examples, the system may include a different number of modules, such as more than three modules or less than three modules. By enclosing or otherwise incorporating the inverter power modules (e.g., modules302,304,306, as depicted inFIGS.3-4) into the housing110of the electric machine100, the electric machine can be provided as a compact, space-efficient package. Further, the complexity of electrical connections between the electric machine and the inverter power modules may be reduced, and the cooling system102may be used to effectively and efficiently remove heat from both the components of the electric machine and the inverter power modules, as will be elaborated on herein. The specific structures of the inverter power modules as well as the other components of the electric machine100and cooling system102will be described in detail herein with respect toFIGS.2-4. In some examples, the electric machine100may be designed to provide mechanical power to a downstream component106via an output shaft or other suitable mechanical component, represented by an arrow108. The component106may be a transmission, a gearbox in an electric axle, a differential, and the like. Alternatively, the electric machine100may be used in equipment other than a vehicle. As such, the component106may be a pump, compressor, fan, and the like. The cooling system102may include an oil circuit112designed for cooling the electric machine100and associated components, such as the inverter power module(s) mounted within the housing110(e.g., proximate housing portions111), in one particular example. The oil circuit112may include a filter114and an oil pump116. The oil pump116flows oil (e.g., natural and/or synthetic oil) through an oil delivery line118and into the housing110via an oil inlet120. In one example, the oil pump116may be designed to pick up oil from an oil sump which is formed within a lower portion of the housing110(e.g., oil sump250shown inFIG.2), via an oil outlet122. In some examples, the pump116and the filter114may be disposed external to the housing110and in fluid communication with the sump and the oil inlet120via oil lines. However, in other examples, the pump116and the filter114may be incorporated in the housing. In some cases, the oil inlet120may be mounted to the housing110and extend therethrough, in order to direct oil in to the stator of the electric machine. In other examples, however, the oil inlet120may be integrally formed with the housing. In one example, the oil inlet120may be mounted to the housing110at an upper portion of the housing (e.g., such that an axial passage of the oil inlet is substantially aligned with a gravitational axis), so that oil entering the housing through the oil inlet may be distributed as desired, as will be described in detail herein with reference toFIG.2, and routed by gravity into the oil sump. The oil inlet120may be positioned at a central location with regard to an axial length of the housing110, such as at or near a mid-point between a first axial side121and a second axial side123of the stator and rotor assembly of the electric machine100. Arranging the oil inlet at or near the mid-point may enable the stator, and the one or more inverter power modules assembled with the stator, to be more evenly cooled. However, other arrangements of the oil inlet have been contemplated. For instance, the oil inlet120may be located along the housing at a position that is offset from the mid-point between the axial sides of the assembly and closer to one of the axial ends of the housing110, in other examples. A control system140with a controller141may further be included in the system104. The controller may include a processor142and memory144with instructions stored therein that, when executed by the processor, cause the controller to perform various methods and control techniques described herein. The processor may include a microprocessor unit and/or other types of circuits. The memory may include known data storage mediums, such as random access memory, read only memory, keep alive memory, combinations thereof, and the like. The controller141may receive various signals from sensors146positioned in the system104and the electric machine100. Conversely, the controller141may send control signals to various actuators148at different locations in the system based on the sensor signals. For instance, the controller141may send command signals to the oil pump116and, in response, the actuator in the pump may be adjusted to alter the flowrate of the oil delivered therefrom. In other examples, the controller may send control signals to the electric machine100and, responsive to receiving the command signals, the motor may be adjusted to alter the motor speed. The other controllable components in the system, may be operated in a similar manner with regard to sensor signals and actuator adjustment. An axis system150is provided inFIG.1, as well asFIGS.2-4, for reference. The z-axis may be a vertical axis (e.g., parallel to a gravitational axis), the x-axis may be a lateral axis (e.g., horizontal axis), and/or the y-axis may be a longitudinal axis, in one example. However, the axes may have other orientations, in other examples. FIG.2shows a cross-sectional view of the electric machine100, as defined by a lateral cut taken along the dashed line2-2inFIG.1, particularly illustrating the structure of the housing110as well as the components of the electric machine enclosed therein (e.g., the stator and rotor). Thus, the lateral cut plane may pass through a rotational axis160of the electric machine100, illustrated inFIGS.1-4, for reference. Further,FIGS.3and4show different views of the stator of the electric machine100and the inverter power modules coupled thereto, with the housing110removed and the rotor and other electric machine components omitted to reveal the machine's internal components. More specifically,FIG.3shows a perspective view of the stator and inverter power modules coupled thereto, andFIG.4shows a cross-sectional view of the stator and inverter power module assembly depicted inFIG.3, as defined by a lateral cut taken along the dashed line4-4inFIG.3. Structural aspects and details of the components of the electric machine100and the cooling system102, such as oil channels (e.g., extending through the stator) of the oil circuit112, are expanded upon accordingly. FIG.2specifically shows the electric machine100including a stator200and a rotor210that are enclosed in the housing110. The rotor210is positioned within the stator200and coaxial thereto. The stator200may include multiple stator laminations202, formed as a stack of laminated plates, and multiple stator coils wound through the laminated stack to form end windings. For example, the end windings203,204, illustrated inFIG.2, may be coiled around teeth201shown inFIGS.3-4. Further, with continued reference toFIGS.3-4, it will be understood that the end windings203and/or204of the stator coils may be coupled to one or more of inverter power modules302,304,306arranged on the stack of stator laminations202. In this way, the inverter power modules302,304,306may provide appropriate excitation power (e.g., 3-phase AC power) to the stator coils to produce a rotating magnetic field in the stator200, which then induces a magnetic force in the rotor210to produce torque in a rotor shaft212. The proximity of the stator200and the inverter power modules302,304,306may provide for stable and reliable electrical coupling between the stator coils and the inverter power modules, if wanted. Details of the interface between the stator and the inverter power modules will be elaborated on further herein with reference toFIGS.3and4. Continuing withFIG.2, the stator laminations202may be constructed out of steel (e.g., electrical steel, silicon steel, and the like). The housing110may be constructed out of a metal such as steel, aluminum, combinations thereof, and the like. In one particular example, the housing110may be constructed out of an aluminum alloy. In some examples, as previously discussed, the housing110may be shaped at certain portions (e.g., the housing portions111shown inFIG.1) so as to accommodate the inverter power modules302,304,306(shown inFIGS.3-4) in a space formed between the housing portion214and an outer peripheral surface of the stack of stator laminations202. In one example, the electric machine100may further include one or more balancing plates206. Specifically, as illustrated inFIG.2, the balancing plate206is positioned on one axial side of the rotor210(e.g., the rotor lamination stack). The balancing plate206may be attached to the rotor shaft212adjacent to the rotor. In some examples, another balancing plate may be positioned on an opposing axial side of the rotor, such that a rotor core211may be interposed between the balancing plates. Further, the balancing plate(s) may serve to fine tune the rotor's rotational mass balance and reduce the chance of imbalances that may decrease motor efficiency and/or lead to premature degradation of components thereof, in some cases. However, in other examples, the balancing plates may be omitted from the machine. The rotor210may include a rotor core211. In embodiments where the electric machine100is a permanent magnet AC motor, the rotor core211may include permanent magnets213that are embedded within rotor laminations of the rotor core211. However, in other examples, the permanent magnets may be surface-mounted on the rotor laminations. As such, the electric machine100may be an interior permanent magnet machine or a surface-mounted permanent magnet machine, respectively, in different examples. Further, the rotor shaft212permits rotational energy to be transferred from the electric machine100to an external device (e.g., transmission, differential, and the like) or vice versa. Even further, covers217and218may be coupled to the housing110at opposing axial ends (e.g., via bolts, screws, and/or other suitable attachment devices), wherein at least one of the covers218may include an opening through which the rotor shaft212extends. Further, the electric machine100utilizes the cooling system102to route oil, via the oil circuit112, to jointly remove heat from the inverter power modules302,304,306and the stator200collectively enclosed within the housing110of the electric machine. Continuing withFIG.2, in order to effect direct stator cooling, the stator200may include one or more oil ducts230,232. The oil ducts extend through at least a portion of the stator laminations202. The oil ducts230,232may be formed in the stator laminations, by aligning (or partially aligning) openings (e.g., cutouts) formed in adjacent laminations in the stator laminations202, so that when the stator laminations are pressed together, the opening(s) will form the oil ducts230,232which may generally axially traverse the lamination stack. Each of the stator laminations202may include at least one of these oil duct-forming openings. Specifically, each lamination may include multiple openings positioned around its circumference. The openings in the sequential laminations may be aligned so as to provide multiple oil ducts that axially traverse the stator200. To elaborate, the openings may be cutouts in the laminations which align to form the axially extending oil ducts230,232through at least a portion of the stator. FIGS.3and4specifically show the cutouts310in the stator laminations202. The cutouts may be formed by punching, stamping, drilling, or the like. The cutouts may, in some cases, be polygonal (e.g., rectangular, square, and the like), although other shapes, such as round or oval shapes, have been contemplated. In some examples, adjacent stator laminations may have openings with a different shape or position, or may be similarly formed and positioned within the stator stack in a rotationally offset manner, so that the variation in shape and/or position creates a baffled layout within the oil ducts230,232. For instance, adjacent laminations in the lamination stack may be formed with similarly shaped and sized cutouts, with the position of the cutouts alternating between a radially inward location and a radially outward location to form the baffled channel layout. Using baffles in the oil ducts may also increase turbulence in the oil flow which may further increase the amount of heat transferred from the stator to the oil. However, other cutout arrangements that provide a generally baffled layout which forms a serpentine flow path through the oil ducts have been envisioned. For instance, the oil channels may be formed by a first set of sequential lamination cutouts that are positioned radial inward from a second set of sequential lamination cutouts. More generally, the cutouts in the stator laminations may be profiled and arranged to realize a desired baffled duct layout that may satisfy different stator and inverter power module cooling demands. The increased cooling capabilities realized with the selected duct layout may reduce the likelihood of degradation of inverter power module and stator components. Thus, the electric machine may achieve greater space efficiency than systems using separate cooling systems for spatially separated inverter power packs and electric motors. In one example, the cutouts may be formed in the stator laminations202towards an outer periphery thereof and may be circumferentially distributed around the lamination stack in the stator. More specifically, as illustrated inFIGS.3and4, the cutouts310may be formed at a location radially inward from an outer surface316of the stator laminations and radially outward from the teeth201of the stator. Further, as previously described, the cutouts310in each stator lamination may vary in shape and/or size. Even further, each of the cutouts310in sequential stator laminations that are at least partially aligned to form one of the oil ducts may have a different geometry from an adjacent cutout forming the oil duct. For example, in some cases, the cutouts310in sections of the stator laminations proximal to an inverter power module (e.g., near outer section320of the stator laminations202) may be shaped differently than cutouts formed in areas along the circumference of the stator where inverter power modules are not mounted. For instance, the cutouts310in the outer section320(as well as outer sections334,336) of the stator laminations may be formed to have a larger area compared to cutouts formed in other outer sections. In this way, a larger flow of oil may be realized through the oil ducts formed by the cutouts in the outer sections near the inverter power modules, which may increase heat transfer between the oil and the inverter power modules for enhanced cooling thereof. In one example, the cutouts310in the outer sections near the inverter power modules may further include geometries creating a baffled layout in the oil ducts230,232in these sections, in the manner described above, where the increased turbulence in the oil flow near the inverter power modules may further increase cooling capabilities of the system, thereby reducing the chances of component degradation (e.g., in the inverter power modules) and increasing system and component performance and longevity. Thus, in some examples, referring collectively again toFIGS.2-4, the oil ducts230,232may be formed in outer portions of each of the stator laminations202(e.g., peripheral sections radially outward from teeth201). For instance, the oil ducts230,232may extend in opposing axial directions from a radial opening231formed by the stator laminations. The radial opening231may be formed in a central portion of the stator laminations202. To construct the radial opening231, a portion of the stator laminations, which are centrally located, may have a smaller diameter than the outer laminations. In this way, the radial opening231may be efficiently formed (by altering the size of the selected stator laminations as desired) to provide a compact design for routing oil received in the radial opening toward both of the axially extending oil ducts230,232. Further, the radial opening231shown inFIG.2may be included in (and/or in fluid communication with) a recessed oil inlet331formed in the stator200, as illustrated inFIG.3. The recessed oil inlet may be formed in a central portion of the stator laminations corresponding to the position of the radial opening231formed in the stator laminations (e.g., between a first axial end312and a second axial end314of the stator, as shown inFIG.3). Similar to the radial opening formed in the stator laminations, the recessed oil inlet331may be efficiently formed by altering (e.g., reducing) the size of selected stator laminations as desired to provide an oil flow path about a circumference of the stator. Thus, the recessed oil inlet331may be at least partially bounded by the central portion of stator laminations202(e.g., on a radially inward side of the circumferential recessed oil inlet), and may be in fluid communication with the oil ducts230,232formed in the stator laminations on either axial side of the central portion of the stator laminations. Further, an outer periphery of the recessed oil inlet331may be at least partially bound by a bottom surface of the inverter power modules302,304,306(e.g., the bottom surface322of the inverter power module306), as illustrated inFIG.3. The outer periphery of the recessed oil inlet331may be further bound by an inner surface of the housing110, when the stator and inverter power module assembly300is assembled within the housing110. For instance, in one example, the housing110include an inner surface (e.g., an inner surface256of the housing portion214shown inFIG.2) that is contoured to have a profile corresponding to the peripheral profile of the stator and inverter power module assembly300, such that the assembly300can be fixed and enclosed within the housing110in a press-fit configuration. In this way, the inner surface256of the housing portion214may extend around and/or contact with the outer surface of the stator200(e.g., at locations other than the outer sections334,336,320shown inFIGS.3-4) and the outer surfaces of the inverter power modules302,304,306, when the assembly300is inserted within the housing110. As such, oil flowing into and through the recessed oil inlet331formed in the manner described herein may flow beneath the inverter power modules, providing increased heat transfer capabilities between the oil and the inverter modules in the region of the recessed oil inlet. Thus, with continued reference toFIG.3, the recessed oil inlet331may generally form a trough, at least partially circumferentially surrounding the stator, for receiving oil (e.g., via the oil inlet120and radial opening231shown inFIG.2) and directing oil in opposing axial directions to the plurality of oil ducts230,232formed through the stator laminations202. Thus, oil may flow into the recessed oil inlet331and then flow towards opposing first and second axial ends312,314via the oil ducts230,232, respectively. In this way, due to the positioning of the cutouts in the stator laminations (e.g., radially outward from the teeth201), oil flowing from the recessed oil inlet through the oil ducts may continue to remove heat from the stator and inverter power modules mounted to the peripheral surface of the stator200. In order to provide oil to the radial opening231in the stator laminations202(and thus to the recessed oil inlet331and the oil ducts230,232), the oil inlet120may be mounted to the housing110in fluidic communication with the radial opening231and thus the recessed oil inlet331. Turning specifically toFIG.2, a bore240(e.g., radially aligned bore) of the oil inlet120is aligned and in fluid communication with the radial opening231. The bore240therefore may extend through the housing portion214. In some cases, since the radial opening231may be formed in a central portion of the stator laminations202(e.g., at an axial midpoint of the stator), the oil inlet120may be correspondingly mounted to the housing. For instance, the oil inlet120may be mounted to the housing so as to be positioned proximate a midpoint of the stator200. In this way, oil may be distributed through the oil ducts230,232to provide for more balanced cooling across the stator laminations202. In other examples, however, the oil inlet and radial opening may be spaced away from the stator's axial mid-point. In such an example, the radial opening231in the stator laminations202(and the recessed oil inlet331, shown inFIG.3) may be positioned accordingly to align with the bore240of the oil inlet120. The inverter power modules and the stator200will now be discussed with reference toFIGS.3and4. The stator200is included in an assembly300that includes the stack of stator laminations202and the inverter power modules302,304,306. It will be understood that the assembly300may be positioned within the housing110of the electric machine100depicted inFIGS.1-2. Further, although three inverter power modules are illustrated, other numbers of modules have been contemplated, such as one module, two modules, six modules, etc., in different examples. The inverter power modules302,304,306each form an interface with a peripheral surface of an outer section of the stack of stator laminations202, as indicated at303,305, and307, respectively. Therefore, heat from the modules may be directly conducted to the stator lamination stack, in one example. However, in another example, discussed in greater detail herein a thermal interface material may be positioned between the power modules and the laminations. Further, the interfaces303,305, and307may correspond to outer sections334,336and320, respectively, of the outer surface316of the stator laminations202. In the illustrated example, the outer sections334,336, and320may be spaced apart from each other along the circumference of the stator200, such that the invert modules302,304,306are correspondingly spaced apart from one another. More specifically, a section338of the outer surface316of the stator laminations may be disposed between the outer sections334,336, and a section340of the outer surface may be disposed between the outer sections336,320. Further, a section342of the outer surface may separate the outer sections334,320of the stator laminations. In one example, the section342of the outer surface316may be substantially larger than the sections338,340, such that the outer sections334,336,320which interface with the inverter power modules are generally grouped together on one side of the stator laminations. However, other arrangements of the outer sections of the stator laminations have been contemplated, in different examples. In some examples, each of the inverter modules302,304,306may similarly arranged on (e.g., coupled to) the stator200, such that each of the interfaces303,305,307may be substantially identical except for their respective distinct positions about a circumference of the stator laminations. In one example, each of the inverter modules may be similarly (e.g., identically) formed and structured, which may reduce costs and complexity associated with manufacturing and assembly of the inverter modules. However, other arrangements have been contemplated, in other examples, such as where one or more of the inverter power modules may constructed differently from another of the inverter modules. Such varying construction of the power modules may be desirable for different applications, and may depend on packaging constraints imposed by the housing110or the power demands of the inverter modules, for instance. For simplicity, the following description regarding the structure of the inverter power modules and interfaces may be directed more specifically towards the interface307between the inverter power module306and the stator laminations202, though the discussion may apply to any and/or all of the inverter power modules and interfaces, in different examples. The inverter module306forms the interface307with a peripheral surface318of an outer section320(e.g., a section of the outer surface316) of the stack of stator laminations202. To elaborate, in one example, the inverter module306may be generally rectangular and have a planar (e.g., flat) bottom surface322forming the interface307with the peripheral surface318of outer section320of the stator laminations202, in some examples. As such, the stator laminations202may be formed so that the peripheral surface318is in face-sharing contact with the bottom surface322of the inverter module306. Specifically, in one example, the peripheral surface318may be flat. In some examples, the inverter module306may include an enclosure having the generally rectangular shape and planar bottom surface322described above. The enclosure may define a chamber designed to house components of the inverter module (e.g., electrical components, hardware, etc.). For instance, a printed circuit board (PCB) may be disposed within the enclosure of the inverter module306. The PCB may be a generally flat rectangular board, in some examples, and the inverter module enclosure may be sized to accommodate the PCB, though various sizes and shapes have been envisioned. Thus, the inverter modules, and particularly the enclosures thereof, may be selectively and inexpensively structured (e.g., with a less complex design) to accommodate various inverter modules as desired for a given application, such that inverter power modules that are simple to manufacture may be efficiently incorporated into the system. In other examples, however, the bottom surface322of the inverter module enclosure may have be a curved surface, at least partially corresponding to the profile of the outer section320(e.g., the peripheral surface318) of the stator laminations202at the interface307, in one example. Such a design may allow for a reduction in the size of the stator and inverter power module assembly, in some cases, though the curved structure of the enclosure may have increased complexity demanding more elaborate for positioning inverter module components (e.g., the PCB) within the enclosure. As such, the following discussion of the inverter power module structure306will be directed towards the exemplary enclosure design of inverter module306having the flat bottom surface322interfacing with the flat peripheral surface at the interface307. In order to provide the flat peripheral surface318at the interface307, the stator laminations202may be formed so as to have a varying radius at the outer section320of the outer surface316of the stator laminations. For instance, as illustrated inFIG.4, a radius400of the stator laminations202varies along the outer section320so as to form the flat peripheral surface318. In one example, the radius400may generally be greater than a radius402at the sections338,340and/or342of the outer surface316of the stator laminations202(e.g., where an inverter module is not positioned). In other words, the radius402at the outer sections338,340,342and/or at any other section of the outer surface316where an inverter module is not positioned may be substantially constant, while the radius400at outer section320, and a radius of the stator laminations at sections334,336, may vary to form a flat peripheral surface at each of the interfaces303,305,307. Thus, the flat peripheral surfaces may be efficiently formed by altering the shape of the stator laminations202as desired at selected sections (e.g., at outer section320) of the outer surface316of the stator laminations to provide a flat interface to which an inverter power module may be coupled. Referring again specifically to the interface307, the inverter power module306may be mounted on the peripheral surface318of the stator laminations202, in face-sharing contact therewith. As illustrated inFIG.3, the inverter module306may have a length350, measured in the direction of the y-axis, that is substantially equal to a length of the stack of stator laminations202, as measured between first and second axial ends312,314thereof, in one example, which may allow for simplified electrical connections between stator coils wound through the stator200and components of the inverter modules in a space-efficient manner. Further, the peripheral surface318of the outer section320also extends from the first axial end312to the second axial end314, such that the peripheral surface318has a length substantially equal to the length350. Even further, as illustrated inFIG.4, the inverter module306and the peripheral surface318may have a width406that is substantially the same, in one example. As such, the entire bottom surface322of the inverter power module306may be in face-sharing contact with the peripheral surface318of the stator laminations202, in some examples. In other examples, the inverter power modules302,304,306may have a length that is less than the axial length of the stack of stator laminations202, and the peripheral surface318may be formed in the outer section320of stator laminations along a length of the stack corresponding to the length of the inverter module. In such examples, the inverter module may be positioned along the stator laminations so as to extend from one of the axial ends312,314such that axial ends of the inverter module are spaced away from both of the axial ends312,314. Nonetheless, the length350of the inverter power module306may be chosen so that the inverter power module306extends across the recessed oil inlet331(formed in the selected ones of the stator laminations202) between the first and second axial ends312,314. In this way, the inverter module forms at least a portion of a boundary of the recessed oil inlet331, as previously described, so that oil flowing into and through the recessed oil inlet may be in direct contact with the bottom surface322of the inverter module306to efficiently remove heat therefrom. In one example, the inverter module306is positioned so as to span the recessed oil inlet331near a midpoint of the inverter module, particularly when the recessed oil inlet331is centrally located along the stack of stator laminations202and the inverter module is centrally positioned between the first and second axial ends312,314. In this way, as oil flows through the recessed oil inlet331and axially outwards through the oil ducts230,232, more balanced cooling may be realized along the entire length of the stator and the inverter power module. Further, the peripheral surface318of the outer section320also extends from the first axial end312to the second axial end314, such that the peripheral surface318has a length substantially equal to the length350. Even further, as illustrated inFIG.4, the inverter module306and the peripheral surface318may have a width406that is substantially the same, in one example. As such, the entire bottom surface322of the inverter power module306may be in face-sharing contact with the peripheral surface318of the stator laminations202, in some examples. Thus, when oil is received in the recessed oil inlet331(e.g., via the oil inlet120of the oil circuit112shown inFIGS.1-2) and routed into the axially extending oil ducts230,232in the stator laminations202, heat may be transferred from the inverter power modules302,304,306to the oil. As previously described, the cutouts310forming the oil ducts230,232may be positioned radially outward from the stator teeth201, so as to be positioned nearer the outer surface316of the stator laminations than the stator teeth201. In this way, the heat transfer between the inverter modules and the oil flowing through oil ducts230,232may be increased for more efficient cooling of the inverter modules. Further, in some examples, a thermal interface material (TIM)319may be disposed between the peripheral surfaces of the stator laminations202and the inverter modules, as particularly illustrated at the interface307between the peripheral surface318of the stator laminations and the bottom surface322of the inverter power module306. In one example, the TIM may be a thermal paste. In other examples, the TIM may be thermally conductive epoxy or a silicone-based adhesive which may cure into a solid state. In still other examples, the TIM may be a thermal film (which may include a silicone or polyimide), thermal tape, phase change material, or other material or combination of materials that are capable of increasing the heat transfer between the bottom surface322of the inverter power module306and the peripheral surface318of the stator laminations202. In this way, heat transfer capabilities at the interface may be further enhanced to more effectively remove heat from the inverter modules. By using the oil flowing through the oil ducts230,232to cool the inverter power modules302,304,306, the cooling system of an electric machine (e.g., cooling system102for the electric machine100shown inFIG.1) efficiently utilizes an oil circuit to remove heat from the stator200and the inverter power modules302,304,306due to their arrangement in a common housing (e.g., housing110shown inFIGS.1-2). Further, the baffled layout of the oil ducts230,232, as previously described, may further enhance cooling of the inverter modules effected by oil flowing through the oil ducts. Even further, the cooling system may be compactly arranged with an electric motor (e.g., in an electric drive unit) for simultaneously cooling inverter power modules and the motor, thereby reducing the overall weight and cost of the system (e.g., by omitting a separate cooling plate for the inverter modules). Additionally, with the stator200and inverter modules302,304,306incorporated into the assembly300depicted inFIGS.3and4(and assembled into the housing110shown inFIGS.1and2), some oil received in the recessed inlet331and/or flowing from the oil ducts230,232in the stator laminations202may leak into contact with the inverter power modules. However, as the oil is a dielectric fluid, the oil may come into contact with the inverter modules without leading to issues with the function or life span of the inverter modules, if wanted in some examples. In some examples, referring again toFIG.2, heat may additionally be transferred from the oil ducts230,232, through an outer portion233of the laminations202, to the wall221of the housing110. At least a portion of the peripheral surface of the laminations may therefore be in face sharing contact with at least a portion of an inner surface of the housing. FIGS.1-4provide for a cooling system operating method. The method includes flowing oil through a plurality of oil ducts that axially extend through a stack of stator laminations. In said method, the stack of stator laminations includes a peripheral surface extending along an axial length of the stack. Further, the stack includes a plurality of cutouts in sequential stator laminations that form the plurality of oil ducts. Even further, an inverter power module is coupled to the peripheral surface. Even further, the peripheral surface may have a varying radius at a section to which the inverter power module is coupled, such that the section of the peripheral surface coupled to the inverter module is flat. More specifically, flowing the oil through the plurality of oil ducts may include operating a pump to flow oil through an oil inlet that extends through a housing. In one particular example, the oil inlet may be in fluid communication with the plurality of oil ducts via a recessed inlet formed at an axial mid-point of the stack of stator laminations. The method further includes thermally conducting heat from the stator laminations and the inverter power module to the oil flowing through the oil ducts. In one example, at least a portion of the plurality of cutouts are located radially outward from teeth in the stator laminations. In this way, heat may be efficiently transferred from the inverter power module to the oil (e.g., via the peripheral surface), and a space-efficient cooling system for removing heat produced in the stator and the inverter power module may be realized. Further, in certain examples, the peripheral surface may be further enhanced by providing a TIM between the inverter power module and the peripheral surface, as previously discussed. The technical effect of the cooling system operating method described herein is to efficiently and jointly transfer heat from one or more inverter power modules and a stator enclosed in a housing of an electric machine to oil flowing through a plurality of oil ducts axially extending through laminations of the stator. Consequently, a desired amount of electric machine cooling can be achieved in a space efficient package with a common cooling system, thereby increasing motor efficiency. FIGS.1-4show example configurations with relative positioning of the various components. If shown directly contacting each other, or directly coupled, then such elements may be referred to as directly contacting or directly coupled, respectively, at least in one example. Similarly, elements shown contiguous or adjacent to one another may be contiguous or adjacent to each other, respectively, at least in one example. As an example, components laying in face-sharing contact with each other may be referred to as in face-sharing contact. As another example, elements positioned apart from each other with only a space there-between and no other components may be referred to as such, in at least one example. As yet another example, elements shown above/below one another, at opposite sides to one another, or to the left/right of one another may be referred to as such, relative to one another. Further, as shown in the figures, a topmost element or point of element may be referred to as a “top” of the component and a bottommost element or point of the element may be referred to as a “bottom” of the component, in at least one example. As used herein, top/bottom, upper/lower, above/below, may be relative to a vertical axis of the figures and used to describe positioning of elements of the figures relative to one another. As such, elements shown above other elements are positioned vertically above the other elements, in one example. As yet another example, shapes of the elements depicted within the figures may be referred to as having those shapes (e.g., such as being circular, straight, planar, curved, rounded, chamfered, angled, or the like). Further, elements shown intersecting one another may be referred to as intersecting elements or intersecting one another, in at least one example. Further still, an element shown within another element or shown outside of another element may be referred as such, in one example. The invention will be further described in the following paragraphs. In one aspect, an electric machine is provided that comprises a stator including a stack of stator laminations, each of the stator laminations having a plurality of cutouts that form a plurality of oil ducts which axially extend through the stack of stator laminations; and an inverter power module forming an interface with a peripheral surface of an outer section of the stack of stator laminations; wherein the stator and the inverter power module are positioned within a housing. In another aspect, a method for an electric motor cooling system is provided that comprises: flowing oil through a plurality of oil ducts that axially extend through a stack of stator laminations; wherein the stack of stator laminations includes a peripheral surface extending along an axial length of the stack and a plurality of cutouts in sequential stator laminations form the plurality of oil ducts; and wherein an inverter power module is coupled to the peripheral surface. In one example, flowing oil through the plurality of oil ducts may include operating a pump to flow oil through an oil inlet that extends through the housing. In another example, the method may further comprise thermally conducting heat from the stator laminations and the inverter power module to the oil, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of cutouts are located radially outward from teeth in the stator laminations. In yet another aspect, a cooling system for an electric motor is provided that comprises a stator including a stack of stator laminations that include a recessed inlet which at least partially circumferentially extends around the stack and receives oil from an oil inlet and directs oil to a plurality of oil ducts; wherein the plurality of oil ducts axially extend through at least a portion of the stack of stator laminations; and wherein at least a portion of the plurality of oil ducts are positioned radially inward from a first inverter power pack coupled to the stack; and a housing enclosing the stator and the first inverter power pack. In any of the aspects of combinations of the aspects, the interface may include a thermal interface material arranged between the peripheral surface and the inverter power module. In any of the aspects of combinations of the aspects, the thermal interface material may be a thermal paste. In any of the aspects of combinations of the aspects, the outer section of the stack of stator laminations that forms the interface may include a flat surface. In any of the aspects of combinations of the aspects, the inverter power module may be in face-sharing contact with the peripheral surface of the stack of stator laminations. In any of the aspects of combinations of the aspects, the outer section of the stack of stator laminations may have a varying radius. In any of the aspects of combinations of the aspects, the electric machine may further comprise an oil inlet extending through the housing, wherein the stack of stator laminations may include a recessed inlet that circumferentially extends around at least a portion of the stack and is designed to receive oil from the oil inlet and direct the oil to the plurality of oil ducts. In any of the aspects of combinations of the aspects, the inverter power module may axially extend across the recessed inlet. In any of the aspects of combinations of the aspects, the plurality of oil ducts may include at least two ducts that extend from the recessed inlet in opposing axial directions. In any of the aspects of combinations of the aspects, the oil inlet may be in fluid communication with the plurality of oil ducts via a recessed inlet formed at an axial mid-point of the stack of stator laminations. In any of the aspects of combinations of the aspects, the peripheral surface may have a varying radius at a section coupled to the inverter power module. In any of the aspects of combinations of the aspects, the section of the peripheral surface coupled to the inverter power module may be flat. In any of the aspects of combinations of the aspects, a thermal interface material may be arranged between the peripheral surface and the inverter power module. In any of the aspects of combinations of the aspects, the recessed inlet may be located between first and second axial ends of the stack, and the first inverter power pack may extend between the first and second axial ends across the recessed inlet. In any of the aspects of combinations of the aspects, the first inverter power pack may be coupled to a first peripheral surface section of the stator laminations, and a second inverter power pack may be coupled to a second peripheral surface section of the stator laminations. In any of the aspects of combinations of the aspects, the first and second peripheral surface sections may have radii greater than a radius of outer sections of the stack between the first and second peripheral surface sections. Note that the example control and estimation routines included herein can be used with various electric machine and/or vehicle system configurations. The control methods and routines disclosed herein may be stored as executable instructions in non-transitory memory and may be carried out by the control system including the controller in combination with the various sensors, actuators, and other vehicle system and/or electric machine hardware. The specific routines described herein may represent one or more of any number of processing strategies such as event-driven, interrupt-driven, multi-tasking, multi-threading, and the like. As such, various actions, operations, and/or functions illustrated may be performed in the sequence illustrated, in parallel, or in some cases omitted. Likewise, the order of processing is not necessarily required to achieve the features and advantages of the example embodiments described herein, but is provided for ease of illustration and description. One or more of the illustrated actions, operations, and/or functions may be repeatedly performed depending on the particular strategy being used. Further, the described actions, operations, and/or functions may graphically represent code to be programmed into non-transitory memory of the computer readable storage medium in the engine control system, where the described actions are carried out by executing the instructions in a system including the various electric machine hardware components in combination with the electronic controller. As used herein, the terms “approximately” and “substantially” are construed to mean plus or minus five percent of the range unless otherwise specified. The following claims particularly point out certain combinations and sub-combinations regarded as novel and non-obvious. These claims may refer to “an” element or “a first” element or the equivalent thereof. Such claims should be understood to include incorporation of one or more such elements, neither requiring nor excluding two or more such elements. Other combinations and sub-combinations of the disclosed features, functions, elements, and/or properties may be claimed through amendment of the present claims or through presentation of new claims in this or a related application. Such claims, whether broader, narrower, equal, or different in scope to the original claims, also are regarded as included within the subject matter of the present disclosure. | 51,147 |
11942826 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Electric machines may be used to provide energy to, or extract energy from, rotating devices. As one example, an electrical generator may convert rotational mechanical energy extracted from a combustion motor into electrical energy. As another example, an electrical motor may provide rotational mechanical energy to assist with starting a combustion motor. As another example, an electrical motor may provide rotational mechanical energy to drive a propulsor (e.g., fan, propeller, etc.) of a vehicle. An electric machine may operate in various modes at different times. For instance, a particular electric machine may operate as a starter to start a combustion motor at a first time and operate as a generator to convert rotational mechanical energy generated by the combustion motor into electrical energy at a second time. In this way, an electric machine may operate as an electrical starter-generator. An electric machine may include a rotor that rotates relative to a stator. The rotor may include magnets, e.g., permanent magnets (PMs), disposed around a cylindrical body of the rotor. Magnetic fields of the magnets of the rotor interact with magnetic fields generated by windings included in the stator to transfer energy. The stator may transfer energy to, or receive energy from, the rotor via interaction between magnetic fields generated by the stator windings and magnetic fields generated by the rotor. For example, an alternating current may be applied to the stator windings in a motor which may cause alternating magnetic fields. Interaction between magnetic fields generated by the magnets of the rotor and the alternating magnetic fields may transfer and convert the electrical energy in the stator windings to mechanical motion (e.g., rotation) of the rotor. Similarly, rotation of the rotor in a generator may cause alternating magnetic fields which may transfer and convert the mechanical energy of the motion of the rotor to electrical energy in the stator windings via induction of a current in the windings by the alternating magnetic fields. Electric machines have energy losses in transferring energy between rotation mechanical energy and electrical energy or from electrical energy to rotational mechanical energy. These losses ultimately are converted to heat which increases the temperature of the components of the machine, which may then change the performance and characteristics of the electric machine and/or degrade components of the electric machine. In accordance with one or more techniques of this disclosure, a rotor assembly includes a wall radially within a rotor core, the wall defining a fluid flow path configured to guide a fluid along an inner surface of the rotor core to cool the rotor core. The fluid flow path is configured to guide a fluid from a fluid inlet to the rotor assembly to a fluid outlet from the rotor assembly, and in some examples, further to a fluid outlet from an electric machine including the rotor assembly. The fluid may be configured to cool the rotor assembly by transferring heat from the rotor assembly while flowing within the fluid flow path. The rotor assembly may include the fluid inlet, which may be a hollow shaft attached to, or integral with, the rotor core. The hollow shaft may define a lumen configured to be in fluid communication with the portion of the fluid flow path within the rotor core. The wall within the rotor core may be configured to guide a fluid within the fluid flow path from the lumen of the hollow shaft and along an inner surface of the rotor core rotor core. In other words, the rotor core may be a “double-walled” hollow rotor core with the double walls defining a volume between them comprising a portion of the fluid flow path within the rotor core. The rotor core may include a rotor core exit vent, which may be a through hole in fluid communication with the fluid flow path and a volume within, and defined, by a stator. In other words, the rotor assembly may be comprise a portion of an electric machine and may be configured to rotate with a volume defined by the stator of the electric machine. The stator and rotor assembly may be configured to define a portion of the fluid flow path radially outside of the rotor core and radially within the stator. The portion of the fluid flow path outside of the rotor core and inside the rotor core may be in fluid communication via the rotor core exit vent. The stator may further define a stator exit vent, which may be the outlet, and which may be configured to allow a fluid flowing within the flow path to flow out of the stator and out of the electric machine. The rotor assembly and stator may define a portion of the fluid flow path configured to guide a fluid along an inner surface of the stator from the rotor core exit vent to the stator exit vent, e.g., the outlet. For example, a fluid flowing within such portion of the fluid flow path may cool and/or transfer heat from both the rotor assembly (e.g., via thermal contact with rotor assembly components located radially outside the rotor core such as permanent magnets, banding, and the like) and the stator, e.g., via thermal contact with an inner surface of a stator sleeve. The rotor core may further include an impeller, or a plurality of impellers, between the inner surface of the rotor core and the wall, the impeller(s) configured to cause a fluid to move within the fluid flow path. In other words, the rotor core may include impellers between the double-walls of the double-walled rotor core. The impeller(s) may be configured to cause the fluid to flow within the fluid flow path when the rotor core is rotated. For example, the rotational motion of the impeller(s) with the rotor core is rotated may cause a pressure differential of the fluid from the inlet to the outlet, causing the fluid to be drawn in at the inlet (e.g., the hollow shaft) and exit at the outlet (e.g., the stator exit vent). In some examples, the impeller(s) may be further configured to stiffen and/or support the wall, e.g., provide mechanical support for the double-walled rotor core. FIG.1is a conceptual diagram of a vehicle100that includes an electric machine, in accordance with one or more techniques of this disclosure. In some examples, vehicle100is an aircraft. In other examples, vehicle100may include any type of vehicle utilizing an electric machine, including one or more types of air vehicles; land vehicles, including but not limited to, tracked and/or wheeled vehicles; marine vehicles, including but not limited to surface vessels, submarines, and/or semi-submersibles; amphibious vehicles; or any combination of one or more types of air, land, and marine vehicles. Vehicle100may be manned, semiautonomous, or autonomous. As shown in the example ofFIG.1, vehicle100may include propulsion system102. In some examples, propulsion system102may include a combustion engine, such as a gas-turbine engine. Propulsion system102includes motor104that is configured to drive propulsor130. Propulsion systems that include gas-turbine engines may include electric generator108that may both start the gas-turbine engines and generate electrical power using mechanical energy generated by the gas-turbine engines. As shown inFIG.1, propulsion system102may include generator108and energy storage system (ESS)110coupled to electrical bus114, and motor104coupled to electrical bus114. In accordance with one or more techniques of this disclosure, motor104and/or generator108may include a wall radially within a rotor core, the wall defining a fluid flow path configured to guide a fluid along an inner surface of the rotor core to cool the rotor core. The fluid flow path is configured to guide a fluid from a fluid inlet to the rotor assembly to a fluid outlet from the rotor assembly, and in some examples, further to a fluid outlet from an electric machine including the rotor assembly. The fluid may be configured to cool the rotor assembly by transferring heat from the rotor assembly while flowing within the fluid flow path. FIG.2is a cross-sectional view of an electric machine200as viewed along axis A, in accordance with one or more techniques of this disclosure. In some examples, the cross-sectional view may correspond to a cross section at the plane defined by circumference C illustrated inFIG.3, with respect to electric machine300. In the example shown, electric machine200includes stator202and rotor assembly204. In some examples, electric machine200may be either, or both, of an electric generator configured to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy or an electric motor configured to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy. In the example shown, stator202includes base portion206and a plurality of stator teeth208. Stator teeth208may project radially inward towards longitudinal axis A of rotor assembly204from base portion206. In some examples, the plurality of stator teeth208may be disposed circumferentially around longitudinal axis A, e.g., about the z-axis as illustrated. In some examples, stator202may have a length that is substantially the entire length of electric machine200and/or rotor assembly204, e.g., along longitudinal axis A in the z-direction. In other examples, electric machine200may include a plurality of stators202disposed along a longitudinal axis A in the z-direction, each stator202having a length that is substantially less than the length of electric machine200and/or rotor assembly204. In some examples, stator teeth208may define a plurality of slots210between stator teeth208. A plurality of stator windings (not shown) may be wound around the plurality of stator teeth208and at least partially filling stator slots210. In the example shown, rotor assembly204includes rotor core212, a plurality of magnet pairs214aand214bof opposite polarity (collectively referred to as magnets214) disposed on or about the surface of rotor core212, and metallic banding218. As used herein, magnets of the “same polarity” have their magnetic poles oriented in the same direction, and magnets of the “opposite polarity” have their magnetic poles oriented in opposite directions. Namely, magnets do not have a particular polarity, but rather an orientation of their magnetic poles. For ease of description, magnets described as having the “same polarity” or “opposite polarity” relative to each other as used herein means that the magnets are oriented with like poles (e.g., their magnetic north and south poles) oriented in the same direction or opposite direction, respectively, relative to each other. For example, the magnetic north and south poles of magnets214aand214bmay be oriented opposite to each other such that the north magnetic pole of magnet214amay be at the end of magnet214ain the positive z-direction and its south magnetic pole may be at its end in the negative z-direction, and the opposite may be true for magnet214b. Metallic banding218may be configured to secure magnets214to an outer surface of rotor core212. In some examples, there may be one or more layers between the outer surface of rotor core212and magnets214. For example, metallic banding218may be configured to secure magnets214to an outer surface of one or more layers disposed on an outer surface of rotor core212, e.g., an adhesive, a wrap, or any other material forming a layer between magnets214and the outer surface of rotor core212. In some examples rotor core212may be a hollow shell and/or drum, e.g., volume216may be hollow. In some examples, rotor core212may be solid core, e.g., volume216may be a substantially solid material, e.g., a metal. In some examples, rotor core212may be and/or include a drive shaft, or rotor core212may be mechanically coupled to a drive shaft in other examples. When electric machine200is operating as a generator, a torque may be applied to rotor assembly204, e.g., via rotor core212as a drive shaft. The rotation of rotor assembly204may cause an alternating magnetic field at each of stator teeth208due to the rotation of the magnet pairs214aand214b.The alternating magnetic fields may induce a current, e.g., and alternating current (AC) to flow in the windings of stator202, thereby converting the mechanical energy (rotation) of the rotor into electrical energy in the windings. When electric machine200is operating as a motor, the opposite conversion may occur. Namely, AC flowing through the windings of stator202may cause alternating magnetic fields, which interact with magnets214to induce a torque on rotor assembly204thereby converting the electrical energy in the windings to mechanical energy of the rotor assembly. In some examples, the alternating magnetic fields may induce eddy currents in conductors located within the fields, e.g., magnets214, metallic banding218, etc. To reduce eddy currents, magnets214(e.g., each of the magnets214aand214babout the circumference of rotor core212) and metallic banding218may be segmented in the axial direction into a plurality of segmented magnets214and a plurality of segmented metallic bands218, e.g., along longitudinal axis A in the z-direction. Electrical resistance of the magnets, or any material in which eddy currents may be induced, may cause at least a portion of the energy coupled into the eddy currents to be converted to heat. Electric machine200may include other sources of heat, desired or undesired, as well. For example, air resistance and/or friction may convert rotational energy of rotor assembly204to heat, e.g., increasing the temperature of magnets214and/or other components of rotor assembly204. In accordance with one or more techniques of this disclosure, rotor assembly204may include rotor core212including a wall222radially within the rotor core212defining a fluid flow path224configured to guide a fluid along an inner surface226of rotor core212. In the example shown, rotor core212includes a first, outer wall220and a second, inner wall222, together defining fluid flow path224. In some examples, rotor core212, e.g., outer wall220, is configured to conduct heat between permanent magnets214a,214band inner surface226of outer wall220, and the inner surface226is configured to transfer heat to a fluid flowing within fluid flow path224. FIG.3is a perspective view of a rotor assembly300, in accordance with one or more techniques of this disclosure. In the example shown, rotor assembly300includes rotor shaft322, rotor core312, permanent magnets314. Rotor shaft322is configured to support rotor core312and contact one or more bearings to rotate about longitudinal axis A. Rotor shaft322is made of a hard material, e.g., a metal, and has a smooth surface finish at least in the areas that contact one or more bearings so as to minimize friction and/or resistance to rotation. In some examples, rotor shaft322may be integral with, or a part of, rotor core312. Rotor core312is configured to support permanent magnets314at a radial distance from axis A, e.g., so as to efficiently interact with a stator via alternating magnetic fields (either as a generator or motor). Rotor core312may be a double-walled rotor core, e.g., comprising a radially outer wall320and a radially inner wall (not visible inFIG.3) that together define a fluid flow path configured to guide a fluid along an inner surface of the outer wall320. FIG.4is a cross-sectional view of a portion of an example electric machine400, in accordance with one or more techniques of this disclosure. The cross-sectional view shown is of a portion of electric machine400as viewed in the radial direction. It should be appreciated that the view shown inFIG.4may be a portion of electric machine400that may be symmetric about axis A, e.g., a portion of the “top half” of electric machine400. In the example shown, electric machine400includes stator402and rotor assembly404. In some examples, electric machine400may be either, or both, of an electric generator configured to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy or an electric motor configured to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy. In the example shown, stator402includes stator housing406and conductors448. Conductors448may be stator windings, e.g., wound around a plurality of stator teeth (not shown). Stator housing406may be configured to both support conductors448and position conductors448at a radial distance from permanent magnets414of rotor assembly404, as well as fluidically isolate volume410, e.g., including conductors448, from rotor assembly404and/or a volume in which rotor assembly404is configured to rotate. In some examples, stator housing406may be configured to contain a fluid within volume410, e.g., a cooling oil, air, water, a gas, a refrigerant, and the like, and prevent the fluid from entering into the volume in which rotor assembly404is configured to rotate. Stator housing406is configured to house rotor assembly404. For example, rotor assembly404is configured to rotate within stator402, e.g., via bearings446between stator housing406and rotor assembly404. In the example shown, rotor assembly404is configured to rotate within volume408defined by stator402and to rotate about longitudinal axis A. Stator housing406may include one or more stator exit vents434configured to be in fluid communication with both volume408and a volume outside of stator housing406. Stator exit vents434are configured to allow a fluid to flow between volume408and the volume outside of stator housing406. In the example shown, rotor assembly404includes rotor core412, a plurality of magnets414disposed on or about the surface of rotor core412, and metallic banding418. Magnets414and metallic banding418may be substantially similar to magnets214and metallic banding218described above. In the example shown, rotor core412is a double-walled hollow core. Rotor core412may be comprised of a rigid material that may be electrically conductive or electrically non-conductive, e.g., a metal, a carbon fiber, a composite material, and the like. Rotor core412has an axial length along longitudinal axis A, and is configured to rotate about longitudinal axis A. Rotor core412comprises first, outer wall420and second, inner wall422. Inner wall422is disposed radially within outer wall420, e.g., towards longitudinal axis A. Outer wall420(e.g., an inner surface426of outer wall420) and inner wall422(e.g., an outer surface of inner wall422) define fluid flow path424. Fluid flow path424is configured to guide a fluid along an inner surface426of outer wall420, e.g., so as to flow along surface426and remove heat from outer wall420. In some examples, one or both of outer wall420and inner wall422may comprise a thermally conductive material, e.g., a metal, a thermally conductive carbon fiber, a thermally conductive polymeric material including thermally conductive particles, a thermally conductive woven or nonwoven material including thermally conductive polymers, a thermally conductive composite material, or the like. In the example shown, rotor core412optionally includes one or more impellers428between inner surface426of outer wall420and an outer surface of inner wall422, e.g., within fluid flow path424. Impellers428are configured to cause a fluid to move within fluid flow path424. For example, as rotor assembly404rotates, impellers428move rotationally within fluid flow path424, contacting and causing the fluid within fluid flow path424to accelerate, e.g., in the direction shown via the directional arrows within fluid flow path424illustrated inFIG.4. In other examples, impellers428may be configured to cause a fluid to move in the opposite direction of the arrows within fluid flow path424illustrated inFIG.4. In some examples, impellers424are configured to affix or support inner wall422radially within outer wall420. For example, impellers424may be configured to be structural attachments between inner wall422and outer wall420and to attach inner wall422at a substantially fixed radial and/or axial position within outer wall420. In some examples, impellers428may comprise a thermally conductive material, e.g., a metal, a thermally conductive carbon fiber, a thermally conductive polymeric material including thermally conductive particles, a thermally conductive woven or nonwoven material including thermally conductive polymers, a thermally conductive composite material, or the like. In some examples, outer wall420is configured to conduct heat between permanent magnets414and inner surface426. For example, outer wall420may be a thermal conductor, and permanent magnets414may be in thermal communication with outer wall420. Inner surface426may be configured to transfer heat to a fluid within fluid flow path424. For example, a fluid within flow path424may be in thermal communication with inner surface426, and inner surface426may transfer heat, e.g., via any of conduction, radiation, convection, and the like, to the fluid. In some examples, the fluid may not be moving within fluid flow path424, and in other examples, the fluid may be flowing within fluid flow path424. In some examples, impellers428are also configured to conduct heat, e.g., impellers428may be thermal conductors. In some examples, impellers428and/or a radially outer surface456of inner wall422may be configured to increase the surface area of inner surface426and transfer heat to a fluid within fluid flow path424. For example, impellers may be affixed to, and in thermal communication with, outer wall420and inner surface426. Thermal energy and/or heat may conduct between outer wall420and impellers428, and the thermal energy of outer wall420may conduct and/or radiate from the surfaces of impellers428in addition to surface428. In other words, impellers428may be affixed to, or integral with, outer wall420and the surface area of the surfaces of impellers428add to the surface area of surface420. In some examples, inner wall422may be affixed to, or integral with, impellers428, and may be in thermal communication/contact with impellers428and the surface area of radially outer surface456may add to the surface area of surface420. Rotor core412may be configured such that thermal energy and/or heat may conduct between any of outer wall420, impellers428, an inner wall420. In other words, heat generated in components of rotor assembly404(e.g., via conversion of electrical energy, friction, or any other source of heating of the components) may be conducted to outer wall420, impellers428, and inner wall420, and the heat may be transferred to fluid within fluid flow path424, e.g., via conduction by being in thermal contact with the fluid at inner surface426, radially outer surface456, and the surfaces of impellers428. In other words, the surface area configured to be in contact with a fluid within fluid flow path424and configured to transfer thermal energy to the fluid within fluid flow path424may comprise any or all of inner surface426, radially outer surface456, and the surfaces of impellers428. Additionally, impellers428may be further configured to stiffen and/or support inner wall422, e.g., provide mechanical support for the double-walled rotor core412. In some examples, inner wall422may be attached to, fixed by, or integral with outer wall420via impellers428, e.g., impellers428are configured to both cause a fluid within fluid flow path424to move (add consequently fluid within fluid flow path425to move as well) and to support/attach inner wall422to outer wall420to form the double-wall and define fluid flow path424. Rotor core412is configured to rotate within stator402, e.g., within volume408defined by stator housing406. Impellers428are configured to cause a fluid to move within fluid flow path424, e.g., when rotor core412rotates within stator420. Impellers428may drive the fluid to flow axially and radially outwards within flow path424and along inner surface406. Impellers428may cause the fluid to be drawn into fluid flow path424via fluid inlet436. In some examples, fluid inlet436may be a lumen within a drive shaft connected to rotor assembly404and in fluidic communication with fluid flow path424, and in some examples fluid inlet436may be a lumen within rotor assembly404or rotor core412and in fluidic communication with fluid flow path424. In some examples, fluid inlet436may be a aperture of rotor core412in fluidic communication with fluid flow path424. In some examples, rotor core412includes a rotor core exit vent430in fluid communication with fluid flow path424and configured to allow a fluid to flow between fluid flow path424and a volume outside of fluid flow path424, e.g., volume408in the example shown. The fluid may then flow out from volume408via stator exit vent434to a volume outside of stator402, along with any heat transferred to the fluid from rotor core412and/or stator402. For example, when electric machine400is operating and rotor assembly412rotates about longitudinal axis A, impellers428may cause a fluid within fluid flow path424to move in a direction within fluid flow path424as indicated by the arrows inFIG.4. The movement of the fluid may cause a pressure drop within fluid flow path424, drawing in more fluid from fluid inlet436. Flow path424may then guide the fluid within fluid flow path424and along inner surface426and radially outer surface456. The fluid may be in thermal contact with inner surface426, radially outer surface456, and the surfaces of impellers428, and may receive thermal energy from those surfaces, e.g., via conduction. The fluid may exit fluid flow path424via rotor core exit vent430into volume408. Stator402and rotor assembly404may define a fluid flow path425within volume408, fluid path425configured to guide the fluid along an inner surface466of an inner stator wall464of stator housing406, and along components of rotor assembly404, e.g., surfaces of magnets414, metallic banding428, and outer surfaces468of rotor core412, and may receive thermal energy from those surfaces, e.g., via conduction. The fluid may then exit stator402via stator exit vents434. In some examples, fluid flow path425, defined by rotor assembly404and stator402, may be configured to remove heat from conductors448. For example, stator402may be configured to transfer heat generated by conductors448to at least a portion of stator housing406, e.g., an inner stator wall464configured to separate volume410and volume408. Inner stator wall464may be comprised of a thermally conductive material, e.g., a metal, a thermally conductive carbon fiber, a thermally conductive polymeric material including thermally conductive particles, a thermally conductive woven or nonwoven material including thermally conductive polymers, a thermally conductive composite material, or the like. In some examples, stator402may include a thermally conductive fluid within volume410configured to transfer thermal energy/heat from conductors448to inner stator wall464. Fluid flow path425may be configured to guide a fluid along inner surface466of inner stator wall464. The fluid may be configured to receive thermal energy from inner surface466surfaces, e.g., via conduction, thereby receiving heat generated by conductive448and carrying that heat out stator exit vent434. In some examples, impellers428may cause a fluid within fluid flow path424to move in a direction within fluid flow path424opposite the direction indicated by the arrows inFIG.4. For example, impellers428may cause the fluid in a direction such that the fluid may be draw into fluid flow path425via stator exit vent434, from fluid flow path425to fluid flow path424via rotor core exit vent430, and out of fluid flow path424via fluid inlet436. Fluid flow paths425and424may be configured to guide the fluid along the surfaces as described above, only in the opposite direction, and to remove heat via thermal conduction/communication with those surfaces. In some examples, electric machine400may not include impellers428. For example, inner wall422may be integral with outer wall420to define fluid flow path424, or inner wall422may be affixed radially within outer wall420to define fluid flow path424via support structures that are not impellers. In some examples, an external fluid motive force may be provided, e.g., to cause a fluid to move within fluid flow paths424and425in the direction indicated by the arrows or opposite the direction indicated by the arrows. For example, a fluid pump, fan, or the like, may be in fluid communication with one or both of fluid flow paths424and425, e.g., via fluid inlets436and/or stator vent exit vents434. In the example shown, electric machine400may be symmetric about radial axis B (axis B is illustrated as a broken dashed line for the sake of clarity of elements illustrated within electric machine400). In some examples, conductors448on side D of electric machine may be operated/driven independently from conductors448on side E of electric machine400. Magnets414on side D may interact with conductors448on side D independently of magnets414and conductors on side E. For example, if one or more conductors448or magnets414on side D of electric machine400fail such that conductors448and magnets414on side D are not able to convert between electrical and mechanical energy, e.g., via rotating rotor core412, the magnets414and conductors468on side E may still function and not be susceptible to the same cause of failure on side D. In other examples, electric machine400may not be symmetric about a radial axis. In the example shown, fluid flow paths424and425may be configured to guide fluid from fluid inlet436on either side, D or E, of electric machine400to stator exit vent434on either side of, D or E, of electric machine400, e.g., when impellers428are configured to cause the fluid to move as indicated by the arrows. Similarly, fluid flow paths424and425may be configured to guide fluid from stator exit vent436on either side, D or E, of electric machine400to fluid inlet436on either side of, D or E, of electric machine400, e.g., when impellers428are configured to cause the fluid to move opposite the direction indicated by the arrows. In the example shown, electric machine400includes two fluid inlets436, one rotor core exit vent430, and two stator exit vents434, however, electric machine400may have fewer or more of each of fluid inlets436, rotor core exit vent430, and stator exit vents434. For example, rotor core412may include additional rotor core exit vents430at one or more other circumferential positions about outer wall420, and stator housing406may include just a single stator exit vent434on either side D or side E, or a plurality of stator exit vents at differing circumferential or radial positions on one or both of sides D or E. FIG.5is a flowchart of an example technique500for making a rotor assembly, in accordance with one or more techniques of this disclosure. Although described with reference to electric machine400and rotor assembly404ofFIG.4, the technique may be used to form any suitable rotor assembly including an inner rotor core wall radially within an outer rotor core wall and defining a fluid flow path between the inner and outer rotor core walls. A rotor assembly fabricator, e.g., a person and/or rotor assembly machine, may form a double-walled rotor core (502). For example, the rotor assembly fabricator may attach inner wall422to an inner surface426of a rotor core412, e.g., to inner surface426of outer wall420, via one or more impellers428. The rotor assembly fabricator may attach inner wall422radially within outer wall420to define fluid flow path424configured to guide a fluid along inner surface426of rotor core412, e.g., inner surface426of outer wall420. The rotor assembly fabricator may form a vent between an inner surface and an outer surface of the rotor core, wherein the vent through is in fluid communication with the fluid flow path (504). For example, the rotor assembly fabricator may form one or more rotor core exit vents430in outer wall420between inner surface426and outer surface468such that rotor core exit vents430are in fluid communication with fluid flow path424and fluid flow path425. The following examples may illustrate one or more aspects of the disclosure: Example 1: A rotor assembly comprising: a rotor core having an axial length and configured to rotate about a longitudinal axis, the rotor core comprising: a first wall; and a second wall radially within the first wall and defining a fluid flow path configured to guide a fluid along an inner surface of the first wall. Example 2: The rotor assembly of example 1, further comprising an impeller between the inner surface of the first wall and an outer surface of the second wall, where the impeller is configured to cause a fluid to move within the fluid flow path. Example 3: The rotor assembly of example 2, wherein the impeller is further configured to stiffen the rotor core. Example 4: The rotor assembly of example 3, wherein the impeller is further configured to affix the second wall radially within the first wall. Example 5: The rotor assembly of any one of examples 1 through 4 further comprising: a permanent magnet disposed radially outwards of an outer surface of the first wall, wherein the first wall is configured to conduct heat between the permanent magnet and the inner surface of the first wall, wherein the inner surface of the first wall is configured to transfer heat to a fluid within the fluid flow path. Example 6: The rotor assembly of example 5, wherein the impeller is in thermal contact with the inner surface of the first wall and is further configured increase a surface area of the inner surface of the first wall and transfer heat to a fluid within the fluid flow path. Example 7: The rotor assembly of any one of examples 1 through 6, wherein the rotor core is configured to rotate within a stator, wherein the rotor core comprises a rotor core exit vent in fluid communication with the fluid flow path, wherein the stator comprises a stator exit vent configured to allow a fluid flowing within the fluid flow path to exit the rotor assembly and the stator. Example 8: The rotor assembly of example 7, wherein the rotor assembly is configured to define, within the stator, the fluid flow path configured to guide a fluid along an inner surface of the stator from the rotor core exit vent to the stator exit vent. Example 9: The rotor assembly of any one of examples 1 through 8, wherein the rotor core comprises a hollow shaft defining a lumen, wherein the lumen is in fluid communication with the fluid flow path and comprises a fluid inlet to the fluid flow path. Example 10: An electric machine comprising: a stator defining a volume; and a rotor assembly configured to rotate within the volume; the rotor assembly comprising: a rotor core having an axial length and configured to rotate about a longitudinal axis, the rotor core comprising: a first wall; and a second wall radially within the first wall and defining a fluid flow path configured to guide a fluid along an inner surface of the first wall. Example 11: The electric machine of example 10, further comprising: an impeller between the inner surface of the first wall and an outer surface of the second wall, where the impeller is configured to cause a fluid to move within the fluid flow path. Example 12: The electric machine of example 11, wherein the impeller is further configured to stiffen the rotor core. Example 13: The electric machine of example 12, wherein the impeller is further configured to affix the second wall radially within the first wall. Example 14: The electric machine of any one of examples 10 through 13 further comprising: a permanent magnet disposed radially outwards of an outer surface of the first wall, wherein the rotor core is configured to conduct heat between the permanent magnet and the inner surface of the first wall, wherein the inner surface of the first wall is configured to transfer heat to a fluid flowing within the fluid flow path. Example 15: The rotor assembly of example 14, wherein the impeller is in thermal contact with the inner surface of the first wall and is further configured increase a surface area of the inner surface of the first wall and transfer heat to a fluid flowing within the fluid flow path. Example 16: The rotor assembly of any one of examples 10 through 15, wherein the rotor core comprises a rotor core exit vent in fluid communication with the fluid flow path, wherein the stator comprises a stator exit vent configured to allow a fluid flowing within the fluid flow path to exit the rotor assembly and the stator. Example 17: The rotor assembly of example 16, wherein the rotor assembly is configured to define, within the stator, a fluid flow path configured to guide a fluid along an inner surface of the stator between the rotor core exit vent and the stator exit vent. Example 18: The rotor assembly of any one of examples 10 through 17, wherein the rotor core comprises a hollow shaft defining a lumen, wherein the lumen is in fluid communication with the fluid flow path and comprises a fluid inlet to the fluid flow path. Example 19: A method of making a rotor assembly comprising: attaching a wall to an inner surface of a rotor core via an impeller, wherein the wall defines a fluid flow path configured to guide a fluid along an inner surface of the rotor core. Example 20: The method of example 19, further comprising: forming a vent through hole between an inner surface and an outer surface of the rotor core, wherein the vent through is in fluid communication with the fluid flow path. Various examples have been described. These and other examples are within the scope of the following claims. | 37,670 |
11942827 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION First Embodiment In xyz orthogonal coordinate systems illustrated in the drawings, a z-axis direction (z axis) represents a direction parallel to an axis line Ax of a rotor2, an x-axis direction (x axis) represents a direction orthogonal to the z-axis direction (z axis), and a y-axis direction (y axis) is a direction orthogonal to both the z-axis direction and the x-axis direction. The axis line Ax is a rotation center of the rotor2. The axis line Ax also represents an axis line of a motor1described later. A direction parallel to the axis line Ax will be referred to as an “axial direction of the rotor2” or simply as an “axial direction.” The “radial direction” refers to a radial direction of the rotor2or a stator3, and is a direction orthogonal to the axis line Ax. An xy plane is a plane orthogonal to the axial direction. Arrow D1 represents a circumferential direction about the axis line Ax. FIG.1is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a structure of the motor1according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The motor1includes the rotor2and the stator3. In this embodiment, the motor1is, for example, a three-phase synchronous motor. Specifically, the motor1is a permanent magnet synchronous motor (also called a brushless DC motor) such as an interior permanent magnet motor. The rotor2is rotatably disposed inside the stator3. An air gap is formed between the rotor2and the stator3. The rotor2rotates about the axis line Ax. The rotor2includes a rotor core21, at least one permanent magnet22, and a shaft24. The stator3is disposed outside the rotor2. The stator3includes, for example, an annular stator core, and a stator winding wound around the stator core. In the example illustrated inFIG.1, the stator3includes a yoke35extending in the circumferential direction of the stator3, and a plurality of teeth34extending in the radial directions from the yoke35. Spaces between the teeth34serve as slots33in each of which the stator winding is disposed. The stator winding used for the stator3is, for example, a winding in which an insulation film is formed around a conductor such as copper or aluminum. The stator core of the stator3is constituted by, for example, annular electromagnetic steel sheets stacked in the axial direction. Each of the electromagnetic steel sheets is punched in a predetermined shape beforehand. Each electromagnetic steel sheet has a thickness of, for example, 0.25 mm to 0.5 mm. The electromagnetic steel sheets are fixed together by swaging. FIG.2is a diagram illustrating another example of the stator3. The stator3illustrated inFIG.2includes, in addition to the yoke35and the plurality of teeth34, at least one hole36extending in the axial direction and at least one notch37formed in the outer peripheral surface of the stator3. Instead of the stator3illustrated inFIG.1, the stator3illustrated inFIG.2may be used for the motor1. In the example illustrated inFIG.2, a plurality of holes36are formed in the yoke35. Each of the holes36extends in the axial direction. In a case where the motor1is used as a driving source of a compressor, for example, each hole36is used as a channel through which a refrigerant flows in the compressor. Accordingly, the motor1can be effectively cooled in the compressor. In the example illustrated inFIG.2, a plurality of notches37are formed on the outer peripheral surface of the stator3. Accordingly, in the xy plane, the stator3has a maximum radius Ra and a radius Rb smaller than the maximum radius Ra. The radius Rb is a minimum radius from the axis line Ax to the notches37. In the case where the motor1is used as a driving source of the compressor, for example, a space is formed between a housing of the compressor and the notches37, and this space is used as a channel through which a refrigerant passes. Accordingly, the motor1can be effectively cooled in the compressor. The structure of the rotor2will be described specifically. In the example illustrated inFIG.1, the rotor2includes a rotor core21, a plurality of permanent magnets22embedded in the rotor core21, and a shaft24fitted in a center portion23of the rotor core21. The rotor2includes two or more magnetic poles. Two or more permanent magnets22constitute one magnetic pole of the rotor2. FIG.3is a plan view schematically illustrating a structure of the rotor core21. FIG.4is an enlarged view illustrating a region constituting one magnetic pole of the rotor2. The rotor core21is an annular rotor core. The rotor core21includes at least one electromagnetic steel sheet20. In this embodiment, a plurality of electromagnetic steel sheets20are stacked in the axial direction. Each of the electromagnetic steel sheets20includes two or more pairs of magnet insertion holes210, at least one center rib213, at least one thin-wall portion214, and the center portion23(also referred to as a magnet insertion hole). Each pair of the magnet insertion holes210includes a first magnet insertion hole211and a second magnet insertion hole212. In the xy plane, the center of one pair of magnet insertion holes210projects toward the center (i.e., the axis line Ax) of the rotor core21. That is, one pair of magnet insertion holes210(i.e., the first magnet insertion hole211and the second magnet insertion hole212) is arranged in a V shape in the xy plane. The center rib213is formed between the first magnet insertion hole211and the second magnet insertion hole212. The first magnet insertion hole211includes a magnet placement portion211a(also referred to as a first magnet placement portion) where the permanent magnet22serving as a first permanent magnet is placed and a flux barrier211b(also referred to as a first flux barrier) that is a space between the permanent magnet22and the thin-wall portion214. The second magnet insertion hole212includes a magnet placement portion212a(also referred to as a second magnet placement portion) where the permanent magnet22serving as a second permanent magnet is placed and a flux barrier212b(also referred to as a second flux barrier) that is a space between the permanent magnet22and the thin-wall portion214. The thin-wall portion214between the outer peripheral surface of the electromagnetic steel sheet20and the first magnet insertion hole211will be also referred to as a “first thin-wall portion.” The thin-wall portion214between the outer peripheral surface of the electromagnetic steel sheet20and the second magnet insertion hole212will be also referred to as a “second thin-wall portion.” In the example illustrated inFIG.3, each electromagnetic steel sheet20includes the center portion23, six magnet insertion holes210, six center ribs213, and twelve thin-wall portions214. The six magnet insertion holes210are arranged in the circumferential direction of the rotor2. Each first magnet insertion hole211and each second magnet insertion hole212extend in the axial direction. The center portion23is a hole extending in the axial direction. The permanent magnet22as the first permanent magnet is placed in each first magnet insertion hole211. The permanent magnet22as the second permanent magnet is placed in each second magnet insertion hole212. Each permanent magnet22is, for example, a plate permanent magnet. Each permanent magnet22is, for example, a rare earth magnet containing neodymium (Nd) and dysprosium (Dy). The rare earth magnet has a high residual flux density and a high coercive force. Thus, in the case of using rare earth magnets as the permanent magnets22, the motor1having enhanced efficiency and enhanced demagnetization resistance can be obtained. As the permanent magnets22, magnets except for rare earth magnets, such as ferrite sintered magnets, may be used. One pair of magnet insertion holes210is associated with one magnetic pole of the rotor2. Specifically, two permanent magnets22(i.e., the first permanent magnet and the second permanent magnet) placed in one pair of magnet insertion holes210constitute one magnetic pole of the rotor2. Thus, in this embodiment, the rotor2has six magnetic poles. In general, since a centrifugal force is exerted on a rotor core during rotation of the rotor, if no center rib is formed on the rotor core, large stress is applied to thin-wall portions between the outer peripheral surface of the rotor core and magnet insertion holes (specifically flux barriers). If this stress is large, the rotor core (especially the thin-wall portions) is easily deformed. On the other hand, in this embodiment, since the center ribs213are formed in the rotor core21, part of the stress generated in the rotor2is dispersed to the center ribs213, and thus stress applied to the thin-wall portions214is reduced. Accordingly, deformation of the rotor core21, especially the thin-wall portions214, can be prevented. FIG.5is an enlarged view schematically illustrating a structure of the center rib213. In general, degradation of magnetic properties (i.e., decrease in relative permeability) occurs in the range of a thickness T of one electromagnetic steel sheet from the surface of the electromagnetic steel sheet formed by punching. In the example illustrated inFIG.5, degradation of magnetic properties occurs in a hatched portion of the center rib213. Accordingly, magnetic flux from the permanent magnets22does not easily pass through portions where degradation of magnetic properties occurs. That is, leakage flux in the center rib213can be reduced. On the other hand, strength decreases in portions where degradation of magnetic properties occurs. In view of this, the rotor2preferably satisfies 2× T≤W2, where W2 is a maximum width of the center rib213in a direction orthogonal to the radial direction of the rotor2. Accordingly, strength does not decrease in a region213aof the center rib213. As a result, strength of the rotor2(especially the rotor core21) can be increased. In the example illustrated inFIG.5, the direction orthogonal to the radial direction of the rotor2is the x-axis direction. InFIG.5, the region213ais an unhatched region. A width T inFIG.5corresponds to the thickness T of each electromagnetic steel sheet. In this embodiment, the maximum width W2 is a width of an inner end portion of the center rib213in the radial direction. The rotor2preferably satisfies T≤W1 where W1 is a minimum width of the center rib213in the direction orthogonal to the radial direction of the rotor2. Accordingly, the first magnet insertion hole211, the second magnet insertion hole212, and the center rib213can be easily formed by punching. In this embodiment, the minimum width W1 is a width of an outer end portion of the center rib213in the radial direction. In addition, the rotor2preferably satisfies W1≤2×T. Accordingly, in the case of forming the center rib213by punching, magnetic properties in part of the region of the center rib213can be degraded. In the example illustrated inFIG.5, magnetic properties can be degraded in an upper region of the center rib213, that is, a hatched region. Consequently, leakage flux in the center ribs213can be reduced. Thus, the minimum width W1 of the center rib213preferably satisfies T≤W1≤2×T. Accordingly, the advantages described above can be obtained. FIG.6is a graph showing a relationship between stress generated in the rotor core21and the minimum width W1 of the center rib213. InFIG.6, the first vertical axis represents a maximum stress generated in the rotor core21(specifically a ratio with respect to a comparative example), and the second vertical axis represents a maximum magnetic force of the rotor2(specifically a ratio with respect to the comparative example), and the horizontal axis represents W1/T. InFIG.6, the broken line F1 represents a maximum stress generated in the rotor core21with respect to a change in the minimum width W1 in a case where a maximum stress generated in a rotor core21aof a rotor2aaccording to a comparative example is 100%. InFIG.6, the solid line F2 represents a maximum magnetic force of the rotor2with respect to a change in the minimum width W1 in a case where the magnetic force of the rotor2aof the comparative example is 100%. FIG.7is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a structure of the rotor2aof the comparative example. In the rotor2aof the comparative example, no center rib213is formed on the rotor core21a. In addition, in the rotor2aof the comparative example, one magnet insertion hole210ais associated with one magnetic pole, and one plate permanent magnet22ais placed in each magnet insertion hole210a. In this embodiment, as illustrated inFIG.6, a ratio W1/T of the minimum width W1 with respect to the thickness T of the electromagnetic steel sheet20preferably satisfies 0.9≤W1/T≤1.9. Accordingly, stress applied to the rotor core21, especially the center rib213and the thin-wall portion214, can be reduced. In addition, since leakage flux in the center rib213can be reduced, a magnetic force of the rotor2can be enhanced. In this embodiment, the rotor2satisfies W1<W2 and 0.9≤W1/T≤1.9, and thus, the advantages described above can be obtained. In particular, since the rotor2satisfies W1<W2 and 0.9≤W1/T≤1.5, stress applied to the rotor core21, especially the center rib213and the thin-wall portion214can be reduced, and a magnetic force of the rotor2can be increased. FIG.8is an enlarged view illustrating a structure of the thin-wall portion214between the outer peripheral surface of the electromagnetic steel sheet20and the first magnet insertion hole211. FIG.9is an enlarged view illustrating a structure of the thin-wall portion214between the outer peripheral surface of the electromagnetic steel sheet20and the second magnet insertion hole212. As illustrated inFIG.8, in the xy plane, a minimum width in the radial direction (also referred to as a first radial direction) of the thin-wall portion214as the first thin-wall portion is represented as W3. As illustrated inFIG.9, in the xy plane, a minimum width in the radial direction (also referred to as a second radial direction) of the thin-wall portion214as the second thin-wall portion is represented as W4. In this embodiment, the minimum width W3 is equal to the minimum width W4. In this embodiment, the thin-wall portions214have the same shape and the same minimum width. Alternatively, the thin-wall portions214may have different shapes. FIG.10is a graph showing a relationship between stress generated in the rotor core21and the minimum widths W3 and W4 of the thin-wall portion214. InFIG.10, the first vertical axis represents a maximum stress generated in the rotor core21(specifically a ratio as compared to the comparative example), the second vertical axis represents a maximum magnetic force of the rotor2(specifically a ratio as compared to the comparative example), and the horizontal axis represents W3/T and W4/T. In this embodiment, W3 is equal to W4. InFIG.10, the broken line F3 represents a maximum stress generated in the rotor core21with respect to changes in the minimum width W3 and the minimum width W4 in a case where the maximum stress generated in the rotor core21aof the rotor2aof the comparative example is 100%. InFIG.10, the solid line F4 represents a maximum magnetic force of the rotor2with respect to changes in the minimum widths W3 and W4 in the case where the magnetic force of the rotor2aof the comparative example is 100%. As shown inFIG.10, a ratio W3/T of the minimum width W3 to the thickness T of the electromagnetic steel sheet20preferably satisfies 0.6≤W3/T≤1.5. In addition, a ratio W4/T of the minimum width W4 to the thickness of the electromagnetic steel sheet20preferably satisfies 0.6≤W4/T≤1.5. That is, the rotor2preferably satisfies 0.6≤W3/T≤1.5 and 0.6≤W4/T≤1.5. Accordingly, stress generated in the rotor core21, especially the thin-wall portions214, can be reduced. In addition, since leakage flux in the thin-wall portions214is reduced, significant decrease of magnetic force of the rotor2can be suppressed. In this embodiment, since the rotor2satisfies 0.6≤W3/T≤1.5 and 0.6≤W4/T≤1.5, the advantages described above can be obtained. In particular, if the rotor2satisfies 0.6≤W3/T≤1.0 and 0.6≤W4/T≤1.0, stress generated in the rotor core21, especially the thin-wall portions214, can be effectively reduced. In addition, since leakage flux in the thin-wall portions214is further reduced, a magnetic force of the rotor2can be enhanced. FIG.11is a diagram illustrating another example of the rotor core21. As illustrated inFIG.11, the rotor core21, specifically each electromagnetic steel sheet20, may further include at least one hole215. Each hole215extends in the axial direction. In the xy plane, each hole215is circular. For example, in the case of using the motor1as a driving source of the compressor, each hole215is used as a through hole through which a refrigerant passes in the compressor. A relationship between a diameter φ and a distance r satisfies φ/4≤r, where φ is a diameter R1 of the electromagnetic steel sheet20(i.e., the rotor core21) and r is a distance from the axis line Ax (i.e., rotation center of the rotor2) to the center of the hole215in the xy plane. It is sufficient that the distance r from the axis line Ax to the center of at least one hole215of the plurality of holes215is φ/4 or more. That is, the distance r only needs to be a half or more of the radius of the electromagnetic steel sheet20(i.e., the rotor core21). Accordingly, at least one hole215can be placed near the permanent magnets22, and thus, the permanent magnets22can be effectively cooled, and demagnetization of the permanent magnets22can be suppressed. In the example illustrated inFIG.11, with respect to all the hole215, the distance r from the axis line Ax to the center of each hole215is φ/4 or more. InFIG.11, a radius R2 of a circle indicated by the broken line is φ/4. That is, inFIG.11, the center of all the holes215is located outside a circle having the radius R2 indicated by the broken line. Accordingly, the permanent magnets22can be more effectively cooled, and demagnetization of the permanent magnets22can be suppressed. Advantages of the rotor2will be described. In the rotor2, since the center rib213is formed on the rotor core21, a part of stress generated in the rotor2is dispersed to the center rib213, and thus stress generated in the thin-wall portions214can be reduced. Accordingly, deformation of the rotor core21, especially the thin-wall portions214, can be prevented. That is, strength of the rotor2to the centrifugal force can be enhanced, and leakage flux in the rotor2(especially the thin-wall portions214) can be reduced. In addition, in this embodiment, the rotor2satisfies T≤W1≤2×T. Accordingly, the first magnet insertion hole211, the second magnet insertion hole212, and the center rib213can be easily formed by punching, and leakage flux in the center rib213can be reduced. In addition, the rotor2satisfies 2×T≤W2. Accordingly, strength does not decrease in a region213aof the center rib213. As a result, strength of the rotor2(especially the rotor core21) can be increased. That is, since the rotor2satisfies T≤W1≤2×T≤W2, strength of the rotor2to the centrifugal force can be enhanced, and leakage flux in the rotor2can be reduced. As a result, a magnetic force of the rotor2can be enhanced, and motor efficiency can be increased. If the rotor2satisfies W1<W2 and 0.9≤W1/T≤1.9, stress generated in the rotor core21, especially the center rib213and the thin-wall portions214, can be reduced. In addition, since leakage flux in the center rib213can be reduced, a magnetic force of the rotor2can be enhanced. As a result, motor efficiency can be further increased. In particular, since the rotor2satisfies W1<W2 and 0.9≤W1/T≤1.5, stress applied to the rotor core21, especially the center rib213and the thin-wall portions214can be reduced, and a magnetic force of the rotor2can be increased. As a result, motor efficiency can be further increased. If the rotor2satisfies 0.6≤W3/T≤1.5 and 0.6≤W4/T≤1.5, stress generated in the rotor core21, especially the thin-wall portions214, can be reduced. In addition, since leakage flux in the thin-wall portions214is reduced, significant decrease of a magnetic force of the rotor2can be suppressed. In particular, if the rotor2satisfies 0.6≤W3/T≤1.0 and 0.6≤W4/T≤1.0, stress generated in the rotor core21, especially the thin-wall portions214, can be effectively reduced. In addition, since leakage flux in the thin-wall portions214is further reduced, a magnetic force of the rotor2can be enhanced. As a result, motor efficiency can be further increased. In addition, each electromagnetic steel sheet20further includes at least one hole215, and if the rotor2satisfies φ/4≤r, at least one hole215can be placed near the permanent magnets22. Thus, the permanent magnets22can be effectively cooled, and demagnetization of the permanent magnets22can be suppressed. Since the motor1according to the first embodiment includes the rotor2, the motor1can obtain the same advantages as those of the rotor2described above. Since the motor1according to the first embodiment includes the rotor2, motor efficiency of the motor1can be increased. In the case where the stator3includes at least one notch37, a space is formed between a housing of the compressor and the notch37, and this space is used as a channel through which a refrigerant passes. Accordingly, the motor1can be effectively cooled in the compressor. In the case where the stator3includes at least one hole36, the hole36is used as a channel through which a refrigerant passes in the compressor. Accordingly, the motor1can be effectively cooled in the compressor. Second Embodiment A compressor6according to a second embodiment of the present invention will be described. FIG.12is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a structure of the compressor6according to the second embodiment. The compressor6includes a motor60serving as an electric element, a closed container61serving as a housing, and a compression mechanism62serving as a compression element. In this embodiment, the compressor6is a rotary compressor. However, the compressor6is not limited to the rotary compressor. The motor60is the motor1according to the first embodiment. In this embodiment, the motor60is a permanent magnet-embedded motor, but is not limited to this type. The closed container61covers the motor60and the compression mechanism62. In a bottom portion of the closed container61, refrigerating machine oil for lubricating a sliding portion of the compression mechanism62is stored. The compressor6also includes a glass terminal63fixed to the closed container61, an accumulator64, a suction pipe65, and a discharge pipe66. The compression mechanism62includes a cylinder62a, a piston62b, an upper frame62c(first frame), a lower frame62d(second frame), and a plurality of mufflers62eindividually attached to the upper frame62cand the lower frame62d. The compression mechanism62also includes a vane that divides the inside of the cylinder62ainto a suction side and a compression side. The compression mechanism62is driven by the motor60. The motor60is fixed in the closed container61by press fitting or shrink fitting. A stator3may be directly attached to the closed container61by welding, instead of press fitting or shrink fitting. Electric power is supplied to a winding of the stator3of the motor60through the glass terminal63. A rotor (specifically one end of a shaft24) of the motor60is rotatably supported by a bearing provided on each of the upper frame62cand the lower frame62d. The shaft24is inserted in the piston62b. The shaft24is rotatably inserted in the upper frame62cand the lower frame62d. The upper frame62cand the lower frame62dclose an end face of the cylinder62a. The accumulator64supplies a refrigerant (e.g., refrigerant gas) to the cylinder62athrough the suction pipe65. Next, an operation of the compressor6will be described. A refrigerant supplied from the accumulator64is sucked into the cylinder62afrom the suction pipe65fixed to the closed container61. The motor60rotates by electrification of an inverter and consequently the piston62bfitted to the shaft24rotates in the cylinder62a. In this manner, the refrigerant is compressed in the cylinder62a. The Refrigerant passes through the mufflers62eand rises in the closed container61. Refrigerating machine oil is mixed in the compressed refrigerant. While the mixture of the refrigerant and the refrigerating machine oil is passing through a hole formed in a rotor core, separation between the refrigerant and the refrigerating machine oil is promoted, and accordingly, a flow of refrigerating machine oil into the discharge pipe66can be prevented. In this manner, the compressed refrigerant is supplied to a high-pressure side of a refrigerant cycle through the discharge pipe66. As a refrigerant of the compressor6, R410A, R407C, or R22, for example, can be used. However, the refrigerant of the compressor6is not limited to these materials. For example, as a refrigerant of the compressor6, a refrigerant having a small global warming potential (GWP) or the like may be used. Typical examples of the refrigerant having small GWPs include refrigerants as follows: (1) Halogenated hydrocarbon including a carbon double bond in a composition is, for example, HFO-1234yf (CF3CF=CH2). HFO stands for Hydro-Fluoro-Olefin. Olefin is unsaturated hydrocarbon having one double bond. The GWP of HFO-1234yf is 4. (2) Hydrocarbon having a carbon double bond in a composition is, for example, R1270 (propylene). The GWP of the R1270 is 3, which is smaller than the GWP of HFO-1234yf, but flammability of R1270 is higher than flammability of HFO-1234yf. (3) A mixture including at least one of halogenated hydrocarbon having a carbon double bond in a composition or hydrocarbon having a carbon double bond in a composition is, for example, a mixture of HFO-1234yf and R32. Since HFO-1234yf is a low-pressure refrigerant, a pressure loss is large, and performance in a refrigeration cycle (especially in an evaporator) tends to degrade. Thus, it is preferable to use a mixture with R32 or R41, each of which is a high-pressure refrigerant, for example. The compressor6according to the second embodiment has advantages described in the first embodiment. In addition, the use of the motor1according to the first embodiment as the motor60can enhance efficiency of the motor60, and as a result, efficiency of the compressor6can be enhanced. Third Embodiment An air conditioner50(also referred to as a refrigerating air conditioner or a refrigeration cycle device) according to a third embodiment of the present invention will be described. FIG.13is a diagram schematically illustrating a configuration of the air conditioner50according to the third embodiment. The air conditioner50according to the third embodiment includes an indoor unit51serving as an air blower (first air blower), a refrigerant pipe52, and an outdoor unit53serving as an air blower (second air blower) connected to the indoor unit51through the refrigerant pipe52. The indoor unit51includes a motor51a(e.g., the motor1according to the first embodiment), an air blow unit51bthat is driven by the motor51ato thereby send air, and a housing51ccovering the motor51aand the air blow unit51b. The air blow unit51bincludes a blade51dthat is driven by the motor51a, for example. For example, the blade51dis fixed to a shaft (e.g., a shaft24) of the motor51a, and generates an airflow. The outdoor unit53includes a motor53a(e.g., the motor1according to the first embodiment), an air blow unit53b, a compressor54, and a heat exchanger (not shown). The air blow unit53bis driven by the motor53ato thereby send air. The air blow unit53bincludes a blade53dthat is driven by the motor53a, for example. For example, the blade53dis fixed to a shaft (e.g., a shaft24) of the motor53a, and generates an airflow. The compressor54includes a motor54a(e.g., the motor1according to the first embodiment), a compression mechanism54b(e.g., a refrigerant circuit) that is driven by the motor54a, and a housing54ccovering the motor54aand the compression mechanism54b. The compressor54is, for example, the compressor6described in the second embodiment. In the air conditioner50, at least one of the indoor unit51or the outdoor unit53includes the motor1described in the first embodiment. Specifically, as a driving source of the air blow unit, the motor1described in the first embodiment is applied to at least one of the motors51aor53a. As the motor54aof the compressor54, the motor1described in the first embodiment may be used. The air conditioner50can perform operations such as a cooling operation of sending cold air from the indoor unit51or a heating operation of sending hot air from the indoor unit51, for example. In the indoor unit51, the motor51ais a driving source for driving the air blow unit51b. The air blow unit51bcan send conditioned air. In the air conditioner50according to the third embodiment, since the motor1described in the first embodiment is applied to at least one of the motors51aor53a, the same advantages as those described in the first embodiment can be obtained. Accordingly, efficiency of the air conditioner50can be enhanced. In addition, as a driving source of an air blower (e.g., the indoor unit51), the motor1according to the first embodiment is used. Thus, the same advantages as those described in the first embodiment can be obtained. In this manner, efficiency of the air blower can be enhanced. An air blower including the motor1according to the first embodiment and the blade (e.g., the blade51dor53d) driven by the motor1can be used singly as a device for sending air. This air blower is also applicable to devices other than the air conditioner50. The use of the motor1according to the first embodiment as a driving source of the compressor54can obtain the same advantages as those described in the first embodiment. Accordingly, efficiency of the compressor54can be enhanced. The motor1described in the first embodiment can be mounted on equipment including a driving source, such as a ventilator, household electrical appliance, or a machine tool, other than the air conditioner50. Features of the embodiments described above may be combined as appropriate. | 30,356 |
11942828 | Reference numerals in the figures, 100e housing;200e stator cover plate;300e stator iron core;400e coil;500e pole shoe;600e first cooling space;700e second cooling space;800e spoiler;101e oil inlet cavity;102e oil return cavity;103e oil inlet;104e oil outlet;105e oil spraying hole;106e oil return hole;201e groove rib;202e iron core tooth groove,301e tooth,302e open slot. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS First Embodiment A core of the present application is to provide a cooling system and an axial magnetic field motor to improve the cooling efficiency of the motor and prolong the service life of the motor. In addition, the embodiments shown below do not limit the content of the present application described in the claims in any way. Further, the entire contents of the configurations described in the following embodiments may not be necessary for the solutions of the present application defined in the claims. Referring toFIGS.1to4, a cooling system in the embodiment of the present application is used for cooling a stator iron core200a. The cooling system includes: a housing100a; an enclosed chamber for containing the stator iron core200a; a liquid spraying cavity500afor containing liquid, which is provided on the housing100a; a liquid inlet300acommunicating with the liquid spraying cavity500a; a liquid outlet400acommunicating with the enclosed chamber; and a liquid spraying component600aprovided on an inner wall of the housing100a, which corresponds to the stator iron core200a. When adopting the cooling system of the present application, liquid enters the liquid spraying cavity500afrom the liquid inlet300a, and the liquid is sprayed to the stator iron core200alocated in the enclosed chamber through the liquid spraying component600a. After the liquid sprayed from the liquid spraying component600aexchanges heat with the stator iron core200a, it flows out from the liquid outlet400a. Compared with the conventional art, the circulating liquid directly contacts the stator iron core200ato exchange heat, thereby improving the cooling efficiency of the motor and prolonging the service life of the motor. It should be noted that the housing100ais configured to contain the stator iron core200a, and an enclosed chamber is formed inside. When the stator iron core200ais installed in the enclosed chamber, liquid sprayed by the liquid spraying component600amay circulate through a gap of the coil of the stator iron core200a, and finally flow out from the liquid outlet400a, thereby forming a kind of cooling circulation circuit. The liquid spraying cavity500ais provided in a housing wall of the housing100a, that is, a section where the liquid spraying cavity500ais provided is a hollow structure. The liquid spraying cavity500acan be adjusted according to a section where the liquid spraying component600ais provided. For example, the housing100amay surround a peripheral surface section of the stator iron core200a, or an end surface section of the housing100amay surround a peripheral surface section of the stator iron core200a. The installation positions of the liquid inlet300aand the liquid outlet400aare further determined according to an installation position of the liquid spraying cavity500a. The housing100amay have any shape, as long as it is capable of accommodating the liquid spraying cavity500aand the liquid spraying component600a, it is within the protection scope of the present application. In an embodiment of the present application, the housing100aincludes:a stator casing101asurrounding a circumferential surface of the stator iron core200a;an upper cover plate102aand a lower cover plate103athat close two ends of the stator casing101a; andan intermediate shaft sleeve104alocated in the middle of the stator casing101a, where the stator casing101a, the upper cover plate102a, the lower cover plate103aand the intermediate shaft sleeve104atogether define the enclosed chamber. It can be seen that in the embodiment of the present application, an entirety the housing100ais divided into four sections, and the housing100amay also be divided into three sections according to specific requirements. For example, the upper cover plate102aand the stator casing101aare treated as a one-piece structure, and the lower cover plate103aand the stator casing101aare treated as a one-piece structure. Alternatively, one part of the stator casing101aand the upper cover plate102aare treated as a one-piece structure, and the other part of the stator casing101aand the lower cover plate103aare treated as a one-piece structure, etc. In order to further improve the cooling efficiency, in another embodiment of the present application, a first spoiler700ais provided on an inner wall of the stator casing101a. An area of the enclosed chamber, which is close to the liquid outlet400a, is separated as a liquid return area by the first spoiler700a, and an area close to the liquid spraying component600ais separated as a liquid spraying area. Under the action of the first spoiler700a, the enclosed chamber is divided into the liquid return area and the liquid spraying area. The liquid spraying component600asprays liquid in the liquid spraying area. After the sprayed liquid exchanges heat with the stator iron core200a, it is collected in the liquid return area and flows out through the liquid outlet400a. Therefore, under the action of the first spoiler700a, the liquid sprayed by the liquid spraying component600acan flow uniformly from the outside of the stator iron core200ato the inside, so that the stator iron core200acan be uniformly cooled. The number of the first spoiler700amay be one or more, as long as the structure is capable of blocking the liquid flow, it is within the protection scope of the present application. In the figure, the number of the first spoiler700ais two, which are respectively located on two sides of the liquid outlet400a. As a result, an area between the two first spoilers700awhich is close to the liquid outlet400a, is formed as the liquid return area, and an area between the two first spoilers700awhich is away from the liquid outlet400a, is formed as a liquid spraying area. The liquid spraying components600aare all provided on an inner wall of the stator casing101ain the liquid spraying area. Further, a second spoiler800ais provided at a section close to the liquid outlet400a, of the intermediate shaft sleeve104a. A function of the second spoiler800ais to cause the liquid located inside the stator iron core200ato evenly flow from the inside of the stator iron core200ato the liquid return area, so as to improve the cooling efficiency. According to the structure of the housing, a liquid spraying cavity500amay be provided on the stator casing101a, the upper cover plate102aor the lower cover plate103a, and accordingly, the liquid inlet300aand the liquid outlet400amay be arranged on the stator casing101a, the upper cover plate102aor the lower cover plate103a. In the embodiment of the present application, the liquid spraying cavity500ais arranged on the stator casing101a, and the liquid inlet300aand/or the liquid outlet400aare arranged on the stator casing101a. The liquid spraying cavity500aincludes one or two liquid inlets300a. In a case that there is one liquid inlet300a, the liquid inlet is arranged at one end of the liquid spraying cavity500a, as shown inFIG.3; in a case that there are two liquid inlets300a, the two liquid inlets300aare arranged at two ends of the liquid spraying cavity500a, as shown inFIG.4. Two liquid inlets300aare provided, which are respectively located at two ends of the liquid spraying cavity500a, and an external port of the liquid inlet300ahas one outlet. Or, there is one liquid inlet300alocated at one end of the liquid spraying cavity500a, and a corresponding external port of the liquid inlet300ahas one outlet. In a case that the liquid spraying cavity500ais provided on the stator casing101a, the liquid spraying cavity500amay have a ring-shaped structure that surrounds the entire stator casing101aor a part of the stator casing101a. In order to simplify the processing technology, the liquid inlet300aand the liquid outlet400aare collectively provided on an external port1011aof the first housing100a. Apparently, the external ports1011aof the liquid inlet300aand the liquid outlet400amay be separately provided as needed. Further, in a case that two liquid inlets300aare provided and the two liquid inlets300aare located at the two ends of the liquid spraying cavity500a, in order to avoid the formation of turbulent flow of the liquid located in the middle, a partition plate is provided in the middle of the liquid spraying cavity500a. It should be noted that the stator casing101ais a one-piece structure or a split-type structure. The so-called one-piece structure means that when the stator casing101ais processed, the structure of the liquid spraying cavity500ais processed together, for example, in a casting process. In a case that the stator casing101ahas a split-type structure, the stator casing101aincludes: a stator base housing with a hollow structure and a sealing ring for sealing the hollow structure. The sealing ring and the stator base housing jointly define the liquid spraying cavity500a. A function of the liquid spraying component600ais to cool the stator iron core200athrough spraying. In the embodiment of the present application, the liquid spraying component is a nozzle. The liquid sprayed into the liquid spraying cavity500ahas a certain pressure. Under the action of pressure, after the action of the liquid spraying component600a, the sprayed liquid is a fine liquid, thereby increasing the contact area between the liquid and the stator iron core200a. The number of the liquid spraying component600ais one or more, and multiple liquid spraying components600aare capable of further increasing a spray area of the liquid spraying component600a. Further, each liquid spraying component600acorresponds to a coil gap of the stator iron core200a, and each coil gap corresponds to a liquid spraying component. The liquid sprayed by the liquid spraying component can directly contact a heat source, and the cooling effect is better. The liquid can be divided evenly under the action of the first spoiler700aand the second spoiler800a, and the cooling is more uniform, which desirably reduces the temperature of the stator iron core200a. The present application further discloses a motor, which includes a stator iron core200aand a cooling system, where the cooling system is the cooling system according to any one of the above aspects. Since the above cooling system has the above effects, the motor including the above cooling system also has corresponding effects, which is not repeated here. In yet another embodiment of the present application, the motor is a radial magnetic field motor or an axial magnetic field motor, and is preferably selected as an axial magnetic field motor. According to the above description of the disclosed embodiments, those skilled in the art may implement or practice the present application. Various modifications to the embodiments are apparent to those skilled in the art. The general principle defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the present application. Therefore, the present application should not be limited to the embodiments disclosed herein, but has the widest scope in accordance to the principle and the novel features disclosed herein. Second Embodiment A core of the present application is to provide a cooling system and an axial magnetic field motor to improve the cooling efficiency of the motor and prolong the service life of the motor. In addition, the embodiments shown below do not limit the content of the present application described in the claims in any way. Further, the entire contents of the configurations described in the following embodiments may not be necessary for the solutions of the present application defined in the claims. Referring toFIGS.5to8, a cooling system in the embodiment of the present application is used for cooling a stator iron core200b. The cooling system includes: a housing100b; an enclosed chamber for containing the stator iron core200b; a liquid spraying cavity500bfor containing liquid, which is provided on the housing100b; a liquid inlet300bcommunicating with the liquid spraying cavity500b; a liquid outlet400bcommunicating with the enclosed chamber; and a liquid spraying hole600bprovided on an inner wall of the housing100b, which corresponds to the stator iron core200b. When adopting the cooling system of the present application, liquid enters the liquid spraying cavity500bfrom the liquid inlet300b, and the liquid is sprayed to the stator iron core200blocated in the enclosed chamber through the liquid spraying hole600b. After the liquid sprayed from the liquid spraying hole600bexchanges heat with the stator iron core200b, it flows out from the liquid outlet400b. Compared with the conventional art, the circulating liquid directly contacts the stator iron core200bto exchange heat, thereby improving the cooling efficiency of the motor and prolonging the service life of the motor. It should be noted that the housing100bis configured to contain the stator iron core200b, and an enclosed chamber is formed inside. When the stator iron core200bis installed in the enclosed chamber, liquid sprayed by the liquid spraying hole600bmay circulate through a gap of the coil of the stator iron core200b, and finally flow out from the liquid outlet400b, thereby forming a kind of cooling circulation circuit. The liquid spraying cavity500bis provided in a housing wall of the housing100b, that is, a section where the liquid spraying cavity500bis provided is a hollow structure. The liquid spraying cavity500bcan be adjusted according to a section where the liquid spraying hole600bis provided. For example, the housing100bmay surround a peripheral surface section of the stator iron core200b, or an end surface section of the housing100bmay surround a peripheral surface section of the stator iron core200b. The installation positions of the liquid inlet300band the liquid outlet400bare further determined according to an installation position of the liquid spraying cavity500b. The housing100bmay have any shape, as long as it is capable of accommodating the liquid spraying cavity500band the liquid spraying component600b, it is within the protection scope of the present application. In an embodiment of the present application, the housing100bincludes:a stator casing101bsurrounding a circumferential surface of the stator iron core200b;an upper cover plate102band a lower cover plate103bthat close two ends of the stator casing101b; andan intermediate shaft sleeve104blocated in the middle of the stator casing101b, where the stator casing101b, the upper cover plate102b, the lower cover plate103band the intermediate shaft sleeve104btogether define the enclosed chamber. It can be seen that in the embodiment of the present application, an entirety the housing100bis divided into four sections, and the housing100bmay also be divided into three sections according to specific requirements. For example, the upper cover plate102band the stator casing101bare treated as a one-piece structure, and the lower cover plate103band the stator casing101bare treated as a one-piece structure. Alternatively, one part of the stator casing101band the upper cover plate102bare treated as a one-piece structure, and the other part of the stator casing101band the lower cover plate103bare treated as a one-piece structure, etc. In order to further improve the cooling efficiency, in another embodiment of the present application, a first spoiler700bis provided on an inner wall of the stator casing101b. An area of the enclosed chamber, which is close to the liquid outlet400b, is separated as a liquid return area by the first spoiler700b, and an area close to the liquid spraying hole600bis separated as a liquid spraying area. Under the action of the first spoiler700b, the enclosed chamber is divided into the liquid return area and the liquid spraying area. The liquid spraying hole600bsprays liquid in the liquid spraying area. After the sprayed liquid exchanges heat with the stator iron core200b, it is collected in the liquid return area and flows out through the liquid outlet400b. Therefore, under the action of the first spoiler700b, the liquid sprayed by the liquid spraying hole600bcan flow uniformly from the outside of the stator iron core200bto the inside, so that the stator iron core200bcan be uniformly cooled. The number of the first spoiler700bmay be one or more, as long as the structure is capable of blocking the liquid flow, it is within the protection scope of the present application. In the figure, the number of the first spoiler700bis two, which are respectively located on two sides of the liquid outlet400b. As a result, an area between the two first spoilers700bwhich is close to the liquid outlet400b, is formed as the liquid return area, and an area between the two first spoilers700bwhich is away from the liquid outlet400b, is formed as a liquid spraying area. The liquid spraying holes600bare all provided on an inner wall of the stator casing101bin the liquid spraying area. Further, a second spoiler is provided at a section close to the liquid outlet400b, of the intermediate shaft sleeve104b. A function of the second spoiler is to cause the liquid located inside the stator iron core200bto evenly flow from the inside of the stator iron core200bto the liquid return area, so as to improve the cooling efficiency. According to the structure of the housing, a liquid spraying cavity500bmay be provided on the stator casing101b, the upper cover plate102bor the lower cover plate103b, and accordingly, the liquid inlet300band the liquid outlet400bmay be arranged on the stator casing101b, the upper cover plate102bor the lower cover plate103b. In the embodiment of the present application, the liquid spraying cavity500bis arranged on the stator casing101b, and the liquid inlet300band/or the liquid outlet400bare arranged on the stator casing101b. The liquid spraying cavity500bincludes one or two liquid inlets300b. In a case that there is one liquid inlet300b, the liquid inlet is arranged at one end of the liquid spraying cavity500b, as shown inFIG.7; in a case that there are two liquid inlets300b, the two liquid inlets300bare arranged at two ends of the liquid spraying cavity500b, as shown inFIG.8. Two liquid inlets300bare provided, which are respectively located at two ends of the liquid spraying cavity500b, and an external port of the liquid inlet300bhas one outlet. Or, there is one liquid inlet300blocated at one end of the liquid spraying cavity500b, and a corresponding external port of the liquid inlet300bhas one outlet. In a case that the liquid spraying cavity500bis provided on the stator casing101b, the liquid spraying cavity500bmay have a ring-shaped structure that surrounds the entire stator casing101bor a part of the stator casing101b. In order to simplify the processing technology, the liquid inlet300band the liquid outlet1014bare collectively provided on an external port1011bof the first housing100b. Apparently, the external ports1011bof the liquid inlet300band the liquid outlet1014bmay be separately provided as needed. Further, in a case that two liquid inlets300bare provided and the two liquid inlets300bare located at the two ends of the liquid spraying cavity500ba, in order to avoid the formation of turbulent flow of the liquid located in the middle, a partition plate is provided in the middle of the liquid spraying cavity500b. It should be noted that the stator casing101bis a one-piece structure or a split-type structure. The so-called one-piece structure means that when the stator casing101bis processed, the structure of the liquid spraying cavity500bis processed together, for example, in a casting process. In a case that the stator casing101bhas a split-type structure, the stator casing101bincludes: a stator base housing with a hollow structure and a sealing ring for sealing the hollow structure. The sealing ring and the stator base housing jointly define the liquid spraying cavity500b. A function of the liquid spraying hole600bis to cool the stator iron core200bthrough spraying. In the embodiment of the present application, the liquid spraying component is a nozzle. The liquid sprayed into the liquid spraying cavity500bhas a certain pressure. Under the action of pressure, after the action of the liquid spraying hole600b, the sprayed liquid is a fine liquid, thereby increasing the contact area between the liquid and the stator iron core200b. The number of the liquid spraying hole600bis one or more, and multiple liquid spraying holes600bare capable of further increasing a spray area of the liquid spraying hole600b. Further, each liquid spraying hole600acorresponds to a coil gap of the stator iron core200b, and each coil gap corresponds to a liquid spraying hole. The liquid sprayed by the liquid spraying hole can directly contact a heat source, and the cooling effect is better. The liquid can be divided evenly under the action of the first spoiler700band the second spoiler, and the cooling is more uniform, which desirably reduces the temperature of the stator iron core200b. The present application further discloses a motor, which includes a stator iron core200band a cooling system, where the cooling system is the cooling system according to any one of the above aspects. Since the above cooling system has the above effects, the motor including the above cooling system also has corresponding effects, which is not repeated here. In yet another embodiment of the present application, the motor is a radial magnetic field motor or an axial magnetic field motor, and is preferably selected as an axial magnetic field motor. Third Embodiment A core of the present application is to provide a stator component and an axial magnetic field motor to improve the cooling efficiency of the motor and prolong the service life of the motor. In addition, the embodiments shown below do not limit the content of the present application described in the claims in any way. Further, the entire contents of the configurations described in the following embodiments may not be necessary for the solutions of the present application defined in the claims. Referring toFIGS.9to14, a stator component in an embodiment of the present application includes a housing100c, and a stator iron core200cprovided inside the housing100c; where the stator iron core200cand the housing100cdefine a first cooling space300c, and a middle portion of the stator iron core200cdefines a second cooling space400c;the housing100cis provided with a liquid inlet cavity101cand a liquid outlet cavity102c;a liquid inlet105ccommunicating with the liquid inlet cavity101cand a liquid outlet106ccommunicating with the liquid outlet cavity102care provided on an outer wall of the housing100c; among the multiple housings100c, the liquid outlet106cof the front housing100cis in communication with the liquid inlet105cof the rear housing100c;a first intermediate liquid port103ccommunicating with the liquid inlet cavity101cand a second intermediate liquid port104ccommunicating with the liquid outlet cavity102care provided on an inner wall of the housing100c; andmultiple cooling passages201care provided on the stator iron core200c, and the first cooling space300cand the second cooling space400care communicated with each other through the cooling passages201c. When adopting the stator component of the present application, cooling liquid enters the liquid inlet cavity101cfrom the liquid inlet105c, and enters the first cooling space300cthrough the first intermediate liquid port103c. Then, the cooling liquid enters the second cooling space400cthrough the cooling passage201c, and then it enters the first cooling space300cthrough the cooling passage201c, and then enters the liquid outlet cavity102cthrough the second intermediate liquid port104c, and finally flows out from the liquid outlet106c. The cooling liquid is capable of directly contacting the stator iron core200cfor heat exchange during the process that the cooling liquid flows through the first cooling space300c, the cooling passage201c, and the second cooling space400c, thereby improving the cooling efficiency of the motor and prolonging the service life of the motor. In order to prevent liquid leakage, in the embodiment of the present application, the stator iron core200cis enclosed, by a stator pressing plate600c, in a space defined by the housing100cand the stator pressing plate600c. In order to increase the cooling effect, in another embodiment of the present application, a spoiler500cfor separating the first cooling space300cis further provided between the housing100cand the stator iron core200c. By providing the spoiler500c, cooling liquid entering the first cooling space300cflows according to a predetermined trajectory, so as to prolong the contact time of the cooling liquid with the stator iron core200c. Further, the spoiler500cis provided so that the cooling liquid can flow through most of the cooling passages201con the stator iron core200c, so that the temperature on the stator iron core200cis more uniform. Among them, in the embodiment of the present application, the number of the spoiler500cis two, and the two spoilers500care arranged symmetrically. The two spoilers500cseparate the first cooling space300cinto two areas, which are respectively a first cooling area301cand a second cooling area302c, where the first cooling area301ccorresponds to the liquid inlet cavity101c, and the second cooling area302ccorresponds to the liquid outlet cavity102c. During a cooling process of cooling liquid, the cooling liquid in the liquid inlet cavity101centers the first cooling area301cthrough the first intermediate liquid port103c, and the cooling liquid in the first cooling area301centers the second cooling space400cthrough the cooling passage201ccorresponding to the first cooling area301c. The cooling liquid in the second cooling space enters the second cooling area302cthrough the cooling passage201ccorresponding to the second cooling area302c, and the cooling liquid in the second cooling area302centers the liquid outlet cavity102cthrough the second intermediate liquid port104c. It should be noted that, in the embodiment of the present application, the stator component includes one or more housings100c. In a case that there are multiple housings100c, each housing100cis correspondingly installed with one stator iron core200c. All the multiple housings100cmay be two housings100c, three housings100c, four housings100c, and etc. The number of housing100cmay be determined according to the output power level. The multiple housings100care arranged coaxially, that is, an end face of one housing100cabuts against an end face of an adjacent housing100c. Among the two housings100c, the liquid outlet106cof one housing100cis in communication with the liquid inlet105cof the other housing100c. The communication may be made through an external pipeline, or the liquid inlet105cof one housing100cand the liquid outlet106cof the other housing100care coaxially arranged. That is, the liquid outlet106cand the liquid inlet105care both arranged on the end surface, and when the two housings100care butted with each other, the liquid outlet106cand the liquid inlet105care communicated. Two housings100care provided by way of example, where the liquid outlet106cof one housing100cis arranged on an end face, and the liquid inlet105cof the other housing100cis arranged on the end face, and when the two housings100care butted with each other, the liquid outlet106cof the front housing100cis in communication with the liquid inlet105cof the rear housing100c. Among the multiple housings100c, each of the liquid inlet105cof a housing100cat one end and the liquid outlet106cof the housing100cat the other end may be located on an end surface of a corresponding housing100c, or may be located at a circumferential surface of the corresponding housing100c. Preferably, in order to facilitate the installation of rear parts, in the embodiment of the present application, the liquid inlet105cof the housing100cat one end and the liquid outlet106cof the housing100cat the other end may both be located on a circumferential surface of a corresponding housing100c. Further, the liquid inlet105cof the housing100cat one end and the liquid outlet106cof the housing100cat the other end are both arranged on the same side. In the embodiment of the present application, a function of the cooling passage201cis a path to communicate the first cooling space300cwith the second cooling space400c. Moreover, cooling liquid in the cooling passage201cdirectly contacts the stator iron core200c, and directly takes heat generated by the stator iron core200caway. Where, the cooling passage201cis a through hole penetrating through the stator iron core200c, and a cross section of the through hole is circular, elliptical, rectangular, etc. Alternatively, the cooling passage201cis encircled by a groove provided on an end surface of the stator iron core200cand the housing100c. It can be understood that, a groove is provided on an end surface of the stator iron core200c, and a corresponding housing100cis a planar structure; the cooling passage201cis encircled by the groove and the surface of the corresponding housing100c; or the stator iron core200cis provided with a groove, a surface of a corresponding housing100cis provided with a groove, and the two grooves are butted to form the cooling passage201c. In yet another embodiment of the present application, the number of housing100cis two, which are respectively a front housing100-1cand a rear housing100-2c; the number of stator iron core200cis two, which are respectively a front stator iron core200-1cand a rear stator iron core200-2c. Reference is made to the above embodiments for the structure of the front housing100-1cand the rear housing100-2c. In order to prevent liquid leakage, in the embodiment of the present application, the front stator iron core200-1cis enclosed, by a front stator pressing plate600-1c, in a space defined by the front housing100-1cand the front stator pressing plate600-1c. A front spoiler500-1cis provided between the front housing100-1cand the front stator iron core200-1c. In order to prevent liquid leakage, in the embodiment of the present application, the rear stator iron core200-2cis enclosed, by a rear stator pressing plate600-2c, in a space defined by the rear housing100-2cand the rear stator pressing plate600-2c. A rear spoiler500-2cis provided between the rear housing100-2cand the rear stator iron core200-2c. The present application further discloses an axial magnetic field motor, which includes the stator component according to any one of the above aspects. Since the above stator component has the above effects, the axial magnetic field motor including the above stator component also has corresponding effects, which is not repeated here. Fourth Embodiment A core of the present application is to provide a cooling system, a stator component and an axial magnetic field motor to improve the cooling efficiency of the motor and prolong the service life of the motor. In addition, the embodiments shown below do not limit the content of the present application described in the claims in any way. Further, the entire contents of the configurations described in the following embodiments may not be necessary for the solutions of the present application defined in the claims. Referring toFIGS.15to20, a cooling system in the embodiment of the present application includes a housing101d, which has an installation position102dat the bottom for installing a stator iron core200d; The cooling system100dfurther includes:an oil inlet cavity103dand an oil return cavity104d, which are provided in the housing101d;an oil inlet105dand an oil outlet106d, which are provided on an outer wall of the housing101d, where the oil inlet105dis communicated with the oil inlet cavity103d, and the oil outlet106dis communicated with the oil return cavity104d;an oil spraying hole107dand an oil return hole108d, which are provided on an inner wall of the housing101d, where the oil spraying hole107dis communicated with the oil inlet cavity103d, and the oil return hole108dis communicated with the oil return cavity104d; andmultiple oil diverting grooves109dprovided at the bottom of the housing101d, where the oil diverting grooves109dpenetrate through the installation position102d. When adopting the stator component of the present application, cooling oil enters the oil inlet cavity103dfrom the oil inlet105d, and enters the inside of the housing101dthrough the oil spraying hole107d. The cooling oil entering the inside of the housing101dis capable of directly contacting the stator iron core200dprovided inside the housing101d, and after the contact heat exchange, the cooling oil enters the oil return cavity104dthrough the oil return hole108d, and finally flows out from the oil outlet106d. Since the cooling liquid is capable of directly contacting the stator iron core200dfor heat exchange, the cooling efficiency of the motor is thereby improved, and the service life of the motor is prolonged. The cooling system100dincludes one or more housings101d. In a case that there are multiple housings101d, the multiple housings101dmay be two housings101d, three housings101d, four housings101d, and etc. The number of housing101dmay be determined according to the output power level. The multiple housings101dare arranged coaxially, that is, an end face of one housing101dabuts against an end face of an adjacent housing100d. Among two adjacent housings101d, the oil outlet106dof the front housing101dis in communication with the oil inlet105dof the rear housing101d. The communication may be made through multiple ways, specifically, may be made through an external pipeline. Alternatively, the oil inlet105dof the front housing101dand the oil outlet106dof the rear housing101dare coaxially arranged. That is, the liquid outlet106dand the liquid inlet105dare both arranged on the end surface, and when the two housings101dare butted with each other, the liquid outlet106dand the liquid inlet105dare communicated. Two housings101dare provided by way of example, where the oil outlet106dof one housing101dis arranged on an end face, and the oil inlet105dof the other housing101dis arranged on the end face, and when the two housings101dare butted with each other, the oil outlet106dof the front housing101dis in communication with the oil inlet105dof the rear housing101d. Among the multiple housings101d, each of the oil inlet105dof the housing101dat one end and the oil outlet106dof the housing101dat the other end may be located on an end surface of a corresponding housing101d, or may be located at a circumferential surface of the corresponding housing101d. Preferably, in order to facilitate the installation of rear parts, in the embodiment of the present application, the oil inlet105dof the housing101dat one end and the oil outlet106dof the housing101dat the other end may both be located on a circumferential surface of a corresponding housing101d. Further, the oil inlet105dof the housing101dat one end and the oil outlet106dof the housing101dat the other end are both arranged on the same side. A stator component is further disclosed by the present application, including a stator iron core200dand the cooling system100dof any one of the above aspects, where the stator iron core200dis arranged on the installation position102dof the housing101dof the cooling system100d, where an outer ring of the stator iron core200dand the housing101ddefine a first cooling space400d, and an inner ring of the stator iron core200dand the housing101ddefine a second cooling space500d. In order to increase the cooling effect, in another embodiment of the present application, a spoiler201dfor separating the first cooling space400dis further provided between the housing101dand the stator iron core200d. By providing the spoiler201d, cooling oil entering the first cooling space400dflows according to a predetermined trajectory, so as to prolong the contact time of the cooling oil with the stator iron core200d. Further, the spoiler201dis provided so that the cooling oil can flow through most of the cooling passages109d, so that the temperature on the stator iron core200dis more uniform. Among them, in the embodiment of the present application, the number of the spoiler201dis two, and the two spoilers201dare arranged symmetrically. The two spoilers201dseparate the first cooling space400dinto two areas, which are respectively a first cooling area and a second cooling area, where the first cooling area corresponds to the oil inlet cavity103d, and the second cooling area corresponds to the oil outlet cavity104d. During a cooling process of the cooling oil, the cooling oil in the oil inlet cavity103denters the first cooling area through the oil spraying hole103d, and the cooling oil in the first cooling area enters the second cooling space500dthrough the oil diverting groove109dcorresponding to the first cooling area. The cooling oil in the second cooling space enters the second cooling area through the oil diverting groove109dcorresponding to the second cooling area, and the cooling oil in the second cooling area enters the oil return cavity104dthrough the oil return hole108d. In the embodiment of the present application, the number of the oil diverting groove109dis plural, and the number of the oil diverting grooves109dis the same as the number of teeth of the stator iron core200d, or may be different. In the embodiment of the present application, the number of the oil diverting grooves109dis the same as the number of teeth of the stator iron core200d. Further, the oil diverting groove109dcorresponds to a coil gap of the stator iron core200d. Since the coil is the main heat-generating component in the stator iron core200d, when the oil diverting groove109dcorresponds the coil gap of the stator iron core200d, cooling oil entering the oil diverting groove109dis capable of fully contacting a tooth groove of the stator iron core200d, so that the cooling effect can be further improved. In order to prevent liquid leakage, in the embodiment of the present application, the stator iron core200dis enclosed, by a sealing cover plate300d, in a space defined by the housing101dand the sealing cover plate300d. Where, the sealing cover plate300dis fixed on the housing101dby screws, other ways such as welding, riveting, or dovetailing may also be used. One end of the sealing cover plate300dclose to the stator iron core200dis further provided with a clamping slot301dfor clamping the stator iron core. The present application further discloses an axial magnetic field motor, which includes the stator component according to any one of the above aspects. Since the above stator component has the above effects, the axial magnetic field motor including the above stator component also has corresponding effects, which is not repeated here. Fifth Embodiment A core of the present application is to provide a stator component and an axial magnetic field motor to improve the cooling efficiency of the motor and prolong the service life of the motor. In addition, the embodiments shown below do not limit the content of the present application described in the claims in any way. Further, the entire contents of the configurations described in the following embodiments may not be necessary for the solutions of the present application defined in the claims. Referring toFIGS.21to26, the stator component in the embodiment of the present application includes:a housing100e, a stator iron core300e, a coil400e, a pole shoe500e, and a stator cover plate200e, where the stator iron core300e, the coil400eand the pole shoe500eare provided in a space defined by the housing100eand the stator cover plate200e; the coil400eis provided in an open slot302eof the stator iron core300e; the pole shoe500eis fixed on the stator cover plate200e, and when the stator cover plate200eis butted with the housing100e, the pole shoe500ecan be arranged at a notch of the open slot302e; an outer ring of the stator iron core300eand the housing100edefine a first cooling space600e, and an inner ring of the stator iron core300eand the housing100edefine a second cooling space700ecommunicating with the first cooling space600e;a housing wall of the housing100eis provided with an oil inlet cavity101eand an oil return cavity102e, and an outer wall of the housing100eis provided with an oil inlet103eand an oil outlet104e; where the oil inlet103eis communicated with the oil inlet cavity101e, and the oil outlet104eis communicated with the oil return cavity102e; an inner wall of the housing100eis provided with an oil spraying hole105eand an oil return hole106e, and the first cooling space600eand the oil inlet cavity101eare communicated with each other through the oil spraying hole105e, and the first cooling space600eand the oil return cavity102eare communicated with each other through the oil return hole106e. The stator iron core300ein the present application has an open slot302e, which facilitates the installation of the coil400e. Besides, the pole shoe500eis fixed on the stator cover plate200e. When the stator cover plate200eis butted with the housing100e, the pole shoe500ecorresponding to the notch of the open slot302eis capable of reducing the tooth harmonics of the motor, reducing the iron loss of the motor, improving the efficiency of the motor, which may further reduce the torque ripple of the motor. Since the pole shoe500eis carried on the stator cover plate200e, when the stator cover plate200eis directly butted with the housing100eduring installation, the pole shoe500ecan be matched with the open slot302e, thereby improving the production efficiency of the motor. When adopting the stator component of the present application, cooling oil enters the oil inlet cavity101efrom the oil inlet103e, and enters the inside of the housing100ethrough the oil spraying hole105e. The cooling oil entering the inside of the housing100eis capable of directly contacting the stator iron core300eprovided inside the housing100e, and after the contact heat exchange, the cooling oil enters the oil return cavity102ethrough the oil return hole106e, and finally flows out from the oil outlet104e. Since the cooling liquid is capable of directly contacting the stator iron core300efor heat exchange, the cooling efficiency of the motor is thereby improved, and the service life of the motor is prolonged. It should be noted that the stator cover plate200ein the present application is fixed on the housing100eby screws or pressing plate, other ways such as welding, riveting, or dovetailing may also be used. Correspondingly, the stator cover plate200eand the housing100eare provided with mounting holes for mounting screws, a station for setting the pressing plate, riveting holes, and a dovetail structure to realize the fixation of the stator cover plate200ewith the housing100e. The stator iron core300ehas an open slot302eand teeth301e. The open slot302eis configured to install the coil400e. There is one open slot302ebetween each tooth. By providing the open slot302e, the installation of the coil400emay be facilitated, where the coil400eis a formed coil or is wound on the teeth in sequence. The formed coil is a rectangular copper wire formed coil, or a round copper wire pre-wound formed coil. The stator cover plate200eis generally made of non-magnetic conductive high-strength glass fiber composite material or high-strength plastic (such as PPS, PEEK, etc.). An end surface, close to the stator iron core300e, of the stator cover plate200eis provided with a groove rib201eextending in a radial direction of the stator cover plate200eand an iron core tooth groove202ecorresponding to the stator iron core300e. The position alignment of the stator cover plate200ewith the housing100emay be facilitated by providing the groove rib201eand the iron core tooth groove202e. The number of groove rib201eis the same as or different from the number of open slot302e. The number of groove rib201eis equal to the number of open slot302eof the stator iron core300e, which can facilitate the position alignment of the stator cover plate200ewith the housing100e. One pole shoe500eis provided on two sides of each groove rib201e, that is, the pole shoe500eis pasted on two sides of the groove rib201e, and the remaining iron core tooth groove202eis fitted to tooth surfaces of the whole iron core. A thickness of the cover plate at a tooth groove section of the iron core tooth needs to be as thin as possible to reduce an air gap between the stator and a rotor. Each stator component has one housing. Multiple stator components may be coaxially arranged, and multiple housings100eare arranged coaxially, that is, an end face of one housing100eabuts against an end face of an adjacent housing100d. Among two adjacent housings100e, the oil outlet104eof the front housing100eis in communication with the oil inlet103eof the rear housing100e. The communication may be made through multiple ways, specifically, may be made through an external pipeline. Alternatively, the oil inlet103eof the front housing100eand the oil outlet104eof the rear housing100eare coaxially arranged. That is, the liquid outlet104eand the liquid inlet103eare both arranged on the end surface, and when the two housings100eare butted with each other, the liquid outlet104eand the liquid inlet103eare communicated. Two housings100eare provided by way of example, where the oil outlet104eof one housing100eis arranged on an end face, and the oil inlet103eof the other housing100eis arranged on the end face, and when the two housings100eare butted with each other, the oil outlet104eof the front housing100eis in communication with the oil inlet103eof the rear housing100e. Among the multiple housings100e, each of the oil inlet103eof the housing100eat one end and the oil outlet104eof the housing100eat the other end may be located on an end surface of a corresponding housing100e, or may be located at a circumferential surface of the corresponding housing100e. Preferably, in order to facilitate the installation of rear parts, in the embodiment of the present application, the oil inlet103eof the housing100eat one end and the oil outlet104eof the housing100eat the other end may both be located on a circumferential surface of a corresponding housing100e. Further, the oil inlet103eof the housing100eat one end and the oil outlet104eof the housing100eat the other end are both arranged on the same side. In an embodiment of the present application, the pole shoe500eextends along a length direction of the stator cover plate200e. In a radial direction of the stator cover plate200e, the length of the pole shoe500eis the same as the length of the notch of the open slot302e. In an embodiment of the present application, a sum of widths of the groove rib201eand the pole shoe500elocated on the two sides of the groove rib201eequals to a width of the notch of the open slot302e. The pole shoe500eis molded from SMC ferromagnetic powder or other magnetic conductive powder (e.g., ferrite powder), and has a rectangular shape. The present application further discloses an axial magnetic field motor, which includes the stator component according to any one of the above aspects. Since the above stator component has the above effects, the axial magnetic field motor including the above stator component also has corresponding effects, which is not repeated here. According to the above description of the disclosed embodiments, those skilled in the art may implement or practice the present application. Various modifications to the embodiments are apparent to those skilled in the art. The general principle defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the present application. Therefore, the present application should not be limited to the embodiments disclosed herein, but has the widest scope in accordance to the principle and the novel features disclosed herein. | 48,602 |
11942829 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Electric motors include a stator having a plurality of stator windings and a rotor assembly. More specifically, electric machines or electric motors can include a rotor assembly having permanent magnets that are radially spaced about the assembly. As electrical current is supplied in a controlled manner to the stator windings, the rotor can be induced to move angularly relative to the stator. The rotor assembly can include a rotor having a hub with radially-extending rotor arms that define rotor slots between adjacent arms. Permanent magnets can be secured in the rotor slots by mechanically deforming the arms in a way that secures the magnets within the slots. Ideally, the thickness of the arms at the base—the point where the arms begin to extend radially-outwardly from the hub—would be minimized as increased thickness can be inversely related to magnetic flux performance of the rotor assembly. However, an increased thickness of the arms at the base can help make the rotor assembly more robust. In some applications, making the base of the arms sufficiently narrow to meet magnetic performance goals may not also secure the permanent magnets within the rotor slots thereby permitting the magnets to move axially and interfere with the stator or causing the rotor slots to break under centrifugal loads or impact loads. It is possible to minimize the base thickness of the arms of the rotor while robustly securing the permanent magnets within the rotor. A rotor plate can join or bond with a radial face of the rotor used in an electrical machine or electric motor and strengthen the rotor assembly while also minimizing the base thickness of the rotor arms. The proper amount of adhesive is important. Too much may add cost, increase risk of cured adhesive contacting undesirable surfaces, such as the stator or housing, or provide too weak a bond between the rotor plate and the rotor. Too little adhesive and the magnets may not be secured properly in the rotor or the joint may not accommodate thermal expansion differences between the rotor and the rotor plate. The rotor and rotor arms can be formed from a plurality of stacked steel sheets that are laminated together. After the rotor and rotor arms are formed, they can be bonded to the rotor plate. The rotor plate can be relatively planar having an outer radius and an inner radius. An outer raised lip can be formed along the outer radius of the rotor plate that extends axially away from a radial face of the rotor plate. It is also possible to form an inner raised lip along the inner radius of the rotor plate that extends axially away from the radial face of the rotor plate in the same direction as the outer raised lip. The raised lip is advantageous for containing a bonding material while it is in a fluid state. A plurality of rotor pads can extend radially outwardly from the radial face of the rotor plate and are configured to engage a radial face of the rotor and also control the distance between the rotor and rotor plate thereby defining a thickness and an amount of adhesive that joins the rotor to the rotor plate. Apart from controlling the adhesive amount, the rotor pads can be used to control the axial position of the permanent magnets within the rotor assembly. An orienting feature may be included if the rotor pads are to be aligned with the magnets. The rotor plate with these features can facilitate bonding with the rotor to form the rotor assembly such that the rotor plate can be laid flat with the rotor pads extending upwards. An initial amount of adhesive may be applied directly to the rotor. The rotor, along with the permanent magnets, can be placed on the rotor pads such that the radial face of the rotor rests on the pads. An adhesive, such as epoxy, can then be applied to an opposite radial face of the rotor so that the adhesive flows down through the rotor slots between the rotor and the permanent magnets toward the rotor plate and pool between the radial face of the rotor plate and the radial face of the rotor. The outer raised lip and, optionally, the inner raised lip, can help contain the escape of adhesive to minimize the amount of waste and mess. Turning toFIGS.1-3, a rotor assembly10is shown including a rotor12, permanent magnets14, a rotor plate16, and a motor shaft18. In one implementation, the rotor12can be formed from a plurality of lamination sheets20stacked on top of each other in an axial direction along an axis of motor shaft rotation (x) and bonded together to form a unitary structure. Each lamination sheet20can have an inner diameter22with a size that closely matches an outer diameter24of a motor shaft18. An outer diameter26of the lamination sheets20can be chosen based on the size of a stator (not shown) that will receive the rotor assembly10. The sheets20can be shaped to accommodate rotor slots28that each receive a permanent magnet14and can maintain the axial position of the magnet14. As the sheets20are stacked on top of each other in the axial direction along the axis of motor rotation (x), they can be adhered together to form the rotor12. The plurality of permanent magnets14can be axially moved into position within the rotor slots28of the rotor12. The rotor slots28can be sized and shaped so that they form a close frictional fit with the permanent magnets14, at least close enough to hold the magnets14in place during the assembly process. The rotor plate16, shown inFIG.4, can have an outer diameter32that closely matches or is slightly larger than the outer diameter26of the sheets20and the rotor12, or for more internally located magnets, an outer diameter that contacts all of the magnets. Along one radial face34of the rotor plate16, a plurality of rotor pads36can extend axially away from the plate16. The rotor pads36can be spaced apart and positioned along the rotor plate16in locations such that, regardless of the relative angular position of the rotor12relative to the rotor plate16, the pads will contact a radial face38of the rotor12. The size or length of the rotor pads36can be selected to define an axial spatial relationship of the rotor12, or the permanent magnets14, relative to the rotor plate16. In another implementation, the rotor pads may be aligned to contact the magnets or the rotor and an independent alignment feature may be added to facilitate assembly. An outer raised lip40can be formed along the circumference of the rotor plate16and extend in an axial direction relative to the axis (x) of motor shaft rotation. The outer raised lip40can be sized so that it defines an axial spacing between the rotor12and the rotor plate16and also, along with pad size, control the axial spacing of the permanent magnets14within the rotor12. The rotor plate16can be made from a material having a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) similar to steel. A ferrous rotor plate may not be desirable because it can reduce magnetic performance and increase iron losses in the rotor. For example, the rotor plate16could be formed from a glass-filled plastic or another plastic material. The use of certain metals may not perform well due to an elevated or incompatible CTE. As part of assembly of the rotor12with the rotor plate16, the plate16can be oriented on its side so that the rotor pads36and outer lip40are facing upwards. The rotor12can then be placed on top of the rotor pads36so that the radial face38of the rotor contacts the pads36. An adhesive, such as epoxy, can then be applied to an opposite radial face42of the rotor12so that the adhesive flows downwards through the permanent magnets14and slots28to the rotor plate16below. The outer lip40can help contain the adhesive in between the radial face38of the rotor12and the rotor plate16thereby preventing the escape of excess adhesive material. The adhesive, as it begins its travel downward from the opposite radial face42of the rotor12, can initially exist in a less viscous state and flow readily through the rotor slots28and magnets14but as it moves through the assembly10to the radial face38, the adhesive can cool and become more viscous slowing its flow. The motor shaft18of the electric motor can be press fit within the inner diameter22of the plates20and rotor12and the rotor assembly10can be included in the electric motor. The rotor assembly10can be used with electric motors in a variety of environments and applications. In one implementation, the rotor assembly10can be included in an electric motor used to control a camshaft phaser. The camshaft phaser can control the angular position of a camshaft relative to an angular position of a crankshaft of an internal combustion engine. The electric motor can regulate the phase of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft by driving a mechanical gearbox of the camshaft phaser via an output shaft of the electric motor according to a received motor control signal. The electric motor can be used with a variety of different cam phasers where the electric motor is rotating in order to maintain phase, such as the split-ring gear planetary cam phaser described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0315939, the contents of which are incorporated by reference. It is to be understood that the foregoing is a description of one or more embodiments of the invention. The invention is not limited to the particular embodiment(s) disclosed herein, but rather is defined solely by the claims below. Furthermore, the statements contained in the foregoing description relate to particular embodiments and are not to be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention or on the definition of terms used in the claims, except where a term or phrase is expressly defined above. Various other embodiments and various changes and modifications to the disclosed embodiment(s) will become apparent to those skilled in the art. All such other embodiments, changes, and modifications are intended to come within the scope of the appended claims. As used in this specification and claims, the terms “e.g.,” “for example,” “for instance,” “such as,” and “like,” and the verbs “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and their other verb forms, when used in conjunction with a listing of one or more components or other items, are each to be construed as open-ended, meaning that the listing is not to be considered as excluding other, additional components or items. Other terms are to be construed using their broadest reasonable meaning unless they are used in a context that requires a different interpretation. | 10,541 |
11942830 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Many aspects of the embodiments described may be illustrated as software components used herein, a software component includes, but is not limited to, any type of computer instruction or computer executable code in communication with a memory device and/or transmitted electronically over a system bus, a wired network, and/or a wireless network. At4A (FIG.1) ofFIGS.1and5-6, electric motor monitor1is electrically connected to system architecture33(FIG.1). At4B,FIG.1best illustrates at least one sensor13A is electrically connected to electric motor monitor1. At4C (FIG.1), current sensor13B is electrically connected to electric motor monitor1. At4D (FIG.1), current sensor13B is electrically connected to current signal processor51. At4E (FIG.1), current signal processor51is electrically connected to memory device12. At44B (FIG.1), current sensor13B is in communication with motor2. At44A (FIGS.1and5-7), at least one sensor13A is in communication with motor2. Printed circuit board11(FIG.1) retains electrical components9(FIG.1) including, but not limited to, communication system14(FIG.1), memory device12, and current signal processor51(FIG.1). Monitor1, motor2, power source5, electronic device16, sensor13A, and/or current sensor13B (FIG.1) are located external to printed circuit board11(FIG.1). It is within the scope of this invention for at least one sensor and/or power source to be mounted on printed circuit board11(not shown). System architecture33(FIG.1) includes, but is not limited to, electrical components9. It is within the scope of this invention for electrical components9to include, but not be limited to, at least one sensor13A and/or current sensor13B (FIG.1) that is in electrical communication and/or electrically connected to printed circuit board11(FIG.1). FIGS.1and5-6show electrical components9include printed circuit board11(FIG.1) having memory device12being including, but not limited to, a programmable logic controller and/or a microcontroller. At4G (FIG.1), memory device is electrically connected to power source5of motor2. In particular,FIGS.1and5-6illustrate power source5is connected to motor2with line135A and line235B. Line135A has one end connected to power source5located opposite another end of line135A connected to motor2.FIGS.5-6show line235B has one end connected to power source5located opposite another end connected to current interruption device30.FIG.5illustrates current interruption device30being oriented in a closed orientation to provide power to motor2. It is within the scope of this invention for a current interruption device to include, but not be limited to, a relay. At4I (FIGS.5-6), current interruption device30is electrically connected to motor2. At4J (FIGS.5-6), current interruption device30is electrically connected to memory device12of electric motor monitor1. At4G (FIG.1), memory device12is electrically connected to power source5. At4K,FIGS.5-6show memory device12being electrically connected to line35A and at4L, being electrically connected to line35B. At4K,FIG.7shows memory device12being electrically connected to line35A and at4M, being electrically connected to neutral37. At4F,FIGS.5-7show memory device12being electrically connected to sensor13A. At44A, sensor13A is in communication with outer wall surface7of motor2. At6, motor2is mechanically connected to load3. At4H, memory device12is electrically connected to communication system14. At15, communication system14(FIG.1) of electrical components9are in communication with electronic device16. It is within the scope of this invention for communication system14to be in a wired (not shown) and/or wireless communication15(FIG.1) such as Wi-Fi, and/or Bluetooth with electronic device16. It is within the scope of this invention for electronic device16to include, but not be limited to, a computer, a smart phone, a tablet, and/or a phone. FIGS.5and6show the method for monitoring the condition of an electric motor may have the step of providing current interruption device30. Memory device12of electric motor monitor1is electrically connected4J to current interruption device30. Current interruption device30is electrically connected35B to power source5. Current interruption device30is configured to be oriented in an opened orientation (FIG.6) when electric motor monitor1detects operations outside of baseline parameters, whereby, current interruption device30is oriented in an opened orientation (FIG.6) when electric motor monitor1detects operations outside of baseline parameters of host motor2. Electric motor monitor1may have electronic device16in electrical communication15with memory device12of electric motor monitor1. Electronic device16has screen26with user interface32. User interface32has icon and/or button31(FIG.6) configured to be pressed and/or touched by a user50(FIG.8) when an active alert is received by a user through electronic device16, thereby orienting current interruption device30to be oriented in an opened orientation (FIG.6) when electric motor monitor1detects operations outside of baseline parameters of host motor2. As a result, host motor2is disabled and/or reset. It is within the scope of this invention for the application software of electronic motor monitor1to be programmed to automatically disable and/or reset host motor2when an alert is activated in response to a detected irregularity of operations outside of baseline parameters of host motor2. Referring again toFIG.1, sensor13A includes, but is not limited to, temperature, voltage, sound, vibration, motor amperage, moisture, and/or power. Further, sensor13B is a current sensor electrically connected4D to current signal processor51. Current signal processor51is electrically connected4E to memory device12. Sensor13A is electrically connected to4B electric motor monitor1. Sensor13B is electrically connected to4C electric motor monitor1. Sensor13A is in communication with44A motor2. Sensor13B is in communication with44B motor2. Referring now toFIG.2, a chart shows the relationship between flow, pressure, and motor current for a common centrifugal pump. The motor monitor device is configured to measure motor current. An application specific scale is utilized to display the flow and pressure of any motor and/or work system including, but not limited to, a pump. FIG.3illustrates a chart showing the relationship between Amps flow and pressure for a pump curve. The Amps are measured by the current signal processor. Amps are related to flow plus the pressure. The signal from the current signal processor is measured by the memory device including, but not limited to, a programmable logic controller, and/or a microcomputer. The memory device is configured to scale the signal to the motor curve and display the results including, but not limited to, flow and/or pressure, through a wired and/or wireless network including, but not limited to, a WiFi connection, to any electronic device including, but not limited to, a cellphone, a smartphone, a tablet. It is within the scope of this invention. It is within the scope of this current invention for the novel scaling software of the motor monitor to not require a linear curve. In particular, each motor and/or work relationship has its own curve and the scaling is a result of the established curve. Points on the curve are related to flow and pressure of, for example, a pump. These points are displayed accordingly on a wireless device that has been paired with the motor monitor. FIG.4illustrates motor2being a brushed electric DC motor. Motor2is mechanically connected6to load3(FIG.5). Motor2has armature stack17with stack tooth19and stack slot18. Coil winding20is retained within stack slot18. Motor2has commuter bar21with armature shaft22. Motor2has stator magnets25A and25B. Brush23A has terminal24A. Brush23B has terminal24B. Sensor13A is connected to outer wall surface7of motor2and/or may be in close proximity to motor2and/or may be mounted on a base connected to outer wall surface7of motor2and/or be mounted anywhere within the motor housing. Referring again toFIG.4, memory device12has electrical components9. Electric motor monitor1has housing8configured to retain electrical components9. Memory device12of electric motor monitor1is electrically connected40to terminal24A of brush23A and is electrically connected4P to terminal24B of brush23B. Communication system14of memory device12is in communication15with electronic device16. It is within the scope of this invention for electric motor monitor to be mounted to a housing of motor2with a mounting structure10such as a base. Electric motor monitor1may be in a remote location from motor2. Power source5has negative line electrically connected36B to terminal24B of brush23B. Power source5has positive line electrically connected36A to terminal24A of brush23A. Electronic device16has screen26that may be a touch screen. Electronic device16has application29that is displayed to a user (not shown) through user interface32of electronic device16. At least one sensor13A is electrically connected to4F memory device12. FIGS.5and7illustrates electronic device16having screen26and user interface32configured for a user (not shown) to monitor motor parameters27A-27H through software application29. TpA is text listed on chart and/or icon27A to denote the pump pressure being too high or too low being false. So, no alert is activated when the normal operating parameters are detected and displayed as being within the baseline parameters. TmA is text listed on chart and/or icon27C to denote the motor amperage being too high as false. So, no alert is activated when the normal operating parameters are detected and displayed as being within the baseline parameters. Run is text listed on chart and/or icon27B to denote the pump is operating as required being true. So, no alert is activated when the normal operating parameters are detected and displayed as being within the baseline parameters. FA is text listed on chart and/or icon27D to denote pump failure as being false. So, no alert is activated when the normal operating parameters are detected and displayed as being within the baseline parameters. Tp is text listed on chart and/or icon27E to denote the process temperature being 90° F. So, no alert is activated when the normal operating parameters are detected and displayed as being within the baseline parameters. Tm is text listed on chart and/or icon27G to denote the motor temperature as being 105° F. So, no alert is activated when the normal operating parameters are detected and displayed as being within the baseline parameters. F is text listed on chart and/or icon27H to denote the pump flow being 46 gallons per minute. So, no alert is activated when the normal operating parameters are detected and displayed as being within the baseline parameters. P is text listed on chart and/or icon27H to denote the motor pump flow pressure being 9.6 pounds per square inch. So, no alert is activated when the normal operating parameters are detected and displayed as being within the baseline parameters. FIGS.5and7depict electronic device16having software application29accessible to a user (not shown) through user interface32on screen26. Parameters27A-27H are displayed to a user (not shown) through user interface32. Connection status28reads text, “Device is connected” and is displayed on user interface32to indicate if motor monitor1is in communication15with electronic device16. Electronic device16may be in wired connection and/or wireless communication with motor monitor1. Motor monitor1has electrical components9. Memory device12of electrical components9may be electrically connected to current interruption device30(FIGS.5-6). Memory device12of electrical components9is electrically connected to4K and4L lines35A and35B, respectively. Memory device12of electrical components9is electrically connected4F to at least one sensor13A. At least one sensor13A may be connected to outer wall surface7of motor2and/or be connected to a base (not shown), whereby, the base is connected to motor2. It is within the scope of this invention for memory device to have electrical connection4K to line135A (FIGS.5-6) and electrical connection4L being line235B (FIGS.5-6). It is also within the scope of this invention for memory device12to have electrical connection4K to line135A (FIG.7) and to have electrical connection4M to Neutral37(FIG.7). It is within the scope of this invention for power source5to have electrical connection being line135A (FIGS.5-6) and electrical connection being line235B (FIGS.5-6). It is also within the scope of this invention for power source5to have electrical connection being line135A (FIG.7) and to have electrical connection being Neutral37(FIG.7) being electrically connected to motor2. Motor2is mechanically connected6(FIGS.5-7) to load3. It is within the scope of this invention for mechanical connection6to be a shaft. FIG.5illustrates current interruption device30being oriented in a closed orientation to close the circuit. When the circuit is closed, power source5is in electrical communication with motor2. In an example, when motor monitor1detects operations within normal baseline parameters, the circuit will remain in a closed orientation (FIG.5). When the circuit is open, power source5is not in electrical communication with motor2. In an example, when motor monitor1detects an irregularity of operations outside of normal baseline parameters, the circuit may be opened automatically or by a user's communication with software application29. In particular, a user may be alerted of an irregularity of operations outside of normal baseline parameters by an audio alarm and/or vibrations of electronic device16. FIG.6illustrates electronic device16having user interface32having parameters27A-27H displayed on screen26. The TpA icon27A shows that the pump pressure being too high or low is true. Tpa is text listed on chart, button, and/or icon27A to denote the pump pressure being too high or too low being true. So, an alert is activated when the normal operating parameters are detected and displayed as being outside the baseline parameters. TmA is text listed on chart, button, and/or icon27C to denote the motor amperage being too high as true. So, an alert is activated when the normal operating parameters are detected and displayed as being outside the baseline parameters. Run is text listed on chart, button, and/or icon27B to denote the pump is operating as required being false. So, an alert is activated when the normal operating parameters are detected and displayed as being outside the baseline parameters. While the alarm is activated, a user may hear the audio alarm and/or feel the vibration and/or see the alert lights emitted from electronic device16and touch a “Disable Motor” button and/or icon31(FIG.6) or touch a “Reset Motor” button and/or icon52on user interface32of electronic device16. When the “Disable Motor” icon31is activated, current interruption device30is oriented in an open configuration (FIG.6) to open the circuit to disable motor2. Referring now toFIG.8, a system for monitoring parameters of an electric motor has the step of providing a host motor2. Host motor2is electrically connected to power source5with lines35A and35B in this example, however, it is understood that this embodiment is not limited to this specific configuration. Providing electric motor monitor1. Electric motor monitor1has at least one sensor. At least one sensor is in electrical communication with a memory device. The memory device is configured to receive and store a predetermined operational baseline of at least one parameter39of host motor2. A user inputs38the predetermined operational baseline value and/or range of values into the memory device of the electric motor monitor through an electronic device. The memory device is configured to monitor at least one parameter of the host motor during operation. Sensor13monitors40and collects41raw data from at least one parameter39of host motor2. The memory device is configured to compare at least one parameter of the host motor to the predetermined operational baseline of at least one parameter of the host motor. The memory device is configured to send an alert to an electronic device when an irregularity to the predetermined operational baseline of the host motor is detected. FIG.8shows power source5is connected to host motor2. At least one sensor13is connected44to host motor2. Memory device12collects41raw data from at least one parameter39of host motor2and generates42a signal from raw data, whereby, the signal is scaled43into a mapping of data to compare45to the predetermined operational baseline of at least one parameter39of host motor2. Providing electronic device16. Electronic device16is in wireless communication15with memory device12of electric motor monitor1. Providing a load3. Load3mechanically coupled6to host motor2. The memory device sending46an alert to the electronic device when an irregularity to the performance baseline of the host motor is detected47. If an irregularity to the performance baseline of the host motor is not detected48an alert will not be sent34to the electronic device. Disabling49and/or resetting52electric motor1when an alert is received by the electronic device either manually50or automatically53. FIG.9depicts user interface32of screen26of electronic device16in electrical communication with novel electronic motor monitoring application of electronic motor monitor1(not shown).FIG.9illustrates a simple scale converting the monitored raw armature data into a pressure value that is displayed on the remote electronic device16. It is within the scope of this invention for the computer program for a subroutine to process data and convert it into a value that is displayed on a remote monitor. It is within the scope of this invention for a subroutine to be a sequence of program instructions that performs a specific task, packaged as a unit. In the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and within which are shown by way of illustration specific embodiments by which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, and those made apparent from the foregoing description, are efficiently attained. Since certain changes may be made in the above construction without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matters contained in the foregoing description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described, and all statements of the scope of the invention that, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween. | 19,165 |
11942831 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG.1shows an example motor controller100having a motor control circuit102coupled to an electric motor104for providing enhanced diagnostic processing in accordance with example embodiments of the invention. In embodiments, signals from one or more magnetic field sensing devices105are provided to a diagnostic module147for processing, as described more fully below. The magnetic field sensing devices105can include at least one magnetic field sensing element, such as a Hall element, positioned in relation to phases of the motor for generating diagnostic signals for the diagnostic module147. The motor104is shown to include three windings104a,104b,104c, which can be depicted as a respective equivalent circuit having an inductor in series with a resistor and in series with a back EMF (BEMF) voltage source. For example, the winding A104ais shown to include an inductor130in series with a resistor131and in series with a back EMF voltage source VA136. The motor control circuit102includes a speed demand generator107coupled to receive an external speed demand signal106from outside of the motor control circuit102. The external speed demand signal106can be in one of a variety of formats. In general, the external speed demand signal106is indicative of a speed of the motor104that is requested from outside of the motor control circuit102. The speed demand generator107is configured to generate a speed demand signal107a. A pulse width modulation (PWM) generator108is coupled to receive the speed demand signal107aand configured to generate PWM signals having a duty cycle that is controlled by the speed demand signal107a. The PWM generator108is also coupled to receive modulation waveforms from a modulation signal generation module146. The PWM signals are generated with a modulation characteristic (i.e., a relative time-varying duty cycle) in accordance with the modulation waveforms. The motor control circuit102also includes a gate driver circuit110coupled to receive the PWM signals and configured to generate PWM gate drive signals110a,110b,110c,110d,110e,110fto drive six transistors112,114,116,118,120,122arranged as three half-bridge circuits112/114,116/118,120/122. The six transistors112,114,116,118,120,122operate in saturation to provide three motor drive signals VoutA, VoutB, VoutC,124,126,128, respectively, at nodes102d,102c,102b, respectively. It is understood that any suitable configuration of switching elements can be used to provide the motor drive signals. The motor control circuit102can also include a signal processing module143and diagnostic module147receiving feedback from the magnetic field sensors105. The signal processing module143is configured to generate a position reference signal indicative of a rotational reference position of the motor104. The modulation signal generation module146is coupled to receive the position reference signal and configured to change a phase of the modulation waveforms provided to the PWM generator108. The motor control circuit102can be coupled to receive a motor voltage VMOT, or simply VM, at a node102a, which is supplied to the motor through the transistors112,116,120during times when the upper transistors112,116,120are turned on. It will be understood that there can be a small voltage drop (for example, 0.1 volts) through the transistors112,116,120when they are turned on and supplying current to the motor104. FIG.2is a block diagram of an example motor controller200having diagnostic signal processing in accordance with example embodiments of the invention.FIG.2Ashows an example implementation of the motor controller ofFIG.2. A motor driver module202generates signals to energize each of the phases of a three-phase motor204, as described above. One or more magnetic field sensors206, which can be similar to the sensors105ofFIG.1, are positioned in relation to respective phases A, B, C of the motor. The magnetic field sensor(s)206generate signals for a diagnostic module208, which may be similar to the diagnostic module147ofFIG.1. The diagnostic module208can receive and process signals from the sensor105to detect faults in the system, as described more fully below. In embodiments, the motor controller200provides a voltage to the energize the sensors206. A current sensor210can be coupled to the voltage supply for the sensors to detect current levels that may indicate a fault or other undesired condition. The current sensor210can provide current level information and/or fault alerts to the diagnostic module208for processing. In embodiments, a voltage module212receives a supply voltage VS, such as from a battery or other energy source, and generates one or more voltage signals for various subsystems that can be monitored by the current sensor210. In some embodiments, each of the voltages/current levels to the sensors206are monitored individually by the current sensor module210. In embodiments, the current sensor module210and the diagnostic module208can determine the presence, or lack thereof, of any one of the sensors206for the motor, as well as any open or short conditions of the sensors. For example, a short circuit would cause current levels above a first threshold and an open circuit would cause current levels below a second threshold. In embodiments, diagnostic storage214can provide storage for diagnostic data, as described more fully below. Diagnostic storage214can include memory, registers, buffers, flags, and the like. An interface216can enable communication to remote devices, computers, networks, and the like. Any suitable interface216can be used. It is understood that any practical number of sensors206can be used to monitor operation of the motor204. In some embodiments, magnetic field sensing elements, such as Hall elements, are integrated with the motor. It is further understood that a given sensor206can include any practical number of magnetic field sensing elements in any given configuration and/or orientation to meet the needs of a particular application. It will be appreciated that any suitable sensor type can be coupled to motor controller embodiments to meet the needs of a particular embodiment. Example sensors include latches having multi-state outputs. Some sensors can be provided as Hall-effect latches with selectable switchpoints. FIG.3shows an example sensor300that can provide the sensor206ofFIG.2. The magnetic field sensor300is shown for an example three-wire magnetic switch or latch. As shown, there are three pins for the sensor300, including a supply voltage (VCC), a ground (Gnd), and the output of the sensor300(Out). In a typical magnetic switch or latch, there are two pins that are used for power (VCC and Gnd), and the third pin (Out) provides the output of the sensor300. The output (Out) generally has two possible values: (a) high or (b) low, to respectively identify two possible magnetic states of the switch or latch, as either: (a) the magnetic field is above operate point specification for the switch/latch or (b) the magnetic field is below the release point of the specification for the switch/latch, respectively. Conventional three-pin configurations use an open-drain configuration for the output, which gives the user the advantages of setting the high voltage level, known as VPULL. In order to limit the current when the output is on, a resistor (RPULL, external to the sensor300) can be connected between Out and VPULL. The user can also add a capacitor at the output to filter noise, however the external capacitor can limit the output switching speed. In compliance with certain safety requirements, such as the ASIL (Automotive Safety Integrity Level) requirements, a failure of the sensor is required to be communicated to the user or otherwise output by the sensor300. However, the open-drain output of conventional three-wire configurations switch between high and low, and do not have a third state that is able to convey the presence of a failure at the output of the sensor. For example, if the output pin is shorted to ground, a conventional open-drain configuration is not able to detect this as a fault, because ground is a normal output state for the sensor. It is desirable to identify such a fault and convey this at the output of a sensor. The illustrated sensor300has a ratiometric output configuration (for example, within the output control block334) that outputs a first percentage (or ratio) of the supply voltage (VCC) to indicate a logic high, and a second percentage (or ratio) of the supply voltage (VCC) to indicate a logic low, thereby allowing VCC or Gnd to be output to indicate a fault. According to the ratiometric output, a logic high state is indicated by outputting a first percentage of the supply voltage (e.g., 70-90%) and a logic low state is indicated by outputting a second percentage of the supply voltage (e.g., 10-30%). This allows the failure state to be conveyed by outputting the supply voltage (VCC) or ground (Gnd). The ratiometric configuration can be a closed-loop feedback arrangement or at least two switchable elements that provide multiple selectable parallel paths. The closed-loop configuration conveys or otherwise informs a safe state by, for example, turning an output pass element (e.g., a NMOS transistor) off to thereby pull the sensor output to VCC or VPULL or on to thereby pull the sensor output to Gnd in order to convey failures. In normal operation, conduction of the pass element can be controlled to regulate the output voltage at the Out pin to provide the output at the first or second percentages. The selectable parallel paths configuration informs a safe state by turning off the two switchable elements, in which case the output control circuit acts as a conventional open-drain configuration and, in normal operation, the parallel paths are selectively controlled to achieve the output at the first or second percentages. The magnetic field sensor300includes a magnetic field sensing element310that generates a magnetic field signal responsive to a magnetic field proximate to the magnetic field sensing element310. The term “magnetic field sensor”300is used to describe a circuit that includes one or more magnetic field sensing elements, generally in combination with other circuits. The magnetic field signal generated by the magnetic field sensing element310is input to a dynamic offset cancellation circuit312, which is output to an amplifier314. The amplifier314can be a Hall amplifier, for example. The amplifier314is coupled to receive the magnetic field signal from the magnetic field sensing element310and generate an amplified signal for coupling a demodulation block316, a low-pass filter325, and a sinc filter322. Dynamic offset cancellation circuit312may take various forms including chopping circuitry and may function in conjunction with demodulation block316to remove offset that can be associated with the magnetic field sensing element310and/or the amplifier314under the control of signals from clock logic336. For example, offset cancellation circuit312can include switches configurable to drive the magnetic field sensing element (e.g., Hall plate) in two or more different directions such that selected drive and signal contact pairs are interchanged during each phase of the chopping clock signal and offset voltages of the different driving arrangements tend to cancel. The low-pass filter circuit325can be designed to remove undesirable spectral components in the resulting signal to generate a filtered signal for coupling to the sinc filter322. The filter322functions to average two or more samples of the magnetic field signal in order to remove any of the filtered Hall Plate offset and front-end amplifier offset, which are at the chopping frequency. A Schmitt trigger324is configured to compare the output of the sinc filter322to a reference voltage, or threshold to produce logic high and low values. The output of the Schmitt trigger324is coupled to a system diagnostics controller, or processor332that is configured to generate (through output control334) an output signal of the sensor300at output pin Out. As described herein, a conventional three-wire open-drain output configuration that provides a single path for a voltage signal has one of two values (high or low), as shown below in Table 1. The ratiometric configuration (closed-loop feedback configuration or multiple selectable parallel path configuration) allows for the logic high level and the logic low level to be represented as, respectively, X % and Y % of the supply voltage, and the safe state can thus be conveyed as either the supply voltage itself or Gnd as is also shown in Table 1. It will be appreciated that “X” and “Y” are variables indicative of a percentage of the supply voltage and can be any number between 0 and 100. TABLE 1Standard OutputVoltageNew Output VoltageHigh StateVPullX % of VPULLLow State<VsatY % of VPULLSafe State—VPULL or GND The system diagnostics332receives the output of the Schmitt trigger circuit324and can be configured to perform various diagnostics to detect faults. Accordingly, the output of the system diagnostics332, and thus the input signal to the output control block334, can include the output of the Schmitt trigger that can be a logic high or a logic low and can also include a fault signal to indicate a fault. As used herein the term “supply voltage” (of which the ratiometric output one of two percentages X % or Y %) refers generally to pull up voltage VPULL. Although a user generally has the flexibility to set the pull up voltage VPULL to the same voltage as the supply voltage level VCC or to a different voltage level, in the feedback configuration embodiments described herein, the VPULL voltage must be set to the supply voltage level VCC in order to achieve output levels ratiometric with VPULL. In accordance with the ratiometric configuration, rather than providing either a high or low output, two different percentages (or two different ranges of percentages) of VCC or VPULL can be used to represent the logic high and logic low values, so that VCC, VPULL, or GND can be output to indicate a fault. The output of the Schmitt trigger circuit324controls the switch element(s) of the output control circuit334to provide the X %, Y %, and GND. The output signal is provided as X % or Y %, and in some embodiments is driven to something other than X % or Y % (e.g., VCC or GND) to indicate a fault. Table 2 below illustrates the output relative to the fault condition for the various output states and output levels used to indicate a fault. The output state corresponds to the Schmitt output (e.g., the output of Schmitt trigger324) and the output level corresponds to the output of the output control circuit334at the sensor output pin (e.g., Out shown inFIG.3and/or VOUT). As shown in Table 2, when there is no fault, the output state (e.g., Schmitt trigger324) switches between VOUT(LOW)and VOUT(HIGH)and the corresponding output level (e.g., of the output control circuit334) is, respectively, 20% or 80% of VPULL (or VPU). This allows various other faults to be conveyed at the output of the sensor. A short-circuit fault of VCC-VOUT is not capable of conveying this output state during normal switching at the Schmitt trigger output, however it can be conveyed as VCC output level. A short-circuit fault VOUT-GND likewise is not capable of conveying this output state during normal switching at the Schmitt trigger output, however it can be conveyed as GND at the output level. A short-circuit fault of VCC-GND is also not capable of conveying this output state during normal switching at the Schmitt trigger output, however it can be conveyed as VCC at the output level. An open-circuit fault at VCC is not capable of conveying this output state during normal switching at the Schmitt trigger output, however it can be conveyed as VPU at the output level. An open-circuit fault at VOUT corresponds to normal switching between VOUT(LOW)and VOUT(HIGH)and the corresponding output level conveyed to the sensor is VPU. An open-circuit fault at GND does not have a corresponding output state at the Schmitt trigger output, however the output level is VPU as shown in Table 2. An internal fault results in an output state of VOUT(FAULT), which can correspond to VPU for the output level of the output control circuit. Accordingly, the various fault conditions can be conveyed at the sensor output, while allowing normal switching when no fault is detected. TABLE 2Fault Conditions and Resulting Output Level.FaultOutput StateOutput LevelNo FaultNormal Switching20% or 80% of VPU,between VOUT(LOW)andrespectivelyVOUT(HIGH)Short,n/aVCCVCC-VOUTShort,n/aGNDVOUT-GNDShort, VCC-GNDn/aVCCOpen, VCCn/aVPUOpen, VOUTNormal SwitchingVPUbetween VOUT(LOW)andVOUT(HIGH)Open, GNDn/aVPUInternal FaultVOUT(FAULT)VPUNote:VOUT(FAULT)= VPULL-UPand VPULL-UP= VCC FIG.4Ais a block diagram showing an example three-pin configuration for sensor300ofFIG.3. The example three-pin configuration includes the supply voltage (VCC), the output (VOUT), and ground (GND). The output VOUT is regulated by an output control circuit to output a first percentage (X %) in response to a logic high value and to a second percentage (Y %) in response to a logic low value.FIG.4Bis a graphical diagram showing an example ratiometric output of the sensor. As shown, in graph420, during normal operation the output switches between VOUT(HIGH)(X % of the supply voltage) and VOUT(LOW)(Y % of the supply voltage). The output can be provided at a different level such as VOUT(FAULT)or GND when a fault occurs. It will be appreciated that the voltage level of VCC410and the pull up voltage VPULL412may or may not be the same, although VPULL and VCC must be the same in the feedback configuration embodiments described below. FIG.5is a graphical diagram showing example VOUT(HIGH), VOUT(LOW), and VOUT(FAULT)values, in which X % and Y % can be expressed as a range, for example 70-90% for high and 10-30% for low. As such, any output that does not fall within the high range or the low range can be considered a fault. As shown, the range for VOUT(HIGH)is 70-90% of the supply voltage and the range for VOUT(LOW)is 10-30% of the supply voltage. Thus, an output that is 70-90% of VPULL indicates a logic high value, and an output that is 10-30% of VPULL indicates a logic low value. It is possible to convey a fault by outputting any voltage that does not fall within one of the ranges for a logic high or for a logic low. In some embodiments, a specific fault can be indicated by driving the output to either VCCor GND. It should be apparent that the ranges of 10-30% for the low value and 70-90% for the high value are only example numbers, and any value could be used having any range, so long as the ranges are not overlapping in order to thereby permit a logic high condition to be distinguished from a logic low condition. For example, the low value could be 15-40% and the high value could be 60-95%, so long as one range is provided for the low value and another range is provided for the high value, and they do not overlap with each other. FIG.6is a block diagram showing an example ratiometric configuration of a sensor output circuit in greater detail including a pass element and an operational amplifier in a closed-loop feedback configuration.FIG.6shows an example sensor output circuit610which, for example, can reside within the output control block334shown inFIG.3. Also shown inFIG.6are components external to the sensor including pull-up resistor RPULL and filter capacitor COUT. The circuit610has a closed-loop configuration and includes a resistor divider comprising resistors RF1and RF2that sense the output voltage on the OUT pin. The output is fed back into one input of the operational amplifier620to provide a feedback signal FB. The feedback signal FB is compared to a reference voltage (fed into the other input of the operational amplifier620) that is taken from VCC, in which two possible references can be selected. The reference voltage is generated by a resistor divider (including resistors R1, R2, and R3) coupled to supply voltage VCC and selectively coupled to the operational amplifier620by a switch615. A first reference voltage REFH is selected by the switch615to set the high state, which can be X % of the supply voltage (VPULL), and a second reference voltage REFL is selected by the switch615to set the low state, which can be Y % of the supply voltage (VPULL) as shown in Table 1 above. The switch615can be controlled by the signal output by the Schmitt trigger (e.g., Schmitt trigger324inFIG.3). When the output of the Schmitt trigger (i.e., the input signal to the output control block334) is a logic high, the switch selects the high reference voltage REFH, and when the input signal is a logic low, the switch selects the low reference voltage REFL. The comparison of the feedback signal (FB) to the high reference voltage REFH or the low reference voltage REFL is performed by the operational amplifier620. The resulting difference signal generated by the operational amplifier620controls conduction of the pass element630(e.g., NMOS transistor) to output the selected percentage of the supply voltage. In embodiments, a switch645as may take the form of a field-effect-transistor (FET) can be coupled to the gate of pass element630to turn the pass element630off when a fault is detected (e.g., by diagnostics controller332). In particular, when a fault is detected, switch645can be turned on to thereby pull the gate of pass element630low, and turn off pass element630to allow the output circuit610to act as a conventional open-drain configuration to convey a safe state or fault by pulling the output to VPULL or VCC through RPULL. Whereas, when no fault is detected, switch645can be off and thereby not interfere with the ratiometric control of pass element630by operational amplifier620. It will be appreciated that by design of the signal level of fault signal640and device type of switch645, when a fault is detected, switch645may alternatively cause pass element630to turn on and thereby pull the sensor output to GND to thereby indicate the fault. In order to stabilize the feedback system, compensation components as may include a compensation resistor (RC) and a compensation capacitor (CC) can be provided. These compensation components add a pole at the 0 Hz (integrator) and a zero at 1/(2π*RC*CC). The compensation resistor (RC) must be significantly greater than the sum of R2and R3(RC>>R2+R3). The compensation components have high open-loop gain at low frequencies to reduce the regulation error, and at high frequencies the open-loop gain drops until the zero comes in, leaving the output pole to continue the gain dropping until the 0 dB line is crossed. If the output pole is equal to or greater than zero, the phase margin is sufficient to have the systems table. If no external capacitor COUT is used, the pole at the NMOS gate limits the bandwidth before another internal pole comes in. As such, there is no requirement for an external capacitor (COUT) that is typically required with an open-loop configuration. By stabilizing internally, the external capacitor COUT is not needed. The configuration also allows for a conventional open drain output to be realized by turning off the pass element630, thereby allowing both types of outputs on a single die. FIG.7shows an example sensor data processor700that can process sensor signals, such as the signal defined byFIG.5, from one or more sensors and generate an output signal. As described above inFIG.5, VOUT(HIGH), VOUT(LOW), and VOUT(FAULT)values, in which X % and Y % can be expressed as a range, for example 70-90% for high and 10-30% for low, with respect to a supply voltage. As such, any output that does not fall within the high range or the low range can be considered a fault. In the example sensor data processor700, which can form a part of the diagnostic module208ofFIG.2, for example, includes a hi window module702and a lo window module704. The hi window module702receives a sensor signal and determines whether the sensor signal is within the defined range for a high signal, e.g., 70-90% of a supply voltage. The low window module704receives the sensor signal and determines whether the sensor signal is within the defined range for a low signal, e.g., 10-30% of a supply voltage. If the sensor signal is within the high signal range or the low signal range, the sensor data processor700determines that the sensor signal has valid data. If the sensor signal is determined to be outside the valid high or low ranges, then the sensor data module700can output a signal having a state indicative of a fault. FIG.7Ashows an example circuit implementation of a sensor data processing module. An input signal SS from a sensor can be provided to a series of comparators802a,b,c,d. The first comparator compares the sensor signal SS to a reference voltage level REF_HU corresponding to the upper level of a valid range for a high signal from the sensor, e.g., VOUT(HIGH)(max) inFIG.5. If the sensor signal SS is less than the reference voltage level REF_HU, then the comparator802aoutputs a logic ‘0’ and a ‘1’ otherwise. The second comparator802bcompares the sensor signal SS to a reference voltage level REF_HL corresponding to a lower level of the valid range for a high signal, e.g., VOUT(HIGH)(min) inFIG.5. If the sensor signal SS is greater than the reference voltage level REF_HL then the second comparator802boutputs a ‘1’ and a ‘0’ otherwise. Thus, if the sensor signal SS is a valid high signal, the first comparator802aoutputs a ‘0’ and the second comparator802boutputs a ‘1’. The third comparator802ccompares the sensor signal SS to a reference voltage level REF LU corresponding to the upper level of a valid range for a low signal from the sensor, e.g., VOUT(LOW)(max) inFIG.5. If the sensor signal SS is less than the reference voltage level REF LU, then the third comparator802coutputs a logic ‘0’ and a ‘1’ otherwise. The fourth comparator802dcompares the sensor signal SS to a reference voltage level REF LL corresponding to a lower level of the valid range for a low signal, e.g., VOUT(LOW)(min) inFIG.5. If the sensor signal SS is less than the reference voltage level REF_HL then the second comparator802boutputs a ‘0’ and a ‘1’ otherwise. Thus, if the sensor signal SS is a valid LO, the third comparator802coutputs a ‘0’ and the fourth comparator802doutputs a ‘0’. In the illustrated embodiment, the outputs of the comparators802a-dare inputs for an AND gate804with outputs of the first and fourth comparators802a,dinverted. The comparator802a-doutputs are also inputs to a NOR gate806. If there is a valid high sensor signal SS, e.g., within a valid range, the outputs from the comparators802a,802b,802c,802dare (0, 1, 1, 0) and if there is a valid low sensor signal SS, the outputs from the comparators802a,802b,802c,802dare (0, 0, 0, 0). The AND gate804outputs a ‘1’ when the comparator802a,802b,802c,802doutputs are (0, 1, 1, 0), which corresponds to a valid high sensor signal SS and the NOR gate806output is a ‘1’ when the sensor signal SS is a valid low signal. In an example embodiment, the outputs of the AND gate804and the NOR gate806are inputs to an OR gate808. If a valid high or low sensor signal is received, either the AND gate804or the NOR gate806outputs a ‘1’ so that the output signal of the OR gate808is active. If an invalid sensor signal SS is received, e.g., not a valid high or valid low signal, the output signal is not a ‘1.’ In other embodiments, additional logic can identify certain states corresponding to various sensor signals. For example, a safe state, which may correspond to comparator802a,802b,802c,802doutputs (1, 1, 1, 0), can be detected. It is understood a wide variety of circuit implementations are possible to detect valid and/or invalid sensor signals to meet the needs of a particular application. While illustrative embodiments of the invention are shown and described in conjunction with a magnetic field sensing element comprising a Hall element, it is understood that any suitable type of magnetic field sensing element can be used. As used herein, the term “magnetic field sensing element” is used to describe a variety of electronic elements that can sense a magnetic field. The magnetic field sensing element can be, but is not limited to, a Hall effect element, a magnetoresistance element, or a magnetotransistor. As is known, there are different types of Hall effect elements, for example, a planar Hall element, a vertical Hall element, and a Circular Vertical Hall (CVH) element. As is also known, there are different types of magnetoresistance elements, for example, a semiconductor magnetoresistance element such as Indium Antimonide (InSb), a giant magnetoresistance (GMR) element, for example, a spin valve, an anisotropic magnetoresistance element (AMR), a tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) element, and a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ). The magnetic field sensing element may be a single element or, alternatively, may include two or more magnetic field sensing elements arranged in various configurations, e.g., a half bridge or full (Wheatstone) bridge. Depending on the device type and other application requirements, the magnetic field sensing element may be a device made of a type IV semiconductor material such as Silicon (Si) or Germanium (Ge), or a type III-V semiconductor material like Gallium-Arsenide (GaAs) or an Indium compound, e.g., Indium-Antimonide (InSb). As is known, some of the above-described magnetic field sensing elements tend to have an axis of maximum sensitivity parallel to a substrate that supports the magnetic field sensing element, and others of the above-described magnetic field sensing elements tend to have an axis of maximum sensitivity perpendicular to a substrate that supports the magnetic field sensing element. In particular, planar Hall elements tend to have axes of sensitivity perpendicular to a substrate, while metal based or metallic magnetoresistance elements (e.g., GMR, TMR, AMR) and vertical Hall elements tend to have axes of sensitivity parallel to a substrate. As used herein, the term “magnetic field sensor” is used to describe a circuit that uses a magnetic field sensing element, generally in combination with other circuits. Magnetic field sensors are used in a variety of applications, including, but not limited to, an angle sensor that senses an angle of a direction of a magnetic field, a current sensor that senses a magnetic field generated by a current carried by a current-carrying conductor, a magnetic switch that senses the proximity of a ferromagnetic object, a rotation detector that senses passing ferromagnetic articles, for example, magnetic domains of a ring magnet or a ferromagnetic target (e.g., gear teeth) where the magnetic field sensor is used in combination with a back-biased or other magnet, and a magnetic field sensor that senses a magnetic field density of a magnetic field. FIG.8shows an exemplary computer800that can perform at least part of the processing described herein. The computer800includes a processor802, a volatile memory804, a non-volatile memory806(e.g., hard disk), an output device807and a graphical user interface (GUI)808(e.g., a mouse, a keyboard, a display, for example). The non-volatile memory806stores computer instructions812, an operating system816and data818. In one example, the computer instructions812are executed by the processor802out of volatile memory804. In one embodiment, an article820comprises non-transitory computer-readable instructions. Processing may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of the two. Processing may be implemented in computer programs executed on programmable computers/machines that each includes a processor, a storage medium or other article of manufacture that is readable by the processor (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device, and one or more output devices. Program code may be applied to data entered using an input device to perform processing and to generate output information. The system can perform processing, at least in part, via a computer program product, (e.g., in a machine-readable storage device), for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus (e.g., a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple computers). Each such program may be implemented in a high level procedural or object-oriented programming language to communicate with a computer system. However, the programs may be implemented in assembly or machine language. The language may be a compiled or an interpreted language and it may be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program may be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network. A computer program may be stored on a storage medium or device (e.g., CD-ROM, hard disk, or magnetic diskette) that is readable by a general or special purpose programmable computer for configuring and operating the computer when the storage medium or device is read by the computer. Processing may also be implemented as a machine-readable storage medium, configured with a computer program, where upon execution, instructions in the computer program cause the computer to operate. Processing may be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform the functions of the system. All or part of the system may be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry (e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) and/or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit)). Having described exemplary embodiments of the invention, it will now become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating their concepts may also be used. The embodiments contained herein should not be limited to disclosed embodiments but rather should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims. All publications and references cited herein are expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Elements of different embodiments described herein may be combined to form other embodiments not specifically set forth above. Various elements, which are described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination. Other embodiments not specifically described herein are also within the scope of the following claims. | 34,850 |
11942832 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG.1Aschematically shows an embodiment of an electric drive unit1of the presently proposed type. The electric drive unit1comprises a stator20including stator windings21. The electric drive unit1further includes a first rotor10with first slip rings11and first rotor windings12electrically connected to the first slip rings11. In addition, the electric drive unit1includes a second rotor10′ with second slip rings11′ and second rotor windings12′ electrically connected to the second slip rings11′. Both, the first rotor10and the second rotor10′ are disposed within the stator20. The first rotor10and the second rotor10′ are rotatably supported and configured to rotate with respect to the stator20. InFIG.1Athe first rotor10and the second rotor10′ are axially aligned. That is, inFIG.1Athe electric drive unit1is configured as an internal rotor machine. In another embodiments not explicitly depicted here, may be configured as an external rotor machine wherein the stator is disposed or at least partially disposed within the first rotor and/or the second rotor. The electric drive unit1further includes a first inverter31and a second inverter31′. The first rotor windings12are electrically connected to the first inverter31via the first slip rings11. Similarly, the second rotor windings12′ are electrically connected to the second inverter31′ via the second slip rings11′. The electric drive unit1further includes a third inverter30. The stator windings21are electrically connected to the third inverter30. The first rotor windings12and/or the second rotor windings12′ and/or the stator windings21may include multi-phase windings. The first inverter31is configured to provide and/or receive an electric current, for example a DC electric current and/or an AC electric current, to/from the first rotor windings12. The first inverter31is configured such that electric power may be transmitted between the first rotor windings12and the first inverter31, for example from the first rotor windings12to the first inverter31and/or from the first inverter31to the first rotor windings12. The second inverter31′ is configured to provide and/or receive an electric current, for example a DC electric current and/or an AC electric current, to/from the second rotor windings12′. The second inverter31′ is configured such that electric power may be transmitted between the second rotor windings12′ and the second inverter31′, for example from the second rotor windings12′ to the second inverter31′ and/or from the second inverter31′ to the second rotor windings12′. The third inverter30is configured to provide and/or receive an electric current, for example a DC electric current and/or an AC electric current, to/from the stator windings21. The third inverter30is configured such that electric power may be transmitted, for example from the stator windings21to the third inverter30and/or from the third inverter30to the stator windings21. The first inverter31, the second inverter31′ and the third inverter30are electrically connected to an energy storage device40. The first inverter31and/or the second inverter31′ and/or the third inverter30may receive or provide electric power from or to the energy storage device40. For example, the energy storage device40may be configured as or may include a battery or a rechargeable battery. The first inverter31is configured to generate or produce an electric current in the first rotor windings12that generates or produces a first rotor magnetic field. For instance, the first inverter31and the first rotor windings12may be configured such that the first rotor magnetic field rotates with respect to the first rotor10. The inverter31′ is configured to generate or produce an electric current in the second rotor windings12′ that generates or produces a second rotor magnetic field. For instance, the second inverter31′ and the second rotor windings12′ may be configured such that the second rotor magnetic field rotates with respect to the second rotor10′. And the third inverter30is configured to generate or produce an electric current in the stator windings21that generates or produces a stator magnetic field. In particular, the third inverter30and the stator windings21may be configured such that the stator magnetic field rotates with respect to the stator20. Each of the rotating magnetic fields may have a magnitude and/or phase different or equal from/to the magnitude and/or phase of the other rotating magnetic fields. The stator magnetic field may interact with the first rotor magnetic field to provide a torque to the first rotor10. Also, the stator magnetic field may interact with the second rotor magnetic field to provide a torque to the second rotor10′. The torque being exerted on the first rotor10and/or on the second rotor10′ may cause the first rotor10and/or the second rotor10′ to rotate and to transmit, in each case, the torque to a vehicle wheel, for example via a drive axle or a drive half axle. The third inverter30may be configured to receive electric power from the stator windings21, for example during regenerative braking. This electric power may then be transmitted to and stored in the energy storage device40. Additionally or alternatively, the first inverter31and/or the second inverter31′ may be configured to receive electric power from the first rotor windings12and/or from the second rotor windings12′, respectively, for example during regenerative braking. The electric drive unit1ofFIG.1Amay further include a first rotor position sensor60for detecting a rotational position of the first rotor, and a second rotor position sensor60′ for detecting a rotational position of the second rotor10′. A rotational speed of the first rotor may be determined by mathematically differentiating the rotational position of the first rotor10with respect to time. Similarly, a rotational speed of the second rotor may be determined by mathematically differentiating the rotational position of the second rotor10′ with respect to time. The electric drive unit1ofFIG.1Amay further include an accelerator actuator sensor61for detecting a position of an accelerator actuator indicative of a driver's torque request, and a steering sensor62for detecting a steering angle indicative of a target direction of a movement of the vehicle set by a driver. In certain situations, for example during autonomous driving and/or when a controller, for example a lane assistance controller and/or a speed controller is used, the target direction and/or a target speed may be determined by a computing device which may use an algorithm to perform this task. In such a situation, the one or more of the sensors may not be required. The above-described sensors may be part of or may include a speech recognition system, an interactive display, a joystick, a mouse or any other device providing a human machine interface, for example. The electric drive unit1inFIG.1Afurther comprises a controller50. The controller50may, for example, include a microcontroller or another kind of computing device, for example an FPGA, a microprocessor, a computer, or the like. The controller50may be integrated into an electronic control unit (ECU) of a vehicle. In the embodiment depicted inFIG.1Athe controller50is communicatively connected, for example via an optical interface and/or an electrical interface, to the first inverter31, to the second inverter31′ and to the third inverter30. And the controller50is further communicatively connected, for example via an optical interface and/or an electrical interface, to at least one of the sensors, for example to the rotor position sensors60and/or60′, to the accelerator actuator sensor61and/or to the steering sensor62. The controller50may be configured to determine a target torque T1to be exerted on the first rotor10and/or to determine a target torque T2to be exerted on the second rotor10′, for example based on signals, data or information received from one or more of the sensors60,60′,61, and62. The controller50may be configured to control the first inverter31, the second inverter31′ and the third inverter30. The controller50may include a part in which a method of processing a sensor signal is implemented. For example, based on signals, data or information received from one or more of the sensors60,60′,61, and62the controller50may be configured to determine or calculate a torque to be exerted on one or both of the rotors10,10′. And based on a torque to be exerted on one or both of the rotors10,10′ the controller50may be configured to determine or calculate a magnitude and/or a frequency and/or a phase of a current to be generated or produced in the stator windings21and/or in the first rotor windings12and/or in the second rotor windings12′ in order to exert said torque on one or both of the rotors10,10′. The controller50may then further be configured to control the first inverter31and/or the second inverter31′ and/or the third inverter30such as t to generate or produce an electric current in the stator windings21and/or in the first rotor windings12and/or in the second rotor windings12′ having the previously determined or calculated magnitude and/or frequency and/or phase to exert the previously determined or calculated or requested torque on one or both of the rotors10,10′. For example, the controller50may be configured to determine a rotational position and/or a rotational speed of one of the rotors10,10′ based on a signal provided by the first rotor position sensor60and/or based on a signal provided by the second rotor position sensor60′. The controller50may then further be configured to determine the magnitude and/or the frequency and/or the phase of the current to be generated or produced in the first rotor windings12by the first inverter31. And the controller50may be configured to control the first inverter31such as to generate or produce the previously determined current in the first rotor windings12. Similarly, the controller50may be configured to determine the magnitude and/or the frequency and/or the phase of the current to be generated or produced in the second rotor windings12′ by the second inverter31′. And the controller50may be configured to control the second inverter31′ such as to generate or produce the previously determined current in the second rotor windings12′. Also, the controller50may be configured to determine the magnitude and/or the frequency and/or the phase of the current to be generated or produced in the stator windings21by the third inverter30. The controller50may then further be configured to control the third inverter30such as to generate or produce the previously determined current in the stator windings21. As a non-limiting example, the controller50according to the embodiment ofFIG.1Amay be configured to implement a field-oriented control scheme. Field-oriented control is also known as vector control. For example, the controller50may be configured to mathematically map an electric current in the stator windings21corresponding to a rotating stator magnetic field onto a fixed orthogonal reference frame comprising an Iqaxis and Idaxis orthogonal to the Iqaxis, wherein Iqand Idcorrespond to the two orthogonal current components torque current Iqand magnetizing current Id, respectively. The controller50may then further be configured to map the electric current in the stator windings21onto the Iqaxis of the fixed orthogonal reference frame. The controller may further be configured to map the electric current in the first rotor windings12and the electric current in the second rotor windings12′ onto the same fixed orthogonal reference frame, wherein each electric current within the rotor windings12,12′ is split into the torque current Iqcomponent and the magnetizing current Idcomponent. The mathematical mapping may be performed using a rotation matrix which may include a rotation angle of the rotating magnetic field as a parameter. In the fixed orthogonal reference frame, the electric current in the stator windings21is denoted as Isq, the control current and the magnetizing current of the first rotor10are denoted IR1q, and IR1d, respectively, and the torque current and the magnetizing current of the second rotor10′ are denoted IR2q, and IR2d, respectively. Using the fixed orthogonal reference frame in the control of the currents may simplify calculations and control of the electric drive unit1. The mapping of the electric current in the first rotor windings12and of the electric current in the second rotor windings12′ may be accomplished using the rotational position of the first rotor10and the rotational position of the second rotor10′, for example based on signals, data or information provided by the first rotor position sensor60and the second position sensor60′, respectively. The controller50may then be configured to calculate magnitude, frequency and phase of a current or currents to be produced or generated in the first rotor windings12and/or in the second rotor windings12′ and/or in the stator windings21by minimizing a cost function. For example, the cost function may include a sum including squared magnitudes of one or more electric currents. For example, the cost function P may be given by P=1.5·Rs·I2sq+1.5·RR·(I2R1q+I2R1d+I2R2q+I2R2d) (eq. 1) where Rsis the ohmic resistance of the stator windings21, and RRis the ohmic resistance of the first rotor windings12and/or of the second rotor windings12′. This cost function includes ohmic losses within the stator windings21and the first and the second rotor windings12,12′. Minimizing this cost function and controlling the first inverter31and/or the second inverter31′ and/or the third inverter30accordingly may significantly increase the efficiency of the electric drive unit1. The cost function P may be minimized for a given rotational speed Ω1of the first rotor10, a given rotational speed Ω2of the second rotor10′, a given target torque T1for the first rotor10, and a given target torque T2for the second rotor10′. The target torques T1and T2may be considered as equality constraints when minimizing the cost function. The rotational speeds Ω1and Ω2may be determined based on signals, data or information provided to the controller50by the rotor positions sensors60and60′, for example. The controller50may be configured to determine the target torques T1and T2based on a driving situation which may relate to signals, data or information provided by one or more of the sensors60,60′,61and/or62. Additionally, the controller may be configured to determine the target torques T1and T2based on vehicle dynamics, for example based on one or more parameters including a vehicle mass, a moment of inertia, a friction, a spring force, a stiffness and further material parameters. For example, in the embodiment of the electric drive unit depicted inFIG.1Athe target torques T1and T2may be related to the electric currents according to the following relations T1=1.5·Np·Lm·IR1d·Isq(eq. 2) T2=1.5·Np·Lm·IR1d·Isq(eq. 3) where Npdenotes a number of pole pairs and Lmdenotes an inductance of a rotor10,10′, wherein the inductance refers to the magnetic field linking stator and rotor. Further constraints of the minimization of the cost function P may include a maximum allowable magnitude of an electric current and/or a maximum allowable voltage in one or more of the windings12,12′,21and/or in one or more of the inverters30,31,31′. For instance, the constraints relating to the electric currents may be expressed by but not limited to the following relations I2R1q+I2R1d≤I2R1max(eq. 4) I2R2q+I2R2d≤I2R2max(eq. 5) |Isq|≤Isqmax(eq. 6), where IR1maxdenotes a maximum value of an electric current in the first rotor windings12, IR2maxdenotes a maximum value of an electric current in the second rotor windings12′, and Isqmaxdenotes a maximum value of an electric current in the stator windings21. Similarly, the constraints relating to the voltages may be expressed by but not limited to the following relations V2sq+V2sd≤V2smax(eq. 7) V2R1q+V2R1d≤V2R1max(eq. 8) V2R2q+V2R2d≤V2R2max(eq. 9) Therein, referring to the fixed orthogonal reference frame:Vsqis a component of the voltage of the stator windings21in the direction of the Isqaxis,Vsdis a component of the voltage of the stator windings21in the direction of the Isdaxis,Vsmaxis a maximum voltage of the stator windings,VR1q, VR2qare components of the voltage of the first rotor windings12and of the second rotor windings12′, respectively, in the direction of the Isqaxis,VR1d, VR2dare components of the voltage of the first rotor windings12and of the second rotor windings12′, respectively, in the direction of the Isdaxis, andVR1max, VR2maxare a maximum voltage in the first rotor windings12and in the second rotor windings12′, respectively. The maximum voltages VR1max, VR2max, and Vsmaxmay depend on properties of the first inverter31, second inverter31′, and third inverter30, respectively. Additionally or alternatively, they may depend on properties of the windings12,12′ and21, for example on properties relating to an electrical insulation system. V2R1maxmay equal V2R2max. Furthermore, a voltage V in the windings12,12′ and21is physically related to an electric current I in the windings12,12′ and21, for example according to the relation V=L·dI/dt, where d/dt denotes the derivative with respect to time and L is an inductance of the windings12,12′ and21, respectively. The magnitude of the voltage V may depend on the magnitude of the electric current I. In case the electrical current is an AC current, the voltage may further depend on a frequency of the electric current. Therefore, the controller50may further be configured to optimize the cost function P with a frequency of the electric currents as input parameters and/or as optimization parameters. The controller50may be configured to minimize the cost function using a mathematical method, for example including the calculation of a derivative and finding a zero value thereof. The controller50may further be configured to minimize the cost function using other optimization algorithms, for example a gradient descent algorithm or the like. The minimization may be performed with respect to one or more of the parameters of the cost function comprising, for example the frequency and/or magnitude of the currents I2sq, I2R1q, I2R1d, I2R2q, and I2R2d. As a result of the optimization the controller50may control the third inverter30such that the stator magnetic field rotates at a rotational frequency close to the speed of the one of the rotors10,10′ transmitting the greater torque T1or T2. For example, the rotational frequency of the stator magnetic field may deviate from the rotational frequency of the rotor transmitting the greater torque by less than plus/minus 5 percent, such as by less than plus/minus 2 percent, for instance by less than plus/minus 1 percent. In this way, a power flow through the first and/or the second inverter may be limited. One advantage of the electric drive unit1ofFIG.1Ais the flexibility with which electric currents in the first and the second rotor windings12,12′ and in the stator windings21may be controlled. For example, the currents in the rotor windings12,12′ of the electric drive unit1may be operated in a manner similar to a synchronous machine and similar to an induction machine. The electric currents in the windings12,12′,12may be controlled such as to minimize a cost function that may include terms relating to or correlated with the efficiency of the electric drive unit1such as the power consumption. Also, disposing the two rotors10,10′ within the stator20may render the design of the electric drive unit1compact as only one stator is used for the two rotors. Furthermore, the total torque exerted on both rotors10,10′ as well as the ratio between the amount of torque exerted on the first rotor10and the amount of torque exerted on the second rotor10′ may be controlled with high flexibility and power efficiency. FIG.1Bschematically shows an alternative embodiment of the electric drive unit1which is a variant of the embodiment shown inFIG.1A. Here and in all of the following, recurring features illustrated in different Figures are designated with the same reference signs. The electric drive unit according toFIG.1Bdiffers from the electric drive unit according toFIG.1Ain that in the electric drive unit according toFIG.1Bthe energy storage device40includes a high voltage energy storage device40aand a low voltage energy storage device40b. The high voltage energy storage device40ais electrically connected to the inverter30. The low voltage energy storage device40bis electrically connected to the first inverter31and to the second inverter31′. Accordingly, the first and the second inverters31,31′ are low voltage inverters and the third inverter is a high voltage inverter. The low voltage inverter is designed to operate at low voltages. The high voltage inverter is designed to operate at high voltages. For example, the high voltage energy storage device40aand the high voltage inverter30may be configured to operate at voltages at or below a maximum voltage of at least 60 V, of at least 200 V, or of at least 380 V. And the low voltage energy storage device40band the low voltage inverters31,31′ may be configured to operate at voltages at or below a maximum voltage of at most 48 V or of at most 60 V. For example, a high voltage may be suitable to be used in a main power path that may include the stator windings21, the third inverter30and the high voltage energy storage device40a. On the other hand, components that can resist a high voltages are usually more expensive than components that may resist only a low voltage. Low voltage components may include, for example, field effect transistors such as metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), while high voltage components may include, for example, insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). Further, some constraints are less restrictive for low voltage components, resulting in reduced production and maintenance costs. Therefore, it is typically advantageous to use low voltage components where possible. This may be the case for the first rotor10and for the second rotor10′, for the first inverter31and for the second inverter31′. For instance, in the embodiment of the electric drive unit1ofFIG.1Ba low voltage energy storage device40bis connected to the first rotor10and to the second rotor10′ via the first inverter31and the second inverter31′. FIG.2again schematically shows the electric drive unit1ofFIG.1ain a first driving situation. For ease of illustration only the controller50and the sensors60,60′,61and62have been omitted, and additional arrows symbolising power transmission paths are shown. The situation depicted inFIG.2may occur, for example, if or when both rotors10,10′ turn at the same speed and if or when the same amount of torque is applied to both rotors10,10′. In this situation, the controller50may control the third inverter30such that a rotational speed of the rotating stator magnetic field is equal to a mechanical rotational speed of the rotors10,10′ relative to the stator20. That is, the controller50may control the third inverter30such that a frequency of the electric current generated or produced in the stator windings21equals a mechanical rotational speed or frequency of the first rotor10and of the second rotor10′. The controller50controls the first inverter31and the second inverter31′ such that they provide a direct current to the first rotor windings12and to the second rotor windings12′, respectively. As such, the electric drive unit1may show characteristics of a synchronous machine, wherein the two rotors10and10′ rotate in synchrony or in unison with the stator magnetic field. InFIG.2power is transmitted from the energy storage device40to the third inverter30, from the third inverter30to the stator windings21, and from the stator windings21to the rotors10,10′ via the first rotor windings12and via the second rotor windings12′, respectively. The first rotor10and the second rotor10′ may then transfer torque to a first vehicle wheel and to a second vehicle wheel, for example. FIG.3again schematically shows the electric drive unit1ofFIG.1ain a second driving situation. Again, the controller50and the sensors60,60′,61and62have been omitted for ease of illustration, and additional arrows symbolising power transmission paths are shown. The different sizes of the arrows depicted inFIG.3illustrate that a power transmitted to the first rotor10is different from a power transmitted to the second rotor10′. For instance, in the situation depicted inFIG.3a power transmitted to the first rotor10is greater than a power transmitted to the second rotor10′. The driving situation depicted inFIG.3may occur, for example, if or when both rotors10,10′ turn at the same speed, and if or when a torque applied to the first rotor10is different from a torque applied to the second rotor10′, for example when the vehicle wheels coupled to the first rotor10and to the second rotor10′ travel on different soil types. InFIG.3, a torque applied to the first rotor10is greater than a torque applied to the second rotor10′. In the situation depicted inFIG.3the controller50may control the third inverter30such that a rotational speed of the rotating stator magnetic field is equal to the mechanical rotational speed of the rotors10,10′. That is, the controller50may control the third inverter30such that a frequency of the electric current provided to or generated in the stator windings21equals the rotational speed or rotational frequency of the rotors10,10′. The controller50controls the inverters31,31′ such that they provide a direct current to the first rotor windings12and to the second rotor windings12′, respectively. The fact that different amounts of torque are applied to the first rotor10and to the second rotor10′ is reflected by different magnitudes of the direct currents provided to the rotors10,10′ by the first inverter31and by the second inverter31′, respectively. In the situation depicted inFIG.3, the electric drive unit1may resemble a synchronous machine in which the two rotors10and10′ rotate in synchrony or in unison with the stator magnetic field. InFIG.3power is transmitted from the at least one energy storage device40, which may include a high voltage energy storage device40aand a low voltage energy storage device40b, to the third inverter30, from the third inverter30to the stator windings21, and from the stator windings21to the rotors10,10′ via the first rotor windings12and via the second rotor windings12′, respectively. The first rotor10and the second rotor10′ may then transfer torque to a first vehicle wheel and to a second vehicle wheel, for example. In contrast to the situation depicted inFIG.2, in the situation depicted inFIG.3the power transmitted to the first rotor10is different from the power transmitted to the second rotor10′, resulting in different amounts of torque being exerted on the first rotor10and on the second rotor10′. FIG.4again schematically shows the electric drive unit1ofFIGS.2and3, wherein the additional arrows symbolise power transmissions.FIG.4relates to a driving situation in which a rotational speed of the second rotor10′ is greater than a rotational speed of the first rotor10, and a torque applied or transmitted to the first rotor10via the stator20is equal to a torque applied or transmitted to the second rotor10′ via the stator20. The controller50determines a rotational speed of the rotating stator magnetic field. The controller50commands the third inverter30to provide an electric current to the stator windings21resulting in a rotating stator magnetic field having a rotational frequency corresponding to a rotational speed in between the rotational speed of the first rotor10and the rotational speed of the second rotor10′. In this case, the first rotor10and the stator20provide torque to the first vehicle wheel. At the same time, the first rotor10operates as an electric generator providing electric power to the energy storage device40, such as to the low voltage energy storage device40b, via the first inverter31. Again, the first inverter31may be configured as a low power inverter inFIG.4. At the same time, the second rotor10′ and the stator20provide torque to the second vehicle wheel. The second rotor10′ receives electric power from the energy storage device40, such as from the low voltage energy storage device40b, via the second inverter31′. Again, is the second inverter31′ may be configured as a low power inverter inFIG.4. As the stator20transmits the same power to both rotors10and10′. When the stator20applies or transmits different torques to both rotors10and10′, the power transmitted from the stator20to the rotors10,10′ will change accordingly. In this case, the controller50may be configured to control the third inverter30to generate or produce an electric current in the stator windings21which generates a rotating stator magnetic field having a rotational frequency close to or within a range or within a predetermined range of a rotational speed of the rotor transmitting the greater torque in order to limit the electric power transmitted through the low-power inverters31and31′. LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS 1electric drive unit10first rotor10′ second rotor11first slip rings11′ second slip rings12first rotor windings12′ second rotor windings20stator21stator windings30third inverter31first inverter31′ second inverter40energy storage device40ahigh voltage energy storage device40blow voltage energy storage device50controller60,60′ rotor position sensors61accelerator actuator sensor62steering sensor | 29,765 |
11942833 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Description will now be given in detail according to exemplary implementations disclosed herein, with reference to the accompanying drawings. FIG.1is a perspective view of an intelligent power generation module (IPGM) in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure,FIG.2is an exploded view of the IPGM inFIG.1,FIG.3is a perspective view illustrating a state in which an IGBT216, a capacitor215, and bus bars217are mounted inside an inverter21after an inverter cover212and a cooling plate214are removed inFIG.1, andFIG.4is a perspective view illustrating a direction in which an assembly of a stator24and a rotor25is mounted to a motor housing10and a direction in which internal parts of the inverter21are mounted to an inverter housing210inFIG.2. FIG.5illustrates a movement path of cooling water inFIG.1,FIG.6illustrates inflow and outflow paths of cooling water in the inverter housing210ofFIG.5,FIG.7is a cross-sectional view illustrating a path through which cooling water moves from the inverter housing210to the motor housing10inFIG.5,FIG.8illustrates a path in which the cooling water moves in a zigzag form along a cooling water flow path11inside the motor housing10inFIG.5, andFIG.9is an exploded view illustrating a cooling water flow path11ofFIG.8deployed on a plane, which illustrates a movement path of the cooling water. An intelligent power generation module (IPGM) according to implementations of the present disclosure may include an electric motor1, the inverter21, and a gearbox22. The electric motor1may include the stator24and the rotor25and generate power. The stator24and the rotor25may be received inside the motor housing10. The motor housing10may be formed in a cylindrical shape. An accommodation space for accommodating the stator24and the rotor25may be defined in the motor housing10. An oil sump16may be defined at a lower surface of the motor housing10. The oil sump16may fluidly communicate with the accommodation space of the motor housing10and may temporarily store oil. The stator24may include a stator core240and a stator coil242. The stator coil242may be wound around slots that are spaced apart from one another in a circumferential direction of the stator core240. Parts of the stator coil242may protrude axially to both ends of the stator core240oriented in a lengthwise (longitudinal) direction of the stator core240. The parts of the stator coil242protruding to the both ends of the stator core240may be referred to as end turns. The stator coil242may be configured as a three-phase (U, W, and V-phase) coil and may be connected to a three-phase AC power source. A connection ring may be mounted to the stator coil242and include a bus bar217for connecting a power connecting portion for applying power to the three-phase coils of the stator coil242to neutral lines disposed on ends of the three-phase coils. The power connecting portion may include three-phase terminals. The power connecting portion may be integrally formed with the connection ring. The rotor25may be rotatably disposed in the stator core240with an air gap therebetween. The rotor25may include a rotor core and permanent magnets. A rotating shaft26may be coupled into the rotor core to be rotatable together with the rotor core. Both end portions of the rotating shaft26may be rotatably supported by bearings. A resolver may be disposed on one side of the rotating shaft26in a longitudinal direction of the rotating shaft26. Another side of the rotating shaft26may be connected to a driving shaft of the gearbox22. The gearbox22may include a gearbox housing220and gears provided inside the gearbox housing220. The gears may be configured to reduce the number of turns occurred at the rotating shaft26of the electric motor1and increase a torque. The gears may be configured as a planetary gear set. The planetary gear set may include a ring gear, a sun gear, a planetary gear, a carrier, and the like. The motor housing10may be formed in a cylindrical shape, and both sides of the motor housing10in the longitudinal direction may be open. A housing19for oil injection (hereinafter, referred to as an oil injection housing19) and a shield cover20may be coupled to one open end portion of the motor housing10. Another end portion of the motor housing10may be covered by the gearbox housing220. A plurality of coupling portions may be formed on the one end portion of the motor housing10to be coupled to the gearbox housing220. The inverter21may include a capacitor215and an IGBT216to operate the electric motor1. An inverter housing210may be formed in a rectangular shape extending along the longitudinal direction of the motor housing10. A connecting portion211may extend from one side surface of the inverter housing210to cover a top portion of the motor housing10. The connecting portion211may be integrally formed on a circumferential surface of the motor housing10. The inverter housing210may extend in a tangential direction with respect to the circumferential surface of the motor housing10. The motor housing10and the inverter housing210may be integrally formed with each other, so that the electric motor1and the inverter21can be integrated. When the inverter21and the electric motor are configured as a single housing, a manufacturing cost can be reduced and its strength can be improved. An upper portion of the inverter housing210may be open, and an inverter cover212may be detachably coupled to the upper opening of the inverter housing210. A cooling plate214may be mounted on an upper portion of the inverter housing210. The cooling plate214may have a shape corresponding to the shape of the inverter housing210. The inverter cover212may be mounted on an upper portion of the cooling plate214to cover a part or all of the cooling plate214. An inverter assembly such as the capacitor215and the IGBT216may be accommodated inside the inverter housing210. The capacitor215, the IGBT216, and the plurality of bus bars217may be accommodated inside the inverter housing210while being suspended upside down from a lower surface of the cooling plate214. With this configuration, heat generated from each of the capacitor215, the IGBT216, and the plurality of bus bars217can be efficiently cooled by the cooling plate214due to a temperature difference between the cooling plate214and an upper end portion of each of the capacitor215, the IGBT216, and the plurality of bus bars217. The capacitor215, the IGBT216, and the plurality of bus bars217may be disposed in this order, with the capacitor215being disposed farthest apart from the uppermost end of the motor housing10in the tangential direction. The three-phase terminal of the power connecting portion of the electric motor1may be disposed at the uppermost end of the motor housing10. The shield cover20may cover the three-phase terminal of the power connecting portion. A cooling water flow path may be defined at an inner side of the cooling plate214. A cooling water flow path forming groove2141may be formed in an inner side of the cooling plate214. The cooling water flow path forming groove2141may be formed over an entire area of the cooling plate214and may have a shallow depth. The cooling water flow path forming groove2141having this structure can allow even a small amount of cooling water to come in contact with the capacitor215and the IGBT216in an area as wide as possible, thereby improving cooling performance of the cooling water. A heat absorbing surface may be formed on one side surface of the IGBT216. The heat absorbing surface may come in contact with the cooling plate214or directly with the cooling water. In the implementation, an opening2142may be formed through a lower surface of the cooling plate214such that the IGBT216can come in direct contact with cooling water. Accordingly, the cooling water and the heat absorbing surface can come in contact with each other through the opening2142. The opening2142and the heat absorbing surface may have the same shape and size. In this case, a sealing member may be disposed between the cooling plate214and the heat absorbing surface to restrict leakage of the cooling water from the cooling plate214to the inner space of the inverter housing210. With this configuration, the cooling water can directly absorb heat from the IGBT216through the heat absorbing surface so as to improve cooling performance. The plurality of bus bars217may be disposed close to the three-phase terminal of the power connector of the electric motor1. One side of each of the plurality of bus bars217may be connected to the capacitor215and the IGBT216, and another side of each of the plurality of bus bars217may be connected to the three-phase terminal of the power connector. Accordingly, the inverter21can operate the electric motor1. With this configuration, a connection length of the bus bars217can be reduced and thus heat dissipation of the bus bars217can be reduced. Therefore, more heat can be cooled by the same amount of cooling water, result in improving cooling performance. A cooling water inlet port213may be disposed on one side of the inverter cover212. One side of the cooling water inlet port213may be connected to fluidly communicate with the cooling water flow path of the cooling plate214and another side of the cooling water inlet port213may be connected to a radiator disposed in front of the vehicle, so that the cooling water cooled down by the radiator can be introduced into the cooling water flow path inside the inverter housing210through the cooling water inlet port213. A cooling water communication port2143may be formed through a lower surface of one side of the cooling plate214. One side of the cooling water communication port2143may be connected to fluidly communicate with the cooling water flow path and another side of the cooling water communication port2143may be connected to communicate with the cooling water flow path inside the motor housing10. The cooling water inlet port213may be disposed adjacent to the capacitor215and the cooling water communication port2143may be disposed adjacent to the plurality of bus bars217. The cooling water introduced through the cooling water inlet port213may sequentially cool down the capacitor215, the IGBT216, and the plurality of bus bars217, and then flow into the motor housing10through the cooling water communication port2143. The motor housing10may be formed in a cylindrical shape with both sides open along the longitudinal direction. The stator24, the rotor25, and the like may be accommodated in the motor housing10through one opening of the motor housing10. The stator core240may be formed in a cylindrical shape, and a plurality of ear parts241may protrude radially from an outer circumferential surface of the stator core240. The plurality of ear parts241may extend along the longitudinal direction of the stator core240. The plurality of ear parts241may be spaced apart from one another in a circumferential direction of the stator core240. Each of the plurality of ear parts241may have a bolt coupling hole therein. A plurality of bolts extending in the longitudinal direction of the stator core240may be inserted through the bolt coupling holes of the respective ear parts241, such that the stator core240can be coupled to the motor housing10. A gearbox housing220may cover the rear end portion of the motor housing10. A plurality of coupling portions that are spaced apart from one another in the circumferential direction may be formed on each of the front end portion of the gearbox housing220and the rear end portion of the motor housing10. Coupling members such as bolts may be inserted through the coupling portions such that the gearbox housing220and the motor housing10can be coupled to each other. The motor housing10may include a plurality of ear part accommodating portions140. The plurality of ear part accommodating portions140may extend along the longitudinal direction of the motor housing10and protrude outward in the radial direction of the motor housing10. The ear part accommodating portions140may surround the ear parts241, respectively. The plurality of ear parts241and the plurality of ear part accommodating portions140may be disposed on a left upper portion, a left lower portion, a right upper portion, and a right lower portion of the motor housing10, respectively, at about intervals of 90 degrees when the motor housing10is viewed from the front in a direction in which the stator core240is inserted. The ear part241may be formed in a semicircular shape, and upper two ear part accommodating portions140among the plurality of ear part accommodating portions140may be formed in a semicircular shape with a diameter larger than that of the ear part241. Lower two ear part accommodating portions140among the plurality of ear part accommodating portions140may fluidly communicate with an upper portion of the oil sump16. The ear part accommodating portions140may be open toward the front in the longitudinal direction of the motor housing10, such that the ear parts241can be inserted into the front openings of the ear part accommodating portions140. The stator and rotor assembly may be mounted by being inserted in the longitudinal direction of the motor housing10. In this case, the ear parts241may be slidably coupled along the ear part accommodating portions140. As the ear parts241and the ear part accommodating portions140are coupled to each other, the stator and rotor assembly may be allowed to be slidable in the longitudinal direction of the motor housing10but prevented from moving in the circumferential direction. Coupling grooves145may be formed in rear end portions of the ear part accommodating portions140and bolts passing through the ear parts241may be coupled to the coupling grooves145, so that the stator core240can be coupled to the motor housing10. The ear part accommodating portions140may be formed to have a cross-sectional area that increases from the rear to the front in the longitudinal direction, which may facilitate a mold to be smoothly released during molding by die casting. The motor housing10may have a double wall. A cooling water flow path11may be defined between an outer wall and an inner wall in a radial direction of the double wall. The cooling water flow path11may include a plurality of heat-exchange cells110, a plurality of partition walls120, and a plurality of communication holes130. The plurality of communication holes130may be disposed in the motor housing10to be spaced apart from one another in the circumferential direction. Each of the plurality of heat-exchange cells110may extend in the longitudinal direction of the motor housing10. Two heat-exchange cells110may be disposed between the two ear part accommodating portions140adjacent to each other in the circumferential direction. The plurality of heat-exchange cells110may be defined by the plurality of partition walls120in the circumferential direction. Each of the plurality of partition walls120may extend in the longitudinal direction of the motor housing10. The plurality of partition walls120may be spaced apart from one another in the circumferential direction. Each of the plurality of partition walls120may protrude in the radial direction, such that an outer end thereof is connected to the outer wall of the motor housing10and an inner end thereof is connected to the inner wall of the motor housing10. The plurality of communication holes130may be alternately formed at front end portions of the plurality of partition walls120in the circumferential direction, such that two heat-exchange cells110adjacent to each other in the circumferential direction can fluidly communicate with each other. The plurality of heat-exchange cells110may include a first heat-exchange cell111to an Nth heat-exchange cell110. In this implementation, eight heat-exchange cells110may be provided. Among the plurality of heat-exchange cells110, the heat-exchange cell110fluidly communicating with the cooling water communication port2143may be referred to as a first heat-exchange cell111. Among the plurality of heat-exchange cells110, the heat-exchange cell110fluidly communicating with a cooling water outlet port15may be referred to as an eighth heat-exchange cell118. The first heat-exchange cell111and the eighth heat-exchange cell118may be disposed adjacent to each other in the circumferential direction. A partition wall disposed at the uppermost end of the motor housing10among the plurality of partition walls120may be referred to as a first partition wall121. The first partition wall121may be disposed between the first heat-exchange cell111and the eighth heat-exchange cell118to partition the first heat-exchange cell111and the eighth heat-exchange cell118from each other. In implementations, the communication hole130is not formed at the front or rear end portion of the first partition wall121. If the communication hole130is provided at the first partition wall121, cooling water would move from the first heat-exchange cell111directly to the eighth heat-exchange cell118through the communication hole130without substantial heat exchange prior to being discharged through the cooling water outlet port15. The second heat-exchange cell112may be spaced apart from the first heat-exchange cell111in a counterclockwise direction when viewed from the front of the motor housing10. The first ear part accommodating portion141located at the left upper portion may be disposed between the first heat-exchange cell111and the second heat-exchange cell112. The third heat-exchange cell113may be spaced apart from the second heat-exchange cell112in the counterclockwise direction, and the communication hole130may be formed at the front end portion of the second partition wall122by which the second heat-exchange cell112and the third heat-exchange cell113are partitioned from each other. The fourth heat-exchange cell114may be spaced apart from the third heat-exchange cell113in the counterclockwise direction with interposing the second ear part accommodating portion142located at the left lower portion therebetween. The fifth heat-exchange cell115may be spaced apart from the fourth heat-exchange cell114in the counterclockwise direction, and the communication hole130may be formed at the front end portion of the third partition wall123by which the fourth heat-exchange cell114and the fifth heat-exchange cell115are partitioned from each other. The oil sump16may be disposed in a lower portion of the motor housing10. The oil sump16may be formed in a rectangular or trapezoidal shape. The oil sump16may fluidly communicate with a circular inner space of the motor housing10. Accordingly, oil sprayed into the inner space of the motor housing10may be temporarily stored in a lower portion of the oil sump16. The oil sump16and the circular inner space may be partitioned by the fourth and fifth heat-exchange cells114and115disposed at the lower portion among the plurality of heat-exchange cells110. A support rib1151may extend on a lower surface of the fourth heat-exchange cell114or the fifth heat-exchange cell115in the longitudinal direction of the motor housing10, to support the fourth heat-exchange cell114and the fifth heat-exchange cell115. An upper end portion of the support rib1151may be connected to the lower surface of the fourth heat-exchange cell114or the fifth heat-exchange cell115, and a lower end portion of the support rib1151may be connected to a bottom surface of the oil sump16. The sixth heat-exchange cell116may be spaced apart from the fifth heat-exchange cell115in the counterclockwise direction with interposing the third ear part accommodating portion143therebetween. The sixth heat-exchange cell116may be formed in a right surface of the motor housing10to face the third heat-exchange cell113. The seventh heat-exchange cell117may be spaced apart from the sixth heat-exchange cell116in the counterclockwise direction. The fourth partition wall124may partition the sixth heat-exchange cell116and the seventh heat-exchange cell117from each other, and the communication hole130may be formed at the front end portion of the fourth partition wall124. The eighth heat-exchange cell118may be spaced apart from the seventh heat-exchange cell117in the counterclockwise direction with interposing the fourth ear part accommodating portion144located at the right upper portion therebetween. The communication holes130may be formed at the rear of the coupling grooves145of the first to fourth ear part accommodating portions141to144, respectively. The communication hole130formed at the rear of the first ear part accommodating portion141may allow the first heat-exchange cell111and the second heat-exchange cell112to fluidly communicate with each other in the circumferential direction. The communication hole130formed at the rear of the second ear part accommodating portion142may allow the third heat-exchange cell113and the fourth heat-exchange cell114to fluidly communicate with each other in the circumferential direction. The communication hole130formed at the rear of the third ear part accommodating portion143may allow the fifth heat-exchange cell115and the sixth heat-exchange cell116to fluidly communicate with each other in the circumferential direction. The communication hole130formed at the rear of the fourth ear part accommodating portion144may allow the seventh heat-exchange cell117and the eighth heat-exchange cell118to fluidly communicate with each other in the circumferential direction. The cooling water outlet port15may be formed at the upper portion of the motor housing10. A lower end portion of the cooling water outlet port15may communicate with the eighth heat-exchange cell118, and an upper end portion of the cooling water outlet port15may fluidly communicate with the outside. A heat exchanger17may be installed on one side of an outer surface of the motor housing10. The heat exchanger17may be provided to allow heat exchange between oil and cooling water. A part of the heat exchanger17may overlap an outer surface of the sixth heat-exchange cell116in the radial direction and another part of the heat exchanger17may overlap one side surface of the oil sump16in a thickness direction. The heat exchanger17may be provided with a cooling water suction port170. The cooling water outlet port15of the motor housing10may be connected to the cooling water suction port170of the heat exchanger17. One side of a cooling water connection pipe171may be connected to the cooling water outlet port15and another side of the cooling water connection pipe171may be connected to the cooling water suction port170of the heat exchanger17. The cooling water flow path11may be defined in the heat exchanger17. The cooling water suction port170may be connected to the cooling water flow path11, and a cooling water discharge port172may be provided at the heat exchanger17to fluidly communicate with the cooling water flow path11. The cooling water discharge port172may be connected to a radiator disposed in the front of the vehicle by a cooling water circulation line. With this configuration, the cooling water may first be cooled in the radiator and then flow into the cooling water inlet port213formed through the inverter cover212. The cooling water can sequentially cool down the capacitor215, the IGBT216, and the bus bars217accommodated in the inverter housing210while moving along the cooling water flow path11defined in the cooling plate214. Subsequently, the cooling water may move from the inverter housing210into the motor housing10through the cooling water communication port2143. The cooling water communication port2143may fluidly communicate with the first heat-exchange cell111of the motor housing10, such that the cooling water can move into the first heat-exchange cell111. The cooling water may then sequentially flow along the first to eighth heat-exchange cells111to118in the circumferential direction (counterclockwise), thereby cooling down the electric motor1. Afterwards, the cooling water flowing out through the cooling water outlet port15of the eighth heat-exchange cell118may move into the heat exchanger17through the cooling water connection pipe171so as to exchange heat with oil, thereby cooling down the oil. The heat-exchanged cooling water may move to the radiator through the cooling water discharge port172of the heat exchanger17and emit heat to air in the radiator, and then circulate back to the cooling water inlet port213of the inverter cover212, thereby cooling down the inverter21. A water pump of the vehicle may supply circulating power to the cooling water so as to transfer the cooling water discharged through the cooling water discharge port172to the radiator and circulate the cooling water from the radiator back to the cooling water inlet port213. FIG.10illustrates a movement path of oil inFIG.1,FIG.11illustrates a state in which oil is sprayed through injection holes in all sections along a circumferential direction of the motor housing10inFIG.9and a second oil flow path forming part formed in the gearbox housing220,FIG.12illustrates a path through which oil is sprayed in all sections along a circumferential direction of an oil injection housing19ofFIG.2, andFIG.13is an enlarged view of a part “XIII” inFIG.4, which illustrates a path through which oil is diverged from the heat exchanger17into the motor housing10. An oil flow path180along which oil flows may be defined inside each of the motor housing10and the gearbox housing220. The oil flow path180may include a first oil flow path forming part181and a second oil flow path forming part182provided in the motor housing10to face each other in the longitudinal direction. The first oil flow path forming part181may extend from the rear end portion of the motor housing10in the circumferential direction, and may be open to the rear of the motor housing10. The first oil flow path forming part181may extend in the longitudinal direction of the motor housing10. The first oil flow path forming part181may be defined at an inner side of the motor housing10. The first oil flow path forming part181may be configured as a double wall. The first oil flow path forming part181may share the rear end portion of the inner wall of the motor housing10as its outer wall. An inner wall of the first oil flow path forming part181may be spaced apart radially inward from the rear end portion of the inner wall of the motor housing10. The second oil flow path forming part182may extend concavely in an inner surface of the gearbox housing220along the circumferential direction. The second oil flow path forming part182may be configured as a double wall. The double wall of the second oil flow path forming part182may be disposed to face the double wall of the first oil flow path forming part181in the longitudinal direction to define a single oil flow path180. The single oil flow path180may be defined along the circumferential direction. A plurality of first injection nozzles183may be radially formed through the inner wall of the first oil flow path forming part181. The plurality of first injection nozzles183may be spaced apart from one another in the circumferential direction of the first oil flow path forming part181. An oil suction part221may be formed on one side of the gearbox housing220. The oil suction part221may include a first oil suction portion2211extending from the rear of the motor housing10toward the gearbox housing220in the axial direction, and a second oil suction portion2212extending from the first oil suction portion2211in the radial direction. Oil introduced into the oil flow path180through the oil suction part221may be split in half (½) into opposite directions at one point of the oil flow path180, so as to be distributed into the plurality of first injection nozzles183while rotating from the one point to an opposite point spaced apart by 180 degrees, thereby being sprayed into the inner space of the motor housing10in the radial direction. The oil may be directly sprayed onto the end turn of the stator coil242protruding axially from the rear end portion in the longitudinal direction of the stator core240, to absorb heat generated in the stator coil242. The oil that has been split, rotate, and move in the opposite directions may reunite at the opposite point. An oil pump230may be mounted on a lower portion of a front surface of a housing19for oil injection (i.e., oil injection housing19). A pump inlet231may be disposed at one side of the oil pump230. The pump inlet231may fluidly communicate with a bottom surface of the oil sump16through an oil suction pipe. The oil pump230may pump up oil from the oil sump16. A pump outlet232may be disposed at another side of the oil pump230. The pump outlet232may fluidly communicate with an oil suction port disposed at one side of the heat exchanger17through an oil discharge pipe. The pumped oil may flow into the heat exchanger17. An oil distribution flow path184may extend along the longitudinal direction of the motor housing10. A front end portion of the oil distribution flow path184in the longitudinal direction may fluidly communicate with the oil suction part221of the oil injection housing19and a rear end portion of the oil distribution flow path184in the longitudinal direction may fluidly communicate with the oil suction part221of the gearbox housing220. An oil discharge port173may be disposed in the heat exchanger17. The oil discharge port173may fluidly communicate with a middle portion of the oil distribution flow path184. The heat exchanger17may include the oil flow path180and the cooling water flow path11to allow the heat exchange between oil and cooling water. Oil may be suctioned into the heat exchanger17, cooled by heat exchange with cooling water, and then divergently flow from the oil distribution flow path184toward the front end portion and the rear end portion in the longitudinal direction through the oil discharge port173. The oil may be introduced from the rear end portion of the oil distribution flow path184into the second oil flow path forming part182through the oil suction part221of the gearbox housing220. The oil may then be split in half into opposite directions at the suction point of the second oil flow path forming part182and be distributed into the plurality of first injection nozzles183while rotating along the circumferential direction. The oil may thus be sprayed onto the stator coil242through the plurality of first injection nozzles183. Accordingly, the electric motor1can be cooled simultaneously by oil and cooling water. The oil injection housing19may be coupled to the front end portion of the motor housing10. The oil injection housing19may include an oil manifold193, a power connector cover portion194, and an oil sump cover portion195. The oil manifold193may protrude with a small diameter from one side surface of the oil injection housing19in the longitudinal direction of the motor housing10and extend in the circumferential direction. The oil manifold193may have a double-wall structure. An outer wall and an inner wall of the oil manifold193may be radially spaced apart from each other to define the oil flow path180such that oil can flow between the outer wall and the inner wall. A plurality of second injection nozzles196may be radially formed through the inner wall of the oil manifold193. The plurality of second injection nozzles196may be spaced apart from one another in the circumferential direction, to spray oil in all sections of 360 degrees in the circumferential direction. The oil injection housing19may cover the cooling water flow path11of the motor housing10. The power connector cover portion194may protrude upward from an upper portion of the oil injection housing19to surround the power connector. The oil sump cover portion195may protrude downward from a lower portion of the oil injection housing19, to cover a front opening of the oil sump16. The shield cover20may be coupled to cover the power connector cover portion194and the oil manifold193of the oil injection housing19. An oil suction part190may extend radially from one side of the oil injection housing19. One side of the oil suction part190may fluidly communicate with the oil manifold193and another side of the oil suction part190may be connected to the oil pump230. The oil suction part190may include a first oil suction portion191extending in the axial direction and a second oil suction portion192extending in a radial direction. The second oil suction portion192may be connected to the oil manifold193. Oil introduced into the oil manifold193through the oil suction part190may be split in half into opposite directions at one point of the oil manifold193in the circumferential direction. The split oil can thus move from the one point to another point opposite to the one point by 180 degrees along the opposite directions. The two oil flows made in the opposite directions may reunite at the opposite one point. Therefore, the oil can be sprayed in the radial direction into the inner space of the motor housing10at all sections of 360 degrees through the plurality of second injection nozzles196. The oil may be directly sprayed onto the end turn of the stator coil242protruding axially from the front end portion in the longitudinal direction of the stator core240, to absorb heat generated in the stator coil242. The oil may be introduced from the front end portion of the oil distribution flow path184into the oil manifold193through the oil suction part190of the oil injection housing19. The oil may then be split in half at the suction point of the oil manifold193toward opposite directions so as to be distributed into the plurality of first injection nozzles196while rotating along the circumferential direction. The oil may thus be sprayed onto the stator coil242through the plurality of second injection nozzles196. Accordingly, the electric motor1can be cooled simultaneously by oil and cooling water. A first gasket may be disposed between the shield cover20and the oil injection housing19to seal a gap between the shield cover20and the oil injection housing19. A second gasket may be disposed between the oil injection housing19and the motor housing10to seal a gap between the oil injection housing19and the motor housing10. Also, a third gasket may be disposed between the motor housing10and the gearbox housing220to seal a gap between the motor housing10and the gearbox housing220. Therefore, according to implementations of the present disclosure, an electric motor can be cooled down simultaneously by cooling water flowing along the cooling water flow path11extending in the axial direction and oil flowing along the oil flow path180extending in the circumferential direction inside the motor housing10, thereby improving cooling performance and motor output of the electric motor. In addition, the plurality of first injection nozzles183may be disposed in a spaced manner along the circumferential direction in all sections of 360 degrees at the first oil flow path forming part181, which is formed in the circumferential direction at the inner side of the rear end portion of the motor housing10in the longitudinal direction, and the plurality of second injection nozzles196may be disposed in a spaced manner along the circumferential direction at the oil manifold193, which is formed in the circumferential direction inside the oil injection housing19mounted to the front end portion of the motor housing10in the longitudinal direction. Accordingly, oil can be sprayed directly onto the end turn of the stator coil242in all the sections of 360 degrees through the plurality of first injection nozzles183and second injection nozzles196, thereby enhancing heat dissipation performance of the stator coil242. As oil is sprayed in all the sections of 360 degrees, the cooling performance of the oil can be uniformly maintained in the circumferential direction of the stator coil242even when an electronic vehicle turns, travels uphill or downhill, or is accelerated/decelerated. Further, it can prevent an occurrence of an oil cooling dead zone in which a portion of the stator coil242is not wetted by the oil. Further, the cooling water flow path11of the motor housing10may be configured as an axial flow path extending in the axial direction so as to be manufactured by die casting, and the motor housing10does not have to be formed by gravity casting that has been employed to form a spiral flow path in related art, thereby improving productivity. Moreover, the electric motor1can employ a cooling structure that can only use cooling water without an oil cooling structure, if necessary. For example, a low-cost product can be configured to have a cooling structure only using cooling water without the oil pump230and the heat exchanger17. In addition, a high output electric motor1can employ a cooling structure simultaneously using both oil and cooling water so as to continuously maintain a high output compared to a maximum output (e.g., 60% of the maximum output). In addition, the inverter21and the electric motor can be configured by a single integrated housing, thereby reducing a manufacturing cost and improving strength. The cooling water flow path11can extend in the axial direction and have a zigzag shape along the circumferential direction. Therefore, the structure of the cooling water flow path11along which the cooling water can circulate while avoiding positions of bolting holes can be achieved even when the stator24is not press-fitted into the motor housing10but is bolted to the motor housing10through ear parts241being formed at four places of the stator core240. The capacitor215, the IGBT216, and the bus bars217of the inverter21can be suspended compactly upside down from the lower surface of the cooling plate214, so as to be cooled simultaneously by cooling water, thereby improving cooling performance of the inverter21. Those electric components such as the capacitor215of the inverter21can be mounted upside down so as to reduce the length of the bus bars217for connection with the three-phase AC power source of the electric motor1, which may result in reducing an amount of heat generated in the bus bars217and increasing cooling efficiency accordingly. Cooling water can indirectly cool down the inverter21and the electric motor while moving along inner flow paths of the inverter housing210and the motor housing10and then absorb heat through heat exchange with oil in the heat exchanger17, thereby enhancing heat dissipation performance. Oil can be sprayed through the plurality of injection nozzles formed in the motor housing10at all sections of 360 degrees in the circumferential direction. Therefore, a guide ring for oil dropping is not additionally needed, thereby reducing the number of components and assembly processes and reducing a manufacturing cost. | 39,033 |
11942834 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Before the disclosure is described in greater detail, it should be noted that where considered appropriate, reference numerals or terminal portions of reference numerals have been repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements, which may optionally have similar characteristics. FIG.1exemplarily illustrates a motor drive system according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The motor drive system is adapted to receive an alternating current (AC) voltage from an AC power source9and drive a sewing machine (not shown) to sew with a needle (moving in an up-and-down direction) of the sewing machine. According to some embodiments, the AC power source9may be the mains electricity, which may provide the AC voltage that is between 100 volts and 120 volts in the American standard, or the AC voltage that is between 220 volts and 240 volts in the European standard. As illustrated inFIG.1, the motor drive system includes a rectifier circuit1, a controller2, a modulator circuit3and a direct current (DC) motor8. The rectifier circuit1includes an input terminal11and an output terminal12. The input terminal11is electrically connected to the AC power source9to receive the AC voltage. The rectifier circuit1is configured to convert the AC voltage received at the input terminal11to a DC voltage that higher than 100 volts, and output the DC voltage from the output terminal12. According to some embodiments, when the AC voltage provided by the AC power source9is between 100 volts and 120 volts (i.e., compliant with the American standard), the rectifier circuit1is configured to generate the DC voltage to be between 100 volts and 120 volts; when the AC voltage provided by the AC power source9is between 220 volts and 240 volts (i.e., compliant with the European standard), the rectifier circuit1is configured to generate the DC voltage to be between 220 volts and 240 volts. According to some embodiments, the rectifier circuit1may include a bridge rectifier circuit, a filter circuit and a voltage stabilizer circuit to perform a full-wave rectification for generating the DC voltage. The controller2includes an output terminal21, and is configured to generate a control signal and output the control signal at the output terminal21. According to some embodiments, the controller2may be a foot pedal control that is configured to receive a DC power and adjust its internal resistance to correspond with a force that a user applies on the controller2with his/or foot, thereby generating the control signal that is a voltage signal, and that has a magnitude corresponding to the force applied on the controller2. In an embodiment, the DC power that the controller2receives may be from the output terminal12of the rectifier circuit1, but the disclosure is not limited thereto. The modulator circuit3includes a voltage input terminal71, a control input terminal41, a positive output terminal74and a negative output terminal75. The voltage input terminal71is electrically connected to the rectifier circuit1to receive the DC voltage. The control input terminal41is electrically connected to the controller2to receive the control signal. The modulator circuit3is configured to generate a modulated DC driving signal based on the DC voltage and the control signal, and output the modulated DC driving signal at the positive output terminal74and the negative output terminal75, wherein the modulated DC driving signal is a pulse-width-modulated signal and has an average voltage that is higher than 90 volts. Details of the modulator circuit3will be described later. The DC motor8is electrically connected to the positive output terminal74and the negative output terminal75of the modulator circuit3to receive the modulated DC driving signal, and is configured to operate at a rotational speed corresponding to the modulated DC driving signal in order to drive the needle of the sewing machine to move correspondingly. As illustrated inFIG.1, the modulator circuit3includes a pulse generation module4, a feedback determination module5, a pulse modulation module6and a driving module7. The pulse generation module4includes the control input terminal41and an original pulse output terminal42. The control input terminal41is electrically connected to the output terminal21of the controller2to receive the control signal. The pulse generation module4is configured to generate an original pulse signal based on the control signal, and output the original pulse signal at the original pulse output terminal42. The original pulse signal has an original duty cycle that corresponds to a voltage level of the control signal. According to some embodiments, the pulse generation module4may include a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) for generating the original pulse signal based on the voltage level of the control signal. In a particular embodiment, the original duty cycle is at least 30%, but the disclosure is not limited thereto. The feedback determination module5includes a feedback input terminal51and a feedback determination output terminal52. The feedback determination module5is configured to receive a feedback signal via the feedback input terminal51, generate a feedback determination signal based on the feedback signal, which is related to an average voltage of the feedback signal, and output the feedback determination signal via the feedback determination output terminal52. Specifically, the feedback determination module5is configured to generate the feedback determination signal by selecting one of a first feedback determination signal, a second feedback determination signal, a third feedback determination signal and a fourth feedback determination signal to serve as the feedback determination signal by comparing the average voltage of the feedback signal received at the feedback input terminal51with a first feedback voltage level, a second feedback voltage level and a third feedback voltage level. The third feedback voltage level is higher than the second feedback voltage level, and the second feedback voltage level is higher than the first feedback voltage level. When the average voltage of the feedback signal is lower than the second feedback voltage level and is not lower than the first feedback voltage level, the first feedback determination signal is selected. When the average voltage of the feedback signal is lower than the third feedback voltage level and is not lower than the second feedback voltage level, the second feedback determination signal is selected. When the average voltage of the feedback signal is not lower than the third feedback voltage level, the third feedback determination signal is selected. When the average voltage of the feedback signal is lower than the first feedback voltage level, the fourth feedback determination signal is selected. According to some embodiments, the first, second and third feedback voltage levels may be predetermined based on a potential range of the average voltage of the feedback signal, and the first, second and third feedback determination signals are each a voltage signal having a voltage level different from the other two feedback determination signals. The feedback determination module5may be implemented by a comparator. In an embodiment where the AC power source9provides an AC voltage that is between 100 volts and 120 volts (i.e., compliant with the American standard) and where the DC voltage that the rectifier circuit1generates is between 100 volts and 120 volts, the potential range of the average voltage of the feedback signal is from 0.2 volts to 4 volts, the first feedback voltage level is between 0.2 volts and 0.35 volts (e.g., 0.25 volts), the second feedback voltage level is between 0.7 volts and 1.0 volts (e.g., 0.75 volts), and the third feedback voltage level is between 1.2 volts and 1.5 volts (e.g., 1.25 volts). In an embodiment where the AC power source9provides an AC voltage that is between 220 volts and 240 volts (i.e., compliant with the European standard) and where the DC voltage that the rectifier circuit1generates is between 220 volts and 240 volts, the potential range of the average voltage of the feedback signal is from 0.5 volts to 4 volts, the first feedback voltage level is between 1.4 volts and 1.6 volts (e.g., 1.49 volts), the second feedback voltage level is between 1.7 volts and 1.85 volts (e.g., 1.74 volts), and the third feedback voltage level is between 1.9 volts and 2.1 volts (e.g., 1.98 volts). The pulse modulation module6includes an original pulse input terminal61, a feedback determination input terminal62and a modulated pulse output terminal63. The original pulse input terminal61is electrically connected to the original pulse output terminal42of the pulse generation module4to receive the original pulse signal. The feedback determination input terminal62is electrically connected to the feedback determination output terminal52of the feedback determination module5to receive the feedback determination signal. The pulse modulation module6is configured to generate a modulated pulse signal having a modulated duty cycle based on the original pulse signal and the feedback determination signal, and to output the modulated pulse signal from the modulated pulse output terminal63. In some embodiments, the modulated pulse signal has an amplitude and a frequency that are the same as the original pulse signal, but the modulated duty cycle of the modulated pulse signal is modulated depending on the feedback determination signal and may be different from the original duty cycle of the original pulse signal. According to some embodiments, the pulse modulation module6may be a pause width modulation circuit (i.e., a PWM circuit), or a PWM controller. The feedback determination signal that the pulse modulation module6receives from the feedback determination module5is one of the first feedback determination signal, the second feedback determination signal, the third feedback determination signal and the fourth feedback determination signal that have the different voltage levels. The pulse modulation module6is configured to generate the modulated pulse signal that has the modulated duty cycle equal to a first duty cycle when receiving the first feedback determination signal from the feedback determination module5, to generate the modulated pulse signal that has the modulated duty cycle equal to a second duty cycle when receiving the second feedback determination signal, to generate the modulated pulse signal that has the modulated duty cycle equal to a third duty cycle when receiving the third feedback determination signal, and to generate the modulated pulse signal that has the modulated duty cycle equal to the original duty cycle when receiving the fourth feedback determination signal (i.e., the modulated pulse signal and the original pulse signal are the same). The third duty cycle is higher than the second duty cycle, and the second duty cycle is higher than the first duty cycle. In this way, the modulated duty cycle of the modulated pulse signal has a positive correlation with the average voltage of the feedback signal. According to some embodiments, the first duty cycle may be between 35% and 40%, the second duty cycle may be between 50% and 60%, and the third duty cycle may be between 65% and 75%. According to certain embodiments, the first, second and third duty cycles are not fixed values, and may each have a positive correlation with the original duty cycle of the original pulse signal as long as the third duty cycle is higher than the second duty cycle, and the second duty cycle is higher than the first duty cycle. The driving module7includes the voltage input terminal71, a modulated pulse input terminal72, a feedback output terminal73, the positive output terminal74and the negative output terminal75. The voltage input terminal71is electrically connected to the output terminal12of the rectifier circuit1to receive the DC voltage. The modulated pulse input terminal72is electrically connected to the modulated pulse output terminal63of the modulation module6to receive the modulated pulse signal. The feedback output terminal73is electrically connected to the feedback input terminal51of the feedback determination module5. The driving module7is configured to modulate the DC voltage based on the modulated pulse signal to generate the modulated DC driving signal, and output the modulated DC driving signal to the DC motor8via the positive output terminal74and the negative output terminal75. The driving module7is also configured to generate the feedback signal, and output the feedback signal to the feedback determination module5via the feedback output terminal73. FIG.2exemplarily illustrates a circuit diagram of the driving module7according to an embodiment of the disclosure. Referring toFIG.2, the driving module7includes a switch76, a feedback resistor77, a capacitor78and a diode79. The switch76has a control terminal761, a first terminal762and a second terminal763. The control terminal761is electrically connected to the modulated pulse input terminal72and further connected to the modulated pulse output terminal63of the modulation module6, in order to receive the modulated pulse signal. The first terminal762is electrically connected to the negative output terminal75. The second terminal763is electrically connected to a terminal of the feedback resistor77and is also electrically connected to the feedback output terminal73. According to some embodiments, the switch76may be a field-effect transistor (FET)76, the control terminal761may be a gate terminal, the first terminal762may be a drain terminal, and the second terminal763may be a source terminal. Aside from the terminal electrically connected to the second terminal763of the switch76, the feedback resistor77includes another terminal that is grounded. Both of the capacitor78and the diode79are electrically connected between the first terminal762of the switch76and the voltage input terminal71(equivalent to the positive output terminal74), wherein the anode of the diode79is connected to the first terminal762, and the cathode of the diode79is connected to the voltage input terminal71and the positive output terminal74. In an embodiment, the feedback resistor77has a resistance of 0.1 ohm (Ω), and the capacitor78has a capacitance of 0.01 microfarad (mF), but the disclosure is not limited thereto. The switch76is controlled by the modulated pulse signal at the control terminal761to transition between an ON state, where the first terminal762is electrically connected to the second terminal763, and an OFF state, where the first terminal762is electrically disconnected from the second terminal763. Specifically, when the switch76receives at the control terminal761the modulated pulse signal that is at a high level, the switch76is in the ON state; when the switch76receives at the control terminal761the modulated pulse signal that is at a low level, the switch76is in the OFF state. In the ON state, a drain current appears and flows through the feedback resistor77, resulting in a voltage on the second terminal763and the first terminal762(and also on the negative output terminal75) to be substantially equal to the resistance of the feedback resistor77multiplied by the magnitude of the drain current (referred to as “feedback resistor voltage” hereinafter). In the OFF state, the voltage on the second terminal763is substantially equal to zero, the diode79is conductive, and the voltage on the first terminal762and the negative output terminal75is equal to the voltage on the positive output terminal74, which is the DC voltage generated by the rectifier circuit1and which is received by the driving module7at the voltage input terminal71. In this way, a first pulsed voltage that is anti-phase with the modulated pulse signal is formed at the first terminal762and the negative output terminal75, wherein the higher value of the first pulsed voltage equals the DC voltage, and the lower value of the first pulsed voltage equals the feedback resistor voltage. Further, a second pulsed voltage that has a duty cycle the same as the modulated duty cycle of the modulated pulse signal is formed at the second terminal763, wherein the higher value of the second pulsed voltage equals the feedback resistor voltage, and the lower value of the second pulsed voltage substantially equals zero. The second pulsed voltage serves as the feedback signal that the driving module7outputs to the feedback determination module5via the feedback output terminal73. The modulated DC driving signal to be outputted to the DC motor8via the positive output terminal74and the negative output terminal75is defined by a first output voltage at the positive output terminal74and a second output voltage at the negative output terminal75. The first output voltage is the DC voltage generated by the rectifier circuit1and received by the driving module7at the voltage input terminal71. The second output voltage is the first pulsed voltage that is formed at the first terminal762and that is anti-phase with the modulated pulse signal. Specifically, the modulated DC driving signal is a PWM signal that is a pulsed voltage signal which has an instantaneous amplitude equal to the first output voltage (which equals the DC voltage) subtracted by the second output voltage (which equals the feedback resistor voltage and the DC voltage when the switch76is in the ON state and the OFF state, respectively) at the instant time, and that can be regarded as an analogous (and varying) DC voltage defined by an average voltage of the pulsed voltage signal. When the DC motor8receives the modulated DC driving signal, which includes the first output voltage at the positive output terminal74and the second output voltage at the negative output terminal75, the DC motor8operates at a rotational speed corresponding to the modulated DC driving signal (specifically, the average voltage of the modulated DC driving signal) and drives the needle of the sewing machine to move at a corresponding speed. According to some embodiments, the driving module7is configured to generate the feedback signal that has an average voltage falling in a range from 0.5 volts to 4 volts, and the modulated DC driving signal has an average voltage greater than 90 volts. It can be appreciated that the average voltage of the modulated DC driving signal has a positive correlation with the ratio of the modulated duty cycle. Therefore, the average voltage of the modulated DC driving signal may be adjusted by adjusting the modulated duty cycle of the modulated pulse signal generated by the pulse modulation module6. It can be seen from the previous description with respect to the driving module7that the feedback signal the driving module7outputs to the feedback determination module5corresponds to the modulated DC driving signal the driving module7outputs to the DC motor8. Specifically, the average voltage of the feedback signal corresponds to the average voltage of the modulated DC driving signal. Further in view of the previous description with respect to the pulse modulation module6, the modulated duty cycle of the modulated pulse signal generated by the pulse modulation module6has a positive correlation with the feedback signal (that is, a small feedback signal corresponds to a low modulated duty cycle, and a large feedback signal corresponds to a high modulated duty cycle), has a positive correlation with the modulated DC driving signal that is to be generated and outputted by the driving module7to the DC motor8, and also has a positive correlation with the rotational speed at which the DC motor8operates. In this way, the DC motor8may quickly achieve a desired rotational speed, and stability of the rotational speed of the DC motor8is improved. Further, the motor drive system disclosed inFIG.1enables the DC voltage that is provided by the rectifier circuit1and that is converted directly from the AC voltage (which may be the mains electricity) from the AC power source9to be utilized to control the DC motor8without going through a step-down transformation, thereby reducing transmission loss of electric power. FIG.3exemplarily illustrates a motor drive method that is to be performed by the modulator circuit3of the motor drive system according to an embodiment of the disclosure. Referring toFIG.3, the motor drive method includes Steps301-305. In Step301, the pulse generation module4of the modulator circuit3receives the control signal from the controller2that is electrically connected to the modulator circuit3, generates the original pulse signal that has the original duty cycle based on the control signal, and outputs the original pulse signal to the pulse modulation module6. In Step302, the driving module7of the modulator circuit3generates a feedback signal based on a source current of the switch76, and outputs the feedback signal to the feedback determination module5. The source current of the switch76equals the drain current of the FET when the switch76is in the ON state, and has a magnitude of zero when the switch76is in the OFF state. It should be noted that Step302is not necessarily performed after Step301. Step302may be performed simultaneously with Step301. In Step303, the feedback determination module5of the modulator circuit3generates the feedback determination signal based on the feedback signal received from the driving module7, and outputs the feedback determination signal to the pulse modulation module6. Specifically, the feedback determination signal is generated by selecting one of the first feedback determination signal, the second feedback determination signal and the third feedback determination signal that have been described above to serve as the feedback determination signal, by comparing the average voltage of the feedback signal with the first feedback voltage level, the second feedback voltage level and the third feedback voltage level. The first feedback determination signal is selected when the average voltage of the feedback signal is lower than the second feedback voltage level and is not lower than the first feedback voltage level, the second feedback determination signal is selected when the average voltage of the feedback signal is lower than the third feedback voltage level and is not lower than the second feedback voltage level, and the third feedback determination signal is selected when the average voltage of the feedback signal is not lower than the third feedback voltage level. In Step304, the pulse modulation module6of the modulator circuit3receives the original pulse signal having the original duty cycle from the pulse generation module4, generates the modulated pulse signal having the modulated duty cycle based on the original pulse signal and based on the feedback determination signal received from the feedback determination module5, and outputs the modulated pulse signal to the driving module7. Specifically, the modulated pulse signal is generated to have the modulated duty cycle equal to one of the first, second and third duty cycles that have been described above when receiving the first, second and third feedback determination signals, respectively. In Step305, the driving module7of the modulator circuit3modulates the DC voltage (which may be between 100 volts and 120 volts or between 220 volts and 240 volts in different embodiments) received from the rectifier circuit1based on the modulated pulse signal to generate the modulated DC driving signal, the average voltage of which has a positive correlation with the modulated duty cycle, and outputs the modulated DC driving signal via the positive output terminal74and the negative output terminal75to the DC motor8, in order to drive the DC motor8to operate at a rotational speed corresponding to the modulated DC driving signal. The modulating of the DC voltage in Step305includes controlling the switch76to transition between the ON state and the OFF state based on the modulated pulse signal, so that the pulsed voltage (i.e., the first pulsed voltage mentioned above) that has a duty cycle with opposite phase to the modulated duty cycle of the modulated pulse signal is formed at the first terminal762of the switch76. As mentioned above, the modulated DC driving signal is a PWM signal which is defined by the first output voltage to be outputted from the positive output terminal74and the second output voltage to be outputted from the negative output terminal75, wherein the second output voltage is generated based on the drain current of the switch76. In the description above, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details have been set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiment(s). It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that one or more other embodiments may be practiced without some of these specific details. It should also be appreciated that reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” an embodiment with an indication of an ordinal number and so forth means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic may be included in the practice of the disclosure. It should be further appreciated that in the description, various features are sometimes grouped together in a single embodiment, figure, or description thereof for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure and aiding in the understanding of various inventive aspects, and that one or more features or specific details from one embodiment may be practiced together with one or more features or specific details from another embodiment, where appropriate, in the practice of the disclosure. While the disclosure has been described in connection with what is (are) considered the exemplary embodiment(s), it is understood that this disclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiment(s) but is intended to cover various arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent arrangements. | 26,155 |
11942835 | DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS To clarify the purpose, technical solutions, and the advantages of the disclosure, embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. The technology develops rapidly and the portable devices such as mobile phones or tablets are quiet commonly be seen and used in our life. In order to the commercial wireless transmission technology (e.g. Bluetooth™) developed well, everyone having his/her own portable device(s) with wireless transmission function becomes more common and normal nowadays. Bluetooth™ technology allows transmitting data or voice signals ranged from acceptable frequency. Furthermore, electronic device with Bluetooth™ technology have a certain and unique address. The users can wirelessly transfer or receive messages or data in configurations of one-to-one or one-to-many via low-power radio waves. The technology is typically employed for exchanged communications between fixed or mobile Bluetooth-enabled devices over short distance, e.g., the signal transmission range between 10 meters to 100 meters, and may also encrypt the message using an encoding system. The present disclosure that wirelessly communication with the AC motor using Bluetooth™ protocols to enable the wireless digital remote control inverter of AC motor10to be accomplished. Please seeFIG.1-FIG.2.FIG.1is a schematic view showing the wireless digital remote control inverter of AC motor10in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.FIG.2is block diagram of the control circuit module in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown inFIG.1, the wireless digital remote control inverter of AC motor10includes a casing100, a control circuit module200, a power input hole102, a power switch103, a display apparatus104, a rotation rate adjusting element105, and a power hole106. The control circuit module200is provided in the casing100. The power input hole102, the power switch103, the display apparatus104, the rotation rate adjusting element105, and the power hole106are disposed on the casing100. Referring toFIGS.1and2, the power input hole102connects to the inside of the control circuit module200. As shown inFIG.2, the control circuit module200may include a controller201, a wireless transmission module202, a battery protection module203, and a receiving processing module204. Referring toFIGS.1and2, the controller201inFIG.2associated with the display apparatus104while connecting to the rotation rate adjusting element105providing on the casing inFIG.1. In this embodiment, the rotation rate adjusting element105is a resistance-controlled knob that the user can output the modulated commands to the controller201with intuition, so as to issue commands to the battery protection module203. As a result, the battery protection module203is simultaneously connected with the power hole106and the controller201. In this embodiment, the casing100includes a control wire hole107and connecting with the controller201. Therefore, this embodiment may be configured to provide control options of selecting a wire by the users. The display apparatus104is implemented with liquid crystal display (LCD) or Organic light emitting diode display (OLED display). In the other possible embodiments, the display apparatus104can also be a device having the touch pad or the touch screen, e.g., the device included resistive touch screen or capacitive touch screen. The wireless transmission module202connects to the controller201. On the hand, the receiving processing module204is simultaneously connected with the power input hole102, the power switch103, the controller201, the wireless transmission module202, and the battery protection module203. In the embodiment, the controller201is able to be implemented by a microcontroller (MCU). Specifically, the microcontroller (MCU) means to the controller201. Mainly consisted of an operation logic unit, a memory unit, and an input-output unit. The operation logic unit may receive and process with the information transmitted from the wireless transmission module202, the battery protection module203, the receiving processing module204, or even the display apparatus104and the rotation rate adjusting element105, thus to analyze the information via logical operations. The memory unit supply stores the signal information of the controller201, and the input-output unit which is matched or connected with the external interface (e.g., the wireless transmission module202, the battery protection module203, the receiving processing module204, the display apparatus104, and rotation rate adjusting element105). In current embodiment, the wireless transmission module202as described supra may be a Bluetooth™ device, transmitting data via wireless communication technologies that allows a user to command the controller201via the application software of the wireless transmission module202quickly. In more detail, the abovementioned wireless transmission module202includes a receiving module and an emitter module. The receiving module further includes at least one receive antenna and at least one filter, for receiving outside wireless signals. The emitter module further includes at least one transmit antenna and at least one amplifier, for transmitting the wireless signals of the wireless digital remote control inverter of AC motor10. The wireless transmission module202supports different versions of Bluetooth™ protocol, e.g., Bluetooth 2.0, Bluetooth 3.0, Bluetooth 4.0 or Bluetooth 5.0; and the application software can be applied by writing in the Java language or Objective-C language, for supporting different operating systems (OS) (e.g., Android and APPLE iOS respectively). As a result, the wireless transmission module202is able to be directly connected or remotely controlled by the portable devices of the user. When the user downloads the application software as described supra to the portable device via an associated server system (e.g., Internet), further adjusting various control parameters of the wireless digital remote control inverter of AC motor10, so as to modulate the operation parameters (e.g., rotating speed, direction, and opening-closing times etc.) of an AC motor M. In addition, various parameters of the wireless digital remote control inverter of AC motor10can be monitored in real-time via the wireless transmission module202outputting the parameter information to the portable device via the Bluetooth™ protocol. In the present embodiment, the receiving processing module204further comprises a low-voltage direct current (DC) power source output module and a high-voltage direct current (DC) power source output module. The low-voltage direct current (DC) power source output module is connected to the controller201and wireless transmission module202, and further connects to the battery protection module203. On the other hand, the high-voltage direct current (DC) power source output module is connected to the battery protection module203. The reason why this embodiment uses low-voltage direct current (DC) power source output module and high-voltage direct current (DC) power source output module simultaneously is that the low-voltage direct current (DC) power source output module may turn a alternating current (AC) power source E into low-voltage direct current (DC) power source, supplying the wireless digital remote control inverter of AC motor10, such as the controller201per se, the internal calculations between the controller201and the wireless transmission module202, or the electrical controlling signals output from low-voltage circuit of the battery protection module203. Furthermore, the reason why the high-voltage direct current (DC) power source output module is connected with the battery protection module203is that the alternating current (AC) power source E can be transferred into the high-voltage direct current (DC) power source via the high-voltage direct current (DC) power source output module prior to be inputted into the battery protection module203, such that the current parameters therein can be adjusted by receiving the signals from the controller201, so as to change and supply the power source to the AC motor M then further controlling the ways of its operation, and hereinafter, the current parameters can be as the frequency of high-voltage power, or the phase of high-voltage power etc. As a result, in this embodiment, the battery protection module203may be connected to the power hole106. The power hole106further connects to the AC motor M, therefore to receiving control signals from the wireless digital remote control inverter of AC motor10. The above description is merely the embodiments in the present invention. The claim listed in this paper is not limited to the description thereby. The equivalent structure or changing of the process of the content of the description and the figures, or to implement to other technical fields directly or indirectly should be included in the claim. All other embodiments obtained by a person of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of the present disclosure without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present disclosure. | 9,310 |
11942836 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Reference will now be made to embodiments of the invention, one or more examples of which are shown in the drawings. Each embodiment is provided by way of explanation of the invention, and not as a limitation of the invention. For example, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment can be combined with another embodiment to yield still another embodiment. It is intended that the present invention include these and other modifications and variations to the embodiments described herein. FIG.1diagrammatically shows a drive train for a motor vehicle. The drive train includes an internal combustion engine VM, the output of which is connected to an input shaft GW1of a transmission G. An output shaft GW2of the transmission G is connected to a differential gear AG. The differential gear AG is configured for distributing the power applied at the output shaft GW2to driving wheels DW of the motor vehicle. The transmission G has a gear set RS, which, together with shift elements not represented inFIG.1, is configured for providing different transmission ratios between the input shaft GW1and the output shaft GW2. The gear set RS is enclosed by a housing GG, which also accommodates an electric machine EM connected to the input shaft GW1. The electric machine EM is configured for driving the input shaft GW1. A power converter INV is attached at the housing GG. The power converter INV is connected, on the one hand, to the electric machine EM and, on the other hand, to a battery BAT. The power converter INV is utilized for converting the direct current of the battery BAT into an alternating current suitable for operating the electric machine EM and, for this purpose, includes several power semiconductors. The conversion between direct current and alternating current takes place by a pulse-like operation of the power semiconductors controlled by an open-loop system. FIG.2diagrammatically shows a drive train for a motor vehicle, which, in contrast to the example embodiment represented inFIG.1, is a purely electrical drive train. The drive train includes an electric axle drive EA. The electric axle drive EA includes an electric machine EM, the power of which is transmitted via a transmission G to driving wheels DW of a motor vehicle. The transmission G includes a reduction gear set RS2and a differential gear AG. Output shafts DS1, DS2of the differential gear AG are connected to the driving wheels DW. The transmission G of the electric axle drive EA is enclosed by a housing GG. A power converter INV is attached at the housing GG. The power converter INV is connected, on the one hand, to the electric machine EM and, on the other hand, to a battery BAT. The power converter INV is utilized for converting the direct current of the battery BAT into an alternating current suitable for operating the electric machine EM and, for this purpose, includes several power semiconductors. The conversion between direct current and alternating current takes place by a pulse-like operation of the power semiconductors controlled by an open-loop system. The drive trains represented inFIG.1andFIG.2are to be considered merely as examples. Due to the pulse-like operation of the power semiconductors, electromagnetic interference signals can arise, which, for example, are coupled into the output shaft GW2in the drive train according toFIG.1or into the output shafts DS1, DS2in the drive train according toFIG.2. Due to the mounting of the output shaft GW2and of the output shafts DS1, DS2, which is not represented inFIG.1andFIG.2, respectively, the output shaft GW2and the output shafts DS1, DS2are electrically insulated with respect to the housing GG, however, since the lube oil in the interior of the housing GG has electrically insulating properties. Therefore, interference signals coupled into the output shaft GW2cannot flow on a short path into the housing GG, which is connected to an electrical ground of the motor vehicle. Instead, the interference signals return to the electrical ground by electromagnetic emission, as the result of which other electronic components of the motor vehicle can be interfered with. The output shaft GW2protruding from the housing GG and the output shafts DS1, DS2can form an antenna, which supports the electromagnetic emission of the interference signals. In order to improve the electromagnetic compatibility, the transmission G according toFIG.1has a shaft grounding arrangement X, which is configured for electrically conductively connecting the output shaft GW2to the housing GG. The transmission G of the axle drive EA according toFIG.2has two shaft grounding arrangements X, which are provided for electrically conductively connecting the output shafts DS1, DS2to the housing GG. FIG.3shows a detailed partial, section view of a transmission G having a shaft grounding arrangement X. InFIG.3, the mounting and the sealing of a shaft W protruding from the housing GG are represented in detail. The shaft W represented inFIG.3could be, for example, the output shaft GW2according toFIG.1or one of the output shafts DS1, DS2according toFIG.2. The shaft W is designed as multiple pieces and is supported at the housing GG by a ball bearing WL. The ball bearing WL is located in an oil space NR of the transmission G. In order to seal the oil space NR with respect to the surroundings, a radial shaft seal DR is provided with a sealing lip. A shaft grounding device E is provided at the surroundings side of the radial shaft seal DR. The shaft grounding device E is mechanically and electrically conductively connected to the housing GG. For this purpose, contact and mounting extensions (not represented inFIG.3) are provided, by which the shaft grounding device E is mechanically and electrically connected to the housing GG. Contact elements EK of the shaft grounding device E form an electrically conductive sliding contact SK. The contact elements SK can be, for example, brushes or electrically conductive PTFE elements. A covering element C is provided in order to protect the electrically conductive sliding contact SK against environmental influences, such as liquid or dust. The covering element C is fixedly connected to the shaft W, for example, by a press-fit connection. The covering element C and the shaft grounding device E, together, form a labyrinth sealing. The covering element C has an axially aligned section C1, which encompasses an axial projection E1of the shaft grounding device W. A radial gap SP1is present between the axially aligned section C1and the axial projection E1. Due to the flow conditions in the gap SP1between the covering element C rotating with the shaft and the non-rotating shaft grounding device E, a contactless seal is therefore formed. If water should penetrate the gap SP1and, thereby, reach the sliding contact SK, the water can flow off at the spatial lower edge of the covering element C, and so, due to the shape of the covering element C, good protection of the sliding contact SK against dust and corrosion is formed. The covering element C has a C-shaped cross-section and at least partially surrounds the shaft grounding device E. The radial inner leg of the C-shape forms the contact surface with the shaft W at the radial inner side and forms the running surface of the sliding contact SK at the radial outer side. The covering element C is made of stainless steel and, thereby, forms a corrosion-free running surface for the sliding contact SK. In order to improve the electrical conductivity between the covering element C and the shaft W, the shaft W is locally furnished with a coating that improves the electrical conductivity. Modifications and variations can be made to the embodiments illustrated or described herein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. In the claims, reference characters corresponding to elements recited in the detailed description and the drawings may be recited. Such reference characters are enclosed within parentheses and are provided as an aid for reference to example embodiments described in the detailed description and the drawings. Such reference characters are provided for convenience only and have no effect on the scope of the claims. In particular, such reference characters are not intended to limit the claims to the particular example embodiments described in the detailed description and the drawings. REFERENCE CHARACTERS VM internal combustion engineEA electric axle driveG transmissionGW1input shaftGW2output shaftRS gear setRS2reduction gear setEM electric machineINV power converterBAT batteryAG differential gearDS1output shaftDS2output shaftDW driving wheelX shaft grounding arrangementGG housingWL ball bearingDR radial shaft sealNR oil spaceE grounding deviceEK contact elementsSK sliding contactE1axial projectionC covering elementC1axially aligned sectionSP1radial gap | 8,960 |
11942837 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIG.1is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary axial flux electric machine10.FIG.2is an exploded view of axial flux electric machine10. Components common toFIGS.1and2are identified with the same reference numerals. In the exemplary embodiment, electric machine10is an electric motor having a first end12and a second end14. Alternatively, electric machine10may operate as an electric generator. Axial flux electric machine10may generally include a housing16, a rotor assembly18, a first bearing assembly20, a second bearing assembly22, and a stator assembly24. A first end mount26is coupled to housing16at machine first end12and a second end mount28is coupled to stator assembly24at machine second end14. As shown inFIGS.1-4, the electric machine10may be an axial flux motor. The machine10includes a housing16and a stator23fixedly secured to the housing16. The stator23may be a part of a stator assembly24. The machine10also includes the rotor in the form of, for example rotor assembly18that is rotatably secured to the housing16. The rotor assembly18may include a body or rotor core30that defines an axis of rotation36of the body30. The body30has first and second opposed faces or surfaces,40and41, respectively. As shown inFIGS.4,4A and5, the body30defines a plurality of pockets31formed in the body30. The body30may be made of any suitable material and be manufactured using any available manufacturing process. For example, rotor30may be fabricated using a sintered process from an Soft Magnetic Alloy (SMA), from Soft Magnetic Composite (SMC) materials, and/or from a powdered ferrite material. To minimize eddy current losses the electrical current path along the magnetic flux lines33may be interrupted in a suitable manner. For example and as shown inFIG.4, the body30may be formed of a plurality of sheets or laminations48. Each sheet may be coated on its faces25with a non-electrically conductive coating27. While the sheets48may each have a different thickness, for simplicity, each of the sheets has a generally uniform thickness. Each of the plurality of sheets defines the opposed faces25. Each of the plurality of sheets48contacts one of the opposed faces25of at least one other of the plurality of sheets48. The rotor assembly18also has a plurality of spaced apart magnets34. Each of the plurality of magnets34is matingly fitted to one of the plurality of pockets31. While the sheets may form a contiguous core30and the magnets34may be fitted to the core30, it should be appreciated that some of the sheets may be combined to form a pole19with the sheets of each pole being spaced from the sheets of the other poles. In such a configuration a bonding material, such as a resin39may be used to interconnect all the components forming the rotor assembly18. In such a configuration, the core30may include a central portion21. The central portion21may support a central rotor shaft32and the poles19and the magnets34may extend from core outer periphery43to the central portion21of the core30. The rotor assembly18may be manufactured by placing the poles19, the magnets34and the shaft32in a resin mold (not shown) and injecting resin in to mold, bonding the magnets34, the shaft32and the poles19together to form the rotor assembly18. Note that the shaft32not placed in the mold and, rather, may be later assembled into the rotor assembly18 As shown inFIGS.1-4, the axial flux machine10may be provided wherein the rotor or rotor core30is substantially cylindrical and includes a plurality of rotor poles19. As shown inFIGS.1-4, rotor assembly18may include the rotor core30coupled to shaft32, and a plurality of permanent magnets34may be coupled to rotor30. For example, permanent magnets, fabricated from neodymium, ferrite or other materials, may be surface mounted to a face of the rotor core30. Alternatively, the permanent magnets may be fabricated from neodymium, ferrite or other materials, and may be formed as an annular magnet with alternating magnetized segments. However, any suitable permanent magnet shape and material may be used that enables electric machine10to function as described herein. It should be appreciated that the radially extending magnets34described hereinafter have the advantage of enhanced magnetic flux for a given magnetic material mass. Rotor assembly18is rotatable within housing16, and more specifically, rotatable within first bearing assembly20and second bearing assembly22about an axis of rotation36. It should be appreciated that other support schemes may be possible for supporting the rotating rotor assembly within the housing. For example, a single bearing assembly (not shown) may be used and may be located where the first bearing assembly or where the second bearing assembly is located. In the exemplary embodiment, rotor core30includes outer periphery43and a shaft central opening or inner periphery46having a diameter corresponding to the diameter of shaft32. In the exemplary embodiment, rotor30includes a plurality of laminations48that are either interlocked or loose. For example, laminations48are fabricated from multiple punched layers of stamped metal such as steel. Alternatively, rotor30may be fabricated using a sintered process from an SMC material, an SMA material, and/or a powdered ferrite material. Alternatively, rotor30may be fabricated using a sintered process from an SMC material, an SMA material, and/or a powdered ferrite material. Alternatively, rotor30is machined and/or cast from any suitable material. In the exemplary embodiment, rotor assembly18is driven by an electronic control (not shown), for example, a sinusoidal or trapezoidal electronic control including control board88(seeFIG.2). As shown inFIGS.4,4A,4B,4C, and4D, the rotor assembly18may include the rotor core30. The rotor core30, as shown inFIG.4, is generally ring shaped. The rotor core30further includes a radially outward peripheral ring having an outer wall or surface43that has a first or outer radius R1and a radially inward peripheral surface or inner wall68defining a central opening69that has a second or inner radius R2. The inner wall may, alternatively, extend to the outer periphery29of shaft32so that the shaft32may support core30. In another alternative, the inner wall68may be spaced from shaft32with central portion21including for example a sleeve35(shown in dashed lines) engaging the shaft32and a hub37including plurality of arms or spokes (shown in phantom lines) connecting the sleeve35to the inner wall68. The core30, as shown inFIG.4, extends from outer periphery43to inner wall68. The poles19are formed from the sheets48and are positioned in a spaced apart relationship in the core30, forming portions of the inner wall68and the outer periphery43. The sheets or laminations48are positioned tangentially around the core30so that flux lines33pass normally across the sheets or laminations48. The spaces between the poles define pockets31for receiving the magnets34. The at least one of the plurality of pockets31includes a minimum depth Dmindefined by the equation Dmin=π*(OR+IR)2*N*BrA*BrS, wherein N is the number of rotor poles19. The axial flux machine10may be provided wherein each sheet48is in the form of a layer or lamination. Each of the laminations48includes opposed parallel external planar faces25. The laminations may have any suitable shape. For example, the laminations may extend circumferentially around the central portion21of the rotor core30and the core30may include the pockets or axial apertures31formed in the laminations48. For simplicity and as shown inFIGS.4and4B, the laminations48may consists of separate portions that are spaced circumferentially about the central portion21of the rotor core30. Each portion may form one of the poles or teeth19of the rotor core30. As shown inFIG.4C, the laminations48may be rectangularly shaped or trapezoidal shaped, and may form one of the poles or teeth19with opposed first and second sides51and53, respectively, normal to the external planar faces25and with opposed first and second ends55and56, respectively, normal to both the external planar faces25and the ends55and56. Note that when utilizing the laminations48as shown inFIGS.4and4C, the axial apertures31are created in the space between adjacent laminations48. The magnets34are positioned against the sides51and53. The first and second ends55and56form the first face40and the second face41, respectively of the rotor outer surface. An external planar face25of at least one of the laminations48is positioned over the external planar face25of another of the laminations48to form a first rotor pole45. Additional laminations, for example 3 to 25 laminations be so positioned to form the first rotor pole45. An external planar face25of at least one of the laminations48is positioned over the external planar faces25of another of the laminations48to form a second rotor pole47. Additional laminations, for example 3 to 25 laminations may be so positioned to form the second rotor pole47. The first and second rotor poles45and47, respectively, are spaced apart and secured to bonding material39, such as a molded polymer or a resin. As shown inFIG.4BandFIG.4C, mechanical interlocks49may be formed in the laminations48and may for example be in the form of protrusions49A in one lamination that mate with pockets49B in another lamination. Such interlocks49are more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,847,285 B2 assigned to the same entity as the instant application, hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference. As shown inFIG.4, the rotor assembly18may, as shown include additional rotor poles19, fabricated as described above from the laminations48. The first pole45, the second pole47and the addition poles19may be positioned in a mold (not shown) of a molding machine (not shown), preferably in a circular pattern and evenly positioned about a periphery of the mold. The permanent magnets34may be positioned in the mold between adjacent poles19. The sleeve35and the hub37(as well as shaft32) may also be placed in the mold. Next molding material may be injected into the mold to form the rotor assembly. It should be appreciated that the sleeve35and the hub37may be integrally formed by the molding material in the mold. In the exemplary embodiment, rotor30includes a plurality of axial apertures31. For example, a first side51and a second side53define a first axial aperture or pocket31of the plurality of axial apertures or pockets31. Each axial aperture31includes a depth d extending axially inwardly from rotor core periphery43to rotor core inner wall68and extends axially through rotor30from rotor outer surface40to an opposite second rotor outer face or surface41. Each axial aperture31may be configured to receive one or more permanent magnets34such that each magnet is axially embedded in rotor30and extends inwardly from rotor outer surface43to inner wall or surface68. In the exemplary embodiment, permanent magnets34are substantially rectangular shaped hard ferrite magnets. However, magnets34may have any suitable shape and be fabricated from any suitable material that enables machine10to function as described herein. For example, magnets34may be tapered and/or fabricated from bonded neodymium, sintered neodymium, and/or samarium cobalt. In the exemplary embodiment, rotor30includes a plurality of rotor poles19each having an outer surface along rotor outer periphery43and extending radially inwardly to inner wall68. Although illustrated as generally rectangular inFIG.4andFIG.5, rotor poles19may have any suitable shape that enables machine10to function as described herein. For example, rotor poles19may be have a generally rectangular shape. In the exemplary embodiment, the number of axial apertures31is equal to the number of rotor poles19, and one magnet34is positioned within each axial aperture31between a pair of rotor poles19. Rotor30may have any number of rotor poles19that enables electric machine10to function as described herein, for example, six, eight, ten or twelve poles. In the exemplary embodiment, the design of rotor30utilizes lower-cost magnets, yet achieves the power densities and high efficiency of machines using higher-cost magnets such as neodymium magnets. In the exemplary embodiment, increased efficiency and power density of machine10is obtained by increasing the flux produced by rotor30. Increased flux generation is facilitated by magnets34having a minimum depth d, which is defined by the equation: Dmin=(π*(R1+R2))2*n*BrS/BrA wherein Dminrepresents the minimum depth variable, R1represents the rotor outer radius, R2represents the rotor inner radius, and n represents the number of rotor poles. Maximum depth Dmaxis determined by saturation considerations of stator iron sections (teeth and yoke) and any axial length constraints on the machine10being designed in a specific application. In the exemplary embodiment, rotor30facilitates increased flux production resulting in optimum efficiency and power density when magnets34have a depth between Dminand Dmax. In the exemplary embodiment, depth d may be variably selected between Dminand Dmaxto adjust the power output of machine10while maintaining a constant rotor and stator outer diameter. For example, decreasing depth d lowers motor power output and increasing depth d increases motor output. As such, machine10may be designed for a specific power output application without additional tooling costs to adjust the outer diameter of the rotor and/or stator. FIG.4is a front view of rotor30that may be included within electric machine10. Rotor30generally includes sleeve35for engagement with shaft32, and a hub37positioned between sleeve35and rotor poles19. In the exemplary embodiment, sleeve35is fabricated from steel. However, sleeve35may be formed from any suitable material that enables rotor30to function as described herein. Alternatively, sleeve35may be excluded and hub37is directly coupled to shaft32. In the exemplary embodiment, hub37is fabricated from an injection molded polymer. However, hub37may be formed from any suitable non-magnetic material that enables rotor30to function as described herein. For example, hub37may be machined, extruded or die cast non-magnetic material such as aluminum or zinc. Alternatively, hub37is fabricated from an isolation damping material configured to reduce transmission of at least one of motor torque pulsations, motor torque ripple, and motor torque cogging. In the exemplary embodiment and as shown inFIGS.4B and4C, rotor poles19may also include pole retention features74in the form of protrusions and/or indentations that mate with mating magnet retention features76in the form of indentations and/or protrusion formed in the magnets34to facilitate retention of magnets34within axial apertures31by substantially preventing movement of magnets34in a radial direction. Further, the rotor poles19and the magnets34may define a space80between each other. In the exemplary embodiment, the space80is configured to receive bonding material39, for example a retention material, such as a molded polymer or a resin. The bonding material39may substitute or augment the retention features74and76. The bonding or retention material39, which is configured to at least partially fill space80and cause interference between the surface features74and76to substantially resist or prevent movement of magnets34within axial apertures31. Retention material39may be any material or member that at least partially fills space80and facilitates preventing radial movement of magnets34and/or general side-to-side motion. Further, retention material39such as non-magnetic polymer may be injection molded into the region between rotor poles19and magnets34to facilitate retention of magnets34within axial apertures31. Referring again toFIG.1, an air gap38is formed between rotor second outer face or surface41and a stator outer surface42, and a magnetic flux within machine10extends between permanent magnets34and stator assembly24in a direction parallel to axis36. Referring now toFIG.5andFIG.5A, in yet another aspect, the axial flux motor10may be provided wherein the rotor assembly18further includes a magnetizable ring58positioned proximate the rotor first face40(opposed to stator23). The ring58defines an outer periphery59and a central opening60. The Ring58is made of a magnetizable material, for example, a ferrous material. The ring58serves to direct the magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnets34. Referring now toFIG.5B, in yet another aspect, the axial flux motor10may be provided wherein rotor assembly18includes rotor poles19B that form pockets31B in which magnets34B do not extend to second rotor face41B. Resin39B may be positioned in pockets31B between the magnets34B and the second rotor face41B. While the axial flux motor of the present invention may be provided with poles that are generally rectangular, other shapes are anticipated and may function similarly. The use of rectangular poles provides for more simple manufacturing and assembly. For rectangular or square poles, each lamination forming the poles may be identical to each other. The laminations may be stamped from a coil of material, for example steel. The laminations may be randomly assembled to form poles, since each lamination may be identical to each other. As shown inFIGS.6,6A and6B, a motor210may be provided with a rotor assembly218having poles219with a trapezoidal or pie-shape. In such a configuration, the motor210may include rectangular magnets234that may be square. It should be appreciated that the magnets may likewise be trapezoidal or pie-shaped with the included angle of the pie-shaped pieces being less if both the magnets and the poles have trapezoidal or pie shapes. The trapezoidal poles219include laminations248made of progressively increasing lengths. Each lamination248in each pole219is made of a different length and the laminations need to be assembled with each lamination being of progressively increasing length. Such a pole219may be significantly more expensive to manufacture. The rotor assembly218may include a backing ring or disc258similar to ring58of the rotor assembly18ofFIG.4. According to yet another aspect and referring now toFIG.7, an axial flux motor310may be provided wherein a rotor assembly318includes poles319formed from the plurality of layers wound into a ring shaped rotor core330from a unitary ferrous sheet. The sheet has notches or pockets331formed in a spaced apart arrangement in the sheet. The sheet is wrapped in a circular form to form the rotor core330. Magnets334are positioned in the pockets331. The rotor core330may be manufactured in a punch and wind machine such as a machine more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,654,123 B2, hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference. Referring again toFIG.2andFIG.3, the stator assembly24may generally include a plurality of stator modules84, a bobbin assembly86, and a control board88. Stator assembly24is coupled to a stator housing90(shown inFIG.2) to form a packed stator92. Stator assembly24may also include a plurality of tooth tips94. As shown inFIG.2andFIG.3, stator assembly24is a multiphase (more than one phase) axial flux stator, and is preferably a three-phase axial flux stator producing flux in the axial direction (i.e., parallel to axis of rotation36). Stator modules84are generally C-shaped and include a pair of teeth96connected by a yoke section98. In the exemplary embodiment, stator modules84are oriented in a generally axial direction such that teeth96extend substantially parallel to axis of rotation36. Moreover, stator modules84are fabricated from a plurality of stacked laminated sheets100. Such a construction simplifies the manufacturing process and enables modular stator modules84to be produced quickly and efficiently. FIG.2andFIG.3show perspective views of exemplary bobbin assembly86that may be included within electric machine10. Bobbin assembly86generally includes a plurality of bobbins114coupled to control board88. Although twelve bobbins114are illustrated, bobbin assembly86may include any number of bobbins that enables machine10to function as described herein. Each bobbin114includes an opening116that closely conforms to an external shape of stator module teeth96and tooth tip axial member102. For example, stator module tooth96is configured to be positioned at least partially within a first end118of opening116, and tooth tip axial member102is configured to be positioned at least partially within a second end120of opening116. Machine10may include one bobbin114for every tooth96, one bobbin114positioned on every other tooth96, and/or one bobbin114positioned on yoke section98. FIG.2is a perspective view of the bobbin114that may be included in bobbin assembly86. In the exemplary embodiment, bobbin assembly86also includes electrical winding122that includes a plurality of coils124. In the exemplary embodiment, winding122is made up of twelve coils124and creates a twelve-pole stator. Each coil124is wound around a respective bobbin114, which electrically isolates coil124from stator module84and tooth tip94. Alternatively, each coil is directly wound in a generally vertical direction (i.e., generally parallel to rotation axis36) around at least one of stator module teeth96and tooth tip axial member102, and/or directly wound in a generally horizontal direction (i.e., generally orthogonal to rotation axis36) around yoke section98. In the exemplary embodiment, coils124are wound around bobbins114, and each coil124includes two ends, a start and a finish to the coil. Bobbins114are coupled to control board88by pins126. In the exemplary embodiment, control board88is a printed circuit board (PCB), and each end of each of coil124is coupled to control board88using an insulation displacement terminal (not shown) designed for directly soldering into control board88. Alternatively, any other suitable connector may be used that enables the plurality of bobbins114to be coupled to control board88. In the exemplary embodiment, control board88includes a wiring connector128for directly connecting control board88to a motor control board (not shown). In an alternative embodiment, control board88is incorporated within a motor control board, thereby eliminating redundant mounting and connectors. Teeth96have the substantially same width w from an inner edge97to an outer edge99. That is, width w of teeth96do not diverge from inner edge97to outer edge99like in some known stators. This enables laminated sheets100to be substantially identical, which lowers manufacturing costs. Further, stator modules84are separated from each other and oriented such that adjacent teeth96form alternating parallel gaps101and angular gaps103. Alternatively, stator modules84may be solid. In the exemplary embodiment, tooth tips94are generally T-shaped and include an axial member102and a cross member104. Each cross member104includes an inward extending portion106, an outward extending portion108, and a groove110. In the exemplary embodiment, tooth tips94are fabricated from a plurality of stacked laminated sheets105. Such a construction simplifies the manufacturing process and enables modular tooth tips94to be produced quickly and efficiently. In the exemplary embodiment, outward extending portion108has a greater length than inward extending portion106. Tooth tips94also include rounded portions112to reduce noise by reducing the harmonic content of the back electromagnetic field (EMF) and cogging torque. Tooth tips94are generally aligned with a corresponding tooth96and increase flux density in stator assembly24and reduce the length of a winding122) needed for assembly24. According to embodiments of the present invention, the rotor may be provided with permanent magnets that are made of a permanently magnetizable material that has been magnetized prior the assembly of the magnets into the rotor. The magnetized magnets when being assembled into the assembly of such a rotor have an affinity to material that is magnetically attracted, for example ferrous materials. Typically portions of the stator core, including the stator core and portions of the rotor, including the rotor poles are made of ferrous materials. Also, the motor housing, the motor bearings and the motor shaft are typically made of ferrous materials. The attraction of the magnets to these ferrous materials makes assembly very difficult. The applicant has discovered that assembly of the motor, particularly the assembly of the motor rotor is much easier if the motor rotor is performed with non-magnetized rotor magnets. The applicant has discovered that the magnets within the assembled motor rotor may in fact be magnetized after rotor assembly, if a proper device for such magnetization is provided. Referring now toFIG.8, a fixture or device400for proving such magnetizing of a magnetizable material, the need of which is described above, is provided. The fixture400may be capable of magnetizing any magnetizable permanent magnet including, for example, a ferrite magnet, a bonded neodymium magnet and a sinter neodymium magnet. It should be appreciated that the fixture400may be designed, customized or adjusted to optimally magnetized a particular magnet material of a particular shape. For use with, for example the rotor30as shown inFIGS.1-5, the fixture400may include a pocket or cavity402for receiving the rotor30. The fixture400is designed to permanently magnetize the magnets34after they have been assembled onto the rotor30. The pocket402may include an inner periphery204for cooperation with the outer periphery43of the rotor30. The pocket402may also include a locating surface406for received end face41of rotor30. The rotor30may include a central shaft32and the fixture400may include a central opening (not shown) for receiving the central shaft32. The fixture400contains magnetizing coils410for generating an electromagnetic field when electrical current is applied to the coils410. While the fixture400may be capable of magnetizing the coils410if they are merely located adjacent to the magnets34, optimum placement of the coils410with respect to the magnets34will provide for more efficient and complete magnetizing of the magnets34. Such magnetizing coils are powered by an electrical current supply, for example 110/130 V AC or 210/230 V AC single phase power or by a three phase AC power supply. Circuitry to energize such coils is well known. As shown inFIG.8andFIG.9, preferably coils410are placed both against the first face40of the rotor and against the second face41of the rotor30. As shown inFIG.8andFIG.9, the fixture410include a top magnetizing fixture408adjacent first face40of magnet34and a bottom magnetizing fixture409adjacent the second face41of magnet34. The fixtures408and409may be similar and each fixture408,409include a coil410corresponding to each of the magnets34which coils410are positioned directly in line with the magnets34. As shown, a separate coil410is placed against (or spaced from) each of the magnets34. It should be appreciated that a spacer412may be positioned between the faces40and41of the magnets34and the coils410. The spacer412may serve to protect the coils and the magnets and to insulate the magnets from the coils. The spacer412may merely be an air gap between the magnets34and the coils410. Note that a solitary coil410may alternately be placed on each of the faces40and41of the magnets34, but doing so will limit the flux pattern that may be formed by the coils410. The coils410, particularly when a separate coil410is placed adjacent each face40,41of the magnet34, may generate a permanent magnetic flux pattern that is optimum for the motor rotor30. Referring now toFIG.10and according to another embodiment of the present invention, a method500is provided. The method500includes step510of providing a stator and step512of providing a rotor. The method500includes step514of rotatably securing the rotor to the stator about a rotor center of rotation. The method500also includes step516of providing a magnetizable permanent magnet having a longitudinal axis thereof. The method500includes step518of fixedly securing the magnet to the rotor with the longitudinal axis positioned in a radial direction relative to the rotor center of rotation and so defining radially inward surface and an opposed radially outward surface, the magnet having a first face adjacent the first external face of the rotor and having a second face adjacent the second external face of the rotor. The method500also includes step520of partially magnetizing the magnet by positioning a first magnetizing device adjacent the first face of the magnet. The method500further includes step522of magnetizing the magnet by positioning a second magnetizing device adjacent the second face of the magnet. In another aspect of method500, the axial flux rotor may be provided wherein the step512of providing a rotor includes the step of providing a body having an outer periphery limited by an outside radius OR. The body further has a central opening limited by an inner radius IR. The step of providing a body includes stamping a plurality of laminations. Each of the plurality of laminations including opposed parallel external planar faces and opposed first and second ends. The step of providing a body also includes overlying one of the external planar faces of one of the plurality of laminations over one of the external planar faces of another of the plurality of laminations. The step of providing a body also includes repeating the overlying step above to provide a rotor pole. The step of providing a body also includes positioning the rotor poles in a spaced apart relationship with the opposed first and second ends of the laminations tangentially oriented with respect to the rotor center of rotation. The opposed first and second ends define the outside radius OR and the inside radius IR, respectively. In another aspect, the axial flux rotor may be provided wherein the step of providing a body further includes overmolding rotor poles with a moldable material after positioning the rotor poles in the spaced apart relationship. In yet another aspect of method500, the axial flux rotor may be provided wherein the step516of providing a magnetizable permanent magnet includes providing one of a ferrite magnet, a bonded neodymium magnet and a sinter neodymium magnet. In yet another aspect of method500, the axial flux rotor may be provided wherein the step516of providing a magnetizable permanent magnet further including the step of providing a second magnetizable permanent magnet having a longitudinal axis thereof and the step of fixedly securing the second magnetizable permanent magnet to the rotor with the longitudinal axis positioned in a radial direction relative to the rotor center of rotation and so defining a second magnet radially inward surface and an opposed second magnet radially outward surface. The second magnet may have a first face adjacent the first external face of the rotor and may have a second face adjacent the second external face of the rotor. In yet another aspect, the axial flux rotor may be provided further including the step of partially magnetizing the second magnet by positioning the first magnetizing device adjacent the first face of the second magnet and the step of further magnetizing the second magnet by positioning the second magnetizing device adjacent the second face of the second magnet. In yet another aspect of method500, the axial flux rotor may be provided wherein the step516of providing a magnetizable permanent magnet having a longitudinal axis thereof includes providing a plurality of magnetizable permanent magnets, each of the plurality of magnetizable permanent magnets having a longitudinal axis thereof; In yet another aspect of method500, the axial flux rotor may be provided wherein the step518of fixedly securing the magnet to the rotor includes fixedly securing each of the plurality of magnetizable permanent magnets to the rotor with the longitudinal axis of each of the plurality of magnetizable permanent magnets positioned in a radial direction relative to the rotor center of rotation and so defining a radially inward surface and an opposed radially outward surface of each of the plurality of magnetizable permanent magnets. Each of the plurality of magnetizable permanent magnets may have a first face adjacent the first external face of the rotor and may have a second face adjacent the second external face of the rotor. In yet another aspect of method500, the axial flux rotor may be provided wherein the step520of partially magnetizing the magnet includes positioning the first magnetizing device adjacent the first face of each of the plurality of magnetizable permanent magnets and wherein the step of further magnetizing the magnet includes positioning the second magnetizing device adjacent the second face of each of the plurality of magnetizable permanent magnets. In yet another aspect of method500, the axial flux rotor may be provided wherein the step516of providing a magnetizable permanent magnet includes providing an axially imbedded magnet having a minimum depth defined by the equation Dmin=π*(OR+IR)2*N*BrA*BrS, wherein BrS is the Remnant Flux Density of Surface Mounted Magnet, wherein OR is the outside radius of the body, wherein IR is the inner radius of the body, wherein N is the number of rotor poles, and wherein BrA is the Remnant Flux Density of Axially Imbedded Magnet. In yet another aspect of method500, the axial flux rotor may be provided wherein the step516of providing a magnetizable permanent magnet includes providing a magnetizable ring/disc positioned proximate one of the first and second opposed faces, the ring defines an outer periphery and a central opening In yet another aspect of method500, the axial flux rotor may be provided wherein the step512of providing a rotor includes the step of providing a body having an outer periphery limited by an outside radius OR. In yet another aspect of method500, the axial flux rotor may be provided wherein the body further has a central opening limited by an inner radius IR. In yet another aspect of method500, the axial flux rotor may be provided wherein, the step of providing a body includes providing a sheet of ferrous material, punching spaced apart openings in the sheet, and wrapping the sheet in a circular form to form a laminated rotor core while aligning some of the spaced apart opening to provide cavities for receiving the magnets and to provide rotor poles in a spaced apart relationship with the opposed parallel external faces of the laminations tangentially oriented with respect to the rotor center of rotation. The external faces define the outside radius OR and the inside radius IR. Referring now toFIG.11and according to another embodiment of the present invention, a method600is provided. The method600is utilized for manufacturing an axial flux rotor. The method includes step610of stamping a plurality of laminations and step612of overlying one of the external planar faces of one of the plurality of laminations over one of the external planar faces of another of the plurality of laminations. Each of the plurality of laminations includes opposed parallel external planar faces and opposed first and second ends. The method also includes overlying one of the external planar faces of one of the plurality of laminations over one of the external planar faces of another of the plurality of laminations. The method also includes step614of repeating the overlying step above to provide a rotor pole and the step616of positioning the rotor poles in a spaced apart relationship around a rotor center of rotation with the opposed first and second ends of the laminations tangentially oriented with respect to the rotor center of rotation. In yet another aspect, the method may further include the steps of providing a plurality of magnetizable permanent magnets, each magnet having a longitudinal axis thereof and positioning each of the magnets between adjacent rotor poles with the longitudinal axis positioned in a radial direction relative to the rotor center of rotation and so defining radially inward surface and an opposed radially outward surface. The magnet has a first face adjacent the first external face of the rotor and has a second face adjacent the second external face of the rotor. In yet another aspect, the method may further include the step of overmolding the rotor poles with a moldable material after positioning the rotor poles in the spaced apart relationship. In yet another aspect, the method may further include the steps of partially magnetizing the magnet by positioning a first magnetizing device adjacent the first face of the magnet and further magnetizing the magnet by positioning a second magnetizing device adjacent the second face of the magnet. In yet another aspect, the method may be provided wherein the step of providing a plurality of magnetizable permanent magnets includes providing one of ferrite magnets, bonded neodymium magnets and sintered neodymium magnets. In yet another aspect, the method600may be provided wherein the step616of positioning the rotor poles in a spaced apart relationship includes positioning each of the plurality of laminations such that the laminations form a body have an outer periphery defined by an outside radius OR, and a central opening defined by an inner radius IR. In yet another aspect, the method may be provided wherein the step of providing a magnetizable permanent magnet includes providing a magnet having a minimum length defined by the equation Dmin=π*(OR+IR)2*N*BrA*BrS, wherein BrS is the Remnant Flux Density of Surface Mounted Magnet, wherein OR is the outside radius of the body, wherein IR is the inner radius of the body, wherein N is the number of rotor poles, and wherein Bra is the Remnant Flux Density of Axially Imbedded Magnet. In yet another aspect, the method may further include the step of providing a magnetizable ring/disc positioned proximate one of the first and second opposed faces. The ring defines an outer periphery and a central opening. Referring now toFIGS.12A and12Band according to another embodiment of the present invention, a process700is provided. The process700is for preparing an axial flux motor by the provided. The process700includes the step710of stamping a plurality of laminations and step712of overlying one of the external planar faces of one of the plurality of laminations over one of the external planar faces of another of the plurality of laminations. Each of the plurality of laminations includes opposed parallel external planar faces and opposed first and second ends. The process700also includes step714of repeating the overlying step above to provide a first rotor pole and step716of repeating the above steps to provide at least one addition rotor pole, thereby providing a plurality of rotor poles. The process700also includes step718of positioning the plurality of rotor poles in a spaced apart relationship around a rotor center of rotation with the opposed first and second ends of the laminations tangentially oriented with respect to the rotor center of rotation and step720of providing a plurality of magnetizable permanent magnets, each magnet having a longitudinal axis thereof. The process700also includes step722of positioning each of the magnets between adjacent rotor poles with the longitudinal axis positioned in a radial direction relative to the rotor center of rotation and so defining radially inward surface and an opposed radially outward surface, the magnet having a first face adjacent the first external face of the rotor and having a second face adjacent the second external face of the rotor. The process700also includes step724of overmolding rotor poles with a moldable material after positioning each of the magnets between adjacent rotor poles. In yet another aspect, the process700may be provided wherein step718of positioning the rotor poles in a spaced apart relationship include providing positioning the rotor poles in a spaced apart relationship to form a body having an outer periphery defined by an outside radius OR, having and a central opening defined by an inner radius IR and wherein the step of providing a plurality of magnetizable permanent magnets includes providing a providing a plurality of magnetizable permanent magnets, each magnet having a minimum length defined by defined by the equation Dmin=π*(OR+IR)2*N*BrA*BrS, wherein BrS is the Remnant Flux Density of Surface Mounted Magnet, wherein OR is the outside radius of the body, wherein IR is the inner radius of the body, wherein N is the number of rotor poles, and wherein BrA is the Remnant Flux Density of Axially Imbedded Magnet. In yet another aspect, the process may further include the step of providing a magnetizable ring/disc positioned proximate one of the first and second opposed faces. The ring defines an outer periphery and a central opening. Described herein are exemplary methods and systems for axial flux machines. The axial flux machines include a rotor having axially embedded permanent magnets. The axially embedded rotor design enables the use of lower-cost ferrite magnets, while achieving the power densities and higher efficiency of other rotor designs that use higher-cost neodymium magnets. Further, the use of a permanent magnet fixture with coils to permanently magnetize an assembled rotor provides for the easier assembly of a non-magnetized magnet into a rotor assembly. Further, the axial flux machines include a multiphase stator having substantially similar stator modules and substantially similar tooth tips made from economical laminations, which enables a modular construction. The stator module teeth are substantially similar and have the substantially same width such that the fabrication processes is simplified and hastened, and no cogging torque is created. The tooth tips increase flux concentration and reduce noise. Accordingly, a lower-cost, axial flux machine is described herein that provides quicker production with minimal impact on efficiency and performance. Exemplary embodiments of the axial flux electric machine assembly are described above in detail. The electric machine and its components are not limited to the specific embodiments described herein, but rather, components of the systems may be utilized independently and separately from other components described herein. For example, the components may also be used in combination with other machine systems, methods, and apparatuses, and are not limited to practice with only the systems and apparatus as described herein. Rather, the exemplary embodiments can be implemented and utilized in connection with many other applications. Although specific features of various embodiments of the disclosure may be shown in some drawings and not in others, this is for convenience only. In accordance with the principles of the disclosure, any feature of a drawing may be referenced and/or claimed in combination with any feature of any other drawing. This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims. | 43,946 |
11942838 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The appended claims include claims1-14, wherein each of claims1-7is directed to a method of assembling a rotor while each of claims8-14is directed to a control device for a rotor assembly apparatus. Although being different from each other in claim category, each of claims1-7and a corresponding one of claims8-14are substantially identical with each other in technical feature. Specifically, claims1-7recite steps such as “first moving step”, “load measuring step”, “second moving step” and “inserting step”, while claims8-14recite control portions such as “first-movement control portion”, “load-measurement control portion”, “second-movement control portion” and “insertion control portion”. Each of the “first moving step”, “load measuring step”, “second moving step” and “inserting step” and a corresponding one of the “first-movement control portion”, “load-measurement control portion”, “second-movement control portion” and “insertion control portion” are substantially identical with each other in technical feature, although being different from each other in terms “step” and “control portion” that are typical terms used in claims directed to a method and a control device, respectively. Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is noted that figures of the drawings are simplified or deformed as needed and portions are not necessarily precisely depicted in terms of dimension ratio, shape, etc., for easier understanding. First Embodiment FIG.1is a cross sectional view for explaining a construction of a rotor10to which the present invention is applied, wherein the cross sectional view is taken in a plane perpendicular to an axis (center line) CL of the rotor10. Hereinafter, a direction parallel to the axis CL will be simply referred to as “axis CL direction”. The rotor10is to be provided in a vehicle rotating electric machine MG that is installed in a hybrid vehicle or an electric vehicle so as to serve as a drive power source for driving the vehicle. The vehicle rotating electric machine MG is a rotating electric machine having a function serving as a motor and a function serving as a generator. That is, the vehicle rotating electric machine MG is a so-called motor generator. The vehicle rotating electric machine MG is an embedded-magnet-type rotating electric machine, and includes a stator (not shown) provided with an excitation winding coil, in addition to the rotor10in which permanent magnets34are embedded or inserted. The rotor10has a cylindrical shape and its center corresponds to the above-described axis CL. The rotor10includes a rotor core20and the above-described permanent magnet34. The rotor core20has a cylindrical shape and its center corresponds to the above-described axis CL. The cylindrical-shaped rotor core20is constituted by, for example, a plurality of electrical steel sheets that are laminated on each other. The rotor core20has a plurality of through-holes or slots30elongated in the axis CL direction, so that a longitudinal direction of each of the slots30corresponds to the axis CL direction. Each of the slots30has, for example, a substantially oblong rectangle shape in its cross section perpendicular to the axis CL, and all of the slots30have the same cross sectional shape. It is noted that each of the slots30corresponds to “hole portion” recited in the appended claims. In the rotor core20, each adjacent two or each pair of the slots30are provided for a corresponding one of poles. In a cross section perpendicular to the axis CL, each pair of the slots30cooperate with each other to form an arcuate shape convex toward the axis CL in an outer peripheral portion of the rotor core20. The pairs of the slots30are equi-angularly spaced in a circumferential direction around the axis CL of the rotor core20. In the present embodiment, the slots30consist of 10 pairs of the slots30that are equi-angularly arranged at an angular interval of 2π/10 [rad]. Each of the permanent magnets34has an elongated cuboid shape. The permanent magnets34, which are to be inserted into the respective slots30, are identical in shape with each other. Each of the permanent magnets34has, in its cross section perpendicular to its longitudinal direction, a shape slightly smaller than a shape of each of the slots30in its cross section perpendicular to its longitudinal direction (i.e., the axis CL direction), so that the permanent magnets34can be inserted into the respective slots30. Each of the permanent magnets34is made of a magnetic material such as neodymium magnet and rare earth cobalt magnet, and is homogeneous in terms of composition in any portion of the permanent magnet34. In the rotor core20, each pair of the permanent magnets34are inserted in a corresponding pair of the slots30such that each circumferentially adjacent pair of the poles consist of a pair of S and N poles and such that the S and N poles are alternately arranged in the circumferential direction. FIG.2is a cross sectional view of the slot30and the permanent magnet34inserted in the slot30, wherein the cross sectional view is taken in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of each of the slot30and the permanent magnet34. As shown inFIG.2, the slot30is a portion of the rotor core20into which the permanent magnet34is insertable. An inner wall surface of the slot30include portions serving as positioning portions30afor positioning the permanent magnet34in a predetermined position upon insertion of the permanent magnet34into the slot30. The cross section of the slot30perpendicular to the longitudinal direction is designed to be larger than the cross section of the permanent magnet34perpendicular to the longitudinal direction, so that gap is formed between the rotor core20and the permanent magnet34when the permanent magnet34has been inserted into the slot30. Further, clearance portions32are provided to be adjacent to the slot30. The clearance portions32remain free even when the permanent magnet34has been inserted into the slot30, and cooperate with the above-described gap to constitute a space or spaces that are to be filled with an adhesive (e.g., resin) when the permanent magnet34has been inserted into the slot30whereby the permanent magnet34is fixed in the slot30. FIG.3is a view for explaining a construction of a rotor assembly apparatus50that is to be used in a method of assembling the rotor10, which is according to a first embodiment of the present invention, and also for explaining major portions of control functions that are provided to perform various control operations in the rotor assembly apparatus50. InFIG.3, a Z-axis direction corresponds to a vertical direction, an X-axis direction corresponds to a horizontal direction, and a Y-axis direction corresponds to another horizontal direction and is perpendicular to the X-axis direction on a horizontal plane, for example. The rotor assembly apparatus50includes cameras52a,52b,52c,52d, a table (fixing base)58, a robot arm60, a magnet holding portion62, a load sensor64and an electronic control device70. The table58is a base on which the rotor core20is to be fixedly held. The table58serves as a core holding portion (core holding means) configured to fixedly hold the rotor core20such that the rotor core20is unmovable relative to the table58. Meanwhile, the magnet holding portion62is provided in a distal end portion of the robot arm60, such that the permanent magnet34is to be clamped and held by the magnet holding portion62(seeFIGS.4A to4D). The magnet holding portion62serves as a magnet holding portion (magnet holding means) configured to fixedly hold the permanent magnet34such that the permanent magnet34is unmovable relative to the magnet holding portion62. The load sensor64is fixed to the magnet holding portion62, and is constituted by a strain sensor, for example. The load sensor64is configured to measure a load Lx1[N], a load Ly1[N] and a load Lz1[N] that act in the respective X-axis direction, Y-axis direction and Z-axis direction and are applied to the permanent magnet34held by the magnet holding portion62. The measured load Lx1, load Ly1and load Lz1are respective components of a load L1[N] applied to the permanent magnet34. That is, the measured load Lx1, load Ly1and load Lz1are the respective components of the load L1that act in the respective X-axis direction, Y-axis direction and Z-axis direction. The load L1[N] as a vector quantity corresponds to “load” recited in the appended claims. The camera52ais disposed in a position that is to be located right above the rotor core20disposed on the table58, for example, and is configured to take images of the rotor core20and the robot arm60from an upper side in the vertical direction. The cameras52b,52cconfigured to take images of the rotor core20and the permanent magnet34from respective different horizontal directions that correspond to the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction, respectively, for example. The camera52dis configured to take images of the magnet holding portion62and the permanent magnet34held by the magnet holding portion62from a lower side in the vertical direction, for example. The robot arm60is a kind of mechanical arm that is to be moved in a manner similar to movement of a human arm, and movement of the robot arm60is to be controlled by the electronic control device70. The robot arm60is capable of being moved vertically (Z-axis direction) and horizontally (X-axis, Y-axis directions) on a horizontal plane, and being rotated in a horizontal plane. That is, the robot arm60and the magnet holding portion62(that is provided in the distal end portion of the robot arm60) are movable linearly and rotatively, relative to the table58. The magnet holding portion62and the permanent magnet34(that is to be fixed to the magnet holding portion62, unmovably relative to the magnet holding portion62) are to be moved by the robot arm60whereby a position of the permanent magnet34relative to the table58is changed. Thus, the robot arm60is capable of linearly moving the permanent magnet34horizontally, upwardly and downwardly, and also rotatively moving (rotating) the permanent magnet34, so as to position the permanent magnet34into an arbitrary or desired position relative to the table58and the rotor core20that is to be fixedly held on the table58. The electronic control device70includes a so-called microcomputer incorporating a CPU, a ROM, a RAM and an input-output interface, for example. The CPU is configured to control the movement of the robot arm60, by processing various input signals, according to control programs stored in the ROM, while utilizing a temporary data storage function of the RAM. It is noted that the electronic control device70corresponds to “control device” recited in the appended claims. The electronic control device70is configured to receive image information or data IMG1, IMG2, IMG3, IMG4that are data of the images taken by the respective cameras52a,52b,52c,52dand also data of the loads Lx1, Ly1, Lz1measured by the load sensor64. Further, the electronic control device70is configured to output an arm control signal Sarm for controlling the movement of the robot arm60, and also a magnet-holding control signal Sh for controlling holding and release of the permanent magnet34, such that the arm control signal Sarm and the magnet-holding control signal Sh are supplied to the robot arm60and the magnet holding portion62, respectively. The electronic control device70functionally includes an initial-setting control portion70a, a position recognition portion70b, a first-movement control portion70c, a load-measurement control portion70d, a second-movement control portion70eand an insertion control portion70f. The control functions of the electronic control device70will be described with reference toFIGS.4A to4D. FIGS.4A to4Dare a set of views for explaining the method of assembling the rotor10by using the rotor assembly apparatus50shown inFIG.3, wherein the view ofFIG.4Ais for explaining a state in which an initial setting is made prior to insertion of the permanent magnet34into the slot30, the view ofFIG.4Bis for explaining a first moving step, the view ofFIG.4Cis for explaining a load measuring step and the view ofFIG.4Dis for explaining a second moving step.FIGS.4A to4Dshows the slot30that is one of the plurality of slots30provided in the rotor core20, and the permanent magnet34that is to be inserted into the slot30. Each of the views ofFIGS.4A to4Dare a cross sectional view taken in a plane indicated by arrows IV inFIG.1. In each of the views ofFIGS.4A to4D, an up-down direction and a right-left direction on its drawing sheet correspond to the vertical direction and the horizontal direction, respectively. The method of assembling the rotor10, i.e., a method of inserting the permanent magnet34into the slot30, includes an initial setting step, a position recognizing step, a first moving step, a load measuring step, a second moving step and an inserting step. Firstly, as shown in the view ofFIG.4A, in the initial setting prior to insertion of the permanent magnet34into the slot30, the rotor core20is fixed onto the table58while the permanent magnet34is attached to the magnet holding portion62. The rotor core20is fixedly held on the table58such that the axis CL of the rotor core20is parallel to the vertical direction, so that each of the slots30provided in the rotor core20is elongated or extends in the vertical direction, i.e., the axis CL direction. The rotor core20has axially opposite end portions, one of which is located on an upper side of the other, with the rotor core20being fixedly held on the table58. In the following description, the upper one of the axially opposite end portions of the rotor core20will be referred to as an axial end portion20t1, while the other of the axially opposite end portions of the rotor core20will be referred to as another axial end portion20t2. Each of the slots30has an opening30opin the axial end portion20t1. On the other hand, the permanent magnet34is clamped and held by the magnet holding portion62such that the longitudinal direction of the permanent magnet34is parallel to the vertical direction, so that the permanent magnet34held by the magnet holding portion62is elongated or extends in the vertical direction, i.e., the axis CL direction. The permanent magnet34has longitudinally opposite end portions, one of which is located on a lower side of the other, with the permanent magnet34being held by the magnet holding portion62. In the following description, the lower one of the longitudinally opposite end portions of the permanent magnet34will be referred to as a longitudinal end portion34t1, while the other of the longitudinally opposite end portions of the permanent magnet34will be referred to as another longitudinal end portion34t2. In the initial setting, the axial end portion20t1of the rotor core20and the longitudinal end portion34t1of the permanent magnet34are distant from each other by a vertical clearance distance D0[mm] in the vertical direction. It is noted that the axis CL corresponds to “axis” recited in the appended claims. The axis CL direction, i.e., the vertical direction corresponds to a direction in which the permanent magnet34is to be inserted into the slot30. A magnet center position Pcm, which is a position of center of the permanent magnet34, corresponds to a center of gravity of the permanent magnet34, for example. A slot center position Pcs, which is a position of center of the slot30, corresponds to a center of gravity of the slot30, for example, in case of assuming that the slot30is filled with a homogeneous substance. With the magnet center position Pcm and the slot center position Pcs being aligned with each other as seen in the vertical direction, the permanent magnet34is smoothly insertable into the slot30. In the initial setting, once after the rotor core20has been fixed onto the table58, each time after one of the permanent magnets34has been inserted into a corresponding one of the slots30, a next one of the permanent magnets34is attached to the magnet holding portion62so as to be inserted into another one of the slots30. The initial-setting control portion70aimplements the initial setting step of making the above-described initial setting. For example, the initial-setting control portion70acauses the magnet holding portion62to hold the permanent magnet34, and causes the robot arm60to be moved to a position that enables the camera52ato take an image of shape of the slot30into which the permanent magnet34is to be inserted, namely, to a position that does not obstacle the camera52afrom photographing the slot30. Thus, the magnet holding portion62holding the permanent magnet34is moved to a predetermined position relative to the slot30. The predetermined position, to which the magnet holding portion62is moved, is also a position that enables the permanent magnet34to be photographed from a lower side by the camera52d. After the initial setting step, the position recognition portion70bimplements the position recognizing step of recognizing the slot center position Pcs, the magnet center position Pcm and the vertical clearance distance D0. The position recognition portion70bcalculates or recognizes the slot center position Pcs, based on an image data IMG1representing the image of the shape of the slot30taken by the camera52ain an initial state. The slot center position Pcs is coincident with an area center (geometric center of gravity) of the opening30op, as seen in the vertical direction. Thus, the position recognition portion70bcan calculate the slot center position Pcs based on the image data IMG1representing the shape of the opening30opof the slot30. Further, the position recognition portion70bcalculates or recognizes the magnet center position Pcm and the vertical clearance distance D0, based on image data IMG2, IMG3representing the images of the shapes of the permanent magnet34and the rotor core20taken by the cameras52b,52c(seeFIG.3). Since the permanent magnet34is homogeneous in composition, the position recognition portion70bcan calculate the magnet center position Pcm, based on the shape of the permanent magnet34. Further, the position recognition portion70bcalculates or recognizes a fixing error of the permanent magnet34by the magnet holding portion62(i.e., positional deviation or inclination of the permanent magnet34fixedly held by the magnet holding portion62, relative to the magnet holding portion62), based on an image data IMG4representing the image of the shape of the permanent magnet34taken by the camera52d. From the slot center position Pcs, the magnet center position Pcm and the fixing error that are recognized by the position recognition portion70b, an initial offset distance G0, which is a horizontal distance from the magnet center position Pcm to the slot center position Pcs in the initial state as seen in the vertical direction, is recognized by the position recognition portion70b. It is noted that the position recognition portion70brecognizes the position of the robot arm60relative to the table58in the initial state, through the arm control signal Sarm (by which the movement of the robot arm60is controlled), so that the position recognition portion70bcan recognize the initial offset distance G0and the vertical clearance distance D0, also based on the recognized position of the robot arm60relative to the table58in the initial state. As shown in the view ofFIG.4B, after the position recognizing step, the first-movement control portion70cimplements the first moving step of moving the permanent magnet34in a horizontal direction (i.e., direction indicated by arrow D1) such that the longitudinal end portion34t1becomes opposed to the opening30op. At the first moving step, the permanent magnet34is horizontally moved by the first-movement control portion70c, to a position in which the cross sectional shape of the magnet34(i.e., the shape of the cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the permanent magnet34) is included within the cross sectional shape of the opening30op, as seen in the vertical direction, namely, to a position in which an entirety of the cross section of the magnet34overlaps with the cross section of the opening30op, as seen in the vertical direction. More specifically described, at the first moving step, the permanent magnet34is moved by the first-movement control portion70c, such that the magnet center position Pcm and the slot center position Pcs, which have been recognized by the position recognition portion70b, are made aligned with each other as seen in the vertical direction, and such that the permanent magnet34is not rotated and the permanent magnet34is not deviated from a predetermined angular position relative to the slot30about the magnet center position Pcm and the slot center position Pcs that are aligned with each other. By the way, as described above, the initial offset distance G0and the vertical clearance distance D0can be recognized in the electronic control device70, based on the information or data representing to the recognized position of the robot arm60relative to the table58in the initial state. However, even though the position of the robot arm60relative to the table58in the initial state is always the same, the position of the permanent magnet34relative to the magnet holding portion62is likely to vary, for example, by about several μm to several tens μm, each time when the permanent magnet34is attached to the magnet holding portion62to be held by the magnet holding portion62. Further, the initial offset distance G0recognized by the position recognition portion70bcould contain a recognition error, i.e., a difference of the recognized position of the permanent magnet34relative to the slot30(which is recognized based on the image data IMG1, IMG2, IMG3, IMG4), from an actual position of the permanent magnet34relative to the slot30. At the first moving step, the permanent magnet34is horizontally moved so as to reduce the initial offset distance G0recognized by the position recognition portion70b, and an inclination of the magnet holding portion62holding the permanent magnet34is changed or corrected so as to reduce the above-described fixing error (inclination). However, even after the first moving step, a positional deviation G [μm] of the magnet center position Pcm from the slot center position Pcs as seen in the vertical direction is likely to remain as a positional deviation amount G1depending on the fixing error and the recognition error. It is noted that the above-described positional deviation G, which is a deviation of the magnet center position Pcm from the slot center position Pcs as seen in the vertical direction after the first moving step, corresponds to “positional deviation between the permanent magnet and the hole portion, as seen in the direction parallel to the axis”, which is recited in the appended claims. It is further noted that the positional deviation G as seen in the vertical direction may be expressed also as the positional deviation G as seen in a horizontal direction that is perpendicular to the vertical direction. FIGS.4A to4Dshows, by way of example, a case in which the slot center position Pcs and the magnet center position Pcm are deviated from each other, after the first moving step, as seen in the vertical direction, only in the right-left direction on the drawing sheet by the positional deviation amount G1, for easier understanding of the invention. As shown in the view ofFIG.4C, after the first moving step, the load-measurement control portion70dimplements the load measuring step of measuring the load L1applied to the permanent magnet34, by moving the permanent magnet34in the vertical direction toward the opening30op, namely, in a an approaching direction (indicated by arrow D2) that brings the longitudinal end portion34t1into approximation with the opening30op. Specifically, the permanent magnet34is moved downwardly by the robot arm60by a distance (=D0+δ) that is slightly larger than the vertical clearance distance D0in the initial state, wherein δ [μm] is a positive value that is close to zero. This distance slightly larger than the vertical clearance distance D0is a distance that causes the longitudinal end portion34t1to be brought into contact with the rotor core20in a case in which the slot center position Pcs and the magnet center position Pcm are deviated from each other, as seen in the vertical direction, to a degree that impedes insertion of the permanent magnet34into the slot30. During movement (downward movement) of the permanent magnet34at the load measuring step, the load L1applied to the permanent magnet34is constantly measured by the load sensor64. At the load measuring step, when the load L1exceeds a predetermined load limit Llmt1[N], the load-measurement control portion70dstops or suspends movement (downward movement) of the permanent magnet34. The load limit Llmt1is a predetermined determination value that is obtained by experimentation or determined by an appropriate design theory, so as to determine whether an amount of the deformation of the permanent magnet34and the rotor core20caused by contact of permanent magnet34and the rotor core20is within a tolerable range or not. In the present embodiment, the load L1is compared with the predetermined load limit Llmt1, and the movement of the permanent magnet34is suspended when the load L1exceeds the predetermined load limit Llmt1. However, predetermined load limits may be set for the respective loads Lx1, Ly1, Lz1measured by the load sensor64, such that the movement of the permanent magnet34is suspended when at least one of the loads Lx1, Ly1, Lz1exceeds a corresponding one of the load limits. At the load measuring step, in a case in which the permanent magnet34has been downwardly moved by the above-described distance (=D0+δ) that is slightly larger than the vertical clearance distance D0, without the measured load L1exceeding the load limit Llmt1, it is regarded that the longitudinal end portion34t1of the permanent magnet34has started to be inserted into the slot30without the amount of the deformation of the permanent magnet34and the rotor core20exceeding the tolerable range. At the load measuring step, in a case in which the measured load L1has exceeded the load limit Llmt1, it is regraded that the longitudinal end portion34t1of the permanent magnet34has been brought into contact with the rotor core20, and the longitudinal end portion34t1has not been inserted into the slot30. The load L1, which is caused upon contact of the permanent magnet34with the rotor core20, is a force applied from the rotor core20to the permanent magnet34that is held by the magnet holding portion62provided with the load sensor64. As shown in the view ofFIG.4D, after the load measuring step, the second-movement control portion70eimplements the second moving step. The second-movement control portion70ecalculates a vector of the load L1, based on the direction and amount of each of the loads Lx1, Ly1, Lz1, and calculates a direction in which a force is applied to the permanent magnet34from the rotor core20. Thus, it is possible to determine a portion of the permanent magnet34which has been brought into contact with the rotor core20. The second moving step includes two sub-steps consisting of a separating step and a position correcting step. The separating step is a sub-step of moving the permanent magnet34in the vertical direction away from the slot30, namely, in a direction (indicated by arrow D3) that causes the longitudinal end portion34t1to be separated from the opening30op. The separating step is followed by the position correcting step that is another sub-step of moving the permanent magnet34in a horizontal direction (indicated by arrow D4) that reduces the positional deviation G, based on the data relating to the load L1measured at the load measuring step. At the separating step, which is implemented when the load L1has exceeded the load limit Llmt1, the permanent magnet34is upwardly moved, for example, by a distance that is substantially equal to a distance by which the permanent magnet34has been downwardly moved at the load measuring step, so that the axial end portion20t1and the longitudinal end portion34t1are separated from each other as in the initial state. At the position correcting step, the permanent magnet34is moved, for example, in a manner described below. At the load measuring step, a direction of a horizontal component of the load L1applied to the permanent magnet34from the rotor core20is substantially the same as a direction away from the magnet center position Pcm toward the slot center position Pcs. The second-movement control portion70ereduces the positional deviation G, by moving the permanent magnet34by a predetermined distance d [μm] in the above-described direction of the horizontal component of the load L1, so that the positional deviation G is reduced to a positional deviation amount G2(<G1) after the second moving step, as shown in the view ofFIG.4D, for example. It is noted that the predetermined distance d is a distance which is obtained by experimentation or determined by an appropriate design theory, and which is smaller than the above-described fixing error and recognition error. It is further noted that the above-described direction of the horizontal component of the load L1is a direction dependent on the amounts of the respective load Lx1and load Ly1that are two components of the load L1which act in respective two directions perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the axis CL, namely, a direction that can be determined based on the amounts of the respective load Lx1and load Ly1. The above-described load measuring step and the second moving step are implemented repeatedly as needed, after the first moving step and before the inserting step described below. With the load measuring step and the second moving step being implemented repeatedly a plurality of times, the positional deviation G is gradually reduced. In a case in which the load L1measured at the load measuring step does not exceed the predetermined load limit Llmt1, the insertion control portion70fimplements the inserting step of inserting the permanent magnet34into the slot30, by moving the permanent magnet34downwardly in the vertical direction, i.e., in a direction same as the above-described approaching direction by which the longitudinal end portion34t1is brought into approximation with the opening30opfor measuring the load L1at the load measuring step implemented by the load-measurement control portion70d. As a result of the second moving step implemented shortly before the inserting step, the positional deviation G is reduced whereby the load L1applied to the permanent magnet34during the downward movement of the permanent magnet34becomes not larger than the load limit Llmt1, so that the permanent magnet34can be smoothly inserted into the slot30without the amount of the deformation of the permanent magnet34and the rotor core20exceeding the tolerable range at the inserting step. FIG.5is a flow chart for explaining steps of the method of assembling the rotor10, by showing, by way of example, a main part of a control routine executed by the electronic control device70of the rotor assembly apparatus50for assembling the rotor10. This control routine is initiated with step S10as the initial setting step corresponding to function of the initial-setting control portion70a, which is implemented to fix the rotor core20onto the table58, and to attach the permanent magnet34to the magnet holding portion62. Step S10is followed by step S20as the position recognizing step corresponding to function of the position recognition portion70b, which is implemented to recognize the slot center position Pcs, the magnet center position Pcm, the vertical clearance distance D0and the fixing error, based on the image data IMG1, IMG2, IMG3, IMG4representing the images taken by the cameras52a,52b,52c,52d. Step S20is followed by step S30as the first moving step corresponding to function of the first-movement control portion70c, which is implemented to horizontally move the permanent magnet34such that the magnet center position Pcm is made aligned with the slot center position Pcs as seen in the vertical direction. That is, at step S30, the permanent magnet34is moved such that the initial offset distance G0recognized at step S20is reduced. Step S30is followed by step S40. At step S40as the load measuring step corresponding to function of the load-measurement control portion70d, the permanent magnet34starts to be moved downwardly. Step S40is followed by step S50as the load measuring step corresponding to function of the load-measurement control portion70d, which is implemented to constantly measure the load L1by the load sensor64attached to the magnet holding portion62, during downward movement of the permanent magnet34. Step S50is followed by step S60as the load measuring step corresponding to function of the load-measurement control portion70d, which is implemented to determine whether the load L1measured at step S50is within the load limit Llmt1or not. When an affirmative determination is made at step S60, the control flow goes to step S100. When a negative determination is made at step S60, the control flow goes to step S70as the load measuring step corresponding to function of the load-measurement control portion70d, which is implemented to stop the downward movement of the permanent magnet34. Step S70is followed by step S80. At step S80as the separating step of the second moving step corresponding to function of the second-movement control portion70e, the permanent magnet34is moved upwardly. Step S80is followed by step S90as the position correcting step of the second moving step corresponding to function of the second-movement control portion70e, which is implemented to horizontally move the permanent magnet34, depending on data relating to the load L1measured at step S50, such that the positional deviation G is reduced. After step S90, step S40is implemented again. It is noted that the data relating to the load L1include not only the amount of the load L1but also the direction of the load L1(i.e., direction in which the load L1acts), wherein the amount and direction of the load L1are calculated based on amounts of the respective load Lx1, load Ly1and load Lz1which act in the respective X-axis direction, Y-axis direction and Z-axis direction and which are measured by the load sensor64. At step S100as the inserting step corresponding to function of the insertion control portion70f, the permanent magnet34is downwardly moved and is inserted into the slot30. After step S100, one cycle of execution of the control routine is terminated. The method of assembling the rotor10according to the present embodiment includes: (a) the first moving step of horizontally moving the permanent magnet34such that the longitudinal end portion34t1(i.e., an end portion of the permanent magnet34in the longitudinal direction parallel to the axis CL direction) is positioned to be opposed to the opening30opof the slot30; (b) the load measuring step of, after the first moving step, downwardly moving the permanent magnet34toward the rotor core20in the approaching direction that is parallel to the axis CL direction, and measuring the load L1applied to the permanent magnet34, by the load sensor64, when the longitudinal end portion34t1of the permanent magnet34is brought into contact with the rotor core20; (c) the second moving step of, after the load measuring step, moving the permanent magnet34so as to change the position of the permanent magnet34relative to the rotor core20, depending on the data relating to the load L1measured at the load measuring step, such that the positional deviation G between the slot center position Pcs and the magnet center position Pcm, as seen in vertical direction, is reduced; and (d) the inserting step of, after the second moving step, inserting the permanent magnet34into the slot30, by downwardly moving the permanent magnet34relative to the rotor core20in the direction same as the approaching direction in which the longitudinal end portion34t1becomes close to the opening30op. Further, the electronic control device70for the rotor assembly apparatus50according to the present embodiment includes: (a) the first-movement control portion70cconfigured to move the permanent magnet34relative to the rotor core20, such that the longitudinal end portion34t1of the permanent magnet34is positioned to be opposed to the opening30opof the slot30; (b) the load-measurement control portion70dconfigured, after the permanent magnet34is moved by the first-movement control portion70c, to downwardly move the permanent magnet34toward the rotor core20in the approaching direction that is parallel to the axis CL direction, and to measure the load L1applied to the permanent magnet34, by the load sensor64, when the longitudinal end portion34t1of the permanent magnet34is brought into contact with the rotor core20; (c) the second-movement control portion70econfigured, after the load L1is measured by the load-measurement control portion70d, to move the permanent magnet34so as to change the position of the permanent magnet34relative to the rotor core20, depending on the data relating to the load L1measured by the load-measurement control portion70d, such that the positional deviation G between the permanent magnet34and the slot30, which is as seen in the vertical direction, is reduced; and (d) the insertion control portion70fconfigured, after the permanent magnet34is moved by the second-movement control portion70e, to insert the permanent magnet34into the slot30, by moving the permanent magnet34relative to the rotor core20in the direction same as the approaching direction in which the longitudinal end portion34t1becomes close to the opening30op. The position of the permanent magnet34relative to the rotor core20is corrected by implementations of the load measuring step corresponding to function of the load-measurement control portion70dand the second moving step corresponding to function of the second-movement control portion70e, such that the positional deviation G between the slot center position Pcs and the magnet center position Pcm, as seen in the vertical direction, is reduced, whereby the reduction of the insertability of the permanent magnet34is suppressed even if the cross section of the slot30perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the slot30is reduced in area, as compared with a method without the load measuring step and the second moving step, namely, as compared with an arrangement without the load-measurement control portion70dand the second-movement control portion70e. Thus, it is possible to reduce the gap between the rotor core20and the permanent magnet34while suppressing the reduction of the insertability of the permanent magnet34into the slot30of the rotor core20, and accordingly to improve performance of the vehicle rotating electric machine MG. In the method of assembling the rotor10according to the present embodiment, the second moving step is implemented when the load L1measured at the load measuring step exceeds the predetermined load limit Llmt1, and the inserting step is implemented when the load L1measured at the load measuring step does not exceed the predetermined load limit Llmt1. Further, in the electronic control device70for the rotor assembly apparatus50according to the present embodiment, the permanent magnet34is moved by the second-movement control portion70e, so as to change the position of the permanent magnet34relative to the rotor core20, when the load L1measured by the load-measurement control portion70dexceeds the predetermined load limit Llmt1, and the permanent magnet34is inserted into the slot30by the insertion control portion70fwhen the load L1measured by the load-measurement control portion70ddoes not exceed the predetermined load limit load limit Llmt1. That is, when the measured load L1exceeds the predetermined load limit Llmt1, the position of the permanent magnet34relative to the rotor core20is corrected. When the measured load L1does not exceed the predetermined load limit Llmt1, the load measuring step is followed by the inserting step whereby the permanent magnet34is inserted into the slot30immediately after implementation of the load measuring step. In the method of assembling the rotor10according to the present embodiment, when the load L1measured at the load measuring step exceeds the predetermined load limit Llmt1, the movement of the permanent magnet34toward the rotor core20is stopped or suspended at the load measuring step. Further, in the electronic control device70for the rotor assembly apparatus50according to the present embodiment, when the load L1measured by the load-measurement control portion70dexceeds the predetermined load limit Llmt1, the movement of the permanent magnet34toward the rotor core20(i.e., in the approaching direction in which the longitudinal end portion34t1becomes close to the opening30op) by the load-measurement control portion70dis stopped or suspended. That is, when the measured load L1exceeds the predetermined load limit Llmt1, the downward movement of the permanent magnet34toward the rotor core20is suspended, whereby the deformation of the permanent magnet34and the rotor core20, which could be caused by contact of the permanent magnet34and the rotor core20, can be suppressed. Thus, it is possible to suppress the reduction of the insertability of the permanent magnet34into the slot30while suppressing the deformation of the permanent magnet34and the rotor core20, namely, improving the performance of the vehicle rotating electric machine MG. In the method of assembling the rotor10according to the present embodiment, the second moving step is implemented a plurality of times, after the first moving step and before the inserting step. Further, in the electronic control device70for the rotor assembly apparatus50according to the present embodiment, the movement of the permanent magnet34is repeated a plurality of times by the second-movement control portion70e, before the insertion of the permanent magnet34into the slot30by the insertion control portion70f. With the second moving step corresponding to function of the second-movement control portion70ebeing implemented the plurality of times, the correction of the position of the permanent magnet34relative to the rotor core20is made repeated times so as to reduce the positional deviation G. Therefore, the reduction of the insertability of the permanent magnet34is suppressed even if the cross section of the slot30perpendicular to the longitudinal direction is reduced in area, as compared with a method in which the second moving step is not implemented repeated times. Further, it is possible to reduce the gap between the rotor core20and the permanent magnet34and accordingly to further improve performance of the vehicle rotating electric machine MG. In the method of assembling the rotor10according to the present embodiment, at the first moving step, the permanent magnet34is moved so as to change the position of the permanent magnet34relative to the rotor core20, depending on the image data IMG1, IMG2, IMG3, IMG4representing the images of the slot30and the permanent magnet34which are taken by the cameras52a,52b,52c,52d. Further, in the electronic control device70for the rotor assembly apparatus50according to the present embodiment, the first-movement control portion70cis configured to move the permanent magnet34so as to change the position of the permanent magnet34relative to the rotor core20, depending on the image data IMG1, IMG2, IMG3, IMG4representing images of the slot30and the permanent magnet34which are taken by the cameras52a,52b,52c,52d. Thus, in the arrangement in which the permanent magnet34is moved depending on the image data IMG1, IMG2, IMG3, IMG4representing the images taken by the cameras52a,52b,52c,52d, the position of the permanent magnet34relative to the slot30can be accurately recognized as compared with an arrangement in which the permanent magnet34is moved without depending on the image data IMG1, IMG2, IMG3, IMG4. Thus, the positional deviation G (positional deviation amount G1in the present embodiment) between the permanent magnet34and the slot30, as seen in the vertical direction, after implementation of the first moving step, can be made relatively small. Therefore, as compared with the arrangement in which the permanent magnet34is moved without depending on the image data IMG1, IMG2, IMG3, IMG4representing the images taken by the cameras52a,52b,52c,52d, the positional deviation G between the permanent magnet34and the slot30, as seen in the vertical direction, can be quickly made small, and the insertion of the permanent magnet34can be made quickly even if the cross section of the slot30perpendicular to the longitudinal direction is reduced in area. Second Embodiment FIG.6is a view for explaining a construction of a rotor assembly apparatus150that is to be used in a method of assembling the rotor, which is according to a second embodiment of the present invention, and also for explaining major portions of control functions that are provided to perform various control operations in the rotor assembly apparatus150. The rotor assembly apparatus150is substantially the same in construction as the rotor assembly apparatus50in the above-described first embodiment, but is different from the rotor assembly apparatus50in that the table58and the load sensor64are replaced by a table158and a load sensor164, respectively. In the following description of this second embodiment, there will be described mainly elements different from those of the first embodiment. The same reference signs as used in the first embodiment will be used in the following second embodiment, to identify the functionally corresponding elements, and descriptions thereof are not provided. The table158is a base on which the rotor core20is to be fixedly held such that the axis CL of the rotor core20is parallel to the vertical direction. The table158serves as a core holding portion (core holding means) configured to fixedly hold the rotor core20such that the rotor core20is unmovable relative to the table158. The load sensor164is attached to a portion of the table158onto which the rotor core20is to be fixed. The load sensor164is constituted by a strain sensor, for example, and is configured to measure a load Lx2[N], a load Ly2[N] and a load Lz2[N] that act in the respective X-axis direction, Y-axis direction and Z-axis direction and are applied to the rotor core20fixed on the table158. The measured load Lx2, load Ly2and load Lz2are respective components of a load L2[N] applied to the rotor core20. That is, the measured load Lx2, load Ly2and load Lz2are the respective components of the load L2that act in the respective X-axis direction, Y-axis direction and Z-axis direction. The load L2[N] as a vector quantity corresponds to “load” recited in the appended claims. The method of assembling the rotor10, i.e., a method of inserting the permanent magnet34into the slot30, according to this second embodiment is substantially the same as the method according to the above-described first embodiment, but is different from the method according to the first embodiment in that the load L2applied to the rotor core20in place of the load L1applied to the permanent magnet34is calculated at the load measuring step and in that the permanent magnet34is horizontally moved depending on data relating to the load L2in place of the data relating to the load L1such that the positional deviation G is reduced. During movement (downward movement) of the permanent magnet34at the load measuring step corresponding to function of the load-measurement control portion70d, the load L2applied to the rotor core20is constantly calculated by the load sensor164. At the load measuring step, when the load L2exceeds a predetermined load limit Llmt2[N], the load-measurement control portion70dsuspends movement (downward movement) of the permanent magnet34. The load limit Llmt2is a predetermined determination value that is obtained by experimentation or determined by an appropriate design theory, so as to determine whether an amount of the deformation of the permanent magnet34and the rotor core20caused by contact of the permanent magnet34and the rotor core20is within a tolerable range or not. For example, the load limit Llmt2in this second embodiment and the load limit Llmt1in the above-described first embodiment are equal to each other in amount, and are opposite to each other in direction. In this second embodiment, the load L2is compared with the predetermined load limit Llmt2, and the movement of the permanent magnet34is suspended when the load L2exceeds the predetermined load limit Llmt2. However, predetermined load limits may be set for the respective loads Lx2, Ly2, Lz2measured by the load sensor164, such that the movement of the permanent magnet34is suspended when at least one of the loads Lx2, Ly2, Lz2exceeds a corresponding one of the load limits. At the load measuring step, in a case in which the permanent magnet34has been downwardly moved by the distance (=D0+δ) that is slightly larger than the vertical clearance distance D0, without the measured load L2exceeding the load limit Llmt2, it is regarded that the longitudinal end portion34t1of the permanent magnet34has started to be inserted into the slot30without the amount of the deformation of the permanent magnet34and the rotor core20exceeding the tolerable range. At the load measuring step, in a case in which the measured load L2has exceeded the load limit Llmt2, it is regraded that the longitudinal end portion34t1of the permanent magnet34has been brought into contact with the rotor core20, and the longitudinal end portion34t1has not been inserted into the slot30. The load L2, which is caused upon contact of the permanent magnet34with the rotor core20, is a force applied from the permanent magnet34to the rotor core20that is fixedly held on the table158provided with the load sensor164. As is obvious from the law of action and reaction, upon contact of the permanent magnet34and the rotor core20with each other, the load L1and the load L2are equal to each other in amount, and are opposite to each other in direction. Therefore, in the electronic control device70, the load L1can be calculated based on the load L2, and a direction in which is a force is applied to the permanent magnet34from the rotor core20can be calculated. At the second moving step corresponding to function of the second-movement control portion70e, the permanent magnet34is horizontally moved depending on the data relating to the load L2measured at the load measuring step, such that the positional deviation G is reduced. Like the above-described data relating to the load L1, the data relating to the load L2include not only the amount of the load L2but also the direction of the load L2(i.e., direction in which the load L1acts), wherein the amount and direction of the load L2are calculated based on the load Lx2, load Ly2and load Lz2which act in the respective X-axis direction, Y-axis direction and Z-axis direction and which are measured by the load sensor164. For example, the direction of the load L1can be obtained by inverting the direction of the load L2, and the permanent magnet34is horizontally moved such that the positional deviation G is reduced as in the above-described first embodiment. The method of assembling the rotor10and the electronic control device70for the rotor assembly apparatus150according to the present second embodiment provide substantially the same effects as those according to the above-described first embodiment. While the preferred embodiments of this invention have been described in detail by reference to the drawings, it is to be understood that the invention may be otherwise embodied. In each of the above-described first and second embodiments, the vehicle rotating electric machine MG is a motor generator serving as a drive power source for driving the vehicle. However, the vehicle rotating electric machine MG does not necessarily have to be a motor generator, but may be also an electric machine having only a function serving as a motor for driving the vehicle without a function serving as a generator, or an electric machine having only a function serving as a generator for electric regeneration without a function serving as a motor. In each of the above-described first and second embodiments, the magnet center position Pcm is the center of gravity of the permanent magnet34while the slot center position Pcs is the center of gravity of the slot30in the case of assuming that the slot30is filled with a homogeneous substance. However, this arrangement is not essential. For example, the magnet center position Pcm may be an area center (geometric center of gravity) of an end surface of the longitudinal end portion34t1of the permanent magnet34while the slot center position Pcs may be an area center (geometric center of gravity) of the opening30op. In this modified arrangement, too, the positional deviation G can be reduced, by horizontally moving the permanent magnet34such that the magnet center position Pcm is aligned with the slot center position Pcs. In the above-described first embodiment, the load sensor64is attached to the magnet holding portion62. In the above-described second embodiment, the load sensor164is attached to the table158. However, each of the load sensors64,164may be attached to any portion or member as long as it can measure the load L1applied to the permanent magnet34either directly or indirectly at the load measuring step. In the above-described first and second embodiments, the loads L1, L2are constantly measured at the load measuring step. However, the loads L1, L2may be measured intermittently and repeatedly. In the above-described first and second embodiments, the load limits Llmt1, Llmt2are set for the respective loads L1, L2. However, the load limits Llmt1, Llmt2do not necessarily have to be set for the respective loads L1, L2. For example, at the load measuring step, in a case in which the amount of the deformation of the permanent magnet34and the rotor core20does not exceed the tolerable range even if the longitudinal end portion34t1is brought into contact with the rotor core20when the permanent magnet34is downwardly moved by the distance (=D0+δ) slightly larger than the vertical clearance distance D0, the load limits Llmt1, Llmt2do not have to be set for the respective loads L1, L2. Further, at the load measuring step, the loads L1, L2do not necessarily have to be constantly measured, as long as the loads L1, L2are measured at least when the permanent magnet34has been moved downwardly by the distance (=D0+δ) slightly larger than the vertical clearance distance D0. In the above-described first and second embodiments, each of the load measuring step and the second moving step is implemented a plurality of times after the first moving step and before the inserting step. However, each of the load measuring step and the second moving step does not have to be implemented a plurality of times, as long as each of the load measuring step and the second moving step is implemented at least one time after the first moving step and before the inserting step. In this modified arrangement, too, the position of the permanent magnet34can be corrected as needed such that that the positional deviation G is reduced, so that the reduction of the insertability of the permanent magnet34into the slot30can be suppressed even where the cross section of the slot30perpendicular to the longitudinal direction is made small, as compared with an arrangement in which the load measuring step and the second moving step are not implemented. In the above-described first and second embodiments, at the first moving step, the permanent magnet34is moved horizontally. However, this arrangement is not essential. At the first moving step, the permanent magnet34may be moved not only horizontally but also vertically, as long as the permanent magnet34is moved such that the longitudinal end portion34t1is positioned to be opposed to the opening30op. In the above-described first and second embodiments, at the second moving step implemented after the load measuring step, the separating step in which the permanent magnet34is moved in the direction indicated by the arrow D3and the position correcting step in which the permanent magnet34is moved in the direction indicated by the arrow D4, are implemented separately from each other. However, this arrangement is not essential. For example, the second moving step may be modified such that the movement of the permanent magnet34in the direction indicated by the arrow D3and the movement of the permanent magnet34in the direction indicated by the arrow D4may be made concurrently with each other such that the positional deviation G is reduced. Further, the second moving step may be modified such that the position correcting step is implemented after a corresponding one of the loads L1, L2measured at the load measuring step is made zero without the longitudinal end portion34t1being separated from the opening30op. In the above-described first and second embodiments, at the first moving step, the permanent magnet34is horizontally moved such that the magnet center position Pcm is aligned with the slot center position Pcs as seen in the vertical direction, wherein the magnet center position Pcm is recognized based on the image data IMG2, IMG3, IMG4representing the images taken by the cameras52b,52c,52dwhile the slot center position Pcs is recognized based on the image data IMG1representing the image taken by the camera52a. However, this arrangement is not essential. For example, at the first moving step, the permanent magnet34may be horizontally moved based on data representing the position of the robot arm60relative to a corresponding one of the tables58,158at the initial state, without based on the image data IMG1, IMG2, IMG3, IMG4representing the images taken by the cameras52a,52b,52c,52d. Further, the permanent magnet34does not have to be photographed necessarily by the three cameras52b,52c,52dbut may be photographed by the two cameras52b,52cconfigured to take the respective images of the permanent magnet34from different angles, as long as the fixing error of the permanent magnet34by the magnet holding portion62(i.e., positional deviation or inclination of the permanent magnet34fixedly held by the magnet holding portion62, relative to the magnet holding portion62) can be recognized. Further, at the first moving step, the horizontal movement of the permanent magnet34may be made not only based on the image data IMG1, IMG2, IMG3, IMG4representing the images taken by the cameras52a,52b,52c,52dbut also based on the data representing the position of the robot arm60relative to a corresponding one of the tables58,158at the initial state. In the above-described first and second embodiments, there has been described, by way of example, the case, with reference toFIG.4A to4D, in which the slot center position Pcs and the magnet center position Pcm are deviated from each other, after the first moving step, only in the right-left direction on the drawing sheet by the positional deviation amount G1, as seen in the vertical direction. However, the present invention is applicable also to a case in which the slot center position Pcs and the magnet center position Pcm are deviated from each other, after the first moving step, in another direction such as a depth direction on the drawing sheet ofFIG.4A to4Das seen in the vertical direction. Further, the present invention is applicable also to a case in which the magnet center position Pcm is aligned with the slot center position Pcs as seen in the vertical direction but the permanent magnet34is deviated from a predetermined angular position relative to the slot30about the magnet center position Pcm and the slot center position Pcs that are aligned with each other. In the above-described case in which the magnet center position Pcm is aligned with the slot center position Pcs as seen in the vertical direction but the permanent magnet34is circumferentially deviated from the predetermined angular position relative to the slot30, the loads Lx1, Ly1(Lx2, Ly2) as horizontal components of the load L1(L2), which are measured at the load measuring step, could be zero while the load Lz1(Lz2) as a vertical component, which is also measured at the load measuring step, is a positive value. In that case, at the second moving step, the permanent magnet34is rotated about the magnet center position Pcm relative to the slot30by a predetermined degree α [rad] in one of opposite directions or the other of the opposite directions, without the magnet center position Pcm being moved relative to the slot center position Pcs as seen in the vertical direction, so that it is possible to reduce a positional deviation θ [rad] between the permanent magnet34and the slot30in a circumferential direction about the magnet center position Pcm and the slot center position Pcs that are aligned with each other. It is noted that the predetermined degree α is a predetermined value which is obtained by experimentation or determined by an appropriate design theory, and by which the permanent magnet34is to be rotated about the magnet center position Pcm relative to the slot30at the second moving step, and that the predetermined degree α is smaller than an angular error caused by the above-described fixing error and/or the recognition error. It is noted that the above-described positional deviation θ in the circumferential direction corresponds to “positional deviation between the permanent magnet and the hole portion, as seen in the direction parallel to the axis”, which is recited in the appended claims, and that the above-described arrangement in which the permanent magnet34is rotated about the magnet center position Pcm relative to the slot30by the predetermined degree a in one of the opposite directions or the other of the opposite directions corresponds to “moving at least one of the permanent magnet and the rotor core so as to change the position of the permanent magnet relative to the rotor core, depending on data relating to the load measured at the load measuring step, such that a positional deviation between the permanent magnet and the hole portion, as seen in the direction parallel to the axis, is reduced”, which is recited in the appended claims. In the above-described first and second embodiments, the rotor core20and the permanent magnet34are fixedly held such that both of the axis CL direction of the rotor core20and the longitudinal direction of the permanent magnet34are held parallel to the vertical direction. However, this arrangement is not essential. For example, the rotor core20and the permanent magnet34may be fixedly held such that axis CL direction of the rotor core20and the longitudinal direction of the permanent magnet34are parallel to each other and are inclined with respect to the vertical direction by a certain degree. In the above-described first and second embodiments, the permanent magnet34is moved, by the robot arm60, relative to the rotor core20. However, this arrangement is not essential. For example, it is possible to modify the arrangement such that the rotor core20is moved relative to the permanent magnet34by a movement mechanism (not shown) configured to move a corresponding one of the tables58,158while the permanent magnet34held by magnet holding portion62is fixed. In this modified arrangement, the electronic control device70controls the above-described movement mechanism, rather than controlling the robot arm60, so as to move the rotor core20fixed on the corresponding one of the tables58,158. Further, in each of the first and second moving steps, not only either of the permanent magnet34and the rotor core20but also both of the permanent magnet34and the rotor core20may be moved so as to change the position of the permanent magnet34relative to the rotor core20. In an arrangement in which both of the permanent magnet34and the rotor core20are movable, the permanent magnet34may be configured to be moved in the Z-axis direction (i.e., vertical direction) while the rotor core20may be configured to be moved in the X-axis and Y-axis directions (i.e., horizontal directions), for example. It is to be understood that the embodiments described above are given for illustrative purpose only, and that the present invention may be embodied with various modifications and improvements which may occur to those skilled in the art. NOMENCLATURE OF ELEMENTS 10: rotor20: rotor core30: slot (hole portion)30op: opening34: permanent magnet34t1: longitudinal end portion50;150: rotor assembly apparatus52a,52b,52c,52d: cameras64;164: load sensor70: electronic control device (control device)70c: first-movement control portion (first moving step)70d: load-measurement control portion (load measuring step)70e: second-movement control portion (second moving step)70f: insertion control portion (inserting step)CL: axisL1(Lx1, Ly1, Lz1): loadL2(Lx2, Ly2, Lz2): loadLlmt1: load limitLlmt2: load limitG: positional deviationθ: positional deviation | 65,755 |
11942839 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLES Reference now will be made in detail to embodiments of the invention, one or more examples of which are illustrated in the drawings. Each example is provided by way of explanation of the invention, not as a limitation of the invention. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. For instance, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment can be used with another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. Thus, it is intended that the present invention covers such modifications and variations as come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. FIG.1is a perspective view of an example of a wind turbine10. In the example, the wind turbine10is a horizontal-axis wind turbine. Alternatively, the wind turbine10may be a vertical-axis wind turbine. In the example, the wind turbine10includes a tower15that extends from a support system14on a ground12, a nacelle16mounted on tower15, and a rotor18that is coupled to nacelle16. The rotor18includes a rotatable hub20and at least one rotor blade22coupled to and extending outward from the hub20. In the example, the rotor18has three rotor blades22. In an alternative embodiment, the rotor18includes more or less than three rotor blades22. The tower15may be fabricated from tubular steel to define a cavity (not shown inFIG.1) between a support system14and the nacelle16. In an alternative embodiment, the tower15is any suitable type of a tower having any suitable height. According to an alternative, the tower can be a hybrid tower comprising a portion made of concrete and a tubular steel portion. Also, the tower can be a partial or full lattice tower. The rotor blades22are spaced about the hub20to facilitate rotating the rotor18to enable kinetic energy to be transferred from the wind into usable mechanical energy, and subsequently, electrical energy. The rotor blades22are mated to the hub20by coupling a blade root portion24to the hub20at a plurality of load transfer regions26. The load transfer regions26may have a hub load transfer region and a blade load transfer region (both not shown inFIG.1). Loads induced to the rotor blades22are transferred to the hub20via the load transfer regions26. In examples, the rotor blades22may have a length ranging from about 15 meters (m) to about 90 m or more. Rotor blades22may have any suitable length that enables the wind turbine10to function as described herein. For example, non-limiting examples of blade lengths include 20 m or less, 37 m, 48.7 m, 50.2 m, 52.2 m or a length that is greater than 91 m. As wind strikes the rotor blades22from a wind direction28, the rotor18is rotated about a rotor axis30. As the rotor blades22are rotated and subjected to centrifugal forces, the rotor blades22are also subjected to various forces and moments. As such, the rotor blades22may deflect and/or rotate from a neutral, or non-deflected, position to a deflected position. Moreover, a pitch angle of the rotor blades22, i.e., an angle that determines an orientation of the rotor blades22with respect to the wind direction, may be changed by a pitch system32to control the load and power generated by the wind turbine10by adjusting an angular position of at least one rotor blade22relative to wind vectors. Pitch axes34of rotor blades22are shown. During operation of the wind turbine10, the pitch system32may particularly change a pitch angle of the rotor blades22such that the angle of attack of (portions of) the rotor blades are reduced, which facilitates reducing a rotational speed and/or facilitates a stall of the rotor18. In the example, a blade pitch of each rotor blade22is controlled individually by a wind turbine controller36or by a pitch control system80. Alternatively, the blade pitch for all rotor blades22may be controlled simultaneously by said control systems. Further, in the example, as the wind direction28changes, a yaw direction of the nacelle16may be rotated about a yaw axis38to position the rotor blades22with respect to wind direction28. In the example, the wind turbine controller36is shown as being centralized within the nacelle16, however, the wind turbine controller36may be a distributed system throughout the wind turbine10, on the support system14, within a wind farm, and/or at a remote-control center. The wind turbine controller36includes a processor40configured to perform the methods and/or steps described herein. Further, many of the other components described herein include a processor. As used herein, the term “processor” is not limited to integrated circuits referred to in the art as a computer, but broadly refers to a controller, a microcontroller, a microcomputer, a programmable logic controller (PLC), an application specific, integrated circuit, and other programmable circuits, and these terms are used interchangeably herein. It should be understood that a processor and/or a control system can also include memory, input channels, and/or output channels. FIG.2is an enlarged sectional view of a portion of the wind turbine10. In the example, the wind turbine10includes the nacelle16and the rotor18that is rotatably coupled to the nacelle16. More specifically, the hub20of the rotor18is rotatably coupled to an electric generator42positioned within the nacelle16by the main shaft44, a gearbox46, a high-speed shaft48, and a coupling50. In the example, the main shaft44is disposed at least partially coaxial to a longitudinal axis (not shown) of the nacelle16. A rotation of the main shaft44drives the gearbox46that subsequently drives the high-speed shaft48by translating the relatively slow rotational movement of the rotor18and of the main shaft44into a relatively fast rotational movement of the high-speed shaft48. The latter is connected to the generator42for generating electrical energy with the help of a coupling50. Furthermore, a transformer90and/or suitable electronics, switches, and/or inverters may be arranged in the nacelle16in order to transform electrical energy generated by the generator42having a voltage between 400 V to 1000 V into electrical energy having medium voltage (10-35 KV). Said electrical energy is conducted via power cables from the nacelle16into the tower15. The gearbox46, generator42and transformer90may be supported by a main support structure frame of the nacelle16, optionally embodied as a main frame52. The gearbox46may include a gearbox housing that is connected to the main frame52by one or more torque arms103. In the example, the nacelle16also includes a main forward support bearing60and a main aft support bearing62. Furthermore, the generator42can be mounted to the main frame52by decoupling support means54, in particular in order to prevent vibrations of the generator42to be introduced into the main frame52and thereby causing a noise emission source. Optionally, the main frame52is configured to carry the entire load caused by the weight of the rotor18and components of the nacelle16and by the wind and rotational loads, and furthermore, to introduce these loads into the tower15of the wind turbine10. The rotor shaft44, generator42, gearbox46, high speed shaft48, coupling50, and any associated fastening, support, and/or securing device including, but not limited to, support52, and forward support bearing60and aft support bearing62, are sometimes referred to as a drive train64. In some examples, the wind turbine may be a direct drive wind turbine without gearbox46. Generator42operate at the same rotational speed as the rotor18in direct drive wind turbines. They therefore generally have a much larger diameter than generators used in wind turbines having a gearbox46for providing a similar amount of power than a wind turbine with a gearbox. The nacelle16also may include a yaw drive mechanism56that may be used to rotate the nacelle16and thereby also the rotor18about the yaw axis38to control the perspective of the rotor blades22with respect to the wind direction28. For positioning the nacelle16appropriately with respect to the wind direction28, the nacelle16may also include at least one meteorological measurement system which may include a wind vane and anemometer. The meteorological measurement system58can provide information to the wind turbine controller36that may include wind direction28and/or wind speed. In the example, the pitch system32is at least partially arranged as a pitch assembly66in the hub20. The pitch assembly66includes one or more pitch drive systems68and at least one sensor70. Each pitch drive system68is coupled to a respective rotor blade22(shown inFIG.1) for modulating the pitch angel of a rotor blade22along the pitch axis34. Only one of three pitch drive systems68is shown inFIG.2. In the example, the pitch assembly66includes at least one pitch bearing72coupled to hub20and to a respective rotor blade22(shown inFIG.1) for rotating the respective rotor blade22about the pitch axis34. The pitch drive system68includes a pitch drive motor74, a pitch drive gearbox76, and a pitch drive pinion78. The pitch drive motor74is coupled to the pitch drive gearbox76such that the pitch drive motor74imparts mechanical force to the pitch drive gearbox76. The pitch drive gearbox76is coupled to the pitch drive pinion78such that the pitch drive pinion78is rotated by the pitch drive gearbox76. The pitch bearing72is coupled to pitch drive pinion78such that the rotation of the pitch drive pinion78causes a rotation of the pitch bearing72. Pitch drive system68is coupled to the wind turbine controller36for adjusting the pitch angle of a rotor blade22upon receipt of one or more signals from the wind turbine controller36. In the example, the pitch drive motor74is any suitable motor driven by electrical power and/or a hydraulic system that enables pitch assembly66to function as described herein. Alternatively, the pitch assembly66may include any suitable structure, configuration, arrangement, and/or components such as, but not limited to, hydraulic cylinders, springs, and/or servomechanisms. In certain embodiments, the pitch drive motor74is driven by energy extracted from a rotational inertia of hub20and/or a stored energy source (not shown) that supplies energy to components of the wind turbine10. The pitch assembly66may also include one or more pitch control systems80for controlling the pitch drive system68according to control signals from the wind turbine controller36, in case of specific prioritized situations and/or during rotor18overspeed. In the example, the pitch assembly66includes at least one pitch control system80communicatively coupled to a respective pitch drive system68for controlling pitch drive system68independently from the wind turbine controller36. In the example, the pitch control system80is coupled to the pitch drive system68and to a sensor70. During normal operation of the wind turbine10, the wind turbine controller36may control the pitch drive system68to adjust a pitch angle of rotor blades22. According to an embodiment, a power generator84, for example comprising a battery and electric capacitors, is arranged at or within the hub20and is coupled to the sensor70, the pitch control system80, and to the pitch drive system68to provide a source of power to these components. In the example, the power generator84provides a continuing source of power to the pitch assembly66during operation of the wind turbine10. In an alternative embodiment, power generator84provides power to the pitch assembly66only during an electrical power loss event of the wind turbine10. The electrical power loss event may include power grid loss or dip, malfunctioning of an electrical system of the wind turbine10, and/or failure of the wind turbine controller36. During the electrical power loss event, the power generator84operates to provide electrical power to the pitch assembly66such that pitch assembly66can operate during the electrical power loss event. In the example, the pitch drive system68, the sensor70, the pitch control system80, cables, and the power generator84are each positioned in a cavity86defined by an inner surface88of hub20. In an alternative embodiment, said components are positioned with respect to an outer surface of hub20and may be coupled, directly or indirectly, to the outer surface. FIG.3schematically illustrates a rear view of an example of an electrical machine100.FIG.4schematically illustrates a portion of the electrical machine ofFIG.3without a segment145. As it can be seen in the examples ofFIGS.3and4, an electrical machine100comprises a rotor130, a stator120and a radial air gap116between the rotor130and the stator120. In this example, the electrical machine is a generator for a wind turbine, in particular for a direct drive wind turbine. The illustrated back side of the generator may face a downwind side of the wind turbine and not the rotor of the wind turbine. In other examples, the electrical machine100may be a generator for a wind turbine with a gearbox, a generator in general or even a motor. In the example ofFIGS.3and4, the generator comprises an annular cover140in its back side (the wind turbine rotor being arranged at a front side of the generator). The annular cover140comprises a plurality of segments145, one of which has been removed inFIG.4. In this figure, a rotor rim131and a stator rim121may be seen. In the illustrated example, the rotor130radially surrounds the stator120. In other examples, the stator may radially surround the rotor. The stator120comprises a stator rim121and a plurality of active stator parts122. The rotor130comprises a rotor rim131and a plurality of active rotor parts132. An active stator part122may be one or more permanent magnets, one or more permanent magnet modules, one or more coils, or one or more coil modules. An active rotor part132may likewise be one or more permanent magnets, one or more permanent magnet modules or one or more coils, or one or more coil modules. For example, an active stator part122may be a coil, and an active rotor part132may be a permanent magnet module. In other examples, both the active stator parts122and the active rotor parts132may be coils. A radial air gap116separates the active parts132of the rotor from the active parts122of the stator. Referring to a coil may include referring to just a coil or to a coil and a coil support, e.g. a coil tooth. As illustrated inFIGS.3and4, an annular cover140may be attached to a flange150of a circumferential cover of the rotor130. The annular cover140may extend in a radial plane substantially perpendicular to an axial direction105, and the circumferential cover (not shown) may radially surround the stator. A flange150may be understood as a side portion of the circumferential cover of the rotor. Removable fasteners such as bolts or screws may join the annular cover140to the flange150. An axial gap may be provided between the annular cover140and the active parts of the stator122and rotor132. The annular cover140may comprise a plurality of segments145. As it can be seen in the example ofFIG.4, removal of a segment145may enable access to some active parts of the rotor and/or the stator. The annular cover140may protect the active parts of the rotor and/or the stator. In other examples, such a cover140may not be present. In an aspect of the disclosure, a method200is provided. Method200is suitable for removing an active part122of a stator120of an electrical machine100. Method200is schematically illustrated inFIG.5. In some examples, the electrical machine may be a generator, in particular a generator for a wind turbine, and more in particular a generator for a direct drive wind turbine. Active parts, as used throughout the present disclosure, may be regarded as parts of the rotor or stator that are magnetically and/or electrically active. In some examples, the plurality of active stator parts122may be a plurality of coils, and the plurality of active rotor parts132may be a plurality of permanent magnet modules. An active part to be removed122may be a coil. A tooth supporting a coil may be removed together with the coil. The method comprises, at block210, removing one or more active rotor parts132of a rotor130of an electrical machine100when the rotor is in a removal starting position. If one or more active parts132are removed, e.g. one or more permanent magnet modules, the parts may be adjacent to one another in a circumferential direction115. This can be seen inFIG.6, where two adjacent active parts of the rotor132have been removed. The removed part(s)132leave a gap160in the rotor. The removal starting position of the rotor may be selected according to its suitability for the removal of the active part(s) of the rotor132. For example, the rotor130may be rotated to a first position such that the one or more active parts of the rotor132to be removed are easily accessible. Relatively easy access may for instance be from an upper or a top portion of the nacelle. If the rotor is already in a suitable position, rotating it would not be necessary. The method may further comprise removing a side cover, e.g. a portion of side cover140, to enable access to the active rotor parts132. A side cover may in some examples be a segment145of an annular cover140. Removing a side cover145may create an opening which enables removal of one or more active parts of the rotor132(and/or of the stator122) in an axial direction105. Additionally or alternatively, the method may comprise removing a portion of a circumferential cover (not shown) to enable access to the active rotor parts132. A circumferential cover may cover the rotor130along an axial direction105and a tangential or circumferential direction115. Flange150may be an extension of the circumferential cover over the rear side (downstream side) of a generator. Removing a portion of a circumferential cover may allow removal of one or more active rotor parts132in a radial direction110as well as in an axial direction105. One or more active stator parts122may similarly be removed. In some examples, the rotor130may comprise a plurality of spacers133. The spacers133may be arranged in a circumferential direction115between a rotor rim or a circumferential cover of the rotor and the plurality of active parts of the rotor132. Spacers133may be attached to a rotor rim131and active parts of the rotor132may be attached, e.g. radially, to the spacers133. A spacer133may have a width in a circumferential direction115which is substantially equal to a width of an active part of the rotor132in a circumferential direction115, as illustrated for example inFIG.4. Likewise, a spacer133may have a length in an axial direction105which is substantially equal to a length of an active part of the rotor132in an axial direction105. A height of a spacer133in a radial direction110may be less than, substantially equal to or more than a height of an active rotor part132in a radial direction110. InFIG.4, a height of a spacer133in a radial direction110is bigger than that of an active part of the rotor132. If spacers133are present in the rotor130, removing the active rotor parts132may further comprise removing one or more spacers radially110adjacent to the active rotor parts132. Therefore, for example, once the rotor130is in a first position, one or more spacers133and one or more active parts of the rotor132may be taken out. The one or more spacers133and the one or more active parts of the rotor132may be removed together, i.e. in a single operation, or may be removed separately. For example, one or more spacers133may be removed first and one or more active parts132may be removed afterwards. Removal may be performed axially105and/or radially110. InFIG.6, removal may have been performed axially105through the opening left by the previously detached segment145. The method further comprises, at block220, arranging a replacement tool101in a gap160left by the removed active rotor parts132. If spacers133have also been removed, the replacement tool may be accommodated in the gap160left by the removed spacers133and active parts132. The replacement tool101is configured to hold an active stator part122, e.g. a coil, or a coil and a coil tooth. The use of spacers133and, when used, their height (dimension in radial direction110), may be chosen depending on the heights (dimensions in radial direction110) of the active parts of the stator122and the rotor132. For example, if the height of an active rotor part132is less than the height of an active stator part122, more room for arranging the replacement tool101may be required and therefore spacers may be used. The diameter of the rotor may also be increased in some examples for creating more space in a radial direction110for arranging the spacers133and the replacement tool101. Alternatively or in addition to the use of spacers, the height (dimension in radial direction110) of the active rotor parts132may be increased. For example, a height of a permanent magnet module, and in particular a height of its base (i.e. the part configured to be attached to a rotor rim131, or to a spacer), may be increased. A diameter of the rotor may again also be increased in some examples. By using one or more of the previous options, one or more extracting tools101may have enough free space in a radial direction for being arranged for extracting a active rotor part122. In view of the above, a rotor130comprising a rotor rim131and a plurality of removable rotor elements attached to the rotor rim131can be provided. In use, the rotor elements face a stator. A height of the rotor elements is substantially equal to or greater than a height of the active stator parts122such that one or more of the active stator parts122can be rotated with the rotor130when held by the rotor. A height may be measured along a radial direction110. In this way, enough space can be provided in the rotor130, particularly in a radial direction110, for arranging a tool101as described throughout this disclosure. In some examples, the rotor elements are active rotor parts132, for example permanent magnet modules. In some other examples, the rotor elements comprise an assembly of an active rotor part and a spacer. For example, the rotor elements may be active rotor parts132attached to spacers133, such that the active parts are attached to the rotor rim by the spacers. Such a rotor may be included in an electrical machine, for example in a generator. The rotor and the generator may be suitable for a wind turbine, and in particular for a direct drive wind turbine. The replacement tool101may be axially introduced into the gap160. The tool101may alternatively be radially introduced into the gap160. Once in a desired position, e.g. in a desired axial position, the replacement tool101may be secured. For example, the tool101may be releasably attached, e.g. through nuts and bolts, to a rotor rim. A tool101may also clamp a portion of the rotor, e.g. a rotor rim. A replacement tool101attached to a rim and rotor cover may be seen inFIG.7. In this example, the rotor cover is directly fixed to the rotor rim and may form an integral part therewith, i.e. the rotor cover rotates with the rotor rim. More than one replacement tool101may be arranged in the gap160and secured to the rotor130, in particular along an axial direction105. For example, two replacement tools101may be arranged in the gap160axially such that the longitudinal ends of a active stator part122may be grasped by the replacement tools101later on. The method further comprises, at block230, rotating the rotor to an alignment position such that the replacement tool101is radially aligned with an active stator part122to be removed. The active stator part122to be removed may be a coil in some examples. An active part122may be in a circumferential position of the stator120which is difficult to access, i.e. an active part of the stator122may be difficult to extract from that position. For example, in the case of a direct driven generator of a wind turbine, the active stator part122may be close to the tower or to a wind turbine blade. If removed directly from such positions, an active part122may collide with the tower or a blade. The method further comprises, at block240, picking the active stator part122to be removed with the replacement tool101. The method may further comprise pushing the active stator part122to be extracted towards the replacement tool101by a movable element155. The movable element155may be configured to such end. The movable element155may move an active part122in a radially outwards direction111. The movable element155may advance in a radially outwards direction111to this end. A movable element155pushing a active stator part122towards a tool101may be seen inFIG.8. The active stator part122may need to be detached from the stator rim121first. For example, one or more bolts joining the active part122to the stator rim121may need to be removed before using the movable element155to displace the active part122radially outwards111. A movable element155may be already incorporated in the stator120, e.g. in a recess135(seeFIG.9A) or a protrusion125(seeFIG.9B) of the stator. For example, if it is known that certain circumferential regions of the stator120may be problematic for replacing active parts122attached therein, one or more pushing elements155may be arranged with these parts of the stator. Protrusions and/or recesses may be provided in a stator frame142. In some examples, the stator120may comprise one or more recesses135in which one or more pushing elements155may be stored. A recess may extend partially or totally along an axial length of the stator. In the first case, there may be more than one recess along an axial direction105. For example, two recesses may be provided along an axial direction at two different axial positions. A pushing element155may be stored in each recess. Similarly, one or more recesses135may be provided along a circumferential direction115. For example, three or four recesses substantially equally spaced along a circumferential direction may be provided in the stator120. Each of the recesses may extend along a total or a partial axial length of the stator. One or more pushing elements155may be arranged at a certain axial position in each recess. In some other examples, the stator120may comprise one or more protrusions125in which one or more pushing elements155may be stored. A protrusion125may extend partially or totally along an axial length of the stator. In the first case, there may be more than one protrusion along an axial direction105. For example, two protrusions may be provided along an axial direction at two different axial positions. A pushing element155may be stored inside or below each protrusion. Similarly, one or more protrusions125may be provided along a circumferential direction115. For example, three or four protrusions substantially equally spaced along a circumferential direction may be provided in the stator120. Each of the protrusions may extend along a partial or a total axial length of the stator. One or more pushing elements155may be arranged at a certain axial position in each protrusion. The dimensions of a recess135or a protrusion125may be selected depending on the dimensions of a pushing element155. A circumferential spacing between circumferentially adjacent protrusions or recesses may be substantially the same along a circumferential direction115. This may be important for appropriate load distribution in the stator. A movable element155may be fixedly or releasably connected to a protrusion or recess. A movable element155may be retractable. In some examples, a movable element155may be a rod, a screw, e.g. a worm screw, or any suitable element or tool which may be able to push an active stator part122away from the stator rim121. In some examples, the replacement tool101may not move radially110to pick the active stator part122. The tool may not be configured to move in a radial direction110. The movable element155may push the active part towards the replacement tool101and the tool101may grasp the active part122. The replacement tool may have for example clamps or a clamping portion for this. The active stator part122may be clamped by the tool. For example, the tool may clamp two opposite circumferential recesses of the part122with the tool101. In some other examples, the replacement tool101, e.g. a portion of the tool, may move radially (inwards, see arrow114inFIG.8) in order to pick the active part122. In these examples, the tool101is configured to move radially. The method further comprises, at block250, rotating the rotor130to an extraction position, and at block260, removing the active stator part122from the rotor130. The active part122may be removed in an axial direction105in some examples. The replacement tool101may be then detached, or it may be left mounted for mounting a new active stator part122. The extraction position may be the removal starting position in some examples. In other examples, the extraction position may be different from the removal starting position. With this method, other active parts, for example other active stator parts122, do not need to be extracted to reach a damaged active part122. Rather, a replacement tool101is moved from a first removal starting position to a second alignment position where the damaged active part122is, and then moved to an extraction position, e.g. the first position. This method may accordingly be easier to perform and more efficient than other methods for removing or replacing active stator parts122in locations difficult to access or maneuver. A new active stator part122may be joined to the replacement tool101and the above steps may be performed in a reverse order to install it. These steps are indicated below. They may be performed after block260of method200or they may be performed independently. They are indicated as a separate method300below, but together with removal method200, a replacement method may be performed. In another aspect of the disclosure, a method300for mounting an active stator part122in a stator120of an electrical machine100is provided. Method300is schematically shown inFIG.10. An electrical machine100may be a generator, more in particular a generator for a wind turbine, and more in particular a generator for a direct drive wind turbine. FIG.12shows a stator gap165in which an active stator part122is to be installed. The method comprises, at block310, arranging an active stator part122in a replacement tool101attached to a rotor130while the rotor is in a mounting starting position. This step is illustrated inFIG.11. The mounting starting position of the rotor may correspond to the extraction position of method200or to a different position. An active stator part122may be a coil and an active rotor part132may be a permanent magnet module in some examples. If method300is not performed as a continuation of method200, one or more active rotor parts132, and optionally one or more spacers133, may need to be removed for creating a gap160in the rotor for arranging the tool101. The rotor may be rotated to the mounting starting position, or may be already in the mounting starting position. The method further comprises, at block320, rotating the rotor to an insertion position such that the replacement tool101is radially aligned with a gap165of the stator in which the active stator part122is to be mounted. Such a position has been achieved inFIG.12. The insertion position may be the alignment position of method200if these methods are performed one after the other. The method further comprises, at block330, inserting the active stator part122in the gap65. In some examples, a movable element155may pick the active part122from the replacement tool101and move it towards the stator rim121. Movement may be radial110, in particular in a radially inwards direction (see arrow114inFIG.8). The movable element155may be the same as the one used for the extraction of an active stator part122in method200. Once in place, the active part of the stator120may be attached to the stator rim121, for example with nuts and bolts. The method may further comprise rotating the rotor130to a mounting ending position and removing the replacement tool101. The mounting ending position may be the mounting starting position in some examples. The replacement tool101may need to be detached from a rotor circumferential cover before removing the tool101. The tool101may be extracted in an axial direction105in some examples. Once the rotor gap160between circumferentially adjacent active parts of the rotor132has been freed, one or more active rotor parts132may be placed in the gap160to fill it (seeFIG.4). For example, one or more permanent magnet modules may be attached to the rotor rim131. Any cover145which has been removed to access the active parts122,132may be attached again to the generator (seeFIG.3). In this way, an active stator part122may be conveniently and efficiently replaced. In another aspect of the disclosure, a replacement tool101is provided. The replacement tool is configured to hold an active stator part122in an electrical machine. The replacement tool101may be used in method200, in method300, and in a combination of methods200and300. An example of a replacement tool101has been schematically represented inFIG.13. The replacement tool101comprises a holding portion410and an anchoring portion420. The holding portion is configured to hold an active stator part122. The anchoring portion is configured to secure the replacement tool101to a rotor130, for example to a circumferential cover of the rotor. The holding portion410may comprise two substantially parallel arms411,411′ extending from the base414. The parallel arms411,411′ may be configured to surround an active stator part122. A height431of the arms may be designed to be about the same of a height of an active stator part122. In some examples, a height431of the arms411,411′ may be adjustable. For instance, the arms may be telescopic. The holding portion410may comprise two opposite inner protrusions412,412′ configured to hold or clamp an active stator part122. For example, each arm411,411′ may have an inner protrusion412,412′ to this end. When attached to the rotor130, the arms may extend in a radial direction110and the protrusions may extend in a tangential direction115. As illustrated inFIG.13, the protrusions may be located at or near an end415of the replacement tool101opposite to the anchoring portion420. A protrusion412,412′ may be configured to fit in a recess that an active stator part122may have. In some examples, recesses in an active part122may only be accessible to the tool101after the active part122has been radially (outwardly) displaced. The holding portion410may comprise a base414from which arms411,411′ may extend. When picking a active stator part122, the base414may be in contact with an upper (radially outwards) side of the active part122. The anchoring portion420may have one or more grippers421,421′ for gripping the rotor130, e.g. a portion of a circumferential cover of the rotor. A gripper may be a clamp or any suitable component to releasably connect the tool101to the rotor. In some examples, grippers may extend from base414. Although only a number of examples have been disclosed herein, other alternatives, modifications, uses and/or equivalents thereof are possible. Furthermore, all possible combinations of the described examples are also covered. Thus, the scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by particular examples, but should be determined only by a fair reading of the claims that follow. | 35,855 |
11942840 | IN THE FIGURES 10. rotor core;11. first bevel edge;12. shaft hole;13. second bevel edge; 20. slit groove; 30. filled groove; 40. independent filled groove; 50. straight section; 60. end ring. DETAILED DESCRIPTION It should be noted that the embodiments in present disclosure and the features in the embodiments can be combined with each other if there is no conflict. Hereinafter, the present disclosure will be described below in detail with reference to the drawings and in conjunction with the embodiments. It should be noted that the terminology used herein is only for describing specific embodiments, rather than intending to limit the exemplary embodiments according to the present disclosure. As used herein, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the singular form is also intended to include the plural form. In addition, it should also be understood that when the terms “comprising” and/or “including” are used in the present specification, it indicates that the presence of features, steps, operations, devices, components, and/or combinations thereof. It should be noted that the terms “first” and “second” in the present specification, claims and drawings of the present disclosure are used to distinguish similar objects, and are not necessarily used to describe a specific sequence or sequence. It should be understood that the terms used in this way can be interchanged under appropriate circumstances, so that the embodiments of the present disclosure described herein can be implemented in an order other than those illustrated or described herein, for example. In addition, the terms “including” and “having” and any variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions. For example, a process, method, system, product, or device that comprises a series of steps or units is not necessarily limited to those expressly listed. Those steps or units may include other steps or units not clearly listed or inherent to such processes, methods, products, or devices. For ease of description, spatial relative terms can be used herein, such as “over”, “on top of”, “above the surface”, “above”, etc., to describe as shown in the drawing to describe the spatial positional relationship between one device or feature with other devices or features. It should be understood that the spatial relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations in use or operation other than the orientation of the device as depicted in the figure. For example, if a device in the drawing is inverted, then the device described as “above other devices or structures” or “over other devices or structures” will then be positioned as “below other devices or structures” or “under other devices or structures”. Thus, the exemplary term “above” can include both orientations “above” and “below”. The device can also be positioned in other different ways (rotated by 90 degrees or in other orientations), and the spatial relative description used herein will be explained accordingly. These exemplary embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure will now be described in greater detail with reference to the drawings. However, these exemplary embodiments can be implemented in a variety of different forms, and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. It should be understood that these embodiments are provided for thorough and complete disclosure of the present disclosure, and to fully convey the concept of these exemplary embodiments to those of ordinary skill in the art. In the drawings, for clarity, the thicknesses of the layers and regions may be enlarged, the same reference signs are used to denote the same devices, thus omitting the description thereof. As shown inFIGS.1toFIG.3, in some embodiments of the present disclosure, a self-starting synchronous reluctance motor rotor is provided. As shown inFIG.1, the rotor comprises a rotor core10. A plurality of slit grooves20are provided on the rotor core10, and the two ends of each slit groove20are respectively provided with a filled groove30. A first end of the filled groove30is provided adjacent to the slit groove20, and a second end of the filled groove30extends outwards parallel to the d-axis of the rotor core10; the second end of the filled groove30is provided with at least one bevel edge, so that when the d-axis magnetic flux of the rotor core10enters a stator along channels formed at the bevel edges, no abrupt change occurs to the magnetic flux. In these embodiments, at least one bevel edge is provided at the second end of the filled groove; accordingly, a cross-sectional area of the second end of the filled groove is reduced, and the width of a magnetic conductive channel formed between two adjacent filled grooves is increased, effectively reducing abrupt change in reluctance of the rotor, therefore effectively reducing a torque ripple of a motor with the rotor, and reducing the iron loss, improving the efficiency of the motor. As shown inFIG.1, the second end of the filled groove30is provided with two bevel edges which comprise: the first bevel edge11arranged on one sidewall of the filled groove30far from the shaft hole12of the rotor core10; the first bevel edge11forms a first included angle with the d-axis; and the second bevel edge13arranged on one sidewall of the filled groove30adjacent to the shaft hole12; the second bevel edge13forms a second included angle with the d-axis. Wherein, the first bevel edge11and the second bevel edge13are arranged at a distance in the width direction of the filled groove30. The first included angle is θ1, where θ1135°, and/or the second included angle is θ2, where θ2170°. Therefore, the magnetic field entering the stator can be gradually reduced, which reduces the torque ripple, and the magnetic flux entering the stator can be increased, which increases the motor torque. In order to further improve the performance of the rotor and make the motor with the rotor have better efficiency, in some embodiments, the first included angle and the second included angle are set to gradually increase in a direction away from the d-axis. Wherein, the rotor punching sheet of the rotor core10is made of oriented silicon steel sheets, a direction of a maximum magnetic conductivity of the oriented silicon steel sheet is the d-axis direction, and a direction of a minimum magnetic conductivity of the oriented silicon steel sheet is the q-axis direction. An independent filled groove40is provided adjacent to the outer edge of the rotor core10, and the q-axis of the rotor core10coincides with the geometric center line of the independent filled groove40along the radial direction of the rotor core10. In some embodiments, the sum of the width of the slit groove20on any magnetic pole of the rotor core10passing through the q-axis and the width of the independent filled groove40on the magnetic pole passing through the q-axis is L3, and the distance from the shaft hole12of the rotor core10to the outer edge of the rotor core10is L4, where 0.2L4/L30.5. The slit groove20and the filled groove30corresponding to the two ends thereof form a magnetic barrier layer. A magnetic conductive channel is formed between every two adjacent magnetic barrier layers, and the extension direction of at least one end of the magnetic conductive channel adjacent to the outer edge of the rotor core10is parallel to the d-axis. Therefore, the d-axis magnetic flux can flow smoothly on the d-axis, increasing the inductance gap and improving the reluctance torque. Wherein, as shown inFIG.1, both ends of the magnetic channel are parallel to the upper line of the d-axis. As shown inFIG.1, both ends of the magnetic conductive channel are provided with straight sections50; the extension direction of the straight sections50is parallel to the d-axis, and the length of the straight sections50is gradually reduced along the direction far from the d-axis. The width of the magnetic conductive channel is gradually increased from the q-axis to two sides. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of slit grooves20has an arc-shaped structure in the middle of the slit groove, and the two ends of the slit groove20with arc-shaped structure have a straight section. The distance between adjacent filled grooves30is d1, and the minimum width between adjacent magnetic barrier layers is d, where d1d. As shown inFIG.1, the included angle of the lines respectively connecting two ends of the independent filled groove40to the shaft hole12of the rotor core10is α, where 20°α60°. The independent filled groove40and the filled groove30are filled with conductive and non-magnetic material, and the filled conductive and non-magnetic material is short-circuited through end rings60at two ends of the rotor core10. The distance between the sidewall of the independent filled groove40adjacent to the outer edge of the rotor core and the outer edge of the rotor core10is L1, where 0.5δL1<δ, and the distance from the filled groove30to the slit groove20is L2, where 0.5δL2<δ, δ is the width of the air gap between the stator core and the rotor core10. Wherein, the cross section of the shaft hole12is elliptical, the long axis of the shaft hole12is located on the d-axis, and the short axis of the shaft hole12is located on the q-axis of the rotor core10. In some other embodiments, as shown inFIG.2, the cross section of the shaft hole12presents as a circular structure. The rotor in the above embodiment can also be used in the technical field of electrical equipment, in some embodiments, a motor is provided, which comprises the self-starting synchronous reluctance motor rotor in the above-mentioned embodiments. The rotor in the above embodiment can also be used in the technical field of compressor equipment, in some embodiments, a compressor is provided, which comprises the self-starting synchronous reluctance motor rotor in the above-mentioned embodiments. Indeed, such rotor can also be applied to the technical field of fans and air compressor equipment. Adopting the self-starting synchronous reluctance motor rotor of the present disclosure solves low efficiency of asynchronous motors and changes in rotating speed along with the load. By adopting such rotor, the cost is low, the reliability is high, and the high-efficiency constant rotating speed operation can be realized. The outer end portion of the filled groove is designed into a bevel edge by means of corner cutting, which effectively reduces the abrupt change of the reluctance, reduces the torque ripple of the motor, while reduces the iron loss and improves the efficiency of the motor. Reducing the obstacle of the filled groove (slot portion) to the rotor d-axis magnetic flux in the prior art, while adopting oriented silicon steel material to make the d-axis magnetic direction of the rotor consistent with a magnetic direction of the oriented silicon steel material, and increasing the difference of the magnetic flux of the d-axis and q-axis, improving the output power and efficiency of the motor. The outer end portion of the filled groove is designed by means of corner cutting, which effectively reduces the abrupt change of the reluctance, reduces the torque ripple of the motor, while reduces the iron loss and improves the efficiency of the motor. It enables the magnetic flux to gradually transit into the stator through the bevel edge during the rotation of the rotor, which slows down abrupt changes in the magnetic flux and reduces the torque ripple. In addition, the incision ensures that the effective d-axis magnetic flux enters the stator to generate torque without increasing magnetic flux leakage. The rotor is made of oriented silicon steel sheet. A direction of a maximum magnetic conductivity of the silicon steel sheet is the d-axis direction of the rotor, and a direction of a minimum magnetic conductivity of the silicon steel sheet is the q-axis direction of the rotor. The inductance difference of the motor is enlarged by utilizing the material characteristics, increasing the reluctance torque of the motor. Meanwhile, an elliptical shaft hole is used to reduce the arc of the magnetic barrier, so that the channel between the magnetic barriers tends to be more linear, and the optimal utilization of the oriented silicon steel sheet is realized. Wherein, the rotor is formed by axially laminating rotor punching sheet with a specific structure. The rotor punching sheet is provided with filled grooves and slit grooves, and a shaft hole12matching the rotating shaft. The filled grooves and the slit grooves together form a multi-layer magnetic barrier structure of the rotor, the space between adjacent magnetic barrier layers is the magnetic flux flow channel of the rotor, wherein the corners of both edges of the outer end portion of the filled groove are cut. The included angles between the two cutting edges and the horizontal edge parallel to the d-axis are θ1and θ2respectively. The angles θ1and θ2gradually increase along with the direction of the filled groove away from the d-axis, that is, the farther the filled groove is from the d-axis, the bigger the included angles between the two cutting edges at the outer end portion of the filled groove and the horizontal edge parallel to the d-axis are. The angles θ1and θ2satisfy θ1135° or θ2170°. In some embodiments, 145°θ1or θ2165°. It enables the magnetic flux to gradually transit into the stator through the incision during the rotation of the rotor, which slows down abrupt changes in the magnetic flux and reduces the torque ripple. In addition, the incision ensures that the effective d-axis magnetic flux enters the stator to generate torque without increasing magnetic flux leakage. The rotor punching sheet is made of oriented silicon steel sheet, wherein a direction of a maximum magnetic conductivity of the silicon steel sheet is the d-axis direction of the rotor, and a direction of a minimum magnetic conductivity of the silicon steel sheet is the q-axis direction of the rotor. The purpose is to enlarge the inductance difference of the motor by utilizing the material characteristics, increasing the reluctance torque of the motor, reducing the iron loss of the motor rotor and improving the efficiency of the motor. In some embodiments, the ratio of the width of the rotor magnetic barrier portion composed of the filled groove and the slit groove in the q-axis direction to the distance between the outer circle of the rotor and the shaft hole can be from 0.2 to 0.5. In some embodiments, the ratio is from 0.3 to 0.4. The purpose is to select a reasonable magnetic barrier ratio, which not only ensures sufficient magnetic barrier width, effectively obstructs the q-axis magnetic flux, but also ensures a reasonable magnetic flux channel to prevent magnetic flux saturation, and increases the d-axis magnetic flux, enlarging the salient pole ratio of the motor, increasing the reluctance torque of the motor and optimizing the output torque of the motor. The rotor magnetic conductive channel between the rotor magnetic barrier layer composed of the filled groove and the slit groove is parallel to a direction of a maximum magnetic conductivity of the silicon steel sheet near the outer edge of the rotor. The closer the rotor magnetic conductive channel between the rotor magnetic barrier layer is to the d-axis, the longer the length of the magnetic conductive channel parallel to a direction of a maximum silicon steel sheet magnetic conductivity, in order to make the d-axis magnetic flux flow unimpeded. The width of the rotor magnetic flux channel between the rotor magnetic barrier layers composed of the filled groove and the slit groove is the narrowest at the position of the q-axis, and the width of the magnetic flux channel from the q-axis to both edges of the outer circle of the rotor gradually transits to the maximum. The purpose is to optimize the d-axis magnetic flux channel, increase the magnetic flux in the d-axis direction, increase the difference between the d-axis and q-axis magnetic flux, generate greater reluctance torque, and increase the output torque and efficiency of the motor. The slit groove is composed of a straight line part adjacent to the outer circle of the rotor and a corresponding arc line section part. The closer the slit groove is to the shaft hole, the larger the radian of the arc line section is. Transitioning from the shaft hole position to the outer circumference of the rotor, the radian of the arc line section is gradually reduced, and even becomes a straight line. This design takes into account the position of the rotor shaft hole, and the space in the d-axis direction and the q-axis direction of the rotor is reasonably utilized to make the d-axis magnetic flux flow channel as smooth as possible, while blocking the q-axis magnetic flux flow channel to optimize the use of the rotor space to improve inductance difference of the d-axis and q-axis of the rotor, making the motor performance better. In some embodiments, the relationship between the width d1between adjacent filled grooves and the minimum width d between the corresponding magnetic barrier layers should satisfy d1d. can ensure that the magnetic flux channel in the d-axis direction will not be oversaturated and avoid supersaturation that hinders the flow of d-axis magnetic flux. Independent filled grooves are also provided on the periphery of the rotor, which are located in the q-axis direction of the rotor and symmetrically distributed on both sides of the d-axis. The included angle between the two ends of the independent filled grooves in the q-axis direction and the line of the center of the circle is α whose angle range should satisfy 20°α60°, in some embodiments, 40°α50°. On one hand, this design can increase the number of magnetic barrier layers of the rotor and increase the salient pole difference; on the other hand, it can improve the starting performance of the motor. Both the filled groove and the independent filled groove are filled with conductive and non-magnetic materials, and the end rings60at both ends of the rotor realize self-short circuit, forming a squirrel cage structure, and realizing the self-starting function. The distance from the filled groove and the independent filled groove to the outer surface of the rotor core is L1, and the distance between the filled groove2and the slit groove is L2. L1and L2should respectively meet the requirements that 0.5δL1<δ, 0.5δL2<δ, wherein δ is the width of the air gap between the stator core and the rotor core. This design can reduce the amount of magnetic flux leakage in the rotor part of the motor while ensuring the mechanical strength of the rotor and improving the performance of the motor. The shape of the shaft hole is not limited to the shape of a round hole. In some embodiments, the shaft hole5is designed to be elliptical or a shape similar to elliptical. The long axis of the shaft hole of the elliptical shape or the shape similar to elliptical is arranged in the d-axis direction of the rotor, and the short axis thereof is arranged in the q-axis direction of the rotor. The elliptical shaft hole design reduces the arc of the magnetic barrier in order to match the characteristics of the oriented silicon steel material, so that the channel between the magnetic barriers tends to be more straight, and the oriented silicon steel sheet is utilized optimally. As shown inFIG.4, a torque comparison diagram between the rotor of the present disclosure and the prior art, the rotor of the present disclosure can effectively increase the output torque of the motor, so that the performance of the motor is better, while the torque ripple of the motor and the iron loss are reduced. In addition to the above, it should be noted that the “one embodiment”, “another embodiment”, “embodiment”, etc., as referred to in the present specification refer to specific features, structures, or characteristics described in conjunction with the embodiment, that include the presence of like expressions throughout the specification in at least one embodiment of the generic description of the present disclosure. The occurrence of the same expression in multiple places in the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. In some embodiments, when describing a specific feature, structure, or characteristic in combination with any embodiment, it is claimed that the combination of other embodiments to realize such a feature, structure, or characteristic also falls within the scope of the present disclosure. In the above-mentioned embodiments, the description of each embodiment has its own emphasis. For parts that are not described in detail in some embodiment, reference may be made to related descriptions of other embodiments. The foregoing descriptions are only preferred embodiments of the present disclosure rather than limiting the present disclosure. For those of skill in the art, the present disclosure can be in various modifications and changes. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc., made within the spirit and principle of the present disclosure shall be included within the protection scope of the present disclosure. | 21,295 |
11942841 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Various embodiments will be described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. In general, according to one embodiment, a stator of a rotary electric machine comprises a stator core including a yoke and a plurality of teeth, and a plurality of rectangular conductors having a rectangular cross-section. The rectangular conductor includes a linear part passing through a slot formed between adjacent teeth. A width of the slot is formed to be narrower to an inner side from an outer side of a radial direction of the stator core. In at least one of the slot, the linear part of a first rectangular conductor of the rectangular conductors, which is positioned innermost in the radial direction and in which a pair of short sides in the cross-section face in the radial direction, and the linear part of a second rectangular conductor of the rectangular conductors, which is positioned outer side of the radial direction than is the linear part of the first rectangular conductor and in which a pair of long sides in the cross-section face in the radial direction, are disposed. The first rectangular conductor includes, in a part drawn from the slot, a bending part extending from the linear part to be bent toward a circumferential direction of the stator core. The second rectangular conductor includes, in a part drawn from the slot, the bending part extending from the linear part to be bent toward the circumferential direction, and a twisted part extending from the bending part to be twisted about the circumferential direction. It should be noted that the disclosure is merely an example, and changes which are made appropriately while maintaining the gist of the invention and can be easily conceived by a person skilled in the art are naturally included in the scope of the present invention. Further, in order to clarify the explanation, the drawings may schematically represent the dimensions, shapes, etc., of each part as compared with the actual aspects, but they are merely examples and do not limit the interpretation of the present invention. Further, in the present specification and each figure, the same elements as those described above with reference to the figure already referred to may be designated by the same reference numerals, and detailed description thereof may be omitted as appropriate. First Embodiment A stator110and a rotor120of a rotary electric machine100will be explained with reference toFIG.1. FIG.1is a horizontal cross-sectional view of the rotary electric machine100of a first embodiment. As inFIG.1, the rotary electric machine100is structured as a permanent magnetic type, for example. The rotary electric machine100includes a cylindrical stator110and a rotor120provided coaxially with the stator110to be rotatable about a center axis line C1inside the stator110, and is arranged in a field space of the stator110. In the following description, a direction in which the center axis line C1of the rotary electric machine100extends will be referred to as axial direction, a direction to rotate about the center axis line C1will be referred to as circumferential direction, and a direction orthogonal to the axial direction and the circumferential direction will be referred to as radial direction. As inFIG.1, the stator includes, for example, a cylindrical stator core10and a coil (rotor wires formed of rectangular conductors)20wound around the stator core10. The stator core10includes a yoke16and a plurality of teeth14. The stator core10is formed of multiple ring-shaped electromagnetic steel plates10S such as silicon steel layered coaxially about the center axis line C1. The multiple electromagnetic steel plates10S are welded at multiple places on the outer peripheral surface of the stator core10to be bonded while being layered on each other. The stator core10includes, while the multiple electromagnetic steel plates10S are layered, one end surface10apositioned at one end in the axial direction and other end surface10bpositioned in the axial direction. The one end10aand the other end10bextend to be orthogonal to the center axis line C1. The stator core10includes an inner peripheral surface10copposed to the rotor120, and an outer peripheral surface10dsupported by a casing which is not shown. In the inner peripheral part of the stator core10, a plurality of (for example, 48) teeth14arranged to be apart from each other in the circumferential direction of the stator core10are formed. Each of the teeth14extends toward the center axis line C1shown inFIG.1, and the teeth14are arranged along the circumferential direction of the stator core10at regular intervals. That is, the stator core10integrally includes a ring-shaped yoke16positioned in the outer side of the radial direction and the teeth14extending in the inner side of the radial direction from the inner peripheral surface of the yoke16to the center axis line C1. In the inner peripheral part of the stator core10, a plurality of (for example, 48) slots12are formed between the teeth14adjacent to each other in the circumferential direction of the stator core10. The width of the slot12is formed relatively narrower toward the inner side of the radial direction of the stator core10. In at least one slot21, of the coils20, a first rectangular conductor positioned in the innermost side in the radial direction of the stator core10and a pair of short sides of which in the cross-section face the radial direction, and a second rectangular conductor positioned in the outer side in the radial direction than is the first rectangular conductor and a pair of long sides of which face the radial direction are arranged. The rectangular conductor will be explained later. Each slot12includes areas1T,2T,3T,4T,5T,6T,7T, and8T in which multiple kinds of coil segments (first coil segment21to seventh coil segment27) are inserted in the axial direction Z and arranged in the radial direction of the stator core10. In this example, the areas1T to8T of each slot12are, while being arranged in a ring shape in the circumferential direction of the stator core10, to structure lanes1to8of the coil segment as will be described later. Each slot12extends from the one end surface10ato the other end surface10bof the stator core10in the center axis line C1, an is arranged in the circumferential direction of the stator core10at a regular interval. Each slot12opens on the inner peripheral surface of the stator core10and extends in a radiation direction (outward of radial direction) of the stator core10from the inner peripheral surface. Each slot12extends over the entire length of the stator core10in the axial direction Z while one end opens to the one end surface10aof the stator core10and the other end opens to the other end surface10bof the stator core10. Note that, in the present embodiment, each slot12opens to the inner peripheral surface of the stator core10; however, each slot12may not open on the inner peripheral surface of the stator core10. Furthermore, each slot12extends in parallel to the axial direction Z of the stator core10; however, each slot12may be inclined with respect to the axial direction Z, that is, may be skewed. The coil20has a rectangular cross-section. Each coil20is inserted into each slot12and is attached to each of teeth14positioned between adjacent slots12. The coil20includes coil segments including a linear part provided with the slot12and a bridge part connecting the linear parts of different slots12which are bonded together. In each coil segment, the linear part includes a first linear part and a second linear part provided with different slots. The coil20includes a plurality of coil segments bonded together, which include a first coil segment and a second coil segment. The first linear part and the second linear part of the first coil segment are arranged in the innermost position in the radial direction of different slots12. The first linear part and the second linear part of the second coil segment are arranged in the innermost position in the radial direction of different slots12which are different from those to which the first coil segment is inserted, while holding the first linear part and the second linear part of the first coil segment from the both sides in the circumferential direction. At least one of the first and second coil segments is included in the first rectangular conductor. The coil segment will be explained later. As shown inFIGS.2and3, the coil20includes a first coil end20extending from one end surface10aof the stator core10to the outer side of the axial direction, and a second coil end20bextending from the other end surface10bof the stator core10to the outer side of the axial direction. Some of the coils20include, in the part led from the slot12, bending parts bent in the circumferential direction of the stator core10. Furthermore, some of the coils20include, in the part led from the slot12, bending parts bent in the circumferential direction of the stator core10and twisted parts twisted about the circumferential direction. The bending parts and the twisted parts will be explained later. As inFIG.1, the rotor120includes a columnar shaft (rotation axis)40rotating about the center axis line C1, cylindrical rotor core42passing approximately through the center part of the axial direction Z of the shaft40, and a plurality of permanent magnets44embedded in the rotor core42. The rotor core42is formed as a lamination body including multiple ring-shaped electromagnetic steel plates42S formed of a magnetic material such as silicon steel, laminated coaxially. The rotor core42includes an inner hole42aformed coaxially with the center axis line C1. The shaft40is inserted into and fitted in an inner hole42aof the rotor core42, and the shaft40extends from the rotor core42to be coaxially with the stator core10. The rotor core42is arranged coaxially with the stator core10with a slight gap (air gap) in the stator core10. That is, the outer peripheral surface of the rotor core42is opposed to the tip surface of the teeth14corresponding to the inner peripheral surface of the stator core10with a slight gap. The rotor core42has an axis d extending in a radiation direction (outer side of radial direction) of the rotor core42and an axis q which is electrically apart with respect to axis d at 90°. In the present embodiment, an axis extending radially passing through the boundary of adjacent magnetic poles and the center axis line C1is given axis q, and an axis which is electrically orthogonal to the axis q is given axis d. Axes d and q are alternately arranged in the circumferential direction of the rotor core42periodically. In the rotor core42, a plurality of holes for the permanent magnets44passing through the axial direction Z are formed. The permanent magnets44are embedded and fixed in the holes of the rotor core42. The permanent magnets44extend over the entire length of the rotor core42in the axial direction Z, and are arranged in the circumferential direction of the rotor core42at certain intervals. Each of the permanent magnets44is, in the circumferential direction of the rotor core42, provided with sides of each axis d. Each permanent magnet44is formed such that the cross-sectional shape is a rectangular slender flat plate, has a length which is approximately the same as the length of the rotor core42in the axial direction Z. The permanent magnet44is, when being viewed in a cross-sectional surface orthogonal to the center axis line C1of the rotor core42, inclined with respect to the axis d. Two permanent magnets44provided with the both ends of each axis d are arranged in a V-letter shape. In this example, the inner peripheral side ends of the permanent magnets44are adjacent to the axis d and are opposed to each other with a slight gap therebetween. The outer peripheral side ends of the permanent magnets44are apart from the axis d along the circumferential direction of the rotor core42, and are positioned in the proximity of the outer peripheral surface of the rotor core42and the axis d. Thus, the outer peripheral side ends of the permanent magnets44are adjacent to the outer peripheral side ends of the permanent magnets44of adjacent magnetic pole with the axis q interposed therebetween. Note that, in the embodiment, each permanent magnet44is inclined with respect to the axis d; however, each permanent magnet44may not be inclined with respect to the axis d. The rotary electric machine100is driven by three-phase (U, V, and W phases) alternating current power. For example, two parallel-connected coils20corresponding to U phase, two parallel-connected coils20corresponding to V phase, and two parallel-connected coils20corresponding to W phase are wound around the teeth14in a distribution arrangement. That is, six parallel-connected coils20in total corresponding to U, V, and W phases are wound around the teeth14. Here, of the 48 slots12arranged in the circumferential direction of the stator core10, two coils20of U phase is arranged in n-th (n-th is not shown, the same applies in the following description) and n+1-th slots12with reference to an optional slot12. Note that n is 1, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, and 42. Similarly, of the 48 slots12, two coils20of V phase are arranged in n+2-th and n+3-th slots12. Similarly, of the 48 slots12, two coils20of W phase are arranged in n+4-th and n+5-th slots12. In each slot12, eight coil segments in total are arranged such that the long sides thereof are parallel to the radial direction of the stator core10. With reference toFIGS.1to4, the outline of the coils20of the stator110will be explained. FIG.2is a perspective view of a part of the stator110of the rotary electric machine100as being viewed from the one end surface10aside of the stator core10(non-welded side of each coil segment),FIG.3is a perspective view of a part of the stator110of the rotary electric machine100as being viewed from the other end surface10bside of the stator core10(welded side of each coil segment), andFIG.4is a perspective view of first coil segment21to seventh coil segment27inserted into the slots12of the stator core10. FIG.1illustrates a plurality of areas defined in the inside of the slot12from the outer side to the inner side of the radial direction of the stator core10, including areas11(outermost area in slot12),2T,3T,4T,5T,6T,7T, and8T (innermost area in slot12). In each area, the coil20is inserted. FIG.4illustrates lane1(outermost peripheral lane), lane2, lane3, lane4, lane5, lane6, lane7, and lane8(outermost peripheral lane) of the coil20corresponding to areas1T,2T,3T,4T,5T,6T,7T, and8T of each slot12arranged in the circumferential direction of the stator core10, as1L,2L,3L,4L,5L,6L,7L, and8L. In this example, for example, a virtual circle connecting each area11of 48 slots12arranged in a ring-shape in the circumferential direction of the stator core10will be referred to as lane1of the coil20. Similarly, for example, a virtual circle connecting each area8T of 48 slots12will be referred to as lane8of the coil20. As shown inFIGS.2and4, in the one end surface10aside of the stator core10, the first coil20of each of phases (U, V, and W phases) includes a first coil segment21arranged in the area1T (corresponding to the outermost peripheral lane1) of each slot12, fifth coil segment25arranged between the areas2T and3T (lane2and lane3) of each slot12, sixth coil segment26arranged between areas4T and5T (lane4and lane5) of each slot12, seventh coil segment27arranged between the areas6T and7T (lane6and lane7) of each slot12, and third coil segment23arranged in the area8T (the innermost peripheral lane8) of each slot12. The second coil20of each of phases is connected to the first coil20in an electrically parallel manner. The second coil20of each of phases is formed of the second coil segment22inserted in the area1T of each slot12, fifth coil segment25, sixth coil segment26, seventh coil segment27, and fourth coil segment24inserted in the area8T of each slot12. As shown inFIGS.3and4, in the other end surface10bside of the stator core10, in the first coil20of each of phases, the first coil segment21, fifth coil segment25, sixth coil segment26, seventh coil segment27, and third coil segment23are welded in this order to form a weld bead35. Similarly, in the second coil20of each of phases, the second coil segment22, fifth coil segment25, sixth coil segment26, seventh coil segment27, and fourth coil segment24are welded in this order to form a weld bead35. The weld dot35is formed of ends corresponding to bonding surfaces of different coil segments adjacent to each other, which are partially melt and cooled to be cured because of, for example, laser beam irradiation. Now, a connection terminal30which is an input terminal of power with respect to the coil20includes a U phase connection terminal31connected to a lead line of two U phase coils20, V phase connection terminal32connected to a lead line of two V phase coils20, and W phase connection terminal33connected to a lead line of two W phase coils20. When alternating current is input to the two U phase coils20through the U phase connection terminal31, alternating current is input to the two V phase coils20through the V phase connection terminal32, and alternating current is input to the two W phase coils20through the W phase connection terminal33, a certain interlinkage magnetic flux is formed in the stator110(teeth14). With reference toFIG.4, the outline of coil segments (first coil segment21to seventh coil segment27) of the coil20will be explained. As inFIG.4, the first coil segment21to the seventh coil segment27are formed of rectangular conductors (corresponding to wire of coil20) having a perpendicular cross-section (horizontal cross-section) in the longitudinal direction. Each coil segment formed of the rectangular conductors (first coil segment21to seventh coil segment27) is formed in, for example, a rectangular shape with two long sides20s(first sides) and two short sides20t(second sides) opposed in the horizontal cross-section. A pair of long sides20sare opposed to each other in a direction crossing the extension direction of the coil segment. A pair of short sides20tare shorter than the long sides20s, and while being crossing the long sides20s, opposed to each other in a direction crossing the extension direction of the coil segment. Each coil segment includes long side surfaces20M including the long sides20sand outer edges20uextending in the extension direction, which are opposed to each other, and short side surfaces20N (second side surfaces) including the short sides20tand outer edges20u, which are crossing the long side surface20M and are opposed to each other. In each coil segment, M is added to the end of the reference number if the long side surface (first side surface) is represented, and N is added to the end of the reference number if the short side surface (second side surface) is represented. The four corners of the rectangular conductor in the horizontal cross-section are subjected to the R treatment. The rectangular conductor may be square without performing the chamfering of the four corners thereof or performing any treatment to the four corners thereof. The first coil segment21to the seventh coil segment27are formed of copper or aluminum which has sufficient conductivity. In two coils of each of U, V, and W phases, the first coil segment to the seventh coil segment27are arranged to be relatively shifted by two units with respect to each of the slots12arranged in the circumferential direction of the stator core10based on distribution arrangement. That is, of 48 slots12arranged from n-th to n+47-th, for example, U phase coils20are arranged in n-th and n+1-th slots12, V phase coils20are arranged in n+2-th and n+3-th slots12which are relatively shifted by two, and W phase coils20are arranged in n+4-th and n+5-th slots12which are relatively shifted by two. Note that n is 1, 7, 13, 19, 25, 31, 37, and 43. Two coils20of each phase may be arranged in different slots12while the connection state between the coil segments (first coil segment21to seventh coil segment27) of the coil20is the same. On the other hand, two coils20of each phase have different connection states between the first and second coils20of the same phase. The first coil20of each of phases structures one line when, in the first coil segment21in which a pair of bending parts are bent counter clockwise, fifth coil segment25, sixth coil segment26, and seventh coil segment27in which a pair of bending parts are bent clockwise and counter clockwise to be apart from each other, and third coil segment23in which a pair of bending parts are bent clockwise, bonding surfaces adjacent in the radial direction of the stator core10are welded. Note that, inFIG.4, the first coil segment21to the seventh coil segment27are shown one-by-one. The second coil20of each of phases structures one line when, in the second coil segment22in which a pair of bending parts are bent counter clockwise, fifth coil segment25, sixth coil segment26, and seventh coil segment27in which a pair of bending parts are bent clockwise and counter clockwise to be apart from each other, and fourth coil segment24in which a pair of bending parts are bent clockwise, bonding surfaces adjacent in the radial direction of the stator core10are welded. In the two coils20of each of phases, the bonding surface of each coil segment is electrically insulative because of being powder coated or being covered with an insulative material such as varnish, for example. Furthermore, a plurality of coil segments arranged in the same slot13are integrally packaged with an insulating paper29to be electrically insulative. Each coil segment is inserted in a ring-shaped insulating paper29contacting the inner surface of slot12as inFIG.1. With reference toFIG.5, the structure of the first coil segment21positioned in the outermost area1T (lane1) of the coil segments arranged in the radial direction of the stator core10in the slot12will be explained. FIG.5is a perspective view of the first coil segment21positioned in lane1(outermost peripheral lane) of slot12. As inFIG.5, the first coil segment21is inserted in the area1T of two different slots12. The first coil segment21integrally includes a first extension part21P inserted in the slot12, and second extension part21Q inserted in the slot12which is five units apart from the slot12where the first extension part21P is inserted in the circumferential direction of the stator core10(clockwise as being viewed from the one end surface10aof the stator core10toward the other end surface10b), and bridge part21R bridging between the first extension part21P and the second extension part21Q in the one end surface10aside of the stator core10. In each coil segment, P is added to the end of the reference number if the structure related to the first extension part is represented, Q is added to the end of the reference number if the structure related to the second extension part is represented, and R is added to the end of the reference number if the structure related to the bridge part is represented. The first extension part21P of the first coil segment21includes a first linear part21Pa, first bending part21Pb, and first bonding surface21Pc. The first linear part21Pa is inserteded in parallel to the center axis line C1with respect to the slot12to pass through from the one end surface10aside to the other end surface10bside of the stator core10. The first bending part21Pb extends, in the other end surface10bside of the stator core10, from the end of the first linear part21Pa. When being viewed from the one end surface10aside toward the other end surface10bof the stator core10, the first bending part21Pb bends counter clockwise CCW in the circumferential direction of the stator core10. The first bending part21Pb is shown to be bent at approximately 80° counter clockwise CCW with respect to the first linear part21Pa parallel to the axial direction Z of the stator core, that is, the center axis line C1; however, it may be bent at approximately 30 to 85° with respect to the first linear part21Pa. The first bending part21Pb is slightly curved in the circumferential direction of the stator core10to be along the area1T of slots12adjacent to each other in the circumferential direction of the stator core10. The first bonding surface21Pc is positioned in the tip of the first bending part21Pb, and is mechanically and electrically welded with coil segments adjacent to each other in the radial direction of the stator core10by welding, in which the welding dot28is formed. The first bonding surface21Pc is positioned approximately parallel to the other end surface10bof the stator core10. The second extension part21Q of the first coil segment21is shaped similarly to the first extension part21P. The second extension part21Q includes a second linear part21Qa, second bending part21Qb, and second bonding surface21Qc structured the same as those of the first extension part21P. The bridge part21R of the first coil segment21connects the first linear part21Pa and the second linear part21Qa in the one end surface10aof the stator core10. The bridge part21R integrally includes a first bending end21Ra, first extension part21Rb, connection part21Rc, second extension part21Rd, and second bending end21Re in this order. The first bending end21Ra is continuous to the first linear part21Pa to be bent clockwise CW of the circumferential direction of the stator core10. The first bending end21Ra corresponds to the bending part bent in the circumferential direction in the part led from the slot12. The first extension part21Rb extends from the first bending end21Ra to clockwise of the circumferential direction of the stator core10and the outer side of the radial direction. The second bending end21Re is continuous to the second linear part21Qa to be bent counter clockwise of the circumferential direction of the stator core10. The second bending end21Re corresponds to the bending part bent in the circumferential direction in the part led from the slot12. The second extension part21Rd extends from the second bending end21Re to the counter clockwise of the circumferential direction of the stator core10and the outer side of the radial direction. The connection part21Rc is formed to curve in an S-letter shape to connect the first extension part21Rb and the second extension part2lRd. In the part of the first extension part21Rb, a first twisted part21Rf twisted abount the axial direction of the first coil segment21is formed. The first twisted part21Rf corresponds to the twisted part twisted abount the circumferential direction of the stator core10. With the first coil segmnet21, the first bending end21Ra and the first twisted part21Rf are provided in order to differentiate the orientation of the first extension part21P and the bridge part21R with respect to the stator core10. Similarly, in the part of the second extension part21Rd, a second twisted part21Rg twisted about the acis direction of the first coil segment21is formed. The second part21Rg corresponds to the twisted part twisted about the circumferential direction of the stator core10. With the first coil segment21, the second bending end21Rc and the second twisted part21Rg are provided in order to differentiate the orientation of the second extension part21Q and the bridge part21R with respect to the stator core10. The long side surface21M and the like in the connection part21Rc of the bridge part21R are arranged to face the one end surface10aof the stator core10. The connection part21Rc of the bridge part21R includes a part approximately parallel to the one end surface10aof the stator core10. The long side surface21M in the first linear part21Pa and the second linear part21Qa are arranged to be opposed to each other in the radial direction of the stator core10. In the first coil segment21, the bridge part21R, upper end of the first linear part21Pa of the first extension part21P, and upper end of the second linear part21Qa of the second extension part21Q form a first coil end20ain the one end surface10aof the stator core10. In the first coil segment21, the lower end of the first linear part21Pa of the first extension part21P, first bending part21Pb, first bonding surface21Pc, and lower end of the second linear part21Qa of the second extension part21Q, second bending part21Qb, and second bonding surface21Qc form a second coil end20bin the other end surface10bof the stator core10. This structure is similarly applied to the second coil segment22to the seventh coil segment27. The structure of the second coil segment22positioned in the area1T (lane1) of the slot12will be explained. The second coil segmnet22is shaped similarly to the above-described first coil segment21. The second coil segment22is inserted in the area1T of two different slots12. The second coil segment22is formed larger than the first coil segment21. The first linear part22Pa and the second linear part22Qa of the second coil segment22are arranged to hold the first linear part21Pa and the second linear part21Qa of the first coil segment21from both sides of the circumferential direction of the stator core10. The second coil segment22integrally includes a first extension part arranged in the slot12, and second extension part arranged in the slot12which is seven units apart from the slot12where the first extension part22P is inserted in the circumferential direction of the stator core10(clockwise), and bridge part22R bridging between the first extension part and the second extension part in the one end surface10aside of the stator core10. The first extension part includes a first linear part22Pa, first bending part22Pb, and first bonding surface. The first extension part is structured the same as the first extension part21P of the first coil segment21. The second extension part includes a second linear part22Qa, second bending part22Qb, and second bonding surface22Qc structured similarly to the first extension part. The second extension part is shaped similarly to the first extension part. The bridge part22R integrally includes a first bending end, first extension part, connection part, second extension part, second bending part, first twisted part, and second twisted part. The bridge part22R is structured the same as the bridge part21R of the first coil segment21. With reference toFIG.6, the structure of the fifth coil segment25positioned in areas2T and3T (lanes2and3) of the slots12will be explained. FIG.6is a perspective view of the fifth coil segment25positioned over lanes2and3of the slots12. As inFIG.6, the fifth coil segment25is inserted through the areas2T and3T of different slots12. A first linear part25Pa of the fifth coil segment25is inserted in the area3T which is one of the two areas3T and2T (for example, structuring lanes3and2) which are relatively shifted by one from each other in the radial direction of the stator core10, and the second linear part25Qa of the fifth coil segment25is inserted in the other area2T. The fifth coil segment25integrally includes a first extension part25P arranged in the slot12, and second extension part25Q arranged in the slot12which is six units apart from the slot12where the first extension part25P is arranged in the circumferential direction of the stator core10(counter clockwise), and bridge part25R bridging between the first extension part25P and the second extension part25Q in the one end surface10aside of the stator core10. The first extension part25P includes a first linear part25Pa, first bending part25Pb, and first bonding surface25Pc. The first extension part25P is structured the same as the first extension part21P of the first coil segment21. The second extension part25Q includes a second linear part25Qa, second bending part25Qb, and second bonding surface25Qc. Note that, as being viewed from the one end surface10aside to the other end surface10bside of the stator core10, the second bending part25Qb is bent clockwise in the circumferential direction of the stator core10. The bridge part25R integrally includes a first bending end25Ra, first extension part25Rb, connection part25Rc, second extension part25Rd, and second bending end25Re. The bridge part25R of the fifth coil segment25is structured the same as the bridge part21R of the first coil segment21. The first bending end25Ra and the second bending end25Re correspond to the bending parts bent in the circumferential direction in the part led from the slots12. The structure of the sixth coil segment26positioned in areas4T and5T (lanes4and5) of the slots12will be explained. The sixth coil segment26is shaped similarly to the above-described fifth coil segment25. The sixth coil segment26is inserted through the areas4T and5T of different slots12. A first linear part of the sixth coil segment26is inserted in the area5T which is one of the two areas5T and4T (for example, structuring lanes5and4) which are relatively shifted by one from each other in the radial direction of the stator core10, and the second linear part of the sixth coil segment26is inserted in the other area4T. The sixth coil segment26is shaped similarly to the fifth coil segment25. The first extension part includes a first linear part, first bending part26Pb, and first bonding surface. The first extension part is structured the same as the first extension part25P of the sifth coil segment25. The second extension part includes a second linear part, second bending part26Qb, and second bonding surface. The second extension part is structured the same as the second extension part25Q of the fifth coil segment25. The bridge part integrally includes a first bending end, first extension part, connection part, second extension part, second bending end, first twisted part, and second twisted part. The bridge part is structured the same as the bridge part25R of the fifth coil segment25. The structure of the seventh coil segment27positioned in areas6T and7T (lanes6and7) of the slots12will be explained. The seventh coil segment27is shaped similarly to the above-described fifth coil segment25and the sixth coil segment26. The seventh coil segment27is inserted through the areas6T and7T of different slots12. A first linear part Pa of the seventh coil segment27is inserted in the area7T which is one of the two areas7T and6T (for example, structuring lanes7and6) which are relatively shifted by one from each other in the radial direction of the stator core10, and the second linear part27Pa of the seventh coil segment27is inserted in the other area6T. The seventh coil segment27is shaped similarly to the fifth coil segment25. The first extension part includes a first linear part27Pa, first bending part27Pb, first bonding surface, and third twisted part. The first extension part is structured the same as the first extension part25P of the sifth coil segment25except for the short side surface27N facing the radial direction of the stator core10and having the third twisted part. The second extension part includes a second linear part27Qa, second bending part27Qb, and second bonding surface. The second extension part is structured the same as the second extension part25Q of the fifth coil segment25. The bridge part integrally includes a first bending end, first extension part, connection part, second extension part, second bending end, and second twisted part. The bridge part is structured the same as the bridge part25R of the fifth coil segment25. With reference toFIG.7, the structure of the third coil segment23positioned in the area8T (lane8) which is the innermost area in the slot12will be explained. FIG.7is a perspective view illustrating the third coil segment23positioned in the lane8(innermost peripheral lane) of slot12. As inFIG.7, the third coil segment23is arranged in the area8T of different slots12. The third coil segment23integrally includes a first extension part23P inserted in the slot12, and second extension part23Q inserted in the slot12which is seven units apart from the slot12where the first extension part23P is inserted in the circumferential direction of the stator core10(clockwise direction), and bridge part23R bridging between the first extension part23P and the second extension part23Q in the one end surface10aside of the stator core10. The first extension part23P includes a first linear part23Pa, first bending part23Pb, first bonding surface23Pc, and third twisted part23Pd. The third twisted part23Pd is twisted about the axial direction of the third coil segment23between the first linear part23Pa and the first bending part23Pb. The first extension part23P is structured the same as the first extension part21P of the first coil segment21except for the third twisted part23Pd. Note that, the first bending part23Pb is bent clockwise in the circumferential direction of the stator core10as being viewed from the one end surface10ato the other end surface10bof the stator core10. The second extension part23Q is shaped similarly to the first extension part23P. The second extension part23Q includes a second linear part23Qa, second bending part23Qb, second bonding surface23Qc, and fourth twisted part23Qd structured similarly to the first extension part23P. The fourth twisted part23Qd is twisted about the axial direction of the third coil segment23between the second linear part23Qa and the second bending part23Qb. The bridge part23R integrally includes a first bending end23Ra, first extension part23Rb, connection part23Rc, second extension part23Rd, and second bending end23Re. The bridge part23R is structured the same as the bridge part21R of the first coil segment21except for lacking of a first twisted part and second twisted part. The first bending end23Ra and the second bending end23Re correspond to the bending parts bent in the circumferential direction in the part led from the slots12. The structure of the fourth coil segment24positioned in the area8T (lane8) in the slot12will be explained. The fourth coil segment24is shaped similarly to the above-described third coil segment23. The fourth coil segment24is arranged in the area8T of different slots12. The fourth coil segment24is shaped similarly to the third coil segment23, and is formed smaller than the third coil segment23. A first linear part24Pa and a second linear part24Qa of the fourth coil segment24are arranged to be held by the first linear part23Pa and the second linear part23Qa of the third coil segment23from both sides of the circumferential direction of the stator core10. The fourth coil segment24integrally includes a first extension part inserted in the slot12, second extension part inserted in the slot12which is five units apart from the slot12where the first extension part is inserted in the circumferential direction of the stator core10(clockwise direction), and bridge part24R bridging between the first extension part and the second extension part in the one end surface10aside of the stator core10. The first extension part includes a first linear part24Pa, first bending part24Pb, first bonding surface, and third twisted part. The first extension part is structured the same as the first extension part23P of the third coil segment23. The second extension part includes a second linear part24Qa, second bending part24Qb, second bonding surface, and fourth twisted part, structured the same as the first extension part. The second extension part is shaped similarly to the first extension part. The bridge part24R integrally includes a first bending end, first extension part, connection part, second extension part, and second bending end. The bridge part24R is structured the same as the bridge part23R of the third coil segment. With reference toFIGS.8and9, the arrangement (orientation of each of the long side surface and the short side surface) of the third coil segment23, fourth coil segment24, and seventh coil segment27in the slots12will be explained. FIG.8is a perspective view of main parts of the stator of the first embodiment, andFIG.9is a horizontal cross-sectional view of the main parts. In the first embodiment ofFIGS.8and9, the third coil segment23and the fourth coil segment24are included in the first rectangular conductor, for example. The first rectangular conductor includes, in the part led from the slot12, a bending part extending from the linear part and bent in the circumferential direction of the stator core10. In the first embodiment, the first rectangular conductor does not include a twisted part twisted about the circumferential direction of the stator core10in the part led from the slot12. Furthermore, the seventh coil segment27is included in, for example, the second rectangular conductor. The second rectangular conductor includes, in the part led from the slot12, a bending part extending from the linear part and bent in the circumferential direction of the stator core10and a twisted part extending from the bending part and twisted about the circumferential direction of the stator core10. The first coil segment (third coil segment23) includes two bending parts in the part where short sides of the first linear part and the second linear part face the radial direction of the stator core10and between different slots12which are inserted. The second coil segment (fourth coil segment24) includes two bending parts in the part where short sides of the first linear part and the second linear part face the radial direction of the stator core12and between different slots12which are inserted. FIG.8illustrates the first extension part and the second extension part including the first linear parts and the second linear parts of the third coil segment23, fourth coil segment24, and seventh coil segment27. FIG.9illustrates, of 48 slots12arranged in the circumferential direction of the stator core10at regular intervals (7.5°), first slot12(1), second slot12(2), third slot12(3), fourth slot12(4), fifth slot12(5), sixth slot12(6), and 48th slot (48) defined from an optional position. For example, (1) of first slot12(1) corresponds to the first. Similarly,FIG.9illustrate, of 12 third coil segments23arranged in the circumferential direction of the stator core10at regular intervals (30°), first first linear part23Pa (1) and second first linear part23Pa (2) defined with reference to the position of the first slot12(1). Similarly, first second linear part23Qa (11) and twelfth second linear part23Qa (12) are shown. Similarly,FIG.9illustrates, of 12 fourth coil segments24arranged in the circumferential direction of the stator core10at regular intervals) (30°), first first linear part24Pa (1) and second first linear part24Pa (2) defined with reference to the position of the first slot12(1). Similarly, twelfth second linear part24Qa (12) is shown. Similarly,FIG.9illustrates, of 48 seventh coil segments27arranged in the circumferential direction of the stator core10at regular intervals (7.5°), first first linear part27Pa (1), second first linear part27Pa (2), third first linear part27Pa (3), fourth first linear part27Pa (4), fifth first linear part27Pa (5), sixth first linear part27Pa (6), and 48th first linear part27Pa (48). Similarly,FIG.9illustrates 42nd second linear part27Qa (42), 43rd second linear part27Pa (43), 44th second linear part27Qa (44), 45th second linear part27Qa (45), 46th second linear part27Qa (46), 47th second linear part27Qa (47), and 48th second linear part27Qa (48). As inFIG.9, a taper12ais formed in the slot12in the inner peripheral surface10cside of the stator core10. Thus, the width in the circumferential direction of the stator core10of the slot12is formed to be narrowest in the innermost part of the radial direction of the stator core10. As inFIGS.8and9, regarding the first linear part23Pa and the second linear part23Qa of the third coil segment23, the long side surface23M faces the circumferential direction of the stator core10while the short side surface23N faces the radial direction of the stator core10. As with the third coil segment23, regarding the first linear part24Pa and the second linear part24Qa of the fourth coil segment24, the long side surface24M faces the circumferential direction of the stator core10while the short side surface24N faces the radial direction of the stator core10. As with the third coil segment23and the fourth coil segment24, regarding the first linear part27Pa of the seventh coil segment27, the long side surface27M faces the circumferential direction of the stator core10while the short side surface27N faces the radial direction of the stator core10. On the other hand, regarding the second linear part27Qa of the seventh coil segment27, unlike the first linear part27Pa, the long side surface27M faces the radial direction of the stator core10while the short side surface27N faces the circumferential direction of the stator core10. Thus, in the lane8which is a virtual same circle (outermost peripheral lane) connecting the areas8T of 48 slots12, the long side surfaces of all of the third coil segments23and the fourth coil segments24face the stator core10while the short side surfaces27N thereof face the radial direction. Similarly, in the lane7which connects the areas7T of 48 slots12, the long side surfaces27M of the first linear parts27Pa of all of the seventh coil segments27face the circumferential direction of the stator core10while the short side surfaces27N thereof face the radial direction. On the other hand, in the lane6which connects the areas6T of 48 slots12, the long side surfaces27M of the second linear parts27Qa of the seventh coil segments27face the radial direction of the stator core10while the short side surfaces27N thereof face the circumferential direction. With the first embodiment (stator110of rotary electric machine100, and rotary electric machine100) structured as above, the fourth coil segment24(corresponding to first coil segment) includes the short sides of the first linear part and the second linear part facing the radial direction and includes two bending parts in the part between different slots which are inserted. The third coil segment23(corresponding to second coil segment) includes the short sides of the first linear part and the second linear part facing the radial direction and includes two bending parts in the part between different slots which are inserted. In the innermost area of the radial direction of the slot12(area8T), the fourth coil segment24(first coil segment) including the long side surfaces24M of the first linear part24Pa and the second linear part24Qa facing the circumferential direction of the stator core10, and the third coil segment23(second coil segment) including the long side surfaces23M of the first linear part23Pa and the second linear part23Qa facing the circumferential direction are arranged. The width of the slots12in the circumferential direction is, because of the taper12a, shortest in the innermost part in the radial direction of the stator core10. With the above structure, the third coil segment23which is arranged in the innermost area in the radial direction of the stator core10in the slot12(area8T) can be formed by simply being bent in the axial direction of the stator core10through the first linear part23Pa to the second linear part23Qa via the bridge part23R without changing the orientation of the long side surface23M and the short side surface23N, and thus, can be manufactured easily. Note that, for example, the bridge part23R of the third coil segment23must be connected to the first linear part23Pa and the second linear part23Qa in a relatively shorter distance along the circumferential direction of the stator core10as compared to, for example, the bridge part27R of the seventh coil segment27positioned in a relatively outer side of the radial direction of the stator core10, and thus, is difficult to be treated. Furthermore, the innermost part in the radial direction of the stator core10of the slot12is positioned such that the long side surface23M of the third coil segment23faces the circumferential direction of the stator core10, and thus, as compared to a case where the short side surface23N faces the circumferential direction, the width of the slot12in the circumferential direction can be relatively shortened. That is, by relatively increasing the width of the teeth14in the circumferential direction between adjacent slots12, the volume of the teeth14can be increased. Thus, the density of magnetic flux in the tip end (the inner peripheral surface10cside of the stator core10) of the teeth14can be increased, and the magnetic saturation can be suppressed. Furthermore, for example, the third coil segment23includes the long side surface23M in the bridge part23R with a part approximately parallel to the one end surface10aof the stator core10, and thus, as compared to a case where there is no part approximately parallel to the one end surface10aof the long side surface23M, a length projecting from the one end surface10ain the axial direction can be shortened. On the other hand, for example, the seventh coil segment27arranged in the areas other than the innermost area in the radial direction of the slot12includes the long side surface27M in the bridge part27R with a part approximately parallel to the one end surface10aof the stator core10, and thus, as compared to a case where there is no part approximately parallel to the one end surface10aof the long side surface27M, a length projecting from the one end surface10ain the axial direction can be shortened. Furthermore, the seventh coil segment27includes the bridge part27R with a first twisted part27Rf and a second twisted part27Rg twisted about the axial direction of the seventh coil segment27, and thus, as compared to a case where there is not the first twisted part27Rf or the second twisted part27Rg, the orientation of the long side surface27M and the short side surface27N is easily changeable about the axial direction, and a length projecting from the one end surface10ain the axial direction can be shortened. Thus, the stator110can be miniaturized with respect to the axial direction while maintaining the electric performance. Furthermore, the manufacturing performance of the stator core110can be increased. Especially, in the innermost area in the radial direction of the stator core10of the slot12(area8T), the width of all the slots12in the circumferential direction of the stator core10is relatively shortened while the width of all the teeth14in the circumferential direction is relatively elongated to increase the volume of the teeth14. Thus, the density of magnetic flux in the teeth14is sufficiently improved, and the magnetic saturation can be sufficiently suppressed. Second Embodiment With reference toFIGS.10and11, the arrangement (orientation of each of the long side surface and the short side surface) of the third coil segment23, fourth coil segment74, seventh coil segment77, eighth coil segment78in the slots12will be explained. FIG.10is a perspective view of main parts of a stator of a second embodiment, andFIG.11is a horizontal cross-sectional view of the main parts. In the second embodiment ofFIGS.10and11, the third coil segment23is included in, for example, the first rectangular conductor. The first rectangular conductor includes, in the part led from the slot12, a bending part extending from the linear part and bent in the circumferential direction of the stator core10. The first rectangular conductor does not include a twisted part twisted about the circumferential direction of the stator core10in the part led from the slot12. Furthermore, the fourth coil segment74, seventh coil segment77, and eighth coil segment78are included in, for example, the second rectangular conductor. The second rectangular conductor includes, in the part led from the slot12, a bending part extending from the linear part and bent in the circumferential direction of the stator core10and a twisted part extending from the bending part and twisted about the circumferential direction of the stator core10. In the second embodiment, the fourth coil segment74(corresponding to the first coil segment) includes the first linear part and the second linear part long sides of which face the radial direction, and has, in the part between different slots12which are inserted, two bending parts and two twisted parts. The third coil segment23(corresponding to the second coil segment) includes the first linear part and the second linear part short sides of which face the radial direction and has, in the part between different slots12which are inserted, two bending parts. As inFIGS.10and11, the first linear part23Pa and the second linear part23Qa of the third coil segment23include the long side surface23M facing the circumferential direction of the stator core10while the short side surface23N faces the radial direction of the stator core10. The first linear part74Pa and the second linear part74Qa of the fourth coil segment74include the long side surface74M facing the radial direction of the stator core10while the short side surface74N faces the circumferential direction of the stator core10. In the seventh coil segment77, the long side surface77M of the first linear part77Pa and the and the short side surface77N of the second linear part77Qa face the circumferential direction of the stator core10. In the eighth coil segment78, the short side surfaces78N of the first linear part78Pa and the second linear part78Qa face the circumferential direction of the stator core10. Two of the seventh coil segments77and two of the eighth coil segments are arranged alternately in the stator core10replacing the seventh coil segment27of the first embodiment. That is, in the circumferential direction of the stator core10, two adjacent seventh coil segments77and adjacent two eighth coil segment78are arranged alternately. Thus, especially in the lane8connecting the areas8T of 48 slots12(outermost peripheral lane), two third coil segments23in which the long side surface23M faces the circumferential direction of the stator core10while the short side surface23N faces the radial direction, and two fourth coil segments74in which the long side surface74M faces the radial direction of the stator core10while the short side surface74N faces the circumferential direction are arranged alternately. The arrangement of the long side surface and the short side surface of the coil segment in the lane7connecting the areas7T of 48 slots12is the same as that of the above-described lane8. With the second embodiment (stator110of rotary electric machine100, and rotary electric machine100) structured as above, in the innermost area in the radial direction of the stator core10of the slot12, the fourth coil segment24(corresponding to first coil segment) includes the long side surface74M of the first linear part74Pa and the second linear part74Qa facing the radial direction of the stator core10and including a twisted part and the third coil segment23(second coil segment) includes the short side surface23N of the first linear part23Pa and the second linear part23Qa facing the radial direction of the stator core10. With the above structure, the bridge part74R of the fourth coil segment74can easily avoid interference with by the seventh coil segment77and the eighth coil segment78adjacent to each other in the radial direction of the stator core10as compared to the bridge part23R of the third coil segment23, and thus, bending treatment, twisting treatment, and the like are easily performable. Thus, the fourth coil segment74is arranged such that the long side surfaces of the second linear part74Qa and the second linear part74Qa are opposed to each other in the radial direction of the stator core10. Furthermore, the fourth coil segment74includes the twisted part of the bridge part73R such that the orientation of the long side surface74M and the short side surface74N is easily changed about the axial direction of the fourth coil segment74. That is, the orientation of the long side surface74M and the short side surface74N is differed from that of the first embodiment with respect to the fourth coil segment74which is relatively easy to avoid the interference and is easily treated. On the other hand, as compared to the fourth coil segment74, the third coil segment23is easily interfered with the seventh coil segment77and the eighth coil segment28and is difficult to be subjected to the bending treatment, twisting treatment, and the like. Thus, as with the first embodiment, the long side surface23M faces the circumferential direction of the stator core10. Thus, the manufacturing performance of the stator core110can be increased because of the easily treatable coil segments. Third Embodiment With reference toFIGS.12and13, the arrangement (orientation of each of the long side surface and the short side surface) of the third coil segment83, fourth coil segment74, seventh coil segment77, eighth coil segment78in the slots12will be explained. The third embodiment is a variation of the second embodiment. FIG.12is a perspective view of main parts of a stator of a third embodiment, andFIG.13is a horizontal cross-sectional view of the main parts ofFIG.12. In the third embodiment ofFIGS.12and13, the third coil segment83is included in, for example, the first rectangular conductor. The first rectangular conductor includes, in the part led from the slot12, a bending part extending from the linear part and bent in the circumferential direction of the stator core10. Furthermore, the fourth coil segment74, seventh coil segment77, and eighth coil segment78are included in, for example, the second rectangular conductor. The second rectangular conductor includes, in the part led from the slot12, a bending part extending from the linear part and bent in the circumferential direction of the stator core10and a twisted part extending from the bending part and twisted about the circumferential direction of the stator core10. In the third embodiment, the fourth coil segment74(corresponding to the first coil segment) includes the first linear part and the second linear part long sides of which face the radial direction, and has, in the part between different slots12which are inserted, two bending parts and two twisted parts. The third coil segment23(corresponding to the second coil segment) includes the first linear part and the second linear part short sides of which face the radial direction and has, in the part between different slots12which are inserted, two bending parts and one twisted part. As inFIGS.12and13, the first linear part83Pa of the third coil segment83includes the long side surface23M facing the circumferential direction of the stator core10while the short side surface23N faces the radial direction of the stator core10. On the other hand, the second linear part83Qa of the third coil segment83includes, unlike the third coil segment23of the first embodiment, the long side surface83M facing the radial direction of the stator core10while the short side surface74N faces the circumferential direction of the stator core10. The first linear part74Pa and the second linear part74Qa of the fourth coil segment74include the long side surface74M facing the radial direction of the stator core10while the short side surface74N faces the circumferential direction of the stator core10. The seventh coil segments77are arranged, in the circumferential direction of the stator core10, skipping every four (1, 5, 9, . . . ). The eighth coil segments78are arranged, in the circumferential direction of the stator core10, at positions where there is no seventh coil segment77(2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, . . . ). That is, in the circumferential direction of the stator core10, one seventh coil segment77and continuous three eight coil segments78are arranged alternately. Thus, especially in the lane8connecting the areas8T of 48 slots12(outermost peripheral lane), one third coil segment83in which the long side surface83M faces the circumferential direction of the stator core10while the short side surface83N faces the radial direction, and three fourth coil segments74in which the long side surface74M faces the radial direction of the stator core10while the short side surface74N faces the circumferential direction are arranged alternately. The arrangement of the long side surface and the short side surface of the coil segment in the lane7connecting the areas7T of 48 slots12is the same as that of the above-described lane8. With the third embodiment (stator110of rotary electric machine100, and rotary electric machine100) structured as above, in the innermost area in the radial direction of the stator core10of the slot12, the fourth coil segment74(corresponding to first coil segment) includes the long side surface74M of the first linear part74Pa and the second linear part74Qa facing the radial direction of the stator core10and and the third coil segment83(second coil segment) includes the short side surface83N of the first linear part83Pa facing the radial direction and the long side surface83M of the second linear part83Qa facing the radial direction, and including a twisted part in the bridge part83R. With the above structure, in addition to the structure of the second embodiment, of the first linear part83Pa and the second linear part83Qa of the third coil segment83, the second linear part83Qa side bridge part of which is relatively easy to be treated is arranged such that the long side surface83M is opposed to the radial direction of the stator core10. Furthermore, the third coil segment83is formed such that the orientation of the long side surface83M and the short side surface83N can be easily changed about the axial direction because of the twisted part of the bridge part83R. Thus, the manufacturing performance of the stator core110can be increased because of the easily treatable coil segments. Fourth Embodiment With reference toFIG.14, the arrangement of coil segments of slots12will be explained. The fourth embodiment is a variation of the first to third embodiments. FIG.14is a horizontal cross-sectional view of a slot12part of a stator of the fourth embodiment. In the fourth embodiment, as inFIG.14, in at least one slot12of the stator core10, from the outer side to the inner side of the radial direction of the stator core10, first linear part72Pa (1) of second coil segment72, second linear part25Qa (43) of fifth coil segment25, first linear part25Pa (1) of fifth coil segment25, second linear part26Qa (43) of sixth coil segment26, first linear part26Pa (1) of sixth coil segment26, second linear part27Qa (43) of seventh coil segment27, first linear part27Pa (1) of seventh coil segment27, and first linear part27Pa (1) of third coil segment23are arranged. Especially, in the outermost area in the radial direction of the stator core10, the first linear part72Pa (1) of second coil segment72is arranged such that a pair of short sides in the cross-section faces the radial direction. The second coil segment72is arranged such that the long side surface72M of the first linear part72Pa faces the circumferential direction of the stator core10. The second coil segment72is shaped similarly to the second coil segment22. The above-described structure applies to the first coil segment (not shown) adjacent to the second coil segment72in the circumferential direction of the stator core10. With the above structure, the short side surface side of the first linear part72Pa (1) of the second coil segment72is arranged in the radial direction of the stator core10of the slot12, and thus, a gap between the slot12and the first linear part72Pa of the second coil segment72in the horizontal width (circumferential direction of the stator core10) can be widened. Thus, when a plurality of coil segments are inserted in the inner part of the insulating paper29after the insulating paper29ofFIG.1is disposed to be along the inner surface of the slot12, a room can be formed in the space of the inner part of the insulating paper29is maintained, and the interference with the second coil segment72can be prevented. The above-described structure is similarly applied to the first coil segment. Thus, the first linear part72Pa (1) of the second coil segment72is especially inserted in the slot12, and the manufacturing performance of the stator core110can be increased. Fifth Embodiment With reference toFIG.15, the shape of slots12will be explained. The fifth embodiment is a variation of the first to fourth embodiments. FIG.15is a horizontal cross-sectional view of a slot12part of a stator of the fifth embodiment. In the fifth embodiment, as inFIG.15, at least one slot12includes side surfaces which become parallel to each other in the relatively inner side of the radial direction of the stator core10(step parts12b). In other words, of the teeth14, first tooth14and second tooth14adjacent to each other in the circumferential direction of the stator core10each include side surfaces which become parallel to each other in the inner side of the radial direction of the stator core10(step parts12b). In at least one slot12of the stator core10, from the outer side to the inner side of the radial direction of the stator core10, first linear part22Pa (1) of second coil segment22, second linear part25Qa (43) of fifth coil segment25, first linear part25Pa (1) of fifth coil segment25, second linear part26Qa (43) of sixth coil segment26, first linear part26Pa (1) of sixth coil segment26, second linear part27Qa (43) of seventh coil segment27, first linear part27Pa (1) of seventh coil segment27, and first linear part27Pa (1) of third coil segment23are arranged. Especially, in the innermost area in the radial direction of the stator core10of slot12, the long side surface23M of the first linear part23Pa (1) of third coil segment23is arranged to be approximately parallel to the step part12bof the slot12with a slight gap. To form such a structure, in the inner surface of the slot12, the step part12bwidth of which in the circumferential direction of the stator core10is relatively narrowed is disposed. The step part12bis narrower than the other parts of slot12in the radial direction. The above-mentioned structure is applied similarly to the first linear part27Pa of the seventh coil segment27. With the above structure, in the step part12bof slot12, movement (oscillation) of the third coil segment23and the seventh coil segment27can be suppressed. Since the side surfaces (step parts12b) parallel to each other are provided with the slot12, a gap between the coil segment and the slot12can be equal can be equal from the outer side to the inner side of the radial direction of the stator core10. That is, oscillation of the coil segment in the circumferential direction of the stator core10in the part of the outer side of the radial direction with a relatively greater gap with the slot12about the inner side in the radial direction with a relatively smaller gap with the slot12. Thus, in the step parts12bof the slot12, damage to the insulating paper29because of friction of the third coil segment23and the seventh coil segment27with the insulating paper29ofFIG.1can be prevented, and the insulative performance of the coil segment can be maintained. Thus, with the first linear part23Pa (1) of the third coil segment23and the first linear part27Pa (1) of the seventh coil segment can increase the credibility of the stator core110with respect to the oscillation caused by the input current, rotation of the rotor120, and external input. While certain embodiments have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventions. Indeed, the novel embodiments described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms; furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the embodiments described herein may be made without departing from the spirit of the inventions. The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the inventions. For example, the number of wounded coils, and the number of coil segments to be arranged are not limited to the examples of the above-described embodiment, and can be increased/decreased arbitrarily. The rotor and the rotary electric machine of the present embodiment may be applied, in addition to the permanent magnet field electric machine, a winding field rotary electric machine, and an induction field rotary electric machine. The size, material, and shape of the rotor are not limited to the examples of the above-described embodiment, and can be changed based on the design. Specifically, for example, instead of the structure in which eight coil segments are disposed in each slot12of the stator core10, six or less coil segments, or ten or more coil segments may be disposed in each slot. Furthermore, in the present embodiment, the first coil segment21and the second coil segment22positioned in lane1(outermost peripheral lane) of slot12, and the third coil segment23and the fourth coil segment24positioned in lane8(innermost peripheral lane) of slot12do not cross each other in the radial direction of the stator core10. That is, in the lanes1and8of slot12, the coil segments adjacent to each other in the circumferential direction of the stator core10(first coil segment21, second coil segment22, third coil segment23, and fourth coil segment24) do not cross each other. On the other hand, the fifth coil segments25, sixth coil segments26, and seventh coil segments27adjacent to each other in the circumferential direction of the stator core10cross each other in the radial direction of the stator core10. That is, the coil segments adjacent to each other in the circumferential direction of the stator core10(fifth coil segments, sixth coil segments, and seventh coil segments) cross each other. Instead of the present embodiment, for example, coil segment positioned in the lanes1and2of slot12to be adjacent to each other in the circumferential direction of the stator core10, coil segments positioned in the lanes3and4to be adjacent to each other, coil segments positioned in the lanes5and6to be adjacent to each other, and coil segments positioned in the lanes7and8to be adjacent to each other may cross each other in the radial direction of the stator core10. That is, all coil segments adjacent to each other in the circumferential direction of the stator core10may be arranged to cross each other. | 70,834 |
11942842 | DESCRIPTION FIG.1shows a simplified exploded perspective view of an example motor10along axis22. A stator40is secured to a housing60. Inner rotor50and outer rotors30are secured to each other and surround the stator40. An optional propeller hub75, into which propeller blades70are mounted, is secured to the inner rotor50. The propeller hub75rotatably mounts on the spindle65with bearings16and18. The bearings16and18are retained by retainers20and14and cover12. FIG.2shows a simplified cross-sectional side view of the motor10ofFIG.1along its longitudinal axis22. The stator40is located between magnets35and55of the inner and outer rotors50and30, respectively. The propeller hub75is bonded to the inner rotor which is rotatably mounted on the spindle65. The spindle65may be fabricated of carbon fiber or other suitable material. FIG.3shows a simplified perspective view of the stator40having a winding45. The winding45is encased within the stator40. Cooling fins42and44are bonded to the front and back stator yoke portions43fand43b, respectively. FIG.4shows a simplified cross section of the stator40ofFIG.3. The winding45has a compressed central region45c. The winding45is compressed in the central region45cso that more conductor material of the winding45can be placed between the magnets35and55(shown in phantom line) and so that more conductor can be located closer to the magnets35and55of the rotors30and50to provide increased magnetic field strength in the winding45. In this embodiment, it is not necessary that the ends45eof the winding45also be compressed. This is because the ends45eof the winding45do not pass between the magnets35and55of the rotors30and50. In accordance with various embodiments, for both axial and radial ironless P.M. or permanent magnet machines, the winding45should have a high packing density to minimize I2R losses and a construction that minimizes eddy losses. The magnets35and55in the rotor30and50pass over/under a central active region45cof the stator winding45, and not over/under the edges45eof the stator winding45. Thus, in various embodiments, the active region45cof the winding45should have as much conductor, i.e. copper, as possible in the volume of the active region45c. Also, in various embodiments, the winding45should have high rigidity so that the winding45does not deflect and contact the magnets35or55, and to adequately withstand the turn-to-turn voltages and associated forces. The winding45is enclosed in a suitable material, such as epoxy. For most embodiments, as excessive heat can damage the magnets35and55, the winding45should also have a low thermal impedance contact to the peripheral yoke portions43fand43bso that heat is easily removed to inhibit excessive temperature rise within the motor10. In various embodiments, the winding is encased in a thermally conductive material to transfer heat away from the winding45to the cooling fins42and44via the front and back yoke portions43fand43b, respectively. Thus, in some embodiments, the winding45is encased in epoxy mixed with a thermally conductive filler such as aluminum oxide, boron nitride, or other material that promotes heat transfer. Turning toFIG.5, to minimize eddy losses, Litz wire500may be used for the winding45(FIG.3).FIG.5shows a simplified cross section of a Litz wire bundle500. One source for Litz wire is New England Wire Technologies, of Lisbon, N.H., www.newenglandwire.com, which is distributed by Cooner Wire company, in Chatsworth, Calif., www.coonerwire.com. Litz wire500is a bundle of small conductor wires510, insulated515from each other, and braided. Litz wire500is braided to allow each wire510to interact with the same average magnetic field over time, so that the same voltage develops across each wire. This inhibits voltages and conduction between the individual wires510. Turning toFIG.6, in various embodiments, to further improve performance, the Litz wire500ofFIG.5is compacted as illustrated inFIG.6. As shown inFIG.5, the individual wires510are round so have spaces520between the wires510. The compacted Litz wire600ofFIG.6, has greatly reduced spacing620between the wires610. Thus, the conductor density is greater. The compacted Litz wire600may be used to form the winding45(FIG.3). The Litz wire600, with multiple jacketed615conductors610are mutually twisted and compressed to produce conductors610having a cross section that minimizes voids620, i.e. rectangular cross section conductors610. In one embodiment, Litz wire500(FIG.5) having bundles500of one hundred conductors510(FIG.5) is used. A key parameter is the “bundle pitch”—which is the length over which each bundle undergoes a complete 360 degree twist. Turning toFIGS.7and7A, which show simplified example of a plain winding745in top and cross sectional views, respectively. For some embodiments, the bundle pitch should be equal to approximately twice the end745eturn length Let. When this relation is maintained, end turns745ecan be formed with minimal distortion and the forming process is least difficult. Typically, the wire745thickness (t) is less than the width (w). As such, a special bending jig is require which constrains the conductor “in plane” while the bend is applied. FIGS.11A and11Bare a simplified illustration of a possible implementation in a process for forming an embodiment of the winding. For both axial and radial designs, in some implementations the first step is to force the Litz into a serpentine as shown inFIG.7. Thus, for a 3 phase winding, at least three such conductors745must be formed. To form the serpentine bundle745The Litz wire500is place on a bending tool1100, clamped, and bent. After bending, it is removed from the bending tool and placed in a press. The press compacts the central region45cof the Litz wire bundle500(FIG.5) to provide the compressed winding600shown in cross section inFIG.6. After bending and compressing, the compressed winding845amay be, combined with other similar compressed bundles845band/or845cby overlapping845as shown inFIG.8, by weaving945as shown inFIG.9, or layered1045as shown inFIG.10, or with other patterns and combinations of such. Referring toFIGS.8and9, for one winding embodiment, each pole has 1 turn and the resulting winding is a single layer. For a three phase winding, the three conductors can be “non-woven” and layered as shown inFIG.8or woven—as shown isFIG.9. Shown inFIG.8, the compacted Litz wire winding845bis placed in phase over compacted Litz wire winding845a, then compacted Litz wire winding845cis placed over compacted Litz wire windings845band845a. No weaving is applied inFIG.8. InFIG.9, the compacted Litz wire windings845a,845b, and845care woven into a single winding945. Embodiments with two turns per pole may be achieved via the techniques ofFIGS.8and9, with six compacted Litz wire windings are used in the place of three, but the winding may remain a single layer. Alternatively, a two-layer winding1045can be used as shown inFIG.10. The two-layers provide the winding1045the advantage of reduced end turn bulge and an increased end turn surface area. This aids heat transfer in various embodiments. In this embodiment, the windings845a1,845b1,845c1,845a2,845b2, and845c2, are both woven and layered in top and bottom layers such that the windings both weave between the other windings and between the top and bottom layers. The layer scheme above can be extended by using increased numbers of compacted Litz wire windings having proportionately reduced widths. With this approach 4, 6 . . . 2n number of turns per pole can be achieved. Referring toFIGS.11A and11B, forming tool1100allows you to start with a straight wire and keep the central portions1145cstraight while forming the end turn bends1145etand to keep the wire1145aligned so that it does not separate. In addition to the serpentine bends, in various embodiments, the end turns1145etare twisted “out of plane” such that groups (e.g. three) serpentine Litz wires1145can nest together. This allows the central portions1145cto stack together more compactly, to reduce the thickness of the stator (FIG.4) in the central portion40c(FIG.4) so that more conductor can be placed in the stator40and fit between the magnets35and55of the inner and outer rotors30and50(FIG.2). As discussed further below, the serpentine wire1145is compressed after it is removed from the bending machine1100. The end turns1145etmay be held within a forming tool when the center straight portions1145care compressed. Referring toFIGS.11A and11B, in one implementation, after the serpentine bends are formed, the end-turns are twisted out of plane so that wires can be nested/weaved together.FIG.11Ais a simplified top view of an example wire bending tool.FIG.11Bis a simplified side view of a mandrel1110ofFIG.11A, along the11B-11B line ofFIG.11A. Turning toFIGS.12A and12B, in one implementation, to start bending the winding, a first mandrel1210is screwed into a first left hole a top row of a jig1200. The jig1200has two rows of offset mandrel screw holes. The hole1235placement will vary depending on the width of the wire1245, and the length and width of the magnets of the rotor(s). A second mandrel1211is screwed into the first left hole in lower row. The wire1245is inserted into, and extending between, the first and second mandrels. The first mandrel1210is tightened to hold the wire1245in place. While holding the start1245sof the wire1245, insert U shaped guide1205onto wire1245and form the wire1245around the second mandrel1211by hand, pulling with about 25 pounds of force at the same time pulling U shaped guide1205around as indicated by arrow1206inFIGS.12A and12B. In various embodiments, the wire1245is over bent until the wire1245touches first mandrel1210. Typically, the insulation surrounding the wire bundle1245will need to be pulled, or smoothen out during/after each bend, as there will be excess material leftover after each bend. Insert a third mandrel (not shown), and so on, and continue the same operation until you reach a desired number of bends, for example 20 bends. Alignment marks may be added to the centers, or elsewhere, along with the winding identification number on each section if the winding is to be weaved. As the mandrels are removed a heat gun is used to heat each end turn, which is then cooled to hold the shape of the end turns after the mandrels are removed. The bends may be slightly squeezed, to over bend while heating, to help maintain the shape of the end turns after the end turn is cooled. After sufficient turns have been added to complete a perimeter for an annular winding, the direction of the wire is reversed so that it goes back on itself. There are two different methods that can be used to accomplish this as illustrated inFIGS.13and14. FIGS.13and14show simplified top views of bending jigs1200and1400, respectively, illustrating alternate implementations for reversing the direction of the wires1245and1445, respectively. As show inFIG.14, the wire1445can be twisted 180 degrees, illustrated at1445t. When there is limited space between the mandrels in the different rows, or the Litz wire1245is relatively wide, the implementation ofFIG.13may be utilized. Shown inFIG.13, there are two holes for mandrels1221and1222that are vertically in line, rather than offset or staggered. A mandrel1222with a cut out (not shown) on the bottom (adjacent the jig surface1200s) may be used to clear the last winding1245a, and may also clamp and hold the last winding1245afrom moving. Making two turns in the same direction puts stress on the wire1245, so it is advantageous to place as much bend in the reversing turn around mandrel1222, for example about 120 degrees, or more, around mandrel1222. The wire1245may then be loaded again at the front of the bending jig1200to bend the second section. An alignment mark may be placed on the wire1245before removing it from the mandrels1221and1222to transfer it to the front of the bending jig1200. After forming the coils but before braiding, the central straight portions1145c(shown inFIG.11A) may be compressed with 15-25 tons, or more, in a press to form the compacted Litz wire600ofFIG.6. The end turns1145et(shown inFIG.11A) are not compressed with the 25 ton press, but do have to fit within the epoxy mold to form the stator. The, epoxy mold does compress the ends turns1145et, but not so that it forms the compacted conductors600as shown inFIG.6. Turning toFIG.15, shown is a simplified perspective view of a pressing tool1500, which may be used to compress and straighten the central straight portion1645cin a hydraulic press1550. Alignment marks may be used to line up the center of the central straight portion1545cwithin the groove1500gin the pressing tool1500. The top plate1500thas a rail or tongue1500rthat fits in the groove1500gand compresses the central straight portion1545within the groove1500g. In one embodiment, the pressing tool1500and press1550produce a compacted straight central portion1645cmeasuring approximately 0.09″ thick (t) by no wider than 0.425″ wide (w), shown inFIG.16.FIG.16shows a perspective view a Litz wire1645after compacting in the pressing tool1500ofFIG.15. Alignment marks may be place on the wire while in the pressing tool1500, or after compression to indicate the compressed central straight portion1645cto facilitate weaving. The compacted Litz wire600(FIG.6), ends up having higher packing density than the original. It minimizes the gaps between the individual wires within the Litz wire600(FIG.6). This compacted Litz wire has greater density so that more copper can fit between the stator and rotor. Further, because the wire has planar surface it stacks together better when braided so can be placed closer together, and the braided structure can be located closer to the magnets across the air gap. Referring toFIG.17, after the Litz wire bundle is compacted, the Litz wire bundles may be weaved with other Litz wire bundles. Bent and compacted Litz wire bundles are place in shuttles (not shown), or sleeves, for weaving on an alignment jig1700. When weaving three windings, vertically orienting the shuttles (not shown) and windings therein, with number 4 winding in front, then number 5 and number 6, then number 1, number 2, and number 3 in back facilitates weaving, in some implementations. FIG.17shows and end reversing turns1745efor three wires1745a,1745b, and1745c. The wires1745a,1745b, and1745ccan be marked with numbers during the bending for use in the braiding, for example winding1745amay be marked as number 1 on one side and the second section (after the reversing turn) as number 4. Second coil1745bwill be number 2 and number 5, third coil1745cnumber 3 and number 6. The alignment jig1700aligns the Litz wires during the weaving process so that turn pitch is accurately defined. Lay the turnaround winding in the first 3 slots on the alignment jig1700making sure they are centered. Then lay windings 1, 2 and 3 in the next three slots. Then weave by picking up the shuttle with number 4 and move to the rear of the stacks. Insert the number 4 winding over the number 1 winding then the next number 4 turn in the empty slot next to the number 3 winding. Next move shuttle number 5 to the rear, then the number 5 wire turn lays over the number 2 wire turn, and the next number 5 wire turn is placed in the slot next to the number 4 wire, and so on. To hold the wires1745a,1745b, and1745cfrom moving, place the nylon tubes (not shown) over, or between, each tang1776as the wires1745a,1745b, and1745care weaved. The woven compacted Litz wire is stitched with material, such as lacing cord, so that end turns are locked together and so that the completed winding can be handled after removal from alignment jig1700. For example, there may be four lacings total, one on each edge for the end turns, and one on either side of the central compacted region. Clean the braided and laced winding with acetone or alcohol and remove it from the alignment tool1700and place it on a steel hoop (not shown) to support the braided and laced winding when loading it into the epoxy mold (not shown). Wrap the braided and laced winding around the hoop with the numbers facing out and the last 3 turnaround coils laying on top of the 3 finish turns 6, 5 and 4 so that the start and finish are in the same plane. Secure the braided and lace winding to the hoop with a nylon strap (not show). Tighten the strap until the coil is uniform and the free ends are in line in the same plane and lace the free ends with lacing cord, Be sure the central compressed active regions do not overlap are aligned properly. Thermistors may be added in various locations, including where the turn around coils meet the free ends. After the winding is laced, it is put into a mold and epoxied. For an axial winding, a two-part (clamshell) mold can be used to epoxy the stitched winding. For a radial winding, a six-part mold is possible. This includes one inner diameter mold, three-piece outer diameter molds, and two face molds. The potting material should be thermally conductive epoxy type resin. For example, epoxy doped with boron nitride. Boron nitride as filler, although more expensive, is lighter than aluminum oxide, so better for aerospace applications. The stator yoke portions43fand43b(FIGS.3and4) and cooling fins42and44(FIGS.3and4) are attached to the ends40e(FIG.4) of the stator40after it is the winding has been epoxied. It is worthy to note that any reference to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment may be included in an embodiment, if desired. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. The illustrations and examples provided herein are for explanatory purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the appended claims. This disclosure is to be considered an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the spirit and scope of the invention and/or claims of the embodiment illustrated. Those skilled in the art will make modifications to the invention for particular applications of the invention. The discussion included in this patent is intended to serve as a basic description. The reader should be aware that the specific discussion may not explicitly describe all embodiments possible and alternatives are implicit. Also, this discussion may not fully explain the generic nature of the invention and may not explicitly show how each feature or element can actually be representative or equivalent elements. Again, these are implicitly included in this disclosure. Where the invention is described in device-oriented terminology, each element of the device implicitly performs a function. It should also be understood that a variety of changes may be made without departing from the essence of the invention. Such changes are also implicitly included in the description. These changes still fall within the scope of this invention. Further, each of the various elements of the invention and claims may also be achieved in a variety of manners. This disclosure should be understood to encompass each such variation, be it a variation of any apparatus embodiment, a method embodiment, or even merely a variation of any element of these. Particularly, it should be understood that as the disclosure relates to elements of the invention, the words for each element may be expressed by equivalent apparatus terms even if only the function or result is the same. Such equivalent, broader, or even more generic terms should be considered to be encompassed in the description of each element or action. Such terms can be substituted where desired to make explicit the implicitly broad coverage to which this invention is entitled. It should be understood that all actions may be expressed as a means for taking that action or as an element which causes that action. Similarly, each physical element disclosed should be understood to encompass a disclosure of the action which that physical element facilitates. Such changes and alternative terms are to be understood to be explicitly included in the description. Having described this invention in connection with a number of embodiments, modification will now certainly suggest itself to those skilled in the art. The example embodiments herein are not intended to be limiting, various configurations and combinations of features are possible. As such, the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, except as required by the appended claims. | 20,718 |
11942843 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Turning toFIGS.1-6, an internal rotor, electronically commutated DC motor10(internal rotor EC motor) has a housing20that includes a cylindrical controller shell14, a cylindrical stator shell16, and a right end portion12. The cylindrical controller shell14is attached to the cylindrical stator shell16by means of circumferentially spaced screws21. An electronic controller22is mounted inside the cylindrical controller shell14. The internal rotor EC motor10has a left end24and a right end26. The internal rotor EC motor10has an outer stator30and an internal ferrite rotor62. With reference toFIGS.8-11, the stator30has a structural circular core back32with inwardly extending steel laminate teeth34that terminate in concave inner ends35. The teeth34are circumferentially spaced around the circular core back32and define an opening28for accommodating the rotor62. The teeth34are wound with electromagnetic coils38that are insulated from the teeth34. The right end portion12, the cylindrical stator shell16, and the stator coil section18of the housing20are produced by plastic over molding of the stator30. The plastic over molding encapsulates all of the stator circular core back32, the stator coils38, and the teeth34except for the concave inner ends35of the teeth34. As a result of over molding of the circular core back32, the teeth34, and the stator coils38, axially oriented stator coil open passages48(FIGS.5and7) our created between the teeth34. The plastic used to over mold the stator and create the housing20is Rynite polyethylene terephthalate (available from DuPont) or any other plastic materials having similar molding and heat transfer characteristics. The ferrite rotor62is mounted on a shaft56. The shaft in turn is mounted on bearings58for rotation of the rotor and shaft inside the opening28of the stator30(FIGS.7and9). An impeller fan60with impeller fan blades61is attached to the shaft56for rotation with the shaft56and the rotor62. The electronic controller22controls the energization of the coils38of the stator30to produce a rotating magnetic field to interact with permanent magnets comprising part of the rotor62to produce rotation of the rotor62. As a result, the electronic controller22produces heat that must be dissipated from the EC motor10. In addition, energization of the electromagnetic stator coils38to produce the rotating magnetic field also produces heat that must be dissipated from the internal rotor EC motor10. In order to deal with the heat produced by the electronic controller22and the stator coils38, the internal rotor EC motor10has an air management system that includes the impeller fan60, air inlets44, radially oriented air passages46, axially oriented stator cooling passages48in the stator30, and air outlets50in the right end portion12of the housing20. The radially oriented air passages46are routed adjacent to the cylindrical controller shell14and thereby adjacent to the electronic controller22. The proximity of the radially oriented air passages46to the electronic controller22assists in dissipating heat from the electronic controller22. Likewise, the axially oriented open cooling passages48pass directly through the stator30and adjacent to and between the stator coils38. In operation, ambient air is drawn into air inlets44and through the radially oriented air passages46by the impeller fan60. The air is then expelled from the impeller fan through the axially oriented cooling passages48and out of the air outlets50. As best shown inFIG.6, the impeller fan blades61of the impeller fan60are planar. Consequently, the air flows from the air inlets44to the air outlets50regardless of the direction of rotation of the impeller fan60. While the air management system42of the present invention has been described with respect to the internal rotor EC motor10, the operative principles of the air management system42are equally applicable to other electric motors. Turning toFIGS.12and13, the ferrite rotor62has a hub64attached to the shaft56. The hub64supports10silicon steel laminates66evenly spaced around an outer circumference63of the rotor62. Rectangular shaped permanent ferrite magnets70are positioned within gaps between adjacent steel laminates66and are slightly recessed from the outer circumference63of the rotor62. Wedge-shaped permanent ferrite magnets68are positioned radially between the silicon steel laminates66and the hub64and are spaced circumferentially from each other. Turning toFIGS.14A and14B, the ferrite rotor62was optimized using Maxwell 2D FEA software. The width and length of the rectangular magnets70were varied to maximize torque output. The width of the rectangular magnets70was first set, and then the maximum length of the rectangular magnets was determined so that the rectangular magnets fit in the rotor without the magnets interfering with each other (seeFIGS.14A and14B). The area of each configuration was calculated, and the maximum area was selected (see Table 1).) TABLE 1Area ofArea ofTotalWidthLengthRectanglewedgeArea(mm)(mm)(mm2)(mm2)(mm2)523.08115.460175.4621.54129.2446.83176.0772014035.17175.17818.46147.6825.14172.82916.92152.2816.74169.021015.38153.89.99163.791113.84152.244.9157.14 The outer radius65of the wedge-shaped magnet68was then increased to maximize torque output. Any increase in magnet material in the rotor would thus decrease performance. The rotor62requires that some area above the wedge-shaped magnet68have saliency (ferro-magnetic). Increasing the radius of the wedge-shaped magnet68(FIG.15BandFIG.15A) decreases the amount of saliency thus reducing torque output. FIG.16shows an alternative rotor embodiment, namely a neodymium-ferrite (neo-ferrite) rotor74for the internal rotor EC motor10. The neo-ferrite rotor74has a center hub76attached to the shaft56of the internal rotor EC motor10. The hub76supports10silicon steel laminates78evenly spaced around an outer circumference75. Rectangular shaped permanent neodymium magnets82are positioned within gaps between adjacent steel laminates78, are spaced circumferentially from each other, and are slightly recessed from the outer circumference75. Wedge-shaped permanent ferrite magnets80are positioned radially between the silicon steel laminates78and the hub76and are spaced circumferentially from each other. The wedge-shaped permanent ferrite magnets80have outer radius84that contacts the silicon steel laminates78and an inner radius86that conforms to the circumference of the hub76. Each wedge-shaped ferrite magnet80has a step88on each side between the outer radius84and the inner radius86. Adjacent steps88between two adjacent the wedge-shaped ferrite magnets80create a recess that accommodates the inner end90of each of the rectangular neodymium magnets82. With reference toFIGS.17A and17B, the neo-ferrite rotor74includes alternate permanent neodymium magnets82and silicon steel laminates78. The neo-ferrite rotor74inFIGS.17A and17Bwas optimized by modeling neo-ferrite rotor74and reducing the thickness of the rectangular neodymium magnets82until performance dropped below the target performance. With reference toFIG.18, an interior permanent magnet spoke type rotor74was then simulated using less magnet material for the rectangular neodymiun magnets82than for the rotor74shown inFIGS.17A and17B. Air gaps92were added between the rectangular neodymium magnets82to reduce magnetic leakage thus increasing performance. With reference toFIGS.19A-19D, the spoke type rectangular neodymium magnets82were then reduced in length until the performance dropped below the target performance. The air gaps92between the neodymium magnets82were then filled with wedge-shaped ferrite magnets80which increased performance. With reference toFIG.20, the inner and outer radius of the ferrite magnets80were varied to maximize performance of the neo-ferrite rotor74resulting in an optimal combination of neodymium magnets82and ferrite magnets80minimize cost and maximize performance. The ferrite rotor62is lower cost than the neo-ferrite rotor74because neodymium is an order of magnitude more expensive per kg compared to ferrite. Neodymium also has higher magnetic flux than ferrite. For those reasons, the neo-ferrite rotor74is more efficient but is higher cost then the ferrite rotor62. A second embodiment of the electrically commutated DC motor is an external rotor EC motor110. In the external rotor EC motor110in accordance with the present invention is shown inFIGS.21-31. The external rotor EC motor110has a housing that includes a cylindrical controller shell112and a cylindrical stator cowl150. A stationary stator130is attached to the cylindrical controller shell112and the cylindrical stator cowl130by means of connection tabs114, cowl spacers154, stator standoff posts140(FIG.30), and connector screws156threaded into the stator standoff posts140. An electronic controller116is mounted inside the cylindrical controller shell112. Heatsinks120are thermally attached to the electronic controller116to dissipate heat generated by the electronics within the electronic controller116(FIGS.21,23,25,26, and27). Electrical connectors118are provided to connect power and control signals to the external rotor DC motor110. With reference toFIGS.23,24,25, and30, the stationary stator130has a hub132within which are fitted stator bearings144. Reinforcing ribs142radiate from the hub132and terminate at their distal ends with stator standoff posts140that, as previously described, serve to connect the stator132to the cylindrical controller shell112and the stator cowl150. In the particular embodiment shown inFIG.30, the stator130has 12 individual stator silicon steel laminate teeth134. A gap or air channel138circumferentially separates the individual teeth134. Each tooth134is wound with a conductive electromagnetic coil (not shown) to produce a rotating electromagnetic force as commonly understood in the art. The stator130has a plastic over molded structure136that covers the teeth134and the electromagnetic coil except for the convex outer tooth surface146. The over molded structure136further leaves gaps or air channels138between the individual teeth134. The plastic for the over molded structure is Rynite as previously described. The rotor160includes a hub164to which a rotor shaft166is fixed. The rotor shaft166is mounted for rotation in stator bearings144(FIG.31). An end cover168extends from the hub164and terminates with a cylindrical rotor shell162. The end cover168has reinforcing ribs170on its outside surface. The inside surface of the end cover168comprises an impeller fan174(FIG.29). The impeller fan174includes planar radially extending inner fan blades176and planar radially extending outer fan blades178. The cylindrical rotor shell162has a number of air outlets172spaced around its periphery. A series of spaced apart permanent magnets182are attached around the internal surface of the cylindrical rotor shell and axially offset from the air outlets172. In operation, the rotating magnetic field created by the teeth134of the stator130interact with the permanent magnets182of the rotor160causing the rotor160to spin on the rotor shaft166within the bearings144. As the rotor160spins, the fan blades176and178pull ambient air into the cowl inlet openings152, past the heatsinks120, through the stator air channels138and into the impeller fan174. The fan blades176and178then expelled the air through air outlets172as shown by line180inFIG.31. Consequently, the ambient air first dissipates heat from the heatsinks120to keep the electronics of the electronic controller116cool. Next, the ambient air passes through the stator air channels138to keep the stator130cool. Because the fan blades176and178are planar and not curved, the ambient air is pulled into the cowl inlet openings152, through the stator air channels138, and pushed out through the air outlets172regardless of the direction of rotation of the fan174. While this invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that variations and modifications can be affected within the spirit and scope of the invention as described herein and as described in the appended claims. | 12,250 |
11942844 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG.1shows a tooth-wound coil6without insulation9, with its straight sections14and the in particular 180° curves, the curved areas15. The tooth-wound coil6is symmetrical to an extension plane16, which is at right angles to the drawing plane. The straight sections14have an active part area13, which, in this case, is smaller than the straight section14. The active part area13is the minimal area of the tooth-wound coil6, which is arranged in a laminated core of a stator3or stator segment25. The straight section14is the area which is possibly additionally still to be provided with an insulation9, in order, inter alia, to maintain the creepage distance requirements of the tooth-wound coil6in the stator3. The straight sections14of the tooth-wound coil6have a distance22from their interior sides19which ideally corresponds to a tooth width of a stator3or stator segment25. The conductor thickness21of the tooth-wound coil6occupies at least part of the width of a groove17of the stator3or the stator segment25. The insulation is used for potential separation with respect to the groove wall27on the interior side19of the tooth-wound coil6. Insulations9on the exterior sides20of the straight sections14of the tooth-wound coil6are used for phase insulation with respect to an adjacent coil side of an adjacent tooth-wound coil6in the groove17and project axially into the area of the winding heads18which are formed by the curved areas15. FIG.2shows a lateral representation of a basic arrangement of a tooth-wound coil6, wherein the individual sub-conductors11are embodied as a two-layer flat wire10and have a sub-conductor insulation29with respect to the adjacent sub-conductors11. This sub-conductor insulation29extends across the entire length of the tooth-wound coil6, in other words the length of the curved areas15plus the straight sections14of the tooth-wound coil6. Viewed in the peripheral direction, this sub-conductor insulation29of a sub-conductor11extends across at least two sides, a longitudinal side and a transverse side, such as, for graphical reasons, is shown in principle over-dimensioned on a sub-conductor11. The groove17itself is closed by a groove closure element7with respect to an air gap23of a dynamoelectric machine. FIG.3shows a prefabricated tooth-wound coil6with its insulations9, which can also contain mica, in order inter alia to avoid partial discharges. This preferably involves calendered muscovite mica impregnated with a fully cured impregnation resin. FIG.4shows the arrangement in the area of the winding head18, wherein the exterior sides20of the tooth-wound coil6are provided with insulation material which is embodied to be axially longer in the direction of the winding head18than in respect of the interior skies19. This is inter aha due to the fact that the curved areas15connect thereto. Furthermore, an improved leakage current stability is reached in this area as a result. FIG.5now shows an arrangement of insulated, prefabricated tooth-wound coil6in the grooves17of a stator3or stator segment25. Here the stator3or the stator segment25is axially packaged by pressure plates4and/or fingers5of a pressure plate4. Prefabricated tooth-wound coils6are arranged in grooves17of this laminated core of the stator3or of the stator segment25. In this embodiment, straight sections14or active part areas13of different tooth-wound coils6are arranged per groove17. The area of the winding head16of the stator3or stator segment25is now composed of 180° curves, in other words the curved areas15of the most varied of tooth-wound coils6. The insulation9on the exterior sides20of the tooth-wound coils6extends axially at least as far as the curved area15or therebeyond. The insulation9on the exterior sides20of the tooth-wound coils6therefore extends as far as or virtually onto the axial height of the axial projection of the winding heads18. FIG.6shows a lateral partial view of a stator segment25with an optional segment limit12of the stator segment26, wherein two coil sides of different tooth-wound coils6, possibly also of different electric phases, are arranged in the grooves17in each case. Accordingly, an insulation9is to be provided there between the exterior sides20of the tooth-wound coils6and also between the tooth-wound cons6and the teeth8of the stator segment25, Groove closure elements7are located in the area of the tooth8which is facing an air gap23. Viewed cross-sectionally, a tooth-wound coil6has at least to some extent coil sides arranged in a V shape. The coil sides which are inclined with respect to one another are possibly required to follow an above all comparatively minimal curvature radius of the stator3or stator segment25which is facing an air gap23and thus a rotor24. FIG.7shows a basic representation of a wind power plant1having an external rotor generator2, the rotor24of which is driven directly by a wind turbine, wherein electrical energy is generated by means of electromagnetic interaction between the rotor24, which is provided with permanent magnets28, and an inventively assembled stator3or stator segments25by means of electromagnetic interaction. Here the rotor24rotates with its housing which is fastened to a shaft of the wind turbine around the stationary stator3. | 5,311 |
11942845 | In accordance with common practice, the various described features are not drawn to scale but are drawn to emphasize features relevant to the present invention. Reference characters denote like elements throughout figures and text. DETAILED DESCRIPTION In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of specific illustrative embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and that logical, mechanical and electrical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense. Embodiments of the present invention provide stator coils and a method of manufacturing the same that reduce AC copper losses with better copper slot fill factor and thermal characteristics than conventional methods currently employed. The copper slot fill factor is ratio of the cross-sectional area of the amount of copper conductors inside of a stator slot compared to the amount of total available space of a bare slot. High copper slot fill designs can allow for increased conductor area or decreased slot area to reduce losses. The most common method to reduce AC copper losses is to use round stranded conductors also known as Litz wires or continuously transposed cables (CTC). Although the Litz wire has similar combined DC and AC loss with the method described in the present specification, the use of Litz wire has the following disadvantages:a. Decreased heat transfer coefficient of the stator winding;b. Significantly lower copper fill factor;c. Longer end-turns resulting in a larger generator; andd. Higher probability of stator insulation failure. Currently, there are no CTC available with the dimensions required for the generator application targeted, but assuming that this can be overcome, the CTC has the following disadvantages when compared with the method proposed:a. Decreased heat transfer coefficient of stator winding,b. Lower copper fill factor by about 10%;c. Longer conductor along the slot within the magnetic length;d. Higher probability of stator insulation failure. Embodiments of the present invention advantageously reduce the copper losses by a factor of 2.5 times versus typical rectangular conductors using multiple layers. For a high-power generator rated for 500-1,000 kW, this reduces AC copper loss by up to 15 kW. Thus, embodiments of the present invention increase the efficiency of the high-power machine and enables cooling with conventional approaches even when operating continuously at full power without exceeding its thermal limitation. Embodiments of the present invention advantageously may be used to provide power in Directed Energy Weapons (DEW) and Hybrid Electric Propulsion (HEP). Embodiments of the present invention use a new winding configuration, as described more fully below, to reduce the AC losses by a factor of 2 or more by reducing the circulating current in layered parallel strands using an inversion of the layers between the turns of the coils. This inversion is implemented in some embodiments at the one side of the end-turns, such as the side without the coil terminations that will be connected to the generator terminals via bus rings. Although in one embodiment, the inversion is implemented only one time at the end-turns, the inversion has the benefits of CTC, Litz wires or Roebel bars, without the disadvantages presented above. Various embodiments are described in turn below. Stator Coil with Two Turns FIG.1Aillustrates a first embodiment of a stator coil, indicated generally at100, according to the teachings of the present invention. In this embodiment, stator coil100includes two turns, first turn102and second turn104. It is noted that the teachings of the present invention are not limited to embodiments of stator coils with two turns. In other embodiments, stator coils with more than two turns are contemplated. For example, embodiments of stator coils with three and four turns are specifically disclosed in more detail below. It is further contemplated that the teachings of the present invention can be extended to a stator coil with any appropriate number of turns. For purposes of this specification, a “turn” is defined as a continuous length of conductor that forms a loop of the stator coil. For example, first turn102begins at110and ends at112and includes the contiguous portion of the conductor between those two points. Additionally, first turn102also includes inversion region106and coil termination108. Second turn104begins at112and ends at114. Second turn104also includes inversion region116and coil termination118. For pedagogical purposes, stator coil100is shown in an exploded view inFIG.1Ato better show the structure of the inversion regions106and116and the structure of the two turns. For purposes of this specification, the term “inversion region” means a length of conductor that is used to invert the orientation of the conductor such that the top surface of the conductor prior to the inversion region becomes the bottom surface of the conductor after the inversion region. In this view, the conductors of the first and second turns102and104are shown with no contact between the turns. This allows the top and bottom surfaces120and122of the conductor that forms the first and second turns102and104to be seen. When fully constructed, first and second turns102and104are brought into contact as shown inFIG.2. The conductor that forms first turn102and second turn104has first and second opposite sides or surfaces120and122. The inversion region changes the relative position of the first and second sides120and122of the first and second turns102and104in stator coil100. For example, as shown inFIG.1A, first side120is on top of the conductor that forms first turn102from110to the point where first turn102enters inversion region106. Where first turn102exits inversion region106, second side122is located on top of first turn102. Similarly, second side122is on top of the conductor that forms second turn104from112to the point where second turn104enters inversion region116. When second turn104exits inversion region116, first side120is the top surface of second turn104. In this manner, overlapping portions of first and second turns102and104are inverted relative to each other in the loop portion of stator coil100. In other words, the first and second sides of the first turn are inverted relative to the first and second sides of the second turn outside of their respective inversion regions106and116. In this embodiment, the conductor used to form the first turn102and the second turn104includes at least two strands: first strand126and second strand128. The strands of stator coil100are shown in cross section inFIG.1Band are substantially rectangular in cross section. Advantageously, this shape provides a better copper slot fill factor for stator coil100compared to other conductor shapes.FIG.1Bis a cross section of the first turn102and the second turn104along line1B. As can be seen inFIG.1B, the portion of first turn102that is to the right of a central axis124is oriented such that the first surface120is on the bottom of the conductor of the first turn102. Further, the portion of the second turn104that is located to the right of the central axis124is oriented in an inverted relationship to the first turn102such that the first surface120is on top of the second turn104. Similarly, on the opposite side of the central axis124of stator coil100, the first surface120of the first turn102is adjacent to the first surface120of the second turn104. Advantageously, this orientation (the first turn being inverted relative to the second turn) reduces the AC losses in stator coil100compared to conventional designs for stator coils. FIG.3is a perspective view illustrating an intermediate structure300used in one embodiment of a method for forming the stator coil100ofFIG.1AandFIG.2. Other appropriate methods can be used to construct stator coil100, e.g., brazing separate conductors. However, in the embodiment ofFIG.3, a continuous length of conductor is formed into intermediate structure300with loops on either side of an inversion region and then folded in half to form the stator coil100. Intermediate structure300includes first termination108that is formed along central axis124of structure300. First turn102is formed in two parts on either side of folding axis302. A first half304of first turn102is formed as a half of a loop on the left side of central axis124in a first segment of the conductor that extends from first termination108. First half304of first turn102is followed by inversion region106in another segment of the conductor of structure300. First turn102is completed by another half loop formed in another segment of the conductor on a right side of central axis124to form a second half306of the first turn102. Second turn104is formed in a similar manner to first turn102. Second turn104is formed in two parts on either side of folding axis302. A first half308of second turn104is formed as a half of a loop on the left side of central axis124in a next segment of the conductor that extends from second half306of first turn102. First half308of second turn104is followed by inversion region116in another segment of the conductor of structure300. Inversion region116passes below and is parallel with inversion region106of first turn102such that inversion regions106and116form a stack. Second turn104is completed by another half loop formed in another segment of the conductor on a right side of central axis124to form a second half310of the second turn104. Coil termination118extends from second half310of second turn104. Stator coil100ofFIG.2is completed by folding inversion regions106and116of intermediate structure300around folding axis302in the direction of arrow312. Specifically, first half304of first turn102and second half310of second turn104are folded under first half308of second turn104and second half306of first turn102, respectively, bending intermediate structure300at the inversion regions106and116. Stator Coil with Three Turns FIG.4Ais an exploded, perspective view of another embodiment of a stator coil, indicated at400, having three turns with each turn having two or more strands, and with at least one turn being inverted relative to another of the three turns. In this embodiment, stator coil400includes three turns, first turn402, second turn404, and third turn406. As with the embodiment having two turns described above, a “turn” is defined as a continuous length of conductor that forms a loop of the stator coil. For example, in this embodiment, first turn402begins at410and ends at412and includes the contiguous portion of the conductor between those two points. Additionally, first turn402also includes inversion region408and coil termination414. Second turn404begins at412and ends at416. Second turn404also includes inversion region418. Third turn406begins at416and includes inversion region420and ends at coil termination422. For pedagogical purposes, stator coil400is shown in an exploded view inFIG.4Ato better show the structure of the inversion regions408,418, and420and the structure of the three turns. In this view, the conductors of the first, second, and third turns402,404and406are shown with no contact between the turns. This allows the top and bottom surfaces424and426of the conductor that forms the turns to be seen. When fully constructed, first, second, and third turns402,404, and406are brought into contact as shown in in part inFIG.4B. The conductor that forms the three turns of stator coil400has first and second opposite sides or surfaces424and426. The inversion regions change the relative position of the first and second sides424and426of the first, second and third turns402,404, and406in stator coil400in a similar manner as described above with respect to the embodiment ofFIG.1B. The result of the inversion regions is that the first and second sides of the first turn402are inverted relative to the first and second sides of the second turn404outside of their respective inversion regions408and418. As with the embodiment ofFIGS.1A and1B, the conductor used to form stator coil400includes at least two strands. The strands of stator coil400are also substantially rectangular in cross section. Advantageously, this shape provides a better copper slot fill factor for stator coil400compared to other conductor shapes. Further, inverting at least one turn of stator coil400relative to at least one other turn reduces the AC losses in stator coil400compared to conventional designs for stator coils thereby producing a higher efficiency electric generator. FIG.5is a perspective view illustrating an intermediate structure500used in an embodiment of a method for forming the stator coil400ofFIGS.4A and4B. In this embodiment, a continuous length of conductor is formed into intermediate structure500with loops on either side of an inversion region and then folded in half to form the stator coil400. Intermediate structure500includes first termination414that is formed along central axis502of structure500. First turn402is formed in two parts on either side of folding axis504. A first half505of first turn402is formed as a half of a loop on the left side of central axis502in a first segment of the conductor that extends from first termination414. First half of first turn402is followed by inversion region408in another segment of the conductor of structure500that runs parallel with central axis502. First turn402is completed by another half loop formed in another segment of the conductor on a right side of central axis502to form a second half506of the first turn402. Second turn404is formed in a similar manner to first turn402. Second turn404is formed in two parts on either side of folding axis504. A first half508of second turn404is formed as a half of a loop on the left side of central axis502in a next segment of the conductor that extends from second half506of first turn402. First half508of second turn404is followed by inversion region418in another segment of the conductor of structure500. Inversion region418passes below and is parallel with inversion region408of first turn402to form a stack. Second turn404is completed by another half loop formed in another segment of the conductor on a right side of central axis502to form a second half510of the second turn404. Third turn406is formed in a similar manner to first turn402and second turn404. Third turn406is formed in two parts on either side of folding axis504. A first half512of third turn406is formed as a half of a loop on the left side of central axis502in a next segment of the conductor that extends from second half510of second turn404. First half512of third turn406is followed by inversion region420in another segment of the conductor of structure500. Inversion region420passes below and is parallel with inversion region418of second turn404to add to the stack including inversion regions408and418. Third turn406is completed by another half loop formed in another segment of the conductor on a right side of central axis502to form a second half514of the third turn406. Coil termination422extends from second half514of third turn406. Stator coil400ofFIGS.4A and4Bis completed by folding inversion regions408,418, and420of intermediate structure500around folding axis504in the direction of arrow516. Specifically, second half506of first turn402and second half514of third turn406, and first half508of second turn404are folded under second half510of second turn404and first half505of first turn404, and first half512of third turn406, respectively, bending intermediate structure500at the inversion regions408,418, and420. FIG.6Ais a combination of a schematic diagram and a partial cross section view of the stator coil400ofFIGS.4A and4B. In this representation, stator coil400is illustrated as including three turns: first turn402, second turn404, and third turn406. The turns are shown in cross section taken along a line6-6inFIG.4Aand each include four strands. The strands602,604,606, and608are shown with a substantially rectangular cross section to provide the advantage of a high copper slot fill factor. Stator Coil400is also illustrated schematically as a single conductor610that forms the three turns402,404and406. Turns402,404, and406in this embodiment, include inversion regions,408,418, and420, respectively. Each of the inversion regions is illustrated schematically as a dot on the conductor610on the portion of conductor610that forms the respective turn402,404, and406. As explained above, the inversion regions enable the reduction of AC losses in stator coil400by inverting the conductor610so that the top and bottom surfaces are different for the various turns in stator coil400. In this embodiment, strand602includes first surface424of stator coil400. Additionally, strand608includes surface426. Surfaces424and426are inverted in the various turns of stator coil400as illustrated inFIG.6Ato reduce the AC losses in stator coil400compared to conventional designs for stator coils. The embodiments described above include a single inversion in each turn. In other embodiments, more than one inversion is included in a single turn of the stator coil. For example,FIG.6Bis a schematic diagram that illustrates the locations of inversions in another embodiment of a stator coil, indicated generally at620. Stator coil620is formed from conductor622that is made of two or more strands having substantially rectangular cross section. In this embodiment, stator coil620also has three turns:624,626, and628. Each turn, has at least one inversion region in which conductor622is inverted so that the top and bottom sides of the conductor622are reversed in position. The inversion regions are illustrated with a dot on conductor622. In this embodiment, first turn624includes inversions at both ends of turn624, indicated at630and632. Second turn626also includes inversions at both ends of turn626, indicated at634and636. Third turn628only has one inversion indicated at638. By including inversion regions in the turns in the embodiment ofFIG.6B, first and second sides on at least one turn are inverted relative to another turn to provide reduced AC losses and thus more efficient operation of the associated electric generator. In another embodiment, illustrated inFIG.6C, inversions are only provided at the end of coil640that provides the termination of the coil. Specifically, in this embodiment, inversions630,634and638are removed compared to the embodiment ofFIG.6Band only two inversions are provided. Namely, coil640, in this embodiment, includes inversion632between the first turn624and second turn626, and inversion636between second turn626and third turn628. As with the embodiment ofFIG.6B, the use of inversion regions in the turns in the embodiment ofFIG.6Cinverts first and second sides on at least one turn relative to another turn to provide reduced AC losses and thus more efficient operation of the associated electric generator. Stator Coil with Four Turns FIG.7is an exploded, perspective view of another embodiment of a stator coil, indicated generally at700, having four turns with each turn having two or more strands, and with at least one turn being inverted relative to another turn. In this embodiment, stator coil700includes four turns: first turn702, second turn704, and third turn706. As with the embodiments described above, a “turn” is defined as a continuous length of conductor that forms a loop of the stator coil. For example, in this embodiment, first turn702begins at712and ends at714and includes the contiguous portion of the conductor between those two points. Additionally, first turn702also includes inversion region710and coil termination716. Second turn704begins at714and ends at718. Second turn704also includes inversion region720. Third turn706begins at718and includes inversion region712and ends at724. Finally, fourth turn708begins at724, passes through inversion region726and ends in coil termination728. For pedagogical purposes, stator coil700is shown in an exploded view inFIG.7to better show the structure of the inversion regions710,720,722, and726and the structure of the four turns. In this view, the conductors of the first, second, third and fourth turns702,704706and708are shown with no contact between the turns. This allows the top and bottom surfaces730and732of the conductor that forms the turns to be seen. When fully constructed, first, second, third and fourth turns702,704706and708are brought into contact like the other embodiments described above. The conductor that forms the four turns of stator coil700has first and second opposite sides or surfaces730and732. The inversion regions change the relative position of the first and second sides730and732of the first, second, third and fourth turns702,704706and708in stator coil700in a similar manner as described above with the other embodiments. The result of the inversion regions is that the first and second sides of the first turn702are inverted relative to the first and second sides of the second turn704outside of their respective inversion regions710and720. As with the embodiment ofFIGS.1A and1B, the conductor used to form stator coil700includes at least two strands. The strands of stator coil700are also substantially rectangular in cross section. Advantageously, this shape provides a better copper slot fill factor for stator coil700compared to other conductor shapes. Further, inverting at least one turn of stator coil700relative to at least one other turn reduces the AC losses in stator coil700compared to conventional designs for stator coils thereby producing a higher efficiency electric generator. FIG.8is a perspective view illustrating an intermediate structure800used in an embodiment of a method for forming the stator coil700ofFIG.7. In this embodiment, a continuous length of conductor is formed into intermediate structure800with loops on either side of an inversion region and then folded in half to form the stator coil700. Intermediate structure800includes first termination716that is formed along central axis802of structure800. First turn702is formed in two parts on either side of folding axis804. A first half806of first turn702is formed as a half of a loop on the left side of central axis802in a first segment of the conductor that extends from first termination716. First half of first turn702is followed by inversion region710in another segment of the conductor of structure800that runs parallel with central axis802. First turn702is completed by another half loop formed in another segment of the conductor on a right side of central axis802to form a second half808of the first turn702. Second turn704is formed in a similar manner to first turn702. Second turn704is formed in two parts on either side of folding axis804. A first half810of second turn704is formed as a half of a loop on the left side of central axis802in a next segment of the conductor that extends from second half808of first turn702. First half810of second turn704is followed by inversion region720in another segment of the conductor of structure800. Inversion region720passes below and is parallel with inversion region710of first turn702. Second turn704is completed by another half loop formed in another segment of the conductor on a right side of central axis802to form a second half812of the second turn704. Third turn706is formed in a similar manner to first turn702and second turn704. Third turn706is formed in two parts on either side of folding axis804. A first half814of third turn706is formed as a half of a loop on the left side of central axis802in a next segment of the conductor that extends from second half812of second turn704. First half814of third turn706is followed by inversion region722in another segment of the conductor of structure800. Inversion region722passes below and is parallel with inversion region720of second turn704. Third turn706is completed by another half loop formed in another segment of the conductor on a right side of central axis802to form a second half816of the third turn706. Finally, fourth turn708is formed in a similar manner to other turns of stator coil700. fourth turn708is formed in two parts on either side of folding axis804. A first half818of fourth turn708is formed as a half of a loop on the left side of central axis802in a next segment of the conductor that extends from second half816of third turn706. First half818of fourth turn708is followed by inversion region726in another segment of the conductor of structure1200. Inversion region726passes below and is parallel with inversion region722of third turn706. Inversion regions710,720,722, and726are positioned to form a stack aligned with central axis802and centered on folding axis804. Fourth turn708is completed by another half loop formed in another segment of the conductor on a right side of central axis802to form a second half820of the fourth turn708. Coil termination728extends from second half820of fourth turn708. Stator coil700ofFIG.7is completed by folding inversion regions710,720,722, and726of intermediate structure800around folding axis804in the direction of arrow805. Specifically, the half of structure800located to the right of folding axis804is folded under the half of structure800on the left side of axis804resulting in stator coil700ofFIG.7. Stator Coil Formed by Brazing Between Turns FIG.9Ais a perspective view of another embodiment of a stator coil, indicated generally at900, having three turns formed from lengths of a conductor, with each length of conductor having two or more strands. The turns of stator coil900are inverted at a first end930of stator coil900and selectively interconnected with brazing at a second end932to form the stator coil900. Stator coil900also includes coil terminations902and924located at second end932. To better illustrate the orientation of the surfaces in the brazing of the turns at second end932, termination924is not shown inFIG.9B In this embodiment, stator coil900includes three turns, first turn904, second turn912, and third turn920. As with the embodiment described above, a “turn” is defined as a continuous length of conductor that forms a loop of the stator coil. For example, in this embodiment, the conductor forming first turn904begins at coil termination902. The conductor of first turn904proceeds parallel to central axis906and enters inversion region908. Inversion region908inverts the orientation of the conductor forming first turn904. In other words, surface926of the conductor forming first turn904enters inversion region908on top of the conductor and exits inversion region908on the bottom the conductor After exiting inversion region908, the conductor that forms first turn904extends parallel to central axis906to brazing region910. At brazing region910, the conductor forming first turn904with surface926on bottom (seeFIG.9B) is brazed to the conductor forming second turn912. When brazing the conductors of first turn904and second turn912, each strand of the conductor of first turn904is brazed with the corresponding strand of the conductor of second turn912. The brazing of the various strands are staggered and are coated with insulating materials such as Heresite and wrapped with insulation tape such as Kapton tape. The conductor forming second turn912extends from brazing region910parallel to central axis906and enters inversion region916with surface926on the bottom. The conductor forming second turn912exits the inversion region916with its surfaces inverted so that first surface926is on top of second turn912. In this orientation, second turn912extends along central axis906to brazing region918with surface926on top (SeeFIG.9B). At brazing region918, the conductor forming second turn912is brazed to the conductor forming third turn920. The conductor forming third turn920extends from brazing region918parallel to central axis906and enters inversion region922with surface926on the top. The conductor forming third turn920exits the inversion region922with its surfaces inverted so that second surface928is on top of the third turn920. Third turn920extends in a direction toward second end932parallel to central axis906and ends at second coil termination92with surface928on top. Thus, third turn920has its surfaces inverted relative to at least one other turn. Advantageously, this reduces AC losses in stator coil900and, when incorporated into an electric generator (such as electric generator1100ofFIG.11), produces an electric generator with a higher efficiency compared to conventional stator designs. FIGS.10A,10B and10Cillustrate an embodiment of a method for manufacturing the stator coil900ofFIGS.9A and9B. In this method, stator coil900is formed from three separate conductors,1000,1008, and1016, that are brazed together to form the contiguous conductor of stator coil900. First turn904is formed by bending conductor1000to include a first half1004of first turn904extending from coil termination902on a right side of center axis1002. Additionally, conductor1000is bent so that it crosses over center axis1002at folding axis1007forming inversion region908. Further, conductor1000is bent to form a second half1006of first turn904on the left side of central axis1002ending with brazing region910A. Similarly, third turn920is formed by bending conductor1008to include a first half1012of third turn920on a right side of center axis1002extending from brazing area918B. Additionally, conductor1008is bent so that it crosses over center axis1010at folding axis1015forming inversion region922. Further, conductor1008is bent to form a second half1014of third turn920on the left side of central axis1010ending with coil termination924. Finally, second turn912is formed by bending conductor1016to include a first half1020extending from brazing region910B of second turn912on a right side of center axis1018extending from brazing area918B. Additionally, conductor1016is bent so that it crosses over center axis1018at folding axis1023forming inversion region916. Further, conductor1016is bent to form a second half1022of second turn912on the left side of central axis1018ending with brazing region918A. Stator coil900is fabricated by stacking conductors1000,1008, and1016such that inversion regions908,922, and916line up with conductor1000on top, conductor1008in the middle and conductor1016on the bottom. Conductors1000,1008and1016are folded around folding axes1007,1015, and1023, respectively. Brazing region910A of conductor1000(first turn904) is brazed to brazing area910B of conductor1016(second turn912) to form brazing region910ofFIGS.9A and9B. Further, brazing region918A of conductor1016is brazed to brazing region918B of conductor1008(third turn920) to form brazing region918ofFIGS.9A and9Band to complete fabrication of the stator coil900. The embodiment ofFIGS.9A,9B,10A,10B, and10Cis described with respect to having three turns with the turns selectively interconnected at end932using brazing to form a single conductive coil between coil terminations902and924. It is noted that in other embodiments, any appropriate number of turns can be implemented between coil terminations902and924by stacking and selectively interconnecting the turns through brazing or by any other appropriate technique so that the surfaces of at least one turn are inverted relative to the surfaces of at least one additional turn outside the inversion region of the stator coil. It is noted that in this disclosure, several embodiments of a stator coil have been disclosed that are formed by folding (“folded embodiments”) an intermediate structure in half to create the coil with the sides of one turn being inverted relative to the sides of at least one other turn in an area outside of an inversion region. Embodiments with two, three and four turns have been disclosed as illustrated inFIGS.1A,1B,2,3,4A,4B,5,6A,6B,6C,7and8. Further, an embodiment that uses brazing (“brazed embodiment”) to enable the inversion among three turns inFIGS.9A,9B,10A,10B, and10C. It is understood that the present application is not limited to two, three or four turns in a stator coil using either the brazed or the folded embodiments. Any appropriate number of turns may be included in a stator coil according to the teachings of the present invention. Further, it is also understood that in these so-called folded embodiments as well as the brazed embodiments the length of the conductor in each inversion region is selected to enable folding of the conductor such that the first turn and the at least one additional turn are aligned in the final structure. Electric Machine FIG.11is a front view of an embodiment of an electric machine, e.g., an electric generator or electric motor, indicated generally at1100, and including stator coils1108according to the teachings of the present invention. Electric machine1100includes housing1102. Stator1104is disposed within housing1102. Stator1104includes a plurality of stator slots1106that are disposed around an interior perimeter1107of stator1104. Each stator slot1106is adapted to be filled with a stator coil1108constructed according to the teachings of the present invention. For example, stator coils1108may be constructed as shown and described above with respect to one or more ofFIG.1A,1B,2,3,4A,4B,5,6A,6B,6C,7,8,9A,9B,10A,10B, or10C. Electric machine1100also includes a rotor1110disposed within the stator1104that causes a magnetic field to rotate within the stator804thereby generating electricity in the stator coils1108of electric machine1100. As described above, stator coils1108are designed to reduce AC losses compared to conventional designs. This increases the efficiency of the electric machine1100thereby reducing heat generation. With the reduction in heat generation, electric machine1100can be cooled with a smaller cooling system, thereby enabling use of electric machine1100at full power for extended periods of time in systems that benefit from a generator with a small form factor. EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that any arrangement, which is calculated to achieve the same purpose, may be substituted for the specific embodiment shown. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the present invention. Therefore, it is manifestly intended that this invention be limited only by the claims and the equivalents thereof. Example 1 includes a stator coil, comprising: a first turn with two or more strands, the first turn having first and second opposite sides, a coil termination at a first end of the first turn and an inversion region; at least one additional turn with two or more strands, the at least one additional turn having first and second opposite sides, and an inversion region located adjacent to the inversion region of the first turn; and wherein the first and second sides of the first turn are inverted relative to the first and second sides of the at least one additional turn outside their respective inversion regions. Example 2 includes the stator coil of example 1, wherein one of the at least one additional turn includes a second coil termination. Example 3 includes the stator coil of any of examples 1-2, wherein each strand of the two or more strands of the first turn and the two or more strands of the at least one additional turn each have a rectangular cross-section. Example 4 includes the stator coil of any of examples 1-3, wherein the first turn and the at least one additional turn each include no more than one inversion. Example 5 includes the stator coil of any of examples 1-4, wherein at least one of the first turn and the at least one additional turn includes more than one inversion. Example 6 includes the stator coil of any of examples 1-5, and further including a brazed connection between the first turn and the at least one additional turn opposite the inversion region of the first turn. Example 7 includes the stator coil of example 6, wherein each strand in the brazed connection is separately brazed and insulated. Example 8 includes the stator coil of any of examples 1-7, wherein each inversion region is disposed at the first end of its respective turn or at a second end, opposite the coil termination. Example 9 includes a method for forming a stator coil, the method comprising: forming a first segment of a conductor having two or more strands into a half of a loop on a first side of an axis to form a first half of a first turn; forming a second segment of the conductor, connected to the first segment, and extending along the axis to form an inversion region of the first turn; forming a third segment of the conductor into a half of a loop on a second side of the axis to form a second half of the first turn; forming a fourth segment of the conductor into a half of a loop on the first side of the axis to form a first half of at least one additional turn; forming a fifth segment of the conductor, connected to the fourth segment, and extending along the axis to form an inversion region for the at least one additional turn; forming a sixth segment of the conductor into a half of a loop on the second side of the axis to form a second half of the at least one additional turn; wherein the conductor has first and second opposite surfaces; folding the conductor at the inversion region of the first and the at least one additional turn; wherein first and second sides of the first turn are inverted relative to first and second sides of the at least one additional turn outside of the inversion region. Example 10 includes the method of example 9, wherein the inversion regions of the first turn and the at least one additional turn form a stack. Example 11 includes the method of any one of examples 9-10, wherein the inversion region of the first turn and the inversion region of the at least one additional turn each has a length set to enable folding of the conductor such that the first turn and the at least one additional turn are aligned. Example 12 includes the method of any one of examples 9-11, and further including forming a first coil termination coupled to a leading end of the first turn and a second coil termination coupled to a trailing end of the at least one additional turn. Example 13 includes the method of any one of examples 9-12, and further comprising forming additional turns in segments of the conductor with first and second half loops and an inversion region in between the first and second half loops of each additional turn. Example 14 includes the method of example 13, wherein the inversion region of each additional turn is stacked below the inversion region of the prior turn. Example 15 includes a method for forming a stator coil, the method comprising: forming a first turn having two or more strands, first and second opposite sides, a coil termination end, an inversion region and a brazing region; forming at least one additional turn, the at least one additional turn having two or more strands, first and second opposite sides, an inversion region and at least one brazing region; stacking the first turn and the at least one additional turn; folding the first turn and the at least one additional turn at their respective inversion regions; and selectively brazing the first turn with the at least one additional turn at their respective brazing regions such that the first and second sides of the first turn are inverted relative to the first and second sides of the at least one additional turn. Example 16 includes the method of example 15, wherein the at least one additional turn has a coil termination end. Example 17 includes the method of any of examples 15-16, wherein selectively brazing comprises separately brazing each strand in the first turn with a corresponding strand in the at least one additional turn. Example 18 includes the method of any of examples 15-17, wherein forming at least one additional turn comprises forming two or more additional turns. Example 19 includes the method of any of examples 15-18, wherein forming a first turn having two or more strands comprises forming a first turn having two or more strands with rectangular cross sections. Example 20 includes an electric machine, comprising: a housing; a stator disposed in the housing; a rotor, disposed in the stator; a plurality of stator coils disposed in a plurality of slots in the stator; and wherein the plurality of stator coils includes at least one stator coil including: a first turn with two or more strands, the first turn having first and second opposite sides, a coil termination at a first end of the first turn and an inversion region; at least one additional turn with two or more strands, the at least one additional turn having first and second opposite sides, and an inversion region located adjacent to the inversion region of the first turn; and wherein the first and second sides of the first turn are inverted relative to the first and second sides of the at least one additional turn outside their respective inversion regions. | 41,512 |
11942846 | Like reference symbols in the various drawings generally indicate like elements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here. Various disclosed embodiments include illustrative stator winding interface devices, electric motors, and methods for forming an integrated stator busbar. Referring now toFIG.1and given by way of overview, in various embodiments a stator winding interface device50includes phase plates70, a neutral plate58, and a structure84configured to maintain the phase plates70and the neutral plate58in a rigid orientation. Now that a non-limiting overview has been provided, details will be set forth below by way of non-limiting examples provided by way of illustration only. Still referring toFIG.1, in various embodiments a three-phase electric motor40includes a stator44, a rotor42, and the stator winding interface device50(also referred to as a stator busbar). The rotor42is rotatably received within the stator44. The stator busbar50is bonded to coils48of the stator44. In various embodiments, the stator busbar50includes three phase plates70and the neutral plate58that are electrically and physically isolated from each other by the structure84. In various embodiments the structure84may be a rigid structure. In such embodiments, the rigid structure84may be made from any material that provides sufficient electrical insulation and a rigidity acceptable for maintaining alignment between the phase plates70and the neutral plate58. The materials may include engineering plastics or thermoplastics that can withstand wide temperature ranges, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polycarbonates, or comparable materials. The rigid structure84may be formed by placing the phase plates70and the neutral plate58into a mold and overmolding a material, such as a thermoplastic material, over the phase plates70and the neutral plate58, as is discussed in more detail below. Also, the rigid structure84may be created from multiple molds, thereby creating multiple overmolds of a thermoplastic material that bond to each other, as is also discussed in more detail below. Referring additionally toFIG.2, in various embodiments the stator44is connected via the stator busbar50to three phase electrical leads54. The three phase electrical leads54connect at another end to an inverter52. The three-phase electric motor40and the connected inverter52form part of a drive unit. Referring additionally toFIG.3, in various embodiments the stator busbar50includes a neutral plate58. The neutral plate58suitably is formed from a stamped sheet of copper or comparable conductive material. The neutral plate58includes a base section60having an arc shape or other suitable shape for matching the curve of an end of the stator44. The neutral plate58includes weld tabs62. In various embodiments and given by way of example only and not of limitation, the stator44includes twelve parallel coil pathways. Thus, in such embodiments the neutral plate58includes six weld tabs62that extend from a concave side of the base section60and six weld tabs62that extend from a convex side of the base section60. The weld tabs62are bent to be approximately parallel to a normal vector of the base section60. The neutral plate58also includes a sensor tab64that extends from one end of the base section60. However, it will be appreciated that any number of coil pathways and weld tabs may be used as desired for a particular application. Referring additionally toFIG.4, in various embodiments the stator busbar50includes three phase plates70. The phase plates70are stamped from a sheet of copper or comparable conductive material to include a base section72and four weld tabs74. The weld tabs74are bent to be approximately parallel to a normal vector of the base section72. The weld tabs74provide connection to four parallel pathway coils of the stator44. An internally threaded rod76(also referred to as a bolt mount) is mounted to the base section72. The internally threaded rod76may be laser welded to, pressure fitted into, or attached in a secure manner to the base section72. The internally threaded rod76, as will be shown later in reference toFIG.10, connects to inverter leads. It will be appreciated that the internally threaded rod76may include other mechanisms for connecting to the inverter leads, for example an externally threaded post. It will be appreciated that the stator44may include a different number of parallel pathways depending upon the type and design of the three-phase electric motor40, thus affecting the number of welds entailed for each plate. Referring additionally toFIG.5, in various embodiments the three phase plates70and the neutral plate58are positioned as they would be in an injection mold tooling device prior to bonding the parts with a material, such as a heated thermoplastic cooled within a mold to create a molded structure. The three phase plates70are positioned to have first and second dielectric gaps80between the base sections72of the three phase plates70. The geometry of the edges of the three phase plates70at the dielectric gap80and the width of the dielectric gap80are selected to provide a maximized gap between the three phase plates70while minimizing current density. The injected material will occupy the dielectric gap80for preventing shorts. Also, a third gap exists between the neutral plate58and the three phase plates70to allow for injected material to occupy the third gap and provide insulation between the three phase plates70and the neutral plate58. Referring additionally toFIG.6, in various embodiments an injection molding process of the stator busbar50has been completed. The injection molding process produces an injection mold structure84that rigidly maintains the orientation of the three phase plates70and the neutral plate58according to the injection mold setup shown inFIG.5. The injection mold structure84covers the base section60of the neutral plate58and the base section72of the three phase plates70. The weld tabs62and74, the sensor tabs64, and the internally threaded rods76are exposed outside of the injection mold structure84. The injection mold tooling structure84also includes a molded sensor wire mount86that extends from an outer surface of the injection mold structure84. Referring additionally toFIG.7, in various embodiments the three phase plates70are bonded within a first structure90, thus keeping the three phase plates70in the orientation shown new inFIG.5. The first structure90includes pin setting holes94form from tooling pins of a first injection mold tooling structure used to keep the three phase plates70oriented while the first structure90, in liquid form, is applied. The first structure90also includes vertical locking slots92(or first lock features) located around an outer surface of the first structure90. The first structure90also includes a molded sensor wire mount96that extends from an outer surface of the first structure90. Referring additionally toFIG.8, in various embodiments the first structure90with the three phase plates70is inserted into a second injection mold tooling structure with the neutral plate58in an orientation similar to that shown inFIG.5. Then, a second structure100, in liquid form, is inserted into the second injection mold tooling structure while tooling pins hold the neutral plate58in place relative to the first structure90. The second structure100includes vertical locking tabs102(or second lock features) that correspond in position and size to the vertical locking slots92of the first structure90. The vertical locking tabs102received within the vertical locking slots92provide a mechanical link/lock between the first structure90and the second structure100. Additionally, chemical bonding also occurs between a bottom surface of the first structure90and a top surface of the second structure100when the second structure100is applied. Also, the second structure100includes holes formed due to tooling pins. Referring additionally toFIG.9, in various embodiments the wire mount is configured to support sensor wiring108associated with a sensor106. In some embodiments, the sensor106is attached to the sensor tab64via an attachment device110such as, without limitation, a clip, a thermal adhesive, or a comparable attachment device. Sensor wiring108is attached to the wire mount86via an attachment device112such as, without limitation, a clip, a zip tie, or comparable device. In various embodiments, the sensor106may include a temperature sensor. In various embodiments, the tab64may be further configured to transmit heat to the sensor106. Referring additionally toFIG.10, in various embodiments each of the threaded rods76is configured to connect to an inverter lead54. Given by way of non-limiting example, in various embodiments the electrical leads54are attached, such as by being bolted or the like, to the internally threaded rods76at one end and then attached to the inverter at another end. Before the electrical leads54are attached to the internally threaded rod76, the weld tabs62and74are welded to corresponding stator coil ends112. In various embodiments, the rigid structure84(FIG.5) may be formed of multiple parts created from multiple molds. A first mold creates a bottom structure configured to hold the neutral plate58in a first orientation. A second mold creates a top structure configured to hold the three phase plates70in a second orientation. A third mold creates a middle structure configured to attach to the bottom and top structure to hold the three phase plates70and the neutral plate58in a third orientation. The orientation of the phase plates70and the neutral plate58is illustrated inFIG.5. The top, bottom, and middle structures include attachment features that allow the middle structure to attach to the top and bottom structures. This is considered a molding process not an overmolding process like that described below. In various embodiments and referring additionally toFIG.11, an illustrative process100may be performed for creating and attaching a stator busbar to a stator. At a block132, phase plates and a neutral plate are provided for a stator windings interface device. At a block134, the phase plates and the neutral plate are placed in a structure configured to maintain the phase plates and the neutral plate in a rigid orientation. At a block136, the phase plates and the neutral plate are attached to coil windings of a stator. In various embodiments the phase plates and the neutral plate may be provided, without limitation, by stamping from a metal plate, bending, welding, machining, or forming in a comparable manner. In some embodiments, the phase plates and the neutral plate may be placed in the structure at the block134by forming the structure around a portion of the phase plates and a portion of the neutral plate in a mold tooling device. For example, in some such embodiments the structure may be formed around a portion of the phase plates and a portion of the neutral plate in a mold tooling device. This may be done by a molding process described above or any other suitable process as desired. In some other embodiments, the phase plates and the neutral plate may be placed in the structure at the block134by forming a first structure around a portion of the phase plates, forming a second structure around a portion of the neutral plate, and attaching the first structure to the second structure. In some such embodiments the first structure may be attached to the second structure by chemically bonding and/or mechanically bonding the first structure to the second structure as desired for a particular application. In some instances, one or more components may be referred to herein as “configured to,” “configured by,” “configurable to,” “operable/operative to,” “adapted/adaptable,” “able to,” “conformable/conformed to,” etc. Those skilled in the art will recognize that such terms (for example “configured to”) generally encompass active-state components and/or inactive-state components and/or standby-state components, unless context requires otherwise. While particular aspects of the present subject matter described herein have been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modifications may be made without departing from the subject matter described herein and its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as are within the true spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein. It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (for example, bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (for example, the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to claims containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (for example, “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (for example, the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (for example, “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that typically a disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms unless context dictates otherwise. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be typically understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.” With respect to the appended claims, those skilled in the art will appreciate that recited operations therein may generally be performed in any order. Also, although various operational flows are presented in a sequence(s), it should be understood that the various operations may be performed in other orders than those which are illustrated or may be performed concurrently. Examples of such alternate orderings may include overlapping, interleaved, interrupted, reordered, incremental, preparatory, supplemental, simultaneous, reverse, or other variant orderings, unless context dictates otherwise. Furthermore, terms like “responsive to,” “related to,” or other past-tense adjectives are generally not intended to exclude such variants, unless context dictates otherwise. While the disclosed subject matter has been described in terms of illustrative embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made thereto without departing from the scope of the claimed subject matter as set forth in the claims. | 16,884 |
11942847 | DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described with reference to the drawings. The following embodiments are merely specific examples of the present disclosure, and do not limit the technical scope of the present disclosure. In all of the drawings, the same constituent elements are given the same reference numerals, respectively, and repetition of the same descriptions thereof is avoided. Furthermore, in each of the drawings, detailed descriptions of constituent elements that are not directly related to the present disclosure are omitted. Embodiment Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described with reference to the drawings. First, stator1according to the present embodiment will be described usingFIG.1andFIG.2. Note thatFIG.1is a plan view of stator1according to the present embodiment, andFIG.2is a cross-sectional view of stator1, the view taken along line A-A inFIG.1. Stator1is provided as a component constituting a part of motor50(seeFIG.7) provided in ventilation device60(seeFIG.8AandFIG.8B). Stator1includes iron core2serving as a stator core, insulator3, winding4, terminal pin12, and substrate6. Iron core2is formed by annularly connecting a plurality of split iron cores each of which is formed by uniting yoke part7positioned in the outer periphery of stator1and a tooth part (not illustrated) protruding from yoke part7toward the inner periphery of stator1. Iron core2is formed in such a manner that the split cores linearly arranged by uniting adjoining yoke parts7are processed into an annular shape, or the split cores each formed as an independent object are annularly connected to each other at yoke parts7. Rotating shaft15of a not-illustrated rotor is positioned at the center of the annular shape of iron core2. Insulator3is configured to cover mainly a range from yoke part7of iron core2to the tooth part thereof. Winding4is wound around a plurality of the tooth parts via insulator3. That is, insulator3has the function of electrically insulating iron core2from winding4. Insulator3includes rib13(seeFIG.3toFIG.6), and details thereof will be described later. Winding4is an electrically conductive wire mainly made of a copper or aluminum alloy, and wound around iron core2via insulator3. Note that winding4has different winding specifications, depending on required specifications. Terminal pin12is provided so as to stand on the top face of insulator3, that is, on a face of insulator3that faces substrate6, in the direction of substrate6and to be in parallel with rotating shaft15. Terminal pin12is formed mainly of an electrically conductive material, and, when electrically connected to copper foil8on substrate6and winding4, terminal pin12establishes an electrically connection between substrate6and winding4. Terminal pin12includes terminal connection part5. Substrate6includes a plurality of electric contact points, copper foil for connecting the electric contact points, and through hole16through which terminal pin12penetrates. Substrate6is configured to connect, for example, an external inverter circuit to winding4. In the present embodiment, substrate6has an outline in the form of a part of a toroidal shape, the part having a central angle of approximately 160 degrees. In other words, substrate6has a partial doughnut shape. Substrate6is disposed on a plane perpendicular to rotating shaft15, at a predetermined distance from iron core2in the direction of rotating shaft15, so as to bring the center of substrate6into agreement with the center of rotating shaft15. Substrate6includes: iron-core facing face6afacing iron core2; and back face6bopposite to iron-core facing face6a. InFIG.2, iron-core facing face6ais a lower face of substrate6, and back face6bis an upper face of substrate6. Substrate6further includes: through hole16via which iron-core facing face6aand back face6bcommunicate; and slit11communicating with through hole16. The inner periphery of through hole16and surroundings thereof are provided with copper foil serving as an electrically conductive material. Terminal connection part5is formed on terminal pin12, and includes upper connection part5aand lower connection part5b. Upper connection part5ais a part configured to electrically connect a winding terminal of winding4to terminal pin12. With terminal pin12penetrating from iron-core facing face6ato back face6b, upper connection part5ais provided at an end, on back face6bside, of terminal pin12. In other words, upper connection part5ais provided at a distance from back face6bin a direction opposite to iron core2. In the present embodiment, as an example of a method for connecting winding4to terminal pin12in upper connection part5a, soldering is mentioned, but the connection method is not limited to a particular one, and may be arc welding, laser joining, or fusing joining. Lower connection part5bis a part configured to electrically connect the electrically conductive material provided in the inner periphery of through hole16to terminal pin12. Lower connection part5bis provided in the vicinity of through hole16, and is configured to electrically connect terminal pin12to substrate6by pouring and applying solder from the back face6bside into through hole16provided inFIG.2in the present embodiment. Upper connection part5aand lower connection part5bare preferably isolated from each other, in other words, independently disposed. Thus, during the formation of lower connection part5b, the heat of lower connection part5bcan be prevented from affecting upper connection part5a, and furthermore affecting the connection between terminal pin12and winding4. Note that upper connection part5aand lower connection part5bare not necessarily perfectly isolated from each other, and, in the case where the upper end of lower connection part5bis in slight contact with the lower end of upper connection part5a, it can be determined that there is no heat influence, and hence such case falls into the isolation in the present embodiment. Details of configurations of substrate6and terminal connection part5will be described usingFIG.3toFIG.6.FIG.3is a partially enlarged view of the stator,FIG.4is a partial cross-sectional view of the stator,FIG.5is an enlarged top view of the slit, andFIG.6is an enlarged side view of the slit. Note thatFIG.3is an enlarged view of part B inFIG.1. Furthermore, the top view means a case in which substrate6is viewed from the back face6bof substrate6. As illustrated inFIG.3, substrate6includes slit11formed by cutting out a part of substrate6toward rotating shaft15and connected to through hole16. Slit11is provided in through hole16so as to be opened in inner peripheral direction21of the annular shape of iron core2. The opening width of slit11is, for example, smaller than the diameter of through hole16. Rib13is provided in insulator3, and functions as a guide for guiding terminal wire10of winding4to slit11. Rib13is provided in the vicinity of terminal pin12in insulator3, and in the upper face of insulator3, the upper face facing iron-core facing face6aof substrate6. Rib13extends from the vicinity of the inner periphery of insulator3toward the center of iron core2. Rib13is disposed so as to be capable of being visually observed through slit11in the top view illustrated inFIG.3, when substrate6is disposed. In other words, rib13is not entirely hidden behind substrate6in the top view, but, rib13is disposed so that a part of rib13protrudes toward the slit space from one of facing sides of slit11. In other words, in a state in which insulator3and substrate6are combined, at least a part of rib13is positioned under slit11. Next, an assembly procedure of stator1will be described usingFIG.3toFIG.6. First, after winding4is wound around iron core2, terminal wire10is drawn from insulator3toward substrate6as illustrated inFIG.5andFIG.6. Starting position20for the drawing of terminal wire10is preferably a position at the same distance from the center of iron core2in the radial direction as the distance between the center of iron core2and terminal pin12, or a position closer to the outer peripheral side than terminal pin12. Terminal wire10is drawn out from starting position20in inner peripheral direction21, and laid under lower face23of rib13, that is, a face closer to iron core2, and drawn in terminal pin direction24. Subsequently, after terminal wire10passes through lower face23, terminal wire10is drawn to upper face25of rib13, that is, toward an end of terminal pin12, and drawn in outer peripheral direction22and wound around approximately the end of terminal pin12. Thus, terminal wire10is guided to terminal pin12by rib13in outer peripheral direction22from inner peripheral direction21, and in other words, the direction of terminal wire10is fixed. Under this state, terminal pin12and winding4are fixed at the end of terminal pin12, for example, by solder. At the time of fixing terminal pin12and winding4, if winding4is covered with, for example, a protective coating, the protective coating may be removed in advance from a part of winding4, the part being to be wound around terminal pin12. In the case where winding4is, for example, an aluminum wire, a coating for prevention of electrolytic corrosion may be applied to upper connection part5ain order to avoid electrolytic corrosion in a connection between different metals. Thus, upper connection part5ais formed into a state illustratedFIG.6. At this time, lower end26of upper connection part5ais sufficiently isolated from the upper face of insulator3and is also sufficiently isolated from back face6bof substrate6. After upper connection part5ais formed, substrate6is disposed from the terminal pin12end side, that is, from the upper connection part5aside toward insulator3so as to make the center of through hole16of substrate6coincide with the center of terminal pin12. At this time, since the diameter of upper connection part5ais smaller than the diameter of through hole16, upper connection part5apasses through hole16. Terminal wire10is drawn from the outside the outer peripheral edge of upper connection part5a, but, the direction of terminal wire10is fixed by rib13, and therefore, without contact between substrate6and terminal wire10, terminal wire10can pass through slit11. The positional relation between slit11and rib13at the time of disposing substrate6can be checked from either the right or left side of slit11or both sides of slit11, when viewed from the back side. This prevents one side of slit11from contacting terminal wire10due to a positional discrepancy of substrate6at the time of disposing substrate6, and the risk of damaging terminal wire10due to the contact can be avoided, and terminal wire10can be more easily guided to slit11 After substrate6is disposed, connecting solder9is applied above through hole16, that is, to the surroundings of terminal pin12from the back face6bside. Thus, lower connection part5bconfigured to electrically connect terminal pin12and the copper foil of through hole16is formed. At this time, connecting solder9may be or may not be in contact with terminal wire10. Note that, in particular, in the case where winding4is an aluminum wire covered with a coating and connecting solder9is in contact with terminal wire10, it is beneficial that solder used for lower connection part5bis made of a material having a lower melting point than that of the coating. This allows the coating to be maintained even during the solder connection of lower connection part5b, and thus can prevent undesired electrolytic corrosion. Here, the positional relation between upper connection part5aand lower connection part5bis such that upper connection part5ais positioned above lower connection part5b. Furthermore, upper connection part5ais isolated so as not to contact connecting solder9used after substrate6is disposed, or so as not to be affected by thermal load even when upper connection part5acontacts connection solder9. With this configuration, upper connection part5aafter the fixing of terminal pin12and winding4is not heated again, and therefore, the connection can be stabilized. In the case where, for example, an aluminum wire is employed for winding4, upper connection part5amay be isolated from the outside air by coating. In the present configuration, the outer periphery of upper connection part5ahaving the risk of electrolytic corrosion is not further covered with, for example, solder, and accordingly upper connection part5acan be easily visually observed, and therefore, quality, such as the presence or absence and the state of a coating, can be more easily checked during processing, whereby enhanced productivity and enhanced quality can be expected. FIG.7is a perspective view of motor50according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As illustrated inFIG.7, motor50includes stator1, rotating shaft15, and lead wire51. Motor50is supplied with electric power via lead wire51to rotate rotating shaft15of a rotor. Examples of motor50include a brushless DC motor. As described above, the present disclosure can realize motor50including stator1. In other words, the use of stator1makes it possible to realize motor50having enhanced productivity and enhanced quality. FIG.8Ais a bottom view of ventilation device60according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.FIG.8Bis a side cross-sectional view of ventilation device60according to the embodiment of the present disclosure. As illustrated inFIG.8AandFIG.8B, ventilation device60includes motor50, casing51, and blades52. Casing51includes inlet port53and outlet port54. Ventilation device60is configured to inhale air from inlet port53and discharge the inhaled air from outlet port54when rotating shaft15rotates blade52. Examples of ventilation device60include a sirocco fan. As described above, the present disclosure can realize ventilation device60including motor50including stator1. In other words, the use of stator1makes it possible to realize ventilation device60having enhanced productivity and enhanced quality. MODIFICATION Note that, in the present embodiment, terminal connection part5is provided on the rotating shaft15side of substrate6, in other words, provided in inner peripheral direction21of the annular shape to be closer to the center, but, terminal connection part5may be provided on the outer diameter side of the annular shape, in other words, provided in the vicinity of yoke part7. In this case, rib13and slit11are also preferably provided in outer peripheral direction22of the annular shape. When provided on the outer peripheral side of the annular shape, rib13extends toward the outer periphery, accordingly. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The stator and others according to the present disclosure can realize enhanced productivity resulting from an improvement in workability owing to ease of stator manufacture and realize enhanced quality resulting from visualization of finished quality, and are therefore useful for a motor used for home electrical appliances, such as a ventilation device. REFERENCE MARKS IN THE DRAWINGS 1. . . stator2. . . iron core3. . . insulator4. . . winding5,114. . . terminal connection part5a. . . upper connection part5b. . . lower connection part6,115. . . substrate6a. . . iron-core facing face6b. . . back face7. . . yoke part8. . . copper foil9. . . connecting solder10. . . terminal wire11. . . slit12,111. . . terminal pin13. . . rib15. . . rotating shaft16. . . through hole20. . . starting position21. . . inner peripheral direction22. . . outer peripheral direction23. . . lower face24. . . terminal pin direction25. . . upper face26. . . lower end50. . . motor60. . . ventilation device | 15,722 |
11942848 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Certain terminology is used in the following description for convenience only and is not limiting. “Axially” refers to a direction along an axis (X) of an assembly. “Radially” refers to a direction inward and outward from the axis (X) of the assembly. “Circumferentially” refers to a direction extending along a curve or circumference of a respective element relative to the axis (X) of the assembly. A reference to a list of items that are cited as “at least one of a, b, or c” (where a, b, and c represent the items being listed) means any single one of the items a, b, or c, or combinations thereof. The terminology includes the words specifically noted above, derivatives thereof and words of similar import. As shown in the Figures, a busbar assembly10is disclosed. The busbar assembly generally includes a carrier12and a plurality of conductors20,30,40,50arranged within the carrier12. The carrier12, which is also known as an insulator body, is formed around each of the plurality of conductors20,30,40,50such that at least a portion of each of the plurality of conductors20,30,40,50are exposed (i.e. not completely encapsulated). The carrier12can be molded, i.e. overmolded, around the conductors or otherwise formed such that the carrier12envelopes or covers a majority of the conductors. In another aspect, an insulating body or carrier can be formed as a tray style configuration in which the carrier is formed or manufactured separately prior to the addition or joining of any conductors. The conductors can be placed or arranged inside of channels defined by the already formed carrier. Exposed portions of the conductors20,30,40,50define electrical contact sites22,32,42,52, also known as contact pads. In one aspect, the configuration is asymmetrical because no additional phase terminals need to be added to the conductors20,30,40,50. As used herein, the term asymmetrical with respect to the configurations means that the incoming current arrived to the conductors at the terminals (i.e. the locations indicated by reference numerals24,34, and44) and travels the full length of the conductor to reach the final contact site. In contrast, a symmetrical arrangement requires that the incoming current and contact sites are split equally on either side of the terminal site. Thus, in a symmetrical arrangement, there is a symmetric amount of current provided to a symmetric quantity of windings on either side of the terminal location. As shown inFIG.4, the electrical contact sites22,32,42,52can be formed by slight variations in either a radially outward or radially inward direction such that portions of the conductors20,30,40,50are bent or deviate from a generally circular profile to define the electrical contact sites22,32,42,52. In one aspect, the plurality of conductors includes a first phase conductor20, a second phase conductor30, a third phase conductor40, and a neutral conductor50. For example, the three phases can correspond to the U, V, and W phases. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize based on the present disclosure that the number of phases and configuration of conductors can vary. In one aspect, the conductors20,30,40,50each have a square profile when viewed in the circumferential direction. One of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the shape of the conductors20,30,40,50can vary and can be circular or any other shape. As shown inFIG.5, the first conductor20and the second conductor30are arranged in a first axial plane P1that extends perpendicular to an axis (X) of the carrier12and the third conductor40and the neutral conductor50are arranged in a second axial plane P2that extends perpendicular to the axis (X) of the carrier12. In other words, a first set of conductors (i.e. the first conductor20and the second conductor30) are stacked on top of each other in a radial direction, and a second set of conductors (i.e. the third conductor40and the neutral conductor50) are axially spaced away or offset from the first set of conductors and are stacked on top of each other in the radial direction. The first phase conductor20, the second phase conductor30, the third phase conductor40, and the neutral conductor50each define a predetermined quantity of electrical contact sites22,32,42,52. In one aspect, the predetermined quantity of electrical contact sites52of the neutral conductor50is greater than any one of the predetermined quantities of electrical contact sites of the first phase conductor20, the second phase conductor30, or third phase conductor40. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that the quantity of electrical contact sites22,32,42,52can vary. In another aspect, the quantity of neutral contact sites52can equal a sum of all of the quantities of contact sites22,32,42for the other phase conductors. In one aspect, the neutral conductor50is arranged such that the contacts52of the neutral conductor50are defined on a radially inner surface14of the carrier12. This configuration can be modified such that the neutral conductor contacts52are defined on a radially outer surface16of the carrier12. A stator assembly is generally shown inFIGS.2and9, and illustrates wires or windings70configured to engage with the electrical contact sites22,32,42,52of the conductors20,30,40,50. In a fully assembled state, the wires70are connected to the electrical contact sites22,32,42,52of the conductors20,30,40,50. For example, the connections between these elements can be provided by laser welding, silver soldering, resistance welding, or any other form of connection. Each of the conductors20,30,40,50has a predetermined thickness (t), and the carrier12has an overall axial thickness (TA) defined between a third axial plane (P3) and a fourth axial plane (P4), as shown inFIG.5. An entirety of the busbar assembly10is axially constrained between the third axial plane (P3) and the fourth axial plane (P4). The conductor thickness (t) is less than 40% of the overall axial thickness (TA) of the conductor12in one embodiment. In another aspect, the conductor thickness (t) is 25%-45% of the overall axial thickness (TA) of the conductor12. In one aspect, the thickness (t) of the conductor is a function of the application and current requirements, as well as any manufacturing requirements. Based on the conductors20,30,40,50having a square profile (at least in regions away from the contacts), the thickness (t) of the conductors20,30,40,50is the same in the radial and axial direction. As shown inFIG.5, an overall radial thickness (TR) is also predefined for the carrier12, and the conductor thickness (t) is less than 40% of the overall radial thickness (TR) in one embodiment. In another aspect, the conductor thickness (t) is 25%-45% of the overall radial thickness (TR). In one aspect, thicknesses (TA) and (TR) are a function of the thickness (t) and the electrical insulation requirements. One of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the dimensions of the carrier12and the conductors20,30,40,50can vary. The present disclosure generally provides an axially and radially compact configuration for the busbar assembly10. As shown inFIG.2, ends24,34,44of the first, second, and third conductors20,30,40can include a terminal25,35,45. The ends24,34,44of the first, second, and third conductors20,30,40extend in an entirely radial direction and radially outward from the carrier12. In one aspect, the terminals can be created or formed from the conductor itself. In other words, a separate terminal component or element may not be required. As shown inFIGS.6-9, the carrier can include a plurality of retainers60each configured or dimensioned to hold the electrical wires70in place. In one aspect, the retainers are configured to hold the wires70in place during manufacturing or assembly. The carrier12inFIGS.6-9is otherwise identical to the carrier12inFIGS.1-5. The retainers60can be formed in a variety of configurations and shapes, and can be located in a variety of locations along the carrier12. In one aspect, the plurality of retainers60are arranged along at least one of a radially inner surface14or a radially outer surface16of the carrier12. In one embodiment, the retainers60are provided on both the radially inner surface14and the radially outer surface16of the carrier12. In one aspect, the retainers60include a first set of retainers62defining slots64oriented in a radial direction, and a second set of retainers66defining slots68oriented in a circumferential direction. The specific shape, location, and quantity of the retainers60can vary, as one of ordinary skill in the art would understand based on the present disclosure. As shown in the drawings, the retainers60each circumferentially overlap with at least one of the electrical contact sites22,32,42,52. In one aspect, the retainers60are arranged circumferentially directly adjacent to two electrical contact sites and axially directly adjacent to another electrical contact site (as illustrated inFIG.9). In other words, the retainers60can be arranged such that they are surrounded on at least three sides by electrical contact sites. Having thus described the present disclosure in detail, it is to be appreciated and will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many physical changes, only a few of which are exemplified in the detailed description of the embodiments, could be made without altering the inventive concepts and principles embodied therein. It is also to be appreciated that numerous embodiments incorporating only part of the preferred embodiment are possible which do not alter, with respect to those parts, the inventive concepts and principles embodied therein. The present embodiment and optional configurations are therefore to be considered in all respects as exemplary and/or illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the embodiments being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all alternate embodiments and changes to this embodiment which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of said claims are therefore to be embraced therein. LOG OF REFERENCE NUMERALS busbar assembly10carrier12radially inner surface14of carrierradially outer surface16of carrierfirst phase conductor20first phase conductor electrical contact site22first phase conductor end24first phase conductor terminal25second phase conductor30second phase conductor electrical contact site32second phase conductor end34second phase conductor terminal35third phase conductor40third phase conductor electrical contact site42third phase conductor end44third phase conductor terminal45neutral conductor50neutral conductor electrical contact site52retainers60first set of retainers62slots64second set of retainers66slots68wires70 | 10,827 |
11942849 | MODES OF THE INVENTION Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the technical spirit of the present invention is not limited to some embodiments which will be described and may be realized using various other embodiments, and at least one component of the embodiments may be selectively coupled, substituted, and used to realize the technical spirit within the range of the technical spirit. In addition, unless clearly and specifically defined otherwise by context, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein can be interpreted as having customary meanings to those skilled in the art, and meanings of generally used terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, will be interpreted by considering contextual meanings of the related technology. In addition, the terms used in the embodiments of the present invention are considered in a descriptive sense and not for limiting the present invention. In the present specification, unless clearly indicated otherwise by the context, singular forms include the plural forms thereof, and in a case in which “at least one (or one or more) among A, B, and C” is described, this may include at least one combination among all possible combinations of A, B, and C. In addition, in descriptions of components of the present invention, terms such as “first,” “second,” “A,” “B,” “(a),” and “(b)” can be used. The terms are only to distinguish one element from another element, and an essence, order, and the like of the element are not limited by the terms. In addition, it should be understood that, when an element is referred to as being “connected or coupled” to another element, such a description may include both of a case in which the element is directly connected or coupled to another element and a case in which the element is connected or coupled to another element with still another element disposed therebetween. In addition, in a case in which any one element is described as being formed or disposed “on or under” another element, such a description includes both a case in which the two elements are formed or disposed in direct contact with each other and a case in which one or more other elements are interposed between the two elements. In addition, when one element is described as being disposed “on or under” another element, such a description may include a case in which the one element is disposed at an upper side or a lower side with respect to another element. Hereinafter, example embodiments of the invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Components that are the same or correspond to each other will be denoted by the same reference numerals regardless of the figure numbers, and redundant descriptions will be omitted. FIG.1is a view illustrating a motor according to an embodiment,FIG.2is a view illustrating an arrangement relationship between a housing and a stator core of the motor according to the embodiment, andFIG.3is an enlarged view illustrating region A ofFIG.2. InFIG.2, an x direction may be referred to as a shaft direction and a y direction may be referred to as a radial direction. In addition, the shaft direction may be perpendicular to the radial direction. Referring toFIGS.1to3, a motor1according to the embodiment may include a housing100in which an opening is formed at one side thereof, a cover200disposed on the housing100, a stator300disposed in the housing100, a rotor400disposed inside the stator300, a shaft500coupled to the rotor400to rotate with the rotor400, a busbar600disposed above the stator300, and a sensor part700configured to detect rotation of the rotor400. In this case, the stator300may include a stator core310, insulators320disposed on the stator core310, and a coil330wound around the insulators320. In this case, the term “inside” may be referred to as a direction toward a center C, and the term “outside” may be referred to as a direction opposite to the term “inside”. The motor1may be a motor used in an electronic power steering (EPS) system. The EPS system may assist a steering force using a driving force of the motor to secure turning stability and provide a rapid restoring force of a vehicle. Accordingly, a driver of the vehicle can travel safely. The housing100and the cover200may form an exterior of the motor1. In addition, the housing100may be coupled to the cover200to form an accommodation space. Accordingly, as illustrated inFIG.1, the stator300, the rotor400, the shaft500, the busbar600, the sensor part700, and the like may be disposed in the accommodation space. In this case, the shaft500is rotatably disposed in the accommodation space. Accordingly, the motor1may further include bearings10disposed on an upper portion and a lower portion of the shaft500. The housing100may be formed to have a cylindrical shape. In addition, the rotor400, the stator300, and the like may be accommodated in the housing100. In this case, the housing100may be formed of a metal material which firmly withstands even at high temperature. However, in the case in which the housing100is formed of the metal material, since the housing100is in contact with the stator core310, a magnetic flux may leak from the stator core310to the housing100. FIG.4is a perspective view illustrating the housing of the motor according to the embodiment,FIG.5is a plan view illustrating the housing of the motor according to the embodiment, andFIG.6is a cross-sectional view illustrating the housing of the motor according to the embodiment. In this case,FIG.6is a view taken along line A-A ofFIG.5. Referring toFIGS.4to6, the housing100may include a body110and protrusions120disposed on an inner surface of the body110. In this case, the protrusion120may be formed in a bar shape disposed in the shaft direction. In this case, the body110and the protrusions120may be integrally formed. In addition, the body110may be referred to as a housing body. The body110may be formed in a cylindrical shape. In addition, the stator300, the rotor400, and the like may be disposed in the body110. The protrusion120may be formed to protrude from an inner surface111which is an inner circumferential surface of the body110in the radial direction. In this case, since the protrusions120formed in the housing100are in contact with an outer circumferential surface of the stator core310of the stator, a contact area between the housing100and the stator core310may be decreased. Referring toFIG.4, the protrusions120may be disposed to be spaced apart from each other in a circumferential direction. Accordingly, grooves130may be formed between the protrusions120in the circumferential direction. Accordingly, as illustrated inFIG.3, gaps G may be formed between an outer surface313of the stator core310and the inner surface111of the body110due to the grooves130. In addition, the contact area between the housing100the stator core310is decreased due to the groove130. In addition, a width W1 of the groove130may be 2.9 to 3.1 times a width W2 of the protrusion in the circumferential direction. In a case in which the width W1 of the groove130is less than 2.9 times the width W2 of the protrusion, since the contact area between the housing100and the stator core310is insufficient, a case in which the stator300is not fixed in the housing100may occur. In addition, in a case in which the width W1 of the groove130is greater than 3.1 times the width W2 of the protrusion, since a magnetic flux leakage from the stator core310to the housing100increases, the leakage affects the performance of the motor1. Meanwhile, a center C2 of the groove130may be disposed on a virtual line L connecting a center C of the stator core310and a center C1 of one of teeth312in the radial direction. Referring toFIG.6, the protrusion120may be formed to have a predetermined length D1 in the shaft direction. In this case, a lower portion of the protrusion120may be disposed to be spaced apart from a lower surface112of the body110by a predetermined height H. In addition, an upper surface of the protrusion120may be in contact with a lower portion of the cover200to support the cover200. As illustrated inFIG.4, at least nine protrusions120may be disposed at the same interval on the body110in the circumferential direction. In this case, although the example in which nine protrusions120are provided is described, the present invention is not necessarily limited thereto. For example, the number of the protrusions120may correspond to the number of teeth312of the stator core310. That is, the number of the protrusions120is the same as the number of the teeth312of the stator core310. Referring toFIGS.2and3, the protrusion120is not disposed between two virtual lines L1 each extending along a corresponding one side surface312aof one of the plurality of teeth312of the stator core310. For example, when viewed in the radial direction, the protrusion120is disposed to be spaced apart from the tooth312in the circumferential direction. Meanwhile, the protrusion120may also protrude in an embo process. That is, a force may be applied to an outer side of the body110so that the protrusion120may protrude inward from the body110. The cover200may be disposed on an opening surface, that is, an upper surface, of the housing100to cover the opening of the housing100. The stator300may be disposed inside the housing100. In this case, the stator300may be coupled to the housing100through a hot press fitting method. Accordingly, the stator300may be supported by the protrusions120of the housing100. In addition, the stator300is disposed outside the rotor400. That is, the rotor400may be rotatably disposed inside the stator300. FIG.7is a perspective view illustrating the stator core of the motor according to the embodiment. Referring toFIGS.1,2, and7, the stator300may include the stator core310, the insulators320disposed on the stator core310, and the coil330wound around the insulators320. In this case, the insulator320may be disposed between the stator core310and the coil330to insulate the coil330from the stator core310. The coil330configured to generate a rotating magnetic field may be wound around the stator core310. The stator core310may be formed in a form in which a plurality of thin steel plates are stacked on each other but is not limited thereto. For example, the stator core310may be formed as one single product. In addition, a plurality of unit stator cores may be disposed along the circumferential direction to form the stator core310. As illustrated inFIG.7, the stator core310may be formed to have a predetermined length D2 in the shaft direction. Accordingly, the length D1 of the protrusion120in the shaft direction may be greater than the length D2 of the stator core310in the shaft direction. In this case, the length D1 of the protrusion120in the shaft direction may be referred to as the width of the protrusion120in the shaft direction, and the length D2 of the stator core310in the shaft direction may be referred to as a width of the stator core310in the shaft direction. Accordingly, the outer surface313which is the outer circumferential surface of the stator core310may be supported by an inner surface of the protrusion120. When the length D2 of the stator core310in the shaft direction is the same as the length D1 of the protrusion120in the shaft direction, a tilting phenomenon may occur when the motor1is driven due to incomplete assembly when the stator300is assembled with the housing100, and thus the tilting phenomenon may affect the performance and quality of the motor1. In addition, in a case in which the length D2 of the stator core310in the shaft direction is smaller than the length D1 of the protrusion120in the shaft direction, the tilting phenomenon may occur when the motor1is driven, and thus the tilting phenomenon may affect the performance and quality of the motor1. Referring toFIGS.2and7, the stator core310may include yokes311having a cylindrical shape and the plurality of teeth312. In addition, the teeth312may be formed to protrude from inner circumferential surfaces of the yokes311in the radial direction to wind the coil330therearound. In this case, an example in which the yoke311and the tooth312are integrally formed is described but is not necessarily limited thereto. Each of the yokes311formed in a ring shape when viewed from above may include a first region311adisposed on the same radius as that of the tooth312and second regions311bextending from the first region311ain the circumferential direction. Accordingly, as illustrated inFIG.3, the outer surface313of the yoke311may be divided into an outer circumferential surface313aof the first region311aand outer circumferential surfaces313bof the second regions311b. When viewed in the radial direction, the first region311ais a region overlapping the tooth312. In addition, the outer circumferential surface313aof the first region311amay be disposed to face the groove130. In this case, a width of the first region311ais smaller than the width W1 of the groove130in the circumferential direction. In addition, the width of the first region311ais the same as a width of the tooth312in the circumferential direction. Accordingly, the first region311aof the yoke311may be disposed between the virtual lines L1 each extending along a corresponding one side surface312aof one of the plurality of teeth312. The second region311bis a region extending from the first region311ain the circumferential direction, and the inner surface of the protrusion120may be in contact with the outer circumferential surface313bof the second region311b. FIGS.8A and8Bare set of views illustrating a magnetic flux density according to a position of the protrusion of the housing of the motor according to the embodiment,FIG.8Ais a view illustrating the magnetic flux density in a case in which the protrusion120of the housing100is in contact with the first region311a, andFIG.8Bis a view illustrating the magnetic flux density in a case in which the protrusion120of the housing100is in contact with the second region311b. As illustrated inFIG.8A, in the case in which the protrusion120of the housing100is in contact with the first region311a, it may be seen that an internal magnetic flux density B of the housing100is 0.1899 T. In addition, as illustrated inFIG.8B, in the case in which the protrusion120of the housing100is in contact with the second region311b, it may be seen that an internal magnetic flux density B of the housing100is 0.1080 T. Accordingly, it may be seen that the magnetic flux density may be changed according to the position of the protrusion120of the housing100in the motor1. In addition, it may be seen that, when the protrusion120of the housing100is disposed in contact with the second region311b, the internal magnetic flux density B of the housing100is less than the magnetic flux density A thereof when the protrusion120of the housing100is in contact with the first region311ain the motor1. Accordingly, it may be seen that the friction performance of the motor1is improved. In this case, the term “friction performance” may denote a state in which a magnetic flux leaking to the housing100is small. That is, since the protrusion120of the housing100is in contact with the second region311b, the friction performance of the motor1may be improved. The plurality of teeth312may be disposed to protrude from the inner circumferential surfaces of the yokes311in the radial direction. In this case, the teeth312may be disposed to be spaced apart from each other in the circumferential direction. Accordingly, slots may be formed between teeth312for winding the coil330. Referring toFIGS.2and3, the teeth312may be disposed to be symmetrical on the basis of virtual lines L2 connecting the center C of the stator core310and centers C3 of the protrusions120in the radial direction. In addition, the coil330may be wound around the tooth312. In this case, the insulator320disposed between the tooth312and the coil330may insulate the coil330from the tooth312. Meanwhile, the width of the tooth312may be greater than the width W2 of the protrusion120and smaller than the width W1 of the groove130in the circumferential direction. In addition, the tooth312may be disposed to face the magnet of the rotor400. The insulator320may be formed of a synthetic resin material to insulate the stator core310from the coil330. In addition, the coil330may be wound around the stator core310on which the insulator320is disposed. In addition, the coil330may receive power to generate a rotating magnetic field. The insulators320may be coupled to an upper side and a lower side of the stator core310. In this case, the insulators320may also be formed as one single product for coupling to the stator core310. Alternately, a plurality of unit insulators may also be formed as the insulators320so that the insulators320are disposed on the stator core310in the circumferential direction. Referring toFIG.1, the rotor400may be disposed inside the stator300, and the shaft500may be coupled to a central portion of the rotor400through a press-fitting method. In addition, the rotor400may be rotatably disposed inside the stator300. The rotor400may include a rotor core (not shown) and a plurality of magnets (not shown) disposed on an outer circumferential surface of the rotor core in the circumferential direction. In this case, the magnets of the rotor400may be referred to as rotor magnets or drive magnets. In this case, an example in which the plurality of magnets are disposed on the outer circumferential surface of the rotor core in the rotor400is described, but the present invention is not necessarily limited thereto. For example, the rotor400may be formed as an interior permanent magnet (IPM) type rotor in which magnets are formed in a rotor core. The rotor core may be formed in a form in which a plurality of thin circular steel plates are stacked on each other or in one cylindrical form. In addition, a hole coupled to the shaft500may be formed at a center C of the rotor core. The magnets generate a rotating magnetic field with respect to the coil330wound around the stator core310of the stator300. The magnets may be disposed so that an N-pole and an S-pole are alternately positioned around a center of the shaft500in the circumferential direction. Accordingly, due to an electrical interaction between the coil330and the magnets, the rotor400is rotated, and the shaft500is rotated in conjunction with the rotation of the rotor400so that a driving force of the motor1is generated. Meanwhile, the rotor400may further include a can (not shown) disposed to cover the rotor core to which the magnets are attached. The can protects the rotor core and the magnets from external shocks and physical and chemical stimuli while inhibiting foreign materials from being introduced to the rotor core and magnets. In addition, the can prevents the magnets from being separated from the rotor core. As illustrated inFIG.1, the shaft500may be rotatably supported by the bearings10in the housing100. In addition, the shaft500may be rotated in conjunction with the rotation of the rotor400. The busbar600may be disposed on the stator300. In addition, the busbar600may be electrically connected to the coil330of the stator300. The busbar600may include a busbar body and a plurality of terminals disposed in the busbar body. In this case, the busbar body may be a mold product formed through an injection molding process. In addition, each of the terminals may be connected to the coil330of the stator300. The sensor part700may detect a magnetic force of a sensing magnet installed to rotate in conjunction with the rotor400to check a present position of the rotor400so as to detect rotation of the shaft500. The sensor part700may include a sensing magnet assembly710and a printed circuit board (PCB)720. The sensing magnet assembly710is coupled to the shaft500to rotate in conjunction with the rotor400so as to detect a position of the rotor400. In this case, the sensing magnet assembly710may include sensing magnets and a sensing plate. The sensing magnets and the sensing plate may be coaxially coupled. The sensing magnets may include main magnets disposed close to a hole forming an inner circumferential surface thereof in the circumferential direction and sub-magnets. The main magnets may be arranged like the drive magnets inserted into the rotor400of the motor. The sub-magnets may be divided further than the main magnets so that the sub-magnets may be formed to have poles of which the number is greater than the number of poles of the main magnets. Accordingly, a rotation angle may be divided and measured more precisely, and thus the motor may be driven more smoothly. The sensing plate may be formed of a metal material having a disc shape. The sensing magnet may be coupled to an upper surface of the sensing plate. In addition, the sensing plate may be coupled to the shaft500. In this case, a hole through which the shaft500passes may be formed in the sensing plate. In addition, the can inhibits the magnets from being separated from the rotor core. While the present invention has been described with reference to the exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. REFERENCE NUMERALS 1: MOTOR100: HOUSING120: PROTRUSION130: GROOVE200: COVER300: STATOR310: STATOR CORE330: COIL400: ROTOR500: SHAFT600: BUSBAR700: SENSOR PART | 21,765 |
11942850 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Initially, it is stated that identical parts in the different embodiments are provided with the same reference signs or the same component designations, in some cases with different indices. The disclosures of a component contained in the description may accordingly be transferred to another component with the same reference sign or the same component designation. Also, the positional data selected in the description, such as for example “top”, “bottom”, “rear”, “front”, “side” etc. relates to the figure directly described and illustrated, and in the event of a change in position, should be transferred accordingly to the new position. FIG.1shows a half-section through a schematically illustrated electrical machine1a. The electrical machine1acomprises a shaft2awith a rotor3seated on it, wherein the shaft2ais mounted rotatably about an axis of rotation A in relation to a stator5by means of (rolling) bearings4a,4b. The rotor3has, in particular, rotor laminations, not illustrated in detail, which are arranged one behind the other and also rotor magnets or a rotor winding. The stator5has, in particular, stator laminations, not illustrated in detail, which are arranged one behind the other and also a stator winding. In the example shown inFIG.1, the first bearing4ais seated in a first housing part6and the second bearing4bis seated in a second housing part7. The second housing part7is situated radially on the inside and the first housing part6is situated radially on the outside in the region of the stator5. In this example, the second housing part7receives the stator5which is fixedly (that is to say rotationally rigidly) connected to the second housing part7. The two housing parts6,7are enclosed by the housing8of the electrical machine1and form, in the region of the stator5, a first coolant duct9which—as is assumed in the example shownFIG.1—can run, in particular, along a helical line around the stator5. Therefore,FIG.1shows the single first coolant duct9, sectioned at several points, which is part of a first cooling system, not illustrated in any detail inFIG.1. Furthermore, a second coolant duct10of a second cooling system is arranged in the region of the stator5in the housing8, the said second cooling system likewise not being illustrated in any detail inFIG.1. The two coolant ducts9,10and the housing8of the electrical machine1, in particular that part of the housing8in the region of the stator5, form a heat exchanger between the first and the second cooling system as a result. In this example, the first coolant duct9is encapsulated in the housing8of the electrical machine1and the second coolant duct10is formed by a pipe which is arranged in the first coolant duct9. Therefore, the second coolant duct10likewise runs along a helical line around the stator5in the example shown. As an alternative, it would be conceivable for the second coolant duct10to likewise be encapsulated in the housing8of the electrical machine1(compareFIG.7). FIG.2now shows a schematic illustration of how the heat exchanger which is formed by the two coolant ducts9,10can be used. A first pump11and an external heat exchanger12are connected to the first coolant duct9. A second pump13and an external device14to be cooled are connected to the second coolant duct10. The first coolant duct9, the first pump11and the external heat exchanger12are part of the first cooling circuit or cooling system15and the second coolant duct10, the second pump13and the external device14to be cooled are part of the second cooling circuit or cooling system16. For example, the arrangement illustrated inFIG.2can be installed in a vehicle, wherein the electrical machine1can form, in particular, a drive motor for the vehicle (also compareFIG.13). For example, the external heat exchanger12can be arranged on the front side of the vehicle and can be cooled by the ambient air or the airflow. It goes without saying that a blower or a fan for assisting the cooling effect, in particular for assisting the cooling effect when the vehicle is stationary, can also be arranged in the region of the external heat exchanger12. For example, water or water admixed with antifreeze can act as a heat carrier in the first cooling system15. The electrical machine1is cooled by means of the cooling water which flows through the first coolant duct9. For this purpose, the heat which is generated in the electrical machine1is transported by way of the first pump11, via the cooling water, to the external heat exchanger12and released there to the ambient air. However, the housing8of the electrical machine1at the same time also forms a heat exchanger between the first cooling system15and the second cooling system16. If the second pump13is in operation, heat which is produced in the external device14to be cooled is transported via the heat carrier in the second cooling system16to the electrical machine1and transferred there to the first cooling system15. From there, the heat is transported to the external heat exchanger12in the above-described manner and released there to the ambient air. Therefore, the external device14to be cooled can likewise be cooled without a separate heat exchanger being required for this purpose. The external device14to be cooled may be, in particular, a transmission, and the heat carrier in the second cooling system16may be, in particular, transmission oil (also seeFIG.4). It goes without saying that the basic manner of operation of the heat exchanger contained in the electrical machine1is not linked to the embodiment described above in connection withFIG.2, but rather is to be regarded as being purely illustrative. The arrangement shown can also be arranged at a location other than in a vehicle, and the external device14to be cooled does not have to be a transmission. The heat carriers proposed for the first cooling system15and the second cooling system16are also to be regarded as being purely exemplary, and other liquid or else gaseous heat carriers can also be used. A phase change between a liquid and a gaseous state of aggregation can also take place in gaseous heat carriers. In particular, a compressor can also be provided in the cooling system in question. Furthermore, it should be noted that the coolant ducts9,10do not necessarily have to run along a helical line, but rather can also run in a different way. In particular, a plurality of first coolant ducts9through which fluid flows in parallel and/or a plurality of second coolant ducts10through which fluid flows in parallel can also be provided. For example, a plurality of first coolant ducts9can start from a first collector and open into a second collector. In particular, the first coolant ducts9can then run in the axial direction or along circles around the axis of rotation A. The statements made in respect of the first coolant ducts9accordingly apply to the second coolant ducts10. Finally, it should also be noted that fluid also advantageously flows in opposite directions through the coolant ducts9,10—as is illustrated inFIG.2—and then form a countercurrent heat exchanger with the housing8. However, fluid can, in principle, also flow through the coolant ducts9,10in the same direction and then form a cocurrent heat exchanger with the housing8. FIG.3now shows a further example of an electrical machine1bwhich is very similar to the electrical machine1aillustrated inFIG.1. In contrast thereto, two second coolant ducts10a,10bare provided for each first coolant duct9in the electrical machine1b. Specifically, the second coolant ducts10a,10bare provided as pipes in the example shown. However, it would in turn be conceivable for the second coolant ducts10a,10bto be encapsulated in the housing8.[001] The second coolant ducts10a,10bcan belong to different cooling systems or form sections of a single second cooling system16through which fluid flows in opposite directions. If the second coolant ducts10a,10bbelong to different cooling systems, the second cooling systems16can be doubled inFIG.2, as a result of which a further device to be cooled can be cooled. This is advantageous in particular when different heat carriers are used or have to be used in the two cooling systems and the further device to be cooled cannot be inserted into the second cooling system16. If the second coolant ducts10a,10bform sections of a single second cooling system16through which fluid flows in opposite directions, the heat-releasing area in the second cooling system16, for example, can then be doubled as a result and the cooling capacity can therefore likewise be almost doubled. For example, the two second coolant ducts10a,10bare connected at one end for this purpose (also seeFIG.12). FIG.4shows a further example of an electrical machine1cwhich is, in turn, similar to the electrical machine1aillustrated inFIG.1. In contrast thereto, the rotor shaft2bis of hollow design and is hydraulically connected to the second coolant duct10of the second cooling system16. For this purpose, the second coolant duct10is connected to the pipe17which is guided into the region of the rotor shaft2band there through a sealing disc18into the interior of the rotor shaft2b. It goes without saying that the pipe which forms the second coolant duct10can also be directly guided into the region of the rotor shaft2band there through a sealing disc18into the interior of the rotor shaft2b. Therefore, the heat carrier also flows through the rotor shaft2bin the second cooling system16. From there, the said heat carrier can also enter the interior of the electrical machine1via cooling/lubricating bores19a. . .19cand cool the rotor3and the bearings4a,4band—provided that the second heat carrier is oil—also lubricate the bearings4a,4b. In the example shown inFIG.4, a transmission is further coupled to the electrical machine1. The arrangement shown inFIG.4is therefore part of a gear motor. Specifically, a pinion20is seated directly on the rotor shaft2band drives a further gear, not illustrated, of the transmission. In this case, the pinion20runs in the interior of a transmission housing21, that is to say in the transmission interior B of the transmission housing21. In the example shown, the transmission is hydraulically connected to the second coolant duct10of the second cooling system16. Specifically, this is done by means of a bearing4cwhich is arranged on the rotor shaft2b. In this case, the direction of flow F indicates the course of the heat carrier through the rotor shaft2band through the bearing4cinto the transmission interior B. The rotor shaft2b, the bearing4cand the transmission interior B are therefore part of the second cooling system16in this example. It should be noted at this point that the function described inFIG.4is not precisely linked to the arrangement illustrated there, but rather parts can also be designed differently. For example, the transmission can have a separate (hollow) transmission shaft which is connected to the rotor shaft2b. In addition, flow of fluid through the bearing2cis not absolutely necessary, but rather the hydraulic connection between the rotor shaft2band the transmission can also be made via a separate line. In addition to this, yet other variations are also conceivable. FIG.5now additionally shows a schematic illustration of the coolant ducts9,10of the electrical machine1afromFIG.1, wherein the (inner) second housing part7is illustrated in side view in isolation from the (outer) first housing part6. That is to say, the (outer) first housing part6is omitted fromFIG.5. FIG.6is similar toFIG.5, but shows a schematic illustration of the coolant ducts9,10of the electrical machine1afromFIG.3. FIG.7is similar toFIG.5, but shows a schematic illustration of coolant ducts9,10which are both encapsulated in the housing8of the electrical machine1. Furthermore, the second coolant duct10is not arranged in the, but rather next to the, first coolant duct9in this example. In a departure from the illustration inFIG.5, the (outer) first housing part6is illustrated in section here. FIG.8is, in turn, similar toFIG.7, but the second coolant duct10is formed by a separate pipe which is arranged in a channel in the second housing part7. FIG.9is again similar toFIG.5. However, in contrast thereto, the coolant ducts9,10do not run along a helical line with a constant pitch, but rather the coolant ducts9,10run in a wide peripheral region along circles around the axis of rotation A. The course of the coolant ducts9,10has an axial component only in a narrow peripheral region. FIG.10now shows a first example of a seal nipple22awhich is installed in a first plate23and which is sealed off from a second plate24by means of a sealing ring25. The seal nipple22acan be hydraulically connected, in particular, to the second coolant duct10and can be designed for connection of a hose or pipe which is likewise part of the second cooling system16. The first plate23and the second plate24can be part of the first housing part6and the second housing part7. FIG.11shows a second example of a seal nipple22bwhich is, in turn, installed in a first plate23and which is sealed off from a second plate24by means of a sealing ring25. The seal nipple22bcan again be hydraulically connected to the second coolant duct10and can be designed for connection of a hose or pipe which is likewise part of the second cooling system16. FIG.12shows an example of a hose or pipe connection which is very similar to the example of a hose or pipe connection shown inFIG.10. However, in contrast thereto, two seal nipples22a,22a′ are provided. For example, the seal nipple22acan be hydraulically connected to the second coolant duct10aand the seal nipple22a′ can be hydraulically connected to the second coolant duct10bof the electrical machine1billustrated inFIG.3. The two seal nipples22a,22a′ can therefore in turn be part of two different cooling systems, or—as is the case inFIG.12—belong to one and the same cooling system16. For this purpose, the two seal nipples22a,22a′ are connected to a connecting pipe or a pipe bridge26or a hose. As a result, fluid flows through the second coolant ducts10a,10bin opposite directions. The electrical machine1bcan be readily adapted for different purposes using the proposed measures and can be used without connection of the two seal nipples22a,22a′ for different cooling systems16and with connection of the two seal nipples22a,22a′ for one and the same cooling system16. FIG.13finally shows the electrical machine1which is installed in a vehicle27. The vehicle27has at least two axles, at least one of which is driven. Specifically, the electric motor1is connected to an optional transmission28and a differential gear29. The half-shafts30of the rear axle adjoin the differential gear29. Finally, the driven wheels31are mounted on the half-shafts30. Driving of the vehicle27is performed at least partially or for part of the time by the electrical machine1. This means that the electrical machine1may serve for solely driving the vehicle27, or for example may be provided in conjunction with an internal combustion engine (hybrid drive). In particular, the transmission28and/or the differential gear29can form the device14to be cooled inFIG.2and therefore can be part of the second cooling circuit16. The transmission28can be, in particular, directly flange-connected to the electrical machine1and the differential gear29can also be integrated into the transmission28. In particular, the electrical machine1, the transmission28and differential gear29can form a physical unit. It should also be noted at this point that the electrical machine1and, respectively, the further external device14can not only be cooled using the proposed measures but can, of course, also be heated. For example, the electrical machine1and the transmission28can be preheated in the case of low outside temperatures. In this case, heat is transported in the opposite direction to that for cooling. A heater may possibly be provided in the first cooing circuit15and/or in the second cooling circuit16for this purpose. Finally, it is established that the scope of protection is determined by the patent claims. The description and the drawings should however be used to interpret the claims. The features contained in the figures may be interchanged and combined with one another in an arbitrary fashion. In particular, it is also established that the devices illustrated may in reality also comprise more or else fewer component parts than illustrated. In some cases, the illustrated devices or their component parts may also not be illustrated to scale and/or may be increased in size and/or reduced in size. | 16,733 |
11942851 | BRIEF SUMMARY In one embodiment, a cooling system for a hermetic motor includes a motor cooling refrigerant flow path configured to direct refrigerant from a condenser disposed along a refrigerant loop to the hermetic motor, and from the hermetic motor back to the refrigerant loop, and a housing of the hermetic motor disposed along the motor cooling refrigerant flow path and configured to receive the refrigerant the condenser, wherein the housing of the hermetic motor comprises an annulus surrounding at least a portion of a stator of the hermetic motor, and wherein the annulus comprises a plurality of openings configured to direct refrigerant toward the stator and into a cavity of the housing of the hermetic motor. In one embodiment, a heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R) system includes a refrigerant loop, a compressor disposed along the refrigerant loop and configured to circulate refrigerant within the refrigerant loop, a condenser disposed downstream of the compressor along the refrigerant loop with respect to a flow of the refrigerant within the refrigerant loop, an evaporator disposed downstream of the condenser along the refrigerant loop with respect to the flow of the refrigerant within the refrigerant loop, a hermetic motor configured to drive the compressor, and a motor cooling system. The motor cooling system includes a motor cooling refrigerant flow path configured to direct refrigerant from the condenser to the hermetic motor, and from the hermetic motor to the evaporator, and a housing of the hermetic motor disposed along the motor cooling refrigerant flow path and configured to receive the refrigerant from the motor cooling refrigerant flow path, wherein the housing of the hermetic motor comprises an annulus surrounding at least a portion of a stator of the hermetic motor, and wherein the annulus comprises a plurality of openings configured to direct refrigerant toward the stator and into a cavity of the housing of the hermetic motor. In one embodiment, a method for cooling a hermetic motor includes diverting a portion of a refrigerant flow exiting a condenser in a refrigerant loop toward a motor cooling refrigerant path, directing the portion of the refrigerant flow along the motor cooling refrigerant path into a housing of a hermetic motor configured to drive a compressor disposed along the refrigerant loop, directing the portion of the refrigerant flow through an annulus formed in the housing of the hermetic motor, directing the portion of the refrigerant flow through a plurality of openings of the annulus, such that the refrigerant flows toward a stator of the hermetic motor and into a cavity of the housing of the hermetic motor, and directing the portion of the refrigerant flow from the cavity of the housing of the hermetic motor back toward the refrigerant loop. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Motors (e.g., hermetic motors) may be utilized to drive a compressor of a heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R) system. Motors produce heat during operation as a result of winding resistance and eddy current losses from the electrical current that is supplied to the motor. The heat produced by the motor transfers thermal energy to a motor housing, thereby increasing a temperature of the motor. Accordingly, at least a portion of a cooling system may be included in the motor housing to absorb the thermal energy and reduce the temperature of the motor (e.g., cool the motor). In some embodiments, the cooling system circulates refrigerant from a refrigerant loop of the HVAC&R system into the motor housing to absorb the thermal energy in the motor housing. For example, refrigerant (e.g., the cooling fluid of the cooling system) is directed from a condenser of the HVAC&R system and into the motor housing to absorb thermal energy generated during operation of the motor. The refrigerant may then be directed back to the refrigerant loop of the HVAC&R system from the motor. In some cases, the refrigerant is directed to the motor from an expansion device where the refrigerant expands from a liquid state into a vapor state or a mixture of liquid and vapor. Some cooling systems for motors (e.g., hermetic motors) include a relatively restricted flow path for the refrigerant to flow within the motor housing. For example, cooling systems may have a helical coil configured to flow a refrigerant and wrapped around the motor jacket to place refrigerant in a heat exchange relationship with components of the motor (e.g., the rotor, the stator, and/or bearings). The refrigerant flows through the helical coil, which may include a relatively small diameter and a relatively long length. The refrigerant experiences a high pressure drop and low flow rate through the helical coil, which may cause the refrigerant to vaporize within the helical coil. Further, the helical coil limits exposure of the refrigerant to an outer surface of the motor jacket, thereby reducing an amount of thermal energy transfer between the refrigerant and the motor components. For example, gaps may be formed between turns of the helical coil around the motor jacket and/or the helical coil may not overlap with itself around the motor jacket to cover a sufficient surface area of the outer surface of the motor jacket. Therefore, helical coil cooling systems may not provide sufficient thermal energy transfer for systems that use a low pressure refrigerant. As used herein, low pressure refrigerants may include refrigerants that have a normal boiling point of about 19 degrees Celsius (66 degrees Fahrenheit) at one atmosphere of pressure. As used herein, “normal boiling point” may refer to a boiling point temperature measured at one atmosphere of pressure. The present disclosure is directed to an improved hermetic motor cooling system that reduces pressure drop and increases an amount of thermal energy transfer between the refrigerant and motor components within a motor housing, such that a low pressure refrigerant may effectively be utilized in an HVAC&R system. In some embodiments, the cooling system includes an annulus formed in the motor housing that surrounds windings of the stator of the motor. Refrigerant from the HVAC&R system may fill the annulus before being discharged through a plurality of openings spaced about the annulus. The discharged refrigerant may then directly contact at least a portion of the stator to absorb thermal energy from the stator and cool the motor housing. The annulus of the cooling system distributes the refrigerant evenly over a portion of the stator to enhance an amount of thermal transfer occurring in the motor housing. Further, the annulus enables a pressure drop of the refrigerant through the motor housing to be reduced because the flow path of the refrigerant through the annulus is relatively short when compared to the flow path of the refrigerant through existing cooling systems (e.g., the helical coil). As such, embodiments of the HVAC&R system disclosed herein, may improve an efficiency of the motor and increase the operating range of the compressor and/or the refrigeration system. To help illustrate the manner in which the present embodiments may be used in a system,FIG.1is a schematic representation of a heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R) system10that includes a compressor12driven by a motor14(e.g., a hermetic motor, an electric motor, a hydraulic motor, a pneumatic motor, etc.). As shown in the illustrated embodiment ofFIG.1, the compressor12is disposed in a refrigerant loop16and the compressor12is configured to circulate refrigerant within the refrigerant loop16. Refrigerant exiting the compressor12is received by a condenser18. In some embodiments, the condenser18is an air cooled condenser, such that air is directed over coils of the condenser18to absorb thermal energy (e.g., heat) from the refrigerant flowing through the coils. In other embodiments, the condenser18may be a shell and tube heat exchanger that places the refrigerant in a heat exchange relationship with a cooling fluid (e.g., water). In any case, the refrigerant transfers thermal energy to a working fluid of the condenser18(e.g., air, water, or another suitable cooling fluid), thereby reducing a temperature of the refrigerant exiting the condenser18. The refrigerant exiting the condenser18may continue along the refrigerant loop16toward an expansion device20. The expansion device20is configured to reduce a pressure of the refrigerant, which also further reduces a temperature of the refrigerant. The refrigerant then enters an evaporator22disposed along the refrigerant loop16. The refrigerant flowing through the evaporator22absorbs thermal energy (e.g., heat) from a working fluid (e.g., water and/or air). In some embodiments, the evaporator22is a shell and tube heat exchanger that places the refrigerant in a heat exchange relationship with a cooling fluid (e.g., water). In other embodiments, the evaporator22places the refrigerant in a heat exchange relationship with air. The working fluid of the evaporator22(e.g., water, air, or another suitable fluid) may be configured to cool a load, such as a building, a room, a house, or another conditioned space. The refrigerant exiting the evaporator22then completes the refrigerant loop16by re-entering the compressor12. As shown in the illustrated embodiment ofFIG.1, a portion of the refrigerant exiting the condenser18may be diverted to a motor cooling loop24via a tee26(e.g., a first tee and/or a first three-way valve). A valve28(e.g., a ball valve, a butterfly valve, a gate valve, a globe valve, a diaphragm valve, and/or another suitable valve) may be disposed along the motor cooling loop24downstream of the tee26with respect to the flow of the refrigerant through the motor cooling loop24. The valve28may be configured to adjust an amount of the refrigerant that is diverted into the first motor cooling loop24from the refrigerant loop16. In some embodiments, the valve28is coupled to a controller30, which adjusts a position of the valve28to control a flow of the refrigerant through the motor cooling loop24based on a temperature of the motor14monitored by a sensor29(e.g., temperature sensor), for example. The refrigerant flowing through the motor cooling loop24is directed into a housing (see, e.g.,FIG.2) of the motor14to place the refrigerant in a heat exchange relationship with a component (e.g., a stator, a rotor, and/or bearings)) of the motor14. Accordingly, the refrigerant absorbs thermal energy (e.g., heat) from the motor14to reduce a temperature of the motor14. The refrigerant is then directed from the motor14back toward the refrigerant loop16, where the refrigerant flows into the evaporator. In some embodiments, the motor cooling loop24includes a flow generating device, such as a pump, an eductor, a compressor, or another suitable device that facilitates a flow of the refrigerant through the motor cooling loop24. In other embodiments, the refrigerant flows through the motor cooling loop24via a pressure differential of the refrigerant upstream of the motor14and downstream of the motor14(e.g., a pressure of the refrigerant exiting the condenser18is greater than the pressure of the refrigerant entering the evaporator22because of the pressure drop caused by the expansion device20). FIG.2is a cross section of the motor14that illustrates a flow path of the refrigerant in the motor cooling loop24through the motor14. As shown in the illustrated embodiment ofFIG.2, the motor14includes a housing60as well as a stator62, a rotor64coupled to a shaft65, and bearings (e.g., ball bearings, sleeve bearings, magnetic bearings, or other suitable bearings) disposed in the housing60. The motor cooling loop24may direct refrigerant into the housing60through a first inlet68and/or a second inlet70. In some embodiments, the first inlet68directs the refrigerant into a first annulus76which surrounds the stator62at a first end78(e.g., a drive end) of the motor14. Similarly, the second inlet70directs the refrigerant into a second annulus80that surrounds the stator62at a second end82(e.g., an opposite drive end) of the motor14. In some embodiments, the refrigerant flows through the annuli76and80and ultimately fill the annuli76and80. The refrigerant is then discharged through openings (see, e.g.,FIG.4) spaced about each of the annuli76and80, such that the refrigerant comes into contact with windings of the stator62. For example, the openings may direct the refrigerant radially inward toward the windings of the stator62, such that the refrigerant directly contacts portions of the windings that include relatively high temperatures (e.g., roots of the windings). The refrigerant that contacts the stator62may then flow through a cavity83of the housing60before being discharged back toward the refrigerant loop16. As discussed above, the refrigerant flowing within the motor cooling loop24may be refrigerant exiting the condenser18. Accordingly, the refrigerant in the first motor cooling loop24is refrigerant liquid. In some embodiments, a first portion of the refrigerant discharged from the annuli76and80may absorb significant heat from the stator62and evaporate into refrigerant vapor. Accordingly, the motor housing60includes a vent84that enables refrigerant vapor85to flow to the evaporator22. Additionally or alternatively, a second portion of the refrigerant may remain refrigerant liquid. The motor housing60also includes a drain86that enables refrigerant liquid87to return to the refrigerant loop16. Further, the motor housing60may include a stator cooling path107(e.g., a cavity formed between the motor housing60and a sleeve90) that receives refrigerant and provides further cooling of the motor14. For example, refrigerant may flow into the stator cooling path107via an inlet89and flow out of the stator cooling path107through an outlet91. Accordingly, refrigerant flows through within the stator cooling path107to cool components of the motor14, such as bearings, the rotor64, and/or other suitable components. As shown in the illustrated embodiment ofFIG.2, the refrigerant that cools the stator62(e.g., windings) may be directed toward the vent84and/or the drain86, such that the refrigerant ultimately flows back to the evaporator22. As the refrigerant flows from the stator62toward the vent84and/or the drain86, the refrigerant may also contact and absorb heat (e.g., thermal energy) from the rotor64and/or bearings in the motor housing60. Further still, the motor housing60may include a port93that receives refrigerant for cooling a cavity95within the motor housing60. The cavity95may be adjacent to a diffuser plate of the motor, and thus, absorb thermal energy (e.g., heat) from the diffuser plate. The refrigerant may thus cool the diffuser plate in addition to the stator62and the rotor64, and thus, further cool the motor housing60. The stator62of the motor14may be disposed within a sleeve90that is also disposed within the motor housing60. In some embodiments, the annuli76and80may be formed within the housing60adjacent to the sleeve90, such that the annuli76and80surround the stator62. The sleeve90may be extended when compared to existing motors14to accommodate the annuli76and80. For example, the annuli76and80may be positioned at locations along a length92of the motor14corresponding to the inlets68,70, and72which may be positioned at the first end78(e.g., the drive end) of the motor14(e.g., inlets68and72) and the second end82(e.g., the opposite drive end) of the motor14(e.g., inlet70). As such, the sleeve90is extended to include a length98that corresponds to a length between the first end78and the second end82. FIG.3is an expanded cross section of an embodiment of the inlet72. As shown in the illustrated embodiment ofFIG.3, the inlet72directs the refrigerant into the annulus76that surrounds the stator62at the first end78(e.g., the drive end) of the motor14. In some embodiments, the annulus includes a flow area that enables adequate flow of refrigerant to cool the motor14, while reducing pressure drop. It should be understood that the flow area of the annulus may be modified (e.g., scaled) based on a size and/or capacity of the motor14. As such, a larger motor that includes a greater capacity may include the annulus76having a greater flow area than a smaller motor with a reduced capacity. Although the annulus76forms a relatively narrow passage for the refrigerant to flow through, the length of the annulus76is substantially the same as a circumference of the stator62. Additionally, the refrigerant is discharged from the annulus76before the refrigerant flows around the entire circumference of the stator62as a result of coupling both the first inlet68and the third inlet72to the annulus76. Accordingly, a pressure drop incurred by the refrigerant flowing into the annulus76is reduced when compared to existing cooling systems for hermetic motors (e.g., helical coils) because of the shorter flow path of the refrigerant in the cooling system. As shown in the illustrated embodiment ofFIG.3, the annulus76is sealed between the sleeve90and a surface104of the motor housing60using seals106. As such, refrigerant may be blocked from leaking into the cavity83or stator cooling path107before flowing into the annulus76from the inlet72. In some embodiments, the seals106include o-rings, silicone, and/or another suitable sealant that blocks the refrigerant from leaking out of the annulus76at the inlet72. As discussed above, the annuli76and80each include a plurality openings120that are spaced about the annuli76and80to direct the refrigerant toward the stator62and absorb heat from the stator62. For example,FIG.4is an expanded perspective view of an opening120of the plurality of openings120that directs the refrigerant toward the stator62. As shown in the illustrated embodiment ofFIG.4, the opening120is directed radially inward toward the stator62. In other words, the opening120directs the refrigerant in a direction122that enables the refrigerant to flow directly from the annulus76to the stator62. As shown in the illustrated embodiment ofFIG.4, the opening120extends from the annulus76, through the sleeve90, and into the stator62. As such, the refrigerant flowing into the housing60via the inlets68,70, and72may directly contact the stator62to cool the windings of the stator, thereby reducing a temperature within the housing60. In some embodiments, the plurality of openings120is spaced substantially uniformly about the annuli76and80(e.g., spaced equally about a circumference of the stator62). In other embodiments, the plurality of openings120is spaced non-uniformly about the annuli76and80. Additionally, each of the annuli76and80may include a suitable number of the openings120that enable the refrigerant to sufficiently cool the stator62(and/or the rotor64and the bearings of the motor14) to a predetermined temperature. For example, in some embodiments, each of the annuli76and80include 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or more of the openings120. Additionally, the number of openings120included in each of the annuli76and80may be predetermined based on the size and/or capacity of the motor14. Thus, as the size and capacity of the motor increase, the number of openings120included in each annuli76and80may also increase. In some embodiments, the length98of the sleeve90(e.g., stator sleeve) enables the seals106to be disposed about the annulus76to block a flow of refrigerant from entering or flowing into the cavity83or the stator cooling path107. Further,FIG.5illustrates an embodiment of the sleeve90that includes the opening120formed within the sleeve90. The length98of the sleeve90enables the opening120to be formed and further reduces an amount thermal energy transfer to the motor housing60. For example, the opening120in the sleeve90directs refrigerant toward exposed windings of the stator62. In some cases, the stator62includes exposed windings (e.g., windings not wrapped with insulative material) and insulated windings (e.g., windings wrapped with insulative material). The exposed windings may be positioned at a slot entry132of the sleeve90. As used herein, the slot entry132refers to one or more slots of the stator62that receive the windings. The windings are insulated outside of the one or more slots to reduce heat transfer from the windings to the housing60. However, in some cases, a portion of the windings may be exposed outside of the slot entry132to ensure that substantially all of the windings disposed within the stator62are exposed (e.g., not insulated). As such, the opening120through the sleeve90enables the refrigerant to exchange thermal energy with the exposed windings and reduce an amount of heat transferred from the windings to the motor housing60. As should be understood, exposed windings may transfer a relatively large amount of thermal energy (e.g., heat) to the motor housing60when compared to insulated windings. Accordingly, transferring thermal energy from the exposed windings to the refrigerant flowing through the opening120reduces an amount of thermal energy that is ultimately transferred to the motor housing60. FIG.6is a partial cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the sleeve90having the opening120formed within the sleeve90. As shown in the illustrated embodiment ofFIG.6, the opening120directs refrigerant from the annulus76toward the slot entry132, where the refrigerant may absorb thermal energy (e.g., heat) from exposed windings140disposed within (or adjacent to) the slot entry132. Further, the seals106are disposed on either side of the annulus76to block refrigerant from entering or flowing into the cavity83or the stator cooling path107. As shown in the illustrated embodiment ofFIG.6, the seals106are disposed on both sides of the opening120to enable the refrigerant to flow through the opening120, but to block the refrigerant from entering or flowing into the cavity83or the stator cooling path107. While the illustrated embodiment ofFIG.6shows the opening120as a substantially cylindrical channel extending from the annulus76to the slot entry132, it should be noted that in other embodiments, the opening120may be a radial slot, an axial slot, another suitably shaped channel, or any suitable opening that directs refrigerant from the annulus76to the slot entry132. Further, the embodiments ofFIGS.2-6above discuss the annulus76as fully surrounding a circumference of the stator62. However, in other embodiments, the annulus76(and/or the annulus80) may surround half of the circumference of the stator62, a quarter of the circumference of the stator62, or any other suitable amount of the circumference of the stator62to absorb sufficient thermal energy from the stator62to maintain a temperature of the motor14at a predetermined temperature. FIG.7is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the motor14having additional cooling features configured to enhance an amount of thermal energy (e.g., heat) absorbed from the rotor64. As shown in the illustrated embodiment ofFIG.7, the cooling system includes a vent slot150configured to receive and direct refrigerant through a central portion152of the stator62. In some embodiments, the refrigerant is directed into the vent slot150from the stator cooling path107. In other embodiments, the refrigerant is directed into the vent slot150via a plurality of openings153(e.g., drilled holes, radial slots, or axial slots) extending through the sleeve90. In any case, the stator62may include a lamination stack154configured to facilitate movement of the rotor64via production of an electromagnetic field as the rotor64is rotated within the motor housing60. The vent slot150may be positioned through a center of the lamination stack154to maintain a symmetry of the lamination stack154, and thus, maintain an efficiency of the motor14. The vent slot150forms a channel for the refrigerant to flow from the sleeve90to a gap156(e.g., an air gap) formed between the stator62and the rotor64. As such, the refrigerant is directed into the gap156, such that the refrigerant may absorb thermal energy from both the stator62and the rotor64. The vent slot150thus reduces a temperature within the motor housing60, which may further enhance an efficiency of the motor14. In some embodiments, the sleeve90is formed from a metallic material. Specifically, the sleeve90may include aluminum or another suitable non-magnetic metal. Forming the sleeve90from aluminum or non-magnetic metal may further enhance an efficiency of the motor14by reducing losses incurred by eddy currents as the rotor64is rotated within the housing60. Forming the sleeve90from a substantially non-magnetic material, reduces interference between the sleeve90and the electromagnetic field produced between the rotor64and the stator62as the rotor64rotates within the housing60. While only certain features and embodiments of the present disclosure have been illustrated and described, many modifications and changes may occur to those skilled in the art (e.g., variations in sizes, dimensions, structures, shapes and proportions of the various elements, values of parameters (e.g., temperatures, pressures, etc.), mounting arrangements, use of materials, colors, orientations, etc.) without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of the subject matter recited in the claims. The order or sequence of any process or method steps may be varied or re-sequenced according to alternative embodiments. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the disclosure. Furthermore, in an effort to provide a concise description of the exemplary embodiments, all features of an actual implementation may not have been described (i.e., those unrelated to the presently contemplated best mode of carrying out an embodiment, or those unrelated to enabling the claimed embodiments). It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation specific decisions may be made. Such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure, without undue experimentation. | 26,463 |
11942852 | DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS Before describing embodiments of the present invention, a configuration of an electric power steering device1as an example to which the present invention is applied will be briefly described with reference toFIGS.1and2. FIG.1is an overall perspective view of an electric power steering device1as an example to which the present invention is applied. The electric power steering device1is a device for steering steered wheels (usually front wheels) of a vehicle, and is configured as illustrated inFIG.1. A pinion (not illustrated) is provided at a lower end of a steering shaft2connected to a steering wheel (not illustrated), and this pinion engages with a rack (not illustrated) that is elongated in a lateral direction of a vehicle body. Tie rods3for steering the front wheels to the left and right are connected to both ends of the rack, and the rack is covered with a rack housing4. Rubber boots5are provided between the rack housing4and the tie rods3. An electric drive device6is provided in order to assist a torque at the time of rotationally operating the steering wheel. The electric drive device6includes a torque sensor7that detects a rotation direction and a rotation torque of the steering shaft2, an electric motor unit8that gives a steering assist force to the rack via a gear10based on detected values of the torque sensor7, and an electronic control unit (ECU)9that controls an electric motor arranged in the electric motor unit8. The electric motor unit8of the electric drive device6is connected to the gear10at a plurality of places of an outer peripheral portion on an output shaft side through bolts (not illustrated), and the electronic control unit9is provided at an end portion of the electric motor unit8on an opposite side to the output shaft side. Note that the torque sensor7may be configured separately from the electric drive device6. In the electric drive device6, when the steering shaft2is rotationally operated in any direction by operating the steering wheel, the torque sensor7detects a rotation direction and a rotation torque of the steering shaft2, and the electronic control unit9calculates a drive operation amount of the electric motor based on the detected values. The electric motor is driven by a power switching element of a power conversion circuit unit24(seeFIG.3) based on the calculated drive operation amount, and an output shaft of the electric motor is rotated so as to drive the steering shaft2in the same direction as an operation direction. The rotation of the output shaft is transmitted from the pinion (not illustrated) to the rack (not illustrated) via the gear10, such that the vehicle is steered. Configurations and operations of these are already well known, and a further description is thus omitted. FIG.2is an overall perspective view of the electric drive device6of the electric power steering device1according to an embodiment of the present invention. Note thatFIG.2illustrates an internal electronic control component assembly22(seeFIG.3) in a state of seeing through a cover13. As illustrated inFIG.2, the electric drive device6is configured to include the electric motor unit8and the electronic control unit9. The electric motor unit8includes a motor housing11that has a tubular portion made of an aluminum alloy or the like, and an electric motor (not illustrated) that is housed in the motor housing11. A specific structure of the electric motor is well known, and a description thereof is thus omitted here, but a winding input terminal (winding terminal) of the electric motor is electrically connected to an output terminal of a power switching element (not illustrated) mounted on a power conversion circuit board29(seeFIG.3). The electronic control unit9is fixed to one end portion (end portion on an opposite side to an output shaft side) of the electric motor along an axial direction of a rotary shaft (output shaft). In the present embodiment, the rotary shaft (output shaft) of the electric motor is provided below the motor housing11inFIG.2. That is, the electronic control unit9is arranged at an end portion of the motor housing11on the opposite side to the output shaft side in an axial direction of the electric motor. Here, the axial direction is a direction along the axial direction of the rotary shaft, and in the following description, the direction along the axial direction of the rotary shaft will be simply referred to as the axial direction. Outer frame portions14(14A and14B) and15of a plurality of connector housings are formed at an end portion (end surface) of the cover13on an opposite side to a motor housing11side (electric motor side). A configuration of the electronic control unit9will be described with reference toFIG.3. FIG.3is an exploded perspective view illustrating the electronic control unit9according to the embodiment of the present invention, and is a view illustrating a state in which the cover13is removed. The electronic control unit9is configured to include a basic substance21, an electronic control component assembly23that is fixed to the basic substance21, and a cover13(not illustrated inFIG.3) that covers the electronic control component assembly23. The basic substance21is fixed to the motor housing11with bolts (not illustrated). For this reason, an outer periphery of the basic substance21on the motor housing11side is provided with a plurality of bolt insertion holes21A through which the bolts are inserted. The basic substance21is a member that also serves as a heat sink that radiates heat generated by the power switching element and the like of the power conversion circuit board29. An end portion of the cover13facing the basic substance21is integrally fixed to the basic substance21by adhesion, welding, or a fastening method using fixing bolts. The electronic control component assembly23housed in an internal space of the cover13is configured to include a circuit component assembly25and a connector terminal assembly27that has connector terminals45A and47A. The circuit component assembly25includes a power circuit unit (power circuit board)31that generates power necessary for the electronic control unit9, a power conversion circuit unit (power conversion circuit board)29that has a power switching element including a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) or the like driving and controlling the electric motor of the electric motor unit8, and a control circuit unit (control circuit board)33that controls the power switching element. The circuit component assembly25is arranged in the order of the power conversion circuit unit29, the power circuit unit31, and the control circuit unit33in a direction away from the basic substance21and the motor housing11, on a basic substance21side with respect to the motor housing11. Among the power conversion circuit unit29, the power circuit unit31, and the control circuit unit33, the power conversion circuit unit29is arranged at the closest position to the motor housing11and the electric motor, the control circuit unit33is arranged at the farthest position from the motor housing11and the electric motor, and the power circuit unit31is arranged between the power conversion circuit unit29and the control circuit unit33. The connector terminal assembly27is arranged at a farther position from the motor housing11and the electric motor than the control circuit unit33is. The power conversion circuit unit29has a board fixed to the basic substance21with bolts51. Circuit components such as a power switching element (not illustrated) and the like are mounted on the power conversion circuit board29. These circuit components are already well known, and a description thereof is thus omitted here. The control circuit portion33has a board fixed to a tip portion of a column43erected on the basic substance21, via a spacer41. That is, the spacer41is fixed to a board surface of the control circuit board33facing the motor housing11side by a fastening member (screw or bolt)54and is further fixed to the tip portion of the column43by a fastening member (screw or bolt)53, such that the control circuit board33is fixed to the basic substance21. The control circuit board33is mounted with a microcomputer (not illustrated) or its peripheral circuit components. These circuit components are already well known, and a description thereof is thus omitted here. The power circuit unit31has a board supported by the control circuit board33via the spacer41. For this reason, the power circuit board31is fixed to the spacer41by a fastening member (screw or bolt)49. A power circuit including capacitors, coils or the like (not illustrated) is formed on the power circuit board31. The power circuit is already well known, and a description thereof is thus omitted here. In the power circuit board31, the power conversion circuit board29, and the control circuit board33, the power circuit board31and the power conversion circuit board29are connected to each other by a first flexible portion35having flexibility, and the power circuit board31and the control circuit board33are connected to each other by a second flexible portion37having flexibility. The power circuit board31, the power conversion circuit board29, and the control circuit board33constitute a rigid portion (rigid board) that is rigid and is not bent, and the first flexible portion35and the second flexible portion37constitute a flexible portion (flexible board) that is soft and has flexibility. The power circuit board31, the power conversion circuit board29, and the control circuit board33constitute a rigid flexible board in which the rigid portion and the flexible portion are integrated with each other, together with the first flexible portion35and the second flexible portion37. The rigid flexible board only needs to have the rigid portion (rigid board) and the flexible portion (flexible board), and a material constituting the rigid flexible board is not particularly limited. The power circuit board31, the power conversion circuit board29, and the control circuit board33are an integrally configured board component, the first flexible portion34and the second flexible portion35constitute bent portions (curved portions), and the power circuit board31, the power conversion circuit board29, and the control circuit board33are stacked in three steps (three layers) with an interval interposed therebetween to be three-dimensionally arranged. The power circuit board31is provided with a predetermined interval (space) between the power circuit board31and the control circuit board33by the spacer41, and is further provided with a predetermined interval (space) between the power circuit board31and the power conversion circuit board29by the spacer41and the columns43. The connector terminal assembly27includes a connector terminal45A for supplying power, a connector terminal47A for a signal, and the like, and a synthetic resin body that molds these connector terminals. That is, the connector terminal assembly27is configured by molding an electric wiring member that constitutes the connector terminal45A and an electric wiring member that constitutes the connector terminal47A with a synthetic resin. An end portion of the electric wiring member, which constitutes the connector terminal45A, on a power circuit board31side, constitutes a power circuit board connection terminal45C, and the power circuit board connection terminal45C is connected to the power circuit board31. An end portion of the electric wiring member, which constitutes the connector terminal47A, on a control circuit board33side, constitutes a control circuit board connection terminal47C, and the control circuit board connection terminal47C is connected to the control circuit board33. In the present embodiment, the power circuit board connection terminal (insertion-side terminal)45C and an accommodation-side terminal (through-hole) of the power circuit board31accommodating the power circuit board connection terminal45C constitute a press-fit type connector, and electrical connection is completed by inserting the power circuit board connection terminal45C into the accommodation-side terminal of the power circuit board31. In addition, the control circuit board connection terminal (insertion-side terminal)47C and an accommodation-side terminal (through-hole) of the control circuit board33accommodating the control circuit board connection terminal47C constitute a press-fit type connector, and electrical connection is completed by inserting the control circuit board connection terminal47C into the accommodation-side terminal of the control circuit board33. The press-fit type connector does not require soldering and can thus simplify a work for electrical connection. The connectors formed in the power conversion circuit unit29, the power circuit unit31, the control circuit unit33, and the connector terminal assembly27are duplicated, respectively, such that even though one of systems is failed, a function of the failed system in the other system can be supplemented. Assembly between the electronic control unit9and the electric motor unit8will be described with reference toFIGS.4to8.FIG.4is an exploded perspective view of the electric drive device6according to the embodiment of the present invention. In the present embodiment, a form in which the cover is fixed to the basic substance21using clips57is illustrated. Adhesion may be used together with the clips to enhance a sealing property. The electronic control unit9is illustrated in a disassembled state inFIG.4, but it is assumed that the assembly of the electronic control unit9has been completed at a point in time when the electronic control unit9and the electric motor unit8are assembled to each other. In the present embodiment, a plurality of protrusion portions22A protruding outward in a radial direction are formed on an outer periphery of the motor housing11, and screw holes are formed in the protrusion portions22A. The electronic control unit9is fixed to the motor housing11of the electric motor unit8by inserting bolts (not illustrated) through through-holes formed in the outer periphery of the basic substance21and fastening the bolts to the screw holes of the protrusion portions22A. The electric motor unit8has a stator (not illustrated) and a rotor (not illustrated). The stator is fixed inside the motor housing11and has a winding wound therearound. The rotor is rotatably arranged inside the stator and has a permanent magnet embedded therein. A configuration of the electric motor unit8is already known, and a detailed description thereof is omitted here. In the present embodiment, as illustrated inFIG.4, a terminal53of the winding is led out to an electronic control unit9side beyond an end portion of the motor housing11on the electronic control unit9side. A through-hole21B is formed in a portion of the basic substance21of the electronic control unit9corresponding to a protruding position of the winding terminal53, and a winding guide55is fitted in the through-hole21B. The winding guide55will be described in detail later. Note that in the present embodiment, the winding has three phases (U phase, V phase, and W phase), and two winding terminals53for each phase, that is, a total of six winding terminals53are led out. FIG.5is a perspective view of the electronic control unit9according to the embodiment of the present invention when viewed from the motor housing11side (electric motor side). First, in a state in which the power conversion circuit board29is fixed to the basic substance21as illustrated inFIG.3, an accommodation-side terminal59of the press-fit type connector fixed to the power conversion circuit board29is arranged in the through-hole21B of the basic substance21, as illustrated inFIG.5. FIG.6is a view illustrating a connection portion electrically connecting the winding terminal53to the power conversion circuit board29according to the embodiment of the present invention. The accommodation-side terminal of the press-fit type connector may include a through-hole, but in the present embodiment, the accommodation-side terminal includes a socket-type terminal attached to a board surface. The winding terminal53is inserted into the accommodation-side terminal59to be in pressure-contact with the accommodation-side terminal59, such that electrical connection is completed. For this reason, an operation such as soldering, welding or the like is unnecessary. Note that inFIG.6, a groove53B is provided in an outer periphery of the winding terminal53, and the groove53B is locked to an end portion59J of the accommodation-side terminal59. As a result, an effect of preventing the winding terminal (insertion-side terminal)53from falling off from the accommodation-side terminal59can be improved. The accommodation-side terminal59is a terminal provided on a power conversion circuit board29side, and may be referred to as a board-side terminal. The insertion-side terminal53is a terminal provided on a winding terminal53side, and may be referred to as a winding-side terminal. In addition, as illustrated inFIG.6, a tip of the winding terminal53is on the motor housing11side (electric motor side) rather than the power conversion circuit board29, and is not inserted into the power conversion circuit board29. For this reason, it is not necessary to form an insertion hole of the winding terminal53in the power conversion circuit board29. FIG.7is a perspective view illustrating the winding terminal guide55according to the embodiment of the present invention. The winding guide55is made of a resin and has a shape similar to that of the through-hole21B of the basic substance21. As a result, the winding guide55is attached to the basic substance21while ensuring a certain degree of positioning accuracy. At this time, the winding guide55is inserted from an opening of the through-hole21B of the basic substance21on an opposite side to the power conversion circuit board29side into the through-hole21B. The winding guide55has a through-hole (guide hole)55A through which the winding terminal53is inserted, and guides the winding terminal53to the accommodation-side terminal59of the power conversion circuit board29. In addition, as previously illustrated inFIG.4, the winding guide55is attached to the basic substance21from the motor housing11side (electric motor side). At this time, a flange portion55B provided on one end surface55S1(seeFIG.8) of the winding guide55is locked to the basic substance21to determine a position of the winding guide55in the axial direction. FIG.8is a cross-sectional view illustrating a cross section (cross section taken along VIII-VIII inFIG.7) of the winding terminal guide55according to the embodiment of the present invention. Note that in a case of the accommodation-side terminal59, an outer shape rather than a cross section is illustrated. The guide hole55A of the winding guide55includes a tapered surface whose diameter decreases from the one end surface55S1toward the other end surface55S2. In the present embodiment, the winding terminal53is directly connected to the accommodation-side terminal59provided on the power conversion circuit board29without using a bus bar. For this reason, a variation in a lead-out position of the winding terminal53before being inserted into the winding guide55is large. The guide hole55A has a large opening surface on an end surface55S1side and can reliably capture the winding terminal53whose variation in the position is large. In addition, the supplemented winding terminal53is guided toward the accommodation-side terminal59by the tapered surface, such that positional deviation of the winding terminal53can be corrected. As a result, a work (process) of correcting the variation in the position of the winding terminal53in advance or a facility for the work becomes unnecessary. The tapered surface of the guide hole55A reduces a reaction force at the time of correcting the positional deviation of the winding terminal53, and improves a buckling resistance of the winding. In addition, by disposing the winding guide55in the vicinity of the press-fit type connector, the winding terminal53is supported in the vicinity of the press-fit type connector at the time of press-fitting, such that a decrease in an insertion load of the winding terminal (insertion-side terminal)53can be prevented. Meanwhile, in a case where the insertion of the winding terminal53into the accommodation-side terminal59is hindered (for example, a second embodiment), the winding terminal53can have a bending due to the guide hole55A including the tapered surface, and a part of the insertion load can be absorbed in the bending of the winding terminal53. Hereinafter, an embodiment of the accommodation-side terminal59will be described. Note that in the present embodiment, both the passive-side terminal and the insertion-side terminal are regarded as components of the press-fit type connector portion. The passive-side terminal may be referred to as a first energizing terminal, and the insertion-side terminal may be referred to as a second energizing terminal. First Embodiment A first embodiment of the accommodation-side terminal59will be described with reference toFIGS.9to13. FIG.9is a plan view illustrating an appearance of the accommodation-side terminal59of the press-fit type connector portion according to the embodiment (first embodiment) of the present invention.FIG.10is a cross-sectional view illustrating a cross section taken along X-X ofFIG.9. The accommodation-side terminal (board-side terminal)59has a bottom surface portion59A joined to the power conversion circuit board29by soldering, and side surface portions (standing portions)59B rise vertically from the power conversion circuit board29, from both side ends of the bottom surface portion59A. Upper surface portions59C bent in parallel with the power conversion circuit board22are formed at upper ends of the side surface portions59B, and the upper surface portions59C are further bent obliquely downward toward the power conversion circuit board29to form elastic terminal pieces59D. The accommodation-side terminal59is configured so that elasticity is given by bent portions (elastic terminal pieces)59D formed by inward bending both end portions of a flat plate-shaped member made of a metal material so as to face each other. In the present embodiment, one elastic terminal piece59D is formed by performing the bending three times from the side end portion of the bottom surface portion59A, and one elastic terminal piece59D for each of both side end portions of the bottom surface portion59A, that is, a total of two elastic terminal pieces59D are formed. The elastic terminal pieces59D have flat surface portions facing each other in an inclined state. When the winding terminal (insertion-side terminal or winding-side terminal)53is inserted between the two elastic terminal pieces59D, the elastic terminal pieces59D have elasticity to press tip portions59jof the elastic terminal pieces59D against the winding terminal53. That is, the winding terminal53is sandwiched by the two elastic terminal pieces59D. For this reason, the elastic terminal pieces59D constitutes a sandwiching portion of the insertion-side terminal53. In the present embodiment, the two elastic terminal pieces59D have groove-shaped portions59E formed in surfaces facing each other. The groove-shaped portion59E penetrates the elastic terminal piece59D from an end portion of the elastic terminal piece59D on an upper surface portion59C side to the tip portion59jof the elastic terminal piece59D. For this reason, an opening59F is formed at the tip portion59jof the elastic terminal piece59D by the groove-shaped portion59E. The groove-shaped portion59E is formed so that a groove width dimension W and a groove depth dimension D1become large from a tip portion59jside of the elastic terminal piece59D toward the upper surface portion59C side. Further, an interval dimension D2between the deepest parts of two groove-shaped portions59E formed in the two elastic terminal pieces59D also becomes large from the tip portion59jside of the elastic terminal pieces59D toward the upper surface portion59C side. That is, the groove-shaped portions59E of the present embodiment have a tapered shape in both the width direction and the depth direction, and a groove surface of the groove-shaped portion59E formed in one elastic terminal piece59D has a shape in which a conical surface is parallel to a center line and a cross section including the center line is cut in half. FIG.11is a plan view illustrating an appearance of the insertion-side terminal (winding terminal)53of the press-fit type connector portion according to the embodiment of the present invention. With respect to the accommodation-side terminal59of the present embodiment, by using the winding terminal53having the groove53B formed in the outer periphery thereof as illustrated inFIG.11, the effect of preventing the winding terminal (insertion-side terminal)53from falling off from the accommodation-side terminal59can be improved, as described with reference toFIG.6. FIG.12is a plan view illustrating a state (shape) before bending the accommodation-side terminal of the press-fit type connector portion according to the embodiment (first embodiment) of the present invention.FIG.13is a cross-sectional view illustrating a cross section taken along XIII-XIII ofFIG.12. A flat plate-shaped member59′ illustrated inFIG.12is bent as described above, such that the accommodation-side terminal59is formed. Groove-shaped portions59E′ are formed at both end portions of the flat plate-shaped member59′ so that the groove-shaped portions59E are formed after bending. In the present embodiment, the groove-shaped portion59E′ is formed up to a side end59J′ of the flat plate-shaped member59′. An action and an effect of the first embodiment will be described. By providing the groove-shaped portions59E in the elastic terminal pieces59D, the winding terminal53is guided to the groove-shaped portion59E of the elastic terminal piece59D against the variation in the lead-out position of the winding terminal53, such that it is possible to reliably electrically connect the winding terminal53and the accommodation-side terminal59to each other. In this case, the guide hole55A of the winding guide55reduces a large variation in the lead-out position of the winding terminal53to a size at which the winding terminal53can be inserted into the groove-shaped portion59E. The guide hole55A of the winding guide55can have a relatively large length dimension, and can thus deal with a large variation in a position. By increasing the length dimension of the guide hole55A, it is possible to decrease an angle of the tapered surface with respect to a center line and increase an opening area of an inlet of the tapered surface. As a result, the winding terminal53whose variation amount in the position is large can be reliably guided into the guide hole55A, and a deformation amount of the winding terminal53at the time of correction can be decreased. On the other hand, since it is difficult to increase a length dimension of the groove-shaped portion59E provided in the elastic terminal piece59D of the accommodation-side terminal59, a variation amount in the position that can be dealt with is decreased. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the variation in the position of the winding terminal53is corrected in two stages using the guide hole55A and the groove-shaped portion59E. The groove-shaped portion59E of the elastic terminal piece59D is a correction portion (final correction portion or second correction portion) that performs correction of a slight variation for final adjustment. The guide hole55A of the winding guide55is a correction portion (preliminary correction portion or first correction unit) that performs pre-stage correction before the final adjustment. In particular, the groove-shaped portion59E of the accommodation-side terminal59absorbs positional deviation (positional error) of the accommodation-side terminal59. Second Embodiment A second embodiment of the accommodation-side terminal59will be described with reference toFIGS.14to17. FIG.14is a plan view illustrating an appearance of an accommodation-side terminal of a press-fit type connector portion according to an embodiment (second embodiment) of the present invention.FIG.15is a cross-sectional view illustrating a cross section taken along XV-XV ofFIG.14. The present embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that a groove-shaped portion59E has a shape that does not penetrate an elastic terminal piece59D on a tip portion59jside of the elastic terminal piece59D. For this reason, an end portion of the groove-shaped portion59E on the tip portion59jside of the elastic terminal piece59D is closed by a wall59H. That is, a tip portion of the winding terminal (second energizing terminal)53in an insertion direction into the elastic terminal piece (sandwiching portion)59D is maintained in a state of being in contact with the elastic terminal piece59D. The other configurations are the same as those in the first embodiment, and a description thereof is thus omitted. In the present embodiment, the winding terminal (insertion-side terminal)53cannot penetrate the elastic terminal piece59D by the wall59H. For this reason, it is not necessary to provide the groove53B described inFIG.11in an outer peripheral surface of the winding terminal53used as the insertion-side terminal. FIG.16is a plan view illustrating a state (shape) before bending the accommodation-side terminal of the press-fit type connector portion according to the embodiment (second embodiment) of the present invention.FIG.17is a cross-sectional view illustrating a cross section taken along XVII-XVII ofFIG.16. In the present embodiment, a groove-shaped portion59E′ is not formed up to a side end59J′ of a flat plate-shaped member59′, and an interval d is provided between the side end59J′ and an end portion of the groove-shaped portion59E′ on a side end59J′ side. Also in the present embodiment, an action and an effect similar to those of the first embodiment can be obtained. Further, in the present embodiment, the groove-shaped portion59E has a shape that does not reach the tip portion59J of the elastic terminal piece59D, and thus, the tip portion of the winding terminal53is a mechanism pushing the accommodation-side terminal59. As a result, a binding force of the winding terminal53at the accommodation-side terminal59can be increased. Further, by bringing the tip portion of the winding terminal53into contact with the wall59H of the accommodation-side terminal59, an electrical contact resistance can be reduced. In addition, in the first and second embodiments, by applying grease to the groove-shaped portion59E of the elastic terminal piece59D of the accommodation-side terminal59, it is possible to reduce an insertion force of the winding terminal53and suppress generation of foreign materials at the time of inserting the wire terminal53or capture generated foreign materials with the grease. Next, effects of the tapered surface of the guide hole55A and the groove-shaped portion59E of the accommodation-side terminal59will be described with reference toFIG.18.FIG.18is a schematic view illustrating characteristics of an insertion load at the time of inserting the insertion-side terminal (winding terminal)53of the press-fit type connector portion according to the embodiment of the present invention into the accommodation-side terminal59. Characteristic curve A is a characteristic curve in a case where the tapered surface of the guide hole55A and the groove-shaped portion59E having the tapered shape are provided, and characteristic curve B is a characteristic curve in a case where the tapered surface of the guide hole55A and the groove-shaped portion59E having the tapered shape are not provided. As an insertion stroke of the winding terminal53increases, an insertion load gradually increases, reaches a first maximum value P1, and then decreases. The increase in the insertion load until reaching the maximum value P1is due to contact between the winding terminal53and the guide hole55A. When the insertion stroke of the winding terminal53further increases, the insertion load starts to increase again and reaches a second maximum value P2. The increase in the insertion load and the second maximum value P2at this time are due to contact between the winding terminal53and the groove-shaped portion59E. The maximum values P1and P2and the insertion loads until reaching the maximum values P1and P2are smaller in characteristic curve A than in characteristic curve B. The energizing terminal assembly of the embodiment according to the present invention includes the first energizing terminal (accommodation-side terminal)59which constitutes the accommodation-side terminal of the press-fit type connector and has the sandwiching portion (electric terminal piece)59D and the second energizing terminal (winding terminal)53which constitutes the insertion-side terminal of the press-fit type connector and is inserted into the sandwiching portion59D to be sandwiched by the sandwiching portion59D. The sandwiching portion59D has the groove-shaped portion59E whose width dimension W and depth dimension D1decrease from an inlet side of the second energizing terminal59in the insertion direction toward a deep side of the second energizing terminal59in the insertion direction. Further, the winding guide55is arranged in front of the first energizing terminal53in the insertion direction of the second energizing terminal59into the sandwiching portion59D. The winding guide55has the groove-shaped portion59E formed in the tapered surface which guides the second energizing terminal59to the sandwiching portion59D. Further, the sandwiching portion59D of the first energizing terminal59includes two elastic terminal pieces facing each other, and is maintained in a state in which a tip portion of the second energizing terminal53in the insertion direction into the sandwiching portion59D is in contact with the elastic terminal pieces59D. In addition, the electric drive device according to the embodiment of the present invention includes the electric motor, the motor housing11which houses the electric motor, and the electronic control unit9which is provided at an end portion of the motor housing11and controls the electric motor. The electronic control unit9includes the power circuit board31which generates the power, the power conversion circuit board29which has the power switching element driving and controlling the electric motor, and the control circuit board33which controls the power switching element. Here, the electronic control unit9has the energizing terminal assembly described above, the first energizing terminal59is fixed to the power conversion circuit board29, and the winding terminal53of the electric motor is inserted into the sandwiching portion59D of the first energizing terminal59as the second energizing terminal to be electrically connected to the first energizing terminal59. According to the embodiments described above, the following effects can be obtained. The variation in the position of the led winding terminal can be corrected, such that assemblability and work efficiency at the time of connecting the winding terminal are improved. In a case of the electric power steering device, the winding of the electric motor has a large heat capacity, and it is not preferable to soldering the winding terminal because a soldering time becomes long and a thermal influence on a board becomes large, but these problems can be solved in the present embodiment. In a case where a coil wire is inserted into the board, a mounting area of a component is sacrificed. However, in the present embodiment, the winding terminal53is configured not to be inserted into the power conversion circuit board29, and a board surface can thus be effectively used as a component mounting surface. This enables miniaturization of the board and a product and enables cost reduction. Since the press-fit type connector is used for electrical connection between the electronic control unit9and the electric motor unit8, the electric motor unit8and the electronic control unit9can be separated from each other, such that complication of an assembly process can be suppressed. In addition, adaptability to an output of the electric motor and variation division of functions of the electronic control unit9is improved. Adaptability to a model change, a design change, a production base change, or the like is improved. Since a work such as soldering and welding becomes unnecessary, a facility for such a work also becomes unnecessary. In addition, in connection of electric wirings by the press-fit type connector, connection of a plurality of electric wirings (a total of six electric wirings of U-phase, V-phase, and W-phase in the present embodiment) can be collectively performed. For this reason, work efficiency is improved. The work efficiency is improved, and the facility that was required in the related art is not required, such that a cost can be reduced. Note that the present invention is not limited to each of the embodiments described above, but includes various modifications. For example, the embodiments described above have been described in detail in order to explain the present invention in an easy-to-understand manner, and are not necessarily limited to including all the components. In addition, some of the components of any embodiment can be replaced by components of another embodiment, and components of another embodiment can be added to components of any embodiment. In addition, it is possible to add, delete, and replace other components with respect to some of the components of the respective embodiments. REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 1power steering device12output shaft of electric motor9electronic control unit23A power circuit board24A power conversion circuit board25A control circuit board42,45power wiring member48,50,52signal wiring member26connector terminal assembly6electric drive device34first flexible portion35second flexible portion42B,43B,45B,46B power circuit board connection insertion terminal48B,50B,52B control circuit board connection terminal42C,43C accommodation terminal of power circuit board23A48C,52C accommodation terminal of control circuit board25 | 38,643 |
11942853 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein. It is to be understood, however, that the disclosed embodiments are merely examples and other embodiments can take various and alternative forms. The figures are not necessarily to scale; some features could be exaggerated or minimized to show details of particular components. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the embodiments. As those of ordinary skill in the art will understand, various features illustrated and described with reference to any one of the figures can be combined with features illustrated in one or more other figures to produce embodiments that are not explicitly illustrated or described. The combinations of features illustrated provide representative embodiments for typical applications. Various combinations and modifications of the features consistent with the teachings of this disclosure, however, could be desired for particular applications or implementations. As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular form “a,” “an,” and “the” comprise plural referents unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. For example, reference to a component in the singular is intended to comprise a plurality of components. The term “substantially” or “about” may be used herein to describe disclosed or claimed embodiments. The term “substantially” or “about” may modify a value or relative characteristic disclosed or claimed in the present disclosure. In such instances, “substantially” or “about” may signify that the value or relative characteristic it modifies is within ±0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% or 10% of the value or relative characteristic. When an element or layer is referred to as being “on,” “engaged to,” “connected to,” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it may be directly on, engaged, connected or coupled to the other element or layer, or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly engaged to,” “directly connected to,” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there may be no intervening elements or layers present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (e.g., “between” versus “directly between,” “adjacent” versus “directly adjacent,” etc.). The term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms may be only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another region, layer or section. Terms such as “first,” “second,” and other numerical terms when used herein do not imply a sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the example embodiments. The term “deform” or “deformable” may be used herein to describe disclosed or claimed embodiments. The term “deform” or “deformable” may refer to a permanent distortion, such as plastic deformation that occurs when a material is subjected to tensile, compressive, bending, or torsion stresses that exceed its yield strength and cause it to elongate, compress, buckle, bend, or twist. The term “deform” or “deformable” may also refer to a temporary shape change that is self-reversing after the force is removed, so that the object returns to its original shape. Electric motors, such as brushless electric motors are generally connected to a printed circuit board adapter (PCBA) by a wire harness to a contact adapter fixed to the motor. Contact adapters include electrical connections extending between a component of the electric motor, such as a stator or a rotor, to the contact adapter. One of the challenges associated with known contact adapters is protecting or shielding the electrical connections prior to assembling the wire harness or other connecting device to the contact adapter. Failing to protect the contact adapter may result in damage to the electrical contacts during assembly or in transit. Known contact adapters may require a cover that may create additional costs. Or other known contact adapters may not provide any protection at all. Referring generally to the figures, an electric motor100is provided. The electric motor100may include a housing102that may be provided with a shield104. The electric motor100may include a stator (not illustrated) that may be disposed within the housing102. One or more busbars106may extend from the stator towards an aperture108defined by the shield104. The electric motor100may include one or more contact adapters110. The contact adapter110may include a body or a base member112and a contact member114that may extend from the base member112. At least a portion of the contact member114may be fixed to the busbar106by welding such as resistance welding, laser welding or another suitable process. The motor100may include an end plate120that may be arranged to sandwich portions of the contact adapter110to the shield104. The base member112may include a bottom portion122, a top portion124, and a first sidewall126extending therebetween. As an example, the first sidewall126may extend in a vertical direction. The contact adapter may include one or more feet116including a first foot116aand a second foot116bthat may each extend from a bottom portion122of the base member112. One or more of the feet116may include a number of deformable ribs118that may be configured to engage an end plate120that may sandwich at least one of the feet116against the shield104. The deformable ribs118may be configured to deform as the end plate120is attached to or fixed to the shield104. As an example, the shield104may define a recessed portion such as a receptacle109that may receive a portion of the base member112. In one or more embodiments, the base member may include a first distal end127and a second distal end128. The first foot116amay extend from the first distal end127and the second foot116bmay extend from the second distal end128. The end plate120may define a receptacle130that may be formed by a recessed portion of the end plate120. An inner periphery of the receptacle130may be formed by a number of walls132,134,136that may at least partially surround portions of the base member112. The walls132,134,136may lie against or be positioned adjacent to the contact adapter so that the contact adapter is restrained from moving in the x-direction and y-direction. In one or more embodiments, the shield104may be a bearing shield that houses one or more bearings (not illustrated) or a magnetic shield configured to absorb electromagnetic waves generated by the stator or other electrically charged components disposed within the housing102. As an example, the end plate120may be a heat sink configured to transfer heat from electronics disposed within the motor housing102or between the shield104and the end plate120. FIG.1illustrates a perspective-exploded view of the electric motor100. As mentioned above, the motor100includes a housing102and an end portion such as the shield104. The shield104defines a number of apertures108and one or more busbars106may extend towards or into one or more of the apertures108. The contact adapter110is positioned above the motor housing with respect to the z-axis. A number of fasteners138and the end plate120are shown above the contact adapter110. The fasteners138may fasten the end plate120to the shield104so that the contact adapter is fixed between the end plate120and the shield. The fasteners138, the end plate120, and the shield104may form a number of fastener joints. Each of the joints may be configured to receive a predetermined torque so that the end plate120is fixed to the shield104. The predetermined torque may be based on a pressure applied by the end plate120to the deformable ribs118so that the deformable ribs deform as the end plate120is fastened to the shield104. As another example, the end plate120may be fixed to the shield104by other methods, such as welding, adhesive or a mechanical lock, e.g., tongue and groove, force fit, or snap in features. FIG.2illustrates a perspective view of the contact adapter110. The body or base member112may include a second sidewall140that may extend from the first sidewall126. The first sidewall126may have a first height H1and the second sidewall140may have a second height H2that may be less than the first height H1. The contact member114may include a first portion142and a second portion144. The first portion142may extend in a vertical direction or parallel to the z-direction from the second sidewall140. The second portion144may extend in a horizontal direction or the x-direction. The first sidewall126and the second sidewall140may be integrally formed with one another. A curved portion or inner radius146may be formed between the second sidewall140and the first sidewall126. The inner radius146may be configured to engage the walls132,134of the end plate120(FIG.1). The second portion144may be fixed to the busbar106so that the second portion144is electrically connected to the busbar106. The first portion142of the contact member114may be spaced apart from the first sidewall126so that a connector (not illustrated) may engage the first portion of the contact member114. In one or more embodiments, base member112may be injected molded and may be formed of a polymeric material, such as thermoplastic, thermoset plastics, or other polymers. As an example, the base member or body112may be formed of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) that may include a predetermined amount of glass-filled fibers that may range between 15% and 45%. In one or more embodiments, portions of the base member112may be over molded over the contact member114. FIG.3illustrates a bottom-perspective view of the contact adapter110. The contact adapter110may include one or more locating protrusions148that may extend from the bottom portion122of the contact adapter110. The locating protrusions148may be inserted into a number of locating receptacles150(FIG.1) that may be defined by the shield104. The locating receptacles150may be formed by an aperture or a recessed portion of the shield104. FIG.4illustrates a top-perspective view of a portion of the electric motor100. As illustrated, the end plate120is fixed to the shield104by the fasteners138. As mentioned above, the contact adapter110is at least partially surrounded by the walls132,134,136of the end plate120. The contact adapter110may include a protrusion152that may extend from the second sidewall140so that the protrusion152is disposed between first portions142of the contact member114. In one or more embodiments, the housing102may include a first housing wall154that may have a cylindrical shape and house the stator and the rotor (not illustrated). A second housing wall156may extend from the first housing wall154and define a shield receptacle. The shield receptacle may receive the shield104. FIG.5illustrates an exploded-perspective view of another exemplary motor200. The motor200may include a shield204that may be disposed at an end of the motor200. The shield204may define a recessed portion that may form a receptacle209. The motor200may include a contact adapter210that may be inserted into the receptacle209. The shield204may define one or more apertures208and one or more busbars206may extend towards or extend through one or more of the apertures208. An end plate220, shown above the contact adapters210, may be attached to the shield204and sandwich portions of the contact adapter to the shield104. FIG.6illustrates a top-perspective view of the contact adapter210. The contact adapter210may include a protrusion216that may extend from the first sidewall126of the base member212. A contact member214may be disposed within and extend from the base member212. The contact member214may include a first end242, that may extend in a vertical direction from a second sidewall240of the base member212, and a second end244that may extend in a vertical direction from the protrusion216. The contact member214may include a medial portion243that extends between the first end242and the second end244. Portions of the medial portion243may be enclosed or embedded within the protrusion216. As an example, the protrusion216may include one or more raised sections250that may enclose or encapsulate the medial portion243of the contact member214. In one or more embodiments, one or more crush ribs218may extend from the protrusion216. The crush ribs218may be disposed near an outer periphery of the protrusion216so that the end plate220engages and deforms the crush ribs218as the end plate is fixed to the shield204. The protrusion216may define a busbar aperture252that may receive the second end244of the contact member and a portion of the busbar206. Vertical walls of the busbar206and the second end244of the contact member214may be fixed to one another by resistance welding or another suitable fixation means. FIG.7illustrates a top-perspective view a portion of the contact adapter210assembled to the busbar206. In one or more embodiments, the busbar aperture252may be used to locate the contact member210with respect to the busbar206and the shield204. This locating feature may be employed in addition to the locating protrusions148. FIG.8illustrates a flowchart300describing an exemplary assembly process for the electric motor100. The components described below are those components illustrated inFIG.1throughFIG.4. However, the method described below and depicted in the flowchart300also apply to the components provided inFIG.5throughFIG.7. The process may include step302providing or inserting the contact adapter110. Inserting the contact adapter110may include inserting the locating protrusions148into the locating receptacles150. As another example, the inserting step302may include inserting a portion of the body112into the receptacle109. The contact adapter may be located or positioned by an assembly operator during a manual process or by a machine during an automated or semi-automated process. After step302, the contact members114may be attached to one or more of the busbars106, in step304. The contact members114may be attached to the busbars106by welding such as laser welding or resistance welding or another suitable means of fixation. In step306, the end plate120may be placed on the shield104so that one or more portions of the end plate120engage the feet116,216of the contact adapter110,210. As an example, step306may include centering or otherwise positioning the receptacle130relative to the contact adapter110so that the receptacle130at least partially surrounds the contact adapter110. In step308, the end plate120may be attached to the shield104. In one or more embodiments, the fasteners138may be fastened between the end plate120and the shield104to form a number of fastening joints. Each of the fastening joints may be secured by a predetermined torque that may be applied by a screw gun or other suitable device. A torque transducer may be coupled to the screw gun so that torque may be monitored. As torque is applied to the fastening joint, the end plate may move towards the shield so that a clamping load is applied from the end plate120to the foot116of the contact adapter110. As the clamping load increases, the deformable ribs118may deform in response to a predetermined clamping load. In one or more embodiments, the end plate120, the deformable ribs118, or both may be configured to deform so that portions of the end plate engage or lie against the shield in response to a predetermined clamping load or pressure applied by the end plate120to shield or vice-versa. In one or more embodiments, the end plate120may be pressed onto the foot116of the contact adapter110with a predetermined force to generate a predetermined pressure. After or as the predetermined pressure is applied, the end plate120may be fixed to the shield104by welding, an adhesive or another suitable fixation means. While exemplary embodiments are described above, it is not intended that these embodiments describe all possible forms encompassed by the claims. The words used in the specification are words of description rather than limitation, and it is understood that various changes can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. As previously described, the features of various embodiments can be combined to form further embodiments of the invention that may not be explicitly described or illustrated. While various embodiments could have been described as providing advantages or being preferred over other embodiments or prior art implementations with respect to one or more desired characteristics, those of ordinary skill in the art recognize that one or more features or characteristics can be compromised to achieve desired overall system attributes, which depend on the specific application and implementation. These attributes can include, but are not limited to cost, strength, durability, life cycle cost, marketability, appearance, packaging, size, serviceability, weight, manufacturability, ease of assembly, etc. As such, to the extent any embodiments are described as less desirable than other embodiments or prior art implementations with respect to one or more characteristics, these embodiments are not outside the scope of the disclosure and can be desirable for particular applications. PARTS LIST The following is a list of reference numbers shown in the Figures. However, it should be understood that the use of these terms is for illustrative purposes only with respect to one embodiment. And, use of reference numbers correlating a certain term that is both illustrated in the Figures and present in the claims is not intended to limit the claims to only cover the illustrated embodiment.100electric motor102housing104shield106busbar108aperture109recessed portion110contact adapter112body/base member114contact member116,116a,116bfoot118deformable ribs120end plate122bottom portion124top portion126first sidewall127first distal end128second distal end130receptacle132wall134wall136wall138fastener140second sidewall142first portion144second portion146inner radius148locating protrusions150locating receptacles152protrusion154first housing wall156second housing wall200motor204shield206busbar208aperture209receptacle210contact adapter212base member216foot/protrusion218deformable rib/crush rib220end plate240second sidewall242first end243medial portion244second end250raised sections252busbar aperture300flow chart302inserting step304step306step308step116afirst foot116bsecond foot | 19,147 |
11942854 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Hereinafter, an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. In adding reference numerals to components of each drawing, it should be noted that the same components have the same reference numerals as possible even though they are indicated on different drawings. In addition, in describing the embodiment of the present disclosure, when it is determined that a detailed description of a related known configuration or function interferes with an understanding of the embodiment of the present disclosure, a detailed description thereof will be omitted. In addition, in describing the components of the present disclosure, terms such as first, second, A, B, (a), and (b), etc. may be used. These terms are only for distinguishing the components from other components, and the essence or order of the components are not limited by the terms. When a component is described as being “connected” or “coupled” to another component, the component may be directly connected to or coupled to the another component, but it should be understood that still another component may be “connected” or “coupled” thereto between each component. The electric actuator of the present disclosure may be applied to various actuators used in a vehicle, such as a sunroof opening/closing device, a power transmission device of an automatic footrest, and a power transmission device for forward and rearward operations of a seat. In addition to these, the electric actuator of the present disclosure may be applied in various fields other than a vehicle field. FIG.1is a front perspective view illustrating the configuration of an electric actuator of the present disclosure according to the exemplary embodiment,FIG.2is a rear perspective view illustrating the configuration of the electric actuator of the present disclosure according to the exemplary embodiment, andFIG.3is a rear perspective view illustrating a state in which a circuit board coupled to the rear surface of the a housing constituting the electric actuator of the present disclosure is removed therefrom. First, the configuration of the electric actuator (hereinafter, an actuator A) of the present disclosure according to the exemplary embodiment will be described with reference toFIGS.1to3. The actuator A may generally include the housing10, a motor assembly20, and the circuit board60. As illustrated inFIG.1, the housing10may have an appearance that is bent in an approximate “L” shape. A connector12may be formed on the bent end of the housing10, and a rotating shaft (not shown) may be inserted thereinto in a direction parallel to the direction of the connector12, and the motor assembly20may be assembled with the housing10. The housing10may be configured as a hollow “L”-shaped frame, with one surface of the housing10being open as illustrated inFIG.3. Multiple parts may be installed and fixed inside or outside the housing10, and the housing10may be a part constituting the appearance of the actuator A. The connector12may be installed on a side surface of the housing10. The connector12is a general connector, so detailed description thereof will be omitted. The connector12may be fastened to the side surface of the housing10and may be a part coupled with an external connection terminal (not shown). In addition, the connector12may be electrically connected to the circuit board60to be described later and may function to transmit power and various control signals transmitted through the external connection terminal to the circuit board60to be described later. The motor assembly20may be mounted to the lower part of the housing10. The motor assembly20is a general motor assembly, so detailed description thereof will be omitted. The motor assembly20may be largely composed of a motor housing22, the motor (not shown), and a brush card assembly24. As illustrated inFIGS.1to3, the motor housing22may have a hollow cuboid shape and may be configured to be open at front and rear sides of the motor housing22. The motor housing22may constitute the appearance of the motor assembly20, and may function to protect the motor (not shown) installed therein. In addition, the brush card assembly24may be mounted to the front of the motor housing22. The brush card assembly24is a general brush card, so detailed description thereof will be omitted. The brush card assembly24may be connected to the motor (not shown) installed inside the motor housing22and may supply power to the motor, and may function to control the rotation of the motor. A gear assembly30may be installed inside the housing10. The gear assembly30is a general gear assembly, so detailed description thereof will be omitted. The gear assembly30may be installed in front of the motor assembly20to be connected with the motor assembly20and may be a part rotated by receiving the driving force of the motor. FIG.4is an enlarged perspective view illustrating a state in which the terminal of the motor assembly constituting the electric actuator of the present disclosure is disposed inside a connection groove,FIG.5is a front perspective view illustrating the configuration of a motor and the circuit board constituting the electric actuator of the present disclosure,FIG.6is an enlarged perspective view illustrating a state in which a motor assembly terminal and a fork terminal constituting the electric actuator of the present disclosure are coupled to each other,FIG.7is an enlarged perspective view illustrating a step prior to the insertion of the fork terminal into the connection groove constituting the electric actuator of the present disclosure,FIG.8is an enlarged perspective view illustrating a state in which the fork terminal is connected to the motor assembly terminal by inserting the fork terminal into the connection groove constituting the electric actuator of the present disclosure,FIG.9is an enlarged sectional view illustrating the step prior to the insertion of the fork terminal into the connection groove constituting the electric actuator of the present disclosure, andFIG.10is an enlarged sectional view illustrating the state in which the fork terminal is connected to the motor assembly terminal by inserting the fork terminal into the connection groove constituting the electric actuator of the present disclosure. Hereinafter, the motor assembly terminal40, the circuit board60, and the fork terminal70which are mounted to the motor assembly20will be described in detail. A plurality of motor assembly terminals40may be installed inside the brush card assembly24. As illustrated inFIGS.5and6, each of the motor assembly terminals40may be made of a rectangular metal plate, and a portion thereof may be installed inside the brush card assembly24, and a portion thereof may be formed by protruding forward from the brush card assembly24. Furthermore, while the motor assembly20is mounted to the lower part of the housing10, the motor assembly terminals40may be respectively disposed inside a plurality of connection grooves50to be described later. The motor assembly terminal40may include a plurality of motor assembly terminals formed by protruding forward from the brush card assembly24, and the plurality of motor assembly terminals may be respectively disposed inside the connection grooves50to be described later. The motor assembly terminal40may be disposed inside the connection groove50to be described later and may be connected to the fork terminal70to be described later, and may function to transmit power and various control signals to the motor assembly20. The connection groove50may be formed inside the housing10. As illustrated inFIG.4, the connection groove50may be configured to have a rectangular box shape having one open surface and may be formed by being recessed by a predetermined depth from the housing10. The motor assembly terminal40may be disposed inside the connection groove50and may be coupled to the fork terminal70to be described later. The inside of the connection groove50may be a part in which the motor assembly terminal40and the fork terminal70to be described later are connected to each other. A press rib mounting groove52may be formed in each of the upper and lower surfaces of the inside of the connection groove50. The press rib mounting groove52may be configured to have a width equal to or greater than the thickness of the fork terminal70to be described later. Accordingly, the press rib mounting groove52may be formed in the center of each of the upper and lower surfaces of the inside of the connection groove50by being recessed by a predetermined depth upward or downward therefrom. The inside of the press rib mounting groove52may be a part in which the press rib80of the fork terminal70to be described later is inserted and is elastically transformed to be fastened as illustrated inFIG.10. A guide surface54may be formed on the entrance side of the press rib mounting groove52. The guide surface54may be configured to be inclined gradually downward from the entrance side of the press rib mounting groove52toward the inside thereof. When inserting a press rib80to be described later into the press rib mounting groove52, the guide surface54may function to guide the press rib80into the press rib mounting groove52. The circuit board60may be mounted to the rear surface of the housing10. The circuit board60is a general circuit board, so detailed description thereof will be omitted. The circuit board60may be configured as an “L”-shaped flat plate corresponding to the housing10and may be coupled to the housing10. Additionally, the connector12may be connected to a side of the circuit board60such that external power and various control signals can be transmitted thereto. A plurality of fork terminals70may be mounted to the front surface of the circuit board60. When mounting the circuit board60to the housing10, the fork terminal70may be installed at a position corresponding to the connection groove50. The fork terminal70may be composed of a fixed plate72, a pair of contact plates74, a terminal insertion groove76, a contact protrusion78, and the press rib80. The fixed plate72may be made of a quadrangular plate, and may be formed by protruding in a direction orthogonal to the circuit board60. The fixed plate72may be electrically connected to the circuit board60and may function to support the contact plates74to be described later. The pair of contact plates74may be formed at the front of the fixed plate72. The contact plates74may be configured to be integrated with the fixed plate72and may be formed respectively on the upper and lower sides of the front surface of the fixed plate72by protruding by predetermined lengths forward therefrom. Each of the contact plates74may be inserted into the connection groove50and may function to support the contact protrusion78to be described later. The terminal insertion groove76may be formed between the contact plates74different from each other. The terminal insertion groove76may be configured to have the shape of a groove having a “” shape open at a front side thereof and may be a part into which the motor assembly terminal40is inserted. That is, when connecting the fork terminal70to the motor assembly terminal40, the contact plates74may be elastically transformed respectively to the upper and lower sides to open the contact plates74, and while the motor assembly terminal40is mounted in the terminal insertion groove76, the contact plates74may be pressed respectively in upward and downward directions such that the fork terminal70and the motor assembly terminal40can be in contact with each other. In addition, the contact protrusion78may be formed on the upper or lower part of the end of the contact plate74. The contact protrusion78may be configured to have a protruding shape having a round surface as illustrated inFIG.9, and may be formed by protruding toward the motor assembly terminal40. The contact protrusion78may be in close contact with and be coupled to each of the upper and lower surfaces of the motor assembly terminal40, and may function to electrically connect the motor assembly terminal40with the fork terminal70. The press rib80may be formed on the upper or lower part of the end of the contact plate74. As illustrated inFIG.9, the press rib80may be formed at a side opposite to the contact protrusion78such that the press rib80has the shape of a rib having an arc shape or is bent by extending from the end of the contact plate74. In addition, the press rib80may be formed by bending to be curved in a direction opposite to the insertion direction of the fork terminal70. The press rib80may be installed on the end of the contact plate74and may function to allow the contact protrusion78to additionally press the motor assembly terminal40when the contact plate74is inserted into the connection groove50. That is, when the contact plate74is mounted inside the connection groove50, the press rib80may be elastically transformed inside the press rib mounting groove52and, at the same time, may allow the contact protrusion78to additionally press the upper or lower surface of the motor assembly terminal40, so the connection of the motor assembly terminal40with the fork terminal70may be more securely performed. Hereinafter, the operation of the terminal coupling structure of an electric actuator having the above-described configuration according to the present disclosure will be described with reference toFIGS.1to10. First, the motor assembly20and the gear assembly30may be installed in the inner space11of the housing10. A plurality of motor assembly terminals40of the motor assembly20installed inside the housing10may be disposed horizontally inside a plurality of connection grooves50formed in the housing10. While the motor assembly20and the gear assembly30are mounted in the inner space11of the housing10, the circuit board60and the connector12for the electrical connection of the motor assembly may be installed. The plurality of fork terminals70may be installed on the front surface of the circuit board60, and may be inserted respectively into the connection grooves50of the housing10. The motor assembly terminal40and the fork terminal70may be coupled to each other by moving the circuit board60forward from the rear side of the housing10. The contact of the fork terminal70with the motor assembly terminal40may be performed in such a manner that while inserting the fork terminal70into the connection groove50, the contact plate74formed on the front of the fork terminal70is elastically transformed in an upward or downward direction such that the contact protrusion78of the contact plate74presses and is in close contact with each of the upper and lower surfaces of the motor assembly terminal40. Furthermore, due to the elastic transformation of the contact plate74, the contact protrusion78may firstly press and be in close contact with the motor assembly terminal40, and then the press rib80installed on the end of the contact plate74may be inserted into the press rib mounting groove52. In the process in which the press rib80is inserted into the press rib mounting groove52, the press rib80may allow the contact plate74to additionally press the motor assembly terminal40, so the contact of the motor assembly terminal40with the contact protrusion78may be more securely performed. As described above, the press rib80may be installed on the end of the contact plate74, and the contact protrusion78and the motor assembly terminal40may be more securely in contact with each other, thereby preventing a short circuit in the coupling portion of terminals to each other due to vibration or an external impact. In addition, in a case in which without the press rib80, the motor assembly terminal40and the fork terminal70are maintained to be in contact with each other for a long period of time, due to the deformation of the fork terminal70, a short circuit of the motor assembly terminal40may occur, but due to the installation of the press rib80, even if the motor assembly terminal40and the fork terminal70are in contact with each other for a long period of time, the press rib80may press the contact plate74with a predetermined pressing force, thereby minimizing a short circuit between the motor assembly terminal40and the fork terminal70. The technical scope of the present disclosure may not be limited to the embodiment illustrated above, and within the technical scope as described above, many other modifications based on the present disclosure will be possible for those skilled in the art. | 16,670 |
11942855 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION In some aspects, an aerial vehicle may use bladed propellers powered by electric motors to provide thrust during take-off. The propeller/motor units may be referred to as rotor assemblies. In some aspects, the motor driven propeller units on the wings may themselves rotate relative to a fixed wing, such that the propellers provide vertical thrust for take-off and landing. The rotation of the rotor assemblies may allow for directional change of thrust by rotating both the propeller and the electric motor, thus not requiring any gimbaling, or other method, of torque drive from the motor to the propeller around or through a rotating joint. In some aspects, an extended nacelle may reside at the tip of a wing, or at the end of a rear V-tail element, and be adapted to rotate such that the VTOL propeller may provide vertical thrust during take-off and landing. In some aspects, the motor driven rotor assemblies attached to the wing are adapted to place the mass of the motor and rotor significantly forward of the wing. In some aspects, this forward location allows for the rotation of the rotors to a vertical thrust orientation that has the airflow predominantly in front of the leading edge of the wing, reducing air flow impingement by the wing during VTOL operations. In some aspects, this forward location of the mass of the rotors and motors allows for unusual wing configurations, such as swept forward wings, whose otherwise possible drawbacks during higher g-force maneuvers are partially or fully moderated by this mass placement. In an exemplary embodiment, as seen in a vertical take-off configuration inFIG.1, an aerial vehicle200uses forward swept fixed wings202,203with rotors of different types adapted for both vertical take-off and landing and for forward flight. The aircraft body201supports a left wing202and a right wing203. The wing mounted motor driven rotor assemblies206are mounted on the wings include propellers. The wingtip motor driven rotor assemblies207are mounted onto the wingtips. The aircraft body201extends rearward is also attached to raised rear stabilizers204. The rear stabilizers have rear rotor assemblies205,208attached thereto. The aerial vehicle200may have two rotors on the right wing203and two rotors on the left wing202. The rotor assemblies mounted along the span of each wing may have wing mounted rotors206that are adapted to flip up into a deployed position for vertical take-off and landing, to be moved back towards a stowed position during transition to forward flight, and then to have their blades stowed, and nested, during forward flight. The outboard rotor assembly207may pivot, as discussed below. Similarly, each rear stabilizer204may be have a pivoting rotor unit205,208mounted to it, which is adapted to be used during vertical take-off and landing, and transition, modes, as well as during forward flight. The forward flight configuration of the aerial vehicle200is shown inFIG.2. FIGS.3-7illustrate a compact harmonic drive rotary actuator300according to some embodiments of the present invention. The rotary actuator300is adapted to support a system wherein the actuator provides rotational support and rotational positioning, but where other loads are maintained separately by the system. The rotary actuator300has a fixed flange321which may be coupled to an aircraft structure, for example. A rotating body340is adapted to rotate relative to the fixed flange321. The rotating body340may be coupled to an output body341which has an output flange320. The circular output flange320which circumscribes the circular fixed flange allows for the actuation and rotational positioning control of a pair of concentric mating mounting brackets which are radially and longitudinally supported and constrained. In some aspects, one or more mechanical stops322on the fixed flange321may engage mating stops on the output flange320in order to limit rotational to a set range. FIG.7illustrates a rotary actuator300in cross-section according to some embodiments of the present invention. The rotary actuator300presents advantages in that it provides very high torque due to the location of the motor rotor gap being at a large radial distance from the central axis310, while also being extremely compact due to the location of the motor deep into the flexspline cup301. In addition, the use of windings on the stator, which are able to be more efficiently thermally coupled to the main structure, allowing for better thermal management of the rotary actuator. The use of thin magnets on an external rotor allows for locating the rotor gap at a larger radial distance, which enhances torque output, while also reducing thermal load on the rotor relative to a wound rotor. As seen inFIG.7, the fixed flange321is fixedly coupled to the stator mount313. The stator mount313supports the stator windings306. This fixed set of structural components is also fixed to the flexspline cup301. It should be understood that the initial designation of one flange321as fixed, and another flange as the output flange320, is arbitrary and related to the in-use configuration and mounting. The fixed set of structural components have a central axis which is coincident with the actuator central axis310. The stator mount313and the stator windings306are structurally and fixedly coupled to the internal shaft342. The motor rotor structure312supports the rotor magnets302, which are adapted to rotate around stator windings306. The motor air gap303resides at a significant radially outward distance from the central axis310, and is at a distance that is a significant percentage of the flexspline cup outside diameter311. In some aspects, the radial distance from the central axis to the air gap is >80% of the radial distance from the central axis to the flexspline cup outside diameter. In some aspects, the radial distance from the central axis to the air gap is >85% of the radial distance from the central axis to the flexspline cup outside diameter. In some aspects, the radial distance from the central axis to the air gap is >88% of the radial distance from the central axis to the flexspline cup outside diameter. With the increasing distance from the central axis, and the increased percentage of this distance relative to the flexspline cup outside diameter, higher torque is achieved with a smaller overall size of the rotary actuator. As seen, the motor air gap303resides outboard of the interior side of the inner race304of the wave bearing318. In addition, in some aspects, the stator windings306extend further radially outboard than the interior side of the inner race304of the wave bearing318. In some aspects, the radial mid-point of the stator windings306is further radially outboard than the interior side of the inner race304of the wave bearing318. Such a configuration allows for significant torque for a motor contained within the flexspline cup. The motor also resides deep within the flexspline cup301, further into the depth315of the flexspline cup301than the wave bearing318and the wave cam319. The gap316between the stator windings306and the bottom of the flexspline cup301is also minimized in order to make the design compact. In an exemplary embodiment, the full depth315of the flexspline cup301is 67.2 mm, with the depth317of the windings306is 35.5 mm, and the winding come within 4.8 mm of the bottom of the flexspline cup301. In some aspects, the ratio of the distance below the windings316to the axial length317of the windings306is less than 0.2. In some aspects, the ratio of the distance below the windings316to the axial length317of the windings306is less than 0.15. In some aspects, the ratio of the distance below the windings316to the axial length317of the windings306is less than 0.14. The combination of the outrunner motor configuration, using an external rotor comprising magnets of thin profile, and of the placement of the motor within the cup and below the wave generator bearing318, and having the motor gap303further radially outboard than the interior side of the inner race304of the wave bearing318, provides a rotary actuator with new properties and with a small volume vs. performance. In addition, the hollow interior within the interior surface of the central shaft342further allows for the passage of wiring, or other materials, through the rotary actuator300. The rotary actuator300is adapted to have three sections which rotate relative to each other. The first rotating section, coupled to the fixed flange321, includes the motor stator and the flexspline cup. As the motor is stepped or otherwise driven, the external rotor structure312moves relative to the fixed flange, and drives the wave cam319in a rotary fashion. The rotor structure and the wave cam are parts of the second rotating section, which rotates around the stator as the motor is stepped. The third rotating section is coupled to the output flange320. The output flange320is coupled to the output housing341, which is coupled to the output housing cap340, which are illustrated inFIG.6. The output housing cap340is structurally coupled to the rigid circular spline305. The rotating cam319results in engagement of the flexspline361with the internal gear teeth of the rigid circular spline305. The differential engagement of the flexspline361with the circular spline305results in the rotation of the third section, which is coupled to the output flange320. The internal shaft342couples the fixed flange across the inside of the actuator and is fastened with a nut343. In contrast to a typical motor wherein the motor rotor is coupled to the motor stator by a bearing pair at each end of a motor shaft, in aspects of the present invention a three bearing system may be used. A first bearing307resides between the stator structure313and the motor rotor structure312. The motor rotor is then secondarily supported by a bearing308between the motor rotor structure and output structure. A third bearing309the couples the output structure back to the fixed structure. These three coaxial bearings thus perform the function of what was previously supported by two sets of two bearings, or more. In some aspects, the first rotating section is rotationally coupled to the second rotating section with just a single bearing. In some aspects, the second rotating section is rotationally coupled to the third rotating section with just a single bearing. In some aspects, the third rotating section is rotationally coupled to the first rotating section with just a single bearing. This unorthodox bearing scheme further contributes to the compact nature of the rotary actuator300. The bearing scheme of the rotary actuator300as described above may have limitations in that although the rotary actuator may be fully functional in supporting loads around the rotation of the actuator central axis310, it may have reduced moment carrying capacity in moment directions in the perpendicular axes. The rotary actuator300is adapted to be part of a deployment system wherein there are other structural components which are rotationally coupled to each other, and also coupled to the input and output flanges of the rotary actuator, but further support all of the perpendicular moment loads, and the axial loads, which would have otherwise been supported by the rotary actuator. FIG.9illustrates in cross-section the first, second, and third rotating sections, using different cross-sectional line types to represent the different rotating section, and the bearings between them. The first rotating section401, coupled to the fixed flange321, includes the motor stator and the flexspline cup. Although referred to as the first rotating section, this section may also be viewed as fixed, with everything rotating relative to it. As the motor is stepped or otherwise driven, the external rotor structure312moves relative to the fixed flange, and drives the wave cam319in a rotary fashion. The rotor structure and the wave cam are parts of the second rotating section402, which rotates around the stator as the motor is stepped. The third rotating section403is coupled to the output flange320. FIG.8illustrates a deployment system380in which the compact harmonic drive rotary actuator300may be incorporated. A fixed inner structure330may be coupled to an aircraft structure, for example. The fixed inner structure330is coupled to the fixed flange321. The fixed inner structure330is rotationally coupled to a rotating bracket331using an inboard bearing332and an outboard bearing333. The rotating bracket331is coupled to the output flange320of the compact harmonic drive rotary actuator300. In this exemplary embodiment, the radial and axial loads of the system are supported by the inboard bearing332and the outboard bearing333, while the radial positioning and the holding of radial position are performed by the inboard bearing332and an outboard bearing333harmonic drive rotary actuator300. In some embodiments of the present invention, as seen inFIG.10, the deployment system380is used to deploy a wingtip rotor207, which has been shown inFIGS.1and2. The external nacelle shell has been omitted for clarity, as have portions of the rotary actuator. The rotating bracket331is coupled to the support structure of the deployable motor driven rotor assembly and is adapted to rotate around a fixed inner structure330(not shown) which extends from the wing structure at the wing tip. In some aspects, the rotary actuator300is on the outboard side, in that it is further outboard from the aircraft body than the inboard side of the support structure of the deployable motor driven rotor assembly. FIGS.11-13illustrate another compact harmonic drive350according to some embodiments of the present invention. A fixed flange351is fixedly coupled to the stator mount363. The stator mount363supports the stator windings356. This fixed set of structural components is also fixed to the flexspline cup351. The fixed set of structural components have a central axis which is coincident with the actuator central axis360. The stator mount363and the stator windings356are structurally and fixedly coupled to the internal shaft392. The motor rotor structure362supports the rotor magnets352, which are adapted to rotate around stator windings356. The motor air gap resides at a significant radially outward distance from the central axis360, and is at a distance that is a significant percentage of the flexspline cup outside diameter. In some aspects, the radial distance from the central axis to the air gap is >80% of the radial distance from the central axis to the flexspline cup outside diameter. In some aspects, the radial distance from the central axis to the air gap is >85% of the radial distance from the central axis to the flexspline cup outside diameter. In some aspects, the radial distance from the central axis to the air gap is >88% of the radial distance from the central axis to the flexspline cup outside diameter. With the increasing distance from the central axis, and the increased percentage of this distance relative to the flexspline cup outside diameter, higher torque is achieved with a smaller overall size of the rotary actuator. As seen, the motor air gap resides outboard of the interior side of the inner race of the wave bearing. In addition, in some aspects, the stator windings306extend further radially outboard than the interior side of the inner race304of the wave bearing368. In some aspects, the radial mid-point of the stator windings is further radially outboard than the interior side of the inner race of the wave bearing368. Such a configuration allows for significant torque for a motor contained within the flexspline cup. The motor also resides deep within the flexspline cup351, further into the depth of the flexspline cup351than the wave bearing368and the wave cam. The gap between the stator windings356and the bottom of the flexspline cup351is also minimized in order to make the design compact. In some aspects, the ratio of the distance below the windings to the axial length of the windings356is less than 0.2. In some aspects, the ratio of the distance below the windings356to the axial length317of the windings356is less than 0.15. In some aspects, the ratio of the distance below the windings356to the axial length of the windings356is less than 0.14. The combination of the outrunner motor configuration, using an external rotor comprising magnets of thin profile, and of the placement of the motor within the cup and below the wave generator bearing, and having the motor gap further radially outboard than the interior side of the inner race of the wave bearing, provides a rotary actuator with new properties and with a small volume vs. performance. The rotary actuator350is adapted to have three sections which rotate relative to each other. The first rotating section, coupled to the fixed flange351, includes the motor stator and the flexspline cup. As the motor is stepped or otherwise driven, the external rotor structure362moves relative to the fixed flange, and drives the wave cam in a rotary fashion. The rotor structure and the wave cam are parts of the second rotating section, which rotates around the stator as the motor is stepped. The third rotating section is coupled to the output flange370. The output flange370is coupled to the output housing373. The output housing is structurally coupled to the rigid circular spline374. The rotating cam results in engagement of the flexspline with the internal gear teeth of the rigid circular spline. The differential engagement of the flexspline with the circular spline results in the rotation of the third section, which is coupled to the output flange370. The internal shaft couples the fixed flange across the inside of the actuator. In contrast to a typical motor wherein the motor rotor is coupled to the motor stator by a bearing pair at each end of a motor shaft, in aspects of the present invention a three bearing system may be used. A first bearing357resides between the stator structure363and the motor rotor structure362. The motor rotor is then secondarily supported by a bearing358between the motor rotor structure and output structure. A third bearing359the couples the output structure back to the fixed structure. These three coaxial bearings thus perform the function of what was previously supported by two sets of two bearings, or more. In some aspects, the first rotating section is rotationally coupled to the second rotating section with just a single bearing. In some aspects, the second rotating section is rotationally coupled to the third rotating section with just a single bearing. In some aspects, the third rotating section is rotationally coupled to the first rotating section with just a single bearing. This unorthodox bearing scheme further contributes to the compact nature of the rotary actuator350. The bearing scheme of the rotary actuator350as described above may have limitations in that although the rotary actuator may be fully functional in supporting loads around the rotation of the actuator central axis360, it may have reduced moment carrying capacity in moment directions in the perpendicular axes. The rotary actuator350may include a support bearing380adapted to provide axial and radial support, and also support moment loading. The support bearing380may be cross-axis roller bearing. FIG.15is a side view of portions of a rotor deployment mechanism of a deployable motor driven rotor assembly according to some embodiments of the present invention. The main mounting points127,128are the structural attachment points for the rotor deployment mechanism, and by extension, for the motor driven rotor unit, to the aerial vehicle. The drive motor126is adapted to drive the rotor main hub, and by extension, the propeller of the rotor unit. FIG.14illustrates a rotor deployment mechanism in a partially deployed position. The rotor deployment mechanism may be driven from a stowed configuration to a deployed configuration with a compact harmonic drive assembly350.FIG.16illustrates the rotor deployment mechanism in a deployed, vertical take-off, configuration. The rotor deployment mechanism has both rotated and displaced the rotor. The deployment has pushed the rotor hub forward, and away, from the main mounting points127,128, as well as upward vertically relative to the main mounting points. In this vertical take-off configuration, the rotor axis is vertical. In some aspects, with the use of rotor deployment mechanisms as described herein, the nacelle may be seen as being split during the rotor deployment such that the rear portion of the nacelle stays with the wing in a fixed positional relationship. The rotor deployment may then be able to occur from a nacelle along the wing, or along a rear horizontal stabilizer element. In some aspects, the motor and propeller may deploy out from the nacelle. The rotor deployment mechanisms may be mounted at a position that is not the end of the wing, or other horizontal element. The outboard bracket124is attached to the deployment linkages at the bracket attach points134,135. The bracket arms129,130,131link via pivot points132,133. With the use of multi-arm linkages, the rotor may be moved to preferred positions in both the deployed and stowed configurations.FIG.15illustrates the deployment mechanism with its linkages in a partially deployed configuration, which is seen during transitions from vertical to horizontal thrusting, or from horizontal to vertical thrusting. The electric motor/propeller combination being on the outboard side of the articulating joint allows for a rigid mounting of the propeller to the motor, which is maintained even as the propeller is moved through various attitudes relative to the rear nacelle portion. With such a configuration the rotating power from the motor need not be gimbaled or otherwise transferred across a rotating joint. FIG.16illustrates a deployment drive system for a deployment mechanism according to some embodiments of the present invention. A rotary actuator350may be coupled to the aerial vehicle, within the wing in an area adjacent to the mounting points for the main mounting points127,128. The harmonic drive assembly350may be coupled to a first pivot location383of the linkage assembly by a drive rod381coupled to the output interface371of the harmonic drive assembly350such that the deployment linkage is driven from a stowed configuration to a deployed configuration, and from a deployed configuration to a stowed configuration. FIG.16illustrates the rotor deployment mechanism in a stowed position, as would be used in forward flight, and as illustrated inFIG.2.FIG.17illustrates the rotor deployment mechanism in a deployed position, as would be used during vertical take-off and landing, an as illustrated inFIG.1. As evident from the above description, a wide variety of embodiments may be configured from the description given herein and additional advantages and modifications will readily occur to those skilled in the art. The invention in its broader aspects is, therefore, not limited to the specific details and illustrative examples shown and described. Accordingly, departures from such details may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the applicant's general invention. | 23,374 |
11942856 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Reference will now be made to the drawing figures to describe the present disclosure in detail. It will be understood that the drawing figures and exemplified embodiments of present disclosure are not limited to the details thereof. Please refer toFIG.1, which shows a block circuit diagram of a power conversion apparatus according to the present disclosure. The power conversion apparatus100receives an input voltage Vin, and converts the input voltage Vin into an output voltage Vo to supply power to a load200. In this embodiment, the power conversion apparatus100is a flyback converter. The power conversion apparatus100includes a bridge rectifier circuit10, a transformer20, a power switch Q, a rectifier circuit30, a feedback circuit40, and a control module50. The transformer20isolates the power conversion apparatus100into a primary side and a secondary side. The primary side of the transformer20includes a primary-side winding20-1and an auxiliary winding20-2. The primary-side winding20-1of the transformer20is coupled to the bridge rectifier circuit10and the power switch Q. The secondary side of the transformer20includes a secondary-side winding20-3. The rectifier circuit30is coupled to the secondary-side winding20-3, the feedback circuit40, and the load200. The bridge rectifier circuit10converts the input voltage Vin into a DC voltage Vd, and provides the DC voltage Vd to the primary-side winding20-1. The power conversion apparatus100is a conversion apparatus having a power delivery (PD) function. The control module50may operate the power conversion apparatus100in a discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). The control module50is coupled to the power switch Q, the auxiliary winding20-2, and the feedback circuit40. The control module50provides a PWM (pulse width modulation) signal PWM to alternately turn on and turn off the power switch Q so as to convert the DC voltage Vd into the output voltage Vo through the transformer20. The feedback circuit40makes the control module50control the power conversion apparatus100to provide the output voltage Vo with different voltage levels, such as but not limited to, 3 volts, 5 volts, 12 volts, and so on. In one embodiment, the feedback circuit40has an error amplifier. The error amplifier is used to compare the output voltage Vo with a voltage level required by the load200, such as a reference voltage Vref to control a photo coupler to generate a feedback signal Sf to the primary side. Please refer toFIG.2, which shows a schematic waveform diagram of a voltage across two ends of a power switch according to the present disclosure, and also refer toFIG.1. When the control module50turns on the power switch Q (i.e., during a time period Ton), the transformer20stores energy, and a voltage Vds across two ends (i.e., a drain and a source) of the power switch Q is approximately zero volt. At this condition, since the auxiliary winding20-2is coupled to the primary-side winding20-1and opposite polarity, the voltage value of the induced auxiliary voltage Vaux is negative m times of the DC voltage Vd, wherein m represents a turns ratio between the primary-side winding20-1and the auxiliary winding20-2. At time t1, the control module50turns off the power switch Q and the transformer20starts to release energy. In the process of releasing energy, the auxiliary voltage Vaux is approximately n times of the output voltage Vo (n is a turn ratio between the secondary-side winding20-3and the auxiliary winding20-2), as shown inFIG.2. At time t2, the control module50turns off the power switch Q. The energy stored in the transformer20has been completely released, and the secondary-side current has been completely zero to be an open-circuit state. At this condition, the voltage Vds across two ends of the power switch Q occurs resonance due to the present of an RLC resonant tank composed of a wire resistance, a magnetizing inductance L of the primary-side winding20-1, and a parasitic capacitance Coss. Since the inductance of the auxiliary winding20-2induces a voltage across the primary-side winding20-1, the auxiliary voltage Vaux also starts to resonate based (centered) on the zero volt, as shown in the waveform after time t2inFIG.2. The auxiliary voltage Vaux oscillates back and forth to generate a plurality of (for example, but not limited to, four) oscillation turning points P1-P4. Please referFIG.3, which shows a frequency reduction curve applied to the power conversion apparatus according to the present disclosure, and also refer toFIG.1toFIG.2. In the power conversion apparatus100, the control module50controls the maximum switching frequency Fswx of the power switch Q, which is mainly related to the loading of the load200, and the detailed description will be made hereinafter. The actual switching frequency of the power switch Q is approximately close to the maximum switching frequency Fswx, but not greater than the maximum switching frequency Fswx. When the load200is heavier (for example, a heavy loading), the higher the voltage value of the feedback signal Sf, and the higher the maximum switching frequency Fswx of the power switch Q; on the contrary, the lower the voltage value of the feedback signal Sf and the lower the maximum switching frequency Fswx. Therefore, a frequency reduction curve ofFIG.3may be established through the above-mentioned relationship, and the frequency reduction curve enables the power conversion apparatus100to acquire stable output power udder different loads200. When the load200is heavier (for example, a heavy loading) to make the voltage of the feedback signal Sf higher than a first level V1, the control module50controls the maximum switching frequency Fswx of the power switch Q to be a first switching frequency Fswx1. When the load200is lighter (for example, a light loading) to make the voltage of the feedback signal Sf lower than a second level V2, the control module50controls the maximum switching frequency Fswx of the power switch Q to be a second switching frequency Fswx2. In particular, the first switching frequency Fswx1is higher than the second switching frequency Fswx2. When the load200between the two loadings, the voltage of the feedback signal Sf and the maximum switching frequency Fswx have a substantially linear relationship. The frequency reduction curve ofFIG.3may also be regarded as a relationship curve between the feedback signal Sf and a blanking time interval Tb, and an exemplified embodiment is shown inFIG.2. In particular, the blanking time interval Tb is equal to a reciprocal of the maximum switching frequency Fswx, i.e., Tb=1/Fswx. At the beginning of a switching cycle, the control module50determines the blanking time interval Tb according to the feedback signal Sf, and after the blanking time interval Tb has passed, the control module50allows the next switching cycle to start. Therefore, the switching frequency will not be greater than the maximum switching frequency Fswx. Please refer toFIG.1toFIG.3again, specifically, the control module50receives the feedback signal Sf provided by the feedback circuit40to set the blanking time interval Tb. The feedback signal Sf may represent the condition (state) of the load200(for example, light load or heavy load). The heavier the load200, the higher the feedback signal Sf, and the shorter the blanking time interval Tb. A voltage divider circuit60receives the auxiliary voltage Vaux, and divides the auxiliary voltage Vaux into the auxiliary signal Saux. The control module50receives the auxiliary signal Saux and sets a predetermined counting threshold according to the auxiliary signal Saux. The control module50realizes the output voltage Vo according to the auxiliary voltage Vaux. Since the auxiliary voltage Vaux incudes n times of the output voltage Vo when the power switch Q is turned off, the control module50can realize (the level of) the output voltage Vo by the received auxiliary signal Saux. As shown inFIG.2, the blanking time interval Tb is mainly provided to prevent the control module50to turn on the power switch Q again within a period of time after the power switch Q is turned on (or turned off in another embodiment). Therefore, the blanking time interval Tb may blank not only the time interval t1-t2, but also part of a resonance voltage Vr, and the range of blanking depends on the feedback signal Sf. Afterward, after the control module50realizes the end of the blanking time interval Tb, the control module50starts to count or increase the number of oscillation turning points that occur next. In particular, the oscillation turning points are presented during an oscillation of the resonance voltage Vr, and after the blanking time interval Tb ends, the control module50starts to count or increase the number of the oscillation turning points. When the number of oscillation turning points counted by the control module50reaches the predetermined counting threshold set by the control module50, the control module50turns on the power switch Q. By using the blanking time interval Tb with the counting of the oscillation turning point, a single set of frequency reduction curve (but not limited) is used to adjust the maximum switching frequency Fswx to stabilize (regulate) the output voltage Vo of the power conversion apparatus100under different levels of the output voltage Vo. Therefore, the blanking time interval Tb set by the control module50may be generated based on a single frequency reduction curve, and this single frequency reduction curve provides a predetermined relationship between the feedback signal Sf and the blanking time interval Tb. Please refer toFIG.4, which shows a block circuit diagram of a control module according to the present disclosure, and also refer toFIG.1toFIG.3. The control module50includes a timing unit502, a detection unit504, and a control unit506. The timing unit502sets a blanking time interval Tb according to a feedback signal Sf, which is related to the load200, provided by the feedback circuit40. In one embodiment, since the control module50operates under a single frequency reduction curve, the timing unit502realizes the light or heavy condition of the load200according to the feedback signal Sf to set the time length of the blanking time interval Tb. Afterward, Then, after the blanking time interval Tb arrives, the control unit506starts to count or increase the number of the oscillation turning points through an enabled signal Se. The detection unit504is coupled to the voltage divider circuit60to receive the auxiliary Saux. The detection unit504includes a level detection unit5042and a turning point detection unit5044. The level detection unit5042compares the auxiliary signal Saux with a predetermined level to provide a level signal Sl to the control unit506. For example, in the process of releasing energy of the transformer20, if the auxiliary signal Saux is greater than 2.5 volts, the level signal Sl is logically “1”, which indicates that the current output voltage Vo should be regulated at least 12 volts. If the auxiliary signal Saux is less than 2.5 volts, the level signal Sl is logically “0”, which indicates that the current output voltage Vo should be regulated at least 5 volts. The turning point detection unit5044receives the auxiliary signal Saux, and compares the auxiliary signal Saux with a threshold to provide a pulse Sp to the control unit506. Specifically, the turning point detection unit5044compares the auxiliary signal Saux with a zero-volt threshold. When the auxiliary signal Saux crosses over the zero-volt threshold and after a predetermined delay time, the turning point detection unit5044provides the pulse Sp to the control unit506, that is, approximately the time when an oscillation turning point appears. In particular, there are three opportunities for generating the pulse Sp. The first one is: the pulse Sp is generated at both a valley turning point and a peak turning point. The second one is: the pulse Sp is generated at a valley turning point. The third one is: the pulse Sp is generated at a peak turning point. Specifically, when the auxiliary signal Saux downwards crosses the zero-volt threshold, it can be regarded as the valley turning point is about to appear. Relatively, when the auxiliary signal Saux upwards crosses the zero-volt threshold, it can be regarded as the peak turning point is about to appear. The control unit506is coupled to the timing unit502and the detection unit504. The control unit506sets the predetermined counting threshold according to the level signal Sl, and realizes the end of the blanking time interval Tb, the control unit506starts to count or increase the number of the pulse Sp corresponding to the oscillation turning point of the resonance voltage Vr. Specifically, the control unit506includes a logic circuit LG and a counting unit5062. The logic circuit LG is mainly used to provide the corresponding pulse Sp after the blanking time interval Tb, and provides a pulse Sc to the counting unit5062. The pulse number of the pulse Sc represents the number of the oscillation turning points of the resonance voltage Vr after the blanking time interval Tb. In one embodiment, a simple implementation of the logic circuit LG may be a AND gate, a NAND, a comparison circuit, or a self-designed circuit. The counting unit5062receives the pulse Sc and the level signal Sl, and sets the predetermined counting threshold according to the level signal S1. The counting unit5062counts the pulse number of the pulse Sc, and triggers turning on the power switch Q through an activation signal So when the pulse number reaches the predetermined counting threshold. As shown inFIG.4, since the control module50may include other logic determination circuits (such as but not limited to a protection circuit), the activation signal So and other logic determination signals may be modulated into a pulse-width modulation signal PWM through (for example but not limited to) a flip flop50-1, and then the pulse-width modulation signal PWM is provided to the power switch Q. Please refer toFIG.5A, which shows a schematic circuit waveform diagram when an output voltage is at a high level (such as 20 volts) according to the present disclosure,FIG.5B, which shows a schematic circuit waveform diagram when the output voltage is at a low level (such as 5 volts) according to the present disclosure, and also refer toFIG.1toFIG.4.FIG.5AandFIG.5Bboth use the valley turning point for counting of pulse Sp. During time t00to time t01, the pulse-width modulation signal PWM turns on the power switch Q, and after time t01, the pulse-width modulation signal PWM turns off the power switch Q. InFIG.5A, it is assumed that the control unit506sets the predetermined counting threshold to one according to the level signal with logic “1” (i.e., the output voltage Vo is high-level), that is, the power switch Q is triggered at the first valley after the blanking time intervaltb. The control module50realizes that the voltage Vds generates the resonance voltage Vr through the auxiliary signal Saux when the energy stored in the magnetizing inductance has been completely released. Since the blanking time interval Tb ends at time t02, the control unit506starts to count or increase the pulse number of the pulse Sc after time t02. When the counted pulse number reaches the predetermined counting threshold, i.e., one at time t03, the control unit506triggers turning on the power switch Q. InFIG.5B, it is assumed that the control unit506sets the predetermined counting threshold to two according to the level signal with logic “0” (i.e., the output voltage Vo is low-level), that is, the power switch Q is triggered at the second valley after the blanking time interval Tb. According to the same control manner inFIG.5A, the control unit506starts to count or increase the pulse number of the pulse Sc after time t12(the blanking time interval Tb ends at time t12). When the counted pulse number reaches the predetermined counting threshold, such as two at time t14, the control unit506triggers turning on the power switch Q. In some embodiments, the pulse Sc may represent the valley turning point and/or the peak turning point after the blanking time interval Tb ends. When the pulse number of the pulse Sc reaches the predetermined counting threshold, the control unit506triggers the power switch Q through the activation signal So that the power switch Q is turned on about the valley turning point appearing to implement the valley switching. Moreover, using the resonance voltage Vr to trigger turning on the power switch Q at the valley turning point is called a quasi-resonant (QR) control mode, which is also called a valley switching. The advantage of the valley switching is that the low-voltage stress applied to two ends of the power switch Q while switching so as to eliminate or reduce the switching loss. However, the present disclosure is not limited to the QR control mode or the valley switching. In some embodiments, the control unit506may turn on the power switch Q about the peak turning point appearing. Although turning on the power switch Q when the resonance voltage at the peak turning point does not have the above-mentioned advantage, its operation may still be implemented and satisfies the purpose of the present disclosure. Please refer toFIG.6, which shows a flowchart of a method of operating the power conversion apparatus according to the present disclosure, and also refer toFIG.1toFIG.5B. The control unit506alternately turns on and turns off the power switch Q to convert the input voltage Vd into the output voltage Vo through the transformer20(S100). Afterward, the control module50receives the auxiliary signal Saux to detect the output voltage Vo, sets the predetermined counting threshold, and sets the blanking time interval Tb according to a predetermined relationship between the feedback signal Sf related to the load200and the frequency reduction curve shown inFIG.3(S120). After the blanking time interval Tb ends, the control module50starts to count or increase the pulse number of the pulse Sc so as to acquire the number of the oscillation turning points of the resonance voltage Vr (S140). Finally, when the counted pulse number reaches the predetermined counting threshold, the control module50provides the pulse-width modulation signal PWM to turn on the power switch Q (S160). By using the blanking time interval Tb with the counting of the oscillation turning point, the turned-on time and switching frequency of the power switch Q may be appropriately controlled to quickly stabilize (regulate) the output voltage Vo of the power conversion apparatus100under different levels of the output voltage Vo. Although the present disclosure has been described with reference to the preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the details thereof. Various substitutions and modifications have been suggested in the foregoing description, and others will occur to those of ordinary skill in the art. Therefore, all such substitutions and modifications are intended to be embraced within the scope of the present disclosure as defined in the appended claims. | 19,299 |
11942857 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF DISCLOSED EMBODIMENTS The term “coupling (or connection)” as used throughout the present specification (including the claims) may refer to any direct or indirect connection means. For example, if it is described that a first device is coupled (or connected) to a second device, it should be interpreted that the first device can be directly connected to the second device, or the first device can be indirectly connected to the second device through other devices or a certain connection means. The terms “first”, “second” and the like as mentioned throughout the present specification (including the claims) are used to name the elements or to distinguish between different embodiments or scopes, rather than setting an upper or lower limit on the number of the elements or the order of the elements. In addition, wherever possible, elements/components/steps with the same reference numerals in the drawings and embodiments represent the same or similar parts. Cross-reference may be made between the elements/components/steps in different embodiments that are denoted by the same reference numerals or that have the same names. FIG.1is a schematic view of a circuit block of a power supply100according to an embodiment of the disclosure. In the embodiment shown inFIG.1, the power supply100includes a power supply circuit110and a control circuit120. The power supply100is suitable for receiving a first voltage V1 and supplying one or more second voltages (for example, second voltages V2_1, V2_2, . . . , V2_nin the figure) to a load130. In some embodiments, one or more of the second voltages V2_1 to V2_ngenerated by the power supply100may also be respectively supplied to different loads, and this embodiment is not limited thereto. The load130may be any electronic device or equipment, and the first voltage V1 may be an alternating current or a direct current. In some embodiments, the second voltages V2_1 to V2_nmay be less than or equal to the first voltage V1, and this embodiment is not limited thereto. In this embodiment, the power supply circuit110is configured to receive the first voltage V1, and generate the second voltages V2_1 to V2_nand one or more state signals (for example, state signals PG1, PG2, . . . , PGn in the figure) corresponding to the second voltages V2_1 to V2_naccording to the first voltage V1. The actual number n of the second voltages V2_1 to V2_nand the state signals PG1 to PGn may be determined according to actual designs or requirements, such as a wattage or the number of groups of the load130, and this embodiment is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the power supply circuit110may include one or more voltage converters and/or one or more point-of-load (POL) circuits, and this embodiment is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the state signals PG1 to PGn may include a power good signal to indicate whether a voltage or a current state of the second voltages V2_1 to V2_ngenerated by point-of-load circuits112_1to112_nis abnormal. In this embodiment, the control circuit120is coupled to the power supply circuit110to receive the state signals PG1 to PGn. The control circuit120may determine whether a single event latch-up occurs in the power supply circuit110according to the state signals PG1 to PGn. When it is determined that the single event latch-up occurs in the power supply circuit110, the control circuit120may switch off the power supply circuit110to stop generating the second voltages V2_1 to V2_nand the state signals PG1 to PGn. For example, the control circuit120may generate a control signal CS according to the state signals PG1 to PGn to switch on or switch off the power supply circuit110. Actual implementations of the power supply circuit110and the control circuit120will be described in more detail in subsequent embodiments. According to design requirements, in some embodiments, related functions of the control circuit120may be implemented as hardware using hardware description languages (such as Verilog HDL or VHDL) or other suitable programming languages. For example, the related functions of the control circuit120may be implemented in one or more microcontrollers, microprocessors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and/or various logic blocks, modules, and circuits in other processing units. In terms of software and/or firmware, the related functions of the control circuit120may be implemented as programming codes, for example, using general programming languages (such as C, C++, or assembly languages) or other suitable programming languages. The programming codes may be recorded/stored in a “non-transitory computer readable medium”, for example, including a read only memory (ROM), a tape, a disc, a card, a semiconductor memory, a programmable logic circuit, and/or a storage device. A central processing unit (CPU), the microcontroller, or the microprocessor may read and execute the programming codes from the non-transitory computer readable medium, thereby achieving the related functions of the control circuit120. FIG.2is a schematic view of a circuit block of the power supply circuit110according to an embodiment of the disclosure. According to the actual designs, the power supply circuit110shown inFIG.1may be derived by analogy with reference to a related description of the power supply circuit110shown inFIG.2. In the embodiment shown inFIG.2, according to the actual requirements, the power supply circuit110may include a voltage converter111and the one or more point-of-load circuits (for example, the point-of-load circuits112_1,112_2, . . . ,112_nin the figure). The voltage converter111may be a DC-DC voltage converter, an AC-DC voltage converter, or any kind of voltage converter. The point-of-load circuits112_1to112_nmay be voltage converters or voltage regulators, and actual structures and the number n thereof may be set according to the actual designs. This embodiment is not limited thereto. In addition, the use of dual-stage conversion to supply power may have effects such as high efficiency, versatility, and low cost. In this embodiment, the voltage converter111may receive the first voltage V1 and generate a third voltage V3 according to the first voltage V1. In some embodiments, the voltage converter111may receive the control signal CS provided by a user or any device (for example, the control circuit120shown inFIG.1) to stop or start generating the third voltage V3. In this embodiment, the point-of-load circuits112_1to112_nare all coupled to the voltage converter111to receive the third voltage V3. The point-of-load circuits112_1to112_nmay respectively generate the second voltages V2_1 to V2_nand the state signals PG1 to PGn according to the third voltage V3. In some embodiments, the third voltage V3 may be less than or equal to the first voltage V1. In some embodiments, the second voltages V2_1 to V2_nmay be less than or equal to the third voltage V3. The second voltages V2_1 to V2_nmay have the same or different voltage values among one another. For example, in some embodiments, the first voltage V1 may be 28 volts; the third voltage V3 may be 5 volts, and the second voltages V2_1 to V2_nmay be 0.9 volts, 1.3 volts, 1.8 volts, or any other voltage value. This embodiment is not limited thereto. The state signals PG1 to PGn may indicate whether the voltage or the current state of the corresponding second voltages V2_1 to V2_nis abnormal. For example, in some embodiments, when the state signal PG1 is at a first logic level (for example, a logic high level), it indicates that the second voltage V2_1 supplies the power normally, and when the state signal PG1 is at a second logic level (for example, a logic low level), it indicates that the second voltage V2_1 supplies the power abnormally. The other state signals PG2 to PGn may be derived by analogy. FIG.3is a schematic view of a circuit block of the control circuit120according to an embodiment of the disclosure. According to the actual designs, the control circuit120shown inFIG.1may be derived by analogy with reference to a related description of the control circuit120shown inFIG.3. In the embodiment shown inFIG.3, according to the actual requirements, the control circuit120may include a logic circuit121and a processing circuit122. The logic circuit121may include one or more logic gates configured to receive the state signals PG1 to PGn and generate a reset signal RS according to the state signals PG1 to PGn. In this embodiment, the processing circuit122may be coupled to the logic circuit121to receive the reset signal RS, and configured to generate the control signal CS according to the reset signal RS. In some embodiments, according to actual applications, the processing circuit122may further receive a fourth voltage V4 and generate the control signal CS according to the reset signal RS and/or the fourth voltage V4. For example, in some embodiments, the processing circuit122may include a controller123and a delay circuit124. The delay circuit124may be coupled to the logic circuit121and/or the controller123, and configured to receive the fourth voltage V4 and generate one or more driving signals according to the fourth voltage V4 to drive the logic circuit121and/or the controller123. For example, in this embodiment, the delay circuit124may generate a first driving signal DS1 and a second driving signal DS2 according to the fourth voltage V4. The logic circuit121may receive the second driving signal DS2 to generate the reset signal RS according to the state signals PG1 to PGn and the second driving signal DS2 at the same time. The controller123may receive the first driving signal DS1 to generate the control signal CS according to the reset signal RS and the first driving signal DS1 at the same time. For example,FIG.4is a schematic view of a circuit block of a power supply400according to another embodiment of the disclosure. In the embodiment shown inFIG.4, the power supply400includes the power supply circuit110and the control circuit120. The power supply circuit110is configured to receive the first voltage V1 and generate the one or more second voltages V2_1 to V2_nto supply the power to the load130. The control circuit120is configured to receive the one or more state signals PG1 to PGn generated by the power supply circuit110to determine whether the single event latch-up occurs in the power supply circuit110, and generate the control signal CS to switch on or switch off the power supply circuit110. The power supply circuit110shown inFIG.4may be derived by analogy with reference to a related description of the power supply circuit110shown inFIG.1or the related description of the power supply circuit110shown inFIG.2. The control circuit120shown inFIG.4may be used as an implementation example of the control circuit120shown inFIG.1or the control circuit120shown inFIG.3. According to the design requirements, the control circuit120may include the logic circuit121and the processing circuit122, and the logic circuit121may be coupled to the power supply circuit110to receive the state signals PG1 to PGn. In some embodiments, the logic circuit121may include a NOT-AND gate L1. The NOT-AND gate L1 may include one or more input ends coupled to the point-of-load circuits112_1to112_nin the power supply circuit110, and configured to receive the state signals PG1 to PGn and generate a determining signal LS according to the state signals PG1 to PGn. The determining signal LS is configured to determine whether the single event latch-up occurs in the power supply circuit110. For example, in some embodiments, assuming that when the second voltages V2_1 to V2_noutput by the point-of-load circuits112_1to112_nall supply the power normally, the state signals PG1 to PGn all at the logic high levels may be generated correspondingly, and the NOT-AND gate L1 may output the determining signal LS at the logic low level. Furthermore, assuming that when at least one of the second voltages V2_1 to V2_n output by the point-of-load circuits112_1to112_nsupplies power abnormally, at least one of the state signals PG1 to PGn at the logic low level (the rest are still at the logic high levels) may be generated correspondingly, and the NOT-AND gate L1 may output the determining signal LS at the logic high level. In this way, the control circuit120may determine whether the single event latch-up occurs in the power supply circuit110only through the logic circuit121according to the determining signal LS generated by the state signals PG1 to PGn. The state signals PG1 to PGn may be common signals (for example, the power good signals) on a main power supply path. Therefore, the power supply400in this embodiment is not required to be provided with a voltage or current acquisition circuit or a voltage comparison circuit additionally. As a result, the circuit complexity and the construction cost may be reduced, and the reliability may be improved. In addition, the logic circuit121monitors whether voltage states of all currents supplied to the load130is normal in real time, and then the processing circuit122switches an on/off state of the power supply circuit110according to the determining signal LS, so as to form a feedback control path of the power supply circuit110. In some embodiments, according to the design requirements, the logic circuit121may further include an AND gate L2. The AND gate L2 may include two input ends respectively coupled to an output end of the NOT-AND gate L1 and the processing circuit122to respectively receive the determining signal LS and the driving signal generated by the processing circuit122(which is a delay signal D3 in this embodiment), and then may generate the reset signal RS according to the determining signal LS and the delay signal D3 at the same time. According to the design requirements, the processing circuit122may include the controller123and the delay circuit124. For example, in this embodiment, the controller123may include a switching circuit DFF, and the delay circuit124may include a delay circuit124_1, a delay circuit124_2, and a delay circuit124_3. Input ends of the delay circuits124_1to124_3may collectively receive the fourth voltage V4 to sequentially generate a delay signal D1, a delay signal D2, and the delay signal D3. The delay signals D1 and D2 may be combined to be the first driving signal DS1 shown inFIG.3, and the delay signal D3 may be used as the second driving signal DS2 shown inFIG.3. Output ends of the delay circuits124_1to1243may be respectively coupled to an input end D of the switching circuit DFF, an input end CK of the switching circuit DFF, and the input end of the AND gate L2 in the logic circuit121. In some embodiments, according to the actual applications, the control circuit120may further include a voltage converter125coupled to the processing circuit122. The voltage converter125may be configured to receive a first voltage V1′ and generate the fourth voltage V4 according to the first voltage V1′. The first voltage V1′ may be the same as or different from the first voltage V1, and this embodiment is not limited thereto. For example, in some embodiments, the first voltage V1′ may be 28 volts, and the fourth voltage V4 may be 5 volts. In some embodiments, according to the design requirements, the control circuit120may further include a filter circuit126coupled to the processing circuit122. The filter circuit126may be configured to filter the control signal CS generated by the processing circuit122. For example, in some embodiments, the filter circuit126may include a debouncer circuit or other types of filter circuits, and this embodiment is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, according to the actual applications, the control circuit120may further include a switch circuit127coupled between the processing circuit122and the power supply circuit110. The switch circuit127may be configured to switch on and switch off the power supply circuit110according to the control signal CS and a reference voltage VSS. For example, in some embodiments, the switch circuit127may include a transistor M. A first end of the transistor M may be coupled to the power supply circuit110. A second end of the transistor M may receive the reference voltage VSS. A control end of the transistor M may receive the control signal CS. In this embodiment, the transistor M may be an N-type bipolar transistor. In other embodiments, the transistor M may also be a P-type bipolar transistor, and this embodiment is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the reference voltage VSS may be a DC low level, a ground level, or other voltage levels different from the first voltage V1, and this embodiment is not limited thereto. In this embodiment, the control circuit120may respectively switch on or switch off the power supply circuit110by generating the control signal CS at different logic levels. For example, when the control circuit120determines that the single event latch-up occurs in the power supply circuit110, the control circuit120may generate the control signal CS at the first logic level (for example, the logic high level) to switch off the voltage converter111in the power supply circuit110, so that the voltage converter111stops generating the third voltage V3, and then switches off the point-of-load circuits112_1to112_nat the same time to stop generating the second voltages V2_1 to V2_nand the state signals PG1 to PGn. In contrast, when the control circuit120determines that the single event latch-up does not occur in the power supply circuit110, the control circuit120may generate the control signal CS at the second logic level (for example, the logic low level), so that the power supply circuit110may supply the power to the load130normally. In some embodiments, the first voltage V1, the first voltage V1′, and/or the fourth voltage V4 may be periodic voltages. For example, in aerospace missions, a low earth orbit satellite may provide power to a payload end only for a short period of time when orbiting the earth to communicate with a ground station, for example, 10% of the orbiting period. When the single event latch-up occurs in the power supply circuit110, and the power supply circuit110is switched off by the control circuit120, the control circuit120may continuously determine whether the fourth voltage V4 is changed through the processing circuit122, for example, switched from the first voltage level (for example, the logic low level) to the second voltage level (for example, the logic high level), and generate the control signal CS according to the fourth voltage V4 to switch on the power supply circuit110. In this way, the control circuit120may immediately switch off a main power path of the load130when the single event latch-up occurs in the power supply circuit110. That is, all power supplies (the first voltage V1, the second voltages V2_1 to V2_n, and the third voltage V3) are reset to an original state, thereby eliminating a single event latch-up effect, and after estimated rated time, the power supply circuit110is restarted according to the re-powered fourth voltage V4. That is, a normal power supply to the load130is restored. For example, in the aerospace missions, since a satellite body is powered periodically, when the single event latch-up occurs, the power supply400may abandon the current periodic power supply of the satellite, and restart until the satellite body is powered next time, thereby avoiding the single event latch-up from affecting the circuit. Therefore, the power supply400in this embodiment is not required to be provided with a switch timing turn-on circuit additionally, thereby having effects of low circuit complexity and low cost. An operational waveform diagram of actual signals of the power supply circuit110and the control circuit120will be described in detail in the following embodiments. For another example,FIG.5is a schematic view of a circuit block of a power supply500according to still another embodiment of the disclosure. In the embodiment shown inFIG.5, the power supply500includes the power supply circuit110and the control circuit120. The power supply circuit110and the control circuit120shown inFIG.5may be derived by analogy with reference to related descriptions of the power supply circuit110and the control circuit120shown inFIG.4. Thus, details in this regard will not be further reiterated in the following. The power supply500shown inFIG.5may be used as an implementation example of the power supply100shown inFIG.1. A difference fromFIG.4is that the load130shown inFIG.5may include multiple different loads, such as a load131and a load132in the figure, or other load devices which are not shown inFIG.5. In this embodiment, the second voltage V2_1, the second voltage V2_2, and the second voltage V2_3 generated by the point-of-load circuit112_1, the point-of-load circuit112_2, and the point-of-load circuit112_3in the power supply circuit110shown inFIG.5may be configure to supply the power to the load131, and a second voltage V2_n-2, a second voltage V2_n-1, and the second voltage V2_ngenerated by a point-of-load circuit112_n-2, a point-of-load circuit112_n-1, and the point-of-load circuit circuit112_nmay be configure to supply the power to the load132, and the rest may be derived by analog. The second voltages V2_1, V2_2, V2_3, V2_n-2, V2_n-1, and V2_nmay have the same or different voltage values among one another, and this embodiment is not limited thereto. In this way, the power supply500in this embodiment supports scalability, thereby protecting multiple sets of load devices (such as the load131and the load132) from the single event latch-up at the same time, and having the effect of low complexity. FIG.6is a schematic view of operational waveforms of the power supply shown inFIG.4according to an embodiment of the disclosure. Referring to bothFIGS.4and6, a horizontal axis shown inFIG.6denotes time, and a vertical axis denotes a logic level of each of voltages and signals. In the embodiment shown inFIG.6, it is assumed that the first voltage V1 and the first voltage V1′ are the same voltage source, and both have a power supply period Ton and a non-power supply period Toff. In detail, at time t0, both the first voltage V1 and the first voltage V1′ are switched from the logic low level to the logic high level, that is, entering the power supply period Ton. At time t1, the voltage converter111in the power supply circuit110may generate the third voltage V3 according to the first voltage V1, and the voltage converter125in the control circuit120may generate the fourth voltage V4 according to the first voltage V1′. That is, both the third voltage V3 and the fourth voltage V4 are switched from the logic low level to the logic high level. At time t2, the point-of-load circuits112_1to112_nin the power supply circuit110may respectively generate the second voltages V2_1 to V2_nand the state signals PG1 to PGn according to the third voltage V3. Assuming that the second voltages V2_1 to V2_nare all supply the power normally at this time, that is, the state signals PG1 to PGn are all switched from the logic low level to the logic high level, the NOT-AND gate L1 of the logic circuit121in the control circuit120may generate the determining signal LS according to the state signals PG1 to PGn, that is, the determining signal LS is switched from the logic high level to the logic low level. After the time t2, the delay circuits124_1to124_3of the processing circuit122in the control circuit120may respectively generate the delay signals D1 to D3 in sequence according to the fourth voltage V4. That is, the delay signals D1 to D3 are switched from the logic low levels to the logic high level in sequence. At this time, the determining signal LS is at the logic low level, and the delay signal D3 is at the logic high level. Therefore, the AND gate L2 in the logic circuit121generates the reset signal RS at the logic low level according to the determining signal LS and the delay signal D3. In terms of the switching circuit DFF of the controller123in the control circuit120, since the delay signals D1 and D2 are both at the logic high level; the reset signal RS is at the logic low level, and the switching circuit DFF receives the power supplied by the fourth voltage V4, the switching circuit DFF may generate the control signal CS at the logic low level. Therefore, at this time, the control circuit120does not affect the power supply of the power supply circuit110to the load130. Now assuming that at time t3, the single event latch-up occurs in the point-of-load circuit112_n, that is, the state signal PGn is switched from the logic high level to the logic low level (the rest of the state signals PG1 and PG2 are not affected and remain at the logic high level), then the determining signal LS generated by the NOT-AND gate L1 is switched from the logic low level to the logic high level. At this time, since the determining signal LS and the delay signal D3 are both at the logic high level, the reset signal RS generated by the AND gate L2 is switched from the logic low level to the logic low level. In terms of the switching circuit DFF, since the delay signals D1 and D2, and the reset signal RS are all at the logic high level, the control signal CS generated by the switching circuit DFF is switched from the logic low level to the logic high level. At this time, the control circuit120switches off the voltage converter111through the switch circuit127, thereby stopping generating the third voltage V3. Therefore, after the time t3, the third voltage V3 is switched from the logic high level to the logic low level, and the point-of-load circuits112_1to112_nalso stop generating the second voltages V2_1 to V2_nand the state signals PG1 to PGn, thereby switching off all the power supplies to the load130to solve the single event latch-up effect. That is, the state signals PG1 to PG2 are switched from the logic high level to the logic low level at the same time, and at this time, the first voltages V1 and V1′, and the fourth voltage V4 still supply the power normally. At time t4, the first voltage V1 and the first voltage V1′ enter the non-power supply period Toff. That is, both the first voltages V1 and V1′ is switched from the logic high level to the logic low level. Then, at time t5, the fourth voltage V4 generated by the voltage converter125is switched from the logic high level to the logic low level. At this time, the switching circuit DFF stops generating the control signal CS due to no voltage supply. That is, the control signal CS is switched from the logic high level to the logic low level. In addition, after the time t5, since the voltage converter125stops generating the fourth voltage V4, the delay signals D1 to D3 are also sequentially switched from the logic high level to the logic low level. At time t6, since the determining signal LS is at the logic high level, and the delay signal D3 is at the logic low level, the reset signal RS generated by the AND gate L2 is switched from the logic high level to the logic low level. After the time t6, only the determining signal LS still remains at the logic high level, and the rest of the voltages and the signals are at the logic low level. Next, at time t7, the first voltage V1 and the first voltage V1′ reenter the power supply period Ton, that is, switched from the logic low level to the logic high level again. At time t8, the third voltage V3 and the fourth voltage V4 are also switched from the logic low level to the logic high level again. At time t9, the point-of-load circuits112_1to112nregenerate the second voltages V2_1 to V2_nand the state signals PG1 to PGn. Assuming that the single event latch-up effect has been solved at this time, that is, the state signals PG1 to PGn are all switched from the logic low level to the logic high level, the determining signal LS generated by the NOT-AND gate L1 is switched from the logic high level to the logic low level. At this time, the power supply circuit110may resume supplying power normally. In this way, the power supply400in this embodiment may not only immediately cut off all the power supplies to the load130when the single event latch-up occurs to restore all the power supplies to the original state to solve the single event latch-up, but also restart to supply the power to the load130after the single event latch-up effect is solved. Based on the above, the power supplies100,400, and500in the embodiments of the disclosure may supply the power to the load130through the power supply circuit110, determines whether the single event latch-up occurs in the power supply circuit110through the control circuit120, and switches off the power supply circuit110through the control circuit120to cut off all the power supplies to the load130from all the point-of-load circuits112_1to112_nin the power supply circuit110when the single event latch-up occurs. In this way, the least logic control circuit may be used to detect and deal with the single event latch-up effect, thereby avoiding the burning of the circuit elements caused by excessive current, so as to protect the load devices that are sensitive to the single event latch-up, and the power supply is restored after the single event latch-up is solved, which has the effects such as low circuit complexity, low design cost, and high circuit reliability. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the structure of the disclosed embodiments without departing from the scope or spirit of the disclosure. In view of the foregoing, it is intended that the disclosure cover modifications and variations of this disclosure provided they fall within the scope of the following claims and their equivalents. | 29,952 |
11942858 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION With reference toFIG.1, a vehicle1, here embodied as a heavy duty truck1, is disclosed for which a method, switching arrangement15, and/or energy storage system30of a kind disclosed in the present invention is advantageous. However, the method, the switching arrangement15or energy storage system30may as well be implemented in other types of vehicles, such as in busses, light-weight trucks, passenger cars, marine applications etc. The vehicle1is an electric vehicle, such as a full electric vehicle or a hybrid, comprising at least one electric machine10powered by the energy storage system30, wherein in the example ofFIG.1, the energy storage system comprises three energy storage devices31,32,33, or battery packs31,32,33. The switching arrangement15is configured to connected and disconnect the battery packs31,32,33relative the electric machine10. Moreover, the switching arrangement15comprises a control unit17arranged and configured for controlling the operation of the switching arrangement15. The vehicle1typically further comprises other parts of the powertrain such as transmission, drive shafts and wheels (not shown in detail). FIG.2is a schematic view of a switching arrangement115and an energy storage system130having a plurality of battery packs131,132arranged in parallel for powering a load110. The embodiment shown inFIG.2may be implemented in the vehicle1ofFIG.1, and thus the switching arrangement115, the energy storage system130and the load110ofFIG.2, may correspond to the switching arrangement15, the energy storage system30and the electric machine10ofFIG.1. Thus, the load110inFIG.2may be an electric machine. The energy storage system130comprises a first battery pack131and a second battery pack132, but it should be noted that any number of battery packs may be included in the energy storage system130, e.g. at least three battery packs. The switching arrangement115comprises a first contactor141configured to connect and disconnect the first battery pack131relative the load110by closing and opening, respectively, and comprises a second contactor142configured to connect and disconnect the second battery pack132relative the load110by closing and opening, respectively. As shown inFIG.2, the first and the second battery packs131,132may be connected to the load110via a common traction power bus135arranged between the first and second contactors141,142and the load110. The first contactor141, and the corresponding first battery pack131, are arranged adjacent load110, while the second contactor142, and the corresponding second battery pack132, are arranged further from the load110. The load110may be powered by both the first and the second battery packs131,132by closing the first and the second contactors141,142, (i.e. by connecting the first and second battery packs131,132to the load110) and the first and second battery packs131,132may be disconnected from the load110by opening the first and second contactors141,142. The switching arrangement115comprises a control unit117arranged and configured for controlling the operation of the switching arrangement115, which is further described with reference to the flow chart ofFIG.4. The switching arrangement115further comprises an electric arc reducing circuitry150associated to the first contactor141. The electric arc reducing circuitry150is schematically illustrated inFIG.2, and is configured to accumulate any residue energy, or residue inductance, in the energy storage system130subsequent to a shut-off of the load, as will be described in the following. When a load, such as the load110ofFIG.2or electric machine10ofFIG.1, is shut-off, residue inductance is still present in the system. When disconnecting the battery packs131,132, such residue inductances may result in sharp rises in voltage across the first and/or second contactor141,142. Especially for the contactor which opens last, the sharp rises in voltage may result in the formation of an electronic arc, causing contactor wear, or electric contactor wear. By controlling the sequence in which the battery packs131,132are disconnected, the contactor being associated with the electric arc reducing circuitry150, i.e. the first contactor141inFIG.2, can be set to open last. Hereby, the formation of electronic arcs across the first contactor141can be reduced or even prevented, as the electric arc reducing circuitry150is configured to accumulate the residue inductance. In other words, the switching arrangement115is configured to electrically disconnect the first and second battery packs131,132from the load110by means of the first and second contactors141,142, such that the first contactor141being associated with the electric arc reducing circuitry150is opened last. Moreover, the formation of electronic arcs across any other contactor in the switching arrangement is reduced or even prevented, as the electric arc reducing circuitry150is configured to accumulate the residue inductance. The electric arc reducing circuitry150may be comprised in the first contactor141in such a way that the contactor141may be referred to as being equipped to break electric arcs. The first contactor141may thus be referred to as an electric arc breaking contactor141comprising the electric arc reducing circuitry150. Thus, the residue energy or residue inductance in the energy storage system130subsequent to a shut-off of the load120, is handled by the electric arc breaking contactor141, whereby the formation of electric arcs in the contactor141is reduced or prevented. FIG.3is a schematic view of a yet another switching arrangement215and an energy storage system230having a plurality of battery packs231,232arranged in parallel for powering a load210. The embodiment shown inFIG.3may be implemented in the vehicle1ofFIG.1, and thus the switching arrangement215, the energy storage system230and the load210ofFIG.3, may correspond to the switching arrangement15, the energy storage system30and the electric machine10ofFIG.1. Thus, the load210inFIG.3may be an electric machine. As inFIG.2, the energy storage system230ofFIG.3comprises a first battery pack231and a second battery pack232, but it should be noted that any number of battery packs may be included in the energy storage system230, e.g. at least three battery packs. As the energy storage system230ofFIG.3is in large corresponding to the energy storage system130ofFIG.2, the configuration thereof is not repeated here again. However, the energy storage system230ifFIG.3comprises a capacitor circuitry233arranged in parallel to, and between, the battery packs231,232and the load210. The capacitor circuitry233is configured to handle averaging of the pulse-width-modulation voltage. The switching arrangement215ofFIG.3comprises a first contactor241configured to connect and disconnect the first battery pack231relative the load210by closing and opening, respectively, and comprises a second contactor242configured to connect and disconnect the second battery pack232relative the load210by closing and opening, respectively. The first contactor241, and the corresponding first battery pack231arranged in series with the first contactor241may be referred to as a first battery pack arrangement, while the second contactor242, and the corresponding second battery pack232arranged in series with the second contactor242, may be referred to as a second battery pack arrangement. InFIG.3, the first battery pack arrangement is arranged closest to the load210. The load210may be powered by both the first and the second battery packs231,232by closing the first and the second contactors241,242, and transferring electricity via a common traction power bus235arranged between the first and second contactors241,242and the load110. Correspondingly, the first and second battery packs231,232may be disconnected from the load210by opening the first and second contactors241,242. The switching arrangement215comprises a control unit217arranged and configured for controlling the operation of the switching arrangement215, which is further described with reference to the flow chart ofFIG.4. The switching arrangement230inFIG.3further comprises a first secondary contactor243arranged in parallel to the first contactor241, wherein the first secondary contactor243is arranged in series with a first pre-charge resistor R1. Correspondingly, the switching arrangement230comprises a second secondary contactor244arranged in parallel to the second contactor242, wherein the second secondary contactor244is arranged in series with a second pre-charge resistor R2. Moreover, inFIG.3, the first battery pack231is connected in series with a first pre-contactor245, and the second battery pack232is connected in series with a second pre-contactor246. The first and second pre-contactors245,245are arranged on an opposite side of the respective battery pack as compared to the first and second contactors241,242. As inFIG.2, the switching arrangement215further comprises an electric arc reducing circuitry250associated to the first contactor241, wherein the electric arc reducing circuitry250is configured to accumulate any residue energy, or residue inductance, in the energy storage system subsequent to a shut-off of the load, as described with reference toFIG.2. Thus, the switching arrangement215ofFIG.3is configured to electrically disconnect the first and second battery packs231,232from the load210by means of the first and second contactors241,242, such that the first contactor241being associated with the electric arc reducing circuitry250is opened last. InFIG.3, the first contactor241is arranged adjacent and in parallel to the electric arc reducing circuitry250. InFIG.3, the electric arc reducing circuitry250is embodied as a snubber circuit250, and in particular an RC snubber circuit250comprising an RC circuit of a capacitor C connected in series with a resistor R. This circuit configuration is simple but yet effective for handling the residue inductance as previously described. The RC snubber circuit is in particular advantageous as the capacitor C may be sized and dimensioned to handle the residue inductance in the particular energy storage system230, i.e. corresponding to the load210and any associated equipment. The operation of a switching arrangement, as the switching arrangement115,215ofFIG.2andFIG.3, will now be described in more general terms with additional reference toFIG.4.FIG.4is a flowchart describing the steps of a method for operating the switching arrangement for reducing contactor wear of an energy storage system. The steps of the method may e.g. be implemented in the control unit117,217of the switching arrangement115,215, in order to control the operation of the switching arrangement115,215and the connection and disconnection of the battery packs131,132,231,232. Thus,FIG.4discloses a method for operating a switching arrangement for reducing contactor wear of an energy storage system having a plurality of battery packs arranged in parallel for powering a load, the switching arrangement comprising a contactor for each battery pack, the contactors being configured to connect and disconnect the battery packs relative the load by closing and opening, respectively, and an electric arc reducing circuitry associated with one of the contactors. In a first step S10, the battery packs are disconnected from the load by means of the contactors such that the contactor being associated with the electric arc reducing circuitry is opened last. Hereby, the electric arc reducing circuitry accumulates any residue energy, or residue inductance, in the energy storage system subsequent to a shut-off of the load, and electric wear originating at least from the formation of electric arcs is reduced or even omitted. According to at least one example embodiment, and as mentioned in the embodiment ofFIG.3, the contactor being associated with the electric arc reducing circuitry is arranged adjacent and in parallel to the electric arc reducing circuitry. For example, the electric arc reducing circuitry is a snubber circuit. Thus, the first step S10of disconnecting the battery packs from the load by means of the contactors, implies directing any residue energy or residue inductance, away from the contactors and into the arc reducing circuitry. According to at least one example embodiment, and as mentioned in the embodiment ofFIG.2, the electric arc reducing circuitry is comprised in the contactor being associated with the electric arc reducing circuitry, in such a way that the contactor is equipped to break electric arcs. Thus, the first step S10of disconnecting the battery packs from the load by means of the contactors, implies directing any residue energy or residue inductance, into the contactor being associated with the electric arc reducing circuitry. In a second step S20, which may comprise the first step S10, or be performed just prior to the first step S10, the switching arrangement is operated according to a schema. The schema may e.g. comprise the step of disconnecting the battery packs from the load by means of the contactors in a certain sequence or order. Typically, the schema comprises disconnecting the battery packs from the load such that the battery packs are disconnected in a sequence in which electric arc reducing associated contactor is opened last. The time interval for the disconnecting sequence may e.g. be between 0 and 10 s, such as e.g. between 1 ms and 5 s, or between 1 ms and 3 s, or between 1 ms and 1 s, i.e. between 1 ms and 1000 ms, or between 100 ms and 1000 ms. For example, the second step S20may be performed in the following manner: disconnecting all of the battery packs from the load by means of the contactors except for the electric arc reducing associated contactor simultaneously, or almost simultaneously (e.g. within 50 ms), and then disconnect the electric arc reducing associated contactor. Thus, the electric arc reducing associated contactor is intentionally opened last (e.g. by applying a lag compared to opening the other contactors). In a third step S30, the battery packs are electrically connected to the load by means of the contactors. For example, the switching arrangement is operated according to a schema in a corresponding manner as in the second step S20. The schema may e.g. comprise the step of connecting the battery packs to the load by means of the contactors in a certain sequence or order. That is, the contactors are closed to connect the battery packs to the load. According to at least one example embodiment, at least the electric arc reducing associated battery pack is connected to power the load. All of the battery packs need not to be connected each time, but preferably the electric arc reducing associated battery pack is connected each time as the electric arc reducing associated contactor is configured for achieving the reduced contactor wear. It should be noted that the naming of the steps not necessarily, but might according to at least one example embodiment, relate to the order in which the steps are carried out. Thus, the order of the steps may be different than that explained here, and the switching arrangement ofFIG.2andFIG.3may be configured to carry out one or several of the steps. Moreover, one or more of the steps may be combined and carried out simultaneously. It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above and illustrated in the drawings; rather, the skilled person will recognize that many changes and modifications may be made within the scope of the appended claims. Additionally, variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by the skilled person in practicing the claimed inventive concept, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims. In the claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. | 16,217 |
11942859 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG.1shows a power converter10that receives an input voltage VIN provided by a voltage source12, transforms it into an output voltage VOUT. The power converter10then makes the output voltage VOUT available at an output capacitor14across which is connected a load16. The power converter10can be a step-up converter, in which case the output voltage VOUT exceeds the input voltage VIN, or a step-down converter, in which the converse is true. The power converter10includes a switched-capacitor network18and a regulator20. The switched-capacitor network18features first and second terminals11,13that connect to first and second regulator terminals25,27. It also includes third and fourth terminals15,17that connect across the output capacitor14. The regulator20includes third and fourth regulator terminals21,23that connect across the voltage source12. A controller22controls the various switches in both the switched-capacitor network18and the regulator20to cause the switched-capacitor network18and the regulator20to cooperate to cause a voltage transformation between the input voltage VIN and the output voltage VOUT. The controller22does so by generating control signals based on various feedback signals. First and second links IN_REG, IN_SC allow the controller22to communicate with the regulator20and the switched-capacitor network18respectively both to provide control signals to the switched-capacitor network18and the regulator20and to receive feedback signals from the switched-capacitor network18and the regulator20. A clock port CLK provides the controller22with a clock signal that the controller22uses to determine when to provide its control signals to the switched-capacitor network18and the regulator20. An I/O port I/O provides a way to communicate with the controller22from outside the power converter10. The regulator20can include a component that generates an electric field whose amplitude depends at least in part on the rate at which current through the regulator changes with time. A suitable component with this property is an inductor. Power converters of the type shown inFIG.1are described in detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,860,396, 8,743,553, 8,723,491, 8,503,203, 8,693,224, 8,724,353, 8,619,445, 9,203,299, 9,742,266, 9,041,459, U.S. Publication No. 2017/0085172, U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,887,622, 9,882,471, PCT Publication No. WO2017161368, PCT Publication No. WO2017/091696, PCT Publication No. WO2017/143044, PCT Publication No. WO2017/160821, PCT Publication No. WO2017/156532, PCT Publication No. WO2017/196826, and U.S. Publication No. 2017/0244318, the contents of which are all incorporated herein by reference. FIG.2shows one of many topologies for the switched-capacitor network18shown inFIG.1. In the particular topology shown inFIG.2, a switched-capacitor network18has switches M1-M9that open and close. The switches divide into two groups, with switches in a particular group opening and closing together. The first group consists of the odd-numbered switches M1, M3, M5, M7, M9and the second group consists of the even-numbered switches M2, M4, M6, M8. The controller22controls which switches open, when they open, which switches close, and when they close. It does so by providing instruction signals IN1-IN9along the second link IN_SC, which is shown inFIG.1. The switches M1-M9are implemented as MOSFETs, each of which has a drain26, a source28, and a gate30. All but the fifth switch M5are n-channel MOSFETs. The fifth switch M5is a p-channel MOSFET. In operation, the source28is at a source voltage and the drain26is at a drain voltage that is close to but slightly higher than the source voltage if a n-channel device. The region between the drain26and the source28is referred to herein as the “channel.” The channel can be in a conducting state or a non-conducting state. When the channel is in a conducting state, the switch is said to be “closed.” Otherwise, the switch is said to be “open.” To close one of the switches M1-M9, either an NMOS driver32or a PMOS driver33places a gate-drive voltage at the gate30. This gate-drive voltage causes an electric field that is strong enough to cause the channel to transition into a conducting state. To ensure that this is the case, the gate-drive voltage is at some offset from the source voltage. Depending on the topology of the circuit, the source voltage either remains constant during operation or floats during operation. Each driver32,33includes four ports: a gate-drive port99that connects to the gate30, a control port94that receives instruction signals IN1-IN9from the controller22, and first and second power terminals96,98across which a voltage difference is maintained so that each driver32,33will be able to push the requisite charge through the gate-drive port99and into the gate30. For some switches M7, M8, the driver's first and second power terminals96,98connect between a voltage source VDD and ground. However, other switches M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M9have drivers whose first and second power terminals96,98connect to other nodes within the switched-capacitor network. Some of these drivers have a power terminal96,98that is connected to a cascoded transistor MC1, MC2, MC3, MC4, MC5, MC9. For some of those switches M2, M3, M4, M6, M9whose drivers connect to other nodes within the switched-capacitor network, it is possible that the voltages at the first and second power terminals96,98will be floating voltages. This means that the source voltage does not stay the same during the course of operation. The NMOS driver32must therefore apply a gate-drive voltage that is offset from a moving target, namely the floating source-voltage. The difficulty arising from a floating source-voltage is seen clearly inFIGS.3and4, which show particular implementations of the regulator20shown inFIG.1. The regulator20shown inFIG.3is a boost converter that outputs a voltage of seven volts. The boost converter features a central node that connects to an inductor L, a low-side switch MLS and a high side-switch MHS having a source28, a drain28, and a gate30. A low-side NMOS driver32drives the low-side switch MLS and a high-side NMOS driver32drives the high-side switch MHS. Each NMOS driver32has first and second power terminals96,98. The voltage that is present across the first and second power terminals96,98governs the voltage that is placed at the gate terminal of the transistor being driven. It is therefore quite important that the correct voltage difference exist between the first and second power terminals96,98. For the low-side switch MLS, the voltage applied to the driver's second terminal98is a constant voltage VDDO. While for the high-side switch MHS, the voltage applied to the driver's second terminal98is a floating voltage. In the case of the NMOS driver32for the low-side switch MLS, the first power terminal96connects to ground. This means that the voltage difference across the first and second power terminals96,98is simply the constant voltage VDDO. In the case of the NMOS driver32for the high-side switch MHS, the first power terminal96connects to the central node. The voltage at the central node alternates between 7 volts and 0 volts (assuming the output voltage is 7 volts). When the central node is at 0 volts, the diode DB conducts, thus allowing charge to flow into the capacitor CB until the voltage across the capacitor CB rises to VDDO minus the forward voltage of the diode DB. Assuming a nominal value of VDDO at 5 volts and a forward voltage of 0.6 volts, the voltage difference between the first and second power terminals96,98will be approximately 4.4 volts. Since the source-voltage of the high-side switch MHS is moving around, it difficult to apply the correct voltage to the gate30of the high-side switch MHS. A similar difficulty is apparent in the buck converter shown inFIG.4, in which the voltage at a central node likewise alternates between 7 volts and 0 volts (assuming its input voltage is 7 volts). As was the case for the switched-capacitor network18shown inFIG.2, the controller22controls the opening and closing of the regulator's high-side switch MHS and its low-side switch MLS. The controller22does so by providing instruction signals INHS-INLS along the first link IN_REG, which is shown inFIG.1. The NMOS drivers32shown in the switched-capacitor network18inFIG.2and those in the regulator20inFIGS.3-4operate in a similar manner. Thus, only a representative NMOS driver32, namely the one associated with the first switch M1inFIG.2, will be discussed in detail. The representative NMOS driver32that drives the first switch M1receives a first instruction signal IN1. This first instruction signal IN1is a digital signal that can have any value of voltage. In particular, the first instruction signal IN1, which tells the NMOS driver32to open or close the first switch M1, does not have to have a voltage that corresponds to that which is actually required to open or close the first switch M1. The role of the NMOS driver32is, in part, to translate the first instruction signal IN1provided by the controller22into a gate-drive signal having a voltage that is actually capable of controlling the first switch M1. To translate between the voltage of the first instruction signal IN1and that of the gate-drive signals, the NMOS driver32features a level shifter34to which an output interface36connects, as shown inFIG.5. The first instruction signal IN1, which the level shifter34receives from the controller22, transitions between a first pair of voltages. The gate-drive signal, which is what the level shifter34ultimately provides to the first switch M1, transitions between a second pair of voltages. The first and second pairs of voltages can differ from each other in both spread and offset. The “spread” refers to the voltage difference between the two voltages. The “offset” refers to the value of these voltages relative to some fixed reference value. This offset can therefore be viewed as a DC offset. However, although the gate-drive signal and the first instruction signal IN1may have different offsets and spreads, they should have the same pulse width. Thus, when the first instruction signal IN1transitions between its two voltages, the gate-drive signal should also transition between its two voltages. This means that the leading and trailing edges of the first instruction signal IN1and those of the gate-drive signal should come as closely as possible to being temporally aligned. In general, there will be a delay associated with any transition between two voltages. This delay arises simply because the charge carriers within the actual devices that comprise the circuit need time to rearrange themselves within a material in which they have only a finite mobility. Thus, a delay between the leading edges of the first instruction signal IN1and the gate-drive signal is inevitable. Similarly, a delay between the trailing edges of the instruction and gate-drive signals is also inevitable. However, as long as the delay between the two leading edges matches that for the two trailing edges, the pulse width will stay the same. Unfortunately, in practical devices, the delay between the two leading edges and that between the two trailing edges may not be the same. This means that the pulse width of the gate-drive signal may not exactly match the pulse width of the first instruction signal IN1. The illustrated level shifter34avoids this difficulty. As shown inFIG.5, the output interface36connects between a supply voltage VDDand the floating voltage VSS. The switch's source28connects to the floating voltage VSS.FIG.5only shows the first switch M1. However, the remaining switches M2-M9, MHS, MLS are driven in a similar manner. The gate30receives its gate-drive voltage from the output interface36. The value of the gate-drive voltage depends at least in part on a gate-drive signal provided by the level shifter34to which the output interface36connects. To change the state of the first switch M1, the controller22sends a first instruction signal IN1to an input interface38. The first instruction signal IN1controls the state of the first switch M1. A memory unit40includes first and second memory-cells42,44that are cross-coupled to each other. As a result, a change in the state of the first memory-cell42will cause a change in the state of the second memory-cell44. In response to receiving the first instruction signal IN1, the input interface38provides first and second memory signals A1, A2that control the states of the first and second memory-cells42,44respectively. Thus, a transition in the first memory signal A1will cause a change in the state of the first memory-cell42. The change in the first memory-cell42will then trigger a change in the second memory-cell44. Conversely, a transition in the second memory-signal A2will cause a change in the state of the second memory cell44. This change in state of the second memory-cell44will then cause a change in the state of the first memory-cell42. The first and second memory-cells42,44are cross-coupled in such a way that when the first memory signal A1causes the first memory-cell42to transition into a state in which it stores a logical “0,” it causes the second memory-cell44to transition into a state in which it stores a logical “1.” Conversely, when the second memory signal A2causes the second memory-cell44to transition into a stage in which it stores a logical “0,” the second memory-cell44will cause the first memory-cell42to transition into a state in which it stores a logical “1.” As a result, when the dust settles and the memory unit40has stabilized, the first and second memory-cells42,44will be storing complementary logical values. In principle, it would appear unnecessary to have two memory signals A1, A2. After all, if one memory cell controls the other, one could just have the first memory signal A1to toggle the first memory-cell42and then just rely on the first memory-cell42to toggle the second memory-cell44. It would also seem unnecessary to have two memory cells42,44at all. After all, if the memory unit40is intended to store a value used to drive the first switch M1, only one value should be needed, not two values, particularly when the values are not even the same. The values stored by the first and second memory cells42,44are stored in corresponding first and second buffers50,52and made available to corresponding first and second inputs of a multiplexer48. In the embodiment shown, the first and second buffers50,52are implemented as inverters. The multiplexer48will ultimately choose which of the two values will be used to drive the first switch M1. Because the values stored in the first and second buffers50,52are logical complements of each other, the second input includes an inverter54so that the multiplexer48will be forced to choose between two identical logical values. Neither of the foregoing processes occurs instantaneously. Between the time that the first and second memory signals A1, A2cause a transition in the first and second memory-cells42,44and the time that the bits stored in the first and second buffers50,52can be relied upon, some time elapses. This elapsed time will be referred to herein as a “transition delay.” A difficulty that arises is that the value stored in one buffer50,52will be ready for use before the value stored in the other buffer52,50. This bit, which is the first bit that can be relied upon, will be referred to herein as “the fast bit.” Its companion bit, which is in the other buffer and which requires slightly longer before it too can be relied upon, will be referred to herein as the “slow bit.” The transition that led to the fast bit will be referred to herein as the “fast transition” and the transition that led to the slow bit will be referred to herein as the “slow transition.” A significant reason for having two different transition delays arises from the fact that the two memory cells42,44do not change state equally fast. When the first memory signal A1causes a transition in the first memory-cell42, the first memory-cell42will change state more quickly than the second memory-cell44. This means that the first buffer50will store the fast bit and the second buffer52will store the slow bit. Conversely, when the second memory signal A2causes a transition in the second memory-cell44, the second memory-cell44will change state more quickly than the first memory-cell42. Therefore, the second buffer52will now be the one that stores the fast bit and the first buffer50will store the slow bit. The result of having first and second memory cells42,44is therefore the assurance that there will always be a fast transition with a known delay and there will always be a slow transition with a known, albeit longer, delay. By consistently choosing only the fast bit or only the slow bit, it is possible to ensure that the delay associated with the state transition will always be the same. This means that the pulse width of the gate-drive signal will match the pulse width of the instruction signal. However, this creates a new difficulty. For example, suppose that the multiplexer48is configured to always rely on the fast bit and ignore the slow bit. The multiplexer48would have to choose between the first and second buffer50,52. However, sometimes the fast bit will be in the first buffer50and sometimes it will be in the second buffer52. The multiplexer48thus finds itself playing a shell game. Sometimes the fast bit will be in the first buffer50and sometimes the fast bit will be in the second buffer52. However, the multiplexer48does not know where it is. To determine which buffer50,52is holding the fast bit, the multiplexer inspects a latch56. The latch56stores the most recent state of the memory unit40. If the latch56indicates that the first memory-cell42was most recently in a first state, the multiplexer48will know that the fast bit is the one stored in the first buffer50. If the latch56indicates that the first memory-cell42was most recently in a second state, the multiplexer48will know that the fast bit is the one stored in the second buffer52. This provides a way for the multiplexer48to always choose the fast bit. In either case, the result is a gate-drive signal that is derived from a bit that sustains the same delay each time. This means that the delay between the leading edge of the gate-drive signal and the leading edge of the instruction signal will be the same as the delay between the trailing edge of the gate-drive signal and the trailing edge of the instruction signal. As a result, the gate-drive signal and the instruction signal will have the same pulse widths. This gate-drive signal ultimately reaches the output interface36, which transforms it into an appropriate gate-drive voltage to be provided to the transistor's gate. However, even if the multiplexer48knows which buffer50,52is holding the fast bit, it still does not know if the fast bit has stabilized enough to be relied upon. Many electrical phenomena can disturb the value of a bit that has been stored in the buffer50,52. For example, whenever a sudden transition occurs in any electrical system, there will be some ringing that must die down. This ringing can easily flip the bit stored in a buffer50,52several times before it has died down enough to make it possible to rely on its value. In those cases where the fast bit is to be relied upon, there may be a disturbance sufficient to flip the fast bit. Thus, it is not enough to simply identify which buffer50,52holds the fast bit. In addition, it is important to add a blanking period after the gate-drive signal transition. To address the foregoing difficulties, the level shifter34also includes a delay58that holds the gate-drive signal for a blanking interval. This blanking interval prevents the gate-drive signal from changing during this time. The blanking interval begins with the selection of the fast bit and lasts at least long enough so that, by the time the blanking interval has finished, the slow bit will already have been presented to the multiplexer48. Like any fast transition, the transition between states causes the transients to affect the values of the bits stored in the first and second buffers50,52. In some embodiments, the blanking interval lasts long enough so that, by the time the blanking interval has finished, these transients will have attenuated to the point where they will no longer cause spurious transitions in the state of the first switch M1. FIG.6shows further details of the NMOS driver32shown inFIG.5. The input interface38features first and second input-interface transistors60,62having grounded sources. An inverter64complements any voltage applied to the second input-interface transistor's gate. The first input-interface transistor's drain connects to those of a first pair of cascoded power transistors66,68. The second transistor's drain connects to those of a second pair of cascoded power transistors70,72. It is these power transistors66,68,70,72that sustain the highest voltages across their respective channels when opened. The first pair of cascoded power transistors66,68ultimately provides the first memory signal A1. The second pair of cascoded power transistors62,72ultimately provides the second memory signal A2. Because of the inverter64, the first and second input-interface transistors60,62are always in opposite states. As such, the first and second memory signals A1, A2are also in opposite states. The memory unit40features first and second memory-transistors74,76that define the first memory-cell42. As is apparent from the figure, the first memory-transistor74is a PMOS transistor and the second memory-transistor76is an NMOS transistor. The drains of the first and second memory-transistors74,76connect to define a first node78. The gates of the first and second memory-transistors74,76connect to define a second node80. The memory unit40also features third and fourth memory-transistors82,84that define the second memory-cell44. The drains of the third and fourth memory-transistors82,84connect to define a third node86. The gates of the third and fourth memory-transistors82,84connect to define a fourth node88. As is also apparent from the figure, the third memory-transistor82is a PMOS and the fourth memory-transistor84is an NMOS. The input interface38applies the first memory signal A1to the first node78and the second memory signal A2to the third node86. The first and second buffers50,52determine what bit is stored in the first and second memory-cells42,44by inspecting the voltage at the second and fourth nodes80,88. The first node78connects to the fourth node88. The third node86connects to the first node80. These connections cross-couple the first and second memory-cells42,44. As a result of the foregoing configuration, the first and second memory-cells42,44change state in opposite directions. As the first memory-cell42transitions from a higher voltage to a lower voltage, the second memory-cell44transitions from a lower voltage to a higher voltage and vice versa. It can be seen fromFIG.6that a low voltage of the first memory signal A1pulls the first node78to this low voltage. Because the first node78is coupled to the gate of the third memory-transistor82, the third node86transitions into a high voltage. This transition of the third node86takes more time than the transition of the first node78. As a result, the bit represented by the voltage at the third node86becomes the slow bit and the bit represented by the first node78becomes the fast bit. A low voltage of the second memory signal A2has the opposite effect, resulting in a slow bit at the first node78and a fast bit at the third node86. As shown inFIG.6, the latch56is an SR latch that serves two functions. Prior to the memory transition, the latch56stores the value of the most recently read fast bit. This provides the a priori knowledge that the multiplexer48needs to know which of the first and second buffers50,52holds the new fast bit. Then, after the multiplexer48has read the new fast bit from the appropriate one of the first and second buffers50,52, the latch56locks the value of the new fast bit. This is useful for two reasons. First, it provides the a priori knowledge that will be needed for the next transition. And second, it means that the gate-drive signal can be held constant during the blanking interval. The ability to hold the gate-drive signal constant is useful for two reasons. First, after having selected the fast bit, there is still the arrival of the slow bit to contend with. There remains the possibility that the arrival of the slow bit will disturb the gate-drive signal. For this reason, it is preferable to hold the gate-drive signal constant for a first delay time that is at least as long as it takes for the slow bit to arrive. Secondly, transients occur as a result of the level shifter34having changed states. In particular, the large voltage swings sustained by the cascoded transistors66,68,70,72is such that the parasitic effects associated with the cascoded transistors66,68,70,72can cause transients that are large enough to briefly disturb the memory unit40. As a result, the memory unit40may transition unpredictably between two states for a brief period until the transients have settled. If the switch's gate30is connected during this period, the first switch M1may randomly transition between conducting and non-conducting states. This would impede correct operation. It is therefore useful, after the lapse of the first delay time, to continue to hold the gate-drive signal constant for a second delay time that is long enough to allow any such transients to die away. In the illustrated embodiment, the delay58features a blanking generator that holds the gate-drive signal for a blanking interval. In some embodiments, the blanking interval corresponds to the first delay time only. In other embodiments, the blanking interval is at least the sum of the first and second delay times. In the particular embodiment shown, the blanking generator holds the gate-gate-drive signal for a ten-nanosecond blanking interval before releasing it to the switch's gate30. This promotes application of a stable gate voltage to the switch. In an alternative embodiment, shown inFIG.7, there is only a single buffer50. In this case, the multiplexer48can be dispensed with because there is only one buffer50to choose from. In this case, the delay58causes a blanking interval that is long enough for transients to die down so that the value stored in the first buffer50can be relied upon. The level shifter has been described as being used with a first switch M1in the switched-capacitor network18. However, there is no reason it cannot be used to drive other switches, such as a switch within the regulator20. Generally speaking, a non-abstract computer accessible storage medium may include any non-transitory storage media accessible by a computer during use to provide instructions and/or data to the computer. For example, a computer accessible storage medium may include storage media such as magnetic or optical disks and semiconductor memories. Generally, a non-abstract database representative of the system may be a database or other data structure that can be read by a program and used, directly or indirectly, to fabricate the hardware comprising the system. For example, the database may be a behavioral-level description or register-transfer level (RTL) description of the hardware functionality in a high-level design language (HDL) such as Verilog or VHDL. The description may be read by a synthesis tool that may synthesize the description to produce a netlist comprising a list of gates from a synthesis library. The netlist comprises a set of gates that also represent the functionality of the hardware comprising the system. The netlist may then be placed and routed to produce a data set describing geometric shapes to be applied to masks. The masks may then be used in various semiconductor fabrication steps to produce a semiconductor circuit or circuits corresponding to the system. In other examples, Alternatively, the database may itself be the netlist (with or without the synthesis library) or the data set. | 28,334 |
11942860 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present invention provides circuits and methods that mitigate or eliminate potentially damaging events in power converters. In addition, such circuits and methods have the added benefits of providing protection against potentially damaging events such as current spikes during a soft start for power converters and during dynamic charge balancing, without requiring added circuitry directed to those functions. As noted above, damaging current spikes in power converters may occur for a variety of reasons, including in-rush current, charge transfer current, short circuits, and the like. For example, with respect to DC-DC power converters having selectable conversion ratios, switching from one conversion ratio (e.g., divide-by-2, or “DIV2”) to another conversion ratio (e.g., divide-by-3, or “DIV3”) may result in a charge imbalance across the fly capacitors, resulting in potentially damaging in-rush currents. Accordingly, common practice for avoiding potentially damaging events has been to switch the DC-DC power converter OFF, allow the fly capacitors to discharge, change the conversion ratio configuration (e.g., by changing clock phasing to the charge pump FETs), and turn the power back ON, relying on conventional startup circuitry to mitigate in-rush current spikes. A disadvantage of this practice is that the process can take several milliseconds to complete and cannot be completed under load. One aspect of the present invention encompasses circuits and method for mitigating or eliminating potentially damaging events if they occur or are to occur (e.g., are known in advance, as when a conversion ratio is to be dynamically changed). Mitigating or eliminating potentially damaging events enables switching selectable conversion ratios DC-DC power converters from one conversion ratio to another conversion ratio under load without turning off the power converter circuitry or suspending switching of the charge pump power switches. Protection from Potentially Damaging Events In analyzing the problem of limiting potentially damaging events in power converters, it was realized that power converter switches are normally operated in an “over-driven” condition when set to an ON (conducting) state. An overdriven FET gate creates a stronger conduction channel, effectively lowering the ON resistance, RON, of the FET. With that insight, it was further realized that increasing RONfor the power FETs in a power converter during potentially damaging events (e.g., during startup or when dynamically re-configuring the conversion ratio of the power converter) would reduce current flow through the FETs and thus protect against excessive current spikes. One way of increasing RONfor the power FETs in a power converter is to actively control the driver voltage to the gates of the power FETs. During normal power converter operation, the driver voltage may be set to overdrive the FET gate to lower RONto a desired level that allows high current flow for a particular application. However, during potentially damaging events such as startup or a dynamic conversion ratio reconfiguration, the driver voltage may be reduced so as to increase RONand thus impede current flow to a desired level. FIG.3Ais a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a gate control circuit coupled to a charge pump power FET MCP. For example, some of the FET switches shown inFIG.1may each be instances of FET MCP. The input to the gate control circuit, either clock signal P1or clock signal P2, is applied a level shifter300. As described in more detail above, the level shifter300translates the input signal from one voltage domain (e.g., digital logic voltages) to another voltage domain (transistor control voltages). The output of the level shifter300thus follows the input signal but in a different voltage range. The output of the level shifter300is coupled to a driver circuit302, the output of which is coupled to the gate of FET MCP. In the illustrated example, driver circuit302is a set of four series-coupled inverters304a-304d. In this particular embodiment, the inverters may increase in physical size from inverter304ato inverter304din order to provide sufficient current drive capability to charge the gate of FET MCP. For example, inverter304amay have a relative size of “1”, inverter304bmay be 3 times larger than inverter304a, inverter304cmay be 9 times larger than inverter304a, and inverter304dmay be 27 times larger than inverter304a. In alternative embodiments, the number of inverter stages may be fewer or greater, and non-inverting stages (buffer amplifiers) may be used rather than inverting stages. Further, the multipliers for the stages may differ from the 1x, 3x, 9x, and 27x ratios shown, although generally each stage is larger than the previous one to avoid having very slow rising and falling edges. The illustrated driver circuit302is exemplary only, and other circuits may be used to couple the output of the level shifter300to the gate of FET MCP. Power to the level shifter300(i.e., to the high voltage terminal VDD2shown inFIG.2) and the driver circuit302is provided by a high-voltage power source310. In the illustrated example, the power source for the level shifter300and the inverters304a-304dof the driver circuit302is provided by a source follower (common drain) amplifier circuit that includes a regulated FET M1having its conduction channel (drain to source) coupled in series with a resistor R between a supply voltage, VDD, and circuit ground. As an example, the supply voltage VDDmay be VINto one phase of the charge pump that includes FET MCPor may be coupled to the voltage output from another phase of the charge pump—basically, any voltage than is sufficiently high and has sufficient drive strength for the circuit. A current source312is coupled in series between a Zener diode D1between VDDand circuit ground. As is known in the art, a current source may be built from transistors and/or diodes using a variety of circuits. The output of the current source312before the Zener diode D1provides an essentially constant bias voltage to the gate of FET M1. The bias current flows through the Zener diode D1and ensures it is always in reverse bias. As is known in the art, unlike a conventional diode that blocks any flow of current through itself when reverse biased, as soon as the reverse voltage reaches a pre-determined value, a Zener diode begins to conduct in the reverse direction. This applied reverse voltage remains almost constant even with large changes in current so long as the current remains between a breakdown minimum current and a maximum current rating for the Zener diode. A Zener diode will continue to regulate its voltage until the diode's holding current falls below the minimum current value in the reverse breakdown region. The last inverter304dis powered by a cascode FET M2having its conduction channel (between drain and source) coupled between the supply voltage VDDand the inverter304d. The output of the current source312before the Zener diode D1provides an essentially constant bias voltage to the gate of FET M2; thus, FETs M1and M2have the same gate bias. FIG.3Bis more detailed schematic diagram of one embodiment of FET M2and a circuit for the last inverter304dofFIG.3A. Internally, the inverter304dhas at least one NMOS fET Ni and one PMOS FET Pi with coupled conduction channels, drain-to-drain, with each FET Ni, Pi having a gate driven by inverter304c. The source of the top-most PMOS FET Pi is coupled to the source of FET M2, and the source of the bottom-most NMOS FET Ni is coupled to the source of FET MCP. In the illustrated configuration, the power source310illustrated inFIG.3Aprovides constant voltage to all of the inverters304a-304din the driver circuit302. The current flow allowed through FET M2sets the drive capability of the last inverter304d, and hence of the driver circuit302. FIG.4is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a novel gate control circuit in accordance with the present invention, shown coupled to a charge pump power FET MCP. Similar in many aspects to the gate control circuit ofFIG.3A, a key difference is that the gate of FET M2is coupled to a separate gate driver circuit402, and thus is independent of the gate driving circuitry for FET M1. The principal function of the gate driver circuit402is to enable at least two different voltage levels at Node A to be coupled to the gate of FET M2, which in turn determines the output voltage level provided by the last inverter304ddriving the associated power FET MCP. Accordingly, the associated power FET MCPcan be placed into (a) an overdriven ON state having low RONfor normal power converter operation, or (2) a reduced drive ON state having a higher RONselected to provide protection against potentially damaging events (e.g., in-rush or charge transfer current), such as during dynamic re-configuration of the conversion ratio of the power converter, during power converter startup, when balancing charge among fly capacitors within the power converter, or during fault events such as short circuit events. The gate driver circuit402includes an adjustable current source404coupled in series with a Zener diode D2between VDDand circuit ground. The gate of FET M2is coupled to Node A between the adjustable current source404and the Zener diode D2. The output of the adjustable current source404before the Zener diode D2provides an essentially constant bias voltage to the gate of FET M2for any specific setting of the adjustable current source404. In parallel with the Zener diode D2is a voltage control circuit406comprising a switch Sw series-coupled to a first diode-connected FET MD0and at least one additional diode-connected FET MDN, where N≥1. As illustrated, one terminal of the switch Sw is coupled to the output of the adjustable current source404before the Zener diode D2at Node A, and one terminal of the additional diode-connected FET MDNis coupled to the source of FET MCP(a “relative ground”). Note that the switch Sw may be positioned anywhere along the voltage control circuit406to interrupt or enable current flow through that circuit. For example, the order of switch Sw and FETs MD0and MDNfrom Node A to relative ground may be (1) Sw, MD0, MDN(as illustrated), (2) MD0, Sw, MDN, or (3) MD0, MDN, Sw. However, positioning the switch Sw as shown inFIG.4may reduce parasitic influences on FET M2due, for example, to the capacitances of FET MD0and/or FET MDN. A function of the diode-connected FET MD0is to offset FET M2, since the threshold voltages of FET MD0and FET M2effectively cancel. A function of the additional diode-connected FETs MDNis to set the current through FET MCPin proportion to the ratio of the sizes of FET MCPto FET MDNwhen switch Sw is CLOSED and the current mirror function of the voltage control circuit406is engaged. More particularly, the current through FET MCPis proportional to the current from the current source404and the ratio of FET MDNto FET MCP. For example, if the current source404output is 1 mA, and FET MCPis 1,000 times the size of FET MDN(W/L MCP=1000×W/L MDN), then the maximum current through FET MCPwill be 1,000×1 mA=1A. This is achieved by ensuring the gate-to-source voltage of FET MDNis the same as that of FET MCP. The maximum gate voltage of FET MCPis the voltage at Node A minus the threshold voltage VTHof FET M2. Hence including FET MD0increases the voltage at Node A by a threshold voltage, so the voltage at Node A=VGSof FET MDN+VTHof FET MD0. If FET M2and FET MD0are matched (ratiometrically), then the maximum the VGSof FET MCPcan reach is the same as the VGSof FET MDN, and this equality will track over process, temperature, etc. As noted, the diode-connected FET(s) MDNare ratioed in size with respect to FET MCP. FETs M1, M2, MD0, and MCPmay be segmented FETs, meaning that a device intended to function as a large FET is fabricated as multiple (e.g., 10,000) small FETs coupled in parallel (the individual small FETs may be called “fingers”, reflecting typical aspects of their physical layout on an IC die). The diode-connected FET(s) MD0, MDNmay be fabricated using the same technology, but can be made with a much smaller number of FET fingers (e.g., as few as one finger). Because of the cascode configuration of FET M2and the last inverter304d, a small change in current flow through the voltage control circuit406affecting the voltage at the gate of FET M2causes a proportionally larger current flow through power FET MCPdetermined by the ratio of FET MCPto FET MDN. Adding more than one diode-connected FET MDNallows adjustment of the ratio of FET MCPto FET MDN. For instance, if FET MCPhas a width of 100 and 1,000 fingers, a first FET MDNshould also have a width of 100 to match, but may only have 1 finger. Hence the ratio of FET MDNto FET MCPis 1,000 to 1, and 1 mA from the current source404means 1A through FET MCP. To change the ratio to 2,000 to 1, two diode-connected FETs MDNmay be coupled in series (source to drain). If the FET width is still 100, the effective number of fingers of the two diode-connected FETs MDNis one-half, giving a ratio of 2,000 to 1 with respect to FET MCP. As noted above, an important function of the gate driver circuit402is that it provides a selectable amount of regulated drive voltage to FET M2, which in turn controls the power supply to, and voltage output of, the last inverter304d. When the switch Sw is OPEN, then the voltage control circuit406is disconnected from Node A—and therefore from the gate of FET M2—and thus has essentially no effect on the output of FET M2; accordingly, the last inverter304dcan overdrive the gate of FET MCPto a selected level determined by the Zener diode D2. In addition, when the switch Sw is OPEN, the current from the current source404may be selected to limit noise on FET M2. The fact that the current source404is selectable also allows for control of the maximum current through FET MCP. When the switch Sw is CLOSED— such as during startup of the power converter or when dynamically switching conversion ratios or rebalancing charge amount fly capacitors—then the voltage control circuit406operates as a bypass to divert current around diode D2and lower the voltage at Node A, thus reducing the drive voltage to FET M2. The reduced gate drive voltage to FET M2in turn reduces the power to the last inverter304dand accordingly reduces the gate drive voltage to the power FET MCP. Accordingly, FET MCPwill have a reduced gate drive voltage that results in an increased RONcompared to the RONwhen in a normal overdriven state. That increased resistance through at least some of the power FETs of a power converter will inhibit excessive current spikes, thus protecting the power FETs (as well as other coupled circuitry) from large voltage spikes. In some embodiments, reduced-drive operation of a power FET in the ON state to limit current spikes during potentially damaging events may be enabled (triggered) by a control circuit (not shown) as a function of a measured parameter, such as the value of VIN, VOUT, pump capacitor voltages, or load current, and/or as the result of sensed events, such as short circuit events and/or charge imbalances on the pump capacitors. In some embodiments, reduced-drive operation of a power FET in the ON state to limit current spikes during potentially damaging events may be enabled (triggered) based on an external control signal for the switch Sw that is asserted in advance of a coming event, such as dynamic switching of conversion ratios. The duration of reduced-drive operation for the power FETs may be set as a fixed time suitable for a particular application, or may be determined based on some criteria. For example, reduced-drive operation for the power FETs may be a function of output load, or a function of output load and a selected maximum duration (i.e., a time-out parameter), or a function of the voltage across the fly capacitors having reached some percentage (e.g., 95%) of a desired target level, or some combination of these and/or other parameters. An advantage of using diode-connected FETs in the voltage control circuit406fabricated using the same technology as the power FET MCP(e.g., NMOSFET) is that the devices will essentially have matching characteristics with respect to process/voltage/temperature (PVT) variations. As noted above, the principal function of the gate driver circuit402is to enable at least two different voltage levels at Node A to be coupled to the gate of FET M2. The principal function of the voltage control circuit406is to selectably shift the voltage at Node A between a first voltage level, in which the voltage control circuit406is not engaged (switch Sw is OPEN) and a second voltage level, in which the voltage control circuit406is engaged (switch Sw is CLOSED). It should be appreciated that while the gate driver circuit402and voltage control circuit406illustrated inFIG.4are preferred as simple to implement, requiring little power and circuit area, other devices or circuits that provide the same or similar function may be used in other embodiments. For example, Node A could be coupled through switch Sw to an amplifier having a level-shifted reference voltage as an input; the gate voltage to FET M2would be more accurate but at the expense of complexity, circuit area, and power (and thus efficiency). FIG.5is a timing diagram500of various voltages as a function of time for a gate control circuit of the type shown inFIG.3Aused to switch power FETs in a power converter of the type shown inFIG.1. Graph line502shows transitions of the clock signal (P1or P2, as applicable) applied to the level shifter300inFIG.3A. Graph line504shows the resulting level-shifted voltage imposed across the fly capacitors (generically, CFand presented at the node VIN/N. FIG.6is a timing diagram600of various voltages as a function of time for a gate control circuit of the novel type shown inFIG.4used to switch power FETs in a power converter of the type shown inFIG.1. Graph line602shows transitions of the clock signal (P1or P2, as applicable) applied to the level shifter300inFIG.4. Graph line604shows the resulting level-shifted voltage imposed across the fly capacitors CFand presented at the node VIN/N when the switch Sw of the voltage control circuit406is OPEN, resulting in overdriven power FETs (thus, graph lines504and604show the same thing). Graph line606shows the resulting reduced level-shifted voltage imposed across the fly capacitors CFand presented at the node VIN/N when the switch Sw of the voltage control circuit406is CLOSED, resulting in reduced gate drive to the power FETs. Of note, the timing patterns for the power converter remain unchanged during reduced gate drive events (e.g., startup of the power converter or when dynamically switching conversion ratios) compared to normal overdriven gate drive operation. WhileFIG.6shows the effects of two levels of RONfor the power FETs, more than two levels may be used. For example, a second voltage control circuit may be coupled in parallel with the first voltage control circuit406shown inFIG.4, allowing 4 levels of RON: (1) no bypass (i.e., full overdrive to the power FET MCP), (2) only the first voltage control circuit activated, (3) only the second voltage control circuit activated, or (4) both the first and second voltage control circuits activated. Alternatively, the adjustable current source404may be switched between two or more output levels in conjunction with activating only a single voltage control circuit406. As yet another option, one or more of a series stack of diode-connected FETs MDNmay include an associated parallel bypass switch that allows a particular FET in the stack to be bypassed, thereby changing the stack height and thus the number of combinations of active diode-connected FETs MDN. As should be clear, other variations may be used to allow setting multiple levels of RONfor the power FETs. The ability to select among more than two levels of RONfor the power FETs may be useful, for example, because when VOUTrises under load, a natural output current limit is reached for the higher impedance charge pump. In such cases, it may be useful to step currents through Node A in the gate driver circuit402to slowly increase the gate voltage to the power FETs, thereby decreasing RONand increasing current flow. For example, the gate driver circuit402may set the RONof the power FETs to the highest resistance level for a first number of clock cycles (e.g., 10), then to a next lower resistance level for a second number of clock cycles (e.g., 15), and then to a next even lower resistance level for a third number of clock cycles (e.g., 12) or until some criteria has been achieved (e.g., the voltage across the fly capacitors has reached 95% of a desired target level), at which time the RONof the power FETs may be set to the lowest highest resistance level and normal operation commenced. More or fewer RONsteppings may be used to fit the needs of a particular application. When dynamically switching conversion ratios for a power converter, it is generally useful to switch only when VINis in the range for both conversion ratios. For example, when switching between a DIV2configuration and a DIV3configuration, a controller for the power converter may constrain reconfiguration unless VINis within a specific voltage range. For instance, if in a DIV3mode with VIN=15V, the output is 5V. If the configuration is then changed to a DIV2mode, the output would be greater, at about 7.5V, which could damage some of the lower-voltage power switches in the power converter. Hence the need to ensure that devices are not damaged when dynamically switching conversion ratios. Further, in many embodiments, the bottom-most FETs (those coupled on one side to circuit ground) should be set to a non-conducting (OPEN) state. In addition, since the output voltages and current may be changing relatively rapidly when dynamically switch conversion ratios, it may be useful in some embodiments to disable or limit protection circuitry designed to change the operational behavior of the charge pump until the power converter circuitry reaches a steady-state. In some embodiments of power converters, when changing from a higher VOUTlevel (e.g., a DIV2configuration having a 5V output) to a lower VOUTlevel (e.g., a DIV3configuration having a 3.3V output), the power converter may discharge the charge on COUTback into the VINnode, which may not be desirable in some circumstances. If this is the case, then clocking (e.g., P1and P2) to the power converter can simply be suspended until the load on the power converter pulls the output down to the required level, after which clocking can be resumed. Note that while no charge is pumped back into the input using this discharge approach, the power FETs should still be set to the high resistance mode (i.e., reduced driver voltage) since the power converter capacitors will be imbalanced. In other cases, a discharge circuit may be coupled to the VOUTterminal to actively discharge VOUTuntil some criteria is some criteria has been achieved (e.g., the voltage at the VOUTterminal has reached 95% of a desired target level). Charge Pump Startup and Charge Re-Distribution As noted above, in addition to controlling current spikes when dynamically switching conversion ratios, the capability of being able to select multiple RONvalues for the power FETs in a power converter enables controlled current during startup (a “soft start”). Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention may be used in lieu of other protection circuitry for avoiding excessive in-rush current while pre-charging the fly capacitors at startup of the power converter, thus saving IC die area. This benefit applies whether or not the power converter is dynamically switchable between conversion ratios. In addition, embodiments of the present invention may use the ability to select multiple RONvalues for the power FETs while balancing charge across the fly capacitors and output capacitor(s) of a power converter. For example, if the voltage across any fly capacitor is detected to be less than a “trigger” level (e.g., less than about 95% of a desired target level), a control circuit (not shown) may close switch Sw inFIG.4, thus reducing the gate drive to the power FETs and consequently increasing their RONfor some period of time and/or until some criteria is met (such as the voltage across the “low” fly capacitor reaching at least a specified percentage of the desired target level, which may be more than, for example, the trigger level for reduced gate drive so as to introduce some hysteresis to the circuit). The increased RONof the power FETs prevents excessive rates of charge transfer (which is similar to excessive in-rush current on startup). After the passage of the set duration or the occurrence of the specified criteria, the switch Sw would be opened again, reducing the RONof the power FETs for improved efficiency during normal operation. Importantly, the timing patterns for the power converter remain unchanged during such reduced gate drive events compared to normal overdriven gate drive operation. This protective current-limiting benefit applies whether or not the power converter is dynamically switchable between conversion ratios, and to other scenarios as well, like fault events such as an output short or over-current condition. In general, it is highly advantageous to make sure that the power FET(s) to which VINis coupled in a power converter—that is, the current-limiting or blocking FET(s) in the circuit—are configured to have higher resistances than other FETs in the circuit. Accordingly, it is generally useful to equip such “blocking” FETs with a gate control circuit like that shown inFIG.4and thus have multiple selectable RONvalues, such that a high resistance (large RON) ON mode may be selected during startup (soft start), dynamic switching of conversion ratios, and failure modes. While in some embodiments preferring the highest resistance mode for such events or modes may be most beneficial, in other embodiments the level of RONmay be varied. For example, the resistance of RONmay be scaled based on VIN—the higher the value of VIN, the more resistance may be needed to keep current constant. Other parameters may be considered in setting the value of RON, such as VOUT. In addition, depending on the application, not all of the other power FETs in a power converter need be configured to have a selectable RON. Some general guidelines follow:for power converters that can dynamically switch between conversion ratios, all power FETs devices connected to the inductor L and all mid-switch FETs (the switches between the switch coupled to VINand the inductor L) should have a selectable RONcapability;for charge balancing, all power FETs devices should have a selectable RONcapability, and the bottom-most FETs (those coupled on one side to circuit ground) should first be set to a conducting (CLOSED) state;for other applications, it may be useful to analyze the needs of the application to decide which power FETs devices need have a selectable RONcapability. It may be useful to provide embodiments of the gate driver circuit402shown inFIG.4for all power FETs in a power converter, but only enable the voltage control circuit406in some of the gate driver circuits402in a particular IC part (e.g., by using one-time programmable devices such as fuses). In the end, there is a design decision to increase resistance in certain current paths temporarily to help deal with temporary imbalances. How much resistance to add in a current path depends on how much current limiting is desired and how much power dissipation can be tolerated. Power dissipation can be limited if only some switches are put into a high resistance mode at any one time using reduced drive voltages, and/or if the reduced gate drive is stepped from lower levels (higher RON) to higher levels (lower RON). If all of the power FETs in a power converter are controlled by the gate control circuitry shown inFIG.4, an added benefit is that heat dissipation is fairly uniform across the entire power converter during increased RONmodes of operation. It should be appreciated that the novel gate control circuit inFIG.4may be applied to control the RONof an associated FET in applications other than power converters where the ability to selectively provide for a reduced-drive mode of operation may be beneficial. Methods Another aspect of the invention includes methods of protecting a power converter from potentially damaging events, such as startup in-rush current events. For example,FIG.7is a process flow chart700showing one method for protecting a power converter from potentially damaging events. The method includes controlling the ON resistance, RON, of at least one power FET in the power converter (Block702) by: lowering the RONof the at least one power FET in an ON state during normal power converter operation (Block704), and raising the RONof the at least one power FET in an ON state (e.g., if a potentially damaging event occurs or is to occur) (Block706). Additional aspects of the above method may include one or more of the following: wherein the potentially damaging event may result from a dynamic re-configuration of a conversion ratio of the power converter; wherein the potentially damaging event may result from startup of the power converter; and/or wherein the potentially damaging event may result from charge rebalancing among two or more capacitors within the power converter. Fabrication Technologies & Options Another use of embodiments of the present invention is EMI control. For example, the ON resistance, RON, of at least one power FET that might be subjected to an EMI event may be increased every cycle for a first moment of time (e.g., one or a few micro-seconds) to protect the FET and coupled circuitry from such EMI events, and then the RONmay be lowered for the rest of the cycle. The term “MOSFET”, as used in this disclosure, includes any field effect transistor (FET) having an insulated gate whose voltage determines the conductivity of the transistor, and encompasses insulated gates having a metal or metal-like, insulator, and/or semiconductor structure. The terms “metal” or “metal-like” include at least one electrically conductive material (such as aluminum, copper, or other metal, or highly doped polysilicon, graphene, or other electrical conductor), “insulator” includes at least one insulating material (such as silicon oxide or other dielectric material), and “semiconductor” includes at least one semiconductor material. As used in this disclosure, the term “radio frequency” (RF) refers to a rate of oscillation in the range of about 3 kHz to about 300 GHz. This term also includes the frequencies used in wireless communication systems. An RF frequency may be the frequency of an electromagnetic wave or of an alternating voltage or current in a circuit. Various embodiments of the invention can be implemented to meet a wide variety of specifications. Unless otherwise noted above, selection of suitable component values is a matter of design choice. Various embodiments of the invention may be implemented in any suitable integrated circuit (IC) technology (including but not limited to MOSFET structures), or in hybrid or discrete circuit forms. Integrated circuit embodiments may be fabricated using any suitable substrates and processes, including but not limited to standard bulk silicon, high-resistivity bulk CMOS, silicon-on-insulator (SOI), and silicon-on-sapphire (SOS). Unless otherwise noted above, embodiments of the invention may be implemented in other transistor technologies such as bipolar, BiCMOS, LDMOS, BCD, GaAs HBT, GaN HEMT, GaAs pHEMT, and MESFET technologies. However, embodiments of the invention are particularly useful when fabricated using an SOI or SOS based process, or when fabricated with processes having similar characteristics. Fabrication in CMOS using SOI or SOS processes enables circuits with low power consumption, the ability to withstand high power signals during operation due to FET stacking, good linearity, and high frequency operation (i.e., radio frequencies up to and exceeding 300 GHz). Monolithic IC implementation is particularly useful since parasitic capacitances generally can be kept low (or at a minimum, kept uniform across all units, permitting them to be compensated) by careful design. Voltage levels may be adjusted, and/or voltage and/or logic signal polarities reversed, depending on a particular specification and/or implementing technology (e.g., NMOS, PMOS, or CMOS, and enhancement mode or depletion mode transistor devices). Component voltage, current, and power handling capabilities may be adapted as needed, for example, by adjusting device sizes, serially “stacking” components (particularly FETs) to withstand greater voltages, and/or using multiple components in parallel to handle greater currents. Additional circuit components may be added to enhance the capabilities of the disclosed circuits and/or to provide additional functionality without significantly altering the functionality of the disclosed circuits. Charge pumps in general, and more particularly charge pumps in accordance with the present invention, are particularly beneficial in many applications. For example, charge pumps can be more efficient in comparison to a regulated system and can provide fixed division/multiplication ratios. The ability to change the division/multiplication ratio in order to maintain a correct output voltage is especially useful for battery-operated applications, where changes in battery voltage (the input voltage to the charge pump) often occur, such as when fresh batteries are inserted or as battery voltage declines with use. As another example, charge pumps may also be used in mobile devices and for connection systems. In the case of some connection systems, such as USB-C, currents are limited due to sizing of the wires, so to deliver a desired amount of power, the input voltage is increased. Charge pumps may be used to divide down the voltage as needed for various circuits or sub-circuits. As yet another example, charge pumps may be used in computer servers. Input voltages may be, for instance, 12V or 48V (higher input voltages reduces I2*R losses in the system). A charge pump is useful to divide down the system input voltage to a lower point-of-load input voltage downstream, such as to a microprocessor. Circuits and devices in accordance with the present invention may be used alone or in combination with other components, circuits, and devices. Embodiments of the present invention may be fabricated as integrated circuits (ICs), which may be encased in IC packages and/or in modules for ease of handling, manufacture, and/or improved performance. In particular, IC embodiments of this invention are often used in modules in which one or more of such ICs are combined with other circuit blocks (e.g., filters, amplifiers, passive components, and possibly additional ICs) into one package. The ICs and/or modules are then typically combined with other components, often on a printed circuit board, to form part of an end product such as a cellular telephone, laptop computer, or electronic tablet, or to form a higher-level module which may be used in a wide variety of products, such as vehicles, test equipment, medical devices, etc. Through various configurations of modules and assemblies, such ICs typically enable a mode of communication, often wireless communication. In various embodiments of power converters, it may be beneficial to use specific types of capacitors, particularly for the fly capacitors. For example, it is generally useful for such capacitors to have low equivalent series resistance (ESR), low DC bias degradation, high capacitance, and small volume. Low ESR is especially important for power converters that incorporate additional switches and fly capacitors to increase the number of voltage levels. Selection of a particular capacitor should made after consideration of specifications for power level, efficiency, size, etc. Various types of capacitor technologies may be used, including ceramic (including multi-layer ceramic capacitors), electrolytic capacitors, film capacitors (including power film capacitors), and IC-based capacitors. Capacitor dielectrics may vary as needed for particular applications, and may include dielectrics that are paraelectric, such as silicon dioxide (SiO2), hafnium dioxide (HFO2), or aluminum oxide Al2O3. In addition, power converter designs may beneficially utilize intrinsic parasitic capacitances (e.g., intrinsic to the power FETs) in conjunction with or in lieu of designed capacitors to reduce circuit size and/or increase circuit performance. Selection of capacitors for power converters may also take into account such factors as capacitor component variations, reduced effective capacitance with DC bias, and ceramic capacitor temperature coefficients (minimum and maximum temperature operating limits, and capacitance variation with temperature). Similarly, in various embodiments of power converters, it may be beneficial to use specific types of inductors. For example, it is generally useful for the inductors to have low DC equivalent resistance, high inductance, and small volume. The controller(s) used to control startup and operation of a power converter may be implemented as a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a digital signal processor (DSP), register-transfer level (RTL) circuitry, and/or combinatorial logic. Conclusion A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. It is to be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, some of the steps described above may be order independent, and thus can be performed in an order different from that described. Further, some of the steps described above may be optional. Various activities described with respect to the methods identified above can be executed in repetitive, serial, and/or parallel fashion. It is to be understood that the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not to limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the following claims, and that other embodiments are within the scope of the claims. In particular, the scope of the invention includes any and all feasible combinations of one or more of the processes, machines, manufactures, or compositions of matter set forth in the claims below. (Note that the parenthetical labels for claim elements are for ease of referring to such elements, and do not in themselves indicate a particular required ordering or enumeration of elements; further, such labels may be reused in dependent claims as references to additional elements without being regarded as starting a conflicting labeling sequence). | 39,074 |
11942861 | In accordance with common practice the various features illustrated in the drawings may not be drawn to scale. Accordingly, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily expanded or reduced for clarity. In addition, some of the drawings may not depict all of the components of a given system, method or device. Finally, like reference numerals may be used to denote like features throughout the specification and figures. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SOME EMBODIMENTS The headings provided herein, if any, are for convenience only and do not necessarily affect the scope or meaning of the claimed invention. A charge pump may be a device, circuit, module, and/or component that may receive an input voltage create a higher or lower voltage based on the input voltage. For example, a charge pump may be DC to DC converter that may use capacitors as energy storage elements to create the higher voltage or lower voltage. Charge pumps may be used in various electronic devices and/or components. For example, antenna switch modules (ASMs) may use charge pumps. In another example, power management circuits may also use charge pumps. In a further example, RF circuits may use a charge pump. The charge pump may cause and/or introduce noise into a device, system, and/or circuit when the charge pump is in operation. For example, the charge pump may cause noise in an RF control circuit that uses and/or includes the charge pump. A charge pump may also be referred to as a charge pump module. Disclosed are non-limiting examples of systems, devices, circuits and/or methods related to techniques for operating a charge pump. An oscillator may be used to drive the charge pump (e.g., may open/close switches in the charge pump which may cause one or more capacitors of the charge pump to charge/discharge). In one embodiment, the clock signal generated by the oscillator may be used to operate the charge pump when output voltage of the charge pump is used. In another embodiment, the clock signal generated by the oscillator may be slowed to generate a slower clock signal (e.g., the frequency of the clock signal may be reduced/decreased to generate the slower clock signal). The slower clock signal may be used to operate the charge pump when the charge pump is not in use (e.g., when the output voltage of the charge pump is not used). This may reduce the amount of noise caused and/or introduced by the charge pump when the output voltage generated by the charge pump is not used. Slowing down the clock frequency may reduce the noise in a device, system, and/or circuit that uses the charge pump without degrading the performance and/or operation of the charge pump. For example, the noise in the device, system, and/or circuit may decrease because the charge pump is operating less frequently. Although the present disclosure may be described in the context of charge pumps, it will be understood that one or more features of the present disclosure may also be utilized in other applications. FIG.1shows a block diagram of a voltage supply system100having one or more features as described herein. Such a system can generate a plurality of output voltages (e.g., Vout1and Vout2) based on an input voltage (Vin). In one embodiment, the voltage supply system100may include a charge pump. The charge pump may be configure to generate the output voltages Vout1and Vout2based on the input voltage Vin, as discussed in more detail below. For example, the charge pump may include one or more switches (e.g., field-effect transistors (FETs) such as metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs)) coupled to one or more capacitors (e.g., capacitances), as discussed in more detail below. In some implementations, a device and/or a circuit (e.g., a voltage supply system and/or a charging pump) having one or more features described herein may be included in an RF device such as a wireless device. Such a device and/or a circuit may be implemented directly in the wireless device, in a modular form as described herein, or in some combination thereof. In some embodiments, such a wireless device may include, for example, a cellular phone, a smart-phone, a hand-held wireless device with or without phone functionality, a wireless tablet, etc. FIG.2shows an example application in which the voltage supply system100ofFIG.1can be implemented. In the example ofFIG.2, such a voltage system can include a high-voltage (HV) supply system58(also referred to herein as100) configured to provide a plurality of supply voltage signals for an HV power amplification system70. Examples related to such an HV supply system are described in 62/116,458 filed Feb. 15, 2015, entitled DEVICES AND METHODS RELATED TO MULTI-MODE POWER MANAGEMENT, the disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Although the voltage supply system (100inFIG.1) is described herein in such a context, it will be understood that one or more features of such a voltage supply system can also be utilized in other applications. In the example ofFIG.2, the HV power amplification system70can include a power amplifier assembly54having one or more power amplifiers (PAs) (e.g.,60a-60c). Some or all of such PAs can be configured to operate in an HV mode. Referring toFIG.2, the HV power amplification system70can further include a bias system56. Such a system can be configured to provide bias signals to the power amplifier assembly54for operation of the PA(s). Also referring toFIG.2, the HV power amplification system70can further include an interface72between the power amplifier assembly54and either or both of the bias system56and the HV supply system100. In some embodiments, such an interface can also provide interfacing functionality between the HV power amplification system70and an external system (not shown). Many circuits in portable devices such as wireless devices require or utilize DC/DC power conversion to efficiently utilize limited battery supply resources. Often, voltages that exceed a battery voltage are needed or desired, while in other situations, voltages that are significantly less than the battery voltage are utilized. FIGS.3A and3Bshow examples of two such separate circuits configured to provide dual output voltages. Such dual output voltages are depicted as being twice an input voltage, or 2×Vin, for a charge pump doubler circuit (FIG.3A) and half of the input voltage, or Vin/2, for a charge pump divider circuit (FIG.3B). The input voltage Vincan be, for example, a battery voltage (Vbatt). Although described in such doubling and halving examples, it will be understood that other voltages relative to the input can be obtained. In the example ofFIG.3A, the charge pump doubler circuit can be operated in two phases to generate an output (2×Vin) that is approximately twice the input voltage Vin. In the first phase denoted by Φ1at closed switches S1and S4, a flying capacitor (CFly) is charged to approximately Vinby a switching configuration listed in the Φ1portion of Table 1A. During that time, a holding capacitor (CHold), which was charged during the last cycle, discharges to provide the output. In the second phase denoted by Φ2at closed switches S2and S3, the holding capacitor (CHold) is charged while the output of approximately 2×Vinis provided, by a switching configuration listed in the Φ2portion of Table 1A, in which the charged flying capacitor (CFly) is placed in series with the input voltage Vin. TABLE 1APhaseS1S2S3S4Φ1ClosedOpenOpenClosedΦ2OpenClosedClosedOpen In the example ofFIG.3B, the charge pump divider circuit can be operated in two phases to generate an output (Vin/2) that is approximately half the input voltage Vin. In the first phase denoted by Φ1at closed switches S1and S4, a flying capacitor (CFly) and a holding capacitor (CHold) are shown to be placed in series between the input voltage Vinand ground. When S1and S4are closed, CFlyis substantially uncharged, and CHoldis previously charged to yield across it a voltage of Vin/2. Assuming that capacitance values of CFlyand CHoldare similar, CHoldwill charge to yield across it a voltage of Vin/2. Accordingly, the output node is shown to have a voltage of Vin/2. Table 1B lists a switching configuration for the foregoing first phase Φ1. In the second phase denoted by Φ2at closed switches S2and S3, CFly(now charged to Vin/2) and CHoldare now electrically parallel between the output node and the ground, and the input voltage Vinis disconnected. Accordingly, the output voltage can be maintained at approximately Vin/2 as either or both of CFlyand CHolddischarge through the output node. Table 1B lists a switching configuration for the foregoing second phase Φ2. TABLE 1BPhaseS1S2S3S4Φ1ClosedOpenOpenClosedΦ2OpenClosedClosedOpen Again, although various examples are described in the context of doubling and halving, it will be understood that voltage-increasing and voltage-decreasing factors can be other than 2. FIG.4is a block diagram illustrating an example charge pump module (e.g., charge pump)400, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The charge pump module400includes an oscillator405, an inverter410, a driving circuit415, and charge pump core420. The charge pump module400is coupled to a voltage source425. The voltage source425may generate an input voltage (Vin) and may provide the input voltage Vinto the charge pump core420. Although the voltage source425is illustrated as separate from the charge pump module400, the voltage source425may be included as part of the charge pump module400in other embodiments. In one embodiment, the oscillator405may be configured to generate a signal, such as a clock signal. The clock signal may have a frequency F1 (e.g., 500 megahertz, 10 kilohertz, etc.). In one embodiment, the oscillator405may be a fixed frequency oscillator. For example, the oscillator405may be unable to generate signals with multiple frequencies. The oscillator405is coupled to the inverter410and the driving circuit415. The inverter410may generate an inverted clock signal based on the clock signal generated by the oscillator405. For example, the inverter410may invert the clock signal received from the oscillator405to generate the inverted clock signal. Although the oscillator405is illustrated as separate from the charge pump module400inFIG.4, in other embodiments, the oscillator405may be part of the charge pump module400(e.g., may be included in the charge pump module400). In one embodiment, the driving circuit415may generate signals D1, D2, D3, and D4 based on the clock signal received from the oscillator405and the inverted clock signal received from the inverter410. The signals D1, D2, D3, and D4, may have the same frequency as the clock signal and/or the inverted clock signal but may have different phases (different phase offsets). For example, signal D1 and D2 may have the same frequency as the clock signal but may have different phases (e.g., signal D1 may be phase shifted from signal D2). In another example, signals D3 and D4 may have the same frequency as the inverted clock signal but may have different phases. The driving circuit415is coupled to the charge pump core420and the signals D1, D2, D3, and D4 may be provided to the charge pump core420. The charge pump core420may include a set of capacitors (e.g., capacitances) coupled to the voltage source425via a set of switches. For example, referring toFIGS.3A and3B, the charge pump core420may include one or more flying capacitors coupled to the voltage source425via one or switches (e.g., MOSFET switches). The charge pump core may also include one or more holding capacitors coupled to the voltage source425via one or more switches. In one embodiment, the charge pump core420may be configured to charge and discharge the set of capacitors based on the signals D1, D2, D3, and D4 received from the driving circuit415. For example, the charge pump core420may close one or more of the switches based on one or more of the signals D1, D2, D3, and D4. Closing one or more of the switches based on one or more of the signals D1, D2, D3, and D4 may allow the capacitors to charge using the voltage Vin(received from the voltage source425). In another example, the charge pump core420may open one or more of the switches based on one or more of the signals D1, D2, D3, and D4. Opening one or more of the switches based on one or more of the signals D1, D2, D3, and D4 may allow the capacitors to discharge. Charging and discharging the set of capacitors may allow the charge pump core420to generate the output voltage Vout, where Voutmay be higher or lower than Vin. For example, Voutmay be double the voltage of Vin(e.g., the charge pump core420may double yin). In another example, Voutmay be half the voltage of Vin(e.g., the charge pump core420may halve yin). In other examples, the charge pump may triple voltages, invert voltages, and/or fractionally multiply/scale voltages (such as ×3/2, ×4/3, ×2/3, etc.). As discussed above, the charge pump module400may be used as a power source for other circuits, components and/or modules. In one embodiment, the charge pump module400may be used to help maintain a voltage (used by a device, system, and/or circuit) at a desired level. For example, when the voltage drops, the charge pump module400may transfer a charge from the one or more storage capacitors to maintain the voltage at the desired level. In another embodiment, the charge pump module400may be used to convert a first voltage to a different voltage. For example, the charge pump module400may convert the voltage Vininto a different output voltage Vout, as discussed above. In one embodiment, the charge pump module400may continue to operate even thought a voltage does not need to be maintained or does not need to be converted. For example, when the charge pump module400is used to by a separate circuit/component (e.g., a power amplifier) to double the voltage Vin, capacitors of the charge pump module400(e.g., one or more flying capacitors) may be constantly charged and discharged by opening and closing the switches of the charge pump module400based on the signals D1, D2, D3, D4, and/or the clock signal. However, when the separate circuit/component does not need to double the voltage Vin, the charge pump module400may continue to open and close the switches of the charge pump module400(based on the signals D1, D2, D3, D4, and/or the clock signal) because the oscillator405may continue to generate the clock signal. Opening and closing the switches of the charge pump module400may produce and/or cause noise (e.g., switching noise) in the circuits, components, and/or modules coupled to the charge pump module400. Thus, the charge pump module400may continuously produce and/or cause noise even when other circuits, components, and/or modules are not using the voltage Voutgenerated by the charge pump module400. FIG.5is a block diagram illustrating an example charge pump module (e.g., charge pump)500, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The charge pump module500includes an oscillator505, an inverter510, a driving circuit515, charge pump core520, a control circuit530, a clock circuit535, a timing capacitor545, and a comparator550. The charge pump module500is coupled to a voltage source525. The voltage source525may generate an input voltage (Vin) and may provide the input voltage to the charge pump core520. Although the voltage source525is illustrated as separate from the charge pump module500, the voltage source525may be included as part of the charge pump module500in other embodiments. In one embodiment, the oscillator505may be configured to generate a signal, such as an initial clock signal. The initial clock signal may have a frequency F1 (e.g., 500 megahertz, 10 kilohertz, etc.). In one embodiment, the oscillator505may be a fixed frequency oscillator. For example, the oscillator505may be unable to generate signals with multiple frequencies. The oscillator505is coupled to the clock circuit535. Although the oscillator505is illustrated as separate from the charge pump module500inFIG.5, in other embodiments, the oscillator505may be part of the charge pump module500(e.g., may be included in the charge pump module500). In one embodiment, the clock circuit535may generate multiple different signals based on the initial clock signal and each signal may have a different frequency. For example, the clock circuit may generate a first signal with a frequency F2 and a second signal with a frequency F3. In one embodiment, the frequency F2 have the same frequency as the initial clock signal (e.g., frequency F1 may be the same as frequency F2). In another embodiment, the frequency F2 may have a different frequency as the initial clock signal. In one embodiment, the frequency F3 may be less than the frequency F2. For example, the frequency F3 may be 1/32 of the frequency F2. In another example, the frequency F3 may be 1/64 of the frequency F2. The first signal (with the frequency F2) may be referred to as a fast clock signal or a standard/normal clock signal. The second signal (with the frequency F3) may be referred to as a slow clock signal. The clock circuit535is coupled to the driving circuit515and the inverter510. The clock circuit may provide the first signal and/or the second signal to the driving circuit515and the inverter510. In one embodiment, the clock circuit535may generate the first signal (with the frequency F2) based on a control signal received from the control circuit530. For example, the clock circuit535may initially generate the second signal (with the frequency F3). The control circuit530may generate a control signal indicating that the clock circuit535should generate the first signal (with the frequency F2). For example, the clock circuit535may activate the voltage source540based on the control signal and the voltage source540may provide a voltage to the timing capacitor545and the comparator550. The control signal may also be referred to as a CHARGE HUNGER signal. As the timing capacitor545charges, the comparator550may compare the output of the timing capacitor545with the voltage provided by the voltage source540. When the output of the timing capacitor545is equal (or greater than) the voltage provided by the voltage source540, the comparator550may provide a signal having a logic high state (e.g., a “1”) to the clock circuit535. The clock circuit535may generate the first signal (with the frequency F2) when the clock circuit535receives the signal (having the logic high state) from the comparator550. The clock circuit535may stop generating the first signal (with the frequency F2) after a period of time (e.g., a few milliseconds, a second, etc.) and may resume generating the second signal (with the frequency F3). For example, the clock circuit535may automatically stop generating the first signal and resume generating the second signal after the period of time has elapsed (e.g., after the clock circuit535has generated the first signal for the period of time). Although the voltage source540is illustrated as separate from the voltage source525, in other embodiments, the voltage source525may provide the voltage Vinto both the charge pump core520, the timing capacitor545, and the comparator550. In one embodiment, the clock circuit535may initially generate the second signal (with the frequency F3). The control circuit530may generate a control signal indicating that the clock circuit535should generate the first signal (with the frequency F2). The clock circuit535may also activate the voltage source540based on the control signal and the voltage source540may provide a voltage to the timing capacitor545and the comparator550. The clock circuit535may generate the first signal (with the frequency F1) while the timing capacitor545charges. As the timing capacitor545charges, the comparator550may compare the output of the timing capacitor545with the voltage provided by the voltage source540. When the output of the timing capacitor545is equal (or greater than) the voltage provided by the voltage source540, the comparator550may provide a signal having a logic high state (e.g., a “1”) to the clock circuit535. The clock circuit535may resume generating the second signal (with the frequency F3) based on the signal having the logic high state (e.g., the clock circuit535may generate the first signal with the frequency F2 until the timing capacitor545reaches a threshold voltage). In one embodiment, the output of the comparator550may be coupled to the control circuit530(in addition to or instead of being coupled to the clock circuit535). The control circuit530may use the output of the comparator550to generate a control signal indicating whether the clock circuit535should generate the first signal (with the frequency F2) or the second signal (with the frequency F3), as discussed above. For example, the control circuit530may generate a control signal having a logic low state (e.g., a “0”) and the clock circuit535may generate the second signal based on the logic low state. As the timing capacitor545charges (after activating the voltage source540, as discussed above), the control circuit530may generate a control signal having a logic high state (e.g., a “1”). The clock circuit535may generate the first signal based on the logic high state until the timing capacitor545reaches a threshold voltage, as discussed above. When the timing capacitor reaches the threshold voltage, the comparator550may transmit a signal to the control circuit530and the control circuit may generate a control signal having a logic low state based on the signal from the comparator550. The clock circuit535may resume generating the second signal based on the logic low state. In one embodiment, the clock circuit535may discharge the timing capacitor545after the output of the timing capacitor545is equal (or greater than) the voltage provided by the voltage source540. This may allow the timing capacitor545to recharge when another control signal (indicating that the clock circuit should generate the first signal) is received from the control circuit530. The clock circuit535may also discharge the timing capacitor545when a control signal is received from the control circuit530. In another embodiment, the clock circuit535may generate the first signal (with the frequency F2) and the second signal (with the frequency F3) based on control signals received from the control circuit530. For example, the control circuit530may generate a first control signal indicating that the clock circuit535should generate the first signal (with the frequency F2) and the clock circuit535may generate the first signal based on the first control signal. In another example, the control circuit530may generate a second control signal indicating that the clock circuit535should generate the second signal (with the frequency F3) and the clock circuit535may generate the second signal based on the second control signal. In one embodiment, the control circuit530may generate one or more control signals based on an input signal CONTROL_IN received from another component, circuit and/or module. For example, a power amplifier may provide the input signal CONTROL_IN to the control circuit530and the control circuit530may generate one or more controls signals instructing the clock circuit to generate the first signal and/or the second signal, as discussed above. In one embodiment, the input signal CONTROL_IN may include multiple signals received from multiple lines, pins, traces, etc. In one embodiment, the control circuit530may generate a control signal indicating that the clock circuit535should generate the first signal (with the frequency F2) each time the signal CONTROL_IN changes. For example, each time the signal CONTROL_IN changes state from a logic high state (e.g., “1”) to a logic low state (e.g., “0”) and vice versa, the control circuit530may generate the control signal indicating that the clock circuit535should generate the first signal. The clock circuit535is coupled to the inverter510and the driving circuit515. The inverter510may generate an inverted first signal based on the first signal generated by the clock circuit535. The inverter510may also generate an inverted second signal based on the second signal generated by the clock circuit535. In one embodiment, the driving circuit515may generate signals X1, X2, X3, and X4 based on the first signal received from the clock circuit535and the inverted first signal received from the inverter510. The signals X1, X2, X3, and X4, may have the same frequency as the first signal or the inverted first signal but may have different phases (different phase offsets). For example, signal X1 and X2 may have the same frequency as the first signal but may have different phases (e.g., signal X1 may be phase shifted from signal X2). In another example, signals X3 and X4 may have the same frequency as the inverted clock signal but may have different phases. In a further example, signal Y1 and Y2 may have the same frequency as the second signal but may have different phases. In another example, signals Y3 and Y4 may have the same frequency as the inverted second signal but may have different phases. The driving circuit515is coupled to the charge pump core520and the signals X1, X2, X3, X4 (e.g., a first set of signals) and the signals Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 (e.g., a second set of signals) may be provided to the charge pump core520. The signals Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 may have a lower frequency than the signals X1, X2, X3, and X4. As discussed above, the charge pump core520may include a set of capacitors coupled to the voltage source525via a set of switches. The charge pump core may also include one or more holding capacitors coupled to the voltage source525via one or more switches. In one embodiment, the charge pump core520may be configured to charge and discharge the set of capacitors based on the signals X1, X2, X3, X4 and the signals Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 received from the driving circuit515. Closing one or more of the switches based on one or more of the signals X1, X2, X3, X4 and the signals Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 may allow the capacitors to charge using the voltage Vin(received from the voltage source525). Opening one or more of the switches based on one or more of the signals X1, X2, X3, X4 and the signals Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 may allow the capacitors to discharge. Charging and discharging the set of capacitors may allow the charge pump core520to generate the output voltage Vout, where Voutmay be higher or lower than Vin, as discussed above. Although the comparator550and the timing capacitor545are illustrated as part of the charge pump module500inFIG.5, the comparator and/or the timing capacitor545may be separate from the charge pump module500in other embodiments. As discussed above, a charge pump module may generally continue to open and close the switches of the charge pump module because the oscillator coupled to the charge pump module may continue to generate the clock signal. Opening and closing the switches of the charge pump module may produce and/or cause noise (e.g., switching noise) in the circuits, components, and/or modules coupled to the charge pump module. The control circuit530and the clock circuit535may allow the charge pump module to decrease and/or lower the frequency of the initial clock signal generated by the oscillator505when the output Voutof the charge pump module500is not used. For example, the clock circuit535may generate the second signal (with the frequency F3) when the output Voutof the charge pump module500is not used and/or based on the control signals generated by the control circuit530as discussed above. The driving circuit515may generate the signals Y1 Y2 Y3, and Y4 based on the second signal, as discussed above. Because the second signal has a frequency F3 which is lower than the frequency F2 of the first signal, the signals Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 will have lower frequencies than the signals X1, X2, X3, and X4. Thus, the charge pump core520may open and close the switches of the charge pump core520less frequently when the driving circuit515provides the signals Y1 Y2, Y3, and Y4 (when compared to signals X1, X2, X3, and X4). For example, the charge pump core520may open/close the switches of the charge pump core520at a first rate based on the signals Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 and may open/close the switches at a second rate based on the signals X1, X2, X3, and X4. The first rate may be lower than the second rate. Opening and closing the switches of the charge pump core less frequently may allow the charge pump module500to operate while producing and/or causing less noise. In addition, the control circuit530and the clock circuit535also allow the charge pump module to increase the frequency of the initial clock signal generated by the oscillator505when the output Voutof the charge pump module500is used. For example, the clock circuit535may generate the first signal (with the frequency F2) when the output Voutof the charge pump module500is used and/or based on the control signals generated by the control circuit530as discussed above. The driving circuit515may generate the signals X1, X2, X3, and X4 based on the first signal, as discussed above. Because the first signal has a frequency F2 which is higher than the frequency F3 of the first signal, the signals X1, X2, X3, and X4 will have higher frequencies than the signals Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4. Thus, the charge pump core520may open and close the switches of the charge pump core520more frequently when the driving circuit515provides the signals X1, X2, X3, and X4 (when compared to signals Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4). Opening and closing the switches of the charge pump core more frequently may allow the charge pump module500to operate normally when the output Voutof the charge pump module500is used. FIG.6is a block diagram illustrating an example clock circuit535, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The clock circuit535includes a timing control circuit610, a clock slowing circuit620, and a selection circuit630. The timing control circuit610, the clock slowing circuit620and the selection circuit630may be interconnected. For example, each of the timing control circuit610, the clock slowing circuit620and the selection circuit630may be connected to each other. In one embodiment, the clock slowing circuit620includes a plurality of flip-flops (e.g., D flip-flops, T flip-flops, JK flip-flops, etc.). The clock slowing circuit620may receive a clock signal from an oscillator. The clock slowing circuit620may provide (e.g., pass) the clock signal through the plurality of flip-flops (e.g., pass the clock signal through the plurality of flip-flops in series) to slow down the clock signal (e.g., to decrease the frequency of the clock signal) to generate a clock signal that has a lower frequency (e.g., a slow clock signal with 1/32the frequency of the clock signal received from the oscillator). For example, referring toFIG.5, the clock slowing circuit620may generate the second signal having the frequency F3. In another embodiment, the clock slowing circuit620may output the clock signal received from the oscillator without slowing down the clock signal. For example, referring toFIG.5, the clock slowing circuit620may generate the first signal having the frequency F2. In one embodiment, the selection circuit630may include a plurality of logic gates (e.g., AND gates, OR gates, NOR gates, NAND gates, etc.). The selection circuit630my control the operation of the clock slowing circuit620. For example, the clock slowing circuit620may initially operate to slow down the clock signal received from the oscillator. The selection circuit630may receive a control signal from a control circuit (as discussed above in conjunction withFIG.5) and the selection circuit630may cause and/or instruct the clock slowing circuit620to output the clock signal without slowing the clock signal. The clock slowing circuit620may output the clock signal received from the oscillator without slowing down the clock signal based on a control signal received from a control circuit (as discussed above in conjunction withFIG.5). In one embodiment, the timing control circuit610includes a plurality of interconnected switches (e.g., MOSFETs). The timing control circuit610may control the operation of the clock slowing circuit620. For example, as discussed above, the clock slowing circuit620may output the clock signal without slowing the clock signal. After a period of time (e.g., 10 milliseconds, 100 milliseconds, etc.), the timing control circuit610may cause and/or instruct the clock slowing circuit620to resume slowing down the clock signal. For example, the timing control circuit610may monitor and/or track the amount of time that the clock slowing circuit620is outputting the clock signal without slowing down the clock signal. The timing control circuit610may automatically cause and/or instruct the clock slowing circuit620to resume slowing the clock signal after the period of time has passed. FIG.7is a flow diagram illustrating an example method700of operating a charge pump module, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the method700is at least partially performed by a charge pump module (such as the charge pump module500ofFIG.5). In other embodiments, the method700is at least partially performed by processing logic, including hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. In further embodiments, the method700is at least partially performed by a processor executing code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium (e.g., a memory). The method700begins at block705where the method700generates a first clock signal. For example, the method700may generate the first clock signal by slowing down an initial clock signal received from an oscillator, as discussed above. At block710, the method700includes charging a set of capacitors (e.g., capacitors) based on the first clock signal. In one embodiment, charging the set of capacitors based on the first clock signal may include generating a first set of clock signals based on the first clock signal, as discussed above. In another embodiment, charging the set of capacitances based on the first clock signal may include opening and closing a set of switches of the charge pump module at a first rate based on the first set of clock signals, as discussed above. The method700may generate the second clock signal at715based on a control signal, as discussed above. In one embodiment, the second clock signal may have a higher frequency than the first clock signal, as discussed above. At block720, the method700includes charging the set of capacitances of a charge pump module based the second clock signal. In one embodiment, charging the set of capacitors based on the second clock signal may include generating a second set of clock signals based on the second clock signal, as discussed above. In another embodiment, charging the set of capacitances based on the second clock signal may include opening and closing the set of switches of the charge pump module at a second rate based on the second set of clock signals, as discussed above. The method700includes generating the first clock signal at block725. For example, the first clock signal may be generated after the second clock signal has been generated for a period of time (e.g., milliseconds, microseconds, etc.), as discussed above. In one embodiment, the first clock signal may be generated by slowing down the initial clock signal received from the oscillator, as discussed above. At block730, the method700includes charging a set of capacitors (e.g., capacitors) based on the first clock signal. FIG.8is a graph800illustrating example voltages and/or signals of a device, system, and/or circuit that includes and/or uses a charge pump module having one or more features described herein. The top portion of the graph800illustrates the clock signal (e.g., clk_select illustrated inFIG.8) generated by clock circuit of the charge pump module (e.g., clock circuit535illustrated inFIG.5) over time (in microseconds (μs)). As illustrated inFIG.8, the clock signal has a first frequency between approximately 0 μs and 40 μs. The clock signal has a second frequency between approximately 40 μs and 58 μs. The second frequency is higher than the first frequency, as discussed above. The clock signal decrease to the first frequency between approximately 58 μs and 70 μs and increases to the second frequency between approximately 70 μs and 86 μs. The middle portion of the graph800illustrates the control signal (e.g., vct illustrated inFIG.8) that may be received by the charge pump module over time. For example, referring toFIG.5, the middle portion of the graph800may illustrate the signal CONTROL_IN. As illustrated inFIG.8, the control signal transitions from a logic low state (e.g., “0”) to a logic high state (e.g., “1”) at approximately 40 μs. Accordingly, the clock signal generated by the clock circuit increases in frequency at approximately 40 μs before decreasing in frequency at approximately 58 μs. In addition, the control signal transitions from a logic high state (e.g., “1”) to a logic low state (e.g., “0”) at approximately 70 μs. Accordingly, the clock signal generated by the clock circuit increases in frequency at approximately 70 μs before decreasing in frequency at approximately 86 μs. The lower portion of the graph800illustrates the output voltage of the charge pump module over time. For example, referring toFIG.5, the lower portion of the graph800may illustrate the voltage Vout. As illustrated inFIG.8, the voltage Voutgeneral remains below −2.0V until approximately 70 μs when the output voltage Voutincrease to approximately −0.8V. The output voltage Voutdecrease to below −2.0V over a time period of approximately 6 μs (e.g., at 76 μs). FIG.9shows that in some embodiments, some or all of the voltage supply circuit having one or more features as described herein (e.g., having the charge pump module500illustrated inFIG.5.) can be implemented in a module. Such a module can be, for example, a front-end module (FEM). In the example ofFIG.9, a radio frequency (RF) module300can include a packaging substrate302, and a number of components can be mounted on such a packaging substrate. For example, a front-end power management integrated circuit (FE-PMIC) component304, a power amplifier assembly306, a match component308, and a duplexer assembly310can be mounted and/or implemented on and/or within the packaging substrate302. Other components such as a number of surface mount technology (SMT) devices314and an antenna switch module (ASM)312can also be mounted on the packaging substrate302. Although all of the various components are depicted as being laid out on the packaging substrate302, it will be understood that some component(s) can be implemented over other component(s). In some embodiments, a voltage supply circuit100having one or more features as described herein can be implemented as a part of the FE-PMIC component304. For example, the voltage supply circuit100may include a charge pump module having one or more features as described herein. In some implementations, a device and/or a circuit having one or more features described herein can be included in an RF device such as a wireless device. Such a device and/or a circuit can be implemented directly in the wireless device, in a modular form as described herein, or in some combination thereof. In some embodiments, such a wireless device can include, for example, a cellular phone, a smart-phone, a hand-held wireless device with or without phone functionality, a wireless tablet, etc. FIG.10depicts an example wireless device900having one or more advantageous features described herein. In the context of a module having one or more features as described herein, such a module can be generally depicted by a dashed box300, and can be implemented as, for example, a front-end module (FEM). One or more PAs911are shown, which can facilitate, for example, multi-band operation of the wireless device900. In some embodiments the PAs and their matching circuits may be packaged into a module. Referring toFIG.10, power amplifiers (PAs)911can receive their respective RF signals from a transceiver910that can be configured and operated in known manners to generate RF signals to be amplified and transmitted, and to process received signals. The transceiver910is shown to interact with a baseband sub-system908that is configured to provide conversion between data and/or voice signals suitable for a user and RF signals suitable for the transceiver910. The transceiver910can also be in communication with a power management system906that is configured to manage power for the operation of the wireless device900. Such power management can also control operations of the baseband sub-system908and the module300. The baseband sub-system908is shown to be connected to a user interface902to facilitate various input and output of voice and/or data provided to and received from the user. The baseband sub-system908can also be connected to a memory904that is configured to store data and/or instructions to facilitate the operation of the wireless device, and/or to provide storage of information for the user. In the example wireless device900, outputs of the PAs911are shown to be matched (via respective match circuits921) and routed to their respective duplexers912. Such amplified and filtered signals can be routed to an antenna916through an antenna switch914for transmission. The band-selection switch914can include, for example, a single-pole-multiple-throw (e.g., SP4T) switch to allow selection of an operating band (e.g., Band2). In some embodiments, the duplexers912can allow transmit and receive operations to be performed simultaneously using a common antenna (e.g.,916). InFIG.10, received signals are shown to be routed to “Rx” paths (not shown) that can include, for example, a low-noise amplifier (LNA). In some embodiments, a voltage supply circuit/system such as described herein can be implemented as a part of the power management system906. The example wireless device900also includes a charge pump module930. The charge pump module930may have one or more features as described herein. The charge pump module930may be coupled to one or more of the power management system906, the baseband sub-system908, the transceiver, the PAs911, the match circuits921, and the duplexers912. A number of other wireless device configurations can utilize one or more features described herein. For example, a wireless device does not need to be a multi-band device. In another example, a wireless device can include additional antennas such as diversity antenna, and additional connectivity features such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and GPS. The components described above in connection withFIG.10and wireless device900are provided as examples, and are non-limiting. Moreover, the various illustrated components may be combined into fewer components, or separated into additional components. For example, baseband sub-system908can be at least partially combined with the transceiver910. As another example, the transceiver910can be split into separate receiver and transmitter portions. Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to.” The word “coupled”, as generally used herein, refers to two or more elements that may be either directly connected, or connected by way of one or more intermediate elements. Additionally, the words “herein,” “above,” “below,” and words of similar import, when used in this application, shall refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. Where the context permits, words in the above Description using the singular or plural number may also include the plural or singular number respectively. The word “or” in reference to a list of two or more items, that word covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list. The above detailed description of embodiments of the invention is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed above. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the invention are described above for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. For example, while processes or blocks are presented in a given order, alternative embodiments may perform routines having steps, or employ systems having blocks, in a different order, and some processes or blocks may be deleted, moved, added, subdivided, combined, and/or modified. Each of these processes or blocks may be implemented in a variety of different ways. Also, while processes or blocks are at times shown as being performed in series, these processes or blocks may instead be performed in parallel, or may be performed at different times. The teachings of the invention provided herein can be applied to other systems, not necessarily the system described above. The elements and acts of the various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. While some embodiments of the inventions have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. Indeed, the novel methods and systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms; furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the methods and systems described herein may be made without departing from the spirit of the disclosure. The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the disclosure. | 46,321 |
11942862 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present disclosure will be described hereinafter clearly and completely with reference to the drawings of the embodiments of the present disclosure. Obviously, the following embodiments merely relate to a part of, rather than all of, the embodiments of the present disclosure, and based on these embodiments, a person skilled in the art may, without any creative effort, obtain the other embodiments, which also fall within the scope of the present disclosure. In the embodiments of the present disclosure, each transistor maybe a triode, a thin film transistor (TFT), a field effect transistor (FET), or any other element having a same characteristic. In order to differentiate between two electrodes of the transistor other than a control electrode, one of them may be called as a first electrode, and the other may be called as a second electrode. In actual use, when the transistor is a triode, the control electrode may be a base, the first electrode may be a collector and the second electrode may be an emitter, or the control electrode may be a base, the first electrode may be an emitter and the second electrode may be a collector. In actual use, when the transistor is a TFT or FET, the control electrode may be a gate electrode, the first electrode may be a source electrode and the second electrode may be a drain electrode, or the control electrode may be a gate electrode, the first electrode may be a drain electrode and the second electrode may be a source electrode. A voltage generation module according to the embodiment of the present disclosure includes a reference voltage generation circuit11, a comparison circuit12, a switch circuit13and a voltage control circuit14. The reference voltage generation circuit11is electrically connected to an input terminal, a first reference voltage terminal Vt1and a second reference voltage terminal Vt2, and configured to generate a first reference voltage Vreg and a second reference voltage Vldo in accordance with an input voltage VIN from the input terminal, output the first reference voltage Vreg through the first reference voltage terminal Vt1, and output the second reference voltage Vldo through the second reference voltage terminal Vt2. The comparison circuit12is electrically connected to the input terminal and the second reference voltage terminal Vt2, and configured to compare the second reference voltage Vldo with the input voltage VIN, in the case that the input voltage VIN is smaller than the second reference voltage Vldo, apply a turn-on control signal to a control terminal of the switch circuit13, and in the case that the input voltage VIN is larger than the second reference voltage Vldo, apply a turn-off control signal to the control terminal of the switch circuit13. The control terminal of the switch circuit13is electrically connected to the comparison circuit12, a first terminal of the switch circuit13is electrically connected to the input terminal, a second terminal of the switch circuit13is electrically connected to a voltage output terminal O1, and the switch circuit13is configured to, in the case that the turn-on control signal is applied to the control terminal of the switch circuit, control the input terminal to be electrically connected to the voltage output terminal O1, and in the case that the turn-off control signal is applied to the control terminal of the switch circuit, control the input terminal to be electrically disconnected from the voltage output terminal O1. The voltage control circuit14is electrically connected to the first reference voltage terminal Vt1and the voltage output terminal O1, and configured to, in the case that the switch circuit controls the input terminal to be electrically disconnected from the voltage output terminal O1, control an output voltage signal at the voltage output terminal O1in accordance with the first reference voltage Vreg. The reference voltage generation circuit11, the comparison circuit12, the switch circuit13and the voltage control circuit14are provided in the voltage generation module according to the embodiment of the present disclosure, so as to generate the output voltage signal in accordance with the input voltage VIN. In the case that the input voltage VIN is smaller than a predetermined output voltage, the output voltage signal is the input voltage VIN, and in the case that the input voltage VIN is larger than the predetermined output voltage, a voltage value of the output voltage signal stabilizes at a set voltage value. A structure of the voltage generation module is not complicated, and it is unnecessary to provide an additional mask layer or a bandgap reference module in the voltage generation module. Further, the generated output voltage signal is independent of temperature, and follows the input voltage in a better manner in the case that the input voltage is small (for example, smaller than 3V), thereby to meet requirements on low-voltage operation. In a specific implementation, the reference voltage generation circuit may include a first generation branch circuit, a second generation branch circuit and a third generation branch circuit. The first generation branch circuit includes a first control terminal, the second generation branch circuit includes a second control terminal, the third generation branch circuit includes a third control terminal, and the first control terminal, the second control terminal and the third control terminal are electrically connected to each other. A first current flowing through the first generation branch circuit, a second current flowing through the second generation branch circuit and a third current flowing through the third generation branch circuit are equal to each other. The first generation branch circuit is electrically connected to the input terminal, and configured to generate the first current in accordance with the input voltage. The second generation branch circuit is electrically connected to the first reference voltage terminal, and configured to generate the second current in accordance with the first reference voltage. The third generation branch circuit is electrically connected to the second reference voltage terminal, and configured to generate the third current in accordance with the second reference voltage. In the embodiment of the present disclosure, the reference voltage generation circuit may include the first generation branch circuit, the second generation branch circuit and the third generation branch circuit, the first generation branch circuit generates the first current in accordance with the input voltage, the second generation branch circuit generates the second current in accordance with the first reference voltage, the third generation branch circuit generates the third current in accordance with the second reference voltage, and the first control terminal, the second control terminal and the third control terminal are electrically connected to each other, so as to enable the first current flowing through the first generation branch circuit, the second current flowing through the second generation branch circuit and the third current flowing through the third generation branch circuit to be equal to each other, thereby to acquire the first reference voltage independent of temperature and the second reference voltage independent of temperature. In a possible embodiment of the present disclosure, the first generation branch circuit includes a first generation transistor, a second generation transistor, a first resistor, a second resistor, a first control transistor, a second control transistor and a third control transistor. A first electrode of the first control transistor is electrically connected to the input terminal, and both a control electrode of the first control transistor and a second electrode of the first control transistor are electrically connected to the first control terminal. A control electrode of the second control transistor is electrically connected to the first control terminal, a first electrode of the second control transistor is electrically connected to the input terminal, and a second electrode of the second control transistor is electrically connected to a first electrode of the first generation transistor. A control electrode of the third control transistor is electrically connected to a start control terminal and the first electrode of the first generation transistor, a first electrode of the third control transistor is electrically connected to the first control terminal, and a second electrode of the third control transistor is electrically connected to a control electrode of the first generation transistor and a first terminal of the first resistor. A second electrode of the first generation transistor is electrically connected to a second terminal of the first resistor and a first voltage terminal. A first terminal of the second resistor is electrically connected to the second electrode of the third control transistor, and a second terminal of the second resistor is electrically connected to a first electrode of the second generation transistor. A control electrode of the second generation transistor is electrically connected to the first electrode of the second generation transistor, and a second electrode of the second generation transistor is electrically connected to the second terminal of the first resistor. The first current is a sum of a current flowing through the first resistor and a current flowing through the second resistor. In a specific implementation, the start control terminal may be electrically connected to a start control circuit, and the start control circuit may be configured to output a start control current signal during voltage generation. In a possible embodiment of the present disclosure, the first voltage terminal may be, but not limited to, a ground terminal or a low voltage terminal. In the embodiment of the present disclosure, the first generation transistor and the second generation transistor are each, but not limited to, an NPN-type triode, the first control transistor and the second control transistor are each, but not limited to, a P-type transistor, and the third control transistor is, but not limited to, an N-type transistor. In a possible embodiment of the present disclosure, the second generation branch circuit includes a fourth control transistor and a third resistor circuit. A control electrode of the fourth control transistor is electrically connected to the second control terminal, a first electrode of the fourth control transistor is electrically connected to the input terminal, and a second electrode of the fourth control transistor is electrically connected to a first voltage terminal through the third resistor circuit. The second current is a current flowing through the third resistor circuit. In a specific implementation, the third resistor circuit may include, but not limited to, at least two third resistors connected in series to each other, and the fourth control transistor may be, but not limited to, a P-type transistor. In a possible embodiment of the present disclosure, the third generation branch circuit includes a fifth control transistor, a sixth control transistor, a seventh control transistor, an eighth control transistor and a fourth resistor. A control electrode of the fifth control transistor is electrically connected to the third control terminal, a first electrode of the fifth control transistor is electrically connected to the input terminal, and a second electrode of the fifth control transistor is electrically connected to a first terminal of the fourth resistor. A control electrode of the sixth control transistor is electrically connected to the third control terminal, a first electrode of the sixth control transistor is electrically connected to the input terminal, and a second electrode of the sixth control transistor is electrically connected to a first electrode of the eighth control transistor. A control electrode of the seventh control transistor is electrically connected to a control electrode of the eighth control transistor, a first electrode of the seventh control transistor is electrically connected to a second terminal of the fourth resistor, and a second electrode of the seventh control transistor is electrically connected to a second electrode of the eighth control transistor. The control electrode of the eighth control transistor is electrically connected to the first electrode of the eighth control transistor, and the second electrode of the eighth control transistor is electrically connected to a first voltage terminal. The first terminal of the fourth resistor is electrically connected to the second reference voltage terminal. In the embodiment of the present disclosure, the fifth control transistor, the sixth control transistor, the seventh control transistor and the eighth control transistor are each, but not limited to, a P-type transistor. In a possible embodiment of the present disclosure, the comparison circuit includes a first comparison transistor, a second comparison transistor, a third comparison transistor and a fourth comparison transistor. A control electrode of the first comparison transistor is electrically connected to a control electrode of the second comparison transistor, a first electrode of the first comparison transistor is electrically connected to the input terminal, and a second electrode of the first comparison transistor is electrically connected to the control terminal of the switch circuit. The control electrode of the second comparison transistor is electrically connected to a second electrode of the second comparison transistor, a first electrode of the second comparison transistor is electrically connected to the input terminal, and the second electrode of the second comparison transistor is electrically connected to the first terminal of the fourth resistor. A control electrode of the third comparison transistor is electrically connected to a start control terminal, a first electrode of the third comparison transistor is electrically connected to the control terminal of the switch circuit, and a second electrode of the third comparison transistor is electrically connected to the first voltage terminal. A control electrode of the fourth comparison transistor is electrically connected to the control electrode of the third comparison transistor, a first electrode of the fourth comparison transistor is electrically connected to the second terminal of the fourth resistor, and a second electrode of the fourth comparison transistor is electrically connected to the first voltage terminal. In the embodiment of the present disclosure, the first comparison transistor and the second comparison transistor are each, but not limited to, a P-type transistor, and the third comparison transistor and the fourth comparison transistor are each, but not limited to, an N-type transistor In a possible embodiment of the present disclosure, the switch circuit includes a switch transistor, a control electrode of the switch transistor is the control terminal of the switch circuit, a first electrode of the switch transistor is the first terminal of the switch circuit, and a second electrode of the switch transistor is the second terminal of the switch circuit. In the embodiment of the present disclosure, the switch transistor may be, but not limited to, a P-type transistor. In a possible embodiment of the present disclosure, the voltage control circuit includes a buffer, a voltage control transistor and a control capacitor. An input terminal of the buffer is electrically connected to the first reference voltage terminal, an output terminal of the buffer is electrically connected to a control electrode of the voltage control transistor, and the buffer is configured to apply the first reference voltage to the control electrode of the voltage control transistor. A first electrode of the voltage control transistor is electrically connected to the input terminal, and a second electrode of the voltage control transistor is electrically connected to the voltage output terminal. A first terminal of the control capacitor is electrically connected to the output terminal of the buffer, and a second terminal of the control capacitor is electrically connected to a first voltage terminal In a specific implementation, the buffer may improve the driving capability at the output terminal of the buffer. In the embodiment of the present disclosure, the voltage control transistor is, but not limited to, an N-type transistor. As shown inFIG.2, on the basis of the voltage generation module inFIG.1, the voltage generation module further includes a start control circuit20, the reference voltage generation circuit may include a first generation branch circuit21, a second generation branch circuit22and a third generation branch circuit23. The first generation branch circuit21includes a first generation transistor Q1, a second generation transistor Q2, a first resistor R1, a second resistor R2, a first control transistor M1, a second control transistor M2and a third control transistor M3. A source electrode of the first control transistor M1is electrically connected to the input terminal, and both a gate electrode of the first control transistor M1and a drain electrode of the first control transistor M1are electrically connected to the first control terminal. The input terminal is configured to apply the input voltage VIN. The first control terminal, the second control terminal and the third control terminal are electrically connected to each other. A gate electrode of the second control transistor M2is electrically connected to the first control terminal, a source electrode of the second control transistor M2is electrically connected to the input terminal, and a drain electrode of the second control transistor M2is electrically connected to a collector of the first generation transistor Q1. A gate electrode of the third control transistor M3is electrically connected to the start control terminal S1and the collector of the first generation transistor Q1, a drain electrode of the third control transistor M3is electrically connected to the first control terminal, and a source electrode of the third control transistor M3is electrically connected to a base of the first generation transistor Q1and a first terminal of the first resistor R1. An emitter of the first generation transistor Q2is electrically connected to a second terminal of the first resistor R1and a ground terminal GND. A first terminal of the second resistor R2is electrically connected to the drain electrode of the third control transistor M3, and a second terminal of the second resistor R2is electrically connected to a collector of the second generation transistor Q2. A base of the second generation transistor Q2is electrically connected to the collector of the second generation transistor Q2, and an emitter of the second generation transistor Q2is electrically connected to the second terminal of the first resistor R1. The second generation branch circuit22includes a fourth control transistor M4and a third resistance circuit R3, a gate electrode of the fourth control transistor M4is electrically connected to the second control terminal, a source electrode of the fourth control transistor M4is electrically connected to the input terminal, and a drain electrode of the fourth control transistor M4is electrically connected to the ground terminal GND through the third resistor circuit R3. The third generation branch circuit23includes a fifth control transistor M5, a sixth control transistor M6, a seventh control transistor M7, an eighth control transistor M8and a fourth resistor R4. A gate electrode of the fifth control transistor M5is electrically connected to the third control terminal, a source electrode of the fifth control transistor M5is electrically connected to the input terminal, and a drain electrode of the fifth control transistor M5is electrically connected to a first terminal of the fourth resistor R4. A gate electrode of the sixth control transistor M6is electrically connected to the third control terminal, a source electrode of the sixth control transistor M6is electrically connected to the input terminal, and a drain electrode of the sixth control transistor M6is electrically connected to a source electrode of the eighth control transistor M8. A gate electrode of the seventh control transistor M7is electrically connected to a gate electrode of the eighth control transistor M8, a drain electrode of the seventh control transistor M7is electrically connected to a second terminal of the fourth resistor R4, and a source electrode of the seventh control transistor M7is electrically connected to a drain electrode of the eighth control transistor M8. The gate electrode of the eighth control transistor M8is electrically connected to the drain electrode of the eighth control transistor M8, and the source electrode of the eighth control transistor M8is electrically connected to the ground GND. The first terminal of the fourth resistor R4is electrically connected to the second reference voltage terminal Vt2. The comparison circuit12includes a first comparison transistor M11, a second comparison transistor M12, a third comparison transistor M13and a fourth comparison transistor M14. A gate electrode of the first comparison transistor M11is electrically connected to a gate electrode of the second comparison transistor M12, a source electrode of the first comparison transistor M11is electrically connected to the input terminal, and a drain electrode of the first comparison transistor M11is electrically connected to a gate electrode of a switch transistor M0. The gate electrode of the second comparison transistor M12is electrically connected to a drain electrode of the second comparison transistor M12, a source electrode of the second comparison transistor M12is electrically connected to the input terminal, and the drain electrode of the second comparison transistor M12is electrically connected to the first terminal of the fourth resistor R1. A gate electrode of the third comparison transistor M13is electrically connected to the start control circuit20, a drain electrode of the third comparison transistor M13is electrically connected to the gate electrode of the switch transistor M0, and a source electrode of the third comparison transistor M13is electrically connected to the ground terminal GND. The start control circuit20is configured to output the start control current during voltage generation, so as to enable M1, M2, M3, and Q1to operate normally. A gate electrode of the fourth comparison transistor M14is electrically connected to the gate electrode of the third comparison transistor M13, a drain electrode of the fourth comparison transistor M14is electrically connected to the second terminal of the fourth resistor R4, and a source electrode of the fourth comparison transistor M14is electrically connected to the ground terminal GND. The switch circuit13includes the switch transistor M0, a gate electrode of the switch transistor M0is the control terminal of the switch circuit13, a source electrode of the switch transistor M0is the first terminal of the switch circuit13, and a drain electrode of the switch transistor M0is the second terminal of the switch circuit13. The source electrode of the switch transistor M0is electrically connected to the input terminal, and the drain electrode of the switch transistor M0is electrically connected to the voltage output terminal O1. The voltage control circuit14includes a buffer B1, a voltage control transistor M20and a control capacitor C0. An input terminal of the buffer B1is electrically connected to the first reference voltage terminal Vt1, an output terminal of the buffer B1is electrically connected to a gate electrode of the voltage control transistor M20, and the buffer B1is configured to apply the first reference voltage Vreg to the gate electrode of the voltage control transistor M20, so as to improve driving capability at the gate electrode of M20(In the embodiment of the present disclosure, because a size of M20is relatively large, it is necessary to improve the driving capability of the gate electrode of M20). A drain electrode of the voltage control transistor M20is electrically connected to the input terminal, and a source electrode of the voltage control transistor M20is electrically connected to the voltage output terminal O1. A first terminal of the control capacitor C0is electrically connected to the output terminal of the buffer B1, and the second terminal of the control capacitor C0is electrically connected to the ground terminal GND. In the embodiment shown inFIG.2, C1denotes a first capacitor, a first terminal of C1is electrically connected to the voltage output terminal O1, and a second terminal of C1is electrically connected to the ground terminal GND. In the embodiment shown inFIG.2, Q1and Q2are each, but not limited to, an NPN triode, M1and M2are each, but not limited to, a P-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (PMOS) transistor, M3is, but not limited to, an N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) transistor, M4is, but not limited to, a PMOS transistor, M5and M6are each, but not limited to, a PMOS transistor, M7and M8are each, but not limited to, an NMOS transistor, M11and M12are each, but not limited to, a PMOS transistor, M13and M14are each, but not limited to, an NMOS transistor, M0is, but not limited to, a PMOS transistor, and M20is, but not limited to, an NMOS transistor. In the embodiment shown inFIG.2, during voltage generation, the start control circuit20applies the start control current signal, and charges a parasitic capacitance at the gate electrode of M3through the start control current signal, so as to increase a potential at the gate electrode of M3, thereby to turn on M3, M13and M14. However, the present disclosure is not limited to thereto. When the voltage generation module inFIG.2is in operation, a current of mirroring M1flows through M4, and flows through R3, so as to acquire Vreg. A ratio of the current flowing through M4to the current flowing through M1is equal to a ratio K1of a width-to-length ratio of M4and a width-to-length ratio of M1. The current of M1flows through R3, so as to acquire Vreg. By selecting a ratio of a resistance value R2zof R2to a resistance value R1zof R1, Vreg may be independent of temperature, where K1is a positive number. The current of mirroring M1flows through M5, and flows through R4, so as to generate Vldo between two terminals of R4. A ratio of the current flowing through M5to the current flowing through M1is equal to a ratio K2of a width-to-length ratio of M5and the width-to-length ratio of M1. By selecting the ratio of the resistance value R2zof R2to the resistance value R1zof R1, Vldo may be independent of temperature, where K2is a positive number. A current flowing through R1is equal to Vbe_Q1/R1, and a current flowing through R2is equal to ΔVbe/R2, where ΔVbe is equal to Vbe_Q2−Vbe_Q1. The current flowing through R3is equal to (Vbe_Q1/R1z+ΔVbe/R2z)×K1, and When M12is turned off, the current flowing through R4is equal to (Vbe_Q1/R1z+ΔVbe/R2z)×K2, where Vreg represents the first reference voltage, Vldo represents the second reference voltage, Vbe_Q1is a voltage between the base of Q1and the emitter of Q1, Vbe_Q2is a voltage between the base of Q2and the emitter of Q2, and ΔVbe is equal to a difference value between Vbe_Q2and Vbe_Q1. According to the proportional relationship between the currents, Vreg and Vldo may be acquired, and Vreg and Vldo are independent of temperature. During voltage generation, under the control of the start control current applied by S1, the related circuits start to operate. When VIN is smaller than Vldo, both M11and M12are turned off, the gate electrode of M0is connected to the ground terminal GND through M13, and M0is turned on. The output voltage signal from O1is the input voltage VIN. M11, M12, M13and M14constitute a comparator to compare VIN and Vldo. When VIN increases and a difference value between VIN and Vldo is larger than an absolute value of a threshold voltage of M12, M11and M12are turned on, both the gate electrode of M0and the source electrode of M0receive VIN, and M0is turned off. At this time, the output voltage signal at O1is controlled by M20, and M20is in a saturation region (a gate-source voltage of M20is larger than the threshold voltage Vth_m20of M20), and the voltage value of the output voltage signal is equal to Vreg-Vth_m20. When VIN continues to increase, because M20is still in the saturation region, the output voltage signal that is independent of VIN is continued to be outputted at O1. In the embodiment of the present disclosure, since Vbe_Q1is negatively related to temperature and ΔVbe is negatively related to temperature, by selecting the ratio of the resistance value R2zof R2to the resistance value R1zof R1, Vreg and Vldo may be independent of temperature. When the voltage generation module inFIG.2is in operation, Vreg depends on a ratio of the resistance value of R3to the resistance value of R1, a ratio of the resistance value of R3to the resistance value of R2, and is independent of temperature. In a possible embodiment of the present disclosure, the voltage generation module further includes a ninth control transistor. A second electrode of the fourth control transistor is electrically connected to the third resistor circuit through the ninth control transistor, a control electrode of the ninth control transistor is electrically connected to the input terminal of the buffer, a first electrode of the ninth control transistor is electrically connected to the second electrode of the fourth control transistor, and a second electrode of the ninth control transistor is electrically connected to the first voltage terminal through the third resistor circuit. In the embodiment of the present disclosure, the ninth control transistor may be, but not limited to, an N-type transistor. As shown inFIG.3, on the basis of the voltage generation module inFIG.2, the voltage generation module further includes a ninth control transistor M30, M4is electrically connected to R3through M30, a gate electrode of M30is electrically connected to the input terminal of the buffer B1, the gate electrode of M30is electrically connected to a drain electrode of M30, a drain electrode of M30is electrically connected to the drain electrode of M4, and a source electrode of M30is electrically connected to the ground terminal GND through the third resistor circuit R3. In the embodiment shown inFIG.3, M30is, but not limited to, an NMOS transistor. When the voltage generation module inFIG.3is in operation, the following processes are differences as compared with the operation process of the voltage generation module inFIG.2. When VIN increases and the difference value between VIN and Vldo is larger than the absolute value of the threshold voltage of M12, M11and M12are turned on, both the gate electrode of M0and the source electrode of M0receive VIN, and M0is turned off. At this time, the output voltage signal at O1is controlled by M20, M20is in the saturation region (the gate-source voltage of M20is larger than the threshold voltage Vth_m20of M20), M30is also in a saturation region, and the voltage value of the output voltage signal is equal to Vreg+Vth_m30−Vth_m20. When VIN continues to increase, because M20is still in the saturation region, the output voltage signal that is independent of VIN is continued to be outputted at O1. Because M30and M20are transistors of a same type, it is able to enable Vth_m30to be approximately equal to Vth_m20, so that when VIN is large, the voltage value of the output voltage signal is equal to Vreg. A power supply management chip according to the embodiment of the present invention includes the above-mentioned voltage generation module. A display device may be any product or member having a display function, e.g., a mobile phone, a flat-panel computer, a television, a display, a laptop computer, a digital photo frame or a navigator. The above embodiments are for illustrative purposes only, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. Obviously, a person skilled in the art may make further modifications and improvements without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure, and these modifications and improvements shall also fall within the scope of the present disclosure. | 32,746 |
11942863 | DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS <Switching Power Supply (Overall Configuration)> FIG.1is a diagram showing an overall configuration of a switching power supply. The switching power supply1of this configuration example is a bucking (stepping-down) DC-DC converter which bucks (steps down) an input voltage Vin to generate a desired output voltage Vout. The switching power supply1includes a semiconductor device100and various discreet components externally connected to it (resistors R1to R4, capacitors C1to C5, an inductor L1, and a diode D1), The switching power supply1is used, for example, as a high-withstand-voltage DC-DC converter for an RRH (remote radio head) which handles transmission and reception of radio signals at a wireless base station. The semiconductor device100is what is called a switching power IC, and is built by integrating together an output transistor101, a driver circuit102, a logic circuit103, a first regulator circuit104, a second regulator circuit105, a third regulator circuit106, a bootstrap circuit107, a reference voltage generation circuit108, a soft-start voltage generation circuit109, an error amplifier circuit110, an oscillation circuit111, a slope voltage generation circuit112, a comparison circuit113, an undervoltage protection circuit114, a temperature protection circuit115, a short-circuit protection circuit116, an overvoltage protection circuit117, an overcurrent protection circuit118, a soft-start oscillation circuit119, and a discharge circuit120. The semiconductor device100also has, as a means for establishing electrical connection with outside the device, eight external terminals (pin-1 to pin-8). Pin-1 (switching terminal SW) is connected to the first terminal of the inductor L1and to the cathode of the diode. The second terminal of the inductor L1is connected to an output terminal for the output voltage Vout (i.e., a load Z), to the first terminal of the capacitor C2, and to the first terminal of the resistor R1. The cathode of the diode D1and the second terminal of the capacitor C2are connected to a grounded terminal. The second terminal of the resistor R1is connected to the first terminal of the resistor R2. The second terminal of the resistor R2is connected to the grounded terminal. Pin-2 (ground terminal GND) is connected to the grounded terminal. Pin-3 (phase compensation terminal COMP) is connected to the respective first terminals of the resistor R3and the capacitor C5. The second terminal of the resistor R3is connected to the first terminal of the capacitor C4. The respective second terminals of the capacitors C4an C5are connected to the grounded terminal. Pin-4 (feedback terminal FB) is connected to the connection node between the resistors R1and R2(i.e., an application terminal for a feedback voltage Vfb). In a case where the output voltage Vout falls within the input dynamic range of pin-4 (FB), the resistors R1and R2can be omitted, in which case, as the feedback voltage Vfb, the output voltage Vout can be directly fed to pin-4. Pin-5 (frequency setting terminal RT) is connected to the first terminal of the resistor R4. The second terminal of the resistor R4is connected to the grounded terminal. Pin-6 (enable terminal EN) is connected to an input terminal for an enable signal. Pin-7 (bootstrap terminal BOOT) is connected to the first terminal of the capacitor C3(corresponding to a boot capacitor provided in the bootstrap circuit107). The second terminal of the capacitor C3is connected to pin-1 (SW). Pin-8 (power terminal VIN) is connected to an input terminal for the input voltage Vin and to the first terminal of the capacitor C1. The second terminal of the capacitor C1is connected to the grounded terminal. Next, the circuit blocks integrated together in the semiconductor device100will be described in outline one by one. The output transistor101is an N-channel MOS (metal-oxide-semiconductor) field-effect transistor connected between pin-8 (VIN) and pin-1 (SW). The drain of the output transistor101is connected to pin-8 (VIN). The source and the back-gate of the output transistor101are both connected to pin-1 (SW). The gate of the output transistor101is connected to the output terminal of the driver circuit102(i.e., an output terminal for a gate signal HG). The output transistor101is on when the gate signal HG is at high level (Vb), and is off when the gate signal HG is at low level (=Vsw). As the output transistor101is turned on and off, a switching voltage Vsw with a rectangular waveform (high level at Vin, low level at GND) appears at pin-1 (SW). The switching voltage Vsw thus pulse-driven is rectified and smoothed with the inductor L1, the diode D1, and the capacitor C2to generate the output voltage Vout. Thus, in the switching power supply1of this configuration example, the output transistor101, the diode D1, the inductor L1, and the capacitor C2constitute a switching output stage that bucks the input voltage Vin to generate a desired output voltage Vout. The output transistor101can be externally connected to the semiconductor device100. In that case, an external terminal for external output of the gate signal HG is needed. As the output transistor101, a P-channel MOS field-effect transistor can be used. In that case, the bootstrap circuit107is not necessary. As the output transistor101, an IGBT (insulated-gate bipolar transistor) or the like can be used. The switching output stage can employ, as its rectification method, synchronous rectification instead of diode rectification. The switching output stage does not necessarily has to be of a bucking type but may be of a boosting (stepping-up) type, a boost/buck (stepping-up/down) type, or an inverting (negative-output) type. The driver circuit102drives the output transistor101in the switching output stage by generating the gate signal HG (high level at Vb, low level at Vsw) by increasing the current capacity of an on/off control signal S3fed from the logic circuit103. In a case where the output transistor101is composed of a plurality of unit transistors, the length of, and the parasitic capacitance in, the conductor from the driver circuit102to the gate differ among those unit transistors, which are thus turned on and off with varying timing, resulting in disturbances in the driving waveform of the switching voltage Vsw. To cope with this inconvenience, for example, the high-side transistor (i.e., P-channel MOS field-effect transistor) provided in a half-bridge output stage in the driver circuit102can be divided into smaller high-side transistors, of which those near the gate can be designed to have a low current capacity and those far away from the gate can be designed to have a high current capacity; this permits the unit transistors constituting the output transistor101to be turned on and off with uniform timing, giving the switching voltage Vsw a trimmed driving waveform. This configuration is considered to be particularly effective in a case where a high slew rate is expected in the switching voltage Vsw. The logic circuit103generates the on/off control signal S3in accordance with an on signal S1and an off signal S2. Specifically, the logic circuit103, in response to a pulse edge in the on signal S1, turns the on/off control signal S3to high level and, in response to a pulse edge in the off signal S2, turns the on/off control signal S3to low level. The logic circuit103also has a function of forcibly halting the switching operation of the switching output stage (i.e., forcibly turning the on/off control signal S3to low level) in accordance with a fault protection signal SP. The logic circuit103further has a function of generating a gate signal LG for controlling the discharge circuit120(details will be given later). The first regulator circuit104serves as a pre-regulator that generates a first constant voltage Vpreg from the input voltage Vin. The output operation of the first regulator circuit104is permitted or inhibited in accordance with an enable signal that is fed in via pin-6 (EN). Specifically, the output operation of the first regulator circuit104is permitted when the enable signal is at high level, and is inhibited when the enable signal is at low level. The second regulator circuit105serves as a main regulator that generates a second constant voltage Vreg from the first constant voltage Vpreg. With this two-stage configuration employing a pre-regulator and a main regulator, it is possible to generate a second constant voltage Vreg that is less susceptible to input variation. The third regulator circuit106serves as a bootstrapping regulator that generates a third constant voltage Vbreg from the input voltage Vin. The bootstrap circuit107generates a boosted voltage Vb by use of the capacitor C3, mentioned previously, and a diode D2incorporated in the semiconductor device100, and feeds the boosted voltage Vb to the driver circuit102. The anode of the diode D2is connected to the output terminal of the third regulator circuit106(i.e., an output terminal for the third constant voltage Vbreg). The cathode of the diode D2(i.e., an application terminal for the boosted voltage Vb) is connected to pin-7 (BOOT). The operation of the bootstrap circuit107will now be described in brief. When the switching voltage Vsw appearing at pin-1 (SW) is at low level (0 V or a negative voltage lower than 0 V), the diode D2is forward-biased, and thus the capacitor C3is charged with the third constant voltage Vbreg. Here, the boosted voltage Vb has a voltage value (=Vbreg−Vf) that equals the forward voltage drop across the diode D3subtracted from the third constant voltage Vbreg. On the other hand, when the switching voltage Vsw rises from low level (0 V) to high level (Vin), under the law of conservation of charge with respect to the capacitor C3, the boosted voltage Vb too is raised by the same amount as the rise in the switching voltage Vsw. Specifically, the boosted voltage Vb turns to a high voltage (=Vin+Vbreg−Vf) that results from adding up the input voltage Vin and the terminal-to-terminal voltage VC3(=Vbreg−Vf) across the capacitor C3. By feeding this boosted voltage Vb to the driver circuit102, it is possible to make the high level of the gate signal HG higher than the input voltage Vin, and this helps turn on the output transistor101without fail. The reference voltage generation circuit108includes resistors R5and R6that are connected in series between the output terminal of the first regulator circuit104(i.e., an output terminal for the first constant voltage Vpreg) and the grounded terminal, and outputs from the connection node between those resistors a reference voltage Vref (corresponding to a division voltage of the first constant voltage Vpreg). The soft-start voltage generation circuit109generates, at the startup of the switching power supply1, a soft-start voltage Vss that gently rises with a predetermined gradient. The error amplifier circuit110generates an error voltage V1in accordance with the difference of the lower of the reference voltage Vref, which is fed to the first non-inverting input terminal (+) of the error amplifier circuit110, and the soft-start voltage Vss, which is fed to the second non-inverting input terminal (+) of the error amplifier circuit110as compared with the feedback voltage Vfb, which is fed to the inverting input terminal (−) of the error amplifier circuit110. The error voltage V1rises when the feedback voltage Vfb is lower than the reference voltage Vref (or soft-start voltage Vss), and falls when the feedback voltage Vfb is higher than the reference voltage Vref (or soft-start voltage Vss). To the output terminal of the error amplifier circuit110, a phase compensation circuit (the capacitors C4and C5and the resistor R3) is connected via pin-3 (COMP). The oscillation circuit111operates by being fed with the first constant voltage Vpreg to generate the on signal S1, with a rectangular waveform at a switching frequency fsw. The switching frequency fsw can be controlled by adjusting the resistor R4externally connected to pin-5 (RT). The slope voltage generation circuit112generates a slope voltage V2, with a sloped waveform (such as a triangular or sawtooth waveform) in synchronization with the on signal S1. The slope voltage generation circuit112has a function (slope compensation function) of controlling the gradient of the slope voltage V2in accordance with the magnitude of an inductor current IL that passes through the switching output stage. With this configuration, it is possible to perform what is called current-mode control, and thereby to enhance the load response of the switching power supply1. The comparison circuit113generates the off signal S2by comparing the error voltage V1, which is fed to the inverting input terminal (−) of the comparison circuit113, with the slope voltage V2, which is fed to the non-inverting input terminal (+) of the comparison circuit113. The off signal S2is at low level when the error voltage V1is higher than the slope voltage V2, and is at high level when the error voltage V1is lower than the slope voltage V2. The undervoltage protection circuit114monitors the first constant voltage Vpreg and the input voltage Vin to sense an undervoltage fault. The temperature protection circuit115operates by being fed with the first constant voltage Vpreg, and monitors the junction temperature Tj of the semiconductor device100to sense a temperature fault. The short-circuit protection circuit116operates by being fed with the second constant voltage Vreg, and monitors, for example, the feedback voltage Vfb to sense a short-circuit fault (e.g., a ground short state in which the output terminal for the output voltage Vout is short-circuited to the grounded terminal or a low-potential terminal comparable to it). The overvoltage protection circuit117operates by being fed with the second constant voltage Vreg, and monitors, for example, the feedback voltage Vfb to sense an overvoltage fault. The overcurrent protection circuit118operates by being fed with the second constant voltage Vreg, and monitors, for example, the switching voltage Vsw to sense an overcurrent that may pass through the switching output stage. The overcurrent protection circuit118is of a pulse-by-pulse type that repeats forcible halting and self-recovery of switching operation every switching period. The soft-start oscillation circuit119resets the soft-start voltage Vss to an initial value (0 V) in accordance with the fault protection signal SP. The discharge circuit120is a functional block that discharges the switching voltage Vsw (hence the output voltage Vout) in accordance with the gate signal LG from the logic circuit103. The discharge circuit120includes a discharge transistor M1(inFIG.1, an N-channel MOS field-effect transistor) and a diode D3. The anode of the diode D3is connected to pin-1 (SW). The cathode of the diode D3is connected to the drain of the discharge transistor M1. The source and the back-gate of the discharge transistor M1are connected to pin-2 (GND). The gate of the discharge transistor M1is connected to an application terminal for the gate signal LG. The discharge transistor M1is on when LG=H (high level), and is off when LG=L (low level). The diode D3functions as an element for preventing a reverse current from pin-2 (GND) to pin-1 (SW). Logic Circuit (First Embodiment) FIG.2is a diagram showing a configuration (first embodiment) of a principal part of the logic circuit103. The logic circuit103of this embodiment includes, as functional blocks involved in the generation of the gate signal LG, a discharge controller103aand a gate signal driver103b. When a soft-start acknowledgement signal SSOK (details will be given later) is at high level and in addition the off signal S2is kept at high level (the logic level corresponding to an off state) for a predetermined judgment period T1, the discharge controller103araises a discharge control signal Sa to high level (the logic level corresponding to an output discharging state). The gate signal driver103bdrives the discharge transistor M1in the discharge circuit120by generating the gate signal LG by increasing the current capacity of the discharge control signal Sa fed from the discharge controller103a. FIG.3is a timing chart showing one example of discharge operation in the first embodiment, depicting, from top down, the output voltage Vout, the output current Iout that passes through the load Z, the error voltage V1(broken line) and the slope voltage V2(solid line), the off signal S2, and the discharge control signal Sa (hence the gate signal LG), For the discharge control signal Sa, (1) a signal waveform it exhibits when the discharge transistor M1is kept continuously on and (2) a signal waveform it exhibits when the discharge transistor M1is turned on and off periodically are shown in an upper and a lower tier respectively. InFIG.3, at time point t1, the output current Iout increases sharply from zero to the maximum value; then, at time point t2, the output current Iout decreases sharply from the maximum value to zero. With particular attention paid to time point t2, as the output current Iout decreases sharply, the output voltage Vout rises off the target value, with the result that the error voltage V1becomes lower than the minimum value (offset value) of the slope voltage V2, and the off signal S2is kept at high level (the logic level corresponding to an off state). In this state, the output transistor101is off, and pin-1 (SW) is left in a high-impedance state. Thus, if the discharge circuit120were not provided, the output voltage Vout would take some time to fall down to the target value (see the broken-line part of the output voltage Vout). On the other hand, in this embodiment, after the off signal S2rises to high level, when the predetermined judgment time T1(e.g., T1>1/fsw) elapses, that is, at time point t3, the discharge control signal Sa (hence the gate signal LG) is raised to high level. This turns on the discharge transistor M1, and thus a discharge passage conducts from pin-1 (SW) via the diode D3and the discharge transistor M1to pin-2 (CND), permitting the output voltage Vout to be discharged quickly. Incidentally, the output discharge control described above is nothing less than operation of, when the output voltage Vout has remained higher than the target value for the predetermined judgment period T1, turning on the discharge transistor M1to discharge the output voltage Vout. With this configuration, where output discharge control is performed on sensing the off signal S2having remained at high level, it is possible to use the comparison circuit113, which is provided for PWM (pulse width modulation) driving of the output transistor101, also for output discharge control, and this helps avoid an unnecessary increase in circuit scale. When the discharge transistor M1is turned on, S2=H, and thus the output transistor101is necessarily off. Accordingly, the output transistor101and the discharge transistor M1do not happen to be simultaneously on, and this eliminates the need for complicated deadtime control. Too large a time constant τ in the phase compensation circuit (C4, CS, R3), which is externally connected to pin-3 (COMP), causes the error voltage V1to take a long time to become lower than the minimum value (offset value) of the slope voltage V2. This results in the off signal S2taking some time to come to be kept at high level, and delays the discharging of the output voltage Vout. To avoid that, the time constant τ of the phase compensation circuit (C4, C5, R3) is preferably adjusted within a range adequate for both phase compensation and output discharge control. The discharge transistor M1may be kept on continuously starting at time point t3, or may be turned on and off periodically so as to repeat an on period12(e.g., 500 ns) and an off period T3(e.g., 4 μs). A configuration is also possible that permits, as necessary, choice between a first discharge mode in which the discharge transistor M1is kept continuously on starting at time point t3and a second discharge mode in which the discharge transistor M1is turned on and off periodically. In a case where the discharge transistor M1is turned on and off periodically, for example, the on period T2and the off period T3may each be controlled to be variable in accordance with how much of the output voltage Vout is to be discharged. Though not shown inFIG.3, as the discharging of the output voltage Vout proceeds, when the error voltage V1becomes higher than the minimum value (offset value) of the slope voltage V2and as a result the off signal S2falls to low level, the counting of the judgment period T1is reset and the discharge control signal Sa (hence the gate signal LG) is dropped to low level; thus the discharge transistor M1is turned off. Thereafter, when a pulse appears in the off signal S2, the output transistor101turns on, and the switching power supply1returns to normal operation. Also when the output voltage Vout rises owing to a factor other than load variation, if the off signal S2is kept at high level for the predetermined judgment period T1, output discharge control similar to that described above is performed. In view of this, the output discharge control described above can be understood as a kind of overvoltage protection function. Next, a case will be studied where, during the startup or operation of the switching power supply1, pin-1 (SW), for instance, suffers a power short (a short circuit to an application terminal for the input voltage Vin or a high-potential terminal comparable to it). In this case, the feedback voltage Vfb all the time remains higher than the reference voltage Vref; thus the error voltage V1is lower than the minimum value (offset value) of the slope voltage V2, and the off signal S2is kept at high level. As a result, through the output discharge control described previously, the discharge transistor M1turns on. Here, if the discharge transistor M1is kept on continuously, a high current keeps passing through the discharge transistor M1, and the discharge transistor M1may generate so much heat as to break down. To avoid that, the discharge transistor M1is preferably turned on and off periodically. When, as a result of a power short of pin-1 (SW), the feedback voltage Vfb becomes higher than an overvoltage sense threshold value VthL (e.g., VthL=Vref×1.2), the overvoltage protection circuit117forcibly turns off the output transistor101. Here, from the perspective of protecting the discharge transistor M1, it may appear appropriate to forcibly turn off the discharge transistor M1as well. However, such a mode of protection may, depending on how the overvoltage sense threshold value VthL is set, hamper proper functioning of the previously described output discharge control during load variation. It may also affect the charging operation for the capacitor C3provided in the bootstrap circuit107. To circumvent such glitches, it is preferable to set, separately from the ordinary overvoltage sense threshold value VthL, a higher power-short sense threshold value VthH (e.g., VthH=Vref×2.0) so that, when Vth≤Vfb<VthH, only the output transistor101is forcibly turned off and, when Vfb≥VthH, both the output transistor101and the discharge transistor M1are forcibly turned off. FIG.4is a diagram showing how load response characteristics are improved, depicting, from top down, the output voltage Vout (solid line, with the discharge circuit; broken line, with without the discharge circuit) and the output current Iout. Time points t1to t3inFIG.3correspond to those inFIG.4. As shown inFIG.4, introducing the discharge circuit120brings a great improvement in the load response characteristics of the switching power supply1. It has also been confirmed that the output voltage Vout settles more quickly. An improvement is also observed in the response characteristics with respect to continuous load variation, FIG.5is a timing chart showing one example of discharge operation on occurrence of a momentary power interruption of the input voltage Vin, depicting, from top down, the input voltage Yin, the soft-start voltage Vss (solid line) and the Feedback voltage Vfb (broken line), the soft-start acknowledgement signal SSOK, the off signal S2, and the discharge control signal Sa (hence the gate signal LG). When, at time point t11, the input voltage Vin starts to be supplied and the switching power supply1starts up, the soft-start voltage Vss (solid line) starts to rise from 0 V with a predetermined gradient. Accordingly, during the soft-start period Tss (between time points t11and t13), in which the soft-start voltage Vss is lower than the reference voltage Vref, an error voltage V1(hence the off signal S2) commensurate with the difference between the feedback voltage Vfb (broken line) and the soft-start voltage Vss (solid line) is generated, and based on this difference, the output transistor101is PWM-driven (driven through pulse width modulation). The time point at which the error voltage V1and slope voltage V2cross each other (i.e., the time point at which a pulse appears in the off signal S2) is later the higher the error voltage V1, and is earlier the lower the error voltage V1. In other words, the on period Ton of the output transistor101is longer the higher the error voltage V1, and is shorter the lower the error voltage V1. In this way, in the switching power supply1, the on-duty Don of the output transistor101(i.e., the proportion of the on period Ton in the switching period T, Don=Ton/T) is determined in accordance with the error voltage V1, and thereby the desired output voltage Vout is generated from the input voltage Vin. As mentioned previously, during the soft-start period Tss, the error voltage V1is generated in accordance with the difference between the soft-start voltage Vss, which rises gently from 0 V, and the feedback voltage Vfb. Thus, the switching power supply1starts up with the error voltage V1sufficiently low. Accordingly, the on-duty Don of the output transistor101increases gradually from its minimum value, and this helps prevent a rush current through the capacitor C3or through the load. The gradient of the soft-start voltage Vss can be set appropriately such that the soft-start period Tss has the desired length. The soft-start voltage Vss eventually rises up to a voltage value higher than the reference voltage Vref. The switching power supply1has introduced in it a soft-start acknowledgement signal SSOK that indicates whether the soft-start voltage Vss has reached the reference voltage Vref or a value around it (inFIG.5, Vref×0.9). In terms of what is shown inFIG.5, the soft-start acknowledgement signal SSOK rises from low level to high level at time point t12, when Vss becomes higher than (>) Vref×0.9. As shownFIG.2referred to previously, the soft-start acknowledgement signal SSOK is fed to the discharge controller103ain the logic circuit103; even when the off signal S2is kept at high level, unless the soft-start acknowledgement signal SSOK has not risen to high level, the counting of the judgment period T1does not start. Now the significance of introducing the soft-start acknowledgement signal SSOK will be discussed in detail. If a momentary power interruption (momentary power failure) occurs in the input voltage Vin between time points t14and t15, the soft-start voltage Vss is reset to 0 V through undervoltage protection operation and then starts to rise again gently with a predetermined gradient. On the other hand, the output voltage Vout (hence the feedback voltage Vfb), owing to the capacitor C2holding electrical charge, hardly drops even after time point t14and remains at the voltage value it has had until then. Accordingly, after the momentary power interruption in the input voltage Vin is eliminated, the switching power supply1restarts with the feedback voltage Vfb higher than the soft-start voltage Vss (i.e., in a pre-biased state). Meanwhile, when the error voltage V1falls down to a voltage value lower than the minimum value (offset value) of the slope voltage V2, the off signal S2comes to be kept at high level. Accordingly, if the soft-start acknowledgement signal SSOK were not introduced, the discharge control signal Sa (hence the gate signal LG) would rise to high level during the restarting of the switching power supply1, and thus the output voltage Vout would be discharged unnecessarily. In contrast, with the configuration where the off signal S2remaining at high level is ignored until the soft-start acknowledgement signal SSOK rises to high level during the period (between time points t14and t16) in which, due to an momentary power interruption in the input voltage Vin, the soft-start acknowledgement signal SSOK has fallen to low level, the discharge control signal Sa (hence the gate signal LG) is not ever raised to high level, and this helps prevent unintended discharging of the output voltage Vout. When, at time point t16, Vss becomes higher than (>) Vref×0.9 and the soft-start acknowledgement signal SSOK rises to high level, then, when the off signal S2has thereafter been kept at high level for a predetermined judgment period T1, the discharge control signal Sa (hence the gate signal LG) rises to high level, and the discharging of the output voltage Vout is started. This discharge operation with respect to the output voltage Vout is continued until the off signal S2ceases to remain at high level. Incidentally, during the restarting of the switching power supply1resulting from a momentary power interruption in the input voltage Vin, the period in which the output voltage Vout is discharged (i.e., between time points t16and t17) is very short. To suppress as effectively as possible a drop in the output voltage Vout during that period, it is preferable, instead of keeping the discharge transistor M1continuously on, to turn the discharge transistor M1on and off periodically by pulse-driving the discharge control signal Sa (hence the gate signal LG) as illustrated inFIG.5. Logic Circuit (Second Embodiment) FIG.6is a diagram showing a configuration (second embodiment) of a principal part of the logic circuit103. The logic circuit103of this embodiment additionally includes, in a stage preceding the discharge controller103a, an OR operator103c. The OR operator103cgenerates an OR signal Sc by an OR operation between the off signal S2fed from the comparison circuit113and a boot fault signal BTUVLO fed from a boot fault sense circuit130, and feeds the OR signal Sc to the discharge controller103a. The OR signal Sc is at high level when at least one of the off signal S2and the boot fault signal BTUVLO is at high level, and is at low level when the off signal S2and the boot fault signal BTUVLO are both at low level. The boot fault sense circuit130generates the boot fault signal BTUVLO by sensing whether the terminal-to-terminal voltage VC3across the capacitor C3exhibits a drop. The boot fault signal BTUVLO is at high level on sensing a fault, and is at low level otherwise. The discharge controller103areceives the OR signal Sc instead of the off signal S2, and raises the discharge control signal Sa to high level (the logic level corresponding to an output discharging state) when the soft-start acknowledgement signal SSOK is at high level and in addition the OR signal Sc has been kept at high level for the predetermined judgment period T1. Thus, the discharge controller103araises the discharge control signal Sa to high level not only when the off signal S2has been kept at high level (the logic level corresponding to an off state) for the judgment period T1but also when the hoot fault signal BTUVLO has been kept at high level (the logic level corresponding to a fault being sensed) for the judgment period T1. FIG.7is a diagram showing one example of the configuration of the boot fault sense circuit130. The boot fault sense circuit130of this configuration example includes P-channel MOS field-effect transistors131and132. N-channel MOS field-effect transistors133and134, resistors135and136, and a Schmitt buffer137. The source of the transistor131is connected to an application terminal for the boosted voltage Vb (i.e., pin-7 (BOOT)), the gate of the transistor131is connected to an application terminal for the switching voltage Vsw (i.e., pin-1 (SW)). Thus, the transistor131receives, between its gate and source, the terminal-to-terminal voltage VC3(=Vb−Vsw) of the capacitor C3. The drain of the transistor133is connected to the drain of the transistor131. The gate of the transistor133is connected to an application terminal for the third constant voltage Vbreg. The source of the transistor133is connected to the first terminal of the resistor135(i.e., an output terminal for a logic signal Sx). The second terminal of the resistor135is connected to the grounded terminal. So connected, the transistor133functions as a damper that limits the drain-source voltage of the transistor131at or under a predetermined upper-limit value. The resistor135is preferably given a sufficiently high resistance value to keep low the driving current that passes through the boot fault sense circuit130. The source of the transistor132is connected to an application terminal for the first constant voltage Vpreg (i.e., an internal supply voltage that is the first to rise and the last to fall within the semiconductor device100). The respective gates of the transistors132and134are connected to the first terminal of the resistor135. The respective drains of the transistors132and134are connected to the first terminal of the resistor136. The source of the transistor134and the second terminal of the resistor136are connected to the grounded terminal. So connected, the transistors132and134function as a CMOS inverter that logically inverts the logic signal Sx to generate a logic signal Sy (or SxB). The resistor136functions as a logic level fixing resistor (i.e., pull-down resistor). The Schmitt buffer137functions as an output stage of the boot fault sense circuit130, and outputs the logic signal Sy as the boot limit signal BTUVLO. In the boat fault sense circuit130of this configuration example, when the terminal-to-terminal voltage VC3across the capacitor C3is higher than a predetermined threshold voltage Vth (corresponding to the on-threshold voltage of the transistor131; e.g., 2.5 V), the transistor131is on, and thus the logic signal Sx is at high level. Accordingly, the logic signal Sy is at low level, and thus the boot fault signal BTUVLO too is at low level (the logic level corresponding to no fault being sensed). On the other hand, when the terminal-to-terminal voltage VC3across the capacitor C3is lower than the threshold voltage Vth, the transistor131is off, and thus the logic signal Sx is at low level. Accordingly, the logic signal Sy is at high level, and thus the boot fault signal BTUVLO too is at high level (the logic level corresponding to a fault being sensed). FIG.8is a timing chart showing one example of discharge operation in the second embodiment, depicting, from top down, the terminal-to-terminal voltage VC (=Vb−Vsw) across the capacitor C3, the boot fault signal BTUVLO, and the discharge control signal Sa (hence the gate signal LG). Before time point121, the terminal-to-terminal voltage VC3is higher than the threshold voltage Vth, and thus the boot fault signal BTUVLO is at low level (the logic level corresponding to no fault being sensed). Accordingly, the discharge control signal Sa (hence the gate signal LG) is kept at low level. At time point t21, if some fault causes the terminal-to-terminal voltage VC3to drop below the threshold voltage Vth, the boot fault signal BTUVLO rises from low level to high level (the logic level corresponding to a fault being sensed). Even so, at this point, since the judgment period T1has not yet passed, the discharge control signal Sa (hence the gate signal LG) continues to remain at low level. If thereafter the terminal-to-terminal voltage VC3does not return to or above the threshold voltage Vth and the boot fault signal BTUVLO is kept at high level for the judgment period T1, then, at time point t22, the discharge control signal Sa (hence the gate signal LG) is raised to high level. As a result, the discharge transistor M1is turned on, and the output discharge control described previously is performed. Here, pin-1 (SW) remains approximately at the ground voltage (0 V); thus the capacitor C3is charged and the terminal-to-terminal voltage VC3across it rises. Incidentally, on sensing a boot fault, it is preferable, instead of keeping the discharge transistor M1continuously on, to turn on and off the discharge transistor M1periodically by pulse-driving the discharge control signal Sa (hence the gate signal LG) as shown inFIG.8. The sense threshold voltage and the recovery threshold voltage in the boot fault sense circuit130are preferably given hysteresis (e.g., sense threshold voltage, 2.5 V; recovery threshold voltage, 3.0 V). Logic Circuit (Third Embodiment) FIG.9is a diagram showing a configuration (third embodiment) of a principal part of the logic circuit103. The logic circuit103of this embodiment includes, in addition to the discharge controller103aand the gate signal driver103balready described, a second discharge controller103dand an OR operator103e. The second discharge controller103dreceives the on signal S1, and generates pulses periodically in a second discharge control signal Sd (details will be given later). The OR operator103ereceives the discharge control signal Sa, the second discharge control signal Sd, and the boat fault signal BTUVLO, generates an OR signal Se by an OR operation among those signals, and outputs the OR signal Se to the gate signal driver103b. The OR signal Se is at high level when at least one of the discharge control signal Sa, the second discharge control signal Sd, and the boot fault signal BTUVLO is at high level, and is at low level when the discharge control signal Sa, the second discharge control signal Sd, and the boot fault signal BTUVLO are all at low level. The gate signal driver103bdrives the discharge transistor M1in the discharge circuit120by generating the gate signal LG by increasing the current capacity of the OR signal Se fed instead of the discharge control signal Sato the gate signal driver103b. FIG.10is a timing chart showing one example of discharge operation in the third embodiment, depicting, from top down, the on signal S1, the off signal S2, the on/off control signal S3, and the second discharge control signal Sd. Basically the on/off control signal S3rises to high level when the on signal S1rises (e.g., at time points t31and t34), and falls to low level when the off signal S2rises (e.g., at time point t32). Accordingly, the period between time points t31and t34corresponds to the switching period T (=1/fsw) of the output transistor101. The period between time points t31and t32corresponds to the on period Ton of the output transistor101, and the period between time points t32and t34corresponds to the off period Toff of the output transistor101. Though not specifically shown inFIG.10, even when no pulse is generated in the off signal S2, the on/off control signal S3forcibly falls to low level when the on signal S1falls (e.g., at time point t33). Accordingly, the period between time points t31and t33corresponds to the maximum on period Tmax of the output transistor101. Put from another viewpoint, at least the period between time points t33and t34is the off period of the output transistor101. Accordingly, the second discharge controller103dgenerates pulses in the second discharge control signal Sd during the period (between time points t33and t34) after the on signal S1is dropped to low level until it is raised to high level the next time. More specifically, immediately before the on signal S1is raised to high level, the second discharge controller103draises the second discharge control signal Sd to high level to keep it at high level for a predetermined on period T4(e.g., 100 ns). With this output discharge control, the discharge transistor M1can be turned on momentarily every off period of the output transistor101. It is thus possible to charge the capacitor C3without fail and thereby prevent a boot fault. <Overcurrent Protection Operation> FIG.11is a timing chart showing one example of overcurrent protection operation on occurrence of a ground short (a short circuit to a grounded terminal or a low-potential terminal comparable to it), depicting, from top down, an overcurrent protection signal OCP, a hiccup signal HICCUP, the switching voltage Vsw, and the output current Iout. In a righthand part of the diagram are shown the waveforms inside the broken-line frame a on an enlarged scale. When the output terminal for the output voltage Vout suffers a ground short and the output current Iout goes into an overcurrent state, the overcurrent protection circuit118raises the overcurrent protection signal OCP to high level to forcibly turn off the output transistor101, and thereby reduces the output current Iout. However, because the above overcurrent protection operation is performed on a pulse-by-pulse basis, forcible halting and self-recovery of switching operation are repeated every switching period. Accordingly, however short the on period Ton of the output transistor101may be limited to be, as forcible halting and self-recovery of switching operation are repeated for a long period, the output transistor101generates a large amount of heat, and this may eventually trigger a shutdown by the temperature protection circuit115. To avoid that, the logic circuit103can, when overcurrent protection is evoked at a predetermined frequency, keep the hiccup signal HICCUP at high level for a predetermined cool-down period T5(>switching period T (=1/fsw); e.g., 20 ms) to forcibly bring pin-1 (SW) into a high-impedance state and thereby bring the switching output stage into hiccup operation. With this overcurrent protection operation (ground-short protection operation), it is possible to prevent the output transistor101from generating heat, and it is thus possible to prevent a shutdown by the temperature protection circuit115. The predetermined frequency mentioned above can be, for example, such that, when the overcurrent protection signal OCP rises to high level four times in 16 counts, a transition is made to hiccup operation. <Package and Printed Circuit Board> FIG.12is a diagram showing one example of the configuration of a semiconductor device and a printed circuit board on which it is mounted. The following description deals with the layouts of the semiconductor device100and the printed circuit hoard200respectively, with the top-bottom and left-right axes of the diagram taken as the top-bottom and left-right axes, respectively, of both the semiconductor device100and the printed circuit board200. The semiconductor device100of this configuration example employs as its package an SOP (small outline package) (or a TSOP [thin SOP] or TSSOP [thin shrink SOP]) having a total of eight pins laid out of it. Along the left side of the package of the semiconductor device100are arranged, from top down, pin-1 (SW), pin-2 (GND), pin-3 (COMP), and pin-4 (FB). Along the right side of the package of the semiconductor device100are arranged, from bottom up, pin-5 (RT), pin-6 (EN), pin-7 (BOOT), and pin-8 (VIN). These eight pins are all bent midway. On the bottom face (the face facing the printed circuit board200) of the package of the semiconductor device100, a heatsink pad (indicated by a broken-line frame) is exposed. On the other hand, on the top face of the printed circuit board200, a plurality of wiring patterns201to212(indicated by hatched regions) are formed. Also on the bottom face (or in an inner wiring layer) of the printed circuit board200, a plurality of wiring patterns213and214are formed. The wiring pattern201is a broad wiring pattern that is connected to pin-2 (GND) and the heatsink pad of the semiconductor device100, and the heatsink pad on the bottom face of the package is bonded to the wiring pattern201in a region of it directly under the semiconductor device100. The wiring pattern201extends from its region directly under the semiconductor device100upward on the plane of illustration and then bends rightward on the plane of illustration. To the part extending upward on the plane of illustration, the anode of the diode D1is connected near the semiconductor device100, and the second terminal of the capacitor C2is connected in the upper left corner. The diode D1and the capacitor C2are both arranged laterally (i.e., with their lengthwise direction aligned with the left-right axis of the illustration; the same is true with any element similarly described in the following description). To the bent part which extends from the extending part rightward in the illustration, in the lower right corner, the second terminal of the capacitor C1is connected, which is arranged longitudinally (i.e., with its lengthwise direction aligned with the top-bottom axis of the illustration; the same is true with any element similarly described in the following description). The wiring pattern201extends from its region directly under the semiconductor device100also downward on the plane of illustration and then branches rightward and leftward on the plane of illustration. To the branch part extending rightward on the plane of illustration, in the upper right corner, the second terminal of the resistor R4, which is arranged longitudinally, is connected. On the other hand, the branch part extending leftward then bends upward on the plane of illustration and then bends rightward on the plane of illustration, eventually forming a GND wiring loop201athat connects via a region where pin-2 (GND) is connected to it to the region directly under the semiconductor device100. The wiring pattern202is a wiring pattern to which pin-8 (VIN) of the semiconductor device100is connected, and extends from the upper right corner of the semiconductor device100rightward on the plane of illustration. To the right end of the wiring pattern202, the first terminal of the capacitor C1is connected. The wiring pattern203is a wiring pattern to which pin-7 (BOOT) of the semiconductor device100is connected, and is laid at the lower side of the wiring pattern202, parallel to it. To the left end of the wiring pattern203, the first terminal of the capacitor C3, which is arranged laterally, is connected. The wiring pattern204is formed at the lower side of the wiring pattern202, at the right side of the wiring pattern203, with a predetermined interval left from the right end of the wiring pattern203. To the left end of the wiring pattern204, the second terminal of the capacitor C3is connected. The wiring pattern205is a wiring pattern to which pin-6 (EN) of the semiconductor device100is connected, and is laid at the lower side of the wiring patterns203an204, parallel to them. The wiring pattern206is a wiring pattern to which pin-5 (RT) of the semiconductor device100is connected, and extends from the lower right corner of the semiconductor device100rightward on the plane of illustration. The right end of the wiring pattern206bends downward on the plane of illustration, and to the extreme end of it, the first terminal of the resistor R4is connected. The wiring pattern207is formed at the left side of the wiring pattern201, at the top side of the wiring pattern208, with predetermined intervals left from the wiring patterns201and208. To the right end of the wiring pattern207, the first terminal of the capacitor C2is connected. To the lower end of the wiring pattern207, the second terminal of the inductor L1, which is arranged longitudinally, is connected. The wiring pattern208is a wiring pattern to which pin-1 (SW) of the semiconductor device100is connected, and extends from the upper left corner of the semiconductor device100leftward on the plane of illustration. The left end of the wiring pattern208bents upward on the plane of illustration. To the extreme end of the bent part, the first terminal of the inductor L1is connected. To the right end of the bent part, the cathode of the diode D1is connected. The wiring pattern209is a wiring pattern to which pin-3 (COMP) of the semiconductor device100is connected, and is laid in the closed space surrounded by the GND wiring loop201a. The left end of the wiring pattern209is enlarged to expand along the top-bottom axis of the illustration, and to the expanded part, the respective first terminals of the capacitor C5and the resistor R3, which are each arranged laterally, are connected. The second terminal of the capacitor C5is connected to a protruding part that is extended from the CND wiring loop201atoward the wiring pattern209. The wiring pattern210is formed at the left side of the wiring pattern209with predetermined intervals left between the wiring pattern209and the GND wiring loop201arespectively. To the right end of the wiring pattern210, the second terminal of the resistor R3is connected. To the left end of the wiring pattern210, the first terminal of the capacitor C4, which is arranged laterally, is connected. The second terminal of the capacitor C4is connected to a protruding part that is extended from the GND wiring loop201atoward the wiring pattern210. The wiring pattern211is a wiring pattern to which pin-4 (FB) of the semiconductor device100is connected, and is laid in the closed space surrounded by the GND wiring loop201a. To the left end of the wiring pattern211, the first terminal of the resistor R2, which is arranged laterally, is connected. The second terminal of the resistor R2is connected to a protruding part that is extended from the GND wiring loop201atoward the wiring pattern211. The left end of the wiring pattern211is bent downward on the plane of illustration, and to the bent part, the second terminal of the resistor R1, which is arranged laterally, is connected. The wiring pattern212is formed at the left side of the wiring pattern211with a predetermined interval left from the left end of the wiring pattern211. To the right end of the wiring pattern212, the first terminal of the resistor R1is connected. The wiring pattern213(dash-dot line) conducts via a through hole215to the wiring pattern204, and also conducts via a through hole216to the wiring pattern208. Thus, the wiring patterns204and206conduct to each other via the wiring pattern213and the through holes215and216. The wiring pattern214(dash-dot-dot line) conducts via a through hole217to the wiring pattern207, and also conducts via a through hole218to the wiring pattern212. Thus, the wiring patterns207and212conduct to each other via the wiring pattern214and the through holes217and218. Logic Circuit (Fourth Embodiment) FIG.13is a diagram showing a configuration (fourth embodiment) of a principal part of the logic circuit103. The logic circuit103of this embodiment includes, as functional blocks involved in the generation of the on/off control signal S3and the gate signal LG, a reset controller103A, an RS flip-flop103B, a discharge controller103C, and a gate signal driver103D. The reset controller103A generates a one-shot pulse in the reset signal SA at the earlier of the time point that the on signal S1falls from high level to low level and the time point that the off signal S2rises from low level to high level. The RS flip-flop103B switches the logic level of the on/off control signal S3, which the RS flip-flop103B outputs from its output terminal (Q), in accordance with the on signal S1(i.e., a set signal), which is fed to the set terminal (S) of the RS flip-flop103B, and the reset signal SA, which is fed to the reset terminal (R) of the RS flip-flop103B. Specifically, the RS flip-flop103B sets the on/off control signal S3to high level (i.e., the logic level corresponding to an on state) when the on signal S1rises, and resets the on/off control signal S3to low level (the logic level corresponding to an off state) when the reset signal SA rises. The discharge controller103C receives the on signal S1and generate pulses periodically in the discharge control signal SC so that the switching voltage Vsw is discharged every low-level period (off period) of the on signal S1. The gate signal driver103D drives the discharge transistor M1in the discharge circuit120by generating the gate signal LG by increasing the current capacity of the discharge control signal SC fed from the discharge controller103C. The oscillation circuit111generates the on signal S1, which alternates between a high-level period (on period) and a low-level period (off period) periodically at a predetermined switching frequency fsw. The oscillation circuit111is particularly provided with a function of apparently achieving a 100% duty by skipping the low-level period (i.e. off period) of the on signal S1when the output voltage Vout drops below the target value despite the output transistor101being kept on for the maximum on period Tmax (corresponding to the high-level period of the on signal S1; details will be given later). This maximum duty control will now be described in detail. FIG.14is a timing chart showing one example of maximum duty control in the fourth embodiment, depicting, from top down, the output current Iout to the load Z, the feedback voltage Vfb, the on signal S1, the discharge control signal SC (hence the gate signal LG), the error voltage V1(broken line) and the slope voltage V2(solid line), the off signal S2, and the on/off control signal S3(hence the gate signal HG). First, attention is paid to a first load region (between time points t101and t103) where the output current Iout is the lowest. In the first load region, after the on signal S1rises to high level, before it falls to low level, the error voltage V1and the slope voltage V2cross each other and the off signal S2rises to high level. Accordingly, the on/off control signal S3rises to high level when the on signal S1rises, and falls to low level when the off signal S2rises. The interval after the on signal S1rises until it rises the next time corresponds to the switching period T (=1/fsw) of the output transistor101. The high-level period of the on/off control signal S3corresponds to the on period Ton of the output transistor101, and the low-level period of the off signal S2corresponds to the off period Toff (=T−Ton) of the output transistor101. Accordingly, in the first load region, the on-duty Don of the output transistor101(i.e., the proportion of the on period Ton in the switching period T) is PWM-controlled (controlled through pulse width modulation) so as to be higher the higher the error voltage V1and is lower the lower the error voltage V1. Next, attention is paid to a second load region (between time points t103and t105) where the output current Iout is higher than in the first load region (between time points t101and t103). In the second load region, as the output current Iout increases, the error voltage V1is higher than in the first load region. As a result, after the on signal S1rises to high level, even when it falls to low level, the error voltage V1and the slope voltage V2are yet to cross each other, and the off signal S2has not yet risen to high level. Accordingly, the on/off control signal S3rises to high level when the on signal S1rises, and forcibly falls to low level when the on signal S1falls. Thus, the high-level period (on period) of the on signal S1is set as the maximum on period Tmax of the output transistor101. Accordingly, in the second load region, the on-duty Don of the output transistor101is limited to a predetermined maximum value (=Tmax/T). Last, attention is paid to a third load region (between time points t105and t109) where the output current Iout is still higher than in the second load region (between time points t103and t105). In the third load region, as the output current Iout increases further, the error voltage V1is higher than in the second load region. As a result, even when the output transistor101is kept on for the maximum on period Tmax, the output voltage Vout (hence the feedback voltage Vfb) drops below the target value. To cope with that, when the output voltage Vout exhibits such a drop, the oscillation circuit111skips a low-level period (off period) of the on signal S1(see the broken-line parts of the on signal S1). For example, the oscillation circuit111can skip a low-level period (off period) of the on signal S1when the feedback voltage Vfb is lower than a predetermined value. Or the oscillation circuit111can skip a low-level period (off period) of the on signal S1when the error voltage V1is higher than a predetermined value. Or the oscillation circuit111can skip a low-level period (off period) of the on signal S1when the off signal S2does not rise to high level even a predetermined length of time after the output transistor101is turned on. A pulse in the on signal S1can be skipped, for example, by temporarily halting the generation of pulses in the on signal S1, or by masking the on signal S1(holding it at high level) with a logic gate. Through the maximum on-duty control described above, the on signal S1is apparently frequency-divided by a factor of n, and thus the switching period T is prolonged to n×T (inFIG.14, n=2). Accordingly, the on period Ton of the output transistor101is extended beyond the maximum on period Tmax, and thus the on-duty Don of the output transistor101is apparently raised to 100% (see, for example, the period between time points t105and t106and the period between time points1107and t108). It is thus possible to enhance the load response characteristics and source response characteristics of the switching power supply1, and thereby to minimize unintended variation of the output voltage Vout. When a low-level period (off period) of the on signal S1is skipped, the slope voltage generation circuit112may adjust the gradient of the slope voltage V2. For example, by making the gradient of the slope voltage V2gentler, it is possible to delay the timing of its crossing with the error voltage V1and thereby prolong the on period Ton of the output transistor101. It is thus possible to more effectively suppress a drop in the output voltage Vout, and hence to prevent saturation of the error voltage V1(i.e., a state where the output of the error amplifier circuit110is pegged at the maximum value). With the switching power supply1of this embodiment, despite the use of an N-channel output transistor101, which has a lower on-state resistance than a P-channel output transistor, it is theoretically possible to raise its on-duty Don up to approximately 100%. This is suitable in applications that handle high-voltages and high currents. Driving the N-channel output transistor101, however, requires a bootstrap circuit107for generating a boosted voltage Vb higher than the switching voltage Vsw, and also requires extra control (i.e., output discharge control) to prevent the maximum duty control described above from affecting the charging of the capacitor C3. This output discharge control will now be described in detail. As mentioned previously, the discharge controller103C generates pulses periodically in the discharge control signal SC (hence the gate signal LG) every low-level period (off period) of the on signal S1. Specifically, after the on signal S1is dropped to low level, immediately before it is raised back to high level, the discharge controller103C raises the discharge control signal SC (hence the gate signal LG) to keep it at high level for a predetermined on period (e.g., 100 ns). With this output discharge control, the discharge transistor M1can be turned on momentarily every off period of the output transistor101, and it is thus possible to charge the capacitor C3without fail and prevent a boot fault. However, when a low-level period (off period) of the on signal S1is skipped in the maximum duty control described previously, the discharge control signal SC (hence the gate signal LG) loses the occasion of rising to high level as indicated by broken lines inFIG.14. If, as a result, the capacitor C3is charged insufficiently, the output transistor101may not be turned on properly. As a configuration that solves this inconvenience, a fifth embodiment will be proposed below. Logic Circuit (Fifth Embodiment) FIG.15is a diagram showing a configuration (fifth embodiment) of a principal part of the logic circuit103. In the logic circuit103of this embodiment, the discharge controller103C receives not only the on signal S1but also the boat fault signal BTUVLO from a boot fault sense circuit140, and generates the discharge control signal SC in accordance with both the on signal S1and the boot fault signal BTUVLO. FIG.16is a diagram showing one configuration example of the boot fault sense circuit140. The hoot fault sense circuit140is a functional bloc that generates the hoot fault signal BTUVLO by sensing whether the terminal-to-terminal voltage VC3across the capacitor C3exhibits a drop, and includes an RS flip-flop141. The RS flip-flop141switches the logic level of the hoot fault signal BTUVLO, which it outputs from its output terminal (Q), in accordance with the on/off control signal S3, which is fed to the set terminal (S) of the RS flip-flop141, and the gate signal HG (corresponding to the switching driving signal in the switching output stage), which is fed to the reset terminal (R) of the RS flip-flop141. More specifically, the RS flip-flop141sets the boot fault signal BTUVLO to high level when the on/off control signal S3rises, and resets the boot fault signal BTUVLO to low level when the gate signal HG rises. Accordingly, when the terminal-to-terminal voltage VC3across the capacitor C3is sufficiently high such that, after the on/off control signal S3rises to high level, the gate signal HG too rises to high level properly, the boot fault signal BTUVLO rises to high level and then falls back to low level. That is, periodic pulses appear in the boot fault signal BTUVLO. By contrast, when the terminal-to-terminal voltage VC3across the capacitor C3is abnormally low such that, even after the on/off control signal S3rises to high level, the gate signal HG does not rise to high level properly, the boot fault signal BTUVLO, once it rises to high level, does not fall back to low level but remains at high level. That is, no periodic pulses appear any longer in the boot fault signal BTUVLO. As described above, the boot fault sense circuit140of this configuration example generates the boot fault signal BTUVLO by sensing, with the RS flip-flop141, the gate signal HG not turning to high level properly after the off signal S2having turned to high level. This eliminates the need to use a comparator with a large circuit scale, and thus helps achieve size reduction in the boot fault sense circuit140(hence the switching power supply1). Incidentally, in a case where a given pulse width needs to be secured in the boot fault signal BTUVLO, for example, the gate signal HG can be fed to the reset terminal (R) of the RS flip-flop141not directly but after being given a predetermined delay with a delay circuit. FIG.17is a timing chart showing one example of output discharge control in the second embodiment, depicting, from top down, the terminal-to-terminal voltage VC3(=Vb−Vsw) across the capacitor C3, the on signal S1, the off signal S2, the on/off control signal S3, the gate signal HG, the boot fault signal BTUVLO, and the discharge control signal SC (hence the gate signal LG). It is assumed that, before time point t113, the terminal-to-terminal voltage VC3is sufficiently high. In this case, when the on signal S1rises and as a result the on/off control signal S3rises to high level, a predetermined delay time Td (a signal delay time in the driver circuit102or a signal delay time intentionally produced with a delay circuit) thereafter, the gate signal HG rises to high level properly. Accordingly, the boot fault signal BTUVLO is set to high level when the on/off control signal S3rises, and is reset to low level when the gate signal HG rises. Thus, the boot fault signal BTUVLO comes into a state where periodic pulses appear in it (i.e., a state corresponding to no fault being sensed). The discharge controller103C raises the discharge control signal SC (hence the gate signal LG) to high level every low-level period (off period) of the on signal S1. At that time, if the boot fault signal BTUVLO is not kept at high level, the discharge control signal SC (hence the gate signal LG) is kept at high level for the on period T11(e.g., 100 ns). With this output discharge control, the discharge transistor M1is turned on periodically, and it is thus possible to charge the capacitor C3without fail and prevent a boot fault. By contrast, if, after time point t113, some fault causes a drop in the terminal-to-terminal voltage VC3, even when the on signal S1rises and as a result the on/off control signal S3rises to high level, the gate signal HG does not rise to high level properly (see the broken-line parts of the gate signal HG). Accordingly, the boot fault signal BTUVLO is set to high level when the on/off control signal S3rises but is not reset to low level thereafter and is instead kept at high level. Thus, the boot fault signal BTUVLO comes into a state (a state corresponding to a fault being sensed) where no periodic pulses appear in it (see the broken-line parts of the boot fault signal BTUVLO). At that time, in response to the boot fault signal BTUVLO being kept at high level, the discharge controller103C, every low-level period (off period) of the on signal S1, raises the discharge control signal SC (hence the gate signal LG) to high level to keep it at high level for an on period T12(e.g., 500 ns) longer than the previous on period T11. With this output discharge control, it is possible to keep the discharge transistor M1on longer than when no fault is being sensed, and it is thus possible to charge the capacitor C3sufficiently and eliminate a boot fault promptly. WhileFIG.17shows a configuration where, when a boot fault is sensed, the discharge control signal SC (hence the gate signal LG) is pulse-driven so that the discharge transistor M1is turned on and off periodically, a configuration is also possible where, for example, while the boot fault signal BTUVLO is kept at high level, the discharge control signal SC (hence the gate signal LG) is kept at high level so that the discharge transistor M1is kept on continuously. WhileFIG.17deals with an example where output discharge control with no boot fault being sensed (the on period T11) and output discharge control with a boot fault being sensed (the on period T12) are both performed, they may each be performed separately. For example, output discharge control may not be performed when no fault is being sensed and be performed only when a fault is being sensed. In a case where, when a boot fault is sensed, the discharge control signal SC (hence the gate signal LG) is pulse-driven so that the discharge transistor M1is turned on and off periodically, if the bootstrap circuit107has a sufficient charge current capacity, it is possible to eliminate a boot fault by turning on the discharge transistor M1only once (or a few tunes). On the other hand, if the bootstrap circuit107has a low charge current capacity and the discharge transistor M1has to be turned on a number of times, preferably, the reference voltage for the bootstrap circuit107is switched to a higher voltage so as to temporarily raise the charge current capacity of the bootstrap circuit107. A reference voltage switching mechanism that so operates will now be described in detail. FIG.18is a diagram showing one configuration example of a reference voltage switching mechanism for coping with a boot fault being sensed. As shown there, the switching power supply1of this configuration example includes a selector150for choosing, as the reference voltage to be fed to the anode of the diode D2provided in the bootstrap circuit107, either the third constant voltage Vbreg or the input voltage Vin. The selector150chooses, in accordance with a switching signal SEL fed from the logic circuit103, the third constant voltage Vbreg when no boot fault is being sensed or the input voltage Vin (>Vbreg) when a boot fault is being sensed. Introducing the reference voltage switching mechanism described above helps increase the charge current capacity of the bootstrap circuit107on sensing a boot fault. It is thus possible to reduce the number of times that the discharge transistor M1has to be turned on to eliminate the boot fault. <Overview> To follow is an overview of the various embodiments disclosed herein. According to one aspect of what is disclosed herein, a switching power supply includes: a switching output stage configured to generate an output voltage by rectifying and smoothing a switching voltage that is pulse-driven as an output transistor is turned on and off; and a discharge circuit configured to discharge the output voltage when the output voltage remains above a target value for a predetermined time. (A first configuration.) In the switching power supply of the first configuration described above, the discharge circuit may include a discharge transistor connected between an application terminal for the switching voltage and a grounded terminal. The discharge transistor may be configured to be kept on continuously or be turned on and off periodically as the output voltage is discharged. (A second configuration.) In the switching power supply of the second configuration described above, the discharge transistor may be configured to be turned off when the output voltage reaches a power-short sense threshold voltage. (A third configuration.) The switching power supply of any of the first to third configurations described above may further include: an error amplifier circuit configured to receive a feedback voltage commensurate with the output voltage to generate an error voltage; an oscillation circuit configured to generate an on signal at a predetermined switching frequency; a slope voltage generation circuit configured to generate a slope voltage in synchronization with the on signal; a comparison circuit configured to compare the error voltage with the slope voltage to generate an off signal; a logic circuit configured to generate an on/off control signal in accordance with the on signal and the off signal; and a driver circuit configured to drive the switching output stage in accordance with the on/off control signal. (A fourth configuration.) In the switching power supply of the fourth configuration described above, the logic circuit may be configured to control the discharge circuit such that the discharge circuit discharges the output voltage when the off signal remains for the predetermined time at a level corresponding to an off state. (A fifth configuration.) The switching power supply of the fourth or fifth configuration described above may further include: a soft-start voltage generation circuit configured to generate a soft-start voltage that rises with a predetermined gradient. The error amplifier circuit may be configured to generate the error voltage in accordance with the difference of the lower of a predetermined reference voltage and the soft-start voltage as compared with the feedback voltage. The logic circuit may be configured to control the discharge circuit such that the discharge circuit does not discharge the Output voltage until the soft-start voltage reaches the reference voltage or a value close to it. (A sixth configuration.) The switching power supply of any of the fourth to sixth configurations described above may further include: a bootstrap circuit configured to generate a boosted voltage by adding up the switching voltage and the terminal-to-terminal voltage across a boot capacitor to feed the boosted voltage to the driver circuit. (A seventh configuration.) The switching power supply of the seventh configuration described above may further include: a fault sense circuit configured to sense a drop in the terminal-to-terminal voltage to generate a fault signal. The logic circuit may be configured to control the discharge circuit such that the discharge circuit turns on a discharge transistor connected between the application terminal for the switching voltage and the grounded terminal when the fault signal remains for the predetermined time at a logic level corresponding to a fault state. (An eighth configuration.) In the switching power supply of the seventh or eighth configuration described above, the logic circuit may be configured to control the discharge circuit such that the discharge circuit momentarily turns on a discharge transistor connected between the application terminal for the switching voltage and the grounded terminal every off period of the output transistor. (A ninth configuration.) The switching power supply of any of the fourth to ninth configurations described above may further include: an overcurrent protection circuit configured to sense an overcurrent in the switching output stage to repeat forcible halting and self-recovery of the switching output stage every switching period. The logic circuit may be configured to switch the switching output stage into hiccup operation when overcurrent protection is evoked at a predetermined frequency. (A tenth configuration.) According to another aspect of what is disclosed herein, a switching power supply includes: a switching output stage configured to generate an output voltage by rectifying and smoothing a switching voltage that is pulse-driven as an output transistor is turned on and off; an oscillation circuit configured to generate an on signal that alternates between an on period and an off period at a predetermined switching frequency; and a logic circuit configured to set the on period of the on signal as the maximum on period of the output transistor. The oscillation circuit may be configured to skip the off period of the on signal when, despite the output transistor being kept on for the maximum on period, the output voltage drops below a target value. (An eleventh configuration.) The switching power supply of the eleventh configuration described above may further include: an error amplifier circuit configured to receive a feedback voltage commensurate with the output voltage to generate an error voltage; a slope voltage generation circuit configured to generate a slope voltage in synchronization with the on signal; a comparison circuit configured to compare the error voltage with the slope voltage to generate an off signal; and a driver circuit configured to generate a switching driving signal in accordance with the on/off control signal. The logic circuit may be configured to generate the on/off control signal in accordance with the on signal and the off signal. (A twelfth configuration.) In the switching power supply of the twelfth configuration described above, the oscillation circuit may be configured to skip the off period of the on signal when the feedback voltage is lower than a predetermined value, or when the error voltage is higher than a predetermined value, or when the logic level of the off signal remains unchanged for a predetermined time after the output transistor is turned on. (A thirteenth configuration.) In the switching power supply of the twelfth or thirteenth configuration described above, the slope voltage generation circuit may be configured to adjust the gradient of the slope voltage when the off period of the on signal is skipped. (A fourteenth configuration.) The switching power supply of any the twelfth to fourteenth configurations described above may further include: a bootstrap circuit configured to generate a boosted voltage by adding up the switching voltage and the terminal-to-terminal voltage across a boot capacitor to feed the boosted voltage to the driver circuit. (A fifteenth configuration.) The switching power supply of the fifteenth configuration described above may further include: a discharge circuit configured to discharge the switching voltage every off period of the on signal. (A sixteenth configuration.) The switching power supply of the fifteenth or sixteenth configuration described above may further include: a fault sense circuit configured to sense a drop in the terminal-to-terminal voltage to generate a fault signal. (A seventeenth configuration.) In the switching power supply of the seventeenth configuration described above, the fault sense circuit may be configured to generate the fault signal by sensing, after the on/off control signal turning to a logic level corresponding to an on state, the switching driving signal not turning to a logic level corresponding to the on state. (An eighteenth configuration.) The switching power supply of the seventeenth or eighteenth configuration described above may further include: a discharge circuit configured to discharge the switching voltage in accordance with the fault signal. (A nineteenth configuration.) The switching power supply of the nineteenth configuration described above may further include: a selector configured to switch a reference voltage for the bootstrap circuit to a higher voltage when the switching voltage is discharged. (A twentieth configuration.) <Other Modifications> The various technical features disclosed herein may be implemented in any other manners than in the embodiments described above, and allow for any modifications made within the spirit of their technical ingenuity. For example, any two or more of the various embodiments may be implemented in any viable combinations. That is, the embodiments described above should be considered to be in every aspect illustrative and not restrictive, and the technical scope of the present invention should be understood to be defined not by the description of the embodiments described above but by the appended claims and to encompass any modifications made in a sense and scope equivalent to the claims. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The invention disclosed herein find applications in OA (office automation) appliances, secondary-side power supplies, adaptor appliances, communication appliances, and the like. REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 1switching power supply100semiconductor device (switching power IC)101output transistor (N-channel MOS field-effect transistor)102driver circuit103logic circuit103adischarge controller103bgate signal driver103cOR operator103dsecond discharge controller103eOR operator103A reset controller103B RS flip-flop103C discharge controller103D gate signal driver104first regulator circuit105second regulator circuit106third regulator circuit107bootstrap circuit108reference voltage generation circuit109soft-start voltage generation circuit110error amplifier circuit111oscillation circuit112slope voltage generation circuit113comparison circuit114undervoltage protection circuit115temperature protection circuit116short-circuit protection circuit117overvoltage protection circuit118overcurrent protection circuit119soft-start oscillation circuit120discharge circuit130boot fault sense circuit131,132P-Channel MOS field-effect transistor133,134N-channel MOS field-effect transistor135,136resistor137Schmitt buffer140boot fault sense circuit141RS flip-flop150selector200printed circuit board201-214wiring pattern201aGND wiring loop215-218through holeC1-C5capacitorD1-D3diodeL1inductorM1discharge transistorR1-R6resistor | 79,951 |
11942864 | DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION The technical solutions in the embodiments of the disclosure will be described clearly and completely below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the disclosure. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the disclosure, but not all the embodiments. Based on the embodiments in the disclosure, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative efforts fall within the scope of the disclosure. Referring toFIG.1andFIG.2, a schematic diagram of a first structure of a voltage conversion circuit according to the disclosure is shown inFIG.1and a schematic diagram of the first structure of the voltage conversion module according toFIG.1is shown inFIG.2. In this embodiment of the disclosure, a voltage conversion circuit100includes a voltage conversion module10, a comparison module20and a control module30. The voltage conversion module10receives an input voltage Vin. The voltage conversion module10includes at least two voltage conversion units101. The voltage conversion unit101converts the input voltage Vin to a target voltage Vout. Specifically, a plurality of voltage conversion units101operate in parallel. Each of the voltage conversion units101receives an input voltage Vin. Theoretically, the input voltage Vin received by each of the voltage conversion units101is the same. Of course, in some embodiments, the input voltage Vin received by each of the voltage conversion units101may be different, which is not specifically defined in the disclosure. The comparison module20is electrically connected to the voltage conversion module10. The comparison module20receives a reference voltage Vref. The comparison module20obtains a testing voltage CS1of each voltage conversion unit101and compares each testing voltage CS1to the reference voltage Vref to generate a feedback signal Fb. The control module30is electrically connected to the voltage conversion module10and the comparison module20. The control module30receives the feedback signal Fb, and controls the voltage conversion unit101to convert the input voltage Vin to the target voltage Vout based on the feedback signal Fb. Specifically, when each testing signal CS1is greater than the reference voltage Vref, the control module30determines that the voltage conversion circuit100operates under a heavy loading (that is, the loading for receiving the target voltage Vout is larger) according to the feedback signal Fb, and then controls each voltage conversion unit101to simultaneously operate for converting the input voltage Vin to the target voltage Vout. Thus, the driving capability of the voltage conversion circuit100is improved. When each testing signal CS1is less than the reference voltage Vref, the control module30determines that the voltage conversion circuit100operates under a light loading according to the feedback signal Fb, and then controls one or more voltage conversion units101to operates for converting the input voltage Vin to the target voltage Vout, thereby reducing circuit loss and improving the working efficiency of the voltage conversion circuit100under the light loading. It can be understood that, theoretically, the testing voltage CS1of each voltage conversion unit101is the same. However, due to different circuit loss or differences in the specifications of components in each voltage conversion unit101, the testing voltage CS1of each voltage conversion unit101is different. Therefore, in practical application, the testing voltage CS1of one of the voltage conversion units101is greater than the reference voltage Vref, and the testing voltage CS1of the other voltage conversion unit101is less than the reference voltage Vref. At this time, the control module30still determines that the voltage conversion circuit100is operating under the heavy loading according to the feedback signal Fb, and then controls each of the voltage conversion units101to operate, so as to convert the input voltage Vin to the target voltage Vout, thereby prevent insufficient driving capability of the voltage conversion circuit100when operating under the heavy loading. In this embodiment, it can be seen that the comparison module20is provided in the voltage conversion circuit100. When the voltage conversion circuit100is operating, the comparison module20is configured to detect the testing voltage CS1of each voltage conversion unit101and output the feedback signal Fb to the control module30. The control module30determines an operation mode of the voltage conversion circuit100according to the feedback signal Fb, and then controls the voltage conversion unit101to operate for converting the input voltage Vin to the target voltage Vout, thereby improving the working efficiency of the voltage conversion circuit100under the light loading. It should be noted that, in the embodiment of the disclosure, the input voltage Vin and the target voltage Vout can be set according to voltage values required for the normal operation of various components of a display device in the actual application, which is not limited in the disclosure. In addition, the number of voltage conversion units101can be set according to the loading of the voltage conversion circuit100, and a circuit structure of each voltage conversion unit101is the same. Specifically, the number of voltage conversion units101can be two, three or more. Referring toFIG.3, a schematic diagram of a second structure of the voltage conversion circuit according to the disclosure is shown. In the voltage conversion circuit100provided by the embodiment of the disclosure, the voltage conversion module10includes a first voltage conversion unit102and a second voltage conversion unit103. In this embodiment, the comparison module20obtains a first testing voltage CS2of the first voltage conversion unit102and a second testing voltage CS3of the second voltage conversion unit103, and compares the first testing voltage CS2and the second testing voltage CS3with a reference voltage Vref respectively to generate a feedback signal Fb. The control module30receives the feedback signal Fb and outputs a first control signal G1to the first voltage conversion unit102and a second control signal G2to the second voltage conversion unit103based on the feedback signal Fb to control the first voltage conversion unit102and the second voltage conversion unit103to convert the input voltage Vin into the target voltage Vout. Specifically, when both of the first testing voltage CS2and the second testing voltage CS3are less than the reference voltage Vref, the control module30determines that the voltage conversion circuit100operates under a light loading according to the feedback signal Fb. At this time, the control module30can control the first voltage conversion unit102to operate and control the second voltage conversion unit103to turn off, and can also control the first voltage conversion unit102to turn off and control the second voltage conversion unit103to operate, so as to improve the working efficiency of the voltage conversion circuit100under the light loading. When both of the first testing voltage CS2and the second testing voltage CS3are greater than the reference voltage Vref, the control module30determines that the voltage conversion circuit100operates under a heavy loading according to the feedback signal Fb. At this time, the control module30controls the first voltage conversion unit102and the second voltage conversion unit103to operate simultaneously, thereby improving the driving capability of the voltage conversion circuit100. As described above, in some embodiments, the first testing voltage CS2and the second testing voltage CS3are the same. In other embodiments, since the circuit loss is different or the specifications of components are different in the first voltage conversion unit102and the second voltage conversion unit103, and the first testing voltage CS2and the second testing voltage CS3are different. Therefore, in practical application, if the first testing voltage CS2is greater than the reference voltage Vref, and the second testing voltage CS3is less than the reference voltage Vref, or the first testing voltage CS2is less than the reference voltage Vref, and the second testing voltage CS3is greater than the reference voltage Vref, the control module30still determines that the voltage conversion circuit100operates under the heavy loading according to the feedback signal Fb for controlling the first voltage conversion unit102and the second voltage conversion unit103to operate simultaneously for converting the input voltage Vin to the target voltage Vout, thereby preventing insufficient driving capability of the voltage conversion circuit100when operating under the heavy loading. Referring toFIG.4, a circuit schematic diagram of a first circuit structure of the voltage conversion circuit according to the disclosure is shown. In the voltage conversion circuit100provided by the embodiment of the disclosure, the comparison module20includes a first comparator A1and a second comparator A2. In this embodiment, a first input terminal of the first comparator A1is connected to receive a reference voltage Vref. A second input terminal of the first comparator A1is connected to receive a first testing voltage CS2. The first comparator A1outputs a first level signal V1according to the reference voltage Vref and the first testing voltage CS2. A first input terminal of the second comparator A2is connected to receive the reference voltage Vref. A second input terminal of the second comparator A2is connected to receive a second testing voltage CS3. The second comparator A2outputs a second level signal V2according to the reference voltage Vref and the second testing voltage CS3. It should be noted that the following embodiments of the disclosure are described by taking the second input terminal of the first comparator A1and the second input terminal of the second comparator A2used as the positive input terminal as an example, but it cannot be construed as a limitation of this disclosure. Specifically, when the first testing voltage CS2is greater than the reference voltage Vref, the first level signal V1is a low level signal. When the first testing voltage CS2is less than the reference voltage Vref, the first level signal V1is a high level signal. When the second testing voltage CS3is greater than the reference voltage Vref, the second level signal V2is a low level signal. When the second testing voltage CS3is less than the reference voltage Vref, the second level signal V2is a high level signal. Furthermore, in the embodiment of the disclosure, the first voltage conversion unit102includes a first transistor T1, a first inductor L1, a first capacitor C1, a first diode D1, and a first resistor R1. The second voltage conversion unit103includes a second transistor T2, a second inductor L2, a second capacitor C2, a second diode D2, and a second resistor R2. Specifically, a gate of the first transistor T1is connected to receive a first control signal G1. A source of the first transistor T1, a first end of the first inductor L1and an anode of the first diode D1are electrically connected. A drain of the first transistor T1and a first end of the first resistor R1are both electrically connected to a first testing voltage output terminal a. The first testing voltage output terminal a is configured for outputting the first testing voltage CS2. A second end of the first inductor L1is connected to receive the input voltage Vin. The second end of the first resistor R1and a first end of the first capacitor C1are both connected to the ground end GND. A cathode of the first diode D1and a second end of the first capacitor C1are both connected to the target voltage output terminal c. A gate of the second transistor T2is connected to receive the second control signal G2. A source of the second transistor T2, a first end of the second inductor L2and an anode of the second diode D2are electrically connected, A drain of the second transistor T2and a first end of the second resistor R2are electrically connected to a second testing voltage output terminal b. The second testing voltage output terminal b is configured for outputting the second testing voltage CS2. A second end of the second inductor L2is connected to receive the input voltage Vin. A second end of the second resistor R2and a first end of the second capacitor C2are connected to the grounding end, and a cathode of the second diode D2and a second end of the second capacitor C2are both connected to the target voltage output terminal c. In the embodiment of the disclosure, the working principles of the first voltage conversion unit102and the second voltage conversion unit103are well known to those skilled in the art, and will not be repeated herein. The specifications of the first inductor L1, the second inductor L2, the first capacitor C1, the second capacitor C2, the first diode D1, the second diode D2, the first resistor R1, and the second resistor R2can be adjusted according to actual requirements In the embodiment of the disclosure, the first transistor T1and the second transistor T2can be thin film transistors, field effect transistors or other devices with same characteristics. In addition, the transistors used in the embodiments of the disclosure include P-type transistors and/or N-type transistors. Besides, the P-type transistor is turned on when the gate is at a low level and is turned off when the gate is at a high level. The N-type transistor is turned on when the gate is at a high level and is turned off when the gate is at a low level. Therefore, the first control signal G1and the second control signal G2can be set according to the types of the first transistor T1and the second transistor T2. It should be noted that the following embodiments of the disclosure are described by taking the first transistor T1and the second transistor T2used as N-type transistors as examples, but it cannot be construed as the limitation of the application. In the embodiment of the present application, the feedback signal Fb includes a first level signal V1and a second level signal V2. That is, the control module30determines an operation mode of the voltage conversion circuit100according to the first level signal V1and the second level signal V2, and then controls the operation states of the first voltage conversion unit102and the second voltage conversion unit103. Specifically, when the first testing voltage CS2and the second testing voltage CS3are both greater than the reference voltage Vref, the first level signal V1and the second level signal V2are both low level signals. At this time, the control module30determines that the voltage conversion circuit100operates under a heavy loading according to the first level signal V1and the second level signal V2, and then outputs the first control signal G1and the second control signal G2to control the first voltage conversion unit102and the second voltage conversion unit103to operate simultaneously. When the first testing voltage CS2and the second testing voltage CS3are both less than the reference voltage Vref, the first level signal V1and the second level signal V2are both high level signals. At this time, the control module30determines that the voltage conversion circuit100operates under a light loading according to the first level signal V1and the second level signal V2, and then outputs the first control signal G1and the second control signal G2to control either the first voltage conversion unit102or the second voltage conversion unit103to operate. In another embodiment of the disclosure, referring toFIG.5, a circuit schematic diagram of a second circuit structure of the voltage conversion circuit according to the disclosure is shown. The difference from the voltage conversion circuit100shown inFIG.4is that in the voltage conversion circuit100provided by this embodiment of the disclosure, the comparison module20further includes an AND gate B. In this embodiment, the AND gate B is electrically connected to the first comparator A1and the second comparator A2. A first input terminal of the AND gate B is connected to the first level signal V1. A second input terminal of the AND gate B is connected to the second level signal V2. The AND gate B outputs the feedback signal Fb according to the first level signal V1and the second level signal V2. Specifically, when the first level signal V1and/or the second level signal V2are low level signals, the feedback signal Fb output by the AND gate B is a low level signal. At this time, the control module30determines that the voltage conversion circuit100is operating under a heavy loading, and then outputs the first control signal G1and the second control signal G2to control the first voltage conversion unit102and the second voltage conversion unit103to operate simultaneously. When the first level signal V1and the second level signal V2are both high level signals, the feedback signal Fb output by the AND gate B is a high level signal. At this time, the control module30determines that the voltage conversion circuit100is operating under light load, and then outputs the first control signal G1and the second control signal G2to control either the first voltage conversion unit102or the second voltage conversion unit103to operate. In this embodiment, the AND gate B is provided in the comparison module20. The first level signal V1and the second level signal V2are processed by the AND gate B, and the feedback signal Fb is directly generated. Furthermore, the feedback signal Fb is outputted to the control module30, the response time of the control module30can be reduced, and the working efficiency of the voltage conversion circuit100can be further improved. Referring toFIG.6, a circuit schematic diagram of a third circuit structure of the voltage conversion circuit according to the disclosure is shown. As shown inFIG.6, the difference between the voltage conversion circuit100shown inFIG.5andFIG.6is that in this embodiment of the disclosure, the voltage conversion circuit100further includes a boost chip40(BOOST IC). The control module30and the comparison module20are integrated in the boost chip40. In some embodiments, the control module30outputs the first control signal G1and the second control signal G2to the voltage conversion module10according to the feedback signal Fb. In other embodiments, after the control module30determines the operating state of the voltage conversion circuit100according to the feedback signal Fb, the boost chip40outputs the first control signal G1and the second control signal G2to the voltage conversion module10. In the embodiments of the disclosure, the control module30and the comparison module20are integrated in the boost chip40to improve the integration degree of the boost chip40. Accordingly, the disclosure further provides a display device driving system. The display device driving system includes the voltage conversion circuit described in any of the above embodiments. For details, please refer to the above description, which will not be repeated herein. In an embodiment of the disclosure, referring toFIG.7, a structural schematic diagram of a display device driving system according to the disclosure is shown. The display device driving system200includes a control board201, a system chip202and a source chip203. The voltage conversion circuit100is arranged on the control board201. The input voltage Vin is provided by the system chip202to the voltage conversion circuit100. The voltage conversion circuit100outputs the target Vout to the source chip203. In another embodiment of the disclosure, a voltage management integrated chip is further disposed on the control board201. The boost chip40is integrated in the voltage management integrated chip. The control module30and the comparison module20are integrated and arranged in the boost chip40, and the voltage conversion module10is arranged on the control board201, thereby simplifying the wiring on the control board201and preventing signal interference on the control board201. Accordingly, the disclosure further provides a display device, which includes the voltage conversion circuit described in any of the above embodiments or the display device driving system described in any of the above embodiments. For details, please refer to the above description, which will not be repeated herein. In addition, the display device is a smart phone, a tablet computer, an e-book reader, a smart watch, a video camera, a game console, etc., which is not limited in this disclosure. The disclosure provides a display device. The display device includes a voltage conversion circuit, and the voltage conversion circuit includes a voltage conversion module, a comparison module, and a control module. Furthermore, the voltage conversion module includes at least two voltage conversion units. The comparison module detects a testing voltage in the voltage conversion module and outputs a feedback signal. The control module determines whether the voltage conversion circuit operates under a light loading according to the feedback signal, and controls one or more voltage conversion units in the voltage conversion module to operate, so as to convert the input voltage to the target voltage. That improves the working efficiency of the voltage conversion circuit under the light loading and ensures the quality of the display device. The voltage conversion circuit and the display device provided by this disclosure are described in detail as above-mentioned. In this disclosure, specific embodiments are used to illustrate the principles and implementation of the application. The description of the above embodiments is only used to understand the method and features of this disclosure. Simultaneously, for those of ordinary skill in the art, according to the features of the disclosure, there will be modifications in the specific embodiments and the scope of disclosure. In summary, the description of the specification should not be interpreted as a limitation to this disclosure. | 22,222 |
11942865 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION For a more thorough understanding of the novel aspects of the present disclosure, a brief discussion of conventional buck-boost converters will be presented with particular reference toFIGS.1-3. FIG.1is a schematic diagram of a conventional buck converter circuit. The buck converter circuit100is formed from a switch102, a diode104, an inductor106, and a capacitor108. In some embodiments, the diode104can be replaced by a switch, such as switch S3, as shown in the buck converter circuit ofFIG.4below. The buck converter circuit100is configured to step an input voltage (VIN) down so that the level of the output voltage (VOUT) is lower than the level of VIN. FIG.2is a schematic diagram of a conventional boost converter circuit. The boost converter circuit200is formed from an inductor202, switch204, and diode206and208. In some embodiments, the diode206can be replaced by a switch, such as switch S2, as shown in the boost converter circuit ofFIG.4below. The boost converter circuit200is configured to step VIN up so that the level of VOUT is higher the level of VIN. FIG.3is a schematic diagram of a conventional buck-boost converter circuit. The buck-boost converter circuit300, which may be referred to more generally as a voltage-modulating circuit, can be formed by joining the buck converter circuit100ofFIG.1with the boost converter circuit200ofFIG.2and arranged so that the inductor is shared. The exemplary buck-boost converter circuit300inFIG.3is formed from a buck circuit302that includes a first pair of switches S1304and S3306and a boost circuit308that includes a second pair of switches S2310and S4312. The first pair of switches S1304and S3312is connected to the second pair of switches S2310and S4312by a shared inductor314. The buck-boost converter circuit300steps VIN316down by operation of the buck circuit302, i.e., by operation of switch S1304as a control switch, operation of switch S3312as a synchronous rectifier, and by holding switch S4312in an ALWAYS ON condition. Operation of the buck circuit302of buck-boost converter circuit300results in VOUT318that is at a level less than the level of VIN316. The buck-boost converter circuit300steps VIN316up by operation of the boost circuit308, i.e., by operation of the switch S2310as a control switch, operation of switch S4312as a synchronous rectifier, and by holding switch S1304in an ALWAYS ON condition. Operation of the boost circuit308of buck-boost converter circuit300results in VOUT318that is at a level greater than the level of VIN316. FIG.4is a diagram depicting the various operational modes of a conventional buck-boost converter that is configured with a desired VOUT at a level depicted by the solid line between two dotted lines. When the level of VOUT is too low, the buck-boost converter circuit300operates in a boost mode402and the boost circuit steps up VIN to increase a level of VOUT. When the level of VOUT is too high, the voltage-modulating circuit300operates in buck mode404and steps down VIN to decrease the level of VOUT. When the level of VOUT is within a range close to the level of VIN, e.g., within about ±5 V in this example inFIG.4, then the voltage-modulating circuit300operates in a transition mode406. In other embodiments, the range of VOUT that is close to the level of VIN can be determined by percentages, e.g., +/−10% of VIN or +/−15% of VIN. In the transition mode, the buck circuit302and the boost circuit308operate in alternating fashion to step up and step-down VIN when the level of VOUT is maintained within the range close to the level of VIN. While the operation of a conventional buck-boost converter can produce the desired level of VOUT, the continual operation of both the boost circuit308and buck circuit302during the transition mode406results in power losses and inefficiencies. An example of the efficiencies of the buck-boost converter circuit300in each of the various operating modes is discussed in more detail in the figure that follows. FIG.5is an exemplary waveform illustrating the efficiency of a conventional buck-boost converter. In particular, the waveform500depicts the efficiency of buck-boost converter circuit300as a function of input voltage (V) when the buck-boost converter is configured with a desired output voltage at 30 V. In the Boost Region502, which corresponds to Boost Mode402inFIG.4, the efficiency increases as the level of VOUT approaches the desired level of the VOUT. As the buck-boost converter circuit300enters the Transition Region506, which corresponds to the Transition Mode406inFIG.4, the efficiency is depressed around the desired output voltage VOUT=30 V. As the buck-boost converter circuit300enters the Buck Region504, which corresponds to Buck Mode404inFIG.4, the efficiency exhibits a sharp increase, followed by a steady decline. In many practical applications, the buck-boost converter circuit300is only required to operate for short, transient time intervals because the input power supply's operating point may be close enough to the output load's voltage requirement such that a power converter is unnecessary except during the transient intervals. In these cases, the level of VIN and VOUT are close enough that the buck-boost converter circuit300is operating in the transition mode for the majority of its operating life, resulting in higher cost and lower efficiency and lower reliability. Accordingly, novel aspects of this present disclosure are directed to an improved voltage-modulating circuit configured with a pass-through mode during the transition mode, which reduces power loss and cost, and increases reliability and efficiency during the majority of its operating life. When the voltage-modulating circuit is operating in the pass-through mode, the level of VIN and VOUT are approximately equal and level of VOUT is not regulated by a switching converter, i.e., in the absence of switching. Other novel aspects of the present disclosure provide the ability for customers to customize a power converter that is specific to the customer's desired application. Power modules are conventionally designed for the general market because they are employed in a broad array of applications and with numerous load types. However, some loads, such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), require extremely tight control of the power module's output voltage so that operation in pass-through mode is impractical. Other loads, such as downstream point-of-load converters, may be able to accommodate a wider voltage tolerance and can run almost exclusively in pass-through mode. Other load types may benefit from running in pass-through mode, but over a particular fixed range. Thus, the provision of a power module with customizable fixed-range pass-through mode as described in the various embodiments disclosed herein, allows designers to provide power converters that adequately address the various use cases without the need for carrying a large lineup of power converter modules. While a conventional buck-boost converter can provide a desired level of the output voltage, both the boost converter circuit and the buck converter circuit experience power losses by their constant switching. A pass-through mode, as described in one or more embodiments of the novel voltage-modulating device of the present disclosure, increases efficiency and decreases power losses by refraining from the constant switching during the transition mode. Before a detailed discussion of the improved voltage-modulating device, a brief discussion of conventional buck voltage regulators and boost voltage regulators, which utilize buck voltage circuits and boost voltage circuits, respectively, will be provided for some helpful context. FIG.6is a simplified schematic diagram of a conventional buck voltage regulator. The buck voltage regulator600, also referred to in the alternative as a buck converter, includes a buck circuit602connected to a controller604and a sensing circuit606. In this illustrative embodiment, the sensing circuit606is implemented as a voltage divider formed from resistor R5606aand resistor R6606b. The controller604controls operation of the set of switches S1612and S3614to provide a level of VOUT610based on a level of VIN608. For example, the controller604detects a level of VOUT610through sensing circuit606and then adjusts the duty cycle of switches S1612and S3614to maintain the desired level of VOUT610. In one embodiment, the level of VOUT610can be set by injecting current into the VOUT adjust pin616or by drawing current from the VOUT adjust pin616. Adjustment of the setpoint of the buck converter600can be achieved by a resistor strap RS1618aadded between the VOUT adjust pin616and ground or by a resistor strap RS2618bbetween the VOUT adjust pin616and VOUT pin618. The buck converter600decreases the level of VOUT610. If the sensing circuit606is configured with an output voltage setpoint that is higher than the level of VIN608, then the control loop will saturate and controller604attempts to turn switch S1612ON continuously until the level of VOUT610has dropped below the output voltage setpoint of the sensing circuit606. Conventional buck voltage regulator600is often incapable of turning S1612ON with a 100% duty cycle, which is needed for a pass-through mode of operation. FIG.7is a simplified schematic diagram of a conventional boost voltage regulator. The boost voltage regulator700, also referred to in the alternative as a boost converter, includes a boost circuit702connected to a controller704and a sensing circuit706. In this illustrative embodiment, the sensing circuit706is implemented as a voltage divider formed from resistor R9706aand resistor R7706b. The controller704controls operation of the set of switches S2712and S4714to provide a level of VOUT710based on a level of VIN708. For example, the controller704detects a level of VOUT710through sensing circuit706and then adjusts the duty cycle of switches S2712and S4714to maintain the desired level of VOUT710. In one embodiment, the level of VOUT710can be set by injecting current into the VOUT adjust pin716or by drawing current from the VOUT adjust pin716. Adjustment of the level of VOUT710can be achieved by a resistor strap RS1718aadded between the VOUT adjust pin716and ground or by a resistor strap RS2718bbetween the VOUT adjust pin716and VOUT pin718. The boost converter700increases a level of VOUT710. If the sensing circuit706is configured with an output voltage setpoint that is lower than the level of VIN708, the control loop will saturate and the controller704attempts to turn switch S4714ON continuously until the level of VOUT710has risen above the output voltage setpoint of the sensing circuit706. Conventional boost voltage regulator700is often incapable of turning S4714ON with a 100% duty cycle, which is needed for a pass-through mode of operation. FIG.8is a schematic diagram of an improved power converter including a voltage-modulating circuit with a pass-through mode in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. The pass-through mode of the exemplary power converter800is established with analog programming. Power converter800includes a voltage-modulating circuit802connected to a controller804and a sensing circuit806. Generally, the voltage-modulating circuit802, which is depicted as a buck-boost converter circuit in this non-limiting example, receives VIN808and the controller804controls the operation of the voltage-modulating circuit802to provide VOUT810at a level that is based on a voltage measurement provided by the sensing circuit806and an operating mode defined by a configuration of the sensing circuit806. In one embodiment, the voltage measurement is of VOUT810and the operational mode is one of pass-through mode or a voltage-modulating mode. The sensing circuit806is also configured to set the boundaries of the output voltage window that determines the voltage bandwidth of the transition mode when the voltage-modulating circuit802is operating in the pass-through mode. In this illustrative example, the voltage-modulating circuit802is generally formed from a buck converter circuit802aconnected to a boost converter circuit802bby a shared inductor L1812, e.g., a first pair of switches S1814and S3816connected to a second set of switches S2818and S4820by a shared inductor812. The controller804is configured to selectively drive one or more of the set of switches S1814, switch S2818, switch S3816, and switch S4820to control a level of VOUT810based in part on an operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit802. As used herein, the “a set” means one or more. Thus, a set of switches can mean one switch or two or more switches. The sensing circuit806includes a boost voltage sensing circuit806aand buck voltage sensing circuit806bcoupled to the output pin PIN7822to measure the level of VOUT810. The sensing circuit806also includes a set of externally programmable connectors824that can be accessed and utilized by a user without the need to physically contact the internal circuitry of the power converter800or the electronic device in which the power converter800is utilized. For example, in one embodiment the set of externally programmable connectors includes two connectors, each of which can receive a circuit element, such as a resistor or wire, without the need to directly contact or modify the internal circuitry. In this example inFIG.8, the externally programmable connectors824includes a first adjustment pin PIN9824aand a second adjustment pin PIN13824bconfigured to engage a circuit element. A configuration of the sensing circuit806, and more specifically a configuration of the externally programmable connectors824, determines an operating mode of the voltage-modulating circuit802. In one embodiment, the operating mode of the voltage-modulating circuit802is the pass-through mode based on an absence of an electrical connection826between the first adjustment pin824aand the second adjustment pin824b, and the operating mode of the voltage-modulating circuit802is the voltage-modulating mode based on a presence of the electrical connection826between the first adjustment pin824aand the second adjustment pin824b. For example, the electrical connection826can be a wire that an end-user can place between the first adjustment pin824aand the second adjustment pin824bto cause the voltage-modulating circuit802to operate in the voltage-modulating mode. When operating in the voltage-modulating mode, the power converter800operates in a manner consistent with conventional buck-boost converters. In the absence of the electrical connection826between the first adjustment pin824aand the second adjustment pin824b, the voltage-modulating circuit802is configured to operate in a pass-through mode based on the size of the output voltage window determined by the programmable circuit elements connected to the first adjustment pin824aand the second adjustment pin824b. For example, in one embodiment, the first adjustment pin824ais configured to receive a resistor strap RS1828ahaving a first resistance to set the first boundary of the output voltage window and the second adjustment pin824bconfigured to receive a resistor strap RS2828bhaving a second resistance. In an embodiment where the resistance of R10=R13, R12=R15, and R11=R14, and where the first resistance of RS1828adiffers from the second resistance of RS2828b, then a voltage window is formed with boundaries based on the differences in the first resistance and the second resistance. In other embodiments where the boost sensing circuit806ais dissimilar from the buck sensing circuit806b, skilled artisans would know how programmable circuit elements coupled with the adjustment pins824could be used to create setpoints, i.e., boundaries, which define the size the output voltage window. While operating in pass-through mode, VIN808rises from 0V to the under voltage lockout threshold where the power converter800becomes energized. The controller804receives voltage measurements from the buck voltage sensing circuit806bindicating that VOUT810is too low, causing controller804to turn switch S1814ON, i.e., at 100% duty cycle, while leaving switch S3816OFF, i.e., at a 0% duty cycle. The controller804also receives voltage measurements from the boost voltage sensing circuit806aindicating that VOUT810is too low, which causes controller804to begin switching switches S2818and S4820with an appropriate duty cycle, i.e., greater than 0% and less than 100%, to achieve the desired level of VOUT810commanded by the feedback from the boost voltage sensing circuit806a. As a level of VIN808continues to rise past the lower boundary of the output voltage window, i.e., the setpoint of the boost converter circuit, the voltage-modulating circuit802enters into the transition mode. The controller804receives a voltage measurement from the boost voltage sensing circuit806aindicating that a level of VOUT810is too high, which causes the controller804to switch S2818OFF and switch S4820ON, i.e., to cause the boost converter circuit to enter a zero-duty cycle mode. The controller804also receives a voltage measurement from the buck voltage sensing circuit806bindicating that the level of VOUT810is still too low, causing the controller804to maintain S1814ON while leaving switch S3816OFF. While the level of VIN808is between the lower boundary and the upper boundary of the output voltage window, i.e., the setpoint of the buck converter circuit, the voltage-modulating circuit802remains in the transition mode, causing the power converter800to operate in the pass-through mode. Thus, when operating in a pass-through mode, switches S1814and S4820are held ON, i.e., 100% duty cycle, while switches S2818and S3816are held OFF, i.e., 0% duty cycle. In pass-through mode, there is no switching of switches S1814, S2818, S3816, and S4820so all switching losses are conserved and the switching ripple currents are eliminated. Instead of being a switching power converter, VIN808is connected to the output PIN7822through a low pass noise filter formed by L1812and capacitor COUT830, creating a reduced noise operating state. The losses in the circuit become minimal-mainly from the conduction losses in switch S1814, S4820, and inductor L1812. Thus, when the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit802is a pass-through mode and a voltage measurement indicates that a level of VIN808is within the output voltage window having an upper boundary and a lower boundary, the voltage-modulating circuit802is configured to control the level of VOUT810to correspond with the level of VIN808without switching the one or more switches S1814, S2818, S3816, and S4820. When the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit802is in a voltage-modulating mode and the voltage measurement indicates that the level of VIN808is outside of the output voltage window having only one boundary, the voltage-modulating circuit802is configured to control the level of VOUT810to differ from the level of VIN808by switching the one or more switches S1814, S2818, S3816, and S4820. As the level of VIN808continues to rise past the upper boundary of the output voltage window, the controller804receives a voltage measurement from the buck voltage sensing circuit806bindicating that a level of VOUT810is too high, which causes the controller804to begin switching switches S1814and S3816at an appropriate duty cycle, i.e., greater than 0% and less than 100%, to achieve the desired level of VOUT810commanded by the feedback from the buck voltage sensing circuit806b, FIG.9is an exemplary waveform illustrating the input voltage versus the output voltage for the improved power converter incorporating a voltage-modulating circuit with pass-through mode in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. Waveform900is divided into three regions, namely boost region902, transition region904, and buck region906, which corresponds to operation of the power converter in boost mode, transition mode, and buck mode, respectively. The output voltage window908is located between a first boundary910at about 24V and a second boundary912at about 39V, which coincides with the transition region904. In a non-limiting embodiment, the first boundary910and the secondary boundary912are established by the adjustment pins824inFIG.8, or by the voltage values stored in the set of registers1016inFIG.10. As previously discussed, the increase in efficiency can be attributed to the lack of repeated switching while the voltage-modulating circuit802is operating in the pass-through mode. While the embodiment described inFIG.8relates the analog programming of the first boundary910and the second boundary912, digital programming can be used in one or more alternate embodiments. In particular, with appropriate modifications to the power converter800, a conventional communication method and protocol, i.e., I2C and PMBus, can be used to define the boundaries of the output voltage window for pass-through mode operation. An exemplary power converter that can be programmed digitally is shown in the figure that follows. FIG.10is a schematic diagram of another improved power converter including a voltage-modulating circuit with a pass-through mode in accordance with another illustrative embodiment. Power converter1000includes a voltage-modulating circuit1002connected to a controller1004and a sensing circuit1006. The voltage-modulating circuit1002receives VIN1008and the controller1004controls the operation of the voltage-modulating circuit1002to provide VOUT1010at a level based on a voltage measurement provided by the sensing circuit1006and an operating mode. In one embodiment, the voltage-modulating circuit1002, the controller1004, and the sensing circuit1006are connected via a communications bus1012that allows the pass-through mode to be programmed digitally. The voltage-modulating circuit1002is analogous to voltage-modulating circuit802inFIG.8, and the controller1004is like controller804inFIG.8. The sensing circuit1006can be implemented as an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) in some embodiments. The sensing circuit1006includes a set of externally programmable connectors1014that can be programmed digitally. For example, the set of externally programmable connectors1014can receive a first voltage value and a second voltage value via communication bus1012for storage in a first register1016aand a second register1016b, respectively. The first voltage value and the second voltage value can be used to determine the one or more boundaries of an output voltage window that corresponds to the pass-through mode of operation. The operating mode of the voltage-modulating circuit1002is defined by a mode selection bit1018that can be obtained by the controller1004via the communications bus1012. FIG.11is a simplified diagram of an apparatus implementing the improved power converter including a voltage-modulating circuit with a pass-through mode in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. Apparatus1100includes an improved power converter1102that is configured to receive power from a power supply1104and provide power to a current-drawing load1106. In one embodiment, the power converter1102can be the improved power converter800described inFIG.8with adjustment pins824that accommodate analog programming. In another embodiment, the power converter1102can be the improved power converter1000described inFIG.10with adjustment pins824that can be programmed digitally. Non-limiting examples of the current-drawing load1106can include resistive loads or non-resistive loads consisting of load devices such as another power module or an LED bank. Apparatus1100is a powered electronic device, examples of which include telecommunications devices, electric vehicles, medical devices, and computing devices. The power converter1102can be programmed by a customer with specific boundaries for an output voltage window that defines the voltages at which the improved power converter1102operates in pass-through mode. Alternatively, the power converter1102can be programmed by a customer to eliminate pass-through mode operation, as described inFIG.8, so that the power converter1102can operate as a traditional buck-boost power converter. FIG.12is a flowchart of a process for operating an improved power converter with pass-through mode in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. The steps of flowchart1200can be implemented in an improved power converter including a power-modulating circuit with a pass-through mode of operation, such as voltage-modulating circuit800inFIG.8or voltage-modulating circuit1000inFIG.10. Flowchart1200begins at step1202by determining an operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit. The operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit can be determined by a controller. In an embodiment utilizing analog programming, the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is determined to be the pass-through mode based on an absence of an electrical connection between the first adjustment pin and the second adjustment pin, and the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is determined to be in the voltage-modulating mode based on a presence of the electrical connection between the first adjustment pin and the second adjustment pin. In an embodiment utilizing digital programming, the operational mode is determined to be in the pass-through mode based on a detection of a first value of a mode selection bit corresponding to the pass-through mode, and the operational mode is determined to be in the voltage-modulating mode based on a detection of a second value of the mode selection bit corresponding to the voltage-modulating mode. In Step1204a selection of one or more boundaries for an output voltage window for operating the voltage-modulating circuit is received by one or more externally programmable connectors of the sensing circuit. In the embodiment utilizing analog programming, the one or more boundaries for the output voltage window is received by the first adjustment pin receiving a first resistor strap having a first resistance, and by the second adjustment pin receiving a second resistor strap having a second resistance that differs from the first resistance. In the embodiment utilizing digital programming, the power converter includes a communication bus configured to receive a first voltage value and a second voltage value that determine the one or more boundaries of the output voltage window, and the sensing circuit is an analog-to-digital converter, the selection of the one or more boundaries of the output voltage window includes storing the first voltage value in a first register of the set of externally programmable connectors and storing the second voltage value in a second register of the set of externally programmable connectors. In Step1206, the voltage measurement is obtained by the sensing circuit. In the embodiment that utilizes analog programming, the voltage measurement is obtained by measuring, with the boost voltage sensing circuit and the buck voltage sensing circuit, the output voltage. In the embodiment that utilizes digital programming, the voltage measurement is obtained by measuring, with an analog-to-digital converter, the output voltage. Flowchart1200proceeds from Step1206to Step1208responsive to determining that the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is a pass-through mode, and the voltage measurement indicates that a level of the input voltage is within the output voltage window having an upper boundary and a lower boundary, where a level of the output voltage is controlled to correspond with a level of the input voltage without switching the one or more switches. Flowchart1200proceeds from Step1206to Step1210responsive to determining that the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is a voltage-modulating mode, and the voltage measurement indicates that the level of the input voltage is outside the output voltage window having only one boundary, where a level of the output voltage is controlled to differ from the level of the input voltage by switching the one or more switches. Additional Embodiments The following descriptive embodiments are offered in further support of the disclosed invention: In a first embodiment, novel aspects of the present disclosure are directed to an improved power converter comprising a voltage-modulating circuit that comprises one or more switches, the voltage-modulating circuit configured to receive an input voltage and provide an output voltage; a controller coupled to the voltage-modulating circuit, wherein the controller is configured to selectively drive the one or more switches to control a level of the output voltage based on the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit; and a sensing circuit connected to the voltage-modulating circuit and the controller, wherein the sensing circuit comprises one or more externally programmable connectors configured to determine one or more boundaries of an output voltage window for operating the voltage-modulating circuit, and wherein when the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is a pass-through mode and a voltage measurement indicates that a level of the input voltage is within the output voltage window having an upper boundary and a lower boundary, the voltage-modulating circuit is configured to control the level of the output voltage to correspond with the level of the input voltage without switching the one or more switches, and wherein when the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is in a voltage-modulating mode and the voltage measurement indicates that the level of the input voltage is outside of the output voltage window having only one boundary, the voltage-modulating circuit is configured to control the level of the output voltage to differ from the level of the input voltage by switching the one or more switches. In another aspect of the first embodiment, the improved power converter comprises a voltage-modulating circuit that comprises one or more switches, the voltage-modulating circuit configured to receive an input voltage and provide an output voltage; a controller coupled to the voltage-modulating circuit, wherein the controller is configured to selectively drive the one or more switches to control a level of the output voltage based on the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit; and a sensing circuit connected to the voltage-modulating circuit and the controller, wherein the sensing circuit comprises one or more externally programmable connectors configured to determine one or more boundaries of an output voltage window for operating the voltage-modulating circuit, and wherein when the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is a pass-through mode and a voltage measurement indicates that a level of the input voltage is within the output voltage window having an upper boundary and a lower boundary, the voltage-modulating circuit is configured to control the level of the output voltage to correspond with the level of the input voltage without switching the one or more switches, and wherein when the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is in a voltage-modulating mode and the voltage measurement indicates that the level of the input voltage is outside of the output voltage window having only one boundary, the voltage-modulating circuit is configured to control the level of the output voltage to differ from the level of the input voltage by switching the one or more switches; and wherein the power converter further comprises one or more limitations selected from the following list:wherein the voltage-modulating circuit further comprises a boost circuit that comprises a first pair of switches and a buck circuit that comprises a second pair of switches connected to the first pair of switches by a shared inductor;wherein the sensing circuit comprises a boost voltage sensing circuit configured to detect the output voltage; and a buck voltage sensing circuit configured to detect the output voltage, wherein the set of externally programmable connectors comprises a first adjustment pin connected to the boost voltage sensing circuit and a second adjustment pin connected to the buck voltage sensing circuit;the first adjustment pin is configured to receive a first resistor strap having a first resistance, and the second adjustment pin is configured to receive a second resistor strap having a second resistance that differs from the first resistance;wherein the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is in the pass-through mode based on an absence of an electrical connection between the first adjustment pin and the second adjustment pin, and wherein the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is in the voltage-modulating mode based on a presence of the electrical connection between the first adjustment pin and the second adjustment pin;wherein the sensing circuit is an analog-to-digital converter, and wherein the power converter further comprises: a communication bus configured to receive a first voltage value and a second voltage value, wherein: the set of externally programmable connectors includes a first register and a second register, the first register is configured to store the first voltage value and the second register is configured to store the second voltage value, and the first voltage value and the second voltage value determine the one or more boundaries of the output voltage window; andwhen the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is the pass-through mode, the upper boundary is determined by the first voltage value and the lower boundary is determined by the second voltage value, and when the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is the voltage-modulating mode and the first register and the second register are used for storing the first voltage value and the second voltage value, respectively, the first voltage value and the second voltage value are the same. In a second embodiment, novel aspects of the present disclosure are directed to an apparatus comprising a power converter that includes a current-drawing load configured to receive an output voltage; and a power converter connected to the current-drawing load, wherein the power converter comprises: a voltage-modulating circuit that comprises one or more switches, the voltage-modulating circuit configured to receive an input voltage and provide the output voltage; a controller coupled to the voltage-modulating circuit, wherein the controller is configured to selectively drive the one or more switches to control a level of the output voltage based on the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit; and a sensing circuit connected to the voltage-modulating circuit and the controller, wherein the sensing circuit comprises one or more externally programmable connectors configured to determine one or more boundaries of an output voltage window for operating the voltage-modulating circuit, and wherein when the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is a pass-through mode and a voltage measurement indicates that a level of the input voltage is within the output voltage window having an upper boundary and a lower boundary, the voltage-modulating circuit is configured to control the level of the output voltage to correspond with the level of the input voltage without switching the one or more switches, and wherein when the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is in a voltage-modulating mode and the voltage measurement indicates that the level of the input voltage is outside of the output voltage window having only one boundary, the voltage-modulating circuit is configured to control the level of the output voltage to differ from the level of the input voltage by switching the one or more switches. In another aspect of the second embodiment, the apparatus comprises a power converter that includes a current-drawing load configured to receive an output voltage; and a power converter connected to the current-drawing load, wherein the power converter comprises: a voltage-modulating circuit that comprises one or more switches, the voltage-modulating circuit configured to receive an input voltage and provide the output voltage; a controller coupled to the voltage-modulating circuit, wherein the controller is configured to selectively drive the one or more switches to control a level of the output voltage based on the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit; and a sensing circuit connected to the voltage-modulating circuit and the controller, wherein the sensing circuit comprises one or more externally programmable connectors configured to determine one or more boundaries of an output voltage window for operating the voltage-modulating circuit, and wherein when the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is a pass-through mode and a voltage measurement indicates that a level of the input voltage is within the output voltage window having an upper boundary and a lower boundary, the voltage-modulating circuit is configured to control the level of the output voltage to correspond with the level of the input voltage without switching the one or more switches, and wherein when the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is in a voltage-modulating mode and the voltage measurement indicates that the level of the input voltage is outside of the output voltage window having only one boundary, the voltage-modulating circuit is configured to control the level of the output voltage to differ from the level of the input voltage by switching the one or more switches; and wherein the apparatus further comprises one or more limitations selected from the following list:wherein the voltage-modulating circuit further comprises a boost circuit that comprises a first pair of switches and a buck circuit that comprises a second pair of switches connected to the first pair of switches by a shared inductor;wherein the sensing circuit comprises: a boost voltage sensing circuit configured to detect the output voltage; and a buck voltage sensing circuit configured to detect the output voltage, wherein the set of externally programmable connectors comprises a first adjustment pin connected to the boost voltage sensing circuit and a second adjustment pin connected to the buck voltage sensing circuit;wherein the first adjustment pin is configured to receive a first resistor strap having a first resistance, and the second adjustment pin is configured to receive a second resistor strap having a second resistance that differs from the first resistance;wherein the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is in the pass-through mode based on an absence of an electrical connection between the first adjustment pin and the second adjustment pin, and wherein the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is in the voltage-modulating mode based on a presence of the electrical connection between the first adjustment pin and the second adjustment pin;wherein the sensing circuit is an analog-to-digital converter, and wherein the power converter further comprises a communication bus configured to receive a first voltage value and a second voltage value, wherein: the set of externally programmable connectors includes a first register and a second register, the first register is configured to store the first voltage value and the second register is configured to store the second voltage value, and the first voltage value and the second voltage value determine the one or more boundaries of the output voltage window; andwherein when the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is the pass-through mode, the upper boundary is determined by the first voltage value and the lower boundary is determined by the second voltage value, and when the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is the voltage-modulating mode and the first register and the second register are used for storing the first voltage value and the second voltage value, respectively, the first voltage value and the second voltage value are the same. In a third embodiment, novel aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a method for operating a power converter that comprises a voltage-modulating circuit configured to receive an input voltage and provide an output voltage, a sensing circuit configured to measure a voltage of the voltage-modulating circuit, and a controller configured to selectively drive one or more switches of the voltage-modulating circuit based on the voltage measurement, the method comprising determining, by the controller, an operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit; receiving, by one or more externally programmable connectors of the sensing circuit, a selection of one or more boundaries for an output voltage window for operating the voltage-modulating circuit; obtaining, with the sensing circuit, the voltage measurement; responsive to determining that the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is a pass-through mode and the voltage measurement indicates that a level of the input voltage is within the output voltage window having an upper boundary and a lower boundary, controlling, with the controller, a level of the output voltage to correspond with a level of the input voltage without switching the one or more switches; and responsive to determining that the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is a voltage-modulating mode and the voltage measurement indicates that the level of the input voltage is outside the output voltage window having only one boundary, controlling, with the controller, the level of the output voltage to differ from the level of the input voltage by switching the one or more switches. In another aspect of the third embodiment, the method for operating a power converter that comprises a voltage-modulating circuit configured to receive an input voltage and provide an output voltage, a sensing circuit configured to measure a voltage of the voltage-modulating circuit, and a controller configured to selectively drive one or more switches of the voltage-modulating circuit based on the voltage measurement, the method comprising determining, by the controller, an operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit; receiving, by one or more externally programmable connectors of the sensing circuit, a selection of one or more boundaries for an output voltage window for operating the voltage-modulating circuit; obtaining, with the sensing circuit, the voltage measurement; responsive to determining that the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is a pass-through mode and the voltage measurement indicates that a level of the input voltage is within the output voltage window having an upper boundary and a lower boundary, controlling, with the controller, a level of the output voltage to correspond with a level of the input voltage without switching the one or more switches; and responsive to determining that the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is a voltage-modulating mode and the voltage measurement indicates that the level of the input voltage is outside the output voltage window having only one boundary, controlling, with the controller, the level of the output voltage to differ from the level of the input voltage by switching the one or more switches; and wherein the method further comprises one or more limitations selected from the following list:wherein the sensing circuit comprises a boost voltage sensing circuit and a buck voltage sensing circuit, wherein the set of externally programmable connectors comprises a first adjustment pin connected to the boost voltage sensing circuit and a second adjustment pin connected to the buck voltage sensing circuit, and wherein the step of obtaining the voltage measurement further comprises: measuring, with the boost voltage sensing circuit and the buck voltage sensing circuit, the output voltage;wherein receiving the selection of the one or more boundaries for the output voltage window for operating the voltage-modulating circuit further comprises receiving, by the first adjustment pin, a first resistor strap having a first resistance, and receiving, by the second adjustment pin, a second resistor strap having a second resistance that differs from the first resistance;wherein determining the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit further comprises determining the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is in the pass-through mode based on an absence of an electrical connection between the first adjustment pin and the second adjustment pin, and determining the operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit is in the voltage-modulating mode based on a presence of the electrical connection between the first adjustment pin and the second adjustment pin;wherein the power converter further comprises a communication bus configured to receive a first voltage value and a second voltage value that determine the one or more boundaries of the output voltage window, wherein the sensing circuit is an analog-to-digital converter, and wherein receiving the selection of the one or more boundaries of the output voltage window further comprises storing the first voltage value in a first register of the set of externally programmable connectors; and storing the second voltage value in a second register of the set of externally programmable connectors; andwherein determining the operational mode is the pass-through mode further comprises detecting a first value of a mode selection bit corresponding to the pass-through mode, and determining the operational mode is the voltage-modulating mode further comprises detecting a second value of the mode selection bit corresponding to the voltage-modulating mode. Although embodiments of the invention have been described with reference to several elements, any element described in the embodiments described herein are exemplary and can be omitted, substituted, added, combined, or rearranged as applicable to form new embodiments. A skilled person, upon reading the present specification, would recognize that such additional embodiments are effectively disclosed herein. For example, where this disclosure describes characteristics, structure, size, shape, arrangement, or composition for an element or process for making or using an element or combination of elements, the characteristics, structure, size, shape, arrangement, or composition can also be incorporated into any other element or combination of elements, or process for making or using an element or combination of elements described herein to provide additional embodiments. Additionally, where an embodiment is described herein as comprising some element or group of elements, additional embodiments can consist essentially of or consist of the element or group of elements. Also, although the open-ended term “comprises” is generally used herein, additional embodiments can be formed by substituting the terms “consisting essentially of” or “consisting of.” While this invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend the invention to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. For example, the exemplary power converters depicted and described in this disclosure are based on a particular configuration of non-isolated buck-boost converters, but skilled artisans would be able to apply these teachings to any non-isolated topology where the input and output can be connected by activating one or more switches. Additionally, these teachings could be implemented in one or more hybrid buck converters and other available step-up and step-down power converter topologies. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. | 48,585 |
11942866 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION The following description sets forth numerous specific details such as examples of specific systems, components, methods, and so forth, in order to provide a good understanding of various embodiments of transconductance amplifiers for buck-boost converters within USB Type-C controllers (or other related converters) as described herein. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art, however, that at least some embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known components, elements, or methods are not described in detail or are presented in a simple block diagram format in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the subject matter described herein. Thus, the specific details set forth hereinafter are merely exemplary. Particular implementations may vary from these exemplary details and still be contemplated to be within the spirit and scope of the present embodiments. Reference in the description to “an embodiment,” “one embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” “some embodiments,” and “various embodiments” means that a particular feature, structure, step, operation, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment(s) is included in at least one embodiment. Further, the appearances of the phrases “an embodiment,” “one embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” “some embodiments,” and “various embodiments” in various places in the description do not necessarily all refer to the same embodiment(s). The description includes references to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the detailed description. The drawings show illustrations in accordance with exemplary embodiments. These embodiments, which may also be referred to herein as “examples,” are described in enough detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the embodiments of the claimed subject matter described herein. The embodiments may be combined, other embodiments may be utilized, or structural, logical, and electrical changes may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the claimed subject matter. It should be understood that the embodiments described herein are not intended to limit the scope of the subject matter but rather to enable one skilled in the art to practice, make, and/or use the subject matter. Described herein are various embodiments of an error amplifier to control pulse-width modulation (PWM) control of buck-boost converters for USB Type-C controllers that can be disposed to operate in various electronic devices. Examples of such electronic devices include, without limitation, personal computers (e.g., laptop computers, notebook computers, etc.), mobile computing devices (e.g., tablets, tablet computers, e-reader devices, etc.), mobile communication devices (e.g., smartphones, cell phones, personal digital assistants, messaging devices, pocket PCs, etc.), connectivity and charging devices (e.g., cables, hubs, docking stations, adapters, chargers, etc.), audio/video/data recording and/or playback devices (e.g., cameras, voice recorders, hand-held scanners, monitors, etc.), and other similar electronic devices that can use USB interfaces for communication, battery charging, and/or power delivery. As used herein, “USB-enabled” device or system refers to a device or system that includes, is configured with, or is otherwise associated with a USB connector interface. A USB-enabled electronic device may comply with at least one release of a Universal Serial Bus (USB) specification. Examples of such USB specifications include, without limitation, the USB Specification Revision 2.0, the USB 3.0 Specification, the USB 3.1 Specification, the USB 3.2 Specification and/or various supplements, versions and errata thereof. The USB specifications generally define the characteristics (e.g., attributes, protocol definition, types of transactions, bus management, programming interfaces, etc.) of a differential serial bus that are required to design and build standard communication systems and peripherals. For example, a USB-enabled peripheral device attaches to a USB-enabled host device through a USB port of the host device to form a USB-enabled system. A USB 2.0 port includes a power voltage line of 5V (denoted VBUS), a differential pair of data lines (denoted D+ or DP, and D− or DN), and a ground line for power return (denoted GND). A USB 3.0 port also provides the VBUS, D+, D−, and GND lines for backward compatibility with USB 2.0. In addition, to support a faster differential bus (the USB SuperSpeed bus), a USB 3.0 port also provides a differential pair of transmitter data lines (denoted SSTX+ and SSTX−), a differential pair of receiver data lines (denoted SSRX+ and SSRX−), a power line for power (denoted DPWR), and a ground line for power return (denoted DGND). A USB 3.1 port provides the same lines as a USB 3.0 port for backward compatibility with USB 2.0 and USB 3.0 communications, but extends the performance of the SuperSpeed bus by a collection of features referred to as Enhanced SuperSpeed. A more recent technology for USB connectors, called USB Type-C (also referred to herein as “USB-C”), is defined in various releases and/or versions of the USB Type-C specification. The USB Type-C specification defines Type-C receptacle, Type-C plug, and Type-C cables that can support USB communications as well as power delivery over newer USB power delivery protocols defined in various revisions/versions of the USB-PD specification. Examples of USB Type-C functions and requirements may include, without limitation, data and other communications according to USB 2.0 and USB 3.0/3.1, electro-mechanical definitions and performance requirements for Type-C cables, electro-mechanical definitions and performance requirements for Type-C receptacles, electro-mechanical definitions and performance requirements for Type-C plugs, requirements for Type-C to legacy cable assemblies and adapters, requirements for Type-C-based device detection and interface configuration, requirements for optimized power delivery for Type-C connectors, etc. According to the USB Type-C specification(s), a Type-C port provides VBUS, D+, D−, GND, SSTX+, SSTX−, SSRX+, and SSRX− lines, among others. In addition, a Type-C port also provides a Sideband Use (denoted SBU) line for signaling of sideband functionality and a Configuration Channel (or communication channel, denoted CC) line for discovery, configuration, and management of connections across a Type-C cable. A Type-C port may be associated with a Type-C plug and/or a Type-C receptacle. For ease of use, the Type-C plug and the Type-C receptacle are designed as a reversible pair that operates regardless of the plug-to-receptacle orientation. Thus, a standard USB Type-C connector, disposed as a standard Type-C plug or receptacle, provides pins for four VBUS lines, four ground return (GND) lines, two D+ lines (DP1 and DP2), two D− lines (DN1 and DN2), two SSTX+ lines (SSTXP1 and SSTXP2), two SSTX− lines (SSTXN1 and SSTXN2), two SSRX+ lines (SSRXP1 and SSRXP2), two SSRX− lines (SSRXN1 and SSRXN2), two CC lines (CC1 and CC2), and two SBU lines (SBU1 and SBU2), among others. Some USB-enabled electronic devices may be compliant with a specific revision and/or version of the USB-PD specification. The USB-PD specification defines a standard protocol designed to enable the maximum functionality of USB-enabled devices by providing more flexible power delivery along with data communications over a single USB Type-C cable through USB Type-C ports. The USB-PD specification also describes the architecture, protocols, power supply behavior, parameters, and cabling necessary for managing power delivery over USB Type-C cables at up to 100 W of power. According to the USB-PD specification, devices with USB Type-C ports (e.g., such as USB-enabled devices) may negotiate for more current and/or higher or lower voltages over a USB Type-C cable than are allowed in older USB specifications (e.g., such as the USB 2.0 Specification, USB 3.1 Specification, the USB Battery Charging Specification Rev. 1.1/1.2, etc.). For example, the USB-PD specification defines the requirements for a power delivery contract (PD contract) that can be negotiated between a pair of USB-enabled devices. The PD contract can specify both the power level and the direction of power transfer that can be accommodated by both devices, and can be dynamically re-negotiated (e.g., without device un-plugging) upon request by either device and/or in response to various events and conditions, such as power role swap, data role swap, hard reset, failure of the power source, etc. As used herein, “USB-PD subsystem” refers to one or more logic blocks and other analog/digital hardware circuitry, which may be controllable by firmware in an IC controller and which is configured and operable to perform the functions and to satisfy the requirements specified in at least one release of the USB-PD specification. The IC controller can be implemented in a USB Type-C device. The IC controller can be implemented in a USB device. Power delivery in accordance with the USB-PD specification(s) can be embodied in several different types of USB Type-C applications. Examples of such types of Type-C applications include, but may not be limited to: a downstream facing port (DFP) application, in which an IC controller with a USB-PD subsystem is configured to provide a downstream-facing USB port (e.g., in a USB-enabled host device); an upstream facing port (UFP) application, in which an IC controller with a USB-PD subsystem is configured to provide an upstream-facing USB port (e.g., in a USB-enabled peripheral device or adapter); a dual role port (DRP) USB application, in which an IC controller with a USB-PD subsystem is configured to support both DFP and UFP applications on the same USB port (e.g., a USB Type-C port that is configured to operate as either a power provider or a power consumer or can alternate between these two roles dynamically by using USB-PD power role swap); and an active cable application, in which an IC controller with a USB-PD subsystem is disposed into, and configured to operate, an electronically marked cable assembly (EMCA) Type-C cable. A USB-C/PD power supply can be used to deliver power with a wide output voltage range of 3.3V-21.5V, a wide current range of 1 A-5 A, and a wide input supply voltage range of 5.0V to 24V, as per USB-C/PD protocol. Due to this wide voltage/current range for USB-C power delivery and rapid switching requirements between input and output voltage signals, a buck-boost (BB) converter can be employed within a USB Type-C controller, which can be controlled to provide power to expected output loads. FIG.1is a schematic block diagram of a USB controller100that includes a buck-boost (BB) converter architecture according to at least one embodiment. The USB controller100includes a buck-boost (BB) converter101in at least one embodiment. Although illustrated deployed within the USB controller100, the present BB architecture can be employed in other BB applications and contexts where a transconductance amplifier is used, such as, for example, a buck converter, a boost converter, or a BB converter. In various embodiments, the BB converter101includes an inductor102, a first high-side switch104(or HS1), a second high-side switch110(or HS2), a first low-side switch106(or LS1), and a second low-side switch108(or LS2). In one embodiment, these switches are n-type field effect transistors (NFETs), as illustrated. In another embodiment, although not illustrated, the high side switches are p-channel field effect transistors (PFETs). In various embodiments, the first high-side switch104is coupled between an input terminal112and a first side of the inductor102of the BB converter101. The high-side switch110is coupled between a second side of the inductor102and an output terminal114. The first low-side switch106is coupled between the first side of the inductor102and a ground of the BB converter101. The second low-side switch108is coupled between the second side of the inductor and the ground. The input terminal112can carry an input voltage (Vin) and the output terminal can carry an output voltage (Vout) of the BB converter101. The BB converter101can further include an input capacitor (Cin) coupled to the input terminal112and an output capacitor (Cout) coupled to the output terminal114. For such a BB converter101, the input capacitor (Cin), output capacitor (Cout), and the inductor102can be designed based on input, output, and load current requirements. In various embodiments, the design of the BB converter101(or a larger system or device that includes the BB converter101) seeks to limit the maximum current to a certain amperage and wattage requirement. Once total output power range is known, one can determine input current requirements. From input current requirements, one can determine values for capacitance of the input and output capacitors (Cin and Cout) and for the inductance of the inductor102. In various embodiments, the USB controller100further includes a current sense amplifier (CSA)103, a comparator116, an error amplifier (EA)118, BB control logic120, a driver122, a driver124, and mode detect logic126. The CSA103can measure an input current of the buck-boost converter101and can output a CSA signal105indicative of the input current. A slope compensation circuit107, which can include slope compensation logic and a slope compensation capacitor, is coupled to an output of CSA103. Slope compensation circuit107can add an offset signal109(slope compensation offset) to CSA signal105when enabled, generating an offset CSA signal111. In some cases, the offset signal109is a current or a charge. In other cases, the offset signal109can be a voltage signal if other circuits are used to add the offset signal109to CSA signal105. In some embodiments, an error amplifier (EA), such as the EA118, can have a closed loop voltage mode architecture, which requires two additional pins and doubles the components on board for compensation, or has an open-loop transconductance (Gm) amplifier architecture. To minimize sizes of the inductor, capacitor, and other board components, generally a high-bandwidth buck-boost converter is used, where generally, the bandwidth is approximately one-tenth to one-fifth of the switching frequency of the device. Thus, a high-bandwidth buck-boost converter requires a high-bandwidth EA architecture. Designing a higher bandwidth voltage mode amplifier increases the design complexity. Hence, a Gm amplifier architecture is generally used in the buck-boost converter101. A Gm amplifier works on the principle of delivering output current proportional to the input voltage difference. This creates an offset at the input of the amplifier. In various embodiments, the BB converter101can work in either constant voltage or constant current mode depending on the load conditions. Having a separate compensation node for each of these modes will complicate the design of PWM and register transfer level (RTL), where RTL is used to indicate the digital portion of a chip design. A single compensation point can be used for both modes, but doing so creates at least the following issues, including inaccuracy in Vbus regulation, overlap of the CV/CC control regions, and lower saturation source current. For the former, as the compensation node is shared between both CV and CC amplifiers, there needs to be an offset at the input of the EA118for sinking the fixed load current (Iout=gm(vref−vfb)). Variation of Gm with temperature causes this offset to change resulting in poor Vbus regulation with temperature. Further, when the USB controller100is near the CV-CC border region, based on the Gm and the source current, there is an overlap region where both the constant voltage and constant current Gm amplifiers will start to control the loop and the EA118is neither in CV loop, nor in CC loop, as illustrated inFIG.4A. To limit the offset at the input and the overlap of CV/CC loop, the source current can be minimized, which results in early saturation of the amplifier, degrading the transient response. The below various design enhancements of the EA118resolves these deficiencies in ways that will be discussed throughout discussion of the various Figures. In at least one embodiment, the comparator116receives the CSA signal111and an EA signal117from the EA118. The EA118can include a pair of transconductance (Gm) amplifiers, a first (or constant voltage) transconductance amplifier118A and a second (or constant current) transconductance amplifier118B. The first transconductance amplifier118A can operate in a constant voltage mode using the voltage tapped off of the voltage bus (Vbus) output of the BB converter101. For example, the first transconductance amplifier118A can adjust an output current of the EA signal117based on a difference between first positive and negative inputs. The first positive input can receive a first voltage reference (Vref_cv), e.g., related to a target constant voltage, and the first negative input can be coupled to a tap point of a voltage divider128coupled between the Vbus and ground. The tap point provides a feedback constant voltage value (Vfb) from the Vbus. This current flowing into the first negative input can be tuned by sourcing current from a variable current source (Ipu) or sinking current to a variable current sink (Ipd). These Ipu and Ipd current sources change the feedback current at the input of the first transconductance amplifier118A, which will help change the Vbus voltage and thus meeting USB bus specifications of between 3V and 21V. In this at least one embodiment, the second transconductance amplifier118B can operate in a constant current mode using current sensed from the voltage bus (Vbus). For example, the second transconductance amplifier118B can adjust the output current of the EA signal117based on a difference between second positive and negative inputs. The second positive input can receive a second reference voltage (Vref_cc), e.g., related to a target constant current, and the second negative input can be coupled to an output current sense amplifier (CSA)130. The output CSA130is coupled to a second sense resistor positioned inline along the voltage bus (Vbus), to sense the current of the Vbus. The comparator116compares the CSA signal111and the EA signal117and provides a control signal119, referred to as pulse width modulation (PWM) out (or pwm_out) signal, to the BB control logic120. In one embodiment, the EA control loop as referred to herein refers to at least the constant voltage (CV) and constant current (CC) paths, the EA118, the CSA103, and the comparator116that adjusts the PWM output signal to the BB control logic120based on the input voltage (Vin), the output voltage (Vout or Vbus), and the reference voltages (Vref_cv and Vref_cc), the latter of which are programmable. In various embodiments, the BB control logic120receives the control signal119and a mode signal121from mode detect logic126. The mode detect logic126can determine a mode and a transition between modes based on the output voltage (Vout) and the input voltage (Vin), and outputs the mode signal121accordingly. In various embodiments, if Vin is higher than Vout, the mode detect logic126will output the mode signal121indicative of buck mode. In contrast, if Vout is higher than Vin, the mode detect logic126will output the mode signal121indicative of boost mode. The BB control logic120can use the control signal119and the mode signal121to control a mode of the buck-boost converter101. In particular, the BB control logic120can send a first control signal133(set_buck) to the driver122that controls the first high-side switch104and the first low-side switch106of the buck-boost converter101. The BB control logic120can further send a second control signal135(set_boost) to the driver124that controls the second high-side switch110and the second low-side switch108of buck-boost converter101. FIG.2is a schematic block diagram of an error amplifier (EA)200of the USB controller100ofFIG.1, which includes a pair of transconductance amplifiers according to at least one embodiment. The EA200can, for example, take the place of the EA118discussed with reference toFIG.1. The pair of transconductance amplifiers include a first transconductance amplifier218A to operate in a constant voltage mode (e.g., Gm_cv) and a second transconductance amplifier218B to operate in a constant current mode (e.g., Gm_cc). In these embodiments, the EA200further includes a single output pin201through which to provide the output current, e.g., the EA signal117inFIG.1, to the comparator116. Because each Gm amplifier of the pair of Gm amplifiers provides a compensation current to the same output pin201, the Gm for each of the first transconductance amplifier218A and the second transconductance amplifier218B can be made programmable (seeFIGS.3A-3B), enabling independent control on the bandwidth for each of the CV mode and the CC mode. Equalizations between the Gm amplifiers will also be discussed. In at least some embodiments, the EA200includes a voltage divider228coupled between the voltage bus (Vbus) and ground of the USB controller100and which includes a first resistor (R1) and a second resistor (R2). The EA200includes tap point (VFB) pin between the first and second resistors of the voltage divider228as an output of the EA200. In one embodiment, first resistor is 200KΩ and the second resistor is 34KΩ, although other values are envisioned. Further, a positive digital-analog-converter (PDAC) can be positioned between the supply voltage and the tap point pin, and a negative DAC (NDAC) can be positioned between the tap point pin and the ground. In various embodiments, the EA200further includes offset cancellation circuitry204and CV/CC handover circuitry206coupled between output circuitry of the first transconductance amplifier218A and a second transconductance amplifier218B. The EA200can further include a current source210coupled between a supply voltage (Vddd) and the output pin201, a first diode (D1) coupled between output pin and a first output of the first transconductance amplifier218A, and a second diode (D2) coupled between the output pin201and a second output of the second transconductance amplifier218B. The EA200can further include a first boost transconductance amplifier220A coupled to the first transconductance amplifier218A and a second boost transconductance amplifier220B coupled to the second transconductance amplifier218B, which will be discussed in more detail with reference toFIG.6A. In at least some embodiments, the EA200further includes a dynamic source current generator230coupled between each of the first boost transconductance amplifier220A and a second boost transconductance amplifier220B and the output pin201. Each of these components that enhance functioning of the first and second transconductance amplifiers218A and218B in some way to overcome the above-mentioned deficiencies will be discussed in more detail. Not all components must be used in combination, as the different enhancements to the EA200that are discussed herein can be implemented alone or in combination with other enhancements and/or embodiments. With more specificity, and in accordance with disclosed embodiments, the first transconductance amplifier218A can adjust an output current at the output pin201depending on a difference (e.g., error) between voltages at a first positive input and at a second positive input. The first positive input receives a first voltage reference (Vref). The first negative input can be coupled to the tap point of a voltage divider coupled between a voltage bus and a ground of the buck-boost converter. Further, the second transconductance amplifier218B can also adjust the output current at the output pin201depending on a difference (e.g., error) between voltages at a second positive input and at a second negative input. The second positive input receives a second voltage reference (Vref). The second negative input can be coupled to the current sense amplifier, e.g., the output CSA130(FIG.1), which is coupled to a sense resistor positioned inline along the voltage bus (Vbus). Each voltage reference can be programmable and supplied by control logic such as the BB control120or other control logic. Since an input offset is present at the input of each Gm amplifier, any temperature variation in Gm will result in the variation of Vbus voltage. A temperature compensation can be generated to track the Gm movement with load current which eliminates the Vbus movement due to Gm change with temperature. This temperature compensation can include generation of a current bias based on the temperature, e.g., which increases with temperature so that the Gm, determined by metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) of each Gm amplifier, remains substantially constant. The following formulas illustrate configuration of temperature compensation such that transconductance (Gm) can be programmed independent of temperature. Id=12μnCoxwl(Vgs-Vth)2Gm=2IdμnCoxwlIbias_ptat=1R22μnCox(l1w1-l2w2)2Gm=2R(l1w1-l2w2)wlIout=Gm*(vinp-vinn)ΔIout(t)=ΔGm(t)Gm=1R*k1Iout=k2Rk1=2*(l1w1-l2w2)wlk2=vbg(constant) where the last equation indicates that k1 and k2 are constants with respect to temperature, e.g., are only dependent on the width-to-length ratio (w/l) of the MO SFET transistors employed in the Gm amplifiers. Thus, in at least some embodiments, the EA200further includes a temperature compensation circuit240, which can be used to generate a bias current of the EA200in way that Gm movement with temperature can be tracked with changes in load current, e.g., which maintains accuracy of the output current by tracking transconductance variation according to temperature-to-load-current variation. In these embodiments, the temperature compensation circuit240includes a bandgap-to-current circuit242to convert a bandgap voltage reference (Vbg) of the buck-boost converter101to a bandgap-dependent current (ibgbyr) and a beta multiplier246coupled to the bandgap-to-current circuit242. The beta multiplier246can generate a load bias current (Ibias_pload), which is based on the bandgap-dependent current, to bias the current source210that is coupled to the output pin201. The beta multiplier246can further generate, based on the illustrated inputs (e.g., the Vbg, Vref, Iref), a temperature-dependent bias current (Ibias_temp) to bias current output by at least one of the first transconductance amplifier218A or the second transconductance amplifier218B. In one embodiment, the bandgap-to-current circuit242includes a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET)250with a source coupled to the supply voltage (Vddd). The bandgap-to-current circuit242can further include a voltage divider252having a variable resistor and that is coupled between a drain of the MOSFET and the ground. The bandgap-to-current circuit242can further include a comparator256to drive a gate of the MOSFET based on inputs including the bandgap voltage (Vbg) and a middle tap point of the voltage divider. In some embodiments, the bandgap voltage reference (Vbg) is a recycled voltage that varies minimally (or not at all) with temperature, and is thus predictable and/or generally unchanging. The bandgap-dependent current (ibgbyr) can be understood to be proportional to the bandgap voltage after passing through the MOSFET250and the voltage divider252, and thus the bandgap-to-current circuit242can be understood to be a current generator that mimics each Gm amplifier from a temperature perspective. As illustrated, each Gm amplifier includes an input offset, e.g., Iout=Gm*(Vinp−Vinn), proportional to the output sourcing current and the transconductance (Gm). Since Gm cannot be infinite, a fixed offset is always present and can change with chip temperature. This degrades the accuracy of USB converter100. In at least some embodiments, the offset cancellation circuitry204endeavors to eliminate the offset voltage at the input of each Gm amplifier. In at least some embodiments, the offset cancellation circuitry204is to one of detect a first direct current (DC) voltage offset at an input of the first transconductance amplifier218A while in CV mode or a second DC voltage offset at an input of the second transconductance amplifier218B while in CC mode. In response to detection of the first DC offset, the offset cancellation circuitry204can sink a first equivalent current from the first transconductance amplifier218A to cancel the first DC voltage offset, where the first equivalent current corresponds to a programmable transconductance of the first transconductance amplifier218A. In response to detection of the second DC offset, offset cancellation circuitry204can sink a second equivalent current from the second transconductance amplifier218B to cancel the second DC voltage offset, where the second equivalent current corresponds to a programmable transconductance of the second transconductance amplifier218B. A more detailed illustration of the offset cancellation circuitry204is illustrated and discussed with reference toFIGS.3A-3B. In at least some embodiments, the dynamic source current generator230, which is discussed in more detail with reference toFIG.6B, is to detect saturation of one of the first transconductance amplifier218A or the second transconductance amplifier218B. The dynamic source current generator230can then provide a source current to the output pin201in response to the saturation of the one of the first transconductance amplifier218A or the second transconductance amplifier218B. In some embodiments, the source current is proportional to an input difference of respective positive and negative inputs of the one of the first transconductance amplifier218A or the second transconductance amplifier218B that saturates. In at least some embodiments, due to finite Gm in the Gm amplifiers, the switch over from CV to CC (or CC to CV) mode is not instantaneous as the EA200cannot go to zero current instantaneously. Thus, the USB converter100is forced to stay in an intermediate state where the USB converter100is not in either CV mode or CC mode. The CV/CC handover circuitry206is configured to ensure that the USB converter100stays in either CV or CC mode depending on the input differences between the first and second transconductance amplifiers218A and218C. In some embodiments, the CV/CC handover circuitry206includes a minimum current generator that will be discussed with reference toFIGS.5A-5B. FIGS.3A-3Bare schematic block diagrams of offset cancellation circuitry300and programmable transconductance circuitry of the error amplifier200according to at least one embodiment. WhileFIG.3Aillustrates constant current offset cancellation circuitry304A to cancel an input offset of a constant voltage (or first) Gm amplifier318A,FIG.3Billustrates constant voltage offset cancellation circuitry304B to cancel an input offset of a constant current (or second) Gm amplifier318B. In some embodiments, the offset cancellation circuitry300can be the offset cancellation circuitry204of the EA200ofFIG.2. In these embodiments, the offset cancellation circuitry300can create a zero offset at the input of each of the first and second Gm amplifiers318A and318B based on a steady state source current. For example, the offset cancellation circuitry300can eliminate a DC voltage offset at the input of the EA200by sinking the current equivalent to the source current from either the first Gm amplifier318A or the second Gm amplifier318B based on the mode of the loop at the time of cancellations, e.g., CV mode or CC mode, respectively. In these embodiments, the first Gm amplifier318A includes an operational amplifier301A having an output coupled to a programmable transconductance (Gm) circuit350A (FIG.3A), and the second Gm amplifier318B includes an operational amplifier301B having an output coupled to a programmable transconductance (Gm) circuit350B (FIG.3B). In some embodiments, each programmable Gm circuit350A and350B includes a bank of n-channel MOSFETs354A (or354B), respectively, in which a gate of at least some of the n-channel MOSFETs are coupled to control logic to be trimmed in order to adjust an output current supplied to the output pin. For example, the gate of the Q12 MOSFETs can receive the trim gm cv signal for the first programmable Gm circuit350A or the trim gm cc signal for the second programmable Gm circuit350B. An output n-channel MOSFET (Q10 or Q22) can include a drain coupled to the output of the operational amplifier301A or301B, respectively, and a source that is grounded. A gate of the output n-channel MOSFET can then be connected to the drain of the output n-channel MOSFET and to gates of additional n-channel MOSFETs that are coupled in in series to the Q12 MOSFETs within the bank of MOSFETs354A or354B. With additional reference toFIG.3AandFIG.3B, the offset cancellation circuitry300includes constant voltage (CV) offset cancellation circuitry304A and constant current (CC) offset cancellation circuitry304B, each that commonly connect to an output module325of the offset cancellation circuitry300. In these embodiments, the CV offset cancellation circuitry304A ofFIG.3Aincludes an offset cancellation CV trim generator314A that generates an offset cancellation signal (Os_canc_cv) based on trim signals received from control logic, e.g., from trim_gm_cv and trim_pload signals that perform the Gm programming. The CV offset cancellation circuitry304A can further include a bank of parallel-connected sets of p-channel MOSFETs308A, where a bottom set of serially-connected p-channel MOSFETs (Q13s) of the bank of p-channel MOSFETs308A have gates driven by the offset cancellation signal. The drains of this bottom set of serially-connected p-channel MOSFETs can generate a CV bias current (cv_bias) that is fed to the gate of the output MOSFET Q10 of the first programmable Gm circuit350A to impart an offset cancellation current. The gate of at least one of the top set of serially-connected p-channel MOSFETs (Q12, Q14, and Q15) receives the load bias current (Ibias_pload) previously discussed. In these embodiments, the CC offset cancellation circuitry304B ofFIG.3Bincludes an offset cancellation CC trim generator314B that generates an offset cancellation signal (Os_canc_cc) based on trim signals received from control logic, e.g., from trim_gm_cc and trim_pload signals that perform the Gm programming. More specifically, the Os_canc_cv and Os_canc_cc signals are digital signals, which will turn on only some of the MOSFETs, allowing different current flow for different Gm and load current for offset cancellation. In various embodiments, the CC offset cancellation circuitry304B further includes a bank of parallel-connected sets of p-channel MOSFETs308B, where a bottom set of serially-connected p-channel MOSFETs of the bank of n-channel MOSFETs308B have gates driven by the offset cancellation signal. The drains of this bottom set of serially-connected p-channel MOSFETs can generate a CC bias current (cc_bias) that is fed to the gate of the output MOSFET Q22 of the second programmable Gm circuit350B to impart an offset cancellation current. The gate of at least one of the top set of serially-connected p-channel MOSFETs (Q12, Q14, and Q15) receives the load bias current (Ibias_pload) previously discussed. In at least some embodiments, the output module325includes a further set of parallel-connected p-channel MOSFETs, where a bottom pair of serially-connected p-channel MOSFETs (Q13s) have gates that receive the trim pload (trim_pload) signal and a drain that outputs an output current (IOUT). This output current feeds the drains of the trim-controlled n-channel MOSFETs (Q12s) of the first and second programmable Gm circuits350A and350B. In this way, the output module325further controls the input current to the bank of the n-channel MOSFETs354A and354B of each of the first and second programmable Gm circuits350A and350B, respectively. FIG.4Ais a graph illustrating an overlap region402for a constant voltage (CV) and constant current (CC) feedback control loops. This overlap region exists at the boundary between CV and CC control, where the depth of this boundary depends on the gm of the EA200and the load current. A first line404illustrates current sunk by the CV transconductance amplifier218A and a second line406illustrates current sunk by the CC transconductance amplifier218B. FIG.4Bis a graph illustrating elimination of the overlap region402using a minimum current generator of the error amplifier200that sources a minimum current back to a common error amplifier node according to an embodiment. This minimum current generator can be located within the CV/CC handover circuitry206and will be discussed with reference toFIGS.5A-5B. The values on the graphs ofFIGS.4A-4Bare merely exemplary and are not meant to be limiting. FIG.5Ais a schematic block diagram illustrating functionality of a minimum current generator506, which as mentioned, can be included in the CV/CC handover circuitry206according to at least one embodiment. The minimum current generator506can include current inputs from the first output of the first transconductance amplifier218A (e.g., the CV current) and the second output of the second transconductance amplifier218B (e.g., the CC current). The minimum current generator506can then determine a minimum current between the first output and the second output and supply the minimum current to the output pin201. FIG.5Bis a schematic block diagram of an implementation of the minimum current generator506according to at least one embodiment. The minimum current generator506in this embodiment includes an n-channel MOSFET (Q3) to receive the CV current (icy) and another n-channel MOSFET (Q8) to receive the CC current (icc). The current through the Q3 MOSFET can be mirrored to another n-channel MOSFET (Q5) and the current of the Q8 MOSFET can be mirrored to another n-channel MOSFET (Q5) as well. Additional current mirrors using p-channel and n-channel MOSFETs can be employed as illustrated to compare the CV and CC currents, and to output the minimum of the CV and CC currents at Imin_cv_cc. In these embodiments, this minimum current, when supplied, ensures that either the first transconductance amplifier218A or the second transconductance amplifier218B supplies the current to the output pin201and there is no simultaneous operation in the overlap region, e.g., as perFIG.4B. The implementation of the minimum current generator506is exemplary, and thus other or different implementations are envisioned. FIG.6Ais a schematic block diagram of transconductance boosting circuitry600A according to at least one embodiment, and which makes additional reference back to the EA200ofFIG.2. A transconductance boosting technique can be employed to increase the Gm of EA200, thereby increasing the system bandwidth when the input error of the EA200is large, e.g., into the “Imax” region of the graph ofFIG.7. In some USB controllers, boosting starts to happen when the Vbus voltage deviates from a threshold target voltage by 100 mV, for example, or some other programmable threshold target deviation voltage. This helps in improving the transient response of the system. In at least some embodiments, a first boost transconductance amplifier620A is to receive, as inputs, the first positive input and the first negative input of the first transconductance amplifier218A, and to supply an adjustment in output current to the first transconductance amplifier218A proportional to a first difference between the first positive input and the first negative input. In these embodiments, a second boost transconductance amplifier620B is to receive, as inputs, the second positive input and the second negative input of the first transconductance amplifier218B, and to supply an adjustment in output current to the second transconductance amplifier218B proportional to a second difference between the second positive input and the second negative input. In general, the greater the error between inputs of one of the Gm amplifiers, the greater the adjustment by a respective boost transconductance amplifier. In some embodiments, a threshold minimum voltage source624A and624B is supplied to each of the first and second positive inputs of the first boost transconductance amplifier218A and the second boost transconductance amplifier218B, respectively, to provide a minimum starting point for current boosting. A value of the threshold minimum voltage source624A and624B can be, for example, between 5-20 millivolts (mV). In one embodiment, the value of the threshold minimum voltage source624A and624B is 10 mV, as illustrated. FIG.6Bis a schematic block diagram ofFIG.6Athat also includes the dynamic current sourcing circuitry230, also illustrated inFIG.2, according to at least one embodiment. In at least some embodiments, the dynamic current circuitry230is coupled to each of the first boost transconductance amplifier218A and the second boost transconductance amplifier218B as well as to the output pin201. The implementation illustrated for the dynamic source current generator230is exemplary, as additional or different implementations are envisioned. The dynamic source current generator230can be adapted to detect saturation of one of the first transconductance amplifier218A or the second transconductance amplifier218B, e.g., via p-channel MOSFETs Q23 and Q25, respectively. Saturation may occur once a fixed output source current is exceeded. For example, a drain of the Q23 MOSFET can be coupled to the output of the first transconductance amplifier218A to detect saturation of the first transconductance amplifier218A. Further, a drain of the Q25 MOSFET can be coupled to the output of the second transconductance amplifier218B to detect saturation of the second transconductance amplifier218B. In at least some embodiments, the dynamic source current generator230is further adapted to provide a source current to the output pin201in response to the saturation of the one of the first transconductance amplifier218A or the second transconductance amplifier218B. In at least some embodiments, the source current is proportional to an input difference of respective positive and negative inputs of the one of the first transconductance amplifier218A or the second transconductance amplifier218B that saturates. To do so, the dynamic source current generator230can include a number of current mirrors employing additional p-channel MOSFETs, where an output of each current mirror is received by an n-channel MOSFET. A final comparative p-channel MOSFET (Q29) can output, from its drain, the dynamic source current (Idynamic). In this way, the larger the input difference to a Gm amplifier, the more source current that can be separately supplied by the dynamic source current generator230to avoid the saturation of the EA200. FIG.7is a graph that illustrates functionality of the dynamic current sourcing circuitry according to at least one embodiment. This graph illustrates a constant transconductance (Gm) until the error at the input a transconductance amplifier (e.g.,218A or218B) as long as the threshold set by the threshold minimum voltage source624A or624B, respectively, is not exceeded. Once the error exceeds a value of the threshold minimum voltage source, the threshold Gm increases due to Gm boosting until the transconductance amplifier reaches a high enough current value. At some point, the input voltage difference reaches a natural saturation where the source current of the EA200hits a maximum value (Imax). The Gm is then lowered as the source current continues into saturation. It can be observed that the EA200does not saturate quickly and maintains control for a wider input range. Accordingly, the boosting and dynamic source current generator230can be employed to avoid or delay such saturation. FIG.8is a flow diagram of a method800of operating an error amplifier according to at least some of the disclosed embodiments. The method800can be performed by the EA200and other associated components of the EA200described herein with reference toFIGS.2-7. At operation810, the EA200receives, at a first positive input of the first transconductance amplifier218A, a first voltage reference. At operation820, the EA200receives, at a first negative input of the first transconductance amplifier218A, a voltage from a tap point of a voltage divider coupled between a voltage bus and a ground of the buck-boost converter. At operation830, the EA200adjusts, at the output pin, an output current based on a voltage difference between the first positive input and the first negative input. At operation840, the EA200receives, at a second positive input of the second transconductance amplifier, a second voltage reference. At operation850, the EA200receives, at a second negative input of the second transconductance amplifier, a voltage of a current sense amplifier, the current sense amplifier being coupled to a sense resistor positioned inline along the voltage bus. At operation860, the EA200adjusts, at the output pin, the output current based on a voltage difference between the second positive input and the second negative input. Various embodiments of the transconductance amplifiers for buck-boost converters within USB-C controllers (or other related converters) described herein may include various operations. These operations may be performed and/or controlled by hardware components, digital hardware and/or firmware, and/or combinations thereof. As used herein, the term “coupled to” may mean connected directly to or connected indirectly through one or more intervening components. Any of the signals provided over various on-die buses may be time multiplexed with other signals and provided over one or more common on-die buses. Additionally, the interconnection between circuit components or blocks may be shown as buses or as single signal lines. Each of the buses may alternatively be one or more single signal lines and each of the single signal lines may alternatively be buses. Certain embodiments may be implemented by firmware instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium, e.g., such as volatile memory and/or non-volatile memory. These instructions may be used to program and/or configure one or more devices that include processors (e.g., CPUs) or equivalents thereof (e.g., such as processing cores, processing engines, microcontrollers, and the like), so that when executed by the processor(s) or the equivalents thereof, the instructions cause the device(s) to perform the described operations for the techniques described herein. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium may include, but is not limited to, electromagnetic storage medium, read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), erasable programmable memory (e.g., EPROM and EEPROM), flash memory, or another now-known or later-developed non-transitory type of medium that is suitable for storing information. Although the operations of the circuit(s) and block(s) herein are shown and described in a particular order, in some embodiments the order of the operations of each circuit/block may be altered so that certain operations may be performed in an inverse order or so that certain operation may be performed, at least in part, concurrently and/or in parallel with other operations. In other embodiments, instructions or sub-operations of distinct operations may be performed in an intermittent and/or alternating manner. In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense. | 48,298 |
11942867 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Reference may now be made in detail to particular embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. While the invention may be described in conjunction with the preferred embodiments, it may be understood that they are not intended to limit the invention to these embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover alternatives, modifications and equivalents that may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Furthermore, in the following detailed description of the present invention, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it may be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, processes, components, structures, and circuits have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the present invention. With the development of central processing unit (CPU), general processing unit (GPU), and artificial intelligence (AI) chips and devices, power supply circuits with low voltage, large current, high efficiency, and small volume are widely used. However, the miniaturization of the circuitry typically results in an increase in the switching frequency switching loss of the power switches, and a decrease in the operation efficiency. When the power converter operates in a current critical conduction mode, the main power switch of the power converter can realize zero-voltage switching. In such a case, the on loss of the main power switch can be decreased, such that the power converter can operate at a higher switching frequency with the same operation efficiency. However, the switching frequency can vary widely along with the change of the load, which is not conducive for improvement of the operation efficiency within the full load range. In one embodiment, a method of controlling a multi-phase power converter having a plurality of power stage circuits coupled in parallel, can include: (i) obtaining a load current of the multi-phase power converter; (ii) enabling corresponding power stage circuits to operate in accordance with the load current, such that a switching frequency is maintained within a predetermined range when the load current changes; and (iii) controlling the power stage circuits to operate under different modes in accordance with the load current, such that the switching frequency is maintained within the predetermined range when the load current changes. In one embodiment, an apparatus can include: (i) a multi-phase power converter having a plurality of power stage circuits coupled in parallel; and (ii) a control circuit configured to enable corresponding of the plurality of power stage circuits to operate in accordance with a load current, such that a switching frequency is maintained within a predetermined range when the load current changes. Referring now toFIG.1, shown is a schematic block diagram of an example multi-phase power converter, in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention. In this particular example, the multi-phase power converter can include multiple power stage circuits1coupled in parallel and control circuit2. Here, control circuit2can enable power stage circuits1to operate by load current Iload, such that switching frequency (f) of the multi-phase power converter can be maintained within a predetermined range when load current Iload changes. Further, the number of the enabled power stage circuits can increase as load current Iload increases. For example, control circuit2can control the power stage circuits to be enabled to operate according to the range to which load current Iload belongs, such that switching frequency f can be maintained within the predetermined range when load current Iload changes. For example, control circuit2can include current detection circuit21, multi-phase management circuit22, and multiple single-phase control circuits23, respectively corresponding to multiple power stage circuits1and feedback circuit24. The power stage circuits with the number N, where N is a positive integer are shown in this particular example. Current detection circuit21can detect multiple phase currents I1, I2. . . IN, respectively corresponding to multiple power stage circuits1, in order to obtain load current Iload according to the sum of multiple phase currents I1, I2. . . IN. Multi-phase management circuit22, can generate multiple enable signals EN1, EN2. . . ENN and multiple clock signals CLOCK1, CLOCK2. . . CLOCKN, respectively corresponding to multiple power stage circuits1according to load current Iload. Here, enable signal ENn (n=1, 2 . . . N) can enable corresponding power stage circuit1to operate. For example, when enable signal ENn is active, the corresponding power stage circuit1may be enabled to operate normally, and when enable signal ENn is inactive, the corresponding power stage circuit1may be disabled and stops operating. In addition, clock signal CLOCKn (n=1, 2 . . . N) can adjust the on time of a main power switch of the corresponding power stage circuit1through a phase-locked loop circuit, in order to perform a phase adjustment. Therefore, each power stage circuit1may operate with a corresponding predetermined phase to meet other requirements of a system. Multiple single-phase control circuits23can respectively correspond to multiple power stage circuits1. For example, each single-phase control circuit23can generate a pulse-width modulation (PWM) control signal according to corresponding phase current “In” (n=1, 2 . . . N), feedback signal VC, and enable signal ENn (n=1, 2 . . . N), in order to control corresponding power stage circuit1to operate. It should be understood that the generation of the control signal may also utilize clock signal CLOCKn to control each power stage circuit1to operate with a corresponding predetermined phase. Feedback circuit24can generate an error compensation signal as feedback signal VC according to output voltage Vo of the multi-phase power converter and reference voltage Vref. In particular embodiments, the multiple power stage circuits of the multi-phase power converter can be enabled by the load current, such that the switching frequency can be maintained within a predetermined range when the load current changes. Referring now toFIG.2, shown is a schematic block diagram of a first example single-phase control circuit of the multi-phase power converter, in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention. Referring also toFIG.3, shown is a waveform diagram of a first operation example of the multi-phase power converter, in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention. In this example, the multi-phase power converter can operate in a critical conduction mode; that is, the main power switch of power stage circuit1may be turned on when phase current In is detected to be zero. For example, each single-phase control circuit23can include zero-crossing detection circuit231, phase-locked loop circuit232, on-time circuit223, and logic circuit234. Zero-crossing detection circuit231can detect whether phase current In is less than predetermined current threshold Vi, and may generate a current detection signal. In this example, the current detection signal is set signal VS, and when phase current In is less than predetermined current threshold Vi, set signal VS can be active. Under the critical conduction mode, the main power switch of power stage circuit1may be turned on when phase current In is detected to be zero. Therefore, predetermined current threshold Vi can be set to be zero or slightly less than zero. Further, when phase current In decreases to be less than predetermined current threshold Vi, this may represent that phase current In becomes negative after crossing zero, such that set signal VS is active to turn on the main power switch of power stage circuit1. For example, zero-crossing detection circuit231can include comparator CMP1. For example, a non-inverting input terminal of comparator CMP1can receive predetermined current threshold Vi, and an inverting input terminal of comparator CMP1can receive phase current In. Comparator CMP1may generate a comparison signal with a high level when phase current In decreases to be less than predetermined current threshold Vi, where the comparison signal is taken as set signal VS. In particular embodiments, phase current In can be acquired by sampling resistor Ri, or in other ways that can realize the active sampling of the inductor current of power stage circuit1. Phase-locked loop circuit232can generate clock adjustment signal VT according to clock signal CLOCKn and a corresponding PWM control signal, thereby adjusting the on time of main power switch of power stage circuit1with feedback signal VC to perform a phase adjustment, such that the control signals of the multiple power stage circuits1can keep the same frequency and phase with the corresponding clock signal CLOCKn. On-time circuit233can generate reset signal VR according to feedback signal VC, clock adjustment signal VT, and ramp signal Vslope. On-time circuit233can include superimposing circuit2331, ramp signal generation circuit2332, and comparator CMP2. For example, superimposing circuit2331may superimpose clock adjustment signal VT and feedback signal VC in order to generate feedback signal VC1. In this example, superimposing circuit2331is formed by an adder circuit. Moreover, ramp signal generation circuit2332can include switch S1, capacitor C1, and current source I1coupled in parallel. Here, switch S1is controlled by the PWM control signal generated from logic circuit234. In this example, switch S1can be turned off when the main power switch of power stage circuit1is turned on. Therefore, current source I1can charge capacitor C1and the voltage of capacitor C1may gradually increase. In this period, phase current In (e.g., the inductor current) of power stage circuit1can linearly increase due to the conduction of the main power switch, as shown inFIG.3. Thus, the voltage across capacitor C1can be changed in synchronization with the inductor current of power stage circuit1when the parameters are accordingly set. Further, switch S1may be turned on when the main power switch of power stage circuit1is turned off, such that capacitor C1discharges and the voltage across capacitor C1decreases to be zero. With the process above repeated, ramp signal Vslope can be generated at a first terminal of capacitor C1. In addition, a non-inverting input terminal of comparator CMP2can receive ramp signal Vslope, and an inverting input terminal of comparator CMP2can receive feedback signal VC1. When ramp signal Vslope increases to be the same level as feedback signal VC1, comparator CMP2may generate a comparison signal with a high level, which may be taken as reset signal VR to control the main power switch of power stage circuit1to be off. Logic circuit234can generate the PWM control signal according to reset signal VR, set signal VS and enable signal ENn. For example, logic circuit234can include a SR flip-flop. For example, set terminal S of the SR flip-flop can receive set signal VS, reset terminal R of the SR flip-flop can receive reset signal VR, and output terminal Q of the SR flip-flop may generate the PWM control signal. Here, enable signal ENn can control the operation states of logic circuit234. For example, when enable signal ENn is active, logic circuit234may operate normally and can generate the PWM control signal, such that the corresponding power stage circuit can be controlled to operate according to the PWM control signal. When enable signal ENn is inactive, logic circuit234may stop operating and not generate the PWM control signal, such that the corresponding power stage circuit may be disabled and stop operating. Single-phase control circuit23can also include driving circuit235. Driving circuit235can receive the PWM control signal, and may convert the PWM control signal into a driving signal to control the main power switch of power stage circuit1to be on/off. In some examples, enable signal ENn can be configured to control driving circuit235to be enabled or disabled, thereby controlling the operation states of corresponding power stage circuit1. Referring now toFIG.4, shown is a current-frequency curve diagram of the example multi-phase power converter, in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention. Combining withFIG.4and taking the four-phase power converter (e.g., the number of the power stage circuits is 4) as an example, the operation method for the multi-phase power converter will be illustrated as follows. Since the power stage circuits of the multi-phase power converter usually operate under the critical conduction mode, the switching frequency of a certain power stage circuit can be inversely proportional to load current Iphase of corresponding power stage circuit; that is, single-phase switching frequency Fsw is equal to K/Iphase. In such a case, single-phase load current Iphase may vary with the number of phases N in the multi-phase power converter and is equal to Iload/N. In addition, single-phase switching frequency Fsw can be expressed by N*K/Iphase. Both the single-phase switching frequency and single-phase load current Iphase may be set to be 1 at full load to realize standardization. In that case, K may be equal to Imax/N. Firstly, a total load current-switching frequency curve can be determined according to the number of the power stage circuits to operate. As shown inFIG.4, the total load current-switching frequency curve is S1when one power stage circuit operates, the total load current-switching frequency curve is S2when two power stage circuits operate, the total load current-switching frequency curve is S3when three power stage circuits operate, and the total load current-switching frequency curve is S4when four power stage circuits operate. It can be seen from the total load current-switching frequency curves S1-S4that the switching frequency tends to increase with the decrease of the load. Thus, the switching frequency can decrease as the number of power stage circuits properly decreases. Secondly, the number of power stage circuits to operate may properly be determined according to the current range to which load current Iload belongs, such that the switching frequency can be maintained within the predetermined range at each current range. That is, the switching frequency can be between minimum frequency Fmin and maximum frequency Fmax. Moreover, minimum frequency Fmin and maximum frequency Fmax can be set in accordance with the particular application and operation status of the multi-phase power converter. As such, the better selection way is that both four power stage circuits operate under the critical conduction mode when load current Iload is greater than operation point I4, three power stage circuits operate under the critical conduction mode when load current Iload is greater than operation point I3and less than operation point I4, two power stage circuits operate under the critical conduction mode when load current Iload is greater than operation point I2and less than operation point I3, and one power stage circuit operates under the critical conduction mode when load current Iload is greater than operation point I1and less than operation point I2. As a result, the switching frequency can be controlled between minimum frequency Fmin and maximum frequency Fmax. As discussed above, when the power converter operates under the critical conduction mode, the main power switch of the power converter can realize zero-voltage-switching. In such a case, the on loss of the main power switch can be decreased, such that the power converter may operate at a higher switching frequency with a same operation efficiency. However, the switching frequency can change widely with the change of the load, which may not be conducive to the improvement of the operation efficiency within the full load range. In particular embodiments, the multiple power stage circuits of the power converter can be enabled to operate by the load current, such that the switching frequency can be maintained within a predetermined range when the load current changes. Thus, the disadvantages that the switching frequency is low and the conduction current is great can be substantially overcome in the single-phase critical conduction power converter with heavy load. Moreover, the problem of the switching frequency being high and the operating efficiency being low in the multi-phase critical conduction power converter with heavy load can be substantially overcome. In addition, the switching frequency can be reduced in the single-phase critical conduction power converter in the discontinuous current conduction mode, such that the multi-phase critical conduction power converter can operate efficiently within the full load range. Referring now toFIG.5, shown is a schematic block diagram of a second example single-phase control circuit of the multi-phase power converter, in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention. Referring also toFIG.6, shown is a waveform diagram of a second example operation of the multi-phase power converter, in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention. Here, the difference between the first and second examples is that sampling signal In*Ri representing inductor current In is directly taken as ramp signal Vslope. As shown, the non-inverting input terminal of comparator CMP2can receive sampling signal In*Ri representing inductor current In, and the inverting input terminal of comparator CMP2can receive feedback signal VC1. Comparator CMP2may generate a comparison signal with a high level when ramp signal Vslope increases to be the level of feedback signal VC1, and the comparison signal may be taken as reset signal VR to control the main power switch to be off. Referring now toFIG.7, shown is a schematic block diagram of a third example single-phase control circuit of the multi-phase power converter, in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention. Referring also toFIG.8, shown is a waveform diagram of a third example operation of the example multi-phase power converter, in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention. When load current Iload is greater than threshold V1, corresponding power stage circuit1can operate under the critical conduction mode. When load current Iload is less than threshold V1, corresponding power stage circuit1operates under a discontinuous current conduction mode or a frequency modulation mode, in order to improve operation efficiency. Here, threshold V1can be set according to particular application requirements, and operation point I1can directly serve as threshold V1. Referring back toFIG.4, when load current Iload is less than operation point I1, the switching frequency can be greater than maximum frequency Fmax. Single-phase control circuit23can control corresponding power stage circuit1to stop operating under the critical conduction mode and switch to operate under the discontinuous current conduction mode, the frequency modulation mode, or another more active operation mode. In particular embodiments, the discontinuous current conduction mode may be added based on the critical conduction mode to illustrate an example operation method of the multi-phase power converter. For example, selection circuit236may be provided after zero-crossing detection circuit231, and can choose one of clock signal CLOCKn and current detection signal VI as set signal VS, and output set signal VS according to the relationship between load current Iload and threshold V1. In that case, input terminals of selection circuit236may respectively receive clock signal CLOCKn and current detection signal VI, and an output terminal of selection circuit236can selectively output one of clock signal CLOCKn and current detection signal VI according to selection signal Vsel. For example, selection signal Vsel may be inactive when load current Iload is less than threshold V1, which may represent that the power stage circuit can switch to operate under the discontinuous current conduction mode. In that case, selection circuit236can choose clock signal CLOCKn as set signal VS, and may output set signal VS to control the main power switch to be on. Further, selection signal Vsel can be active when load current Iload is greater than threshold V1, which may represent that the power stage circuit can switch to operate under the critical conduction mode. In that case, selection circuit236can choose current detection signal VI as set signal VS, in order to control the main power switch to be on. Current detection signal VI can be generated by clock signal CLOCKn when load current Iload is less than threshold V1, such that multiple power stage circuits1can keep the same frequency and phase as the clock signal. Therefore, reset signal VR can be generated without clock signal CLOCKn in this particular example. For example, switch S2may be arranged between phase-locked loop circuit232and superimposing circuit233, and can be controlled by selection signal Vsel. Switch S2may be turned off by inactive selection signal Vsel when load current Iload is less than threshold V1, such that clock adjustment signal VT may not influence feedback signal VC. As can be seen fromFIG.8, when load current Iload is less than threshold V1, the transition time of set signal VS may be consistent with (e.g., the same as) clock signal CLOCKn. Also, the transition time may not be influenced by (e.g., can be independent of) the inductor current crossing zero. In addition, reset signal VR can be obtained by comparing ramp signal Vslope against feedback signal VC. Particular embodiments involve a multi-phase power converter, a control circuit, and/or a control method thereof as discussed. For the multi-phase power converter, multiple power stage circuits can be enabled to operate under critical conduction mode by a load current, such that the switching frequency can be maintained within a predetermined range when the load current changes. Thus, when a single-phase power converter operates under critical conduction mode with heavy load, the disadvantages of low switching frequency and large conduction current can be substantially avoided. Moreover, when the multi-phase power converter operates under critical conduction mode with a light load, the disadvantages of high switching frequency and low working efficiency can be substantially avoided. In addition, the switching frequency of the single-phase power converter under discontinuous current conduction mode can be reduced, such that the multi-phase power converter can operate efficiently within the full load range. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical applications, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various embodiments with modifications as are suited to particular use(s) contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto and their equivalents. | 23,428 |
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