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PP35627 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The following descriptions and color references are based on the 2015 edition of The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart except where common dictionary terms are used. The new plant, XMangave‘Whale Shark’, has not been observed under all possible environments. The phenotype may vary slightly with different environmental conditions, such as temperature, light, fertility, moisture, and maturity levels, but without any change in the genotype. The following observations and size descriptions are of a four-year-old plant in a commercial wholesale greenhouse in Zeeland, Michigan with supplemental water and fertilizer as needed.Parentage: An uninduced whole plant mutation of ‘Whale Tale’;Propagation: Division of side shoots and sterile shoot-tip tissue culture;Time to initiate roots from tissue culture: About 21 days;Growth rate: Moderate;Crop time: About 14 to 18 weeks to finish in a 3.8-liter container from a 35 mm tissue culture growing at about 21° C.;Rooting habit: Fleshy, lightly branching, with roots up to 30 cm long;Root color: Nearest RHS 158D depending on soil components;Plant shape and habit: Succulent, herbaceous, freeze-tender perennial with basal rosettes of about 48 leaves radially emerging and outwardly and distally arching from central stem extending below the base of the plant when grown in containers, producing a radially-symmetrical, short, mound;Plant size: Foliage height about 30 cm tall and about 92 cm wide at the widest point slightly below soil line in container;Foliage description: Lanceolate; simple; margins scalloped with small firm teeth; apex spinose; base truncate, sessile, clasping; flat to moderately conduplicate; bi-laterally symmetrical;Leaf size: To about 43 cm long, about 10 cm wide near base, and 9 mm thick, average about 38 cm long, 8.5 cm wide, and 7 mm thick; variegated adaxial margin to about 17 mm wide near middle, center to about 25 mm wide, and intermediate minty-green zone to about 17 mm; variegated abaxial margin to about 12 mm wide near middle, center to about 40 mm wide, and intermediate zone to about 3 mm wide;Marginal teeth: To about 3 mm long on scalloped indentations about 4 mm deep and about 10 mm apart;Marginal teeth color: On young leaves between RHS 158A and RHS 158B, maturing to nearest RHS 200C;Spots: On adaxial and abaxial, generally circular although sometimes overlapping; to about 4 mm across, average about 2 mm across, more strongly pigmented with intense ultraviolet light;Foliage fragrance: None observed;Leaf blade color:Adaxial(young).—Center blend between nearest RHS N138C and RHS 189B with spots variable nearest RHS NN137D or not yet developed; margin between RHS 147C and RHS 191B with spots not yet developed; intermediate zone not developed enough to be distinguished.Abaxial(young).—Center blend between nearest RHS N138C and RHS 189B with spots variable nearest RHS NN137D or not yet developed; margin between RHS 147C and RHS 191B with spots not yet developed; intermediate zone not developed enough to be distinguished.Adaxial(mature).—Center blend between nearest RHS 189A and RHS 189B with developing spots variable between RHS N187C and RHS N187A with intense ultraviolet light; margin between RHS 158B and RHS 19C with developing spots between RHS 59D and a blend of RHS 59D and RHS 158B; intermediate zone between RHS 190A and RHS 194B with developing spots between 59D and a blend between RHS 190A and RHS 59D.Abaxial(mature).—Center blend between nearest RHS N138C and RHS 190B with developing spots variable between RHS NN137D and RHS N187B with more ultraviolet light exposure; margin between RHS 158B and RHS 19C with developing spots between RHS 59D and a blend of RHS 59D and RHS 158B; intermediate zone between RHS 190A and RHS 194B with developing spots between 59D and a blend between RHS 190A and RHS 59D.Apical spine or mucro: Sharp and slightly flexible; average about 9 mm long and about 1 mm wide at base;Apical spine or mucro color: Between RHS 166B and RHS 169A on young expanding leaves, and maturing to nearest RHS 200B;Petiole: Sessile;Veins: Parallel; not distinct abaxial or adaxial;Stem: Terete; covered with leaves; to about 5.5 cm across and extending to about 4 cm above soil; without branching; attitude upwards, erect;Flowers have not yet been observed.Fruit and seed have not yet been observed.Disease resistance: XMangave‘Whale Shark’ has not been observed to be resistant to diseases beyond that which is normal for XMangave, AgaveorManfreda. The plant is xeromorphic and survives well with minimal water once established. The new plant is hardy at least from USDA zone 8 to 11. Full extent of winter hardiness has not been tested. | 4,717 |
PP35628 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The following is a detailed description of the new variety based on observations of 6-month-old plants that were grown outside under full sun in Canby, Oregon (USDA Zone 8). Temperatures range from a high of 35° C. in August to a low of 0° C. in January. Normal rainfall in Canby, Oregon is around 1 m per year. Color references are based on The 2007 R.H.S. Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society of London, 5thEdition.Plant:Type.—Herbaceous annual.Hardiness.—USDA Zones annual.Size.—40.0 cm wide and 40.0 cm tall from the top of the soil to the top of the inflorescences.Form.—Basal clump, with about 20 stems from the base.Vigor.—High.Flowering stems:Type.—Ascending, branching where flowering only.Inflorescences per stem.—From 3 to 15.Size.—About 6.0 cm tall to the start of a flowering branch and 3.0 to 3.5 cm wide at the base.Internode length.—From 3.0 cm to 5.0 cm.Texture.—Strigose.Color.—RHS 145A, with thin, vertical bands of RHS 146C present.Leaf:Type.—Simple.Arrangement.—Alternate.Shape.—Cuneate to lanceolate.Size.—Overall to 6.5 cm long and 2.3 cm wide, terminal leaflets grow to 7.5 cm long and 5.0 mm wide, and lateral leaflets grow to 4.0 cm long and 2.0 cm wide.Margin.—Serrate.Apex.—Acute.Base.—Attenuate.Texture.—Strigose on both sides.Venation.—Pinnate, with 3 main veins extending from the base on each leaflet.Upper surface color.—RHS 137B, with venation color of RHS N137B.Lower surface color.—RHS 137D, with venation color of RHS N137B.Petiole.—Length: To 2.5 mm. Width: 1.5 mm, measured above the clasp. Texture: Strigose. Color: RHS 145C.Inflorescence:Type.—Composite.Number of flowering branches from stem.—3 to 15.Flowering stem.—Grows to 35.0 cm tall from the start of the flowering branches to the base of the terminal inflorescence and 5 to 10 side branches grow to 4.0 cm taller than the terminal inflorescence. The cluster of inflorescences grows to 12.0 cm long and 10.0 cm wide. The leaves on the flowering branches are simple, ovate in shape, and grow to 7.5 cm long and 2.5 cm wide. Their margins are serrate, base attenuate, tip acute, and have an upper surface color of RHS 137B, lower surface color of 137D, and venation color of RHS N137B.Width.—To 6.5 cm.Depth.—1.5 cm.Form.—Ray florets are held mostly horizontally and a mature disc is rounded.Bloom period.—May through October in Canby, Oregon.Lastingness on the plant.—About 2-3 weeks in Canby, Oregon.Fragrance.—None.Fertility.—Moderate.Flower bud (immature inflorescence):Form.—Ray florets held upright and tubular.Width.—2.5 cm.Depth.—2.0 cm.Color.—Ray florets: RHS 151B and tinted RHS N144C. Disc: RHS 203B.Ray florets:Number.—From 24 to 30.Shape.—Linear and cupped, with the apex being 5-lobed — each lobe is ovate in shape, with entire margins and acute tips.Length.—2.3 cm.Width.—4.5 to 5.0 mm.Margin.—Entire.Texture.—Upper surface: Pubescent. Inner surface: Glabrous.Color(both surfaces).—RHS N167D at the base, with the apex being RHS 163B. The bottom surface has a tint of RHS 163B present at the base.Pistil.—None.Stamen.—None.Disc/disc florets:Disc.—Shape: Rounded. Depth: To 12.0 mm. Width: To 12.0 mm. Color: RHS 203B.Disc florets.—Number: About 450 and bisexual. Shape: 5-lobed (triangular lobes) with a tubular, glandular corolla. Overall length: 6.0 mm. Overall width: 1.5 mm. Corolla length: 3.0 mm. Corolla width: 1.5 mm. Color: RHS N186B. Pistil: 1; 7.0 mm long; RHS N186D. Ovary: 3.0 mm long; RHS NN155B. Style: 4.0 mm long; RHS N186B. Stigma: 2-branched; RHS 187A. Stamen: 5; 7.0 mm long; RHS 187A. Pollen: RHS 17A.Phyllaries:Description.—3 leafy series that grow in area to 2.6 cm wide and 5.0 mm deep.Lobes.—Shape: Lanceloate and slightly reflexed. Length: 9.0 mm. Width: 3.0 mm. Color (both sides): RHS 139A. Margin: Entire. Apex: Acuminate. Texture (both sides): Strigose.Receptacle:Width.—10.0 mm.Depth.—8.0 mm.Color.—RHS 146B.Seeds:Length.—2.0 mm.Width.—0.75 mm.Color.—RHS 203B.Pests/diseases: No unusual resistance or susceptibility noted to date. | 4,015 |
PP35629 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The following is a detailed description of three-year-old plants of the new cultivar as grown outdoors in a full sun trial plot at a wholesale nursery in Zeeland, Michigan. No plant growth regulators have been used. Plants of the new cultivar have not been tested under all possible conditions. The phenotype may vary with changes in the environment, climate, and cultural conditions without change however in the genotype. The color reference is in accordance with the 2015 edition of The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart except where general color dictionary terms are used.Parentage: Self-pollination of the unreleased, unnamed proprietary hybrid known only by the breeder code 14-61-2;Asexual propagation: Stem tip cuttings and division;Time to initiate roots: About two weeks;Time to finish a 3.8-liter flowering container: About three months in the summer from a rooted 2.5 cm plug;Root description: Thick, fleshy; freely branching; creamy white to light tan in color;Plant habit: Winter-hardy herbaceous perennial; upright mound; stiff upright stems; dense and full, not opening in center later in the season; flower heads freely branching;Growth rate: Moderately vigorous;Plant size: About 58 cm tall and 87 cm wide in full flower;Stems: Terete, hollow; glaucous; glabrous; diameter at base to about 11 mm, average about 9 mm; heavily branched in distal portion; about 22 cm long from base to initial branches; to about 55 stems per plant and 10 to 15 branches per stem;Stem color: Variable; nearest RHS N186D and between a blend of RHS N186D and RHS N187C;Lateral branches: To about 10 to 15 per stem; glaucous; glabrous; terete, hollow; primary branches to about 30 cm long and about 5.5 mm diameter at base;Lateral branch color: Nearest RHS 187C;Foliage: Oval; sub-opposite; flat to slightly calathiform; simple; smooth; sarcous; glabrous and dull on both surfaces; sessile; thick; apex bluntly acute; base rounded; margin irregularly and shallowly dentate, 5 to 12 teeth per leaf side, on distal portion; teeth average about 5.0 mm apart; attitude outward; about 15 leaves per stem below branches;Foliage size: To about 8.8 cm long, 5.2 cm across and 2 mm thick; average about 6.2 cm long, 3.8 cm across and 2 mm thick; decreasing distally;Foliage color: Adaxial young nearest RHS 137B lightly maculate with nearest RHS N186C, abaxial young between RHS 148B and RHS 148C lightly maculate with nearest RHS N186C; mature adaxial nearest RHS N186B with an undertone of nearest RHS 191A, mature abaxial nearest RHS 148B moderately maculate with nearest RHS N186C;Petiole: Leaves sessile;Venation: Palmate, indistinguishable; abaxial midrib slightly raised;Vein color: Adaxial proximal midrib nearest RHS N186C and distally indistinguishable from surrounding leaf, abaxial midrib nearest RHS N186C; secondary veins both adaxial and abaxial not obvious;Flower: Stellate; actinomorphic; pentamerous; persistent; attitude upright to outwardly in terminal compound cymes; size to about 6 mm across and 5 mm deep;Flower number: To about 60 to 210 per branch and 800 to 1,200 flowers per stem and 8,000 to 14,000 per plant;Fragrance: None detected;Flowering season: Beginning late August in Zeeland, Michigan for about three weeks;Longevity: Flower cymes remain effective for about three weeks on the plant and one week as cut flowers; individual flowers and calyces persistent and effective for about three weeks;Flower buds about one day prior to opening: Ellipsoidal; apex acute; base truncate; about 4.5 mm long and about 2.5 mm diameter near middle;Flower bud color: Distally nearest RHS 59A transitioning just above calyx to between RHS 62D and RHS NN155D; calyx nearest RHS 176C proximally with apices nearest RHS 187C;Inflorescence: To about 20 cm tall from first branch and about 16 cm across;Petals: Typically five; lanceolate; acute apex; base truncate and fused; margin entire; glabrous abaxial and adaxial; average about 5 mm long and about 2 mm across near middle;Petal color: Young adaxial nearest RHS 64A in distal one-half lightening proximally to nearest RHS NN155D with slight blush of nearest RHS 64A; young abaxial distal one-half nearest RHS 60B and proximally lightening to nearest RHS NN155D with light blush of nearest RHS 60B; mature adaxial distally nearest RHS 60B and proximally nearest RHS NN155D with light blush nearest RHS 60B; abaxial distal one-third nearest RHS 60A and proximally between RHS 62D and RHS NN155D with light blush of nearest RHS 60B;Calyx: With five sepals; campanulate to stellate; about 2.5 mm across and 2 mm deep;Sepals: Linear to lanceolate; narrowly acute apex; fused in basal 1 mm; entire margin; glabrous and slightly glaucous both abaxial and adaxial; adpressed to petals, about 2 mm long and about 1 mm across at fusion;Sepal color: Abaxial and adaxial nearest RHS 59A;Peduncles: Terete, hollow; glaucous, glabrous; stiff and flexible; freely branching; mostly upwardly to slightly outwardly; with branches to about 45° from perpendicular; about 5 cm long and 3 mm diameter;Peduncle color: Between RHS 187B and RHS 187C;Pedicels: Cylindrical; glabrous; glaucous; strong and stiff, yet flexible; to about 4 mm long and 0.6 mm diameter; average about 3 mm long and 0 mm diameter;Pedicel color: Nearest RHS 182B;Androecium: Ten;Filaments.—Ten, five adnate the lower 1.5 mm of adaxial petals and five attached between petals at the base of the ovaries; cylindrical; glabrous; filaments attached to base of ovary to about 4 mm long and about 0.3 mm diameter, filaments adnate to petals about 3.5 mm long and 0.3 mm diameter; color initially nearest RHS NN155D maturing to between RHS 62D and RHS NN155D with a blush of nearest RHS 62A.Anther.—Ten; ellipsoidal; basifixed; longitudinal; about 0.7 mm long and 0.5 mm across; color between RHS 42A and RHS 42B.Pollen.—Abundant; less than 0.1 mm across; color nearest RHS 18B.Gynoecium: Typically five; cylindrical, conic in distal one-third; about 3.5 mm long and 1.2 mm diameter;Style.—Terete; tapering distally and base truncate; about 0.5 mm long and 0.2 mm diameter at point of attachment to ovary; glabrous; lustrous; color nearest RHS 64D to strongly blushed with RHS 64B.Stigma.—Minute, acute; about 0.2 mm diameter and 0.1 mm long; color nearest RHS 64B.Ovary.—Nearly terete; acutely tapering at apex to style; base truncate; lustrous; persistent; about 3 mm long and 1.2 mm diameter; color nearest RHS N155D with faint blush of nearest RHS 64B, developing with maturity to distally nearest RHS 59A and proximally nearest RHS 160D.Fruit and seed have not been observed.Growing conditions: Plants of the newSedum‘Strawberry Milkshake’ are xeromorphic and grow best with good drainage, full sun and moderate to low fertility. The new plant is cold hardy from USDA zones 3 to 9 and has tolerated temperatures of at least 35 degrees C. ‘Strawberry Milkshake’ tolerates heavy rains and wind and is not prone to develop an open center later in the season as many otherSedumcultivars do that are known to the inventor.Disease and pest resistance: Other pest and disease resistance and tolerance outside that normal forSedumis not known. | 7,181 |
PP35630 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The chart used in the identification of the colors is that of The Royal Horticultural Society (The R.H.S. Colour Chart, 2001 edition), London, England. The terminology which precedes reference to the chart has been added to indicate the corresponding color in more common terms. The description is based on the observation of one-year-old specimens of the new variety during July while budded on their own roots and growing outdoors at Le Cannet des Maures, Var, France.Botanical classification:Rosa hybridacultivar MEIZONBLA.Commercial classification: Miniature Rose Plant.Plant:Habit.—Bushy.Height.—Commonly between 25 cm to 35 cm.Width.—Commonly between 35 cm to 45 cm.Branches:Color.—Young stems: commonly a color which is a color between near Yellow-Green Group 144A and Green Group 143A. — adult wood: commonly near Green Group 141A suffused with near Green Group 139B.Length.—From the crown to the flower is typically between 20 cm to 25 cm.Diameter.—Approximately 0.4 cm on average.Young shoots.—Anthocyanin coloration: commonly near Greyed-Red Group 178A.Thorns.—Configuration on adult stems: rather upright, elongated, and curved downward on the upper surface and concave on the under surface. — long prickles — quantity: commonly between 5 to 10 thorns per 10 cm long young stem and commonly between 10 to 15 thorns per 10 cm long adult stem. — long prickles — length: typically between 0.4 cm to 0.6 cm on young stems and typically between 0.3 cm to 0.7 cm on adult stems. — long prickles — width: approximately 0.1 cm on average on young stems and approximately 0.2 cm on average on adult stems. — long prickles — base: shape is narrow obovate to short broad on young stems; shape is majority amply obovate and sometimes narrow obovate to short broad on adult stems. — long prickles — color on young stems: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144A. — long prickles — color on adult stems: commonly near Greyed-Orange Group 164B. — small prickles — quantity: absent.Internode.—Numbers on the entire branch: typically between 5 to 8. — length: approximately 2.0 cm on average.Foliage:General appearance.—Very dense, darker with a semi-glossy aspect.Number of leaflets.—3, 5, 7; most often 5.5leaflets leaf length.—Approximately 8.3 cm on average. — width: typically between 5.0 cm and 7.0 cm.Terminal leaflet.—Length: approximately 4.4 cm on average. — width: approximately 2.5 cm on average.New foliage.—Upper surface color: commonly near Green Group 137A. — under surface color: commonly near Green Group 138B. — anthocyanin coloration: absent.Adult foliage.—Upper surface color: commonly near Green Group 139A. — under surface color: commonly near Green Group 139B. — anthocyanin coloration: absent.Leaflets:Shape.—Top: acuminate. — base: obtuse.Glossiness of upper surface.—Medium.Texture.—Upper and under surfaces are thick.Smoothness.—Upper surface is smooth; under surface is bumpy.General appearance.—Oval.Serration.—Small and single.Undulation on the margin.—Medium.Venation.—Color is commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144B and pattern is imparipinnate.Petiole rachis.—Color of upper surface: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144B suffused with near Green Group 143A. — color of under surface: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144B. — texture: upper surface is very few glandular, under surface is smooth (rarely prickly). — rachis of terminal leaflet: length is commonly between 3.0 cm to 4.0 cm and diameter is approximately 0.1 cm on average.Petioles.—Upper surface: no glandular. — under surface: no prickles. — color of upper surface: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144B suffused with near Green Group 143A. — color of under surface: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144B. — length: approximately 1.6 cm on average. — diameter: approximately 0.1 cm on average.Stipules.—Length: approximately 0.8 cm on average. — width: typically between 0.2 cm to 0.4 cm. — general appearance: rather broad. — texture: smooth. — color of upper surface: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144A. — color of under surface: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144A suffused with near Green Group 143A.Inflorescence:Number of flowers per stem.—Between 1 and 4 flowers per stem.Lastingness of the bloom.—On the plant: approximately 15 days. — in vase: not tested.Bud.—Shape: conical. — size: small. — length: typically between 2.0 cm to 2.5 cm. — width: approximately 1.5 cm on average. — color as calyx breaks: upper surface: commonly near Yellow Group 7B covered with near Red Group 39B with tiny little spots and areas of near Red Group 51A, basal spot is very little and near Yellow Group 7A. under surface: commonly near Yellow Group 7C covered with near Red Group 39B with tiny little spots and areas of near Red Group 51A on the edge of the petal, basal spot is very little and near Yellow Group 7B.Sepals.—Number commonly 5. — length: approximately 2.1 cm on average. — width: approximately 0.5 cm on average (on median part). — shape: at the top: elongated and narrow. at the base: flat at union with the receptacle. — extensions: 1 very strong, 2 absent or very weak, and 2 weak to medium. — upper surface: texture: tomentous. color: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144C in the middle covered with near Green Group 143A on the edges and covered with many hairs near Green- White Group 157B. — under surface: texture: glandular. color: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144C in the middle covered with near Green Group 143A on the edges.Receptacle.—Color: commonly near Green Group 143B suffused with near Green Group 143A. — length: approximately 0.7 cm on average. — width: approximately 0.7 cm on average (on median part). — surface: smooth. — shape: pitcher shaped.Peduncle.—Length: typically between 3.0 cm to 3.5 cm. — width: approximately 0.1 cm on average. — surface: smooth. — color: commonly near Green Group 143B suffused with near Green Group 143A.Flower.—Diameter when open: approximately 5.0 cm on average. — depth of the flower: approximately 2.5 cm on average. — shape: flat cup shaped. — shape when viewed from above: irregular rounded. shape of the upper part of the flower profile: flattened convex. — shape of the lower part of the flower profile: convex. — type: semi-double. — number of petals under normal conditions: typically 20 petals. — petals: shape: obovate (acute at the base and rounded at the top). texture: dry. length: approximately 2.6 cm on average. width: approximately 2.0 cm on average. — undulation of the petal: weak. — reflexing of the petal: very weak. — petal incision: very weak. — petal arrangement: imbricated with few, small and creased petaloids. — petal drop: petals drop off cleanly before drying. — fragrance: none. — discoloration of the flower: slightly fainting. — color when opening: basal spot on the upper surface: commonly near Yellow Group 8B; size is small to medium. upper surface: commonly near Yellow Group 8B covered with near Red-Purple Group 62A with tiny little spots and areas near Red-Purple Group 63B; more or less margined with near Red-Purple Group 62A and Red-Purple Group 63B. basal spot on the under surface: commonly near Yellow Group 8C. under surface: commonly near Yellow Group 8C covered with tiny little spots of near Red-Purple Group 62A; more or less margined with near Red-Purple Group 62A and Red-Purple Group 63B. — color of the open flower: basal spot on the upper surface: commonly near Yellow Group 8C; size is small to medium. upper surface of the flower: commonly near Yellow Group 8C covered with near Red-Purple Group 62A with large areas and spots of near Red-Purple Group 63B; more or less margined with near Red-Purple Group 62A and Red-Purple Group 63B. basal spot on the under surface: commonly near Yellow Group 8D. under surface of the flower: commonly near Yellow Group 8D with tiny little spots of near Red-Purple Group 62A and 63B; more or less margined with near Red-Purple Group 62A and Red-Purple Group 63B. — color of the flower when fading: same color as the open flower. — anthers: number is 120 on average, length is approximately 0.1 cm on average, width is approximately 0.1 cm on average, coloration is commonly near Yellow Group 8A, and arrangement is regular around styles. — filaments: length is approximately 0.5 cm on average and coloration is commonly near Orange Group 24A. — styles: length is approximately 0.4 cm on average, coloration is commonly near Green-White Group 157A with various tints of near Red-Purple Group 58B on some of them, and number is approximately 45 on average. — stigmas: length is approximately 0.1 cm on average and coloration is commonly near Yellow Group 5C. — pollen: color is commonly near a color between Orange Group 24A and Orange Group 25A and amount is abundant. — hips: not observed to date.Development:Vegetation.—Very strong.Blooming.—Early in the season, normal and recurrent, typically from May to October in France.USDA hardiness zone.—Zone 5 to 11.Tolerance to disease.—Very good, and particularly against rust (Phragmidium sp). The new ‘MEIZONBLA’ variety has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions to date. Accordingly, it is possible that the phenotypic expression may vary somewhat with changes in light intensity and duration, cultural practices, and other environmental conditions. | 9,312 |
PP35631 | The colors of and illustration of this type may vary with lighting and other conditions under which conditions and, therefore, color characteristics of this new variety should be determined with reference to the observations described herein, rather than from these illustrations alone. DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The ‘JHB 619 Cltv’ variety is distinguished from the related known cultivar ‘Jored’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 8,851 P): while both are strains of the unpatented ‘Jonagold’ variety, ‘JHB 619 Cltv’ produces fruit with distinctly different overcolor and lenticels color values and no observed chimaera stripes, as discussed more fully below. ‘JHB 619 Cltv’ also differs from parent ‘Jonagold De Coster’ in producing fruit that have an average of 55-65% more red overcolor as a blush over the surface, distinctly different ground coloring and stem pit coloring, and more prominent lenticels, as discussed more fully below. The variety was asexually reproduced in a commercial orchard block in Aspers, PA. Asexual reproduction of this new variety by topworking onto M9(337) rootstock (non-patented) shows that the claimed cultivar is stable and reproduces true to type in successive generations of asexual reproduction. The following detailed description of the ‘JHB 619 Cltv’ variety is based on observations of asexually reproduced trees of 4 years of age growing on M9(337) rootstock (non-patented), and measurements taken on Jun. 30, 2023, in a managed orchard in Adams County, Aspers, PA. Color designations are made with reference toThe Royal Horticultural Society(R.H.S.)Colour Chart(1966 Ed.). However, colors are approximate as color depends on horticultural practices, such as light level, fertilization rate, and other conditions. Certain characteristics of this variety, such as growth and color, may change with changing environmental conditions (such as, light, temperature, moisture, nutrient availability) or other factors. Color descriptions and other terminology are used in accordance with their ordinary dictionary descriptions, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.Scientific name:Malusxdomestica.Parentage: A limb sport mutation in a planting of ‘Jonagold De Coster’ trees. Asexually reproduced by top-working and also bud grafting.Tree: One year old shoot: attitude of leaf in relation to shoot is upward; average internode length is 29.8 mm; average diameter at base of new shoot is 6.25 mm.; pubescent along entire shoot, medium density and easily removed when handling the shoot, and short hairs are Greyed-White (156D) in color.Vigor.—Strong.Plant hardiness zones.—United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) zones 4-8; growth of plants has been observed in zone 6b.Dormant flower bud cold tolerance.—At least to −17 degrees centigrade.Overall shape.—Ramified, upright-spreading.Height.—Moderate as compared to other apple trees on M9(337) rootstock.Width.—Moderate as compared to other apple trees on M9(337) rootstock.Trunk and branches:Trunk bark color.—Greyed-brown (RHS 201B).Primary branches.—Branches are 19 mm. in diameter, having about 40 to 50-degree crotch angles, and greyed brown (RHS 201B) in color.Branch angle.—Typically about 40 to 50 degrees.Lenticels.—Approximately 5 per cm.2, slightly raised, approximately 1 mm. long, greyed-orange (RHS 163D) in color.New growth bark.—Grey-brown (RHS 201A) in color.Leaves:Texture.—Upper surface leathery; lower surface velvety.Length.—10 cm.Width.—Typically between 5 and 6 cm., folding upward.Apex.—Slight cuspidate, medium thick.Venation.—Reticulate pattern.Margin.—Fine, coarsely serrate.Petioles.—Generally, between 2.5 and 3 cm. long, and about 2 mm. in diameter at the mid-section. Color is green (RHS 145C) with some red at base (RHS 53B).Stipules.—0-2, with an average length between 1 and 1.5 cm. Color is green (RHS 137B).Leaf color:Upper leaf surface.—Dark green (RHS 137A).Lower leaf surface.—Yellow-green (RHS 139B).Vein.—Yellow-green (RHS 145C).Flowers:Size.—Corolla diameter averaging about 3.8 cm.Petals.—Typically five, intermediate arrangement, soft texture.Color.—Dormant bud is red-purple (RHS 60D), young flower buds are red-purple (RHS 68B), balloons are red-purple (RHS 68D). Open flowers are white (RHS 155D).Bloom season.—Mid-season. Onset of first and full bloom in Adams County, PA in 2016 was April 19, full bloom on April 23.Fruit:Size.—Large, averaging 10 cm. in diameter, and between 7.9 and 8.5 cm. high.Shape.—Globose.Color.—Medium overcolor intensity, width of stripes is broad, overcolor pattern is solid flush with weakly defined stripes, deep scarlet red (RHS 45C) generally as a blush of 80-90% over the surface, with some sun-exposed areas being Red Group color (RHS 53A). Areas of ground color are Greyed-Orange (RHS 167C); lenticels are prominent and Greyed-Orange (RHS 164C); and the stem-pit is Yellow-Green (RHS 145B). The color characteristics of the ‘JHB 619 Cltv’ fruit differ from those of the fruit of ‘Jored’, which have a clear bright red color (RHS 45B) extending over about 70-90% of the fruit surface with small, chimaera stripes (from 1 mm to 2 mm in width), and sharply contrasting, bright green-yellow background color (RHS 150 B/C); and lenticels are prominent but of a different and distinct white color (RHS N155D). The color characteristics of the ‘JHB 619 Cltv’ fruit also differ from those of the fruit of Jonagold De Coster’, which have a sun-exposed side coloring of alternating stripes of Greyed-Red (RHS 179B and RHS 179A) with some blush areas (RHS 179C), and a shaded side of fruit and stem pit coloring of Yellow-Green (RHS 145A), which is the same color as the stem pit; and wherein lenticels are have a different Grey-Brown (RHS 199B) color that are inconspicuous in shaded areas of fruit and moderately conspicuous in sun-exposed areas of fruit.Skin.—Smooth, glossy, medium thickness.Stem.—Color is gold, (RHS 22A), lightly pubescent, length between 2 to 2.5 cm., and 2.5 mm. in diameter, thin.Cavity.—Flaring, depth 1.2 cm., breadth between 2.1-2.6 cm. Gold russet markings (RHS 22A).Basin.—Depth between 1.25 and 1.5 cm.; breadth 3.1 cm.Calyx.—Sepals persistent with erect tips, slightly open, diameter 3.5 mm.Calyx tube.—Cone-shaped.Lenticels are prominent and greyed-orange color(RHS164C).—In contrast, the lenticels of the fruit of ‘Jored’ are prominent but of a distinct white color (RHS N155D), and the lenticels of the fruit of ‘Jonagold De Coster’ are a grey-brown color (RHS 199B) and inconspicuous in shaded areas of fruit and moderately conspicuous in sun-exposed areas of fruit.Russet.—Slight, mainly around cavity, gold (RHS 1C).Fruit properties:Flesh color.—Cream (RHS 158D).Juice.—Above average.Firmness.—Medium firm.Texture.—Crisp.Flavor.—Sweet/tart.Aroma.—Aromatic.Eating quality.—Very good.Keeping quality.—Best before 7 months of storage.Eating maturity.—Mid-season.Time of fruit harvest.—Last week of September in Adams County, PA.Storage life.—Best before 7 months of cold storage.Market uses.—Juice, dessert, baking.Core.—Median position; open, axile.Core lines.—Basil, clasping.Carpellary area.—Visible.Depth of calyx tube.—15 mm.Seed cells.—Generally 2 seeds per cell, open, 5 in number.Cell walls.—Thick, obovate in cross-section; length 1 cm., breadth 0.4 cm.Seeds:Number.—Usually 10.Length.—0.8 cm.Breadth.—0.4 cm.Form.—Acuminate.Color.—Tan (RHS 200C).Plant/fruit disease and pest resistance/susceptibility.—Susceptible to mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha), scab (Venturia inaequalis) and fire-blight (Erwinia amylovora). | 7,531 |
PP35632 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Throughout this specification color names beginning with a small letter signify that the name of that color as used in common speech is aptly descriptive. Color names beginning with a capital letter designate values based upon The R.H.S. Colour Chart published by The Royal Horticultural Society, London, England, 1986. The descriptive matter which follows pertains to 5 year old ‘Sucherry2’ trees grown in the vicinity of Wasco, Kern County, California during 2017, and is believed to apply to plants of the variety grown under similar conditions of soil and climate elsewhere. TREE General: (Measurements taken on 5-year-old trees unless otherwise noted.).Size.—Medium. Reaches a height of approximately 3 meters with normal pruning.Vigor.—Strong. Top shoot growth of about 1.5 meters during the first growing season.Growth.—Semi-upright.Productivity.—Productive. Produces ample fruit set annually.Fertility.—Self-incompatible; pollinator required.Hardiness.—Hardy in all fruit growing areas of California. Winter chilling requirement is approximately 450 hours at or below 7.2° C.Disease resistance/susceptibility.—No specific testing for relative plant disease resistance/susceptibility has been undertaken. Under close observation in Kern County, California, no particular plant/fruit disease resistance/susceptibility has been observed.Habit.—Upright.Vigor.—Vigorous.Spread.—Intermediate spreading branch pattern.Branching strength.—Strong, but with manageable branches that are at an intermediate angle.Trunk: (Measurements at approximately 30 cm above the soil line.).Diameter.—Approximately 27 cm.Texture.—Medium shaggy; increases with age of tree.Trunk color.—About Light Black 202C with highlights of Dark Greyed-Orange 176B, becoming darker with age.Branches: (Measurements at approximately 90 cm above the soil line.).Diameter.—Approximately 14 cm.Texture.—Medium shaggy; increasing with tree age.Color.—About Light Black 202C with highlights of Medium Greyed-Orange 176C, becoming darker with age.Lenticels density.—Approximately 0-2 per cm2.Lenticels color.—About Medium Greyed-Green 198B.Lenticels length.—Approximately 10 mm.Lenticels width.—Approximately 3 mm.Shoots: (Data taken in May at the midpoint of current-season growth.).Young shoots:Anthocyanin coloration of apex(during raping growth).—Weak.Pubescence of apex during rapid growth.—Medium.Current season shoots:Thickness at midlength.—Medium; approximately 7 mm.Length of internodes.—Normal; mostly 2 cm.Color topside.—About Light Green 138C.Color underside.—About Light Green 138C.Lenticels density.—Few; about 1 per cm2.Lenticels color.—About Medium Greyed-Green 198B.Lenticel dimensions.—Width: Approximately 1 mm. Length: Approximately 2 mm.Presence of anthocyanin coloration.—Absent or very sparse.One year old shoots:Number of flower buds per spur.—About 10, varies from 4 to 12. FOLIAGE Leaves: (data taken in September at the midpoint of current-season growth).Average length.—Long; approximately 14 cm without petiole.Average width.—Broad; approximately 7 cm.Length:width ratio.—Medium; about 2:1.Shape.—Elliptic.Color of upper side and intensity.—Medium intensity; about Dark Green 136B.Color of lower side.—About Light Green 138C.Angle at base.—Rounded.Angle at apex.—Acuminate.Vein color.—About Light Green 139D.Presence of red coloration of mid-vein on the lower side.—Absent.Surface texture.—Smooth on both top and bottom surfaces.Shape in the cross section.—Slightly up-folded.Leaf blade tip.—In the plane of the leaf.Undulation of margin.—Slight.Margin.—Shallow serrate.Ratio length of leaf blade:length of petiole.—Medium: 3.5:1.Petiole:Average length.—Medium; approximately 32 mm.Average diameter.—Approximately 2 mm.Color.—About Medium Green 139C.Stipules:Number/leaf bud.—Usually 2.Typical length.—Approximately 11 mm.Color.—About Dark Greyed-Orange 166A when dried.Persistence.—Falls off.Glands (nectaries):Form.—Reniform.Average number and arrangement.—Usually 2, alternating. Predominately on petiole.Dimension.—Approximately 2 mm long by 1.4 mm wide.Color.—About Dark Greyed-Red 178B in September.Vegetative buds: (Data taken in September at midpoint of current-season growth).Bud dimensions.—Approximately 10 mm long by 4 mm wide.Bud shape.—Conical.Color.—About Dark Greyed-Orange 177A. FLOWERS General:Type of bloom.—Showy.Diameter of fully opened flower.—Medium, approximately 27 mm.Flower aroma.—Medium-strong.Time of beginning of flowering.—Very early.Flower blooming period.—First Bloom: Approximately February 19. Full Bloom: Approximately March 1.Location of first bloom.—Tips of one-year-old shoots.Location of full bloom.—Central part of the tree canopy.Duration of bloom.—Approximately 12 days.Flower buds: (Data taken in September at midpoint of current-season growth).Bud dimensions.—Approximately 8 mm long by 3 mm wide.Bud shape.—Conical.Color.—About Dark Greyed-Orange 177B.Number of flowers per flower bud.—Average 4; varies from 2 to 6.Number of buds per spur.—Average 7; varies from 5 to 10.Pedicels:Length.—Approximately 12 mm.Color.—About Medium Green 138B.Sepals:Number.—5.Shape.—Triangular.Position.—Adpressed to petals, alternate with petals.Length.—Approximately 7 mm.Width.—Approximately 5 mm.Surface texture.—Glabrous on outer and inner surfaces.Color of lower surface.—About Dark Greyed-Purple 184A.Color of upper surface.—About muted Dark Greyed-Purple 184A.Petals:Number.—5.Arrangement.—Usually free.Color of lower and upper surfaces.—About White 155A.Surface texture.—Smooth on upper and lower surface.Dimensions.—Approximately 16 mm long by 14 mm wide.Shape.—Circular.Apex shape.—Rounded.Base shape.—Narrows at point of attachment.Undulation of margins.—Medium.Frequency of flowers with double petals.—Rare.Stigma:Position compared to anthers.—Slightly higher.Stamens:Number.—About 38; varies from 34 to 40.Filament length.—Average 12 mm.Filament color.—About White 155A.Pollen.—Present.Flower pollen color.—About Light Yellow 3D.Pistil:Length.—Approximately 16 mm.Surface.—Glabrous.Frequency of supplementary pistils.—Rare. FRUIT General: (Description taken at firm-mature near Wasco, Kern County, California).Date of first pick.—Approximately April 24.Date of last pick.—Approximately May 4.Time of beginning of fruit ripening.—Very early.Stem:Length.—Medium, approximately 30 mm.Thickness.—Medium, approximately 2 mm.Color.—About Light Green 139D.Abscission layer between stalk and fruit.—Absent.Fruit size:Size.—Very large.Weight.—About 10 g.Height.—About 23 mm.Diameter perpendicular to suture.—Approximately 26 mm.Diameter ventral side, facing suture.—Approximately 28 mm.Fruit shape:Shape viewed from apex.—Oblate.Shape ventral side, facing suture.—Reniform.Symmetry viewed from pistil end.—Symmetric or slightly asymmetric.Shape of pistil end.—Slightly depressed.Depth of stem cavity.—Medium, about 1.8 mm.Width of stem cavity.—Medium, about 4 mm.Promenence of suture.—Absent or very weakly conspicuous.Fruit skin:Thickness.—Intermediate, typical of most varieties.Adherence to flesh.—Strong.Taste.—Neutral.Surface texture.—Smooth.Bloom.—Wanting.Tendency to crack.—None during dry weather. Slight tendency to crack in wet weather but varies with stage of maturity.Size of lenticels on skin.—Absent or very small.Number of lenticels on skin.—Medium, approximately 12 per cm2.Color.—About Dark Red 59A, becoming Dark Purple 79A with ripening.Flesh:Ripens.—Evenly.Color.—At full maturity about Dark Red 53B to Dark Red 53A.Color of juice.—About Light Red 53D at full maturity.Flavor.—Sweet-mild.Firmness.—Firm; comparable to most commercial varieties.Juiciness.—Medium; able to squeeze free juice easily.Sweetness.—Medium; about 19% brix at harvest.Acidity.—Medium for cherries; about 0.79% titratable acidity.Texture.—Firm.Fibers.—Few, small and tender.Stone:Stone size.—Medium. Length: Approximately 10 mm. Diameter Facing Suture: Approximately 7 mm. Diameter Perpendicular to Suture Plane: Approximately 10 mm.Ratio weight of fruit:weight of stone.—Medium, about 55:1.Color.—About Medium Greyed-Yellow 161C when dried.Shape in lateral view perpendicular to suture.—Circular.Shape in ventral view facing suture.—Broad elliptic.Shape in basal view.—Broad elliptic.Base shape.—Flat.Apex shape.—Rounded.Ridges.—A small narrow ridge on each side of suture, extending from base to apex.Symmetry in lateral view.—Symmetric or slightly asymmetric.Surface.—Nearly smooth except for small ridges near the suture.Width of stalk end.—Narrow, approximately 1 mm.Tendency to split.—None.Adherence to flesh.—Semi-freestone.Market:Use.—Dessert.Market.—Local and long distance.Storage quality.—Good, held well for 4 weeks in cold storage at 33° F. and maintained good appearance and eating quality.Shipping quality.—Good, showed minimal bruising or scarring during harvest, packing and shipping trials. | 8,886 |
PP35633 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The following is a detailed description of the new cultivar as taken from 2-year-old trees grown in 1-gallon nursery containers in Forest Grove, Oregon. The phenotype of the new cultivar may vary with variations in environmental, climatic, and cultural conditions, as it has not been tested under all possible environmental conditions. The color determination is in accordance with the 2015 Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society, London, England, except where general color terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.General description:Plant type.—Coniferous evergreen.Growth habit.—Conical, dense, upright.Height and spread.—An average of 35 cm in height and 20 cm in width as grown in a one-gallon container, reaches 5.5 m in height and 2.5 m in width in 10 years, a 20 -year-old tree will reach 6 m in height in the landscape.Cold hardiness.—At least in U.S.D.A. Zone 3.Diseases and pests.—No susceptibility or resistance to pests or diseases has been observed.Root description.—Fibrous, moderately branched, moderately thick, a blend of N199B and N199C in color.Growth rate.—Moderate, 10 to 15 cm of new growth in spring.Propagation.—Grafting.Root development.—Grafted in late winter with final scion successfully grafted in approximately 20 weeks, time required to produce a young tree; 12 months.Branch description:Trunk and branch shape.—Rounded.Branch size.—Main trunk; 22 cm in length, 1.5 cm in diameter, lateral branches; average of 14.5 cm in length, up to 3 cm in width, tertiary branches; up to 5 cm in length, 3 mm in width.Stem surface.—Young stems; smooth, matte, linear streaks cover the surface, mature and old wood; rugose, bark-like and matte.Branching.—Average of 14 lateral branches, 4 tertiary branches per lateral, strong central leader.Stem arrangement.—Lateral branches; whorled to opposite, tertiary branches; opposite.Stem aspect.—Strong, main stem vertical, lateral and tertiary stems held in a slightly upright angle, apex of new branches curved upwards.Internode length.—1 to 5 cm.Stem color.—Young stems; striations of 164A and 164B, mature stems; close to 164B, old wood; blend of N200D and 199B.Resin glands.—None observed.Foliage description:Leaf arrangement.—Densely whorled needles.Leaf attachment.—Sessile.Leaf shape.—Acicular, needle shaped.Leaf division.—Simple.Leaf base.—Cuneate.Leaf apex.—Sharp and pointed, linear.Leaf venation.—Not visible.Leaf margins.—Entire.Leaf fragrance.—When crushed, it produces a pine-like fragrance.Leaf surface.—Upper and lower surface; matte, highly glaucous.Leaf color.—Emerging; 138B, year around with sun exposure 190A with heavy glaucous coating of 97D, shaded foliage 138B.Leaf texture.—Dense, stiff and strong.Leaf aspect.—Vertical to slightly bowed to branch.Leaf size.—An average of 2.3 cm in length and 1.5 mm in diameter.Leaf quantity.—Average of 150 per branch 11 cm in length.Leaf buds.—Average cluster of 3 on a lateral branch, up to 5 mm in length and 3 mm in width, 172A in color, comprised of imbricate scales orbicular and cupped in shape and average of 1 mm in length and width.Cone description: Cone production has not been observed to date. | 3,185 |
PP35634 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The new cultivar has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions to date. Accordingly, it is possible that the phenotype may vary somewhat with variations in the environment, such as temperature, light intensity, and day length, without, however, any variance in genotype. The chart used in the identification of colors described herein is The R.H.S. Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society, London, England, 2007 edition, except where general color terms of ordinary significance are used. The following descriptions and measurements describe plants produced from chip budding and grown outside in Jackson Springs, North Carolina. Plants were approximately four years of age. Measurements and numerical values represent averages of typical plants.Botanical classification:Cercis canadensiscultivar NC2017-9.Parentage:Female parent.—Cercis‘Ruby Falls’, U.S. Plant Pat. No. 22,097.Male parent.—Cercis‘Ace of Hearts’, U.S. Plant Pat. No. 17,161.Propagation:Type.—Chip budding.Plant description:Type.—Deciduous perennial tree.Growth habit and general appearance.—Moderately slow growing, weeping, compact tree.Commercial crop time.—Approximately 1.5 years from budding to finish as a 2 to 3-foot tree.Hardiness.—USDA Zone 6b.Size.—Height of 4-year-old tree: Approximately 2.3 meters. Width: Approximately 2.2 meters.Trunk.—Texture: slightly rough. Color: 201B.Branches.—Densely branched. Branching habit: multi-branching, weeping architecture. Strength: Moderately strong. Diameter of one-year old growth: Approximately 5.0 mm. Stem Length of one-year old shoots: 51.0 cm. Internode length: 1.4 cm on average. Stem Shape: Circular. Growth pattern: slightly zigzag, deviating less than 5 degrees from vertical at each node. Texture of new growth: Slightly rugose. Color of young stem: 177B. Color of mature stem: previous seasons growth is N200B. Lenticel: numerous, tiny. Lenticel length: 1.0 mm or less. Lenticel shape: circular to slightly elongate. Lenticel color: 197C.Foliage description:General description.—Type: Deciduous. Arrangement: Alternate.Leaves.—Shape of mature leaves: Cordate. Apex: Distinctly pointed. Base: Cordate. Margin: Entire. Length to base of sinus: Approximately 3.8 cm. Length to end of lobe: Approximately 4.6 cm. Sinus indentation: Approximately 0.8 cm. Width: Approximately 4.1 cm. Texture of upper and lower surfaces: Slightly rugose. Venation pattern: Reticulate. Color of upper surface of immature foliage: 178C with indistinguishable venation. Color of lower surface of immature foliage: 174A with indistinguishable venation. Color of upper surface of mature foliage: 137B with indistinguishable venation. Color of lower surface of mature foliage: 147B with indistinguishable venation. Fragrance: None detected.Petiole.—Length: Approximately 2.4 cm. Diameter: Approximately 1.0 mm. Texture: Smooth, glabrous. Color: 166A.Flowering description:Flowering season.—Flowers in early spring for about 2-3 weeks depending on weather conditions.General description.—Form: Fasicle. Flower Arrangement: Sessile clusters. Symmetry: Bilateral symmetry. Type: Papilionaceous. Quantity per cluster: 6 per cluster on average. Flower length: 7.0 mm on average. Flower width across wings at anthesis: 5.0 mm on average. Flower depth (bottom of keel petals to top of wings): 5.0 mm on average.Bud just before opening.—Shape: slightly elongate. Diameter: Approximately 1.0 mm. Length: Approximately 1.0 mm. Color: 60A. Texture: Glabrous.Petals.—Quantity: 5, unfused. Texture of upper and lower surfaces: Glabrous. Color when first open: 65B. Color when fully open: 72C.Calyx.—Shape: vase-shaped. Diameter: Approximately 3.0 mm at top of hypanthium. Length: Approximately 2.0 mm. Color of outer and inner surfaces: 59C. Texture of inner and outer surfaces: Glabrous.Sepals.—Arrangement: Fused.Pedicel.—Strength: Strong. Shape: Round. Length: Approximately 0.4 cm. Diameter: Less than 1.0 mm. Texture: Glabrous. Color: 60C.Reproductive organs.—Androecium: Stamen quantity per flower: 10 on average, unfused. Stamen length: 5.0 mm. Stamen width: Less than 1.0 mm. Anther shape: Round. Anther color: 59D. Filament length: 5.0 mm. Filament width: Less than 1.0 mm. Filament color: 59C. Pollen amount: Sparse. Pollen color: 11B. Gynoecium: Pistil length: Approximately 5.0 mm on average. Pistil width: Less than 1.0 mm. Pistil texture: Glabrous. Stigma shape: Round. Stigma color: 59C. Stigma length: Less than 1.0 mm. Stigma width: Less than 1.0 mm. Style shape: round. Style width: Less than 1.0 mm. Style color: 59C. Ovary position: Superior. Ovary shape: Elongate. Ovary length: Less than 1.0 mm. Ovary width: Less than 1.0 mm. Ovary color: 59A.Seed production.—None observed to date.Disease and pest resistance.—Plants of the newCercishave not been noted to be resistant to pathogens and pests common toCercis. | 4,883 |
PP35635 | The photographs were taken using conventional techniques and although colors may appear different from actual colors due to light reflectance it is as accurate as possible by conventional photographic techniques. DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart 2015 except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used. The following observations and measurements describe ‘W1’ plants grown outdoors in Waddinxveen, the Netherlands. The growing temperature ranged from approximately 18° C. to 27° C. during the day and from approximately 5° C. to 10° C. during the night. General light conditions are normal sunlight and numerical values represent averages of typical plant types.Botanical classification:Philadelphussp. ‘W1’. PROPAGATION Type of propagation typically used: Hardwood cuttings.Time to initiate roots: Soft cuttings: 2 weeks; Hard cuttings: 6 to 8 weeks.Time to produce a rooted cutting: 1 year from rooted plug.Root description: Dense. PLANT Age of plant described: 3 years old.Container size: 23 cm container.Plant type: Woody shrub.Growth habit: Upright, outward spreading.Plant spread: 78 cm.Plant height: 62 cm.Branching habit: Free branching.Length of primary lateral branches: 30 cm.Diameter of lateral branches: 2 mm.Stem:Color.—Young branches: RHS Yellow-Green 145A. Mature branches: RHS Brown 199C, maturing more towards 199A.Strength.—Moderately strong.Length.—Average range 40 to 70 cm, unpruned.Width.—Average 5 to 9 mm.Surface.—Smooth, glabrous.Internode length: Average 3 cm. FOLIAGE Leaf:Arrangement.—Single, opposite.Length.—Average range 2.5 cm to 3.5 cm. Longest foliage 4.5 cm.Width.—Average range 1.5 cm to 1.8 cm. Widest foliage 2.3 cm.Shape of blade.—Ovate to narrow ovate.Apex.—Acute.Base.—Obtuse.Margin.—Young Leaves: Entire. Mature Leaves: Serrated (8 teeth per leaf).Surface.—Slightly rugose, pubescent.Color.—Young foliage upper side: RHS Green 137A. Young foliage under side: RHS Green 137C. Mature foliage upper side: Near RHS Green 137C. Mature foliage under side: Near RHS Green 137C.Venation.—Pattern: Pinnate. Venation color upper side: RHS Green 137A. Venation color under side: RHS Green 137C.Petiole.—Length: 3 mm. Diameter: 1 mm. Color: RHS Yellow-Green 144B. FLOWER Natural flowering season: Late May and June, reblooms in summer.Flowers per lateral stem: Up to 14 flowers per branch.Flowers buds per plant: 20 buds per branch.Individual flowers:Shape.—Rotate.Type.—Single.Diameter.—3.2 cm.Depth.—1.5 cm.Aspect.—Outwardly facing.Persistence.—Self-cleaning.Fragrance.—Strong and sweet.Petals:Arrangement.—Cruciform, overlapping.Number.—4.Shape.—Broadly ovate.Margin.—Entire with slight ruffled undulation.Apex.—Rounded.Base.—Attenuate.Length.—1.5 cm.Width.—1.3 cm.Texture.—Pubescent.Color.—Upper surface: RHS White 155C. Under surface: RHS White 155C.Bud:Shape.—Ovoid.Size.—About 1 cm.Color.—RHS White 155C.Sepals:Arrangement.—Cruciform.Shape.—Elliptic.Apex.—Aristate.Base.—Fused, enclosing ovary.Margin.—Entire.Quantity per flower.—4.Length.—0.8 cm.Width.—0.3 cm.Texture.—Pubescent.Color.—Upper: RHS Yellow-Green 144A. Lower: RHS Yellow-Green 144A.Peduncle:Length.—Between 3 and 8 mm.Diameter.—1 mm.Texture.—Pubescent.Angle.—Straight on top of branches.Color.—RHS Green 144A.Strength.—Strong.Pedicel: None.Petaloids: None. REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS Stamens:Number.—About 34.Filament length.—About 5 mm.Filament color.—RHS White 155A.Anthers:Shape.—Linear, basifixed.Length.—1 mm.Color.—Near RHS Yellow-Green 152D.Pollen amount.—Low.Pollen color.—RHS Yellow 9A.Pistil:Number.—4, fused.Length.—5 mm.Style.—Length: 3 mm. Color: RHS White 155D.Stigma:Shape.—Oblong.Length.—2 mm.Color.—RHS Yellow 4D.Ovary color.—RHS White 155D. OTHER CHARACTERISTICS Fruits and seeds: Not observed to date.Disease/pest resistance: Neither resistance nor susceptibility to normal diseases and pests ofPhiladelphusobserved.Temperature range: Winter hardy to −15° C. | 4,010 |
PP35636 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The chart used in the identification of colors described herein is The R.H.S. Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society, London, England, 2015 edition, except where general color terms of ordinary significance are used. The color values were determined in February 2023 under natural light conditions in Cochranville, Pennsylvania of two-years old specimens of the new variety. Measurements and numerical values represent averages of typical plants, which were approximately two years of age and grown in Cochranville, Pennsylvania in February 2023.Botanical classification:Passiflora edulis‘Wellington101’.Parentage:Female parent.—‘Ester’ (not patented).Male parent.—‘Mariana’ (not patented).Propagation:Type cutting.—Softwood cuttings.Time to initiate roots.—Approximately 22 days.Time to produce a rooted cutting.—Approximately 51 days.Root description.—Slightly fleshy, white in color and strong.Rooting habit.—Freely branching.Plant description:Commercial crop time.—Approximately 8 months to finish in a 3-gallon container from a rooted plug and approximately 4 months to finish in a 1-gallon container from a rooted plug.Growth habit and general appearance.—Moderately vigorous, compact, and vining growth habit.Hardiness.—USDA Zone 7 (0° F. to 10° F.).Size.—Height from soil level to top of plant plane: Approximately 60.0 cm. Width: Approximately 50.0 cm.Branching characteristics.—Freely branching. Pinching enhances branching. Approximately 10 primary branches from center of plant, angled approximately 75 degrees from center of plant. Each primary branch has 4 to 10 lateral branches.Primary branches.—Strength: Very Strong, difficult to break. Length: Typically between 30.0 to 45.0 cm. Primary Branch Diameter: Approximately 5.0 mm. Primary Branch Color: Commonly near Green Group 139A, with age, covered with a thin bark like layer colored near Greyed-Green Group N199B. Primary Branch Texture: Young growth hirsute, hairs, approximately 1.5 mm long, colored near Yellow-Green Group 145D. Older growth is scaly, hirsute. Hair color commonly near White Group 155D.Secondary branches.—Strength: Very Strong, flexible. Number of Lateral Branches: Approximately 4 to 10 per primary branch. Length: Approximately 14.0 cm. Secondary Branch Diameter: Approximately 3.0 mm. Secondary Branch Color: Commonly near Yellow-Green Group N144A. Lateral Branch Texture: Hirsute. Internode Length: Between 2.0 mm and 6.0 cm.Foliage description:General description.—Fragrance: None detected. Type: Compound, predominantly 3-lobed, occasionally 1-lobed. Arrangement: Alternate.Leaves.—Shape: Multilobed. Length of entire compound leaf: Approximately 17.0 cm. Width of entire compound leaf: Approximately 19.5 cm. Central lobe length: Approximately 17.0 cm. Central lobe width: Approximately 6.0 cm. Outer lobe length: Approximately 12.0 cm. Outer lobe width: Approximately 4.0 cm. Margin: Entire. Apex: Acute. Base: Fused to adjacent lobes. Venation pattern: Palmate. Texture of upper surface: Glabrous. Texture of lower surface: Glabrous. Color of upper surface of young foliage: Commonly near Green Group 141B with indistinguishable venation. Color of lower surface of young foliage: Commonly near Yellow-Green Group 146D with indistinguishable venation. Color of upper surface of mature foliage: Commonly near Green Group 139A with venation of near Yellow-Green Group 153D. Color of lower surface of mature foliage: Commonly near Green Group 138A with venation of near Yellow-Green Group 151A.Petiole.—Length: Approximately 1.5 cm. Diameter: Approximately 3.0 mm. Color or upper and lower surfaces: Commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144A.Stipules.—Length: Approximately 3.0 cm. Diameter: Approximately 1.5 cm. Color or upper and lower surfaces: Commonly near Yellow-Green Group 146A.Tendrils.—Length: Approximately 17.0-20.0 cm. Diameter: Approximately 2.0 mm. Color: vary in color from between near Yellow-Green Group 146B and near Greyed-Orange Group 175D.Flowering description:Flowering season.—Flowers in spring and continues to produce flowers throughout Summer and Fall. Flowering ends with the onset of frost.Lastingness of individual inflorescence on the plant.—Approximately 2 to 3 days.Flower description:General description.—Strong flower consisting of tube bearing five sepals, five petals and many threadlike membranes (together, the corona) above which are five prominent anthers, the ovary and three prominent stigmas and styles.Buds.—Shape: Obconical; apex is rounded, sepal awns extending up to 5.0 mm; base is rounded. Length: Approximately 6.0 cm. Diameter: Approximately 3.0 cm. Color: Commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144B.Flowers.—Quantity: On average 4 to 12 flowers per plant. Depth: 6.0 cm. Diameter: 8.0 cm. Facing Direction: Outwardly and upwardly facing. Persistent or self-cleaning: Petals self-cleaning. Fragrance: Slightly sweet.Petals.—Quantity: 5 alternating with sepals. Shape: Narrowly ovate. Petal margin: Entire. Petal length: 4.0 cm. Petal width: 1.5 cm. Petal texture of upper surface: Smooth. Petals texture of lower surface: Smooth. Color: of upper surface: Commonly near Green-White Group 157B. Color of under surface: Commonly near Green-White Group 157B. Apex: Rounded. Base: Truncate.Corona.—General Description: Consists of two layers of rod-like filaments. Filament Quantity: Approximately 70 per layer. Filament Shape: Primarily ear, curling at the tip. Filament length: Approximately 1.5-2.0 cm. Filament width: Approximately 1.0 mm. Filament color: Commonly ⅔ of the length is near Purple Group 79A, the last ⅓ of the tip is near White Group 155C.Sepals.—Quantity: 5. Shape: Narrow ovate. Margin: Entire. Sepal width: 5.0 cm. Sepal width: 1.5 cm. Sepal texture of upper surface: Smooth. Sepal texture of lower surface. Smooth. Apex: Rounded (except for awns). Base: Truncate; sepal awn (attached to apex) is recurving crescent-like and length up to 5.0 mm. Color of upper surface: Commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144B. Color of under surface: Commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144A.Peduncle.—Strength: Strong. Shape: Rounded. Angle of attachment, approximately 45° from stem. Length: Approximately 4.0 cm. Diameter: Approximately 3.0 mm. Texture: Glabrous. Color: Commonly near Yellow-Green Group 146B.Reproductive organs.—Operculum: Inner corona of upright rod-like filaments arranged in tight concentric rings; filament length ranges between 1.0 mm and 2.0 mm. Diameter: Less than 1.0 mm; very numerous filaments, at least 145 in number per flower. Color: Commonly near Purple Group 79A. Androgynophore: Tubular. Diameter: 1.0 cm. Height: 1.5 cm. Color: 146B. Stamens: Number: 5, filaments flattened. Width: 7.0 mm. Length: 30.0 mm to 35.0 mm. Color: Commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144D with light speckling near Purple Group 79A towards anther attachment. Anthers: Shape: Elliptic. Length: 45.0 mm. Width: 15.0 mm. Color: Commonly near Yellow-Green Group 150C. Attachment: Loosely minutely attached. Pollen: Amount: Moderate. Color: Commonly near Yellow Group 3C. Ovary: Position: Superior. Shape: ellipsoidal. Diameter: 18.0 cm. Surface texture: Smooth. Color: Commonly near Greyed-Yellow Group 160C. Styles: Strong, rigid, joined above ovary. Number: 3. Length including stigma: 4.0 cm. Color: Commonly near Purple Group N79B. Stigma: Bifurcated. Width: 2.0 cm. Depth: 0.5 cm. Color: Commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144D with mottling of near Greyed-Purple Group N187A.Fruit.—Shape: Ovoid: Approximately 6 produced per plant. Ripened Fruit surface color: Commonly near Violet-Blue Group N92 to Purple Group N77B. Length: 9.0 cm. Width: 8.0 cm. Flesh color: Commonly near Purple Group N77B with an innermost pith color near White Group 155C. Fruit flavor and texture: Sweet to sour flavor with a silky texture and strong seeds.Seed.—Number: 47: Shape: Oval. Length: less than 1.0 mm. Width: Less than 1.0 mm. Color: Commonly near Greyed-Orange Group 164A. Pulp color: Commonly near Yellow-Orange Group 17A.Disease and pest resistance: Resistance to pathogens and pests common toPassiflorahas not been observed. The new cultivar has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions to date. Accordingly, it is possible that the phenotype may vary somewhat with variations in the environment, such as temperature, light intensity, and day length, without, however, any variance in genotype. | 8,397 |
PP35637 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart 2007, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used. The following observations and measurements describe ‘KFPIPB20’ plants grown outdoors in Dayton, OR. Temperatures ranged from about −2° C. to 8° C. at night to 5° C. to 28° C. during the day. No artificial light, photoperiodic treatments were given to the plants. Measurements and numerical values represent averages of typical plant types.Botanical classification:Pittosporum crassifolium‘KFPIPB20’. PROPAGATION Type of propagation typically used: Semi-hardwood cuttings taken in late summer/early fall.Time to produce a rooted cutting: 5 to 6 months to produce a 3-inch liner.Root description: Very thin, dense, fibrous, not fleshy, freely branching. New roots colored near RHS Yellow-White 158D. Older roots colored near Grey-Brown 199D. PLANT Growth habit: Dense, evergreen, upright shrub.Age of plant described: 18 months.Container size: 3-gallon.Overall plant shape: Spherical.Growth habit: Freely branching with abundant basal branching.Plant spread: 55 cm.Plant height: 55 cm in second year.Growth rate: Rapid.Plant vigor: Good.Branching description: Densely branched. About 10 to 12 primary branches near base of plant. Each primary branch has 3 to 4 main lateral branches. Main lateral branches densely branched with additional laterals. When pinched on average 3 new lateral branches emerge, occurring at acute angles, between 45° to 75°.Primary branches:Length.—Average range 30 to 50 cm, this varies based on pruning or pinching.Diameter.—5 mm.Color.—New growth: Near RHS Greyed-Green 193B. Old growth: Near RHS Grey-Brown 199C.Shape.—Round.Strength.—Moderate, somewhat flexible.Texture.—New growth densely and softly pubescent. Mature growth lightly pubescent.Internode length: Average range 1 to 2 cm.Bark peel: Not observed. FOLIAGE Leaf:Arrangement.—Alternate.Average length.—4.1 to 5.2 cm.Average width.—3.1 to 3.5 cm.Shape of blade.—Obovate.Apex.—Broad acute.Base.—Broad attenuate.Margin.—Entire.Aspect.—Flat to slightly folded upward.Texture of top surface.—Smooth.Texture of bottom surface.—Smooth.Appearance of top surface.—Moderately glossy.Appearance of bottom surface.—Matte to slightly glossy.Color.—Newest emerging foliage upper side: Near RHS Yellow-Green 145B. Newest emerging foliage under side: Near RHS Yellow-Green 145B flushed Greyed-Green 193B. Young foliage upper side: Near RHS Yellow-Green 145A. Young foliage under side: Near RHS Yellow-Green 145A flushed Greyed-Green 193B. Mature foliage upper side: Near RHS Green 137C. Mature foliage under side: Near RHS Green 138A. Venation: Type: Pinnate. Young foliage venation color upper side: Near RHS Yellow-Green 145C. Young foliage venation color under side: Near RHS Yellow-Green 145D. Mature foliage venation color upper side: Near RHS Yellow-Green 144C. Mature foliage venation color under side: Near RHS Yellow-Green 144D.Petiole.—Length: 4 to 5 mm. Diameter: 2 mm. Color: Upper: Near Yellow-Green 145C. Lower: Near Yellow-Green 145D. FLOWER Not observed to date. REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS Not observed to date. OTHER CHARACTERISTICS Disease and pest resistance: Neither resistance nor susceptibility to normal diseases and pests ofPittosporumhave been observed.Drought tolerance and cold tolerance: Tolerates temperatures from approximately 0° C. to 40° C. Drought tolerance not tested to date.Fruit/seed production: Not observed. | 3,542 |
PP35638 | The photographs were taken using conventional techniques and although colors may appear different from actual colors due to light reflectance it is as accurate as possible by conventional photographic techniques. DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart 2007, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used. The following observations and measurements describe ‘MDBPV1’ plants grown in outdoors in Palmyra, VA. The plants were about 2 years old. Temperatures ranged from about 3° C. to 12° C. at night to 18° C. to 30° C. during the day. No artificial light, photoperiodic treatments were given to the plants. Measurements and numerical values represent averages of typical plant types.Botanical classification:Hydrangea paniculata‘MDBPV1’. PROPAGATION Typical method: Softwood cuttings.Root initiation: 20 to 30 days at 20° C. during summer.Time to produce rooted cutting: About 2 months at 20° C. during summer.Roots: Dense, freely branching, fibrous, thick to thin. Creamy white to brown in color, not accurately measured with R.H.S. chart. PLANT Growth habit: Upright.Height: About 150 cm.Plant spread: About 100 cm.Age of plant described: Approximately 2 years.Plant vigor: Vigorous.Stem:Branching.—Basal and lateral.Number of main branches.—10, depending on pruning.Shape.—Upright, somewhat V-shaped.Color.—RHS Greyed-Purple 183C.Aspect.—70 to 90°.Strength.—Quite strong.Pubescence.—None.Internode length.—Average 5.7 cm. FOLIAGE Leaf:Arrangement.—Whorl (3 leaves equally spaced around each node).Shape.—Ovate.Length.—Average 14 cm.Width.—Average 5 cm.Apex.—Acuminate.Base.—Obtuse.Margin.—Minutely serrate.Aspect. Undulate.Texture of top surface.—Roughly textured with coarse, bristly hairs.Texture of bottom surface.—Roughly textured with coarse, bristly hairs and pronounced venation.Color.—Young foliage upper side: RHS Green 143A. Young foliage under side: RHS Green 143B. Mature foliage upper side: RHS Green 137B. Mature foliage, under side: RHS Green 143A.Venation:Type.—Pinnate.Color.—Upper side: RHS Yellow-Green N144A, central vein near petiole Greyed-Purple 183D. Under side: RHS Yellow-Green N144D with tinges of Greyed-Purple 183D close to petiole.Petiole:Length.—Average 3.8 cm.Width.—Average 2.5 mm.Color.—Upper side: RHS Greyed-Purple 183D. Under side: RHS Greyed-Purple 183D.Texture.—Upper side: Lightly pubescent. Under side: Lightly pubescent. INFLORESCENCE Natural flowering season: Summer. July, August, September.Inflorescence type: Lacecap.Panicle:Shape.—Flattened, somewhat irregular hemispherical, or with more water, elongated.Height.—Average 22.9 cm.Diameter.—Average 17.8.Sterile Flowers:Flowers per inflorescence.—Average 30.Arrangement.—Irregular whorls.Aspect.—Outward to slightly upright.Shape.—CruciformDiameter.—5 cm.Depth.—2.8 cm.Persistent or self-cleaning.—Persistent.Bud:Length.—9.5 mm.Diameter.—6.4 mm.Shape.—Orbicular.Color.—RHS Yellow-Green 150D.Petals: No petals present.Sepals:Number.—4.Arrangement.—Cruciform weakly overlapping.Shape.—Elliptic.Tip.—Rounded.Base.—Broad taper.Margin.—Entire.Length.—2.5 cm.Width.—1.6 cm.Texture.—Upper side: Glabrous. Under side: Glabrous.Color.—When First Opening, Upper side: RHS Yellow 4C with distinctively strong venation near Red-Purple 61A. Faint apical flush near Greyed-Purple 185B. Basal flush near Red-Purple 60A. When First Opening, Under side: RHS Yellow 4C with distinctively strong venation near Red-Purple 61A flushed Greyed-Purple 185C. Faint apical flush near 185C. Faint basal flush near 60A. Semi-mature, Upper side: RHS Yellow-Green 150D with distinctively strong venation near Red-Purple 60B. Basal flush near Red-Purple 59C and 59D. Semi-mature, Under side: RHS Yellow-Green 150D with distinctively strong venation near Red-Purple 60B. Basal flush near Red-Purple 59C and 59D. Fully Opened, Upper side: RHS White N155C with distinctively strong venation near Red-Purple 60B flushed 59C. Basal flush near Red-Purple 59C and 59D. Fully Opened, Under side: White N155C with distinctively strong venation near Red-Purple 60B flushed 59C. Basal flush near Red-Purple 59C and 59D.Pedicel:Length.—About 1 cm.Diameter.—About 3 mmAngle.—Average 45°.Strength.—Moderate.Texture.—Smooth.Color.—RHS Greyed-Purple 187B flushed Red-Purple 58A.Fertile flowers:Flowers per inflorescence.—Around 50 to 100.Aspect.—Upright and outward.Shape.—Stellate.Diameter.—About 1 cm.Depth.—About 8 mm.Persistent or self-cleaning.—Self-cleaning.Bud:Length.—About 7 mm.Diameter.—About 7 mm.Shape.—Orbicular.Color.—RHS White N155A flushed Greyed-Purple N187D.Petals:Number per flower.—5.Arrangement.—Stellate.Shape.—Narrowly elliptic.Tip.—Acute.Base.—Truncate.Margin.—Entire.Length.—About 6 mm.Width.—About 2 mm.Texture.—Upper side: Smooth. Under side: Smooth.Color.—When Opening, Upper side: RHS White N155B, strong central streaks near Greyed-Purple N186B with Red-Purple 59A. When Opening, Under side: RHS White N155B, faint to moderate central streaks near Greyed-Purple N186B with Red-Purple 59A. Fully Opened, Upper side: RHS White N155B, strong central streaks near Greyed-Purple N186B with Red-Purple 59A. Fully Opened, Under side: RHS White N155B, moderate central streaks near Greyed-Purple N186B with Red-Purple 59A.Calyx/sepal: Calyx present. About 4 mm in length and 3 mm in diameter. Colored near Greyed-Purple N186B streaked White N155B. Individual sepals fused approximately 80% of length, acute at apex.Pedicel:Length.—Average range 5 mm to 9 mm.Diameter.—1 mm.Angle.—90°.Strength.—Moderate.Texture.—Glabrous.Color.—RHS White N155C flushed Greyed-Purple N186B. REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS Sterile flower: Central, globular structure with no definable parts.Fertile flower:Stamen:Number.—9 to 12 mm.Filament length.—5 to 8 mm.Filament color.—RHS White 155DAnther:Shape.—Rounded, basifixed.Length.—About 1 mm.Color.—RHS Yellow-White 158A.Pollen amount.—Scant to none.Pollen color.—RHS Yellow-White 158D.Pistil:Number.—1.Length.—4 mm.Stigma:Shape.—3-parted.Color.—RHS Green-White 157D.Style length.—3 mm.Style color. RHS Green-White 157D.Ovary color.—RHS Green-White 157D. OTHER CHARACTERISTICS Disease resistance: Neither resistance nor susceptibility to the normal diseases and pests ofHydrangeahas been observed.Drought tolerance and cold tolerance: The new cultivar can tolerate cold temperatures to approximately −31° C. and tolerates an upper temperature range to at least 38° C. No tolerance for drought.Fruit/seed production: Dry, cup-shaped fruit colored near Greyed-Green 191C flushed Greyed-Purple N187B, about 5 mm in diameter and length. Moderate quantity of seeds produced, flat, colored near Grey-Brown N199B, about 1 mm in width and 2 mm in length. | 6,775 |
PP35639 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Plants used in the aforementioned photographs and following observations and measurements were grown during the spring in 10-cm containers in a glass-covered greenhouse in De Kwakel, The Netherlands and under cultural practices typical of commercial containerDianthusproduction. During the production of the plants, day temperatures ranged from 16 C to 20 C and night temperatures ranged from 16 C to 18 C. Plants used for the photographs and description were three months from planting and were pinched one time about one week after planting rooted young plants. In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 2015 Edition, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.Botanical classification:Dianthus caryophyllusL. ‘Hilsinclair’.Parentage:Female, or seed, parent.—Proprietary selection ofDianthus caryophyllusL. identified as code number 05065, not patented.Male, or pollen, parent.—Proprietary selection ofDianthus caryophyllusL. identified as code number 05576, not patented.Propagation:Type.—By terminal vegetative cuttings.Time to initiate roots, summer.—About six days at temperatures ranging from 20 C to 25 C.Time to initiate roots, winter.—About eight days at temperatures about 18 C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, summer.—About three weeks at temperatures ranging from 20 C to 25 C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, winter.—About five weeks at temperatures about 18 C.Root description.—Medium in thickness, fibrous; typically white in color, actual color of the roots is dependent on substrate composition, water quality, fertilizer type and formulation, substrate temperature and physiological age of roots.Rooting habit.—Moderate branching; medium density.Plant description:Plant and growth habit.—Herbaceous perennial, typically grown as a container plant; compact, uniformly mounding, upright to outwardly spreading plant habit; moderately vigorous growth habit; slow to moderate growth rate.Plant height, soil level to top of foliar plane.—About 13.1 cm.Plant height, soil level to top of floral plane.—About 16 cm.Plant diameter or spread.—About 22.8 cm.Lateral branches.—Branching habit: Freely branching habit with about eight main (basal) stems; each main stem with about four to six lateral branches; pinching is not required, however, pinching will enhance lateral branch development. Length: About 11.1 cm. Diameter: About 4 mm. Internode length: About 3.2 cm. Strength: Strong. Aspect: About 15 degrees from vertical. Texture and luster: Smooth, glabrous; glossy overlain with a thin waxy layer which is matte. Color, developing: Close to 145D. Color, developed: Close to 137A; waxy layer, close to 189A.Leaf description:Arrangement.—Opposite, simple; sessile.Length.—About 10.3 cm.Width.—Relatively broad, about 1.2 cm.Shape.—Narrowly oblanceolate; slightly carinate and slightly curved.Apex.—Acute.Base.—Attenuate; decurrent.Margin.—Entire; not lobed.Texture and luster, upper surface.—Smooth, glabrous; matte.Texture and luster, lower surface.—Smooth, glabrous; slightly glossy overlain with a thin waxy later which is matte.Venation pattern.—Parallel; only midvein is discernible.Color.—Developing leaves, upper surface: Close to 137B. Developing leaves, lower surface: Close to 137C; waxy layer, close to 138B. Fully expanded leaves, upper surface: Close to 147A; venation, close to NN137A. Fully expanded leaves, lower surface: Close to NN137A to NN137B; waxy layer, close to 189A; venation, close to 144A.Flower description:Flower form and flowering habit.—Rotate double-type flowers arranged singly or in pairs; freely flowering habit with about 34 flower buds and flowers per plant at one time; flowers face mostly upright to slightly outwardly.Natural flowering season.—Flowering is continuous from the spring to late summer in The Netherlands; plants begin flowering about 13 weeks after planting.Postproduction longevity.—Flowers last about ten days on the plant; flowers not persistent.Fragrance.—Faintly fragrant; clove-like, sweet and pleasant.Flower buds.—Length: About 1.8 cm. Diameter: About 1.1 cm. Shape: Rhomboidal. Texture and luster: Smooth, glabrous; slightly glossy. Color: Close to 146B; towards the base, close to 145A; overlain with a thin waxy layer, close to 194B; towards the apex, close to NN74A.Flower diameter.—About 5 cm.Flower depth.—About 3.8 cm.Petals.—Quantity and arrangement: About five petals arranged in a single whorl. Length: About 3.7 cm. Width: About 2 cm. Shape: Spatulate. Apex: Praemorse to narrowly emarginate. Base: Narrowly cuneate. Margin: Distally, irregularly dentate; proximally, entire; moderately undulate. Texture and luster, upper surface: Smooth, glabrous; velvety; matte. Texture and luster, lower surface: Smooth, glabrous; velvety; slightly glossy. Color: When opening, upper surface: Close to NN74A; proximally, “W”-shaped marking, close to 187A and 187B; at the base, close to 145B. When opening, lower surface: Close to 71C; proximally, close to N74C; at the base, close to 145B. Fully developed, upper surface: Close to NN78D; proximally, “W”-shaped marking, slightly more red than N79C; at the base, close to 147D. Fully developed, lower surface: Close to NN78D; proximally, close to 76B; at the base, close to 145B.Petaloids.—Quantity and arrangement: About 30 petaloids arranged in about five whorls. Length: About 3.4 cm; ranging from 2.6 cm to 3.7 cm. Width: About 1.7 cm; ranging from 1.1 cm to 2 cm. Shape: Spatulate. Apex: Praemorse to narrowly emarginate. Base: Narrowly cuneate. Margin: Distally, irregularly dentate; proximally, entire; moderately undulate. Texture and luster, upper surface: Smooth, glabrous; velvety; matte. Texture and luster, lower surface: Smooth, glabrous; velvety; slightly glossy. Color: When opening, upper surface: Close to NN74A; proximally, “W”-shaped marking, close to 187A and 187B; at the base, close to 145B. When opening, lower surface: Close to 71C; proximally, close to N74C; at the base, close to 145B. Fully developed, upper surface: Close to NN78D; proximally, “W”-shaped marking, slightly more red than N79C; at the base, close to 147D. Fully developed, lower surface: Close to NN78D; proximally, close to 76B; at the base, close to 145B.Sepals.—Quantity and arrangement: Five sepals arranged in a single whorl; proximal 73% portion of the sepals are fused into a campanulate-shaped calyx. Calyx length: About 2.2 cm. Calyx diameter: About 1.5 mm. Sepal length: About 2.2 cm. Sepal width, at base of “free” portion: About 6 mm. Shape: Narrowly obovate. Apex: Broadly acute. Margin: Entire. Texture and luster, upper surface: Smooth, glabrous; slightly glossy. Texture and luster, lower surface: Smooth, glabrous; slightly glossy; overlain with a thin waxy layer which is matte. Color: When opening and fully opened, upper surface: Slightly lighter than 147D; apical margins tinged with close to 182B to 182C. When opening and fully opened, lower surface: Close to 138A; towards the base, close to 145B; apical margins, close to 182B; waxy layer, close to 194B.Peduncles.—Length: About 1.1 cm. Diameter: About 1.5 mm to 2 mm. Strength: Moderately strong. Aspect: About 25 degrees from the stem axis. Texture and luster: Smooth, glabrous; moderately glossy overlain with a thin waxy layer which is matte. Color: Close to 143A; waxy layer, close to 188B.Pedicels(flowers in pairs).—Length: About 2 mm. Diameter: About 1.5 mm to 2 mm. Strength: Moderately strong. Aspect: About 25 degrees from the peduncle axis. Texture and luster: Smooth, glabrous; moderately glossy overlain with a thin waxy later which is matte. Color: Close to 143A; waxy layer, close to 188B.Reproductive organs.—Stamens: Quantity: Typically ten. Filament length: About 9 mm. Filament color: Close to 157D. Anther size: About 2 mm by 0.5 mm. Anther shape: Irregularly oblong, dorsifixed. Anther color: Close to 16B. Pollen: None observed. Pistils: Quantity: About two per flower. Pistil length: About 1.8 cm. Stigma diameter: About 1 mm. Stigma shape: Pointed, curved. Stigma color: Close to 77A. Style length: About 1.5 cm. Style color: Close to 76D and 77A to 77B. Ovary color: Close to 145B to 145C. Fruits and seeds: To date, fruit and seed development have not been observed on plants of the newDianthus.Pathogen & pest resistance: To date, plants of the newDianthushave not been observed to be resistant to pathogens and pests common toDianthusplants.Garden performance: Plants of the newDianthushave been observed to tolerate rain, wind, high temperatures about 35 C and to be suitable for USDA Hardiness Zones 5 to 9. | 8,668 |
PP35640 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The aforementioned photographs and following observations and measurements describe plants grown during the autumn and winter in 10-cm containers in a glass-covered greenhouse in Heemskerk, The Netherlands and under cultural practices typically used in commercialPhalaenopsisproduction. Plants were 18 months old when the photographs and description were taken. During the first twelve months of production of the plants, day and night temperatures averaged 27 C. During the final six months of production of the plants, day temperatures ranged from 20 C to 22 C and night temperatures ranged from 18 C to 20 C. During the production of the plants, light levels ranged from a minimum of 5,000 lux to a maximum of 10,000 lux. In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 2015 Edition, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.Botanical classification:Phalaenopsis hybrida‘Escapades’.Parentage:Female, or seed, parent.—Phalaenopsis hybrida‘Gan Lin Diamond’, not patented.Male parent.—Phalaenopsis hybrida‘Garlin Mary’, not patented.Propagation:Type.—By in vitro meristem propagation.Time to initiate roots, summer and winter.—About two weeks at temperatures about 28 C to 30 C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, summer and winter.—About 20 to 25 weeks at temperatures about 28 C to 30 C.Root description.—Thin, fibrous; typically light yellowish white in color; actual color of the roots is dependent on substrate composition, water quality, fertilizer, substrate temperature and age of roots.Rooting habit.—Freely branching; medium density.Plant description:Plant form and growth habit.—Herbaceous epiphyte; upright plant habit with typically two inflorescences per plant, each inflorescence with numerous flowers; monopodial; moderately vigorous to vigorous growth habit and moderate growth rate.Plant height, substrate level to top of foliar plane.—About 19.3 cm.Plant height, substrate level to top of inflorescences.—About 56 cm.Plant diameter or spread.—About 37.8 cm.Leaf description:Arrangement and quantity.—Distichous, simple; sessile; about three leaves per plant.Length.—About 22.6 cm.Width.—About 7.8 cm.Aspect.—Outwardly arching.Shape.—Narrowly obovate; slightly carinate.Apex.—Unequal and broadly acute.Base.—Sheathing. Sheath length: About 1.8 cm. Sheath width: About 1.5 cm. Sheath color: Close to 143A; towards the center, close to 143B.Margin.—Entire; not undulate.Texture and luster, upper and lower surfaces.—Smooth, glabrous; moderately glossy.Venation pattern.—Camptodromous.Color.—Developing leaves, upper surface: Darker than a blend of 139A and 147A. Developing leaves, lower surface: Close to NN137B. Fully expanded leaves, upper surface: Close to a blend of NN137A and 146A; venation, close to NN137A to NN137B. Fully expanded leaves, lower surface: Close to a blend of 146A and 147B; venation, close to 143A.Inflorescence description:Appearance and flowering habit.—Showy zygomorphic flowers arranged on axillary simple or branched racemes; typically two inflorescences per plant; each inflorescence with about twelve flowers; flowers face outwardly on outwardly arching inflorescences supported by upright peduncles; flowers with three petals, two lateral petals and one center petal transformed into a labellum and three sepals.Fragrance.—None detected.Time to flower.—Plants begin flowering about six months after planting; plants flower naturally during the winter into the spring.Flower longevity.—Long flowering period, individual flowers maintain good substance for about ten weeks on the plant; flowers not persistent.Inflorescence length(lowermost flower to inflorescence apex).—About 28.4 cm.Inflorescence width.—About 19.5 cm.Flower buds.—Height: About 1.8 cm. Diameter: About 1.5 cm by 1.7 cm. Shape: Broadly ovate. Color: Close to 144C; upper surface, slightly blotched with close to 152C; towards the base, close to N186B.Flower size.—About 8.2 cm (vertical) by 8.9 cm (horizontal).Flower depth.—About 4.3 cm.Petals, quantity and arrangement.—Three, two lateral petals and one center petal transformed into a labellum.Lateral petals.—Length: About 4.5 cm. Width: About 5.8 cm. Shape: Roughly reniform to lunate. Apex: Obtuse to rounded. Margin: Entire; slightly and finely undulate. Texture and luster, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous, velvety; matte. Color: When opening, upper surface: Close to NN155B; towards the base, close to N80A; large blotches, close to N79C and 187A. When opening, lower surface: Close to a blend of 155C and 157D; towards the base, close to 157C; blotches from upper surface visible, close to N79C. Fully opened, upper surface: Close to NN155D; towards the base, close to N78A and N80B; large blotches, close to N78B, and N78C; color does not change with subsequent development. Fully opened, lower surface: Close to NN155D; blotches from upper surface visible, close to N79C; color does not change with subsequent development.Labella.—Appearance: Three-parted with two lateral lobes and a central lobe. Length, lateral lobes: About 2.4 cm. Width, lateral lobes: About 1.8 cm. Length, central lobe: About 2.5 cm. Width, central lobe: About 8 mm to 25 mm. Length, Cirrhose tips: About 1.5 cm. Shape, lateral lobes: Broadly obovate. Shape, central lobe: Deltoid with a slightly elongated apex. Apex, lateral lobes: Obtuse. Apex, central lobe: Acute with two curved cirrhose apices. Margins, lateral and central lobes: Entire. Texture and luster, lateral and central lobes, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous, moderately velvety; matte. Callosities: Located at the base of the labellum and attachment point of the lateral petals; about 3 mm in length, about 5 mm in width and about 7 mm in height. Color: When opening, upper surface: Lateral lobes: Close to NN155D; towards the base, close to 187A and 187B; lower margins, close to 4A. Central lobe: Close to 162C; center, tinged with close to 154D; towards the apex, close to NN155D; towards the base, close to N155A; fine dots, close to 182A; cirrhose tips, close to NN155D with apices, close to N186C and N186D. Callosities: Close to 166A. When opening, lower surface: Lateral lobes: Close to NN155D; towards the base, close to N187C; lower margins, close to 1A and 1B. Central lobe: Close to 154D; towards the apex, close to 145D; towards the base, close to 156B; fine dots, close to 178A; cirrhose tips, close to NN155D with apices, close to N186C and N186D. Fully opened, upper surface: Lateral lobes: Close to NN155D; towards the base, close to 187A and 187B; lower margins, close to 7A to 7B. Central lobe: Close to 162B; towards the apex, close to NN155D; towards the base, close to N155A; fine dots, close to 182A; cirrhose tips, close to NN155D with apices, close to N186C and N186D. Callosities: Close to 166A. Fully opened, lower surface: Lateral lobes: Close to NN155D; towards the base, close to N187C; lower margins, close to 5A. Central lobe: Close to 160C; towards the apex, close to NN155D; towards the base, close to 156B; fine dots, close to 178A; cirrhose tips, close to NN155D with apices, close to N186C and N186D.Sepals.—Quantity and arrangement: Three, one upper dorsal sepal and two lower lateral sepals. Length, dorsal sepal: About 4.5 cm. Width, dorsal sepal: About 3.5 cm. Length, lateral sepals: About 4.6 cm. Width, lateral sepals: About 3.2 cm. Shape, dorsal sepal: Broadly elliptic. Shape, lateral sepals: Ovate. Apex, dorsal and lateral sepals: Obtuse. Base, dorsal and lateral sepals: Truncate. Margin, dorsal and lateral sepals: Entire. Texture and luster, dorsal and lateral sepals, upper surface: Smooth, glabrous, moderately velvety; matte. Texture and luster, dorsal and lateral sepals, lower surface: Smooth, glabrous, slightly velvety; slightly glossy. Color, dorsal sepal: When opening, upper surface: Close to NN155B; towards the base, close to N80A; large blotches, close to N79C and 187A. When opening, lower surface: Close to 145B; towards the apex and margins, close to 150D; large blotches on upper surface visible, close to N79C. Fully opened, upper surface: Close to NN155D; towards the base, close to N78C, N78D and NN78A; heavily blotched and marbled, close to 60A and N79A to N79C; color does not change with subsequent development. Fully opened, lower surface: Close to N155B; towards the base, close to 157D; towards the margins, heavily blotched, close to 71A and N79C; venation, close to N186D; color does not change with subsequent development. Color, lateral sepals: When opening, upper surface: Close to NN155B; lower half, close to 157B and 157C; at the base, close to N80A; large blotches, close to N79C and 187A. When opening, lower surface: Close to 145B; towards the apex and margins, close to 150D; large blotches on upper surface visible, close to N79C. Fully opened, upper surface: Close to 157D; towards the base, close to 157B; heavily blotched and marbled, close to 71A, N79B, N79C and 186D; color does not change with subsequent development. Fully opened, lower surface: Close to 75D and 157A; towards the base, close to N170D; heavily blotched, close to N186D; color does not change with subsequent development.Peduncles.—Length: About 65 cm. Diameter: About 6 mm. Strength: Strong. Aspect: Upright to outwardly arching. Texture and luster: Smooth, glabrous; matte. Color: Close to 146A to 146B; moderately to densely covered with fine dots and marbling, close to 138B.Pedicels.—Length: About3.1 cm. Diameter: About 3.5 mm. Strength: Moderately strong. Aspect: About 65 degrees from peduncle axis. Texture and luster: Smooth, glabrous; matte. Color: Upper surface: Close to 145B; proximally, close to 144A. Lower surface: Close to N186C; occasionally sparsely marbled and striped with close to 187B.Reproductive organs.—Androecium: Column length: About 1 cm. Column width: About 7 mm. Column color: Close to NN155B; towards the base, close to 70A to 70B. Pollinia quantity: Two. Pollinia diameter (per two pollinia): About 3 mm. Pollinia color: Close to 24A. Gynoecium: Stigma length: About 4 mm. Stigma width: About 5 mm. Stigma shape: Reniform. Stigma color: Close to 146D. Ovary length: About 1.5 cm. Ovary diameter: About 1 mm. Ovary color: Close to 147C. Seeds and fruits: To date, seed and fruit development have not been observed on plants of the newPhalaenopsis.Pathogen & pest resistance: To date, plants of the newPhalaenopsishave not been shown to be resistant to pathogens and pests common toPhalaenopsisplants.Temperature tolerance: Plants of the newPhalaenopsishave been observed to tolerate high temperatures about 40C and are suitable for USDA Hardiness Zones 10 to 12. | 10,721 |
PP35641 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The aforementioned photograph and following observations, measurements and values describe plants grown in 19-cm containers during the spring, summer and autumn in a glass-covered greenhouse in Thiendorf, Germany and under cultural practices typical of commercial interspecific Geranium production. During the production of the plants, day temperatures averaged 18° C., night temperatures averaged 16° C. and light levels ranged from 15 kilolux to 100 kilolux. Plants were four months old when the photograph was taken and nine months old when the detailed description was taken. In the detailed description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 1995 Edition, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.Botanical classification:PelargoniumxhortorumXPelargonium peltatum‘Pactioscarkiss’.Parentage:Female, or seed, parent.—Unidentified proprietary selection ofPelargoniumxhortorum, not patented.Male or pollen parent.—Unidentified proprietary selection ofPelargonium peltatum, not patented.Propagation:Type.—By vegetative terminal cuttings.Time to initiate roots, summer.—About 18 days at temperatures about 20° C.Time to initiate roots, winter.—About 22 days at temperatures about 20° C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, summer.—About four weeks at temperatures about 20° C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, winter.—About four weeks at temperatures about 18° C.Root description.—Fine, fibrous; typically white in color, actual color of the roots is dependent on substrate composition, water quality, fertilizers, substrate temperature and age of roots.Rooting habit.—Freely branching; dense.Plant description:Plant and growth habit.—Broadly upright and mounding plant habit; broad inverted triangle; densely foliated; moderately vigorous growth habit; moderate growth rate; freely basal branching habit with about eight primary lateral branches each with about two secondary lateral branches developing per plant; pinching is typically not required.Plant height, to top of umbels.—About 26 cm.Plant height, to top of foliar plane.—About 35 cm.Plant width.—About 45 cm.Lateral branches.—Length: About 22 cm. Diameter: About 8 mm. Internode length: About 2 cm. Strength: Strong. Texture and luster: Moderately pubescent; semi-glossy. Color, developing and fully developed: Close to 144A.Leaf description:Arrangement.—Alternate; simple.Length.—About 5 cm.Width.—About 8.5 cm.Shape.—Rounded to cordate.Apex.—Rounded.Base.—Cordate, open.Margin.—Crenate with shallow and divergent indentations.Venation pattern.—Palmate.Texture and luster, upper and lower surfaces.—Pubescent; matte.Color.—Developing and fully expanded leaves, upper surface: Close to 147A; venation, close to 147A; no discernible zonal pattern. Developing and fully expanded leaves, lower surface: Close to 147B; venation, close to 147C.Petioles.—Length: About 11 cm. Diameter: About 3 mm. Strength: Moderately strong. Texture and luster, upper and lower surfaces: Pubescent; matte. Color, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 144A.Flower description:Flower arrangement and flowering habit.—Single type flowers arranged in hemispherical umbels arising from apical leaf axils; umbels displayed above the foliar plane on strong peduncles; flowers face upright to outwardly depending on the position on the umbel; freely flowering habit with about 25 open flowers per umbel and numerous umbels developing per plant during the flowering season.Fragrance.—None detected.Flowering season.—Early flowering habit; plants begin flowering about 75 days after planting; in the garden in Germany, flowering begins in April and continues until frost in the autumn.Flower longevity.—Flowers last about six to ten days on the plant; umbels last about three to four weeks on the plant; flowers persistent.Umbel height.—About 6.5 cm.Umbel diameter.—About 11 cm.Flower diameter.—About 4.8 cm by 4.8 cm.Flower depth(height).—About 2 cm.Flower buds.—Length: About 1.2 cm. Diameter: About 5 mm. Shape: Elliptic. Texture and luster: Pubescent; matte. Color: Close to 146B.Petals.—Quantity per flower: About five; petals imbricate. Length, upper petals: About 2.8 cm. Length, lower petals: About 2.5 cm. Width, upper petal: About 2.2 cm. Width, lower petals: About 2.5 cm. Shape: Obovate. Apex: Rounded. Base: Cuneate. Margin: Entire; slightly undulate. Texture and luster, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous; glossy. Color: When opening and fully opened, upper surface: Close to darker than 40A with central spot, close to 42A; venation, close to 40A; color does not change with subsequent development. When opening and fully opened, lower surface: Close to 40A; venation, close to 40A; color does not change with subsequent development.Petaloids.—To date, petaloid development has not been observed on plants of the new interspecific Geranium.Sepals.—Calyx length: About 1.4 cm. Calyx diameter: About 2.2 cm. Quantity per flower: Five arranged in a single whorl. Length: About 1.2 cm to 1.3 cm. Width: About 2 mm to 4 mm. Shape: Lanceolate. Apex: Acute. Base: Truncate. Margin: Entire. Texture and luster, upper surface: Smooth, glabrous; semi-glossy. Texture and luster, lower surface: Pubescent; semi-glossy. Color, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 146A.Peduncles(umbel stems).—Length: About 15 cm. Diameter: About 4 mm. Strength: Strong; flexible. Angle: Mostly upright to slightly outwardly. Texture and luster: Pubescent; semi-glossy. Color: Close to 146B.Pedicels(individual flower stems).—Length: About 2.9 cm. Diameter: About 2 mm. Strength: Moderately strong; flexible. Texture and luster: Pubescent; semi-glossy. Color: Distally, close to 165A and proximally, close to 146B.Reproductive organs.—Androecium: Stamen quantity per flower: About ten. Filament length: About 5 mm. Filament color: Close to 155D. Anther size: About 1 mm by 2 mm. Anther shape: Tubular. Anther color: Close to 58A. Pollen amount: Abundant. Pollen color: Close to 168A. Gynoecium: Pistil quantity per flower: One. Pistil length: About 8 mm. Stigma diameter: About 4 mm. Stigma shape: Five to six-parted. Stigma color: Close to 58A. Style length: About 2 mm. Style color: Close to 58A. Ovary color: Close to 139C. Seeds and fruits: To date, seed and fruit development have not been observed on plants of the new interspecific Geranium.Pathogen & pest resistance: To date, plants of the new interspecific Geranium have not been observed to be resistant to pathogens and pests common to interspecific Geraniums.Temperature tolerance: Plants of the new interspecific Geranium have been observed to tolerate temperatures ranging from about 0.5° C. to about 40° C. | 6,709 |
PP35642 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The aforementioned photographs and following observations and measurements describe plants grown during the winter and spring in 19-cm containers in a glass-covered greenhouse in Breda, The Netherlands and under cultural practices typical of commercialZamioculcasproduction. During the production of the plants, day temperatures ranged from 21C to 23C and night temperatures ranged from 19C to 20C. Plants were 18 months old when the photographs and the detailed description were taken. In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 2015 Edition, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.Botanical classification:Zamioculcas zamiifolia‘ZAM202201’.Parentage: Naturally-occurring whole plant mutation of an unnamed selection ofZamioculcas zamiifolia, not patented.Propagation:Type.—By vegetative cuttings.Time to initiate roots, summer.—About 56 days at temperatures about 21C.Time to initiate roots, winter.—About 84 days at temperatures about 19C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, summer.—About 84 days at temperatures about 21C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, winter.—About 140 days at temperatures about 19C.Root description.—Medium in thickness, fleshy; brownish white in color; actual color of the roots is dependent on substrate composition, water quality, fertilizer, substrate temperature and age of roots.Rooting habit.—Moderately freely branching, dense.Plant description:Plant and growth habit.—Compact and upright plant habit with upwardly pointing leaves; overall shape, narrow inverted triangle; stemless; pinnately compound leaves developing in basal clumps; typically about 15 to 20 clumps developing per plant; vigorous growth habit and moderate growth rate.Plant height.—About 50 cm.Plant diameter.—About 40 cm to 45 cm.Leaf description:Leaf arrangement.—Pinnately compound leaves with about 14 to 16 leaflets per leaf.Leaf length.—About 40 cm to 45 cm.Leaflet length.—About 6 cm to 8 cm.Leaflet width.—About 4 cm.Leaflet shape.—Broadly elliptic and rounded.Leaflet apex.—Obtuse with mucronate tip.Leaflet base.—Obtuse.Leaflet margin.—Entire.Leaflet venation.—Pinnate.Leaflet texture and luster, upper and lower surfaces.—Smooth, glabrous; glossy.Leaflet color.—Developing leaflets, upper surface: Close to 146A. Developing leaflets, lower surface: Close to 146B. Fully expanded leaflets, upper surface: Close to 147A; venation, close to 144B. Fully expanded leaflets, lower surface: Close to 144A; venation, close to 144B.Petioles(rachis).—Length: About 10 cm to 15 cm. Diameter: Proximally, about 2 cm; distally, about 1 cm. Texture: Smooth, glabrous. Color: Close to 147B.Inflorescence description: To date, flower initiation and development has not been observed on plants of the newZamioculcas.Pathogen & pest resistance: To date, plants of the newZamioculcashave not been observed to be resistant to pathogens or pests common toZamioculcasplants.Temperature tolerance: Plants of the newZamioculcashave been observed to be tolerant to temperatures ranging from about 10C to about 40C. | 3,138 |
PP35643 | COMPLETE BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE VARIETY ‘L1FS’ was characterized in greenhouse and field conditions. ‘L1FS’ is a unique variety of zoysiagrass (Zoysia matrella(L.)) Merr. that was discovered under cultivated conditions. The inventors, David L. Doguet and Virginia G. Lehman, discovered ‘L1FS’ near Poteet, TX in a collection of vegetative plants derived from seed collected from ‘L1F’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 25,203) plants. In 2012, seeds were collected from an ‘L1F’ sodded area near Poteet, TX and planted in potting soil to generate five seedling plants. All five seedlings had ‘L1F’ as a maternal parent with the pollen parent unknown and uncontrolled to include the possibility that ‘L1FS’ originated as a self-pollination from ‘L1F’. The five seedlings were transplanted to the field for field observation trials. In 2020, in the plantings near Poteet, TX, ‘L1FS’ was identified as a distinctly different vegetative patch or clonal plant differing from parent ‘L1F’ and other surrounding plants, with a wider leaf blade than parent ‘L1F’, and an extremely low vertical crown height. The plants were located in USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 8b. The inventors asexually reproduced ‘L1FS’ in both Poteet, TX and Amarillo, TX by taking vegetative cuttings of stolons and rhizomes, cutting the rhizomes and stolons into segments, each with a vegetative bud, and rooting them in potting media. Planting of the rooted material provided planting stock for studying performance and for comparison of morphological characters after propagation. ‘L1FS’ has been propagated by rhizomes, stolons, tillers, and sod. Asexually reproduced plants of ‘L1FS’ have remained stable and true to type through successive generations of propagation. No seedling establishment from ‘L1FS’ has been noticed in either greenhouse or field studies. In 2020, a vegetative increase from the clonal plot of ‘L1FS’ was made to a field plot of 1000 square feet to become the breeder stock of ‘L1FS’. ‘L1FS’ is a perennial zoysiagrass that spreads by both stolons and rhizomes. Characteristics of ‘L1FS’ measured in 2022 and 2023 were taken from plants that were approximately 12 months in age. The greenhouse was located near Amarillo, TX, with a nighttime low temperature of 67 degrees F., and daytime high of 80 degrees F. The plants were grown with a minimum 14-hour day length, supplemented with photosynthetically active radiation equivalent to approximately 75% sunlight. The plants were fertilized with the equivalent of 1 pound of actual N per month, using a soluble fertilizer of 20-20-20 in two equal soluble applications per month. ‘L1FS’ has a coarser leaf texture than female parent ‘L1F’, putting ‘L1F’ in a finer leaf texture class than ‘L1FS’ (Table 1). ‘L1FS’ has an absence of leaf hairs versus ‘Palisades’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 11,515), ‘Zorro’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 14,130), ‘Crowne’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 11,570), and ‘Cavalier’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 10,778) which each have many leaf surface hairs (Table 2). ‘L1FS’ has shown a desirable low growing characteristic in mowed turf when compared to other zoysiagrasses of medium leaf texture such as Zeon (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 13,166)and Jackpot (not patented). The low growing or ground hugging characteristic exhibited is attributable to short internode lengths between leaves on a tiller and will manifest in culture as a reduced frequency of mowing to maintain a low canopy height. In observations, ‘L1FS’ showed an internode length of 6.6 mm between the 3rdand 4thyoungest leaf (Table 3). In contrast, parent ‘L1F’ showed an internode length of 14.3 mm. ‘L1FS’ has shown little tendency to form tillers in thatch that tend towards puffiness in canopy growth in cultivars such as ‘Emerald’ (unpatented) that subsequently require dethatching maintenance. ‘L1FS’ has a slightly different leaf blade color than parent ‘L1F’, showing R.H.S. Colour Chart of 137A green, with ‘L1F’ showing 137C green in greenhouse trials. ‘L1FS’ has not shown susceptibility to the zoysiagrass mite when tested at Poteet, TX, where susceptible varieties have shown the coachwhip leaf symptoms of the mite. When tested at Soperton, GA, ‘L1FS’ showed mild susceptibility to dollar spot (Sclerotinia honweocarpa) and gray leaf spot (Pyricularia grisea). ‘L1FS’ has shown good turfgrass performance and temperature adaptation when tested at Soperton, GA, USDA hardiness zone 8b and at Poteet, TX, USDA hardiness zone 9a. This would suggest adaptation as far north as the southern edge of Atlanta, GA, USDA hardiness zone 8a, that would extend the area of adaptation for ‘L1FS’ in a line from central Georgia across central Alabama, extending through central Texas in an East/West line and on a North/South line from Norfolk, VA, south through Mexico. ‘L1FS’ has been exposed to low temperatures of 17 degrees F. for three consecutive days and exhibited little damage under well-watered conditions. ‘L1FS’ will be limited only by winter survival in colder regions. ‘L1FS’ is similar to most medium textured zoysiagrasses in water use demands as shown in test situations near Poteet, TX, and will be limited by adequate precipitation in drier to arid regions. ‘L1FS’ is adapted from sandy to heavier loam soil textures and from slightly acid to slightly alkaline soil pH. TABLE 1Leaf blade widths and lengths and texture class of zoysiagrasses‘L1FS’ and ‘L1F’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 25,203) measuredunder greenhouse conditions in Amarillo, TX 2022-23.Length, 2ndyoungestWidth, 2nd youngestLeafcrown leafcrown leafLeaf TextureVarietyStiffnesscmmmClass‘L1FS’Soft2.11.3Medium‘L1F’Very Soft1.70.95Fine TABLE 2Adaxial leaf hair presence or absence of selected zoysiagrasscultivars, measured under greenhouse conditions inAmarillo, TX, 2022-23.VarietyLeaf hair, adaxial Presence/Number‘L1FS’Sparse to Absent‘L1F’&Absent‘Palisades’&Many‘Zorro’&Many‘Diamond’&Absent‘Royal’&Absent‘Crowne’&Many‘Cavalier’&Many&‘L1F’ is U.S. Plant Pat. No. 25,203; ‘Palisades’ is U.S. Plant Pat. No. 11,515; ‘Zorro’ is U.S. Plant Pat. No. 14,130; ‘Diamond’ is U.S. Plant Pat. No. 10,636; ‘Royal’ is U.S. Plant Pat. No. 14,395; ‘Crowne’ is U.S. Plant Pat. No. 11,570; ‘Cavalier’ is U.S. Plant Pat. No. 10,778; TABLE 3Leaf and canopy characters of zoysiagrasses ‘L1FS’ and ‘L1F’(U.S. Plant Pat. No. 25,203), measured under greenhouseconditions in Amarillo, TX, 2022-23.Tiller lengthWidth, 4th youngestInternode length,Extension{circumflex over ( )}crown leafleaf 1-2, 3-4Varietycmmmmm‘L1FS’6.31.52.8, 6.6‘L1F’13.21.112.3, 14.3{circumflex over ( )}From crown height to tip of youngest leaf under unmown conditions. TABLE 4Canopy height at tip of youngest leaves on tillers, measured underunmown greenhouse conditions in Amarillo, TX, 2022-23.18 days Regrowth41 days Regrowth84 days RegrowthTiller Crown HeightTiller Crown HeightTiller Crown HeightVarietycmcmcm‘L1FS’1.23.15.2‘L1F’2.36.013.3 TABLE 5Winter color retention, seedhead expression, and leaf textureratings December 2022, Poteet TX, of ‘L1FS’ comparedto commercial and experimental zoysia cultivars.TextureVarietyColor{circumflex over ( )}Seedhead{circumflex over ( )}&Class{circumflex over ( )}{circumflex over ( )}‘L1FS’89Medium‘685’#69Coarse‘Jamur’&69Coarse‘Zeon’&69Medium‘DR32’#6.59Coarse‘DR2’#6.59Medium to Coarse‘Lazer’&79Very fine‘Trinity’ (L1F&)79Fine‘Jackpot’#79Medium‘Prizm’ (M60&)89Very Fine‘Stadium’ (M66&)99MediumLSD, p = 0.050.63 ns{circumflex over ( )}Rated on a scale of 1-9, 9 = best; Rated December 2022, Poteet, TX. {circumflex over ( )}Color rating indicates winter color retention or amount of green in winter.{circumflex over ( )}&Seedhead rating on a scale of 1-9, with 9 = no seedheads present{circumflex over ( )}{circumflex over ( )}Texture class based on leaf texture, mowed at 1.25 cm&‘Jamur’ is U.S. Plant. Pat. No. 13,178; ‘Zeon’ is U.S. Plant Pat. No. 13,166; ‘Lazer’ is ‘DALZ 1308’, U.S. Plant Pat. No. 32,805; ‘Trinity’ is ‘L1F’, U.S. Plant Pat. No. 25,203; ‘Prizm’ is ‘M60’, U.S. Plant Pat. No. 29,143; ‘Stadium’ is ‘M66’, U.S. Plant Pat. No. 28,492;#‘685’, ‘DR32’, ‘DR2’, ‘Jackpot’ are not patented. COMPLETE BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE VARIETY Color notations for floral and vegetative characters are based on The R.H.S. Colour Chart, 2001. Light quality, photoperiod, and general growth of the plants may affect color notations.Origin: ‘L1FS’ is a cultivar of a single clone discovered under cultivated conditions in a Poteet, TX planting of zoysiagrass clones derived from seeds harvested from ‘L1F’Zoysia. In 2012, seeds were collected from a ‘L1F’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 25,203) sodded area near Poteet, TX and planted in potting soil to generate five seedling plants. All five seedlings had ‘L1F’ as a maternal parent with the pollen parent unknown and uncontrolled to include the possibility that ‘L1FS’ originated as a self-pollination from ‘L1F’. The five seedlings were transplanted to the field for field observation trials. In 2020, in the turf plantings near Poteet, TX, ‘L1FS’ was identified as a distinctly different vegetative patch or clonal plant by having a wider leaf blade than parent ‘L1F’ and other surrounding plants with ‘L1FS’ having an extremely low vertical crown height.Classification:Zoysia matrella(L.) Merr.Mature plant height, including inflorescence: ‘L1FS’: 5.2 cm; ‘L1F’: 13.3 cm.Growth habit: ‘L1FS’ is a perennial plant that spreads by stolons and rhizomes and produces a dense, low growing, medium textured turfgrass. The inflorescence of ‘L1FS’ is a terminal spike-like raceme, with spikelets on short pedicels.Leaf blade: rolled in the bud, flat surface.Leaf blade pubescence: Very sparse hair number on abaxial or adaxial leaf, as few as 1 hair per leaf, 1-2 mm in length.Leaf sheath pubescence: Absent except for long hairs at mouth of sheath; ‘L1FS’ mean length sheath mouth hairs: 3.0 mm; Diamond 1.0 mm.Leaf blade margin: ‘L1FS’=entire without barbules.Leaf blade veins: Prominent.Leaf blade flexibility (softness): Soft.Leaf blade color adaxial leaf surface: ‘L1FS’: 137A green; ‘L1F’: 137C green.Leaf blade color abaxial leaf surface: ‘L1FS’: 137A green; ‘L1F’: 137C green.Vegetative leaf, 2nd youngest vegetative leaf:Blade length range.—‘L1FS’: 1.0 cm to 2.1 cm, mean length: 1.7 cm.Blade width mean.—‘L1FS’: 0.7 mm to 1.88 mm, mean width: 1.7 mm; L1F: 1.0 mm.Stolon leaf angle, third youngest leaf, measured on unmown, greenhouse grown plants: ‘L1FS’: 57 degrees; ‘L1F’: 47 degrees.Stolon color: 161C Greyed-Yellow.Stolon density: Less than ‘L1F’; Rated on a scale of 1-9 (9=most stolons), ‘L1FS’: 6; ‘L1F’: 5; ‘Meyer’ (unpatented): 2;Tendency to form puffy or clumpy turf: Rated on a scale of 1-9 (9=least puff), ‘L1FS’: 8; ‘Emerald’: 2;Inflorescence characters:Culm total length, including floral area to node below flag leaf.—3.9 cm. Length of stem of inflorescence: 2.8 cm. Floral area length: 1.1 cm.Culm width, stem thickness, base of floral area.—0.4 mm.Culm color.—139B Green.Anther length.—0.9 mm.Spikelet length.—2.1 mm.Spikelet width.—0.75 mm.Spikelet color.—144C Yellow Green.Stigma.—155B white.Anther color, fresh.—2C yellow with 187A greyed purple edges.Node thickness, node below flag leaf.—0.7 mm.Pedicel length.—0.3 mm.Flag leaf length.—‘L1FS’: 2.5 mm.Flag leaf width.—‘L1FS’: 1.0 mm.Inflorescence emergence: ‘L1FS’ has sparse flowering in Poteet, TX from late April through October.Turf quality(rated1-9, 9best),mowed at fairway height.—‘L1FS’: 6; ‘Meyer’: 3. | 11,410 |
PP35644 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The following is a detailed description of 2-year-old plants of ‘DWAgHyb01’ as grown outdoors in 15-cm containers in Waddinxveen, The Netherlands. The phenotype of the new cultivar may vary with variations in environmental, climatic, and cultural conditions, as it has not been tested under all possible environmental conditions. The color determinations are in accordance with the 2015 Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society, London, England, except where general color terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.General description:Blooming period.—Main blooming period; early to mid-summer with re-blooms sporadically through the year in South Africa.Plant type.—Semi-deciduous (climate dependent) herbaceous perennial.Plant habit.—Basal rosettes with inflorescences emerging from the rosette center.Height and spread.—65 cm in height and 50 cm in spread as a 2-year-old plant, reaches 70 to 80 cm in height as grown in the landscape.Cold hardiness.—At least to U.S.D.A. Zone 8.Diseases and pests.—Good resistance has been observed to crown rot caused byFusariumsp. and root rot caused byErwiniasp., no resistance or susceptibility to pests has been observed.Root description.—Thick and fleshy.Propagation.—Division and Tissue culture (preferred).Growth rate.—Vigorous.Number of shoots(rosettes).—An average of 2.Foliage description:Leaf shape.—Ligulate.Leaf division.—Simple.Leaf base.—Truncate.Leaf arrangement.—2-ranked, arranged in shoots an average of 3.5 cm diameter at base.Leaf apex.—Narrow acute.Leaf aspect.—Emerging leaves erect, then cascade.Leaf venation.—Parallel, upper surface; matches surface color, mid-rib between 144B and 144C, lower surface; matches surface color, mid-rib 144A.Leaf margins.—Entire.Leaf size.—Up to 32 cm in length and up to 3 cm in width.Leaf surface.—Smooth, glabrous, and dull on upper and lower surface.Leaf number.—Average of 8 leaves per rosette.Foliage density.—Medium.Leaf color.—Young leaves upper surface; 144A, top 138A, young leaves lower surface; 144A and 144B, mature leaves upper surface; 137A, base 137B (no anthocyanin present), mature leaves lower surface; 137B, base anthocyanin present N92A and 86A in color.Leaf attachment.—Sessile to base.Flower description:Inflorescence type.—Dense umbel.Flower fragrance.—None.Flower type.—Rotate, campanulate, base of tepals fused.Flower number.—An average of 50 flowers per umbel.Inflorescence size.—Average of 10 cm in height, 13 cm in diameter.Flower size.—An average of 4 cm in depth and 3.3 cm in diameter.Lastingness of inflorescence.—Average 7 days.Flower aspect.—Primarily upright.Peduncle.—1 per rosette, very strong, oval in shape, held primarily upright, surface is satiny, glabrous, slightly glaucous, average of 55 cm in length and 1.2 cm in width at distal region and 1.8 cm in width at proximal region, color; young 144A, mature 137A, top 137B, no anthocyanin present.Pedicels.—Very strong, average of 3.5 cm in length and 2 mm in width, held erect to outward, color; 138A, top mottled with N89A, glabrous surface.Flower buds.—Obelliptic in shape, glabrous surface, average of 2.3 cm in length and 9 mm in width, color; N92C, before burst N92C faintly flushed with N92B and N89A.Tepals(perianth).—6 lobes rotate, oblanceolate in shape, lower 25% fused, entire margins, apex is rounded to acute, inner tepals rounded with a slight notch, glabrous and satiny on inner and outer surfaces, thick substance, an average of 2.8 cm in length and 1.2 cm in width, color; outer surface N89A, center and margins between N92B and N92C, inner surface N155A, base N89C, center and margins N89A.Bracts.—Ovate to lanceolate in shape, acuminate apex, truncate base, glabrous and matte surface, 3.2 cm in length, 2 cm in width, color; 144A, veins 138A, base 145B.Reproductive organs:Gynoecium.—Pistil; 1, average of 2.2 cm in length, stigma; narrow clavate in shape, N89D in color, style; 2.1 cm in length, N155A, top N89D, ovary; oblong in shape, 1 cm in length, 4 mm in width and 145C in color, pistillodes not present.Androecium.—Stamens; 6, anthers; dorsifixed, extrusion absent to weak, obcordate in shape, average of 2 mm in length, 202A in color, filament; 2.2 cm in length, color; N155A, top N89D, pollen; abundant in quantity and 135B in color, staminodes not present.Fruit/Seed.—None observed. | 4,349 |
PP35645 | The colors in the photographs are as close as possible with the photographic and printing technology utilized and color values cited in the detailed botanical description accurately describe the colors of the newAgapanthus. DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The following is a detailed description of 2-year-old plants of ‘ZW12’ as grown outdoors in 23-cm containers in Warmond, The Netherlands. The phenotype of the new cultivar may vary with variations in environmental, climatic, and cultural conditions, as it has not been tested under all possible environmental conditions. The color determinations are in accordance with The 2015 Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society, London, England, except where general color terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.General description:Blooming period.—Early summer into fall in The Netherlands.Plant type.—Semi-deciduous (climate dependent) herbaceous perennial.Plant habit.—Basal rosettes with inflorescences emerging from the rosette center.Height and spread.—An average of 60 cm in height and width.Cold hardiness.—At least to U.S.D.A. Zone 8.Diseases and pests.—No susceptibility and resistance to diseases or pests has been observed.Root description.—Thick and fleshy, 161C in color.Propagation.—Tissue culture and division.Growth rate.—Vigorous.Number of shoots(rosettes).—An average of 35.Root development.—4 to 5 weeks for root initiation, 10 to 12 weeks to produce a rooted cutting.Foliage description:Leaf shape.—Ligulate.Leaf division.—Simple.Leaf base.—Truncate.Leaf arrangement.—In basal rosettes, equitant.Leaf apex.—Acute.Leaf aspect.—Moderately carinate, slightly curved.Leaf venation.—Parallel, upper surface; 137A, lower surface; 144B.Leaf margins.—Entire, unlobed.Leaf size.—Up to 29 cm in length and up to 1.4 cm in width.Leaf surface.—Smooth, glabrous, and dull on upper and lower surface.Leaf number.—Average of 6 per rosette.Leaf color.—Young leaves upper surface; 143A, young leaves lower surface; 138A, mature leaves upper surface; 137B, mature leaves lower surface; a blend of 137B and 146A.Leaf attachment.—Sessile to base.Flower description:Inflorescence type.—Umbel, flattened hemispherical to hemispherical.Flower fragrance.—None.Flower type.—Rotate, campanulate, base of tepals fused 36.5%.Flower number.—An average of 75 flowers per umbel, 2,300 per plant.Inflorescence size.—Average of 7 cm in height, 10.3 cm in diameter.Flower size.—An average of 2.7 cm in depth, 3.3 cm in diameter, tube 1.1 cm in length and 4.5 mm in diameter, throat 4 mm in diameter.Lastingness of inflorescence.—Average 14 days, an average of 10 days as a cut flower, self-cleaning.Flower aspect.—Slightly outward to upright.Peduncle.—1 per rosette, strong, oval in shape, strong, average angle of 80°, surface is smooth, glabrous, matte, slightly glaucous covered with a very thin matte waxy layer 194B, average of 48.2 cm in length and 7 mm in width at distal region and 9 mm in width at proximal region, color; 144A, finely dotted and tinged with a blend of 200A and 203A.Pedicels.—Strong, average of 2.3 cm in length and 2 mm in width, held erect to outward (0° to 120°), moderately glossy, smooth and glabrous, color; upper surface 203B, lower surface 143C.Flower buds.—Oblanceolate in shape, surface is smooth, slightly velvety, moderately glossy, average of 1.9 cm in length and 6 mm in width, color; N89C, darker towards the top N89B, base N89A.Tepals(perianth).—6 lobes in 2 whirls, rotate, oblanceolate in shape with lower tepals slightly falcate, lower 36.5% fused, entire margins, apex is acute to bluntly acute, glabrous, slightly velvety, slightly glossy, and non-rugose on inner and outer surfaces, an average of 3 cm in length and 6 mm in width, color: color upper surface when opening upper and lower surface upper and lower tepals; N89D and N89C towards apex, color when opening lower surface; lower tepals N89C and N89B towards apex with longitudinal central stripe N89A, upper tepals N89C with longitudinal central stripe N89A, color fully open upper surface; lower tepals 93C fading toward throat to 91B with margins and longitudinal central stripe N89B, upper tepals 94C and fading towards throat to 91C with margins N89C and longitudinal central stripe N89B, color fully lower surface; lower tepals N89C with longitudinal central stripe N89A, upper tepals N89D with longitudinal central stripe N89B, color when fading upper and lower tepals both surfaces; 86A to 86B, throat color 91C with longitudinal central stripe N89B, tube color; outer surface N89B to 89D and inner surface 91C to 91D.Bracts.—Broad ovate in shape, acuminate apex, truncate base, glabrous and matte surface, 3 cm in length, 2 cm in width, color; N155A, veins 138A, veins 79C.Reproductive organs:Gynoecium.—Pistil; 1, average of 1.2 cm in length, stigma; club-shaped, 91C in color, style; 1.1 cm in length, color; 91A, base 91D, ovary; oblong in shape, 1 cm in length, 4 mm in width and 150B in color.Androecium.—Stamens; 6, anthers; dorsifixed, oblong in shape, average of 1.5 mm in length, 0.8 mm in width, 203A in color, filament; 1.4 cm in length, color; 92A, base NN155D, pollen; moderate in quantity and 151D in color.Fruit/seed.—None observed to date. | 5,223 |
PP35646 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The following description is based on two-year-old plants growing in a partially-shaded greenhouse and in an outdoor full-sun display garden in Zeeland, MI, USA. Except for ordinary dictionary color usage, color references are according to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 2015 edition. The new plant has not been observed in all possible growing conditions and may vary in phenotypic characteristics based on water availability, light conditions, fertilizer, temperatures, etc. without varying in genotypic characteristics.Parentage: Female or seed parent ‘Sakura’; male or pollen parent 12-1-6;Asexual propagation: Division of tissue culture plants, about 21 days to initiate roots; time to finish 25 mm plugs in a one-gallon container about 3 months; moderate growth rate;Plant habit: Low, spreading, herbaceous, evergreen, winter-hardy, perennial mound; with heavily branched flower stems; with about 6 to 8 shoots per plant; shoots to about 10 cm long and about 3.5 cm diameter;Plant size: Foliage about 69 to 78 cm wide and about 38 cm tall; flowering to about 75 cm wide and about 54 cm tall;Leaves: Alternate; simple; coriaceous; obovate; adaxial and abaxial surface lustrous; rounded apex; cuneate base; margin ciliolate and irregularly dentate to crenate; to 33 cm long and 27.5 cm wide, average about 27 cm long and about 22 cm wide;Leaf color: Young expanding leaves adaxial nearest blend of RHS 137B and RHS 146A and abaxial nearest RHS 146C; mature leaves adaxial between RHS NN137Aand RHS 139A, mature abaxial between RHS 146A and RHS 139A; winter color developing variable, moderate to strong blush to solid nearest RHS 187A adaxial and nearest RHS 187B abaxial;Veins: Pinnate;Vein color: Young adaxial between RHS 137B and RHS 146A, abaxial between RHS 146D and RHS N144D; adaxial nearest RHS 137A, abaxial basally nearest blend between RHS 146D and RHS 145A;Inflorescence: Panicle; about 6 to 8 per plant; to about 54 cm long and 2 cm diameter at base, flowering portion to about 25 cm tall and 22 cm wide; cylindrical; lustrous; glabrous;Peduncle color: Variable, proximal portion nearest blend of RHS 145C and RHS 146D, distally nearest RHS 146D with minor to blushing to nearly solid of nearest RHS 178B;Flower: Single; perfect; campanulate; on terminal branches; about 28 mm across, about 20 mm long; attitude outright to slightly drooping;Flower fragrance: None detected;Calyx: Campanulate; to about 13 mm wide and 10 mm long, forming hypanthium 3 mm long and 7 mm diameter;Sepals: Typically, five, rarely six; ovate; broadly acute apex; truncate base fused in basal 6 mm; margin entire; glabrous and lustrous adaxial, lustrous and sparsely glandular abaxial; about 13 mm long and about 6 mm wide;Sepal color: Variable; adaxial nearest RHS 146C with strong to moderate blush of nearest RHS 179B; abaxial nearest RHS 146C in the longitudinal center, with margins of nearest RHS 179B, and base nearest RHS 180D;Flowering period: Beginning early spring, for about 4 weeks; producing up to 27 flowers per branch and up to 170 flowers per panicle;Individual flower longevity: 7 to 10 days;Flower buds one day prior to opening: Oblong, acute apex, about 15 mm long and 7 mm diameter;Flower bud color one day prior to opening: Exposed petals nearest RHS NN155D, sepal base nearest RHS 179B with the distal one-half between RHS 174D and RHS 194A;Pedicel: Cylindrical; glaucous; lustrous; to about 15 mm long and 2 mm diameter;Pedicel color: Variable; nearest RHS 146C with a blush of nearest RHS 179B to between RHS 180B and RHS 179B;Petals: Typically, five in a single whorl, rarely six; obovate; rounded apex; attenuate to cuneate base; margin entire; glabrous adaxial abaxial; imbricate near longitudinal middle; to about 21 mm long and 15 mm wide near middle; base tapering to about 2 mm across;Petal color: Variable; when initially open adaxial and abaxial nearest RHS NN155D developing strong adaxial blush between RHS N57C to RHS 61C concentrated near longitudinal center with a thin margin, to marginal blush of nearest RHS 64B;Androecium: Typically, ten, rarely twelve; about 12 mm long;Filament.—Cylindrical; lustrous; glabrous; to about 11 mm long and 1 mm diameter; color initially translucent to nearest RHS NN155A, maturing to nearest RHS 180B distally and RHS NN155A proximally.Anther.—Ellipsoidal; basifixed; longitudinal; about 2 mm long and 1 mm across; color nearest RHS 161A.Pollen.—Abundant; color nearest RHS 18B.Gynoecium: Bifid to rarely trifid; about 14 mm long, fused in basal 3 mm;Ovary.—Partly inferior; 6 mm across at base and 3 mm tall; color initially nearest RHS 145C maturing to nearest RHS 145B.Style.—Cylindrical; about 8 mm long and 4.5 mm diameter above ovary; color initially nearest RHS 145C maturing to nearest 146D with distal portion nearest RHS 60A.Stigma.—Loosely lobed; about 4 mm wide and 2 mm tall; color initially nearest RHS N144C, at flower maturity between RHS 183C and RHS 183B.Seed: Ellipsoidal; acute apex and rounded base; surface glabrous; about 2 mm long and 0.5 mm across center; color nearest RHS 200B;Growth:Bergenia‘Peppermint Patty’ is tolerant of winter temperatures from USDA hardiness at least from zones 4 to 8. The new plant grows best with good drainage and adequate moisture.Pests and diseases: The new plant is not known to be more or less susceptible or tolerant of diseases and pests that are common to other HeartleafBergeniacultivars. | 5,468 |
PP35647 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The following is a detailed description of seven-month-old plants of the new cultivar as grown in a conventional greenhouse in 3-qt containers in Loxly, Alabama. The phenotype of the new cultivar may vary with variations in environmental, climatic, and cultural conditions, as it has not been tested under all possible environmental conditions. The color determination is in accordance with the 2015 Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society, London, England, except where general color terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.General description:Blooming period.—Blooms from mid-summer to mid-winter in South Africa, autumn in northern climates.Plant type.—Perennial, evergreen subshrub.Plant habit.—Upright and well branched.Height and spread.—Average of 68 cm in height, 52 cm in width as grown in a one-gallon container, an average of 90 cm in height and 65 cm in width when grown in the landscape.Cold hardiness.—At least in U.S.D.A. Zone 10.Diseases and pests.—No susceptibility or resistance to pests or diseases has been observed.Root description.—Densely fibrous, freely branched, 158C in color.Root development.—5 to 6 weeks to initiate roots and an average of 5 weeks to produce a young plant from a rooted cutting.Propagation—Stem cuttings.Growth rate.—Vigorous.Stem description:Stem shape.—Quadrangular.Stem color.—Young and mature stems a blend of 146A, 187A and N186A.Stem surface.—Young and mature stems; glossy and densely pubescent covered with soft adpressed hairs; too small to measure size, matches stem surface.Stem size.—Main branch; average of 30 cm in length, 8 mm in diameter, lateral branches; an average of 22 cm in length and 5 mm in diameter.Internode length.—Ranging between 3 cm and 12 cm.Stem strength.—Strong.Stem fragrance.—When rubbed, moderately strong musty fragrance; typical forPlectranthus.Stem aspect.—Upright, average angle of 35° from main branch.Branching.—3 main stems and an average of 8 lateral branches per main stem.Foliage description:Leaf shape.—Ovate to broadly ovate.Leaf aspect.—Slightly convex.Leaf division.—Simple.Leaf base.—Cuneate.Leaf apex.—Acute.Leaf venation.—Pinnate, color; upper surface matches leaf color, lower surface 187A.Leaf margins.—Serrate.Leaf arrangement.—Opposite.Leaf attachment.—Petiolate.Leaf number.—Average of 16 per lateral stem.Leaf surface.—Upper and lower surface; glossy and moderately pubescent, covered with stiff, short hairs that are translucent, 0.4 mm in length, and match surface color.Leaf size.—Up to 7 cm in length and 6 cm in width.Leaf color.—Young upper surface; NN137A, mature upper surface; NN137A and 139A, young and mature lower surface; 194A, flushed with 187A.Leaf fragrance.—Moderately strong musty fragrance, typical forPlectranthus.Petiole.—An average of 2.5 cm in length and 1.5 mm in width, strong, color; a blend of N186C and NN137A, surface is glossy and densely covered with soft woolly translucent pubescence up to 1 mm in length and 187A n color.Inflorescence description:Inflorescence type.—Axillary and terminal racemes.Inflorescence number.—1 per main stem and lateral stems.Lastingness of inflorescence.—Flowers last an average of one week, self-cleaning.Inflorescence size.—Up to 33 cm in height and 15 cm in width.Flower buds.—Average of 4 mm in length and 2 mm in diameter, oblong in shape, glabrous and satiny surface, N75A in color.Flowers.—Single, held outward to slightly upward, labiate in form, average of 3.5 cm in length, 2.5 cm in in diameter, tube; 2 cm in length, 6 mm in width, throat depth is shallow and 2 mm in length, average of 150 flowers per inflorescence.Flower fragrance.—None.Petals.—5; base fused into tube, 2 petals fused into one upper petal lobe, two lateral petal lobes and one lower petal lobe, upper petal lobe; rounded, obcordate in shape, base is fused into lateral petals and tube, held vertically, sides slightly cupped outward and rugose, 1.4 cm in length and 1.5 cm in width, margins are very slightly undulate, lateral petals; rounded, reniform in shape, 6 mm in length and 3 mm in width, margins are entire, held upright, base is fused into lateral petals and tube, lower petal; orbicular in shape, folded, 9 mm in length, 5 mm in width, margins undulate, base fused into tube, surfaces of all petal surfaces are glabrous, satiny and have a sheen and sparkling appearance, color: when opening and fully open upper and inner surface; N74C and N74A, tube when opening and fully open inner and outer surface; 69B.Calyx.—5 mm in length and 3 mm in width, comprised of 5 sepals.Peduncles.—Strong to moderately strong, average of 15 cm in length and 3 mm in diameter, terminal inflorescence held at an angle of 0° (vertical) and 45° for axillary inflorescences, a blend of 187B and N187A in color, surface is glossy and densely covered with stiff minute hairs that are translucent and shiny; minute in size, and either matching surface color or are NN155D in color.Pedicels.—In pairs of 3, whorled down the peduncle, moderately strong, average of 6 mm in length and 1 mm in diameter, held at a 40° angle to horizontal to peduncle, a blend of 187B and N187A in color, surface is glossy and densely covered with stiff minute hairs that are translucent and shiny; minute in size, and either matching surface color or are NN155D in color.Reproductive organs:Pistils.—1, pistil; stigma; bifid, 0.5 mm in length and diameter, glabrous and matte surface, N78A in color, style; 2.5 cm in length, 0.75 mm in diameter, glabrous and shiny surface, color; top to mid-section 84C, mid-section to base NN155D, ovary; exterior, rounded, glabrous and glossy surface, 2 mm in diameter and length, 144A in color.Stamens.—4, anthers; dorsifixed, oblong in shape, average of 1 mm in length and 0.5 mm in width, 203C in color, matte and glabrous surface, filament; 40% of lower section fused into flower tube, 60% free, aspect is straight to curled under, 2.7 cm in length, N155D in color, glabrous and shiny surface, slightly translucent, pollen; moderate in quantity, 155A in color.Fruit and seeds.—No fruit or seed development has been observed. | 6,130 |
PP35648 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The chart used in the identification of the colors is that of The Royal Horticultural Society (The R.H.S. Colour Chart, 2001 edition), London, England. The terminology which precedes reference to the chart has been added to indicate the corresponding color in more common terms. The description is based on the observation of two-years-old specimens of the new variety during April while budded by cuttings and growing outdoors at Le Cannet des Maures, Var, France.Botanical classification:Rosa hybridacultivar ‘MEICONFIZ’.Commercial classification: Bedding Rose Plant.Plant:Habit.—Bushy.Height.—Approximately 50 cm on average.Width.—Approximately 50 cm on average.Branches:Color.—Young stems: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144A. — adult wood: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 146A amply suffused with Yellow-Green Group 147A.Length.—From the crown to the flower is approximately 23 cm on average.Diameter.—Typically between 0.3 cm to 0.5 cm.Thorns.—Configuration on adult stems: rather upright, elongated and curved downwards on the upper surface and concave on the under surface. — long prickles — quantity: typically between 5 to 8 thorns on average per 10 cm long young stem and typically between 10 to 15 thorns on average per 10 cm long adult stem. — long prickles — length: typically between 0.5 cm to 1.0 cm on young stems and typically between 0.7 cm to 1.2 cm on adult stems. — long prickles — width at base: approximately 0.2 cm on young stems and approximately 0.2 cm on average on adult stems. — long prickles — base shape: upright elliptical on young stems and on adult stems. — long prickles — color on young stems: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144B more or less suffused with Greyed-Purple Group 178A at the top. — long prickles — color on adult stems: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144B amply suffused with Greyed-Purple Group 178A. — small prickles — quantity: absent.Internode.—Numbers on the entire branch: approximately 7 on average. — length: approximately 2.5 cm on average.Foliage:General appearance.—Dense, dark and glossy.Number of leaflets.—3, 5, 7; most often 5.5leaflets leaf.—Length: approximately 10.0 cm on average. — width: approximately 7.5 cm on average.Terminal leaflet.—Length: approximately 4.0 cm on average. — width: approximately 3.0 cm on average.Young shoots.—Anthocyanin coloration: upper surface is commonly near Greyed-Purple Group 178A; absent on under surface.New foliage.—Upper surface color: commonly near a color between Yellow-Green Group 146A and Yellow-Green Group 147A. — under surface color: commonly near a color between Yellow-Green Group 146A and Yellow-Green Group 146B.Adult foliage.—Upper surface color: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 147A. — under surface color: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 147B.Leaflets:Shape.—Tip: acuminate. — base: obtuse.Intensity of glossiness.—Very strong.Texture.—Upper surface is smooth; under surface is bumpy.General appearance.—Elliptical.Serration.—Small and single.Undulation on the margin.—Medium.Venation.—Color is commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144A and pattern is imparipinnate.Petiole rachis.—Color of upper surface: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144A suffused with near Greyed-Purpled Group 178A. — color of under surface: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144B. — texture: upper surface is slightly glandular, under surface has few prickles. — rachis of terminal leaflet: length is approximately 3.0 cm on average and diameter is typically less than 0.1 cm.Petioles.—Upper surface: few glandular. — under surface: few prickles. — color of upper surface: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144A more or less suffused with near Greyed-Purple Group 178A. — color of under surface: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144B. — length: approximately 3.0 cm on average. — diameter approximately 0.2 cm on average.Stipules.—Length: approximately 1.1 cm on average. — width: approximately 0.4 cm on average. — general appearance: rather broad. — texture: few prickles. — color of upper surface: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 145A more or less suffused with near Yellow-Green Group 144B. — color of under surface: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 145A more or less suffused with near Yellow-Green Group 144B.Inflorescence:Number of flowers per stem.—Typically between 1 to 7 flowers per stem.Lastingness of the bloom.—On the plant: approximately 15 days on average. — in vase: not tested.Bud.—Shape: conical. — size: medium. — length: approximately 3.0 cm on average. — width: approximately 2.0 cm on average. — color as calyx breaks: upper surface: commonly homogenous and continuous color gradient from near Orange Group 25A at the base to near Orange-Red Group 32A at the edge of the petal; basal spot is very little and color is commonly near Yellow Group 7A. under surface: commonly homogenous and continuous color gradient from near Orange Group 25A at the base to near Orange-Red Group 32A at the edge of the petal; basal spot is very little and color is commonly near Yellow Group 7A.Sepals.—Number: commonly 5. — length: typically between 2.0 cm to 2.5 cm on average. — width: approximately 0.7 cm on average (on median part). — shape: at the top: elongate and narrow. at the base: flat at union with the receptacle. — extensions: typically 2 sepals without extensions, 1 sepal with weak extension, and 2 sepals with medium extensions. — upper surface: texture: tomentous. color: commonly near a color between Yellow-Green Group 144A and 144B completely covered by near White Group 155A hairs. — under surface: texture: slightly tomentous or slightly glandular depends on the sepals. color: commonly near a color between Yellow-Green Group 144A and 144B, slightly covered by near White Group 155A hairs on the edge.Receptacle.—Color: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144B. — length: approximately 1.0 cm on average. — width: approximately 1.0 cm on average. — surface: smooth. — shape: slightly pear shaped.Peduncle.—Length: approximately 4.0 cm on average. — width: approximately 0.3 cm on average. — surface: smooth. — color: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144B.Flower.—Diameter when open: approximately 8.0 cm on average. — depth of the flower: typically between 2.5 cm to 3.5 cm. — shape: cup shaped. — shape when viewed from above: irregular rounded. — shape of the upper part of the flower profile: flattened convex. — shape of the lower part of the flower profile: flat. — type: double. — number of petals under normal conditions: typically between 20 to 25 petals. — petals: shape: obcordate (rounded with a very little tip at the top and acute at the base). texture: soft. length: typically between 3.0 cm to 4.0 cm. width: typically between 2.0 cm to 4.0 cm. — undulation of the petal: medium. — reflexing of the petal: very weak. — petal incision: absent. — petal arrangement: imbricated with petaloids; less than 5 petaloids per flower in general (very little deformed petal fused with a stamen). — petal drop: petals drop off cleanly before drying. — fragrance: very slightly sweet fragrance. — discoloration of the flower: yes (disappearance of yellow and orange pigments). — color when opening: basal spot on the upper surface: commonly near Yellow Group 5A. upper surface external petals: commonly a gradient color near Yellow Group 5A from the basal spot to near a color between Orange Group 29A and Red Group 38A to the edge of the petal. upper surface internal petals: commonly near Red Group 51B on the edge of the petal more and more amply suffused with near a color between Orange Group 24A and 25A when going to the base of the petal. basal spot on the under surface: commonly near Yellow Group 5B. under surface external petals: a gradient color near Yellow Group 5B from the basal spot to near a color between Orange Group 29B and Red Group 38B to the edge of the petal. under surface internal petals: commonly near Red Group 51C on the edge of the petal more and more amply suffused with near Orange Group 25B when going to the base of the petal. — color of the open flower: basal spot: absent. upper surface of the flower: commonly near Red-Purple Group 62C slightly suffused with near Red-Purple Group 62A. under surface of the flower: commonly near Red-Purple Group 65C slightly suffused with near Red-Purple Group 65A. — anthers: typically between 160 to 170, length is approximately 0.2 cm on average, width is approximately 0.1 cm on average, coloration is commonly near Yellow-Orange Group 22A, and arrangement is regular around styles. — filaments: length is approximately 0.5 cm on average and coloration is commonly near Red Group 50B. — styles: length is approximately 0.4 cm on average, coloration is commonly near Red Group 50B, and number is typically between 30 to 40. — stigmas: length is approximately 0.1 cm on average and coloration is commonly near Yellow-Orange Group 22A. — pollen: abundant; color is commonly near Yellow-Orange Group 22A. — hips: information not available.Development:Vegetation.—Very strong.Blooming.—Very early in the season, abundant and nearly continuous, typically from May to November in France.USDA hardiness zone.—At least Zone 5.Tolerance to disease.—Exceptional, and particularly against rust (Phragmidiumsp.), powdery mildew (Podasphaera pannosa), and black spot (Diplocarpon rosae). The new ‘MEICONFIZ’ variety has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions to date. Accordingly, it is possible that the phenotypic expression may vary somewhat with changes in light intensity and duration, cultural practices, and other environmental conditions. | 9,596 |
PP35649 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The chart used in the identification of the colors is that of The Royal Horticultural Society (The R.H.S. Colour Chart, 2001 edition), London, England. The terminology which precedes reference to the chart has been added to indicate the corresponding color in more common terms. The description is based on the observation of two-years-old specimens of the new variety during July while budded on their own roots and growing outdoors at Le Cannet des Maures, Var, France.Botantical classification:Rosa hybridacultivar ‘MEIKAPETTE’.Commercial classification: Miniature Rose Plant.Plant:Habit.—Bushy.Height.—Commonly between 40 cm to 50 cm.Width.—Approximately 50 cm on average.Branches:Color.—Young stems: commonly near Green Group 143A. Adult wood: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 146A.Length.—From the crown to the flower is typically between 25 cm to 40 cm.Diameter.—Approximately 0.5 cm on average.Young shoots.—Anthocyanin coloration: absent.Thorns.—Configuration on adult stems: curved downwards and elongated on the upper surface and slightly concave on the under surface. Long prickles — quantity: approximately 8 thorns on average per 10 cm long young stem and approximately 16 thorns on average per 10 cm long adult stem. Long prickles — length: approximately 0.3 cm on average on young stems and approximately 0.5 cm on average on adult stems. Long prickles — width: approximately 0.1 cm on average on young stems and approximately 0.1 cm on average on adult stems. Long prickles — base: shape is oval on young stems and on adult stems. Long prickles — color on young stems: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 152C. Long prickles — color on adult stems: commonly near Greyed-Orange Group 164A. Small prickles — quantity: absent.Internode.—Numbers on the entire branch: approximately 10 on average. Length: approximately 2.0 cm on average.Foliage:General appearance.—Dense with a glossy aspect.Number of leaflets.—3, 5, 7; most often 7.7leaflets leaf.—Length: typically between 4.9 cm and 6.0 cm on average.Terminal leaflet.—Length: approximately 2.5 cm on average. Width: approximately 1.5 cm on average.New foliage.—Upper surface color: commonly near Green Group 137B. Under surface color: commonly near Green Group 138B. Anthocyanin coloration: absent.Adult foliage.—Upper surface color: commonly near Green Group 139A. Under surface color: commonly near Green Group 139B. Anthocyanin coloration: absent.Leaflets:Shape.—Tip: cupsidate. Base: rounded.Glossiness of upper surface.—Medium.Texture.—Upper and under surfaces are thick.General appearance.—Oval.Serration.—Small and single.Undulation on the margin.—Weak.Venation.—Color is commonly near Yellow-Green Group 146C and pattern is imparipinnate.Petiole rachis.—Color of upper surface: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 146C. Color of under surface: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 146D. Texture: upper surface is glandular, under surface is smooth with very few prickles. Rachis of terminal leaflet: length is approximately 0.5 cm on average and diameter is typically less than 0.1 cm.Petioles.—Upper surface: no glandular. Under surface: no prickles. Color of upper surface: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 146C. Color of under surface: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 146D. Length: approximately 2.0 cm on average. Diameter: approximately 0.1 cm on average.Stipules.—Length: approximately 0.7 cm on average. Width: approximately 0.2 cm on average. General appearance: narrow. Texture: smooth with glandular edges. Color of upper surface: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 146D. Color of under surface: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 146D.Inflorescence:Number of flowers per stem.—Typically between 3 to 15 flowers per stem.Lastingness of the bloom.—On the plant: approximately between 7 and 8 days. In vase: not tested.Bud.—Shape: conical. Size: small. Length: approximately 1.0 cm on average. Width: approximately 1.0 cm on average. Color as calyx breaks: upper surface: commonly a color between near Yellow-Orange Group 15B and Yellow-Orange Group 15C margined with a color between Orange Group 28B and Orange Group 28C, basal spot is absent. under surface: commonly a color between near Yellow-Orange Group 15B and Yellow-Orange Group 15C margined with a color between Orange Group 28B and Orange Group 28C, basal spot is absent.Sepals.—Number: commonly 5. Length: approximately 1.2 cm on average. Width: approximately 0.5 cm on average (on median part). Shape: at the top: none elongated. at the base: straight. Extensions: typically 3 sepals with extensions absent or very weak, and 2 sepals with weak extensions. Upper surface: texture: tomentous. color: commonly near Green Group 138C. Under surface: texture: smooth. color: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 146C.Receptacle.—Color: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 146D. Length: approximately 0.4 cm on average. Width: approximately 0.4 cm on average. Surface: smooth. Shape: funnel shaped.Peduncle.—Length: approximately 4.8 cm on average. Width: approximately 0.1 cm on average. Surface: smooth. Color: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 146D.Flower.—Diameter when open: approximately 3.0 cm on average. Shape: cup shaped. Shape when viewed from above: irregular rounded. Type: double. Number of petals under normal conditions: typically between 29 to 33 petals. Petals: shape: obovate (obtuse at the base and rounded at the top). texture: soft. length: approximately 2.2 cm on average. width: approximately 1.7 cm on average. Undulation of the petal: very weak. Reflexing of the petal: strong toward the inside for the most internal petals. Petal incision: very weak. Petal arrangement: imbricated without petaloids. Petal drop: petals drop off cleanly before drying. Fragrance: none. Discoloration of the flower: yes. Color when opening: basal spot on the upper surface: commonly a color between Yellow Group 7A and Yellow Group 7B. upper surface: commonly a color between Yellow-Orange Group 15B and Yellow-Orange Group 15C, margined and suffused with a color between Orange Group 28B and Orange Group 28C. basal spot on the under surface: commonly a color between Yellow Group 7A and Yellow Group 7B. under surface: commonly a color between Yellow-Orange Group 15B and Yellow-Orange Group 15C, margined and suffused with a color between Orange Group 28B and Orange Group 28C. Color of the open flower: basal spot on the upper surface: commonly a color between Yellow Group 7A and Yellow Group 7B. upper surface of the flower: commonly a color between Yellow-Orange Group 15C and Yellow-Orange Group 15D, suffused with near Orange Group 24D. basal spot on the under surface: commonly a color between Yellow Group 7A and Yellow Group 7B. under surface of the flower: commonly near Yellow-Orange Group 14D suffused with near Orange Group 24D. Anthers: number is 36 on average, length is approximately 0.1 cm on average, width is approximately 0.1 cm on average, coloration is commonly near Yellow Group 13A, and arrangement is regular around styles. Filaments: length is approximately 0.2 cm on average and coloration is commonly near Yellow Group 12B. Styles: length is approximately 0.2 cm on average, coloration is commonly near Yellow-Green Group 154D, and number is approximately 22 on average. Stigmas: length is approximately 0.1 cm on average and coloration is commonly near Yellow-Green Group 154D. Pollen: not available at this stage. Hips: does not produce fruit.Development:Vegetation.—Strong.Blooming.—Early in the season, very abundant and nearly continuous, typically from May to November in France.USDA hardiness zone.—Zone 5 to 9.Tolerance to disease.—Very good, and particularly against Black spot (Diplocarpon rosae). The new ‘MEIKAPETTE’ variety has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions to date. Accordingly, it is possible that the phenotypic expression may vary somewhat with changes in light intensity and duration, cultural practices, and other environmental conditions. | 7,981 |
PP35650 | DETALIED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The following botanical description represents observations on years 2018 to maturity of 2023 from ‘INIA-G4’ plants located in Vicuña (30°02′15″S;70°41′28″W), Coquimbo Region and La Platina (33°34°22″S 70°37′31″W), Santiago, Central valley of Chile. Plants used for observations were at least three years old. Colors are described using the RHS Colour Chart 6thEdition, published by The Royal Horticultural Society in 2015. Categorical descriptors were taken from the Union for the Protection of New Varieties (UPOV) document TG/50/9. The descriptive data was taken from commercial handled clusters. LEAVES Young leaves: 6-8.Color of upper surface of first4distal unfolded leaves.—Strong Yellow — green 144A.Color of lower surface of first4distal unfolded leaves.—Strong Yellow — green 144B.Density of prostrate hairs between veins at upper surface of4th distal unfolded leaf.—Absent.Density of erect hairs between veins at upper surface of4th distal unfolded leaf.—Absent.Density of prostrate hairs on veins at lower surface of4th distal unfolded leaf.—Absent.Density of erect hairs on veins at lower surface of4th distal unfolded leaf.—Absent.Mature leaves: 17-30.Color of upper surface.—Moderate Olive Green 137B and Grayish Olive Green NN137A.Color of lower surface.—Moderate Yellowish Green 138A and Grayish Olive Green NN137DAverage length.—About 20 cm.Average width.—About 19 cm.Size of blade.—Large.Shape of blade.—Pentagonal.Number of lobes.—Five.Anthocyanin coloration of main veins on the upper side of the blade.—Absent or very low.Mature leaf profile.—Undulate.Blistering surface of blade upper surface.—Absent or very weak.Shape of teeth.—Mixture of both sides straight and both sides convex.Length of teeth.—Medium (6 mm).Width of teeth.—Medium (7 mm).Ratio length/width of teeth.—Medium (0.86).Arrangement of lobes of petiole sinus.—Half open.Tooth at petiole sinus.—Absent.Petiole sinus limited by veins.—Absent.Arrangement of upper lateral sinus.—Lobes slightly overlapped.Depth of upper lateral sinus.—Shallow.Density of prostrate hairs between veins on lower surface of blade.—Absent or very sparse.Density of erect hairs between veins on lower surface of blade.—Absent or very sparse.Density of prostrate hairs on main veins on upper surface of blade.—Absent or Very sparse.Density of erect hairs on main veins on upper surface of blade.—Absent or very sparse. FLOWERS General:Flower sex.—Fully developed stamens and fully developed gynoecium.Position of first flowering node.—Between 4th and 5thnode.Number of inflorescences per shoot.—2.Date of full bloom.—Around November 14th, Central valley of Chile.Duration of bloom period.—On average, about 7 days.Time of bloom.—Medium, around, November 10th, Central valley of Chile.Petal number.—5.Petal length.—1.1 mm.Petal width.—0.8 mm.Petal color upper surface.—Green 143C.Petal color lower surface.—Green 143C.Petal upper surface texture.—Smooth.Petal lower surface texture.—Smooth.Filaments color.—Green Yellow 1D.Style length.—2.1 mm.Style color.—Green 143A.Filament length.—2 mm.Filament color.—Pale greenish yellow 1D.Anther color.—Yellow Green 151D.Pollen color.—Yellow Green 151D.Amount of pollen.—Abundant.Cluster size at flowering.—29 cm. FRUIT General:Ripening period.—Mid season. Approximately February 1st in Chile Central Valley.Use.—Fresh market.Storage quality.—Good.Shipping quality.—Good.Solids-sugar.—Refractometer test about 19.0° Brix.%Titratable acidity.—about 0.75%.Sugar/acid ratio.—19/0.75=25.3.Cluster:Cluster size(peduncle excluded).—Large.Mature cluster weight.—About 700 g.Mature cluster length.—About 17 cm.Mature cluster density.—Lax.Number of berries.—About 90.Form.—Conical.Peduncle:Length of peduncle.—Short About 3 cm.Lignification of peduncle.—Medium.Color.—Strong Yellow — Green 144A.Berry:Berry size.—Large.Berry shape.—Ovoid.Berry weight.—About 7.2 g when treated with gibberellic acid.Presence of seeds.—Rudimentary.Cross section.—Circular.Dimensions.—Longitudinal axis (polar diameter) about 28 mm; horizontal axis (equatorial diameter) about 20 mm.Skin color(without bloom).—Yellow-green — Strong yellowish green N144A.Flesh color.—Absent of very weak.Juiciness of flesh.—Slightly Juicy.Berry firmness.—Very firm.Particular flavor.—Sweet.Bloom(cuticular wax).—Medium.Berry separation from pedicel.—Difficult.Uniformity of size.—Uniform.Skin:Thickness.—Thin.Texture.—Smooth.Reticulation.—Absent.Roughness.—Absent. VINE General:Size.—Large. In an overhead trellis system 3 m (between rows)×2.0 m (between vines) the vine is trained to 2.1 m height. The width of the plant is adjusted to the planting distance (3×2 m).Vigor.—Strongly vigorous.Density of foliage.—High.Productivity.—Very productive, about 20 to 24 kg/vine.Trunk color.—Grey brown N199C.Trunk texture.—Rough.Rootstock.—‘Harmony’ (unpatented).Time of bud burst.—September 26th(early) in Central valley of Chile. SHOOTS Young shoot: 2,3,4,5 as per the Grapevine Guidelines from International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (TG/50/9).Form of tip.—Fully open.Intensity of anthocyanin coloration of tip.—Absent or very weak.Density of prostrate hairs on tip.—Absent or very sparse.Density of erect hairs on tip.—Absent or very sparse.Flowering shoot:Attitude during flowering on shoot which are not tied.—Erect.Color of dorsal side of internodes.—Strong yellow green 141D and small shades of deep pink 185D.Color of ventral side of internodes.—Strong yellow green 141D.Color of dorsal side of node.—Strong yellowish green 141C.Color of ventral side of nodes.—Strong yellowish green 141C.Density of erect hairs on nodes.—Absent or very sparse.Erect hairs on internode.—Absent or very sparse.Density of prostrate hairs on nodes.—Sparse.Density of prostrate hairs internodes.—Sparse.Woody shoot:Length.—2.5 m.Diameter.—0.9 cm.Internode length.—Medium, about 8.0 to 11.0 cm.Cross section.—Circular.Surface texture.—Smooth.Color.—Light Reddish brown 177B.Tendrils:Length of tendrils.—Medium (22 cm).Form.—Trifurcated.Number of consecutive tendrils.—2. | 6,076 |
PP35651 | The photographs were taken using conventional techniques and although colors may appear different from actual colors due to light reflectance it is as accurate as possible by conventional photographic techniques. DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart 2007, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used. The following observations and measurements describe ‘PITG722’ plants grown outdoors in Dayton, OR. Temperatures ranged from about −2° C. to 8° C. at night to 5° C. to 28° C. during the day. No artificial light, photoperiodic treatments were given to the plants. Measurements and numerical values represent averages of typical plant types.Botanical classification:Pittosporum tenuifolium‘PITG722’. PROPAGATION Type of propagation typically used: Semi-hardwood cuttings taken in late summer/early fall.Time to produce a rooted cutting: 5 to 6 months to produce a 3-inch liner.Root description: Very thin, dense, fibrous, not fleshy, freely branching. New roots colored near RHS Yellow-White 158D. Older roots colored near Grey-Brown 199D. PLANT Growth habit: Dense, evergreen, upright shrub.Age of plant described: 18 months.Container size: 3-gallon.Overall plant shape: Dense, erect.Growth habit: Freely branching.Plant spread: 35 cm.Plant height: 55 cm in second year.Growth rate: Rapid.Plant vigor: Good.Branching description: Densely branched. About 10 to 12 primary branches near base of plant. Each primary branch has 3 to 4 main lateral branches. Main lateral branches densely branched with additional laterals. When pinched on average 3 new lateral branches emerge, occurring at acute angles, between 15° to 45°.Primary branches:Length.—Average range 20 to 30 cm, this varies based on pruning or pinching.Diameter.—5 mm.Color.—New growth: Near RHS Greyed-Purple 187A. Old growth: Near RHS Greyed-Purple N187C.Shape.—Round.Strength.—Moderate, neither brittle nor very flexible.Aspect angle.—Acute and straight.Texture.—New growth lightly pubescent. Mature growth smooth with lenticels.Lenticels.—Density: About 10 per 1 cm linear stem. Shape: Round Size: About 0.8 mm in diameter. Color: Near White N155D.Internode length: Average range 1 to 2.1 cm.Bark peel: Not observed. FOLIAGE Leaf:Arrangement.—Alternate.Average length.—1.8 to 2.4 cm.Average width.—1.3 to 1.5 cm.Shape of blade.—Obovate.Apex.—Acute.Base.—Broad attenuate.Margin.—Entire and undulate.Aspect.—Young foliage undulate; mature foliage very slightly undulate and slightly curved downward.Texture of top surface.—Smooth.Texture of bottom surface.—Smooth.Appearance of top surface.—Very glossy.Appearance of bottom surface.—Matte to slightly glossy.Color.—Newest emerging foliage upper side: Near RHS Yellow-Green 151B, base and margins lightly flushed Yellow-Green 144A. Lower ⅓ of center vein colored near Red-Purple 59A. Veins near margin colored near Red-Purple 59B. Very thin marginal coloration near 59A. Newest emerging foliage upper side: Near RHS Yellow-Green 151B, base and margins lightly flushed Yellow-Green 144A. Lower ⅓ of center vein colored near Red-Purple 59A. Veins near margin colored near Red-Purple 59B. Very thin marginal coloration near 59A. Young foliage upper side: Near RHS Yellow-Green 146B. Irregular blotching near Green 137A along margin. Very faint irregular flushing near Red-Purple 59A. Young foliage under side: Near RHS Yellow-Green 152B. Irregular blotching near Green 137A along margin. Mature foliage upper side: Near RHS Green 137A. Irregular blotching along margin Green 139A. Irregular blotching and flushing near Greyed-Purple 187A throughout leaf blade, covering about 5 to 10% of blade. Mature foliage under side: Near RHS Green 137C. Irregular blotching along margin Green 137A. Irregular blotching and flushing near Greyed-Purple 187A throughout leaf blade, covering about 5% of blade. Venation: Type: Pinnate. Newest emerging foliage venation color upper side: Near RHS Yellow-Green 151C. Lower ⅓ of center vein colored near Red-Purple 59A. Veins near margin colored near Red-Purple 59B. Newest emerging foliage venation color under side: Near RHS Red-Purple 59B. Young foliage venation color upper side: Near RHS Yellow-Green 151D. Faint flushing on lowest part of center vein near Red-Purple 59B. Young foliage venation color under side: Near RHS Yellow-Green 151D, lower 20% flushed Red-purple 59B. Mature foliage venation color upper side: Near RHS Yellow-Green 151D. Mature foliage venation color under side: Near RHS Yellow-Green 145C.Petiole.—Length: 3 to 4 mm. Diameter: 1 to 2 mm. Color: Upper: Near Red-Purple 59A. Oldest leaves Yellow-Green 145C lightly flushed 59A. Lower: Near Red-Purple 59B. FLOWER Not observed to date. REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS Not observed to date. OTHER CHARACTERISTICS Disease resistance: Neither resistance nor susceptibility to normal diseases and pests ofPittosporumhave been observed.Drought tolerance and cold tolerance: Tolerates temperatures from approximately 0° C. toFruit/seed production: Not observed. | 5,101 |
PP35652 | DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT The following detailed description sets forth the characteristics of the new variety. Plants of the new variety were grown in well-drained, loamy, clay soil in the Netherlands under open field conditions under natural light. Growth conditions for ‘BGS 352’ were maritime climatic conditions in a long-day region with the sun at a 44° N sun angle and temperatures ranging from approximately 5 to 25° C. Planting of bulbs can occur as early as the middle of October, with the harvest of bulbs around the middle of June under Northern European conditions. Blooming following planting occurs around weeks 29/30. The color readings and measurements were taken in the Netherlands under natural light on close to one year old plants. Color references are primarily to The 2019 R.H.S. Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society of London, Sixth Edition. PLANT Growth habit: Narrow and upright.Arrangement.—An inflorescence is located at the top of a single stem growing from the base where the bulbs and roots are present.Height.—Soil level to top of foliar plane: Average of 67.0 cm. Soil level to top of floral plane: Average of 127.0 cm.Spread.—Average of 16.5 cm.Rooting.—Fibrous.Productivity of plant(average weight per acre).—Approximately 4,900 kg/acre.End of dormancy of cloves in bulb.—Around the end of December, depending on storage conditions.Emergence speed after planting.—Slow development after transplanting, depending on weather conditions.Disease/pest resistance/susceptibility.—Nothing unusual observed to date.Leaves:Number.—Varies between 4 to 6.Length.—Average of 22.8 cm (excluding the sheath).Width.—Average of 0.8 cm.Aspect.—Slight to moderately arching.Shape.—Ligulate.Base.—Sheathing present.Apex.—Narrowly acuminate.Venation.—Parallel.Margin.—Minutely dentate, with teeth smaller than 0.1 mm.Fragrance.—Very faint, somewhat garlic-like, and sweet.Attachment and arrangement.—Along the flowering stem and alternate.Texture.—Upper surface: Smooth, glabrous, and with no pubescence present. A very thin waxy layer of RHS 191B covers the surface. Lower surface: Smooth, glabrous.Color.—Upper surface: RHS 144A. Lower surface: RHS 137B to 137C.Bulbs:Transverse section shape.—Broadly elliptic.Shape of apex.—Narrowing.Shape of base.—Rounded.Length.—Average of 3.5 cm.Diameter.—Average of 2.1 cm.Color of dry external scales.—A blend of 155A and 158D.Dry external scale texture.—Smooth, glabrous.Cloves:Shape.—Flattened on one side and rounded on the other.Length.—Average of 3.1 cm.Diameter.—Average of 1.8 cm at widest point; Average of 1.2 cm at narrowest point.Color of scale.—RHS 160D, with the flattened side fading to RHS 186A and RHS 187C and 187D at the base.Taste.—Typical garlic.Smell.—Typical garlic.Eating quality.—Good.Keeping quality.—Good.Inflorescence/flowers:Inflorescence type.—Umbel.Flowering time.—July/August in the Netherlands.Inflorescence number per stem.—1.Inflorescence.—Shape: Flattened globular. Number of flowers: Average of 400. Height: Average of 6.2 cm (excluding the peduncle). Diameter: Average of 7.0 cm. Fragrance: Very faint, somewhat garlic-like, and sweet.Flower bud.—Length: Average of 3.25 mm. Width: Average of 1.5 mm. Shape: Obovate; triangular in cross-section. Color: RHS 70C.Flower.—Form: Single. Length: Average of 0.6 cm. Width: Average of 0.4 cm.Petals.—Not present. The perianth consists of only single whorls of tepals. There are no separate petals and sepals.Tepals.—Number: Average of 6 per flower. Shape: Ovate and slightly concave. Length: Average of 3.5 mm. Average of 1.25 mm. Apex: Acute. Base: Broadly cuneate. Margin: Entire. Color: Upper surface: RHS 77D, fading lighter at the base. Lower surface: RHS 77C, fading to 77D at the base. Texture (both surfaces): Smooth, glabrous.Flower stem.—Length: Average of 118.0 cm. Diameter: Average of 0.5 cm. Surface: Smooth, glabrous texture covered with a very thin waxy layer of RHS 191C. Slight gloss is present, but not visible due to the waxy layer. Color: RHS 145A.Pedicels.—Length: Average of 2.5 cm. Width: Average: 0.75 mm. Surface: Smooth, glabrous, and moderately glossy. Strength: High. Color: Slightly lighter than RHS 186D, fading to RSH 143A and 143B at the proximal and distal end.Gynoecium.—Pistils: Number: Average of 1. Length: Average of 4.0 mm. Stigma: Width: Average of 0.2 mm. Color: RHS NN155D. Styles: Length: Average of 3.5 mm. Color: RHS NN155D. Ovary: Diameter: Average of 0.35 cm. Color: RHS 146B with RHS 145C veins.Androecium.—Stamens: Number: Average of 6 with the filament epipetalous. Shape: Laciniate. Anthers: Length: Average of 0.5 mm. Color: RHS 161B. Pollen: Low amount present. Filaments: Length: Average of 3.0 mm. Color: RHS NN155D.Seeds.—Not present. | 4,742 |
PP35653 | BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT The following is a detailed description of the new cultivar ‘WP22 ELECDR’. Data was collected from plants grown in 3-liter containers under an unheated glasshouse in Ashcombe, Dawlish, United Kingdom. The color determinations are in accordance with the sixth edition (2015) of The Royal Horticultural Society Color Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society, London, England, except where general color terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used. No chemicals were used to treat the plants. Growing conditions are typical to otherDianthus.Botanical classification:Dianthus.Variety.—‘WP22 ELECDR’.Species.—xallwoodii.Common names.—HybridDianthus, Alpine Pink.Commercial classification.—Hardy perennial.Use.—Ornamental plant for pots and containers.Parentage: ‘WP22 ELECDR’ is a hybrid plant that resulted from the cross-pollination of twoDianthusxallwoodiiplants.Female parent plant.—‘WAD12248’ experimentalDianthusplant (unpatented).Male parent plant.—‘DEV10160’ experimentalDianthusplant (unpatented).Plant description:Bloom period.—May to October.Plant habit.—Compact mounding habit.Plant height.—13 cm. to 15 cm. in overall height, including flower canopy.Plant width.—16 cm. to 20 cm. in width.Plant hardiness.—Hardy to minus 15° Centigrade.Type.—Perennial.Root system.—Fibrous.Propagation.—Propagation is accomplished using shoot cuttings.Cultural requirements.—Plant in full sun, well-drained and moderately fertile soil and keep well fertilized and watered.Time required to produce a rooted cutting.—5 weeks are needed to produce a rooted cutting.Temperature recommended for cuttings to produce roots.—The air temperature needed is a minimum of 15° Centigrade air temperature and base heat of 21° Centigrade.Crop time.—6 to 9 months is needed to produce a finished 3-litre container size from a well-rooted cutting.Stem:Shape.—Cylindrical, solid.Dimensions.—3.5 cm. to 4 cm. in length, 4 mm. diameter.Surface.—Glabrous and glaucous.Color.—138C and 138D (in the sheathing zone).Branching.—Numerous shoots from the axils of the lower leaves.Internode length.—About 1 mm. between nodes (before extension of peduncle).Node dimensions.—3 mm. in diameter and 1 mm. in length.Leaf:Type.—Evergreen.Dimensions.—3.5 cm. in length, 4 mm. in width.Color adaxial surface.—189A and N138A.Color abaxial surface.—N138A.Shape.—Linear to sword-shaped.Division.—Simple.Apex.—Acute.Base.—Decurrent.Venation.—Absent on the adaxial surface and only one central vein visible on the abaxial surface.Margins.—Entire.Attachment.—Sheathing.Arrangement.—Opposite and spiraling up stem.Surfaces(adaxial and abaxial).—Glaucous.Fragrance.—Absent.Flowers:Inflorescence.—Simple cyme.Type.—Single, polypetalous.Number.—2 to 5 per stem.Dimensions(including calyx).—22 mm. in length and 31 mm.-33 mm. in diameter.Shape.—Circular.Lastingness.—10 days at 20° Celsius on the plant; 8 to 10 days off the plant.Fragrance.—Light, clove like.Flowering period.—May to October.Peduncle:Shape.—Cylindrical, solid.Dimensions.—About 10 cm. in length, 1 mm. in diameter.Surface.—Glabrous, waxy.Strength.—Strong, rigid.Color.—N138C.Bud:Shape.—Ovate.Color.—N138B to N138C on apical half and 144B to 144C on basal half (below the bracts).Anthocyanin.—Present, as a hue.Dimensions.—16 mm. in length and 4 mm. in width (at breaking color point).Petals:Corolla.—Upper and lower part of corolla is flat.Petal arrangement.—Persistent, apopetalous and overlapping.Margin.—Crenate-dentate.Indentations.—Up to 1 mm. deep along the margin with a deeper indentation up to 3 mm. deep in the middle of the petal, making the petal into a kind of heart shape.Texture.—Soft.Type.—Single.Number of petals.—5.Dimensions.—About 32 mm. in length, 19 mm. in width.Petal shape.—Fan shape.Petal surface.—Glabrous.Petal apex.—Fan shaped, crenate-dentate.Petal base.—Strap shaped, tapering towards base.Color pattern.—Blade has 3 colors organized like a tri-band, pink tones.Petal color(adaxial surface).—Ground color of blade: NN66A with the outer edge of the petal being 73A, distributed on the margin. Color of band: 71A, slightly hairy. Color of middle of strap: 144D. Color of base of strap: 149D.Petal color(abaxial surface).—Ground color of blade: Closest 75B. Color of middle of strap: 144D. Color of base of strap: 149D.Calyx:Dimensions.—15 mm. in length and 4 mm. in width.Shape.—Cylindrical and straight.Sepals.—5, fused up to 3 mm. below the apex.Sepal dimensions.—5 mm. in length and 3 mm. in width.Apex.—Acute.Base.—Truncate.Color of sepals, outer surface.—138B to 138C on apical half and 138C, 144C, 144D on basal half (below the bracts).Color of sepals, inner surface.—139D.Anthocyanin.—Present, as a hue.Splitting.—Not observed.Epicalyx:Number of bracts.—1 pair of 2.Bracts shape.—Acute.Bracts dimensions.—5 mm. in length and 5 mm. in width.Bracts color.—N138B, N138C and 144B, 144C are all present.Anthocyanin.—Absent.Number of bracteoles.—1 pair of 2.Bracteoles shape.—Medium acuminate.Bracteoles dimensions.—5 mm. in length and 7 mm. in width.Bracteoles color.—N138B, N138C and 144B, 144C are all present.Bracteoles anthocyanin.—Absent.Reproductive organs:Stamen number.—10.Stamen dimensions.—20 mm. length and 0.5 mm. diameter.Color of filaments.—Whiter than NN155D.Anther number.—10.Anther dimensions.—2 mm. length and 0.5 mm. in diameter.Color of anthers.—Closest 76B (when fresh anthers).Anther attachment.—Dorsifixed.Pollen.—Present, closest 92D and 202D.Style number.—2.Style shoulder.—Absent.Color of style.—Whiter than NN155D.Style and Stigma dimensions.—15 mm. to 20 mm. in length and 0.5 mm. in width.Stigma number.—One on each style.Stigma color.—75A and 75B.Stigma dimensions.—About 5 mm. long along the top of the style, fimbriated zone, few mm above petals at maturity, terminating with slight bifid protuberance.Ovary position.—Superior.Ovary dimensions.—5 mm. in length and 2 mm. in diameter.Ovary shape.—Oblong.Ovary surface and texture.—Smooth and slightly ribbed.Ovary color.—144D at the uppermost surface, becoming paler into 145D at the lowest surface.Seed:Color.—202A.Length.—4 mm.Diameter.—3 mm.Shape.—Oval and flattened.Surface.—Crinkled.Number.—Varies, up to 15 per pod.Diseases and pests: Susceptible to knownDianthuspests and disease but no other susceptibilities to pests or disease are known. COMPARISON WITH PARENTAL LINE AND KNOWN VARIETY ‘WP22 ELECDR’ is distinguishable from the female parent as follows. The female parent ‘WAD12248’ bears bright pink flowers with a very small dark pink band. The petal edges are also bordered with a very light pink edge. The flower diameter of the female parent is also wider than ‘WP22 ELECDR’, as well as the female parent's overall plant size. ‘WP22 ELECDR’ is distinguishable from the male parent as follows. The male parent ‘DEV10160’ bears light pink flowers with a darker pink band, with a peak like in the middle of each petal. Also of similar height, the plant is smaller and less vigorous than ‘WP22 ELECDR’ and bears much less flowers. The variety ofDianthusconsidered to resemble most closely ‘WP22 ELECDR’ isDianthusPlant Named ‘Noreen’ (U.S. Plant patent application Ser. No. 20,369 P2). In comparison with ‘Noreen’, ‘WP22 ELECDR’ bears single tri-colored pink flowers and has a much more compact vegetative part. The foliage color of ‘WP22 ELECDR’ is also greener compared to ‘Noreen’, which is more grey-green. | 7,392 |
PP35654 | The aforementioned photographs:FIG.1, as well asFIG.2, were taken on Sep. 5, 2022 both showing a plant from the same blackcloth indoor trial in Enkhuizen, The Netherlands. These plants were about 13 weeks of age. One rooted cutting per pot had been planted in a 19 cm pot, not pinched in week 23, 2022 and black clothed from week 29. Plants started flowering beginning of September 2022. The measurements were taken in Enkhuizen, The Netherlands in September, 2022 on plants from the same indoor blackcloth trial. DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart (R.H.S.) 2001. TABLE 3DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE NEW VARIETY‘CIFZ0106’ AND TWO MOST SIMILAR VARIETIES:‘CIFZ0090’, U.S.Plant Pat. No.‘CIFZ0106’35,209Natural response:SimilarSimilarBlackcloth response:1 week faster1 week slowerFlower size:SimilarSimilarFlower color:Yellow with bicolorBronze/orangeflower centerwith no bicolorFlower type:SimilarSimilarPlant size:LargerSmallerPlant habit:SimilarSimilar TABLE 4‘G21VIG05DY’,U.S. Plant Pat.‘CIFZ0106’No. 33,813Natural response:1 week faster1 week slowerFlower size:Bit largerBit smallerFlower color:More yellow and hasMore orange andbicolor flower centerno bicolorFlower type:SimilarSimilarPlant size:SimilarSimilarPlant habit:SimilarSimilarPlant strength:Sturdier/less splittingWeaker/moresplittingFoliage:SimilarSimilarFlowering uniformity:SimilarSimilarPlant:Form, growth and habit.—Herbaceous garden-type, stems Upright and outwardly spreading, freely branching, rather strong to moderately vigorous growth habit.Plant height(above soil).—25 cm.Plant height(inflorescence included).—27 cm.Plant width.—45 cm.Roots:Number of days to initiate roots.—About 4 days at about 22° C.Number of days to produce a rooted cutting.—14-16 days at 22° C.Type.—Fine, fibrous, free branching.Color.—RHS N155B.Foliage:Arrangement.—Alternate.Immature leaf, color upper surface.—RHS 147A.Immature leaf, color lower surface.—RHS 147B.Mature leaf, color, upper surface.—RHS 137A.Mature leaf, color lower surface.—RHS 137B.Length.—4.0 cm.Width.—2.4 cm.Shape.—Ovate, with distinct lobes.Base shape.—Shortly Attenuate.Apex shape.—apiculate.Margin.—5 lobed.Number of margin indentations.—8-10.Depth of margin indentations.—2-4 mm.Leaf length terminal lobe relative to total leaf length.—1:3.2.Leaf depth lower lateral sinus.—0.8 cm.Texture, upper surface.—Bifid hairs.Texture, lower surface.—Bifid hairs.Color of veins, upper surface.—RHS 137B.Color of veins, lower surface.—RHS 137C.Pattern of veining.—Palmate.Petiole color.—RHS 137C.Petiole length.—1.0-1.4 cm.Diameter.—0.3 cm.Texture.—Bifid hairs.Presence of stipules.—No.Stem:Quantity of main branches per plant.—8-10.Color of stem.—RHS 138A with longitudinal stripes RHS 138D.Length of stem.—11.0-12.0 cm.Diameter.—0.4 cm.Length of internodes.—1.0-2.0 cm.Texture.—Bifid hairs.Color of peduncle.—RHS 137D.Length of peduncle.—3.0-4.0 cm.Peduncle diameter.—0.2 cm.Texture.—Bifid hairs.Inflorescence:Type.—Compositae, solitary, duplex type inflorescences borne terminally above foliage, ligulate ray florets arranged in whorls on a capitulum giving a semi-double flower.Quantity of short days to flowering(response time).—Approximately 7.5 weeks.Quantity of inflorescences per plant.—90-120 with several small buds developing.Lastingness of individual blooms on the plant.—About six weeks from first color.Fragrance.—Slightly spicy.Bud (when showing color):Color.—RHS 14B.Length.—0.8 cm.Width.—0.6 cm.Shape.—Oblate.Immature inflorescence (at moment of opening):Diameter.—2.5 cm.Color of ray florets, upper surface.—RHS 14A.Color of ray florets, lower surface.—RHS 12B.Mature inflorescence:Diameter.—3.7 cm.Depth.—1.5 cm.Total diameter of disc.—0.3-0.5 cm.Receptacle color.—RHS 138A.Receptacle height.—0.6 cm.Receptacle diameter.—1.0 cm.Length of corolla tube.—0.3-0.4 cm.Ray florets:Average quantity of florets.—90-110.Color of florets, upper surface.—RHS 14A.Color lower surface.—RHS 14B.Length.—1.5 cm.Width/diameter.—0.4 cm.Shape.—Elliptical.Apex shape.—Dentate.Base shape.—Tube.Margin.—Entire. Small incisions may be present at tip.Margin.—Type of rolling weakly involute.Texture, upper surface.—Papillate.Lower surface.—Papillate.Ribs present.—Yes.Number of keels.—2.Profile at widest point.—Moderately concave.Longitudinal axis shape.—Reflexing.Longitudinal axis curvature strength.—Medium.Corolla tube shape.—Circular.Disc florets:Number of disc florets.—40-65.Width.—0.1 cm.Length.—1.0 cm.Color.—RHS 14A.Inflorescence (at moment of senescence):Color of ray florets, upper surface.—RHS 14A.Color of ray florets, lower surface.—RHS 12C.Phyllaries:Quantity.—16-18.Color, upper surface.—RHS 138A.Color, lower surface.—RHS 137A.Length.—0.6 cm.Width.—0.2 cm.Shape.—Lanceolate.Apex shape.—Acute.Base.—Fused.Margins.—Entire.Texture, upper surface.—Glabrous.Texture, lower surface.—Canescent.Reproductive organs:Pistil.—One.Length.—0.4 cm.Style color.—RHS 5B.Style length.—0.3 cm.Stigma color.—RHS 5D.Stigma shape.—Bi-parted.Ovary color.—RHS 157D.Ovary length.—0.2 cm.Ovary width.—0.1 cm.Androecium:Stamens.—1, found on only disc florets.Color of filaments.—RHS 157D.Length filaments.—0.2 cm.Anther color.—RHS 9A.Anther length.—0.2 cm.Anther shape.—Oval to club shaped.Color of pollen.—RHS 9A.Pollen amount.—Moderate.Fertility/seed set.—Has not been determined to date.Disease/pest resistance.—Has not been determined to date.Hardiness.—Has not been determined to date. | 5,467 |
PP35655 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The chart used in the identification of the colors is that of The Royal Horticultural Society (The R.H.S. Colour Chart, 2001 edition), London, England. The terminology which precedes reference to the chart has been added to indicate the corresponding color in more common terms. The description is based on the observation of two-years-old specimens of the new variety during June while budded on Rosa Manetti and growing outdoors at Le Cannet des Maures, Var, France.Botantical classification:Rosa hybridacultivar MEIZENDO.Commercial classification: Miniature Rose Plant.Plant:Habit.—Bushy.Height.—Approximately 40 cm on average.Width.—Approximately 40 cm on average.Branches:Color.—Young stems: commonly near Green Group 143B. Adult wood: commonly near Green Group 138B.Length.—From the crown to the flower is typically between 20 cm to 30 cm.Diameter.—Typically between 0.2 cm to 0.5 cm.Thorns.—Configuration on adult stems: concave, very elongated and curved downwards on the upper surface and very concave on the under surface. Long prickles — quantity: approximately 10 thorns on average per 10 cm long young stem and approximately 10 thorns on average per 10 cm long adult stem. Long prickles — length: typically between 0.5 cm to 0.8 cm on young stems and typically between 0.5 cm to 0.8 cm on adult stems. Long prickles — width at base: typically between 0.4 cm to 0.8 cm on young stems and typically between 0.4 cm to 0.8 cm on adult stems. Long prickles — base shape: oval, narrow, and medium on young stems and on adult stems. Long prickles — color on young stems: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144A. Long prickles — color on adult stems: commonly near Greyed-Yellow Group 160A. Small prickles — quantity: absent.Internode.—Numbers on the entire branch: typically 5 or 6 on average. Length: typically between 2 cm to 5 cm.Foliage:General appearance.—Rather dense, semi-glossy.Number of leaflets.—3, 5, 7; most often 5.5leaflets leaf.—Length: typically between 9.5 cm to 14.0 cm. Width: typically between 5.5 cm to 7.5 cm.Terminal leaflet.—Length: typically between 3.5 cm to 5.5 cm. Width: typically between 2.0 cm to 3.0 cm.Young shoots.—Anthocyanin coloration: absent.New foliage.—Upper surface color: commonly near Green Group 143A. Under surface color: commonly near Green Group 139C.Adult foliage.—Upper surface color: commonly near Green Group 137A. Under surface color: commonly near Green Group 138B.Leaflets:Shape.—Tip: acute. Base: rounded.Intensity of glossiness.—Weak.Texture.—Moderately leathery.Smoothness.—Upper and under surfaces are smooth.General appearance.—Lanceloate.Serration.—Small and single.Undulation on the margin.—Very weak.Venation.—Color is commonly near Yellow-Green Group 145A and pattern is imparipinnate.Petiole rachis.—Color of upper surface: commonly near Green Group 137A. Color of under surface: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144A. Texture: upper surface is glandular, under surface is smooth. Rachis of terminal leaflet: length is typically between 3.0 cm to 4.2 cm and diameter is approximately 0.1 cm on average.Petioles.—Upper surface: smooth. Under surface: smooth. Color of upper surface: commonly near Green Group 137B with a center line near Yellow-Green Group 145C. Color of under surface: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144A. Length: typically between 2.0 cm to 4.0 cm. Diameter: approximately 0.1 cm on average.Stipules.—Length: approximately 2.0 cm on average. Width: typically between 0.1 cm to 0.2 cm. General appearance: narrow. Texture: smooth on upper and under surfaces. Color of upper surface: commonly near Green Group 137A. Color of under surface: commonly near Green Group 138A.Inflorescence:Number of flowers per stem.—Typically between 1 to 5 flowers per stem.Lastingness of the bloom.—On the plant: approximately 3 weeks on average. In vase: not tested.Bud.—Shape: ovoid. Size: small. Length: approximately 1.8 cm on average. Width: approximately 1.4 cm on average. Color as calyx breaks: upper surface: commonly near a color between Red Group 50A and near Red Group 52A; basal spot is very little and color is commonly near Yellow Group 3A. under surface: commonly near Red Group 50A; basal spot is very little and color is commonly near Yellow Group 3A.Sepals.—Number: commonly 5. Length: typically between 1.5 cm to 1.7 cm on average. Width: typically between 0.4 cm to 0.6 cm (on median part). Shape: at the top: elongate and narrow. at the base: flat at union with the receptacle. Extensions: typically 2 sepals without extensions, 3 sepals with small extension which length of extension is typically between 0.2 cm to 4.0 cm and width of extension is typically less than 0.1 cm. Upper surface: texture: tomentous. color: commonly near Green Group 138A. Under surface: texture: glandular. color: commonly near Green Group 138A.Receptacle.—Color: commonly near Green Group 138B. Length: approximately 0.6 cm on average. Width: approximately 0.5 cm on average. Surface: smooth. Shape: pitcher shaped.Peduncle.—Length: typically between 3.0 cm to 4.0 cm. Width: typically between 0.1 cm to 0.15 cm. Surface: glandular. Color: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144A.Flower.—Diameter when open: approximately 4.0 cm on average. Depth of the flower: approximately 1.5 cm on average. Shape: cup shaped. Shape when viewed from above: irregular rounded. Shape of the upper part of the flower profile: cup. Shape of the lower part of the flower profile: quasi flat. Type: semi-double. Number of petals under normal conditions: typically between 7 to 8. Petals: shape: obovate (cuspidate at the top and cuneiform at the base). length: typically between 1.7 cm to 2.1 cm. width: typically between 1.3 cm to 1.9 cm. Undulation of the petal: very weak. Reflexing of the petal: absent. Petal incision: very weak. Petal arrangement: imbricated with 1 or 2 petaloids (petaloids shape is deformed petals). Petal drop: petals drop off cleanly before drying. Fragrance: slight, very sweet. Discoloration of the flower: evolution to near Red-Purple Group 57A. Color when opening: basal spot on the upper surface: commonly near Yellow Group 3A. upper surface: commonly near a color between Red Group 50A and Red Group 52A. basal spot on the under surface: commonly near Yellow Group 3A. under surface: commonly near Red Group 50A. Color of the open flower: basal spot on upper surface: commonly near Yellow Group 3C. upper surface: commonly near a color between Red Group 52A and Red-Purple Group 57B. basal spot on under surface: commonly near Yellow Group 3C. under surface of the flower: commonly near Red Group 52A. Anthers: typically 90 on average, length is approximately 0.1 cm on average, width is approximately 0.1 cm on average, coloration is commonly near Greyed-Orange Group 172A bordered with near Greyed-Orange Group 164A, and arrangement is regular around styles. Filaments: length is typically between 0.2 cm to 0.5 cm and coloration is commonly near Greyed-Orange Group 163B. Styles: length is approximately 0.3 cm on average, coloration is commonly near Greyed-Purple Group 181B, and number is typically approximately 20 on average. Stigmas: length is approximately 0.1 cm on average and coloration is commonly near Greyed-Yellow Group 162A. Pollen: medium quantity; color is commonly near Greyed-Orange Group 163B. Hips: information not available.Development:Vegetation.—Medium.Blooming.—Exceptional blooming all season long; early in the season, abundant and nearly continuous, typically from May to first frost in France.USDA hardiness zone.—Zone 5 to 9.Tolerance to disease.—Good, and particularly against black spot (Diplocarpon rosae). The new ‘MEIZENDO’ variety has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions to date. Accordingly, it is possible that the phenotypic expression may vary somewhat with changes in light intensity and duration, cultural practices, and other environmental conditions. | 7,938 |
PP35656 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE VARIETY The following is a description of ‘Poulcas065’, as observed in its growth outdoor in Odense Denmark. Observed plants are 18 months of age, and were grown on their own roots in 30 cm containers. Color references are made using The Royal Horticultural Society (London, England) Colour Chart, 2001, except where common terms of color are used. For a comparison, several physical characteristics of the rose variety ‘Poulcas061’, U.S. Plant Pat. No. 32,346 are compared to the claimed plant, ‘Poulcas065’. The claimed plant has 70 flower petals, while ‘Poulcas061’ has 35 to 40 petals. The claimed plant has a flower diameter of 85 mm while ‘Poulcas061’ has a flower diameter of 80 mm. The flower colour general tonality of the claimed plant is Red-Purple 61B, while the comparison variety ‘Poulcas061’ is Red-Purple Group 71B. FLOWER AND FLOWER BUD Blooming habit: Continuous.Flower bud:Size.—Upon opening, 25 mm in length from base of receptacle to end of bud. Bud diameter is 15 mm.Bud form.—Urceolate.Sepal inner surface.—Color: Yellow-Green Group 146D with strong intonations of Greyed-Purple Group 183A. Surface: Lightly pubescent.Sepal outer surface.—Color: Yellow-Green Group 144A with strong intonations of Greyed-Purple Group 183A. Texture: Somewhat rough with stipitate glands.Sepal shape.—Apex: Aristate. Base: Flat at union with receptacle.Sepal margin.—Margins have moderate to strong foliaceous appendages on three of the five sepals.Sepal size.—26 mm long, 11 mm wide.Receptacle.—Texture: Smooth. Size: 10 mm in height, 9 mm wide. Color: Yellow-Green Group 144A with shades of Greyed-Red Group 181A. Shape: Funnel.Pedicel.—Surface: Smooth. Length: About 40 mm. Diameter: 3 mm on average. Color: Yellow-Green Group 144A with intonations of Greyed-Red Group 181A. Strength: Strong.Peduncle.—Length: On average 60 mm. Diameter: About 4 mm. Color: Yellow-Green Group 144A and Greyed-Red Group 181A. Texture: Smooth.Flower bud development: Flower buds are borne in clusters of 3 to 5flower buds per stem, developing as a cyme.Flower bloom:Fragrance.—Moderate.Duration.—The blooms have a duration on the plant of approximately 14 days. Petals fall cleanly away from plant after flowers have fully matured.Size.—Flower diameter is 85 mm when open. Flower depth is 25 mm.Flower shape.—Flowers form as a deep cup with outer petals reflexing outward.Shape of flower, side view.—The upper portion is flat. The lower portion is partially flat to concave.Shape of the flower above view.—Round.Petalage: Under normal conditions, flowers have about 70 petals.General tonality of flower: Open flowers are Red-Purple Group 61B. After flowers have fully opened the general tonality becomes Red-Purple Group N57C.Petal color:Upon opening, outer petals.—Upper surface: Red-Purple Group N57A with streaks of White 155A. At the basal point of attachment, a small basal petal spot of Yellow Group 4C. Lower surface: Red-Purple Group 61C with streaks of Red-Purple Group 62D. At the basal point of attachment, a small based petal spot of Yellow Group 4C.Upon opening, inner petals.—Upper surface: Red-Purple Group N57A with streaks of Red-Purple Group 62D. At the basal point of attachment, a small basal petal spot of Yellow Group 4D. Lower surface: Red-Purple Group 58B with light streaks of Red-Purple Group 62D. At the basal point of attachment, a small basal petal spot of Yellow Group 4D.After opening, outer and inner petals.—Upper surface: Red-Purple Group 61C with streaks of Red-Purple Group 62D. Lower surface: Red-Purple Group 61C with streaks of Red-Purple Group 62D. At the basal point of attachment, a small basal petal spot of Yellow Group 4D.Petals:Petal reflex.—Outer petals partially reflexed.Margin.—Irregular with numerous clefts and strong undulations.Shape.—Broad and elliptic. Apex shape: Rounded. Base shape: Obtuse and acute.Size.—About 35 mm (l)×44 mm (w).Texture.—Somewhat rugose.Thickness.—Above average.Petaloids:Size.—20 to 30 mm (l) by 10 mm (w).Quantity.—About 35.Shape.—Elliptical with an acute base and rounded apices. Many petaloids are fused or attached to the stamens.Color.—Red-Purple Group N57A with streaks of Red-Purple Group 62D on the upper and lower surface.Reproductive flower parts:Pollen.—None observed.Anthers.—Size: 3 mm in length. Color: Yellow-White Group 158B. Quantity: 70 on average.Filaments.—Color: Green-White Group 157D. Length: 5 mm.Pistils.—Length: 4 mm. Quantity: Varying from 60 to 150.Stigmas.—Color: Green-White Group 157A.Styles.—Color: Green-White Group 157A.Location of stigmas.—Inferior in location relative to the length of the filaments and the height of the anthers.Hips.—None Observed. PLANT Plant growth: Upright, bushy. Plants are 40 cm in height, and 55 cm wide.Stems:Color of juvenile growth.—Yellow-Green Group 146B with intonations of Greyed-Purple Group 183B.Color of mature growth.—Yellow-Green Group 146B.Length.—Canes are about 20 cm from the base of the plant to the flowering portion.Diameter.—About 5 mm.Internodes.—On mature canes about 40 mm between nodes.Surface texture.—Young wood: Smooth. Older wood: Smooth.Long prickles:Incidence.—6 prickles per 10 cm of stem.Size.—Average length of prickles on mature stems is 5 mm.Shape.—Upper portion is linear. Lower portion is concave.Color.—Juvenile prickles: Greyed-Purple Group 183A. Mature prickles: Greyed-Orange Group 166B.Plant foliage:Compound leaf.—165 mm (l)×120 mm (w).Quantity.—2 leaves per 10 cm of stem on average.Leaf bearing angle to the stem.—45 degrees.Color of juvenile foliage.—Upper side: Yellow-Green Group 146B with intonations of Greyed-Purple Group 187B. Lower side: Yellow-Green Group 146B with intonations of Greyed-Purple Group 187B.Color of mature foliage.—Upper side: Yellow-Green Group 147A. Lower side: Yellow-Green Group 147B.Plant leaves and leaflets:Stipules.—Size: 16 mm long, 4 mm wide. Quantity: 2 per compound leaf. Shape: Linear, slightly broad based with outward extending apices. Margins: Finely serrated. Color: Yellow-Green Group 144A.Petiole.—Length: 35 mm. Diameter: 2 mm. Upper surface color: Greyed-Orange Group 166A. Lower surface color: Yellow-Green Group 144A.Rachis.—Length: 50 mm. Upper surface color: Yellow-Green Group 146A with intonations of Greyed-Orange Group 166A. Lower surface color:Leaflet.—Quantity: Normally 5 leaflets. Margins: Serrated. Size: Terminal leaflets are about 70 mm long, 48 mm wide. Shape: Generally elliptical. Base: Rounded. Apex: Mucronate. Texture: Smooth. Thickness: Average. Arrangement: Odd pinnate. Venation: Reticulate. Glossiness: Very glossy.Disease resistance: Above average resistance to powdery mildewSphaerotheca pannosavar.rosae, downy mildewPeronospora sparsa, rustPhragmidiumspp., black spotDiplocarpon rosae, andBotrytis cinereaunder normal growing conditions.Cold hardiness: The variety is tolerant to USDA Cold Hardiness Zone 6.Heat tolerance: The variety has been found to be suitable for climate conditions found in the American Horticulture Society heat zone 7. | 7,028 |
PP35657 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The new variety ‘PE-14.145.059’ has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions. The characteristics of the new variety ‘PE-14.145.059’ may vary in detail, depending upon variations in environmental factors, including weather (temperature, humidity and light intensity), day length, soil type and location. In addition, the characteristics of any parental variety or comparison variety included in Tables 1, 2 and 3 of the present invention may vary in detail, depending upon variations in environmental factors, including weather (temperature, humidity and light intensity), day length, soil type and location. The aforementioned photographs, together with the following description of the new variety ‘PE-14.145.059’, unless otherwise noted, are based on observations taken during the 2022 growing season in Ventura County, California. These measurements and ratings were taken from plants of ‘PE-14.145.059’ dug from a low-elevation nursery located in San Joaquin County, California in January 2022 and planted approximately six months later in Ventura County, California. The approximate age of the observed plants is three to four months. Yield observations including average weight and marketable yield, along with fruit quality characteristics including soluble solids, are averaged from five years of data collected from the 2018 through 2022 growing seasons. Flower measurements and characteristics are from secondary flowers unless otherwise noted. Fruit characteristics and measurements are from secondary fruit, unless otherwise noted. Where noted, color terminology follows The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, London, Sixth Edition (2015). The following characteristics describe fruit, plant, stolon, foliage, fruiting truss, flower, reproductive organs and pest and disease characteristics of the new strawberry ‘PE-14.145.059’.Fruit characteristics:Color of mature fruit.—RHS 45B (ranges from orange red to red).Color of internal flesh.—RHS 43A (ranges from light red to medium red).Color of core.—RHS 43C (medium red).Average length(cm).—3.7.Average width(cm).—3.6.Size.—Medium.Average length/width ratio.—1.02 (as long as broad).Hollow center average length(mm).—11.4.Hollow center average width(mm).—5.2.Hollow center expression.—Ranges from weak to moderate.Season average weight(gm).—23.1.Marketable yield season(gm/plant).—800.Predominant shape.—Conical.Difference in shape between primary and secondary fruit.—None or very slight.Band without achenes.—Absent or very narrow.Evenness of surface.—Even or very slightly uneven.Evenness of color.—Even or very slightly uneven.Glossiness.—Ranges from medium to strong.Insertion of achenes.—Level with surface.Average calyx diameter(cm).—4.2.Position of calyx attachment.—Inserted.Attitude of sepals.—Outward.Size of calyx in relation to fruit diameter.—Slightly larger.Adherence of calyx(when fully ripe).—Strong.Firmness of flesh.—Ranges from medium to firm.Keeping quality.—Very good.Fruit market.—Fresh.Post-harvest fruit longevity(at1to3degrees celsius).—7 to 10 days.Distribution of red color of the flesh.—Marginal and central.Flavor.—Very good.Soluble solids(%brix).—8.6.Achene color, shaded side.—RHS 160A (greyed yellow group).Achene color, sun-exposed side.—RHS 182A (greyed red group).Achene average length(mm).—1.6.Achene average width(mm).—0.8.Achene average weight(mg).—0.59.Achene average quantity per berry.—349.Achene shape.—Elliptic.Flowering season(50%of plants with at least one flower).—Early (August in Ventura County, California).Maturing season(50%of plants with mature fruit).—Early (September in Ventura County, California).Flowering season.—August to December (in Ventura County, California).Harvest season.—September to January (in Ventura County, California).Harvest maturity.—October (in Ventura County, California).Plant hardiness.—Zone 10 (USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map).Type of bearing.—Fully remontant (non-flowering runners).Plant characteristics:Average height(cm).—27.6.Average spread(cm).—38.3.Size.—Large.Habit.—Semi-upright.Density.—Ranges from medium to dense.Vigor.—Strong.Stolon characteristics:Color.—RHS 146D (yellow green group).Anthocyanin coloration.—RHS 181A (greyed red group).Anthocyanin intensity.—Strong.Pubescence.—Medium.Attitude of hairs.—Upward.Average quantity in nursery(per square foot).—8 to 10 (many).Average diameter at first bract(mm).—3.0 (medium).Length from mother plant to first daughter(cm).—29.8.Terminal leaflet characteristics:Average length(cm).—7.3.Average width(cm).—7.9.Average area terminal(cm2).—58.1.Average length/width ratio.—0.93 (broader than long).Shape of base.—Rounded.Shape of apex.—Obtuse.Margins(shape of teeth).—Rounded (crenate).Average serrations per leaf.—21.1.Foliage characteristics:Color of upper surface.—RHS 146A (medium yellow green).Color of lower surface.—RHS 147C (yellow green group).Color of venation, upper surface.—RHS 146C (yellow green group).Color of venation, lower surface.—RHS 145A (yellow green group).Number of leaflets.—3.Leaf size.—Small.Average length(cm).—11.7.Average width(cm).—14.1.Average area foliage(cm2).—165.4.Shape in cross section.—Strongly to slightly concave.Interveinal blistering.—Strong.Texture of upper surface.—Medium.Texture of lower surface.—Smooth.Venation pattern.—Pinnate reticulate.Leaf glossiness.—Medium.Leaf variegation.—Absent.Petiole characteristics:Petiole color.—RHS 144B (yellow green group).Petiole average length(cm).—18.4.Petiole average diameter(mm).—3.5.Attitude of hairs.—Slightly outward.Frequency of bract leaflets.—64% occurrence (mostly).Size of bract leaflets.—Medium.Pubescence.—Sparse.Petiolule color.—RHS 144B (yellow green group).Petiolule average length(mm).—16.8.Petiolule average diameter(mm).—2.0.Stipule characteristics:Color.—RHS 146B (yellow green group).Anthocyanin coloration.—RHS 60B (red purple group).Anthocyanin intensity.—Absent or very weak.Average length(mm).—2.0.Average width(mm).—9.0.Shape.—Triangular.Texture.—Light.Shape of base.—N/A.Shape of apex.—Acute.Margins.—Entire (smooth).Fruiting truss characteristics:Anthocyanin coloration.—RHS 181B (greyed red group).Anthocyanin intensity.—Absent or very weak.Average length at maturity(cm).—27.2.Position relative to foliage.—Level with.Flower quantity(season average per plant).—40.2 (medium).Average fruit quantity per truss.—6.0 (medium).Attitude at first pick.—Prostrate.Primary pedicel color.—RHS 144B (yellow green group).Primary pedicel average length(cm).—10.9.Primary pedicel average diameter(mm).—2.9.Pedicel attitude of hairs.—Upward.Pedicel texture.—Weak.Primary peduncle color.—RHS 144B (yellow green group).Primary peduncle average length(cm).—6.8.Primary peduncle average diameter(mm).—5.1.Peduncle texture.—Medium.Flower characteristics (secondary unless indicated):Petal color, upper surface.—RHS NN155C (white group).Petal color, lower surface.—RHS NN155C (white group).Petal average length(mm).—12.1.Petal average width(mm).—13.3.Petal average length/width ratio.—0.91 (broader than long).Average petal quantity per flower.—5.6.Petal shape.—Obovate.Petal texture.—Smooth.Petal shape of base.—Obtuse.Petal shape of apex.—Rotund.Petal margins.—Entire (smooth).Sepal color, upper surface.—RHS 137A (green group).Sepal color, lower surface.—RHS 138A (green group).Sepal average length(mm).—10.8.Sepal average width(mm).—5.7.Sepal average length/width ratio.—1.89.Average sepal quantity per flower.—11.8.Sepal shape.—Elliptical.Sepal texture.—Light.Sepal shape of apex.—Acute.Sepal margins.—Ranges from entire (smooth) to acute (serrated).Flower bud color.—RHS 145B (yellow green group).Flower bud shape.—Cup.Flower bud average length(mm).—12.6.Flower bud average diameter(mm).—7.6.Corolla average diameter(mm).—31.2 (medium).Flower average depth(mm).—9.9 (ranges from shallow to medium).Calyx average diameter(mm).—29.3.Size of calyx relative to corolla.—Ranges from smaller to same size.Arrangement of petals.—Overlapping.Size of inner calyx relative to outer calyx.—Same.Reproductive organs:Anther color.—RHS 15A (yellow orange group).Filament color.—RHS 145C (yellow green group).Filament average length(mm).—1.6.Anther average length(mm).—1.4.Anther average width(mm).—1.0.Anther shape.—Elliptic.Pollen amount.—Abundant.Ovary color.—RHS 148C (yellow green group).Style color.—RHS 151C (yellow green group).Pistil average quantity per flower.—349.Pistil average length(mm).—1.1.Style average length(mm).—1.0.Stigma average diameter(mm).—0.2.Stigma shape.—Rounded.Disease and pest reactions:Powdery mildew(sphaerotheca macularis).—Susceptible.Botrytis fruit rot(botrytis cinerea).—Moderately susceptible.Fusarium wilt(fusarium oxysporum).—Resistant.Two-spotted spider mite(tetranychus urticae).—Moderately susceptible. | 8,797 |
PP35658 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The chart used in the identification of the colors is that of The Royal Horticultural Society (The R.H.S. Colour Chart, 2015 edition), London, England. The color values were determined in July 2022 under natural light conditions in Cochranville, Pennsylvania. The terminology which precedes reference to the chart has been added to indicate the corresponding color in more common terms. The description is based on the observation plants grown in three-gallon containers utilizing a soilless growth medium for 1 year in an outdoor nursery in Cochranville, Pennsylvania. Measurements and numerical values represent averages of typical plants.Botanical classification:Hydrangea paniculatacultivar ‘Pan1782hydr’.Propagation:Type cutting.—Terminal stem cuttings.Time to initiate roots during the summer.—Approximately 24 days.Time to initiate roots during the winter.—Approximately 30 days.Root description.—White, medium thickness, fibrous.Rooting habit.—Moderate branching and density.Plant description:Commercial crop time.—Approximately 12 months from a rooted cutting to finish in a 3-gallon pot.Growth habit and general appearance.—Deciduous shrub, moderately vigorous, dense, and compact growth habit.Hardiness.—USDA Zone 4.Size.—Height from soil level to top of plant plane: Approximately 48.0 cm. Width: Approximately 60.0 cm.Branching habit.—Freely branching. Pinching enhances branching. Quantity of lateral branches per plant: Approximately 9.Branch.—Shape: Rounded. Strength: Very Strong. Length to base of inflorescence: Approximately 25.0 cm. Diameter: Approximately 8.0 mm. Length of central internode: Approximately 5.0 cm. Texture of young stem: Glabrous. Texture of mature stem: Woody. Color of young stem: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 146C. Color of mature stem: commonly near Greyed-Orange Group 165A.Lenticels.—Quantity per internode: Approximately 47. Shape: Round to elliptic. Size: Approximately 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm. Color: commonly near Greyed-Orange Group 165A.Foliage description:General description.—Quantity of leaves per lateral branch: Approximately 6. Fragrance: None detected. Form: Simple. Arrangement: Opposite.Leaves.—Aspect: Flat. Shape: Elliptic. Margin: Serrated. Apex: Acuminate. Base: Rounded. Venation pattern: Pinnate. Length of mature leaf: Approximately 15.0 cm. Width of mature leaf: Approximately 7.0 cm. Texture of upper and lower surfaces: Coriaceous, glabrous. Color of upper surface of young foliage: commonly near Green Group 137B with venation of near Green Group 143C. Color of lower surface of young foliage: commonly near Green Group 137D with venation of near Yellow-Green Group 146D. Color of upper surface of mature foliage: commonly near Green Group 139A with venation of near Yellow-Green Group 147B. Color of lower surface of mature foliage: commonly near Green Group 139C with venation of near Yellow-Green Group 147C. Anthocyanin coloration intensity: Strong.Petiole.—Length: Approximately 2.0 cm. Diameter: Approximately 4.0 mm. Texture: Glabrous. Color: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 144A.Flowering description:Flowering habit.—Seasonal, continuously flowering from summer through fall in Cochranville, PA.Lastingness of individual inflorescence on the plant.—Persistent.Inflorescence description:General description.—Type: Single fertile and sterile flowers arranged on large terminal panicles. Panicle Shape: Conical. Quantity per plant: One per lateral or sublateral stem. Fragrance: Noticeable light sweet scent. Aspect of sterile flowers: Face upward and outward. Height: Approximately 18.0 cm. Width: Approximately 17.0 cm. Quantity of fertile florets per inflorescence: Approximately 50. Quantity of sterile florets per inflorescence: Approximately 150. Conspicuousness of fertile flowers: Absent. Density of sterile flowers: Dense.Peduncle.—Strength: Strong. Shape: Rounded. Length: Approximately 4.0 cm. Diameter: Approximately 3.0 mm. Texture: Moderately pubescent. Color: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 147C.Floret description:General description.—Type: Single, sterile and fertile flowersSterile florets, bud just before opening.—Shape: Globular. Length: Approximately 3.0 mm. Diameter: Approximately 3.0 mm. Color: commonly near Yellow-Green Group 145B.Sterile florets.—Depth: Approximately 1.0 cm. Diameter: Approximately 3.5 cm.Sepals, sterile florets.—Quantity: 4 to 5. Shape: Broadly obovate. Margin: Entire. Incision of margin presence: Absent. Apex: Broadly acute. Base: Cuneate. Attitude: Semi-erect. Overlapping of sepals: Very weak. Length: Up to 18.0 mm. Width: Up to 11.0 mm. Texture of upper and lower surfaces: Glabrous. Color of upper and lower surfaces when first open: commonly near White Group 155C. Color when mature and fading: commonly from near Red Group 51D to near Red-Purple Group 58A.Petals, sterile florets.—Length: Approximately 1.6 cm. Width: Approximately 1.0 cm. Shape: Tear-drop. Color: Commonly near White Group NN155A.Pedicel, sterile florets.—Strength: Strong. Aspect: Erect. Length: Approximately 1.5 cm. Diameter: Approximately 1.0 mm. Texture: Sparsely pubescent. Color: commonly near White Group 155C.Fertile florets, bud just before opening.—Shape: Globular. Length: Approximately 3.0 mm. Diameter: Approximately 3.0 mm. Color: commonly near White Group 155C.Fertile florets.—Depth: Approximately 5.0 mm. Diameter: Approximately 6.0 cm.Sepals, fertile florets.—Length: Approximately 3.0 mm. Width: Approximately 2.0 mm. Shape: Elliptical. Color: Commonly near White Group NN155A.Petals, fertile florets.—Shape: Lanceolate. Margin: Entire. Apex: Acute. Base: Truncate. Length: Approximately 3.0 mm. Width: Approximately 1.5 mm. Texture of upper and lower surfaces: Glabrous. Color of upper and lower surfaces when first open: commonly near White Group 155C.Pedicel, fertile florets.—Strength: Strong. Aspect: Erect. Length: Approximately 1.0 mm. Diameter: Less than 1.0 mm. Texture: Glabrous. Color: commonly near White Group 155B.Reproductive organs.—(Reproductive organs present only on fertile flowers; sterile flowers do not have reproductive organs) — Stamens: Quantity per flower: About ten. Anther shape: Round. Anther length: 3.0-5.0 mm. Anther color: 155A. Pollen: Very sparse, commonly near White Group 155C in color. Pistils: Pistil quantity per flower: Three, fused. Pistil length: Approximately 1.0 mm. Stigma shape: Oval, Stigma color: commonly near White Group 155A. Style length: Less than 1.0 mm. Style color: commonly near White Group 155A. Ovary color: commonly near Greyed- Green Group 193B.Development:Seed and fruit production.—Neither seed nor fruit production has been observed.Disease and pest resistance.—Resistance to pathogens and pests common toHydrangeahas not been observed. The new ‘Pan1782hydr’ variety has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions to date. Accordingly, it is possible that the phenotypic expression may vary somewhat with changes in light intensity and duration, cultural practices, and other environmental conditions. | 7,042 |
PP35659 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The aforementioned photographs and following observations and measurements describe plants grown during the autumn in 8.5-cm containers in a glass-covered greenhouse in Heemskerk, The Netherlands and under cultural practices typically used in commercialPhalaenopsisproduction. Plants were 18 months old when the photographs and description were taken. During the first twelve months of production of the plants, day and night temperatures averaged 27 C. During the final six months of production of the plants, day temperatures ranged from 20 C to 22 C and night temperatures ranged from 18 C to 20 C. During the production of the plants, light levels ranged from a minimum of 5,000 lux to a maximum of 10,000 lux. In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 2015 Edition, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.Botanical classification:Phalaenopsis hybrida‘April Showers’.Parentage:Female, or seed, parent.—Phalaenopsis hybrida‘Timothy Christopher’, not patented.Male parent.—Proprietary selection ofPhalaenopsis hybridaidentified as code number 4551, not patented.Propagation:Type.—By in vitro meristem propagation.Time to initiate roots, summer and winter.—About two weeks at temperatures about 28 C to 30 C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, summer and winter.—About 20 to 25 weeks at temperatures about 28 C to 30 C.Root description.—Thin, fibrous; typically light yellowish white in color; actual color of the roots is dependent on substrate composition, water quality, fertilizer, substrate temperature and age of roots.Rooting habit.—Freely branching; medium density.Plant description:Plant form in and growth habit.—Herbaceous epiphyte; upright plant habit with typically two to three inflorescences per plant, each inflorescence with numerous flowers; monopodial; moderately vigorous growth habit and moderate growth rate.Plant height, substrate level to top of foliar plane.—About 11.2 cm.Plant height, substrate level to top of inflorescences.—About 28 cm.Plant diameter or spread.—About 31.1 cm.Leaf description:Arrangement and quantity.—Distichous, simple; sessile; about four leaves per plant.Length.—About 18.6 cm.Width.—About 7.8 cm.Aspect.—Outwardly arching.Shape.—Narrowly obovate to narrowly elliptic-oblong; slightly carinate.Apex.—Unequal acute.Base.—Sheathing. Sheath length: About 1.8 cm. Sheath width: About 1.1 cm. Sheath color: Close to 144B to 144C; towards the margins, close to 143B.Margin.—Entire; not undulate.Texture and luster, upper surface.—Smooth, glabrous; slightly glossy.Texture and luster, lower surface.—Smooth, glabrous; moderately glossy.Venation pattern.—Camptodromous.Color.—Developing leaves, upper surface: Close to 137A. Developing leaves, lower surface: Close to 146A; margin edges, close to N186C. Fully expanded leaves, upper surface: Close to a blend of 137B and 146A; venation, close to NN137B. Fully expanded leaves, lower surface: Close to a blend of 146B and 146C; margin edges, close to 199A; venation, close to 137A.Inflorescence description:Appearance and flowering habit.—Showy zygomorphic flowers arranged on axillary simple or branched racemes; typically two to three inflorescences per plant; each inflorescence with about 14 flowers; flowers face outwardly on outwardly arching inflorescences supported by upright peduncles; flowers with three petals, two lateral petals and one center petal transformed into a labellum and three sepals.Fragrance.—None detected.Time to flower.—Plants begin flowering about six months after planting; plants flower naturally during the winter into the spring.Flower longevity.—Long flowering period, individual flowers maintain good substance for about ten weeks on the plant; flowers not persistent.Inflorescence length(lowermost flower to inflorescence apex).—About 15.7 cm.Inflorescence width.—About 12.6 cm.Flower buds.—Height: About 1.6 cm. Diameter: About 1.2 cm by 1.4 cm. Shape: Broadly ovate. Color: Close to 151A; venation, close to a blend of 178A and 183B.Flower size.—About 5.4 cm (vertical) by 5.6 cm (horizontal).Flower depth.—About 4.4 cm.Petals, quantity and arrangement.—Three, two lateral petals and one center petal transformed into a labellum.Lateral petals.—Length: About 2.7 cm. Width: About 3.1 cm. Shape: Roughly reniform. Apex: Obtuse to rounded. Margin: Entire; moderately and finely undulate. Texture and luster, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous, velvety; matte. Color: When opening, upper surface: Close to N155B and NN155D; towards the base, close to N78D; heavily blotched and marbled with close to N79B, N79C and 187A to 187C. When opening, lower surface: Close to 156C, 156D and 157B; towards the margins, close to N155B to N155C; moderately to heavily blotched with close to 187B and 187C. Fully opened, upper surface: Close to NN155D; towards the base, close to N78D; heavily blotched and marbled with close to 60A, N79B, N79C and 187A to 187B; color does not change with subsequent development. Fully opened, lower surface: Close to 76C; towards the margins, close to N155A; moderately to heavily blotched with close to 77A and N79C; color does not change with subsequent development.Labella.—Appearance: Three-parted with two lateral lobes and a central lobe. Length, lateral lobes: About 1.7 cm. Width, lateral lobes: About 1 cm. Length, central lobe: About 1.9 cm. Width, central lobe: About 5 mm to 16 mm. Length, Cirrhose tips: About 5 mm. Shape, lateral lobes: Obovate. Shape, central lobe: Deltoid with a slightly elongated apex. Apex, lateral lobes: Obtuse. Apex, central lobe: Cleft with two curved cirrhose apices. Margins, lateral and central lobes: Entire. Texture and luster, lateral and central lobes, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous, moderately velvety; matte. Callosities: Located at the base of the labellum and attachment point of the lateral petals; about 3 mm in length, about 4.5 mm in width and about 3 mm in height. Color: When opening, upper surface: Lateral lobes: Close to NN155D; towards the base, close to 59A and 59B; towards the margins, close to 5C. Central lobe: Close to 4A to 4B; sparsely dotted, close to 181B; narrow area, close to NN155B; cirrhose tips, close to NN155B; towards the base, close to a blend of 79A and N186B. Callosities: Close to a blend of 79A and N186B. When opening, lower surface: Lateral lobes: Close to NN155D; towards the base, close to 76B; towards the margins, close to 5C. Central lobe: Close to 4A to 4B; moderately dotted, close to 70A and 70B; narrow area, close to NN155B; cirrhose tips, close to NN155B; towards the base, close to 197D. Fully opened, upper surface: Lateral lobes: Close to NN155D; towards the base, close to 59A and 59B; towards the margins, close to 6B to 6C. Central lobe: Close to 10A; sparsely dotted, close to 181B; narrow area, close to NN155B; cirrhose tips, close to NN155B; towards the base, close to a blend of 79A and N186B. Callosities: Close to a blend of 79A and N79A. Fully opened, lower surface: Lateral lobes: Close to NN155D; towards the base, close to 76B; towards the margins, close to 7B. Central lobe: Close to 4A; moderately dotted, close to 70A and 70B; narrow area, close to NN155B; cirrhose tips, close to NN155B; towards the base, close to 197D.Sepals.—Quantity and arrangement: Three, one upper dorsal sepal and two lower lateral sepals. Length, dorsal sepal: About 2.8 cm. Width, dorsal sepal: About 2.2 cm. Length, lateral sepals: About 2.8 cm. Width, lateral sepals: About 1.9 cm. Shape, dorsal sepal: Broadly elliptic. Shape, lateral sepals: Ovate. Apex, dorsal sepal: Shallowly and broadly retuse. Apex, lateral sepals: Acute to obtuse. Base, dorsal and lateral sepals: Truncate. Margin, dorsal and lateral sepals: Entire. Texture and luster, dorsal and lateral sepals, upper surface: Smooth, glabrous, moderately velvety; matte. Texture and luster, dorsal and lateral sepals, lower surface: Smooth, glabrous, slightly velvety; slightly glossy. Color, dorsal sepal: When opening, upper surface: Close to NN155B; towards the base, close to N78C and N78D; heavily blotched and marbled with close to N79B, N79C and 187A to 187C. When opening, lower surface: Close to 195B; towards the margins, close to 75C and 75D and heavily blotched with close to N186C and N186D; venation, close to N186C and N186D. Fully opened, upper surface: Close to NN155D; towards the base, close to N78C, N78D and NN78A; heavily blotched and marbled with close to 60A and N79A to N79C; color does not change with subsequent development. Fully opened, lower surface: Close to N155B; towards the base, close to 157D; towards the margins, close to 71A and N79C; venation, close to N186D; color does not change with subsequent development. Color, lateral sepals: When opening, upper surface: Close to 157C; towards the base, close to 157A; heavily blotched and marbled with close to N79B, N79C and 187A to 187C. When opening, lower surface: Close to 160A and 160B; towards the margins, heavily blotched with close to N186D and 187A; venation, close to N186D and 187A. Fully opened, upper surface: Close to 157D; towards the base, close to 157B; heavily blotched and marbled with close to 71A and N79B, N79C and N186D; color does not change with subsequent development. Fully opened, lower surface: Close to 75D and 157A; towards the base, close to N170D; heavily blotched, close to N186D; venation, close to N186D; color does not change with subsequent development.Peduncles.—Length: About 28.8 cm. Diameter: About 4.5 mm. Strength: Strong. Aspect: Upright to outwardly arching. Texture and luster: Smooth, glabrous; matte. Color: Close to 148A; moderately to densely covered with fine dots and marbling, close to 138A and 138B.Pedicels.—Length: About 2.7 cm. Diameter: About 2.5 mm. Strength: Moderately strong. Aspect: About 65 degrees from peduncle axis. Texture and luster: Smooth, glabrous; matte. Color: Upper surface: Close to 187B to 187C; distally, close to 75C. Lower surface: Close to 145C; distally, close to 157D.Reproductive organs.—Androecium: Column length: About 8 mm. Column width: About 5 mm. Column color: Close to N78B; distally, close to a blend of N78A and N79C. Pollinia quantity: Two. Pollinia diameter (per two pollinia): About 2 mm. Pollinia color: Close to 23A. Gynoecium: Stigma length: About 3 mm. Stigma width: About 4 mm. Stigma shape: Reniform. Stigma color: Close to 76C; margins, close to 77B. Ovary length: About 5 mm. Ovary diameter: About 1 mm. Ovary color: Close to 147D. Seeds and fruits: To date, seed and fruit development have not been observed on plants of the newPhalaenopsis.Pathogen & pest resistance: To date, plants of the newPhalaenopsishave not been shown to be resistant to pathogens and pests common toPhalaenopsisplants.Temperature tolerance: Plants of the newPhalaenopsishave been observed to tolerate high temperatures about 40 C and are suitable for USDA Hardiness Zones 10 to 12. | 11,009 |
PP35660 | DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW VARIETY The following detailed description sets forth the distinctive characteristics of ‘PHA777638’. Plants of the newPhalaenopsishave not been observed under all possible environmental conditions. The phenotype may vary somewhat with variations in environment such as temperature, light intensity, and day length, without, however, any variance in genotype. The chart used in the identification of colors described herein is the R.H.S. Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society, London, England, 2015 edition, except where general color terms of ordinary significance are used. The color values were determined under 4000-6000 lux natural light in a greenhouse in Bleiswijk, the Netherlands. Observations and measurements were made in April 2023 on flowering plants which were planted in 12-centimeter (diameter) pots. After in vitro propagation, the plants were grown in nursery trays for 20-24 weeks, followed by transplantation to 12-centimeter pots and grown in a greenhouse between 27° C. to 29° C. for 30 weeks, continued by a cooling period of 8 weeks between 18° C. to 20° C. and 12 weeks in a greenhouse of 21° C. Flowering occurs after 50 weeks in 12-centimeter pots. DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Classification:Family.—Orchidaceae.Botanical.—Phalaenopsishybrid.Common name.—Moth orchid.Variety name.—‘PHA777638’.Parentage:Female parent.—Phalaenopsiscultivar ‘00001-4992’ (unpatented).Male parent.—Phalaenopsiscultivar ‘PHALLOEL’ (unpatented).Propagation:Type.—Meristem tissue culture.Roots:Root description.—Greyed-green colored roots (a color in between RHS 190B and RHS 190C) with branching lateral roots having yellow-green (RHS 146D) colored root tips.Plant:Crop time to flowering.—Following asexual propagation (in vitro), the rooted cuttings grow for 20-24 weeks. After transplantation into 12-cm, pots, the plants are finished after 48 to 50 weeks.Growth habit of the peduncle.—Upright to slightly pendent with panicle and raceme inflorescence.Height(from soil level to top of inflorescence).—Approximately 59.0 cm to 64.0 cm.Width(measured from leaf tips).—About 35.0 cm to 37.0 cm.Vigor.—Strong.Leaves:Mature leaves.—Quantity per plant: 9 to 10 leaves are produced before flowering. Length (fully expanded): 19.0 cm to 21.0 cm. Width: 6.0 cm to 7.0 cm. Position of the broadest part of the leaf: At the middle. Shape: Oblong. Base shape: Moderately elongated. Apex: Obtuse asymmetric. Leaf blade angle with the petiole (measured from the horizontal position): Between 25 degrees and 40 degrees. Leaf margin: Entire. Color: Upper surface: RHS 146A with a small brown margin (RHS 200C) toward the tip. Lower surface: RHS 146B with a purple margin (RHS N77A) toward the tip. Texture (both upper and lower surfaces): Smooth. Thickness: 2.0 mm to 3.0 mm. Variegation: Absent. Venation: Pattern: Parallel. Color of the midvein: Upper surface: RHS 146A. Lower surface: RHS 146B.Peduncle:Quantity per plant.—2.Number of flowers per peduncle.—15 to 25.Length.—59.0 cm to 64.0 cm.Diameter.—5.0 mm to 6.0 mm.Strength.—Strong.Aspect.—Upright to slightly pendent.Texture.—Smooth.Color.—Brown (RHS 200A) with a touch of light green (RHS 195A).Internode length.—3.5 cm to 5.5 cm.Inflorescence description:Appearance.—Upright to slightly pendent, panicle and raceme inflorescence with bilaterally symmetrical flowers that open in succession beginning with the lowermost flower.Number of inflorescences.—2.Inflorescence size.—Height (from base to tip): 330.0 mm to 430.0 mm.Flowering time.—First flowers can be expected 10 to 11 months after planting in a 12-cm pot.Flower.—Height: 75.0 mm to 80.0 mm. Diameter: 85.0 mm to 90.0 mm. Depth of lip: 22.0 mm to 24.0 mm.Flower shape.—Flat.Flower longevity.—On the plant: 7 to 9 weeks.Fragrance.—Absent.Flower bud.—Average size: Medium to large. Length: 21.0 mm to 23.0 mm. Width: 17.0 mm to 19.0 mm. Shape: Egg shaped. Color: Touch of yellow-green (RHS 145B) at the base; dark purplish-red (a color in between RHS N79C and RHS N79D) toward the tip.Petals.—Arrangement: Open/free. Shape: Moderately compressed to medium. Apex: Emarginated asymmetric. Margin: Moderately undulated. Length (from base to tip): 42.0 mm to 44.0 mm. Width: 52.0 mm to 54.0 mm. Position of the broadest part of the petal: Toward the base. Color (when fully opened): Upper surface: Basic color: Purplish-pink (RHS N78C). Over color: Light purple (RHS 76A); dotted at the base RHS N78A; shaded RHS N78B. Lower surface: Basic color: Purplish-pink (RHS N78C). Over color: A touch of very light purple (RHS 76B) at the base and reddish-purple (RHS N78B) on sides. Number of spots, dots, and stripes on the petals (upper surface): Medium number of very small dots. Color of spots, dots, and stripes on the petals (upper surface): RHS N78A. Density of netting of the petals (upper surface): None. Color of the netting (upper surface): Not applicable.Dorsal sepal.—Shape: Elliptic. Apex: Emarginated symmetric. Margin: Entire. Length (from base to tip): 41.0 mm to 43.0 mm. Width: 26.0 mm to 28.0 mm. Position of the broadest part of the dorsal sepals: At the middle. Color (when fully opened): Upper surface: Basic color: Reddish-purple (RHS N78B). Over color: Very light purple dots (RHS 76B); reddish-purple shade and netting (RHS N78B). Lower surface: Basic color: Reddish-purple (RHS N78B). Over color: Light yellow-green (RHS 145D) and very light purple dots (RHS 76C). Number of spots, dots, and stripes on the dorsal sepals (upper surface): Very many of very small dots. Color of spots, dots, and stripes on the dorsal sepals (upper surface): RHS 76B. Density of netting of the dorsal sepals (upper surface): Very low. Color of the netting: RHS N78B.Lateral sepals.—Shape: Ovate. Apex: Obtuse asymmetric. Margin: Entire. Length (from base to tip): 42.0 mm to 44.0 mm. Width: 24.0 mm to 26.0 mm. Position of the broadest part of the lateral sepals: Toward the base. Color (when fully opened): Upper surface: Basic color: Reddish-purple (RHS N78B). Over color: Light yellow-green (RHS 145D) with small purplish-red dots (RHS 64A) at the base; very small number of very light purple dots (RHS 76B) scattered all over sepal. Lower surface: Basic color: Reddish-purple (RHS N78B). Over color: Light yellow-green (RHS 145D) at the base; very light purple dots (RHS 76C). Number of spots, dots, and stripes on the lateral sepals (upper surface): Medium number of small dots and very many of very small spots. Color of spots, dots, and stripes on the lateral sepals (upper surface): Small dots RHS 64A and very small dots RHS 76B. Density of netting of the lateral sepals (upper surface): None. Color of the netting (upper surface): Not applicable.Labellum(lip).—Whiskers: Present. Length of whiskers: 13.0 mm to 15.0 mm. Color of whiskers: Reddish-purple (RHS N78B) with white tips (RHS NN155C). Pubescence on the lip: Absent.Lateral lobe.—Shape: Type V (as described in the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) Test Guidelines forPhalaenopsis); spatulate. Margin: Moderately undulated. Length: 23.0 mm to 25.0 mm. Width: 15.0 mm to 17.0 mm. Color: Upper surface: White (RHS NN155C) with a touch of yellow (RHS 5D) and stripes (RHS 178B) at the base; light reddish-purple (RHS N78D) and shaded RHS N78B toward the margins. Lower surface: White (RHS NN155C) on one side at the base; purplish-pink (RHS N78C) on the other side; reddish-purple (RHS N78B) toward the tips and other margin. Number of spots and stripes on the lateral lobe: Few stripes. Color of spots and stripes on the lateral lobe: RHS 178B. Density of netting of the lateral lobe: None. Color of the netting: None.Apical lobe.—Shape: Trullate. Margin: Entire. Length: 22.0 mm to 24.0 mm. Width: 21.0 mm to 23.0 mm. Color: Upper surface: Light greenish-yellow margin (RHS 7D) and spotted RHS 178B at the base; reddish-purple (RHS N78B) toward the whiskers. Lower surface: Reddish-purple (RHS N78A). Number of spots and stripes on the apical lobe: Few spots. Color of spots and stripes on the apical lobe: RHS 178B. Density of netting of the apical lobe: None. Color of the netting: None. Bump and ridge (upper and lower surface): Not present.Callus.—Average size: Medium. Height: 7.0 mm to 8.0 mm. Length: 5.0 mm to 6.0 mm. Width: 4.0 mm to 5.0 mm. Color: Greenish-yellow (RHS 7C), dotted RHS 59B; yellowish-white (RHS NN155A) on sides.Reproductive organs:Column.—Length: 10.0 mm to 11.0 mm. Diameter: 4.0 mm to 5.0 mm. Color: White (RHS NN155D) at the base; purplish-pink (RHS N78C) toward tips.Pollinia.—Quantity: 2. Diameter: 1.0 mm to 1.2 mm. Color: Orange (RHS 24A).Ovary.—Length: 10.0 mm to 12.0 mm. Diameter: 2.1 mm to 2.4 mm.Pedicel.—Length: 37.0 mm to 39.0 mm. Diameter: 2.5 mm to 2.8 mm. Color: Touch of dark red (RHS N186D) at the base; light yellow-green (RHS 195B); light purple (RHS 76A) toward the flower. Texture: Smooth.Disease, pest, and stress resistance: No specific resistance or susceptibility observed to pathogens and pests common toPhalaenopsisto date.Fruit and seeds: Fruit and seed development has not been observed on plants of the newPhalaenopsisto date. COMPARISON WITH PARENTAL LINES AND MOST SIMILAR VARIETIES ‘PHA777638’ differs from the female parent plant, cultivar ‘00001-4992’ (unpatented), in that ‘PHA777638’ has trullate apical lobes and petals that are moderately to medium compressed, whereas ‘00001-4992’ has triangular apical lobes and petals that are moderately compressed. ‘PHA777638’ differs from the male parent plant, cultivar ‘PHALLOEL’ (unpatented), in that ‘PHA777638’ has a medium number of spots on the petals with no stripes on the petals and the apex of the dorsal sepal is emarginated, whereas ‘PHALLOEL’ does not have any spots on the petals, but a medium number of stripes on the petals and the apex of the dorsal sepal is obtuse. ‘PHA777638’ is most similar to the commercialPhalaenopsisplants named ‘PHA441188’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. PP34,942) and ‘PHALGEXPA’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. PP30,436). ‘PHA777638’ differs from the commercial variety ‘PHA441188’ in that ‘PHA777638’ has trullate apical lobes and no stripes on the apical lobes, and short to medium whiskers, whereas ‘PHA441188’ has rhombic apical lobes having many stripes on apical lobes, and very short to short whiskers. Additionally, ‘PHA777638’ has a medium number of spots and no stripes on the petals, whereas ‘PHA441188’ has many stripes on the petals, but no spots. ‘PHA777638’ differs from the commercial variety ‘PHALGEXPA’ in that ‘PHA777638’ has strong curvature of the lateral lobes, whereas ‘PHALGEXPAI’ has medium curvature of the lateral lobes. Additionally, ‘PHA777638’ has trullate apical lobes, whereas ‘PHALGEXPA’ has triangular apical lobes. | 10,736 |
PP35661 | DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW VARIETY The following detailed description sets forth the distinctive characteristics of ‘PHA601241’. Plants of the newPhalaenopsishave not been observed under all possible environmental conditions. The phenotype may vary somewhat with variations in environment such as temperature, light intensity, and day length, without, however, any variance in genotype. The chart used in the identification of colors described herein is The R.H.S. Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society, London, England, 2015 edition, except where general color terms of ordinary significance are used. The color values were determined under 4000-6000 lux natural light in a greenhouse in Bleiswijk, the Netherlands. Observations and measurements were made in April 2023 on flowering plants which were planted in 12-centimeter (diameter) pots. After in vitro propagation, the plants were grown in nursery trays for 20-24 weeks, followed by transplantation to 12-centimeter pots and grown in a greenhouse between 27° C. to 29° C. for 30 weeks, continued by a cooling period of 8 weeks between 18° C. to 20° C. and 1.2 weeks in a greenhouse of 21° C. Flowering occurs after 50 weeks in 12-centimeter pots. DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Classification:Family.—Orchidaceae.Botanical.—Phalaenopsishybrid.Common name.—Moth orchid.Variety name.—‘PHA601241’.Parentage:Female parent.—Phalaenopsiscultivar ‘00001-5221’ (unpatented).Male parent.—Phalaenopsiscultivar ‘12-050809-0001’ (unpatented).Propagation:Type.—Meristem tissue culture.Roots:Root description.—Greyed-green colored roots (a color in between RHS 190B and RHS 190C) with branching lateral roots having light yellow-green (RHS 145C) with a touch of purplish-red (RHS N77B) colored root tips.Plant:Crop time to flowering.—Following asexual propagation (in vitro), the rooted cuttings grow for 20-24 weeks. After transplantation into 12-cm pots, the plants are finished after 48 to 50 weeks.Growth habit of the peduncle.—Upright to slightly pendent with panicle inflorescence.Height(from soil level to top of inflorescence).—Approximately 62.0 cm to 67.0 cm.Width(measured from leaf tips).—About 41.0 cm to 43.0 cm.Vigor.—Strong.Leaves:Mature leaves.—Quantity per plant: 9 to 10 leaves are produced before flowering. Length (fully expanded): 22.0 cm to 24.0 cm. Width: 8.5 cm to 9.5 cm. Position of the broadest part of the leaf: At the middle. Shape: Oblong. Base shape: Moderately elongated. Apex: Obtuse asymmetric. Leaf blade angle with the petiole (measured from the horizontal position): Between 30 degrees and 45 degrees. Leaf margin: Entire. Color: Upper surface: RHS 146A. Lower surface: RHS 146B. Texture (both upper and lower surfaces): Smooth. Thickness: 2.0 mm to 3.0 mm. Variegation: Absent. Venation: Pattern: Parallel. Color of the midvein: Upper surface: RHS 147A. Lower surface: RHS 144A.Peduncle:Quantity per plant.—2.Number of flowers per peduncle.—23 to 28.Length.—62.0 cm to 67.0 cm.Diameter.—7.0 mm to 8.0 mm.Strength.—Strong.Aspect.—Upright to slightly pendent.Texture.—Smooth.Color.—Mix of reddish-brown (RHS 200B) and yellow-green (RHS 146D).Internode length.—2.5 cm to 3.0 cm.Inflorescence description:Appearance.—Upright to slightly pendent, panicle inflorescence with bilaterally symmetrical flowers that open in succession beginning with the lowermost flower.Number of inflorescences.—2.Inflorescence size.—Height (from base to tip): 380.0 mm to 430.0 mm.Flowering time.—First flowers can be expected 10 to 11 months after planting in a 12-cm pot.Flower.—Height: 85.0 mm to 90.0 mm. Diameter: 100.0 mm to 105.0 mm. Depth of lip: 24.0 mm to 26.0 mm.Flower shape.—Flat.Flower longevity.—On the plant: 9 to 11 weeks.Fragrance.—Absent.Flower bud.—Average size: Large. Length: 25.0 mm to 27.0 mm. Width: 23.0 mm to 25.0 mm. Shape: Egg shaped. Color: Light yellow-green (a color in between RHS 145C and RHS 160C) with diluting purplish-red stripes and shade (RHS 186B).Petals.—Arrangement: Open/free. Shape: Moderately compressed. Apex: Rounded asymmetric. Margin: Entire. Length (from base to tip): 45.0 mm to 47.0 mm. Width: 62.0 mm to 64.0 mm. Position of the broadest part of the petal: Toward the base. Color (when fully opened): Upper surface: Basic color: Light purple (RHS 76A). Over color: Few reddish-purple stripes (RHS N78B) at the middle; purplish-pink stripes and netting (RHS N78C); white small margin (RHS NN155C). Lower surface: Basic color: Very light purple (RHS 76B). Over color: Light reddish-purple stripes (RHS N78D); white region (RHS NN155D) at the middle. Number of spots and stripes on the lateral sepals (upper surface): Many. Color of spots and stripes on the lateral sepals (upper surface): Few reddish-purple stripes (RHS N78B); purplish-pink (RHS N78C) toward margins. Density of netting of the lateral sepals (upper surface): None. Color of the netting (upper surface): Purplish-pink (RHS N78C).Dorsal sepal.—Shape: Broad elliptic. Apex: Emarginated symmetric. Margin: Entire. Length (from base to tip): 57.0 mm to 59.0 mm. Width: 37.0 mm to 39.0 mm. Position of the broadest part of the dorsal sepals: At middle. Color (when fully opened): Upper surface: Basic color: Very light purple (RHS 76B). Over color: Reddish-purple stripes (RHS N78B) and purplish-pink netting (RHS N78C). Lower surface: Basic color: Very light purple (RHS 76C). Over color: Yellow-green (RHS 145D) and diluting light purple netting (RHS 76A). Number of spots and stripes on the dorsal sepals (upper surface): Medium. Color of spots and stripes on the dorsal sepals (upper surface): RHS N78B. Density of netting of the dorsal sepals (upper surface): Medium. Color of the netting (upper surface): Purplish-pink (RHS N78C).Lateral sepals.—Shape: Ovate. Apex: Obtuse asymmetric. Margin: Entire. Length (from base to tip): 49.0 mm to 51.0 mm. Width: 32.0 mm to 34.0 mm. Position of the broadest part of the lateral sepals: Toward the base. Color (when fully opened): Upper surface: Basic color: Very light purple (RHS 76B). Over color: Light yellow-green (RHS 145C); reddish-purple stripes (RHS N78B) and purplish-pink netting (RHS N78C). Lower surface: Basic color: Very light purple (RHS 76C). Over color: Light yellow-green (RHS 145D) and diluting very light purple netting (RHS 76B). Number of spots and stripes on the lateral sepals (upper surface): Medium. Color of spots and stripes on the lateral sepals (upper surface): Reddish-purple (RHS N78B). Density of netting of the lateral sepals (upper surface): Medium. Color of the netting (upper surface): Purplish-pink (RHS N78C).Labellum(lip).—Whiskers: Present. Length of whiskers: 13.0 mm to 15.0 mm. Color of whiskers: Reddish-purple (RHS N78A) with purplish-red tips (RHS 61A). Pubescence on the lip: Absent.Lateral lobe.—Shape: Type V (as described in the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) Test Guidelines forPhalaenopsis); spatulate. Margin: Moderately undulated. Length: 22.0 mm to 24.0 mm. Width: 16.0 mm to 18.0 mm. Color: Upper surface: Touch of light greenish-yellow (RHS 4C) with dark red stripes (RHS 59A) at the base; dark reddish-orange (RHS 178B) from the base toward margin on one side; reddish-purple (RHS N78B) toward margin on the other side; light purple toward the tip (RHS 76A). Lower surface: White (RHS 155C) at the base toward margin on one side; dark reddish-orange (RHS 178B) toward margin on the other side; purplish-pink (RHS N78C) toward the tip. Number of spots and stripes on the lateral, lobe: Few stripes. Color of spots and stripes on the lateral lobe: Dark red (RHS 59A). Density of netting of the lateral lobe: None. Color of the netting: Not applicable.Apical lobe.—Shape: Triangular. Margin: Entire. Length: 20.0 mm to 22.0 mm. Width: 26.0 mm to 28.0 mm. Color: Upper surface: Reddish-orange (a color in between RHS 178B and RHS 178C) at the base and toward wings; reddish-purple (RHS NN78A) toward whiskers. Lower surface: Reddish-orange margin (RHS 178C) at the base; white (RHS NN155D) at the middle from base toward whiskers; reddish-purple (RHS N78B) on sides toward whiskers. Number of spots and stripes on the apical lobe: None. Color of spots and stripes on the apical lobe: Not applicable. Density of netting of the apical lobe: None. Color of the netting: Not applicable. Bump and ridge (upper and lower surface): Absent.Callus.—Average size: Medium to large. Height: 8.0 mm to 9.0 mm. Length: 7.0 mm to 8.0 mm. Width: 4.0 mm to 5.0 mm. Color: Light greenish-yellow (RHS 8C) on sides; reddish-orange (RHS 174B) on front side; yellow (RHS 17B) toward tips; dark reddish-orange spots and stripes (RHS 178B).Reproductive organs:Column.—Length: 10.0 mm to 11.0 mm. Diameter: 6.0 mm to 7.0 mm. Color: Light purple (RHS N75B).Pollinia.—Quantity: 2. Diameter: 0.8 mm to 0.9 mm. Color: Orange (RHS 24A).Ovary.—Length: 10.0 mm to 12.0 mm. Diameter: 2.6 mm to 3.0 mm.Pedicel.—Length: 34.0 mm to 36.0 mm. Diameter: 3.1 mm to 3.6 mm. Color: Touch of brown (RHS 200C) at the base; yellow-green (RHS 146D) and light purple (RHS 75A) toward the flower. Texture: Smooth.Disease, pest, and stress resistance: No specific resistance or susceptibility observed to pathogens and pests common toPhalaenopsisto date.Fruit and seeds: Fruit and seed development has not been observed on plants of the newPhalaenopsisto date. COMPARISON WITH PARENTAL LINES AND MOST SIMILAR VARIETIES ‘PHA601241’ differs from the female parent plant, cultivar ‘00001-5221’ (unpatented), in that ‘PHA601241’ has wider flowers having no dots on the petals, and much longer plant length, whereas ‘00001-5221’ has more narrow flowers with many dots on the petals, and shorter plant length. ‘PHA601241’ differs from the male parent plant, cultivar ‘12-050809-0001’ (unpatented), in that ‘PHA601241’ has light purple petals with many stripes on the petals, and more narrow flowers, whereas ‘12-050809-0001’ has white petals with no stripes on the petals, and wider flowers than ‘PHA601241’. ‘PHA601241’ is most similar to the commercialPhalaenopsisplants named ‘PHALGEXPA’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 30,436) and ‘PHALVAPYH’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 31,052). ‘PHA601241’ differs from the commercial variety ‘PHALGEXPA’ in that ‘PHA601241’ has a wider flower, moderately compressed petals, and concave dorsal sepals, whereas ‘PHALGEXPA’ has a narrow flower, moderately compressed to medium petals, and straight dorsal sepals. ‘PHA601241’ differs from the commercial variety ‘PHALVAPYH’ in that ‘PHA601241’ has moderately compressed petals, medium length whiskers, and broad leaves, whereas ‘PHALVAPYH’ has moderately compressed to medium petals, short whiskers, and medium to broad leaves. | 10,671 |
PP35662 | DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW VARIETY The following detailed description sets forth the distinctive characteristics of ‘AN2684808’. The data which define these characteristics were collected from asexual reproductions carried out in Bleiswijk, the Netherlands. The plant history was taken on 60-week-old plants which were planted from tissue culture in 17-centimeter (diameter) pots and grown in a glass greenhouse between 19° C. and 24° C. Observations were made in May 2023. Color readings were taken under 5000 lux natural light in the greenhouse. Color references are primarily to The R.H.S. Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society of London (R.H.S.) (2015). DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Classification:Family.—Araceae.Botanical.—Anthurium andraeanumL.Common name.—Anthurium.Denomination.—‘AN2684808’.Parentage:Female parent.—Anthuriumplant ‘05-011298-0003’ (unpatented).Male parent.—Anthuriumplant ‘05-008812-0003’ (unpatented).Plant:Propagation.—Tissue culture.Root description.—Fleshy-creamy (RHS 161D) colored roots and small, hairy lateral roots having small yellow (RHS 7A) colored root tips.Time to produce a finished flowering plant.—55 to 66 weeks after planting in a 17- cm (diameter) pot.Growth habit.—Upright.Height(measured from soil, including inflorescence).—70.0 cm to 80.0 cm.Width(measured from leaf tips).—45.0 cm to 50.0 cm.Leaves:Immature leaves.—Length: 27.0 cm to 30.0 cm. Width: 18.0 cm to 20.0 cm. Color: Upper surface: Green (RHS 146B) with red tips (RHS 185A). Lower surface: Green (RHS 146C) with red tips (RHS 184B). Texture (both upper and lower surfaces): Leathery, soft, thin, and strongly glossy.Mature leaves.—Length (fully expanded): 30.0 cm to 33.0 cm. Width: 20.0 cm to 22.0 cm. Shape: Elliptical cordate. Apex: Acuminate. Base: Cordate. Leaf blade angle with the petiole: Between 90 degrees and 110 degrees. Leaf margin: Entire. Color: Upper surface: Green (RHS 147A). Lower surface: Green (RHS 146B). Texture (on both surface): Leathery, thick, smooth, and weakly glossy. Venation: Pinnate veining; the mid-vein and primary veins (the veins which radiate out from junction of petiole and leaf) protrude at the underside of the leaf blade. Venation color: Upper surface: Dark red (RHS 187A). Lower surface: Green (RHS 187B).Lobes.—Present. Arrangement: Leaf blade has two lobes extending past the petiole. The lobes are non-touching. Length of lobes of mature leaf blades: 8.0 cm to 9.0 cm. Width of lobes of mature leaf blades: 8.5 cm to 9.5 cm. Distance from petiole/leaf junction to highest point on lobes of mature leaf blades: 7.0 cm to 8.0 cm.Petiole.—Cross-section: Round. Diameter: 0.5 cm to 0.6 cm. Length: 47.0 cm to 49.0 cm for a mature leaf size. Color: Mature leaf: Reddish-brown (RHS 200B). Immature leaf: Green (RHS 144A) with a red shade (RHS 181A) on the front side. Cataphyll color surrounding the petiole: Outside: Green (RHS 144C) at the base, red (RHS 178A) and dark red (RHS 183A) toward the tips. Inside: Light yellow-green (RHS 145D).Geniculum.—Length: 4.0 cm to 5.0 cm. Width: 0.6 cm to 0.7 cm. Color: Green (RHS 144B) and dark red (RHS 187B) in the front.Inflorescence:Arrangement.—Single.Flowering habit(length of flowering season).—Continuous.Number of inflorescences per plant.—5 to 7 flowers in a period of one year.Fragrance.—Absent.Longevity of inflorescence on plant.—35 to 40 days.Spathe:Buds.—The spathe is tightly rolled around the spadix and extrudes from the peduncle sheath.Arrangement.—Spathe angle with the peduncle is between 160 degrees and 170 degrees; the spathe stands on a wiry peduncle about 5.0 cm to 10.0 cm above the foliage.Shape.—Cordate.Apex.—Caudate.Base.—Cordate.Texture.—Weakly blistered and strongly glossy.Margin.—Undulated.Size.—Length: 13.0 cm to 14.0 cm. Width: 16.0 cm to 17.0 cm.Lobes.—Present. Arrangement: The spathe has two lobes extending past the peduncle. The lobes are incurved, but not touching. Length: 1.5 cm to 2.5 cm. Width: 4.5 cm to 5.5 cm.Color.—Just fully open: Upper surface: Green (RHS 144A) with red venation (RHS 183B) and red tips (RHS 46A). Lower surface: Green (RHS 144A) on one side and RHS 144B on the other side; diluting red (RHS 184B) at the tips and margins. This green color remains for a very long period, at least more than 30 weeks after opening.Peduncle:Shape.—Erect.Cross-section.—Round.Length.—56.0 cm to 61.0 cm.Diameter.—0.6 cm to 0.7 cm.Color.—Brown (RHS 200C).Flowering time:General.—One small, rooted, untreated tissue culture plant of 4.0 cm tall will flower for the first time, depending on the season, after 30 to 35 weeks.Spadix:Size.—Length: 8.0 cm to 9.0 cm (depending on flower size). Width (at apex): 0.7 cm to 0.9 cm. Width (at base): 1.0 cm to 1.2 cm.Shape.—Columnar.Angle of spadix tip with peduncle.—160 degrees to 180 degrees.Texture.—When the spathe is unfurling, the spadix is smooth. When the spadix matures, small stigmata protrude. The stigmata are evenly distributed around the spadix. The spadix matures from base to top, slowly giving the spadix a somewhat rough appearance.Color.—Immature: Dark red (RHS 183B). Mature: Dark red (RHS 187B). Ages to: Brown (RHS 200C).Flowers:Quantity per spadix.—490 to 540.Spadix flower arrangement.—Bisexual, rounded in cross-section.Shape.—Rounded.Size.—Length: 0.05 cm to 0.10 cm. Diameter (maximum): 0.10 cm.Color.—RHS 186C.Reproductive organs:Stamens.—Not visible.Pollen amount.—Absent.Pistil.—Quantity: 450 to 500. Length: Less than 0.01 cm. Color: RHS 186C.Style.—Not observed to date.Stigma.—Shape: Ovoid. Diameter: Less than 0.01 cm. Color: RHS 186C.Ovary.—Rarely visible.Ovary color.—Not measured.Fruit and seed set: Fruit and seed production has not been observed to date.Disease and pest resistance: No specific resistance or susceptibility observed to pathogens or pests common toAnthuriumunder commercial conditions to date. COMPARISON WITH PARENTAL AND SIMILAR COMMERCIAL VARIETIES ‘AN2684808’ differs from the female parent plant ‘05-011298-0003’ (unpatented) in that ‘AN2684808’ has green, strongly glossy spathes and very long, dark red spadices, whereas ‘05-011298-0003’ has pink, very weak glossy spathes and very long red-purple spadices. ‘AN2684808’ differs from the male parent plant ‘05-008812-0003’ (unpatented) in that ‘AN2684808’ has large, cordate spathes and the basal part of the spadices are very long in length and dark red, whereas ‘05-008812-0003’ has medium, orbicular cordate spathes and the basal part of the spadices are short to medium in length and red purple. ‘AN2684808’ differs from the similar commercial variety ‘ANTHILZOR’ (unpatented) in that ‘AN2684808’ has green spathes and strong glossy, dark red spadices, whereas ‘ANTHILZOR’ has pink spathes and very weak glossy, red purple spadices. ‘AN2684808’ differs from the similar commercial variety ‘AN2886834’ (unpatented) in that ‘AN2684808’ has green, cordate spathes and very strong anthocyanin coloration of the peduncle, whereas ‘AN2886834’ has light green, orbicular cordate spathes and very weak to weak anthocyanin coloration of the peduncle. | 7,059 |
PP35663 | BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT The following is a detailed botanical description of the newGaillardiaxgrandifloracultivar ‘Fanfare Serenade’. Observations, measurements, values and comparisons were compiled in Santa Barbara, California from one-year-old plants growing in a 2-gallon container. The plant had been grown in an unheated greenhouse during the rooting stage and transferred to an open-air bed until flowering. Color determinations are made by reference to the 2007 edition of The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart from London, England, except where general color terms of ordinary significance are used.Botanical classification:Genus.—Gaillardia.Species.—xgrandiflora.Variety.—‘Fanfare Serenade’.Common name.—Blanket flower.Parentage.—Gaillardiaxgrandiflora‘Fanfare Serenade’ was selected as seedling which resulted from the controlled cross of the following parent plants: Female parent: ProprietaryGaillardiaseedling G1313-4. Male parent: ProprietaryGaillardiaseedling G1421-2.Propagation method.—Softwood cuttings.Rooting system.—Fine and fibrous, color 156B.Vigor.—Moderate vigor.Time to develop roots.—14 to 20 days are needed for an initial cutting to develop roots.Temperature to develop roots.—The recommended air temperature is 20°-21° Centigrade.Crop time.—Approximately 12 weeks to first flowering from planting a rooted cutting.Growth habit.—Compact, low growing and upright.Branching habit.—Lateral branching is encouraged by pinching or stopping the stem at 5-8 cm above the growing surface.Suggested container size.—1-gallon container.Use.—Ornamental for use as a landscape plant or container plant.Type.—Herbaceous perennial.Height of plant.—45 cm-50 cm.Width of plant.—40 cm.Cultural requirements.—Grow in full sun with moderate water, avoiding drying out or saturation.Resistance or susceptibility to diseases and pests.—In common with all plants of the genus, ‘Fanfare Serenade’ is susceptible to bacterial pathogens associated with overwatering, and to feeding by thrips (Thysanoptera) and aphids (Aphididae).Hardiness.—Survives in USDA Hardiness Zone 6 (not tested in colder zones).Flowering period.—From late April or early May until September or October.Stem:Stem description.—Single stem below point of initial pruning or stopping. Branches then develop from the base of the stem and from the point of pruning.Stem shape.—Terete.Stem dimensions.—2 cm in length (plants were pruned or stopped at this height), 6 mm. in diameter at soil level.Stem internode length.—15 mm-20 mm.Stem color.—145C.Stem surface.—Pubescent, hairs fine, 2 mm in length, color white NN155D.Branches:Branch description.—Primary branches arise from the base and from the first node at which the plants were initially pruned. Secondary branches arise without further pruning as the primary branches begin to flower. All branches bear a terminal inflorescence.Branch shape.—Terete.Branch quantity.—5-6 primary branches, 10-14 secondary branches.Branch dimensions.—Primary branches 30-35 cm in length (to base of peduncle of terminal inflorescence), 3-4 mm in diameter. Secondary branches 25 cm-35 cm in length, 3 mm in diameter.Branch internode length.—1.5 mm-3.0 mm.Branch color.—145C.Branch surface.—Pubescent, hairs fine 1-2 mm in length, color white NN155D.Foliage:Type.—Evergreen.Leaf arrangement.—Alternate.Leaf form.—Simple.Leaf quantity.—8-10 leaves per primary stem, 4-5 leaves per secondary stem.Leaf shape.—Oblanceolate and asymmetrically lobed, 3-4 lobes on each edge.Leaf aspect.—Upward facing.Leaf length.—10.5 cm.Leaf width.—4.2 cm in width.Leaf color(both surfaces).—143C.Margin.—Entire, smooth, glabrous.Leaf apex.—Rounded.Leaf base.—Cordate.Leaf venation pattern.—Pinnate.Veins.—All veins raised on abaxial surface, midrib raised on adaxial surface. Vein color: (both surfaces), 145C.Leaf surface(both surfaces).—Pubescent, fine hairs 2.5 mm-3.5 mm in length, color NN155D.Leaf attachment.—Sessile.Inflorescence:Inflorescence type.—Capitulum.Inflorescence shape.—Radiate with center disc.Inflorescence aspect.—Facing upward.Dimensions of inflorescence.—80 mm in diameter and 25 mm in height.Number of inflorescences per plant.—Approximately 18-25 inflorescences in colored bud and flower at one time.Blooming season.—Spring, summer and fall.Peduncle shape.—Cylindrical, light longitudinal raised ribs, 5-6 ribs per circumference.Peduncle dimensions(above uppermost leaf).—Up to 12.5 cm in length, 3.5 mm in diameter.Peduncle surface.—Pubescent, fine hairs up to 3.5 mm in length, hair color N155D.Peduncle color.—138A between longitudinal ribs, ribs 145B. Anthocyanin coloration present in streaks, color N79C.Peduncle strength.—Strong and stiff.Bud:Shape.—Rotate whorl.Dimensions(immediately prior to cracking color).—12 mm in diameter, 10 mm in depth.Color.—138B.Ray florets:Ray floret shape.—Funnelform.Ray floret surface(both surfaces).—Smooth, glabrous.Ray floret arrangement.—Radiate.Ray floret aspect.—Initially strongly upward-facing, then slightly above the horizontal when newly fully open, then horizontal and drooping as ray florets age and fade.Number of ray florets per inflorescence.—20-22.Fused or unfused.—Ray florets are partially longitudinally fused to form corolla tube.Margins of ray florets.—Entire.Veins of ray florets.—Fine parallel and branched longitudinal veins, color N79B, prominent on outer ray floret surface, fainter on inner ray floret surface.Ray floret dimensions(overall, from base of corolla tube to apex).—37 mm in length, 17 mm in width measured at ray floret apex.Ray floret lastingness.—Ray florets remain fresh and bright for 7-10 days and are self-cleaning thereafter.Corolla tube dimensions(ray florets fused).—11 mm in length, 2 mm in diameter at tube base.Corolla tube color(outer surface).—N34A.Corolla tube color(inner surface).—43A.Ray floret color(both surfaces, excluding yellow apices).—43A.Ray floret apices(both surfaces).—17C coloration extends 3 mm-5 mm inward from ray floret apex.Disc Florets:Disc description.—Closely-packed disc florets initially in flat plane, becoming domed then hemispherical as disc florets expand and age.Quantity of disc florets per inflorescence.—100-120.Disc floret description.—Tubular corolla tube with short free and flared apical section.Disc floret dimensions.—13 mm in length and 3 mm in diameter (apex).Disc floret corolla tube.—8 mm in length.Disc floret tube color.—185B.Disc florets unfused portion(both surfaces).—45A.Chaff(surrounds disc floret corolla tube).—Translucent, paper-like, 6 mm in length, bearing 3 or 4 hair-like spurs, 3-4 mm in length.Chaff color, including spurs.—155A.Involucral bracts:Involucral bracts arrangement.—2-3 whorls of involucral bracts.Involucral bract quantity.—Approximately 25, of which approximately 8 large bracts in lowest whorl and 15-20 small bracts in upper whorls.Shape of involucral bract.—Oblanceolate.Involucral bract dimensions(lowest whorl).—14 mm in length, 6 mm in width.Involucral bract dimensions(upper whorls).—10 mm in length, 3.5 mm in width.Involucral bract margin.—Entire.Involucral bract apex.—Acute.Involucral bract base.—Truncate.Involucral bract color(both surfaces).—143B.Involucral bract surface(both surfaces).—Puberulent.Reproductive organs:Stamens.—Present on disc florets only. Stamen quantity: 5 per disc floret. Filament dimensions: 3 mm in length, less than 0.5 mm in diameter. Filament color: 187B. Anther shape: Ellipsoidal. Anther dimensions: Approximately 3 mm in length, 1.5 mm in diameter. Anther color: 166A. Pollen amount: Light. Pollen color: 17A.Pistil.—Present on disc florets only. Pistil quantity: 1 per disc floret. Style dimensions: 10 mm-12 mm in length, 2 mm in diameter. Style color: 166B. Stigma shape: short, plumose Stigma dimensions: 3 mm in length, 2 mm in diameter. Stigma color: 166B. Ovary (observed immature only): Position, inferior; shape, globose; color 150C. Seed: None found to date. | 7,917 |
PP35664 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The plant descriptions and measurements were taken indoors in Gilroy, California in November 2022 on about 11 weeks old plants. Unrooted cuttings had been planted, 4 plants per pot, in 6 inch pots in August 2022. The plants were pinched and moved to short days in September 2022 to induce flowering. Color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart (R.H.S.) 2001. TABLE 1DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE NEW VARIETY ‘CIDZ0120’AND A MOST SIMILAR VARIETY:‘Syncin Pueblo’,U.S. Plant Pat.‘CIDZ0120’No. 22,305Branching:Wider, moreUpright, fewerbranchesbranchesPlant habit:More compactMore vigorousFlowering response:FasterSlower TABLE 2‘CIDZ0110’, U.S.‘CIDZ0120’Pat. No. 34,335Average foliage length:6.1 cm5.9 cmAverage flower diameter:6.8 cm9.4 cmAverage number of disc207297florets:Flower color:Darker orangeLighter orangebronzebronzePlant:Form, growth and habit.—Herbaceous pot-type, stems upright to moderately angled, freely branching, strong and medium growth habit.Plant height.—15.0 cm.Plant height(inflorescence included).—19.0 cm.Plant width.—34.0 cm.Roots:Number of days to initiate roots.—4 days at about 22 degrees C.Number of days to produce a rooted cutting.—10-12 days at 22 degrees C.Type.—Fine, fibrous, free branching.Color.—RHS N155B but whiter.Foliage:Arrangement.—Alternate.Immature, leaf color, upper surface.—RHS 137A.Lower surface.—RHS 137C.Mature, leaf color, upper surface.—RHS 139A.Lower surface.—RHS 138A.Length.—5.2-7.0 cm.Width.—3.7-5.5 cm.Shape.—Ovate.Base shape.—Attenuate.Apex shape.—Mucronulate.Margin.—Palmately lobed; irregularly incised, somewhat serrate.Texture, upper surface.—Puberlulent.Lower surface.—Puberlulent.Color of veins, upper surface.—RHS 139D.Color of veins, lower surface.—RHS 138B.Pattern of veining.—Palmate.Petiole color.—RHS 139A.Length.—1.8-2.2 cm.Diameter.—0.3-0.5 cm.Texture.—Puberlulent.Stem:Quantity of main branches per plant.—3-4.Color of stem.—RHS 138B.Length of stem.—8.5-12.5 cm.Diameter.—0.4-0.5 cm.Length of internodes.—1.0-2.5 cm.Texture.—Puberlulent.Color of peduncle.—RHS 137C.Length of peduncle.—4.2-7.7 cm.Peduncle diameter.—0.2-0.25 cm.Texture.—Puberlulent.Inflorescence:Type.—Compositae type, single-type inflorescences borne terminally above foliage, ray florets arranged acropetally on a capitulum.Quantity of short days to flowering(response time).—7 weeks.Natural season flowering.—Not determined for this variety.Quantity of inflorescences per plant.—14-20.Lastingness of individual blooms on the plant.—4 weeks.Fragrance.—Slightly spicy.Bud (just when opening/showing color):Color.—Closest to RHS 164D.Length.—0.9 cm.Width.—1.0 cm.Shape.—Oblate.Immature inflorescence:Diameter.—5.7 cm.Color of ray florets, upper surface.—Closest to RHS 167A overlain with RHS 185A.Lower surface.—RHS 162A.Mature inflorescence:Diameter.—6.4-7.2 cm.Depth.—2.8 cm.Total diameter of disc.—2.0 cm.Receptacle color.—RHS 145A.Receptacle height.—0.6 cm.Receptacle diameter.—0.7 cm.Ray florets:Average quantity of florets.—23.Color of florets, upper surface.—Closest to RHS 167A overlain with RHS 179A.Lower surface.—RHS 162B.Length.—2.7-3.2 cm.Width.—0.9-1.0 cm.Shape.—Eliptical.Apex shape.—Obtuse.Margin.—Entire.Texture, upper surface.—Papillose.Lower surface.—Papillose.Disc florets:Average quantity of florets.—207.Color of florets.—RHS 1D.Length.—0.8-0.9 cm.Width.—0.1 cm.Shape.—Tubular, elongated.Apex shape.—Acute, 5 pointed.Phyllaries:Quantity.—Average 25.Color, upper surface.—RHS 139B.Lower surface.—RHS 139B.Length.—0.9-1.0 cm.Width.—0.15-0.25 cm.Shape.—Lanceolate.Apex shape.—Acute.Base.—Fused.Margins.—Entire; slightly papery.Texture, upper surface.—Glabrous.Lower surface.—Puberlulent.Reproductive organs:Pistil.—1, found on both types of florets.Length.—0.7 cm.Style color.—RHS 150D.Style length.—0.6 cm.Stigma color.—RHS 4B.Stigma shape.—Bi-parted.Ovary color.—RHS 155C but more translucent.Stamens.—4, found on only on the disc florets.Color of filaments.—RHS 155C.Length filaments.—0.2 cm.Anther color.—RHS 12A.Anther length.—0.15 cm.Anther shape.—Oval.Color of pollen.—RHS 13A.Pollen amount.—Moderate.Fertility/seed set.—Has not been observed to date.Disease/pest resistance.—Has not been observed to date. | 4,229 |
PP35665 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The following description sets forth the distinctive characteristics of ‘DrisBlueTwentyNine’. The data which define these characteristics is based on observations taken in Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, México from 2015 to 2019. This description is in accordance with UPOV terminology. Color designations, color descriptions, and other phenotypical descriptions may deviate from the stated values and descriptions depending upon variation in environmental, seasonal, climatic and cultural conditions. ‘DrisBlueTwentyNine’ has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions. Unless noted otherwise, the botanical description of ‘DrisBlueTwentyNine’ was taken from plants that were four years old. The indicated values represent averages calculated from measurements of several plants. Color references are primarily to The R.H.S. Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society of London (R.H.S.) (2015 edition). Descriptive terminology follows thePlant Identification Terminology, An Illustrated Glossary,2ndedition by James G. Harris and Melinda Woolf Harris, unless where otherwise defined.Classification:Family.—Ericaceae.Botanical.—Vaccinium corymbosumL.Common name.—Blueberry.Variety name.—‘DrisBlueTwentyNine’.Parentage:Female parent.—Proprietary blueberry plant ‘196H3’ (unpatented).Male parent.—Proprietary blueberry plant ‘9J301’ (unpatented).Plant:Height.—103 cm.Length.—82 cm.Vigor.—Strong.Growth habit.—Semi-upright.Cane renewal.—6.Chilling requirements.—‘DrisBlueTwentyNine’ has fruited in Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, México with an average of 100 chill hours or less.Time of vegetative bud burst.—Medium.One-year-old shoot(young canes).—Length: 97 cm. Diameter at base: 12.7 mm. Diameter at tip: 2.8 mm. Internode length on the upper half: 23.9 mm. Color: RHS 143C (Strong yellow green).Five-year-old canes(mature canes).—Length: 116 cm. Diameter at base: 28 mm. Diameter at tip: 2.7 mm. Internode length on the upper half: 25.2 mm. Color: RHS 144B (Strong yellow green). Texture: Smooth.Leaves:Length.—7.1 cm.Width.—2.2 cm.Length/width ratio.—Small.Shape.—Ovate.Shape of leaf apex.—Acute.Shape of leaf base.—Cuneate.Arrangement.—Alternate.Venation pattern.—Reticulate.Vein color.—RHS 145B (Light yellow green).Margin.—Entire.Color on upper side.—RHS 137A (Moderate olive green).Color on lower side.—RHS 147B (Moderate yellow green).Trichomes.—Absent.Glossiness.—Medium.Glaucosity on upper side.—Absent.Petiole.—Length: 5.66 mm. Diameter: 2.6 mm. Color: RHS 144B (Strong yellow green.Flowers:Inflorescence.—Length (excluding peduncle): 12.6 mm. Length (including peduncle): ˜20 mm. Length of peduncle: 11.03 mm. Diameter of peduncle: 2.3 mm. Color of peduncle: RHS 144D (Light yellow green).Flower bud.—Length: 7.0 mm. Width: 2.9 mm. Number of flowers per bud: 6. Anthocyanin coloration: Weak. Flower bud color: RHS 155A (Pale yellow green).Flower pedicel.—Length: 9.1 mm. Diameter: 0.8 mm. Color: RHS 144B (Strong yellow green).Corolla.—Length: 12.1 mm. Width: 9.1 mm. Diameter of corolla aperture: 4.3 mm. Petal width (ridge to ridge): 8.8 mm. Shape: Urceolate. Size of corolla tube: Medium. Color of corolla tube: RHS 155D (Yellowish white). Anthocyanin coloration of corolla tube on outer side: Absent. Ridges on corolla tube: Present. Conspicuousness of ridges on corolla tube: Strong. Other: Fruit tends to retain the corolla.Sepal.—Length: 5.4 mm. Width: 6,4 mm. Color: RHS 190B (Pale green).Reproductive organs.—Style length: 7 mm. Style color: RHS 145A (Strong yellow green). Ovary color: RHS 190B (Pale green). Stamen length: 5.3 mm. Stamen color: RHS 164A (Brownish orange). Pollen amount: Medium. Pollen color: RHS 1D (Pale greenish yellow).Color of receptacle.—RHS 190B (Pale green).Fragrance.—Absent.Flowering interval on one-year-old shoot.—June to August.Flowering interval on current year's shoot.—July to January.Fruit:Length.—12.4 mm.Width.—17.5 mm.Weight.—3.3 g.Size.—Large.Shape in longitudinal section.—Oblate.Attitude of sepals.—Erect.Type of sepals.—Straight.Calyx basin.—Diameter: 7.1 mm. Depth: 2.2 mm.Infructescence(fruit cluster).—Number of berries per cluster: 5. Peduncle length: 7.5 mm. Peduncle diameter: 2.3 mm. Pedicel length: 12.7 mm. Pedicel diameter: 1.0 mm. Density: Medium.Color of unripe fruit.—RHS 136D (Light yellowish green).Intensity of bloom.—Weak, tending to have a “stripy” bloom.Color of skin after removal of bloom on mature fruit.—RHS 103A (Greyish purplish blue).Fruit firmness.—Firm.Sweetness/soluble solids(in °Brix).—12.1.Titratable acidity(%as citric acid).—0.5.Seed.—Diameter: 1.7 mm. Color: RHS N167B (Brownish orange). Number: 14 seeds per fruit.Fruiting.—Fruiting type: On one-year-old and current season's shoots. Harvest interval on one-year-old shoot: Mid-August to mid-January. Harvest interval on current year's shoot: Mid-September to mid-February, ˜every 15 days. Yield: 2.6 kg to 3.0 kg of fruit per plant per season from 48-month old plants when grown at Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, México.Resistance to abiotic stress, pests, and diseases:Drought.—Susceptible.Heat.—Moderately resistant.Blueberry bud mite(Acalitus vaccinii).—Moderately susceptible.Spotted-wing drosophila(Drosophila suzukii).—Moderately susceptible.Botrytis fruit rot(Botrytis cinerea).—Susceptible. COMPARISONS TO PARENTAL AND REFERENCE BLUEBERRY VARIETIES ‘DrisBlueTwentyNine’ differs from the female parent proprietary blueberry plant ‘196H3’ unpatented) in that ‘DrisBlueTwentyNine’ has firmer fruit, smaller picking scar, and sweeter flavor than ‘196H3’. In addition, ‘DrisBlueTwentyNine’ has higher yield potential and matures earlier than ‘196H3’. ‘DrisBlueTwentyNine’ differs from the male parent proprietary blueberry plant ‘9J301’ (unpatented) in that ‘DrisBlueTwentyNine’ has firmer fruit and larger fruit size than ‘9J301’. ‘DrisBlueTwentyNine’ differs from the reference blueberry plant variety ‘DrisBlueNineteen’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 31,698) in that ‘DrisBlueTwentyNine’ has medium time of vegetative bud burst, early time of beginning of flowering on one-year-old shoot, weak intensity of bloom on fruit, and medium time of beginning of fruit ripening on current year's shoot, whereas ‘DrisBlueNineteen’ has early time of vegetative bud burst, very early time of beginning of flowering on one-year-old shoot, medium intensity of bloom on fruit, and early time of beginning of fruit ripening on current year's shoot. ‘DrisBlueTwentyNine’ differs from the reference blueberry plant variety ‘DrisBlueThirteen’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 26,451) in that ‘DrisBlueTwentyNine’ has medium time of vegetative bud burst, weak flower bud anthocyanin coloration, large fruit size, and bears fruit on one-year-old and current season's shoots, whereas ‘DrisBlueThirteen’ has very early time of vegetative bud burst, very strong flower bud anthocyanin coloration, medium fruit size, and bears fruit on one-year-old shoots only. | 6,910 |
PP35666 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Plants used in the aforementioned photographs and in the following description were grown during the summer in 17-cm containers in an outdoor nursery in Lengerich, Germany and under cultural practices typical of commercial panicleHydrangeaproduction. During the production of the plants, day and night temperatures averaged 15 C. Plants of the newHydrangeawere 17 months old when the photographs and description were taken. In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 2015 Edition, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.Botanical description:Hydrangea paniculata‘HP221905’.Parentage:Female, or seed, parent.—Hydrangea paniculata‘HP217901’, disclosed in U.S. Plant Pat. No. 30,307.Male, or pollen, parent.—Hydrangea paniculata‘HP217901’, disclosed in U.S. Plant Pat. No. 30,307.Propagation:Type cutting.—By vegetative tip cuttings.Time to initiate roots, summer.—About two weeks at temperatures about 23 C.Time to initiate roots, winter.—About 18 days at temperatures about 18 C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, summer.—About four weeks at temperatures about 23 C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, winter.—About five weeks at temperatures about 18 C.Root description.—Thick; typically whitish brown in color, actual color of the roots is dependent on substrate composition, water quality, fertilizer type and formulation, substrate temperature and physiological age of roots.Rooting habit.—Freely branching; dense.Plant description:Plant and growth habit.—Relatively compact, upright to somewhat outwardly spreading and rounded to conical plant habit; strong and sturdy stems; vigorous growth habit and rapid growth rate.Plant height.—About 40 cm to 45 cm.Plant diameter or area of spread.—About 55 cm to 60 cm.Lateral branch description:Branching habit.—Freely branching habit; when pinched, about twelve lateral branches develop per plant.Length, stem axis to base of inflorescence.—About 35 cm to 40 cm.Diameter.—About 6 mm to 7 mm.Internode length.—About 3 cm to 4 cm.Texture.—Smooth, glabrous; fully developed, woody.Aspect.—Mostly upright.Strength.—Strong, sturdy.Color.—When developing: Close to 146B. Developed: Close to 177A. Lenticels: Close to 165C.Leaf description:Arrangement.—Opposite, simple.Length.—About 8 cm to 9 cm.Width.—About 4 cm to 5 cm.Shape.—Ovate.Apex.—Acute.Base.—Obtuse.Margin.—Serrulate.Texture, upper and lower surfaces.—Rugose, prominent venation; pubescent.Venation pattern.—Pinnate.Color.—Developing and fully developed leaves, upper surface: Close to NN137A; venation, close to 146A. Developing and fully developed leaves, lower surface: Close to 147B; venation, close to 146B.Petioles.—Length: About 1.5 cm to 1.8 cm. Diameter: About 2 mm. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color, upper surface: Close to 146A. Color, lower surface: Close to 146B.Flower description:Flower type and habit.—Small and inconspicuous fertile flowers and showy sterile flowers arranged on terminal panicles; fertile and sterile flowers round in shape; panicles pyramidal to conical in shape; fertile and sterile flowers face upright to outwardly depending on their position in the inflorescence.Fragrance.—None detected.Natural flowering season.—Plants begin flowering about 15 weeks after cold treatment; flowering begins in the early summer and is continuous throughout the summer in Northern Europe.Flower longevity.—Fertile flowers last about one month on the plant, fertile flowers not persistent; sterile flowers last about three months on the plant, sterile flowers persistent.Quantity of flowers.—Freely flowering habit; about 200 to 300 fertile flowers develop per panicle and about 250 to 300 sterile flowers develop per panicle.Panicle height.—About 13 cm 18 cm.Panicle diameter.—About 10 cm to 15 cm.Fertile flower buds.—Length: About 3 mm. Diameter: About 2 mm. Shape: Rounded. Color: Close to 145A.Sterile flower buds.—Length: About 3 mm. Diameter: About 2 mm. Shape: Rounded. Color: Close to 145A.Fertile flower diameter.—About 3 mm to 3 mm.Fertile flower depth(height).—About 3 mm.Sterile flower diameter.—About 3 cm to 4 cm.Sterile flower depth(height).—About 5 mm.Petals, fertile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About five in a single whorl. Length: About 3 mm. Width: About 2 mm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Acute. Base: Obtuse. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145D. Fully opened, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 155A; color does not change with subsequent development.Petals, sterile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About four in a single whorl. Length: About 2 mm. Width: About 1 mm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Acute. Base: Cuneate. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145C. Fully opened, upper surface: Close to 157C; color does not change with subsequent development. Fully opened, lower surface: Close to 157C tinged with close to 62B; color does not change with subsequent development.Sepals, fertile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About five in a single whorl. Length: About 1 mm. Width: About 1 mm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Acute. Base: Fused. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145B. Fully opened, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145B; color does not change with subsequent development.Sepals, sterile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About four in a single whorl. Length: About 1.5 cm to 2 cm. Width: About 1 cm to 1.5 cm. Shape: Elliptic to oval. Apex: Obtuse. Base: Obtuse. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145C. Fully opened, upper surface: Close to 157A; color becoming closer 145A and N57D with subsequent development. Fully opened, lower surface: Close to 157A; color becoming closer to 145A with subsequent development.Pedicels, fertile flowers.—Length: About 1 mm to 2 mm. Diameter: About 1 mm. Strength: Strong. Aspect: Mostly upright. Texture: Smooth, glabrous. Color: Close to 145C.Pedicels, sterile flowers.—Length: About 2 cm to 2.5 cm. Diameter: About 1 mm to 2 mm. Strength: Strong. Aspect: About 80 to 90 degrees from branch axis. Texture: Smooth, glabrous. Color: Close to 145D.Reproductive organs, fertile flowers.—Stamens: Quantity per flower: About ten. Filament length: About 3 mm. Filament color: Close to 155A. Anther length: About 1 mm. Anther shape: Round. Anther color: Close to 155A. Pollen amount: Moderate. Pollen color: Close to 155A. Pistils: Pistil quantity per flower: One. Pistil length: About 1 mm to 2 mm. Stigma shape: Three-lobed. Stigma color: Close to 145D. Style length: About 1 mm. Style color: Close to 145C. Ovary color: Close to 145C.Reproductive organs, sterile flowers.—Stamens: Quantity per flower: About eight. Filament length: About 3 mm. Filament color: Close to 157D. Anther length: About 1 mm. Anther shape: Round. Anther color: Close to 157D. Pollen amount: Moderate. Pollen color: Close to 155A. Pistils: Pistil quantity per flower: One. Pistil length: About 1 mm to 2 mm. Stigma shape: Three-lobed. Stigma color: Close to 145D. Style length: About 1 mm to 2 mm. Style color: Close to 145D. Ovary color: Close to 145D.Seeds, only produced by fertile flowers.—Quantity per fertile flower: About 20 to 30. Length: Less than 0.5 mm. Diameter: Less than 0.5 mm. Color: Close to 199A.Pathogen & pest resistance: To date, plants of the newHydrangeagrown under commercial production conditions have not been observed to be resistant to pathogens and pests common toHydrangeaplants.Garden performance: Plants of the newHydrangeahave been shown to have good garden performance and to be tolerant to temperatures ranging from about −38 C to about 38 C. | 7,955 |
PP35667 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION ‘AFZ’ has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions, and the phenotype may vary significantly with variations in environment. The following observations, measurements, and comparisons describe this plant as grown at Mentone, Calif., when grown in the greenhouse, nursery or field, unless otherwise noted. The new plant reproduces true to type with all of the characteristics, as herein described, firmly fixed and retained through successive generations of such asexual propagation. The claimed plant expresses a very unique and distinct rippled and serrated leaf and trapezoidal flower structure and pattern unlike any of the parent plants. The trichome heads are larger and more tightly clustered as well. The selected plants express a shorter internodal length that allows for more flower sites within the same area, resulting in a larger overall yield of flower or resin. The color chart referenced is standard hexadecimal Web Pantone Color Chart well known to those of ordinary skill in Internet web site design. The Plant Type (life form and habit). Herbaceous tap-rooted annual. Seeds: The seeds are round/oval in shape with large zigzag striped patterns that cover the length of the seed. They are greyish brown PMS 462 with strong marbling and they can weigh between 0.1-0.2 g each. Inflorescence: The flowers are bulbous at the base and emerge outward into sharp points. The % of male vs female plants was approximately 65% female and 35% males in the selection process. There was <3% hermaphrodite expression from seed and after taking clones, the hermaphroditic expression was not seen again. The flowers are arranged in a spiral pattern up the stem similar to Brussels sprouts with each flower being fully formed and not contributing to a homogeneous “cola” shape. The flowers turn a dark shade of purple PMS 262 C at harvest with the stem staying very light vibrant green PMS 364. The fragrance is that of fresh baked apple pie, diesel fuel, lemon pepper and rubber cement. Leaves: The fan leaves are large and stout. They can be 8-12″ long and have a total width of 8-10″ with some overlap between every leaflets. The trichomes are mostly capitate stalked and are wet but sandy gritty to the touch, releasing a heavy aroma of baked apple pie, diesel fuel, lemon pepper and rubber cement. Leaflet shape is a long oval with ripples on all sides, they do not lie flat. An average number of leaflets is between 7-11 depending on the total plant size and health. The top of the leaf is dark green PMS 349 with the bottom being light green PMS 360. Petioles: Typically 2.2-4.5″ long and 0.2-0.3″ in diameter. The longer and older petioles will show anthocyanin production starting closer to the stem and moving out toward the leaf rachis. Trichomes are glandular with capitate stalked visible and bulbous trichomes and capitate-sessile all around. Petioles are dark green PMS 364. Stems: The stem shape is a large oval that has a zigzag pattern as it grows. Each node will begin to grow in the opposite direction of the previous node at the same angle of growth. The stem is round and can reach a diameter of 1.25-2″ when grown with a shallow groove depth and thick pith presence (full stems). There are no visible trichomes growing on the stem. Stem color is green PMS 364. Bract: The bract is 0.14″ in diameter and 0.244″ in length with 2 stigmas emerging from the center. They are absolutely covered with capitate-stalked trichomes and also house bulbous and capitate-sessile trichomes throughout. Light green color PMS 361. Bracteole: Usually between 0.11-0.125″ in length. They are slender spear-shaped and light green PMS 360. Height: The average height can be modified depending on the volume of growing media and the irrigation frequency. In a 6×6×6 rockwool cube, being fed 1500-2000 ml per day a plant will average around 77-82″ in height. The selected plant is grown in clusters with 9 plants per 16-24 ft2. An incredibly vigorous plant, clones will take between 6-9 days to show roots and will reach a height of 24-28″ after only 17-21 days. Stipules: Found at each node and are usually between 0.2-0.25″ in length. They are spear-shaped and accompanied by white pistils regardless of the light cycle or season and are light green PMS 361. Classification. Cultivars ofCannabis sativa. This cultivated line possesses intoxicating properties, and so the Subspeciessativaand its varieties (var.sativaandspontanea) are eliminated from consideration. Growth conditions: The plants are grown and are meant to be grown in a tightly controlled environment. They have been able to withstand temperatures above 105 degrees F. with 95% RH. Market use: The market use for this product is medical and recreationalCannabisflower as well as extracts and infused goods. Individual plants grown with the above methods yield an average of 3000 g at harvest resulting in a dry flower weight of 150-200 grams. All references cited in this specification, including but not limited to patent publications and non-patent literature, and references cited therein, are hereby incorporated by reference. The discussion of the references herein is intended merely to summarize the assertions made by the authors and no admission is made that any reference constitutes prior art. Applicants reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinence of the cited references. | 5,436 |
PP35668 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION ‘ZLT’ has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions, and the phenotype may vary significantly with variations in environment. The following observations, measurements, and comparisons describe this plant as grown at Mentone, Calif., when grown in the greenhouse, nursery or field, unless otherwise noted. The color chart referenced is standard hexadecimal Web Pantone Color Chart well known to those of ordinary skill in Internet web site design. DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Type (life form and habit): Herbaceous tap-rooted annual.Seeds.—The seeds are round/oval in shape with large zigzag striped patterns that cover the length of the seed. They are brown PMS 463 with strong marbling can weigh between 0.1-0.2 g each.Inflorescence.—The flowers are bulbous at the base and emerge outward into sharp points. The % of male vs female plants was approximately 60% female and 40% males in the selection process. There was <1% hermaphrodite expression from seed and after taking clones, the hermaphroditic expression was not seen again. The flowers are arranged in a spiral pattern up the stem similar to Brussels sprouts with each flower being fully formed and not contributing to a homogeneous “cola” shape. Average number of flowers is 35-40 per plant with an average diameter of 3.5 cm. The flowers are dark green but look white PMS 350 and PMS 656 due to the heavy presence and density of the large trichomes on every square millimeter of the flower. The fragrance is that of spiced and freshly seared steak, gasoline, acetone and garlic, a very noxious and intense smell that can cause eye watering in some cases.Leaves.—The fan leaves are large and stout. They can be 8-12″ long and have a total width of 8-10″ with some overlap between every leaflets. The trichomes are mostly capitate stalked and are wet and greasy to the touch, releasing a heavy aroma of freshly seared steak, gasoline, acetone, ocean mist and garlic. Leaflet shape is a long oval with ripples on all sides, they do not lie flat. An average number of leaflets is between 7-11 depending on the total plant size and health. The top of the leaf is dark green PMS 365 with the bottom being light green PMS 359.Petioles.—Typically 2.2-4.5″ long and 0.2-0.3″ in diameter. The longer and older petioles will show anthocyanin production PMS 361 starting closer to the stem and moving out toward the leaf rachis. Trichomes are glandular with capitate stalked visible and bulbous trichomes and capitate-sessile all around. Petioles are dark green PMS 353 C with purple anthocyanin streaking PMS 260.Stems.—The stem shape is a large oval that has a zig-zag pattern as it grows. Each node will begin to grow in the opposite direction of the previous node at the same angle of growth. The stem color is green, PMS 356. The stem is round and can reach a diameter of 1.25-1.5″ when grown with a shallow groove depth and thick pith presence (full stems). There are no visible trichomes growing on the stem.Bract.—The bract is dark green PMS 364 and 0.15″ in diameter and 0.25″ in length with 2 stigmas emerging from the center. They are absolutely covered with capitate-stalked trichomes and also house bulbous and capitate-sessile trichomes throughout.Bracteoles.—Usually between 0.1-0.125″ in length. They are slender spear-shaped and dark green PMS 578.Height.—The average height can be modified depending on the volume of growing media and the irrigation frequency. In a 6×6×6 rockwool cube, being fed 1500-2000 ml per day a plant will average around 72″ in height. The selected plant is grown in clusters with 9 plants per 16-24 ft2. An incredibly vigorous plant, clones will take between 6-10 days to show roots and will reach a height of 18-24″ after only 17-21 days.Stipules.—Found at each node and are usually between 0.2-0.25″ in length. They are spear-shaped and accompanied by white pistils PMS 602 C regardless of the light cycle or season and are light green PMS 368 C.Classification: Cultivars ofCannabis sativa.This cultivated line possesses intoxicating properties, and so the Subspeciessativaand its varieties (var.sativaandspontanea) are eliminated from consideration.Market use.—The market use for this product is medical and recreationalCannabisflower as well as extracts and infused goods. They have been able to withstand temperature above 102 degrees Fahrenheit with 85 percent RH. All references cited in this specification, including but not limited to patent publications and non-patent literature, and references cited therein, are hereby incorporated by reference. The discussion of the references herein is intended merely to summarize the assertions made by the authors and no admission is made that any reference constitutes prior art. Applicants reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinence of the cited references. | 4,879 |
PP35669 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The following is a detailed description of the new variety based on observations of 14-month-old plants grown under field conditions in full sun in Canby, Oregon (USDA Zone 8). Temperatures range from a high of 35° C. in August to a low of 0° C. in January. Normal rainfall in Canby, Oregon is around 1 m per year. Color references are based on the 2007 R.H.S. Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society of London, 5thEdition.Plant:Type.—Herbaceous perennial.Hardiness.—USDA Zones 4 to 9.Spring size.—45.0 cm wide and 36.0 cm tall.Summer size.—55.0 cm wide and 28.0 cm tall.Form.—Clumping.Vigor.—High.Root description.—Thickened and fleshy.Foliage:Type.—Simple.Leaf arrangement.—Rosette.Shape.—Lanceolate to ovate.Length.—To 30.0 cm.Width.—6.0 cm at the widest point.Margin.—Entire.Apex.—Acuminate.Base.—Attenuate.Leaf texture(both surfaces).—Scabrous and sparingly glandular.Upper surface color.—RHS 190D to 190C at the base.Lower surface color.—RHS 192C.Venation.—Pinnate.Petiole length.—10.0 to 19.0 cm.Petiole diameter.—5.0 mm.Petiole texture.—Scabrous and sparingly glandular.Petiole color.—Mostly RHS 71B, except near the blade where the coloration is RHS 194A.Cauline leaves.—Presence: Found only in the spring on the flowering stems. After seed is produced, these stems die out. Type: Simple. Arrangement: Alternate. Shape: Oblanceolate to ovate. Length: Variable, 3.0 to 5.0 cm. Width: To 17.0 mm. Margin: Entire. Apex: Acuminate. Base: Clasping, sessile. Texture: Hispid. Venation: Pinnate. Upper surface color: RHS 137B with spots of RHS 192D. Lower suface color: Closest to RHS 192A.Flowers:Bud.—Length: 12.0 mm, with 4.5 mm extruding from the calyx. Width: 3.0 mm. Shape: Ovoid. Color: RHS 71B.Type.—Actinomorphic.Inflorescence type.—Terminal, forked cymes.Flower number per cyme.—From 12 to 40.Inflorescence.—Length: 8.0 cm. Width: 12.0 cm. Longevity: Individual flowers last from 5-7 days on the plant.Number of inflorescences in first spring flush.—About 80.Bloom period.—March to May in Canby, Oregon.Fragrance.—None.Peduncle.—Length: 16.0 cm. Width: 4.0 mm. Texture: Hispid. Color: Closest to RHS 147B.Pedicel.—Length: 2.0 to 10.0 mm. Texture: Hispid. Color: RHS 200B. Diameter: 0.75 mm.Corolla.—Shape: Funnelform. Arrangement: 5 fused petals with rounded lobes. Depth: 2.0 cm. Width: 2.0 cm. Tube size: 9.0 mm long and 2.0 mm wide. Lobes: Depth: 4.0 mm. Width: 6.0 mm. Margins: Entire. Tips: Obtuse. Texture: Satiny (both surfaces). Color (young flowers): Inside color of RHS 51A, the outside color is RHS 70A on the cup, RHS 71A on the top half of the tube, and RHS NN155A on the bottom half. Color (mature flowers): Outside color shift to RHS 91A with RHS 72B stripes located between the fused petals.Calyx(sepals).—Arrangement: 5 fused sepals. Shape: Tubular campanulate, parted ¼ to the base. Size: 1.3 cm deep and 6.0 mm wide. Apex: Acute. Margin: Entire. Texture: Hispid. Color: Outside color closest to RHS N187A, inside color of RHS 147B.Pistil.—1; 12.0 mm long.Ovary.—1.0 mm deep and 1.5 mm wide; RHS 146A.Style.—Pin type, exerted from the corolla tube; 14.0 mm long; RHS 155B.Stigma.—RHS N200A.Stamen.—5 anthers in number, attached to and inserted in the top of the corolla tube; RHS 203B; 2.0 mm in length.Pollen.—Moderate; RHS NN155A.Seeds:Type.—4 smooth nutlets.Color.—RHS 202A and shiny.Fertility.—Low.Pests/diseases: Tolerant to powdery mildew. No other unusual resistance or susceptibility to pests or diseases noted to date. | 3,497 |
PP35670 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The newAnanas comosuscultivar ‘FR11834’ has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions. However, the plants were grown under environmental conditions and cultural practices which approximate those generally used in commercial pineapple growing operations. The phenotype of the new cultivar may still vary depending on the environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, light intensity, and photoperiod without any change made to the genotype of the plant. The aforementioned photographs, together with the following observations, measurements and values describing plants of ‘FR11834’ variety are based on observations made under optimally fertilized and growing conditions, in the region of Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil (latitude −5.21945833° and longitude −37.914505°), where the temperatures generally range from 15.96-38.70° C., and an annual rainfall average of 746 mm. The color terminology and designation reported here are in accordance to the Munsell Color Notation for Plants Tissues published by Munsell Color Macbeth, a division of Kollmorgen Corporation, Baltimore, Md. USA. The following description was made based on a population of ‘FR11834’ plants, the BC3 hybrid obtained through hand pollination of parental lines in 2015 and planted in 2018 and fruit harvested in 2020 and new propagules produced from this plant planted in 2020.Plant identification: Name:Ananas comosusvar.comosus‘FR11834’.Parental lines: Selected plant (BC2) ‘1/2.24’ backcrossed to ‘MD-2’.Origin: Conventional genetic improvement (hand pollination), through crossing and backcrossing.Classification: Botanical: Bromeliaceae or pineapple family. Subfamily: Bromelioidae. Genus:Ananas. Subgenus:comosus. Variety: ‘FR11834’.Commercial: Bromeliad fruit plant (pineapple).Form: Terrestrial, with overlapping, sessile leaves from a funnel-formed rosette, surrounding a composite inflorescence (during anthesis), with few or no slips in the fruit peduncle and suckers that are produced in the stem and originate subsequent crops.General description: ‘FR11834’ (before anthesis).Growth habit: Semi-erect.Stem:I.General.—Short, vertical, and covered by overlapping leaves, each leaf with a dominant axillary bud.II.Stem texture.—Glabrous and fleshy.III.Stem size.—A) Length (above soil level): usually between 13.90-26.00 cm at anthesis. B) Diameter between 6.90-14.00 cm at ground level to the anthesis.IV.Stem shape.—Cylindrical and with a narrower diameter at the distal part.V.Stem color.—Whitish in color (7.5YR 9/4 in the Munsell color chart)Leaves:I.General.—Closely overlapping sessile leaves (formed in acropetal succession) forming a dense rosette, the outline of which in longitudinal section is roughly heart shaped. The number of leaves fluctuates between 38-48 with a 5/13 phyllotaxy.II.Texture.—A) Upper epidermal area: Glabrous, semirigid and channeled (or concave) except at the leaf tip. B) Lower epidermal area: Finely striated (longitudinally) and appears covered with a white layer consisting of scale like trichomes.III.Leaf arrangement.—Alternate and in rosette shape.IV.Leaf margins.—Flat, with rarely found irregularly spaced small deltoid cuspidate hooked spines usually located on the distal portions of leaves. Size of spines 1.95 mm.V.Leaf venation.—Parallel.VI.Leaf shape.—Leaves are not uniform in shape and vary with the position of the leaf on the stem. The basal or oldest leaves are lanceolate while the base is considerably expanded. There is a noticeable narrowing in width between achlorophyllous (basal) and chlorophyllous (or main portion) of the leaves. The longest or most mature leaves are lanceolate in shape, but the base is without the arcuate expansions of the preceding leaves. The remaining leaves (or center leaves of the plant rosette) are lanceolate in form with no expansion of width into the base.VII.Leaf size(to anthesis).—A) Length: Usually between 69.0-103.0 cm for those ‘D’ leaves with a non chlorophyllous base that usually is between 8.0-14.0 cm in length. B) Width: Normally between 3.2-7.5 cm in the mid leaf area of the longest leaves. The expanded basal disk usually has a maximum width of 2.9-10.8 cm. C) Thickness: In the longest leaves, it usually varies between 1.80-2.60 mm at the center of the mid leaf area and decrease laterally between 1.1-1.5 mm at the margin, while becoming slightly thinner towards the tip. The expanded basal disk at the mid stem area usually has a maximum thickness of 1.94-2.80 mm at the center of the blade and tapering laterally toward margins up to 0.33-0.95 mm.VIII.Leaf color similar to that of ‘MD2’,mostly lacking anthocyanin.—A) Upper epidermal surface: 1. General: dominant color is usually dark green. The color of the basal disk is predominantly white and light green. achlorophyllous basal disk area: commonly pale white. Mid leaf area: commonly dark green (7.5GY 4/6 in the Munsell color chart). Leaf tip area: commonly dark green (7.5GY 4/6 in the Munsell color chart). B) Lower epidermal surface (underside): General: commonly green to grayish green (10GY 6/5 in the Munsell color chart) with pale white basal disk area (N8 in the Munsell color chart).Inflorescence (at anthesis):I.General.—Flower composite from 47-93 fruitlets borne per inflorescence of a long peduncle of approximately 16.2-18.0 cm length at the apical meristem. Individual bisexual flowers that consist of three Sepals, Six Stamens, three Stigmas and three Carpels. The inflorescence is self-incompatible producing edible fruit parthenocarpically (production of fruit without fertilization of ovules).II.Texture.—Glabrous and fleshy.III.Shape.—Oval with slightly raised flowers with a light red to grayish red color in the crown.IV.Size and color.—Comparable to specimens ofAnanas comosusvar.comosus. Petal size: 1.50 cm. Petal color in the apex: light purple (10P 5/10 in the Munsell color chart).V.Sepal size.—0.77 cm. Sepal color: reddish brown (7.5R 5/2 in the Munsell color chart).VI.Floral bract's length.—From 1.61 cm, serrated margins (with tiny spines); yellowish brown color (2.5Y 5/4 in the Munsell color chart).Crown (at harvest):I.General.—Visually one crown, composed on average of 88 leaves. Crown leaves are short, lanceolate in shape, and erect at anthesis, measuring on average 6.8 cm.II.Leaf arrangement.—Alternate and in rosette shape.III.Leaf margins.—Flat with smooth borders. Seldom very small spines in the tip of one leaf.IV.Size crown size at harvest.—Average 16.2 cm. Weight: average 186 g. Diameter: 14.6 cm.V.Shape.—Medium crown with medium width and semirigid leaves.VI.Attitude.—UprightVII. VI.Color of the terminal crown leaves.—A. Upper surface: Dark green color at the apex (5GY 2/2 in the Munsell color chart) and dark green at the base (5GY 2/2) in the Munsell color chart). B. Lower surface: grayish green (10GY 6/5 in the Munsell color chart).Fruit (at harvest):I.Size.—Usually with a weight between 861-2053 grams and average weight of 1191 grams. Fruit core's diameter 2.15 cm. Fruit core's color: yellow to dark yellow (7.5Y 9/6 in the Munsell color chart).II.Shape.—Cylindrical with flat and medium size fruitlets. Medium-big crown with thin and semirigid leaves. Average fruit's height 12.93 cm, fruit's diameter: average 10.0 cm.III.How borne.—The development of the fruit occurs from the apical meristem of the plant on a long and strong peduncle, usually between 16.2-18.4 cm length. No slips available for evaluation. 6 long peduncle bracts, with spines on the edges and of medium green to dark green color (2.5GY 6/8 in the Munsell color chart) are generally present at the base of the fruit. Color. A) Shell: commonly grayish green at early maturity (2.5GY ½ in the Munsell color chart), with yellowish brown bract (2.5Y 5/4 in the Munsell color chart). Fruit with yellow peduncle (7.5Y 9/6 in the Munsell color chart).IV.Fruit flesh.—Dense, firm, medium in fiber and juiciness, emitting characteristic pineapple aroma; flesh color distinctly yellow (7.5Y 8/6 in the Munsell color chart).V.Brix.—Typically, average 19.0 degrees, standing out from their parents.VI.Total acid levels.—Usually between 0.59-0.72 milligrams of citric acid/ml of juice, with an average of 0.63 mg/ml.VII.Vitamin C content reported as ascorbic acid content.—Regularly between 47.13 and 56.70 mg/100 ml of juice, with an average of 53.15 mg/100 ml.VIII.Plant/fruit resistance/susceptibility to pest and diseases.—The plant of the new variety ‘FR11834’ performs very similar to ‘MD-2’ differentiating mainly in its resistance toFusarium guttiforme. Table 2 shows the comparison of pineapple varieties ‘FR11834’, ‘MD-2’ and ‘Champaka’ (not patented) and their resistance toFusarium guttiforme.Others:I.Fertility.—This plant is self-incompatible. This is the reason why the presence of sexual seeds is almost null. The material used for planting are suckers, fruit crowns and vitro plants.II.Vigor.—This plant exhibits similar vigor as its parents, the ‘1/2.24’ line, and the ‘MD-2’ variety.III.Yield.—A population of this pineapple can have an agronomic yield from 85 to 147 ton/ha.IV.Plant use.—The fruit will be commercialized within the fresh fruit and processed fruit for the export markets.Summary of the special characteristics: the ‘FR11834’ plants present the following differences when compared to its parental lines:A.Resistance to fusarium guttiforme.—MD-2 is very susceptible to this pathogen, while ‘FR11834’ exhibits total resistance.B.Yellow colored pulp.—The backcross between the ‘1/2.24’ backcrossed against ‘MD-2’, resulted in a fruit with similar shell color and yellow pulp like the ‘MD-2’ variety.C.Plant with few or no slips.—‘MD-2’ variety produces between 1-3 slips per plant, and the ‘1/2.24’ produces between 3-7 slips per plant. By comparison, ‘FR11834’, produces few or no slips, which may reduce cosmetic and pest problems that can be originated by the contact of the slips with the fruit.D.At full maturity.—The ‘FR11834’ fruit achieves consistently high sugar content, brix levels being almost 2 degrees higher than those achieved by MD-2 under similar circumstances. Citric acid, and ascorbic acid are similar as those of ‘MD-2’ and ‘1/2.24’ fruits.E.As a result of the backcross process.—‘FR11834’ has acquired resistance toFusarium guttiforme, just like the ‘1/2.24’ but with an improved fruit size, pulp color, and internal quality similar to the ‘MD-2’. This combination of characteristics is important to differentiate this hybrid from its parents; as shown on Table 3, when reproduced asexually, these characteristics are stable and reproducible for successive generations. TABLE 1Average data for select organoleptic parameters and fruit sizeof the ‘FR11834’ hybrid.Ascorbic.CitricFruitAcidAcidWeightNumberGenerationnBrix(mg/100 ml)(mg/ml)(g)of slips‘FR11834’118.156.70.7220530‘MD2’7116.361.40.9519490(data for ‘FR11834’ represent observations from the first plant evaluated when backcrossing ‘MD-2’ with 1/2.24 hybrid; data for ‘MD2’ represents the average score for ‘MD2’ variety in the region).Individual plant description: The following is an overview of ‘FR11834’ hybrid, a new pineapple plant variety, that was developed through hybridization process in Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil.Plant age.—15.38 months after planting plus 5.32 months after forcing.Plant growth habit.—Semi-upright.Plant diameter.—Around 146 cm between opposite leaf tips.Plant height.—127 cm above ground surface.Stem.—Length. Between 13.90-26.00 cm above ground surface. Diameter. Between 6.90-14.00 cm above ground surface.Leaves:I.Number.—53 leaves.II.Length.—103 cm the longest leaf.III.Width.—(Largest leaves) at mid leaf (max.) 6.35 cm. Leaf piping is absent.IV.Thickness.—2.15 mm along the axis.V.Color.—A) Upper epidermal chlorophyllous area: Commonly dark green (7.5GY 4/6 in the Munsell color chart). B) Upper epidermal non chlorophyllous area: commonly pale white (N8 in the Munsell color chart). C) Lower epidermal area: Commonly grayish green (10GY 6/2 in the Munsell color chart). Leaf anthocyanin coloration may appear slightly on some plants.Inflorescence:General.—Composite inflorescence borne on a long peduncle at the apical meristem. The inflorescence is composed of 93 flowers, which eventually lead to an equal number of fruitlets. TABLE 2Petals: Description of size and texture of flowers of ‘FR11834’ hybridInflores-cenceUPOV IDTraitNote14Size of bracts (cm)1, 6115Petal: color of apex2(purple red), base (white)16Petal length (mm)15.0N/APetal width (cm)0.70N/APetal Height (cm)1.50N/APetal texturevery finelytextured andsmooth feelI. Reproductive organs. Description of size and shape ofreproductive organs of ‘FR11834’Inflores-cenceTraitNoteStyle (mm)9.48Stamen (mm)9.11Style shapetubularStamen shapetubularStyle colorBase = white, top - pale purpleFilament colorFilament base = white, filament top -pale purpleAnther colorPale yellowPollen colortransparentII. Peduncle. length and diameter of the peduncle of‘FR11834’ hybrid are as follows.PedunculeUPOV IDTraitNote21Length (cm)17.5 ± 1.322Diameter (cm)2.4 ± 0.3 TABLE 3Susceptibility to pest and diseases of different commercialvarieties toFusariumguttiforme(‘FR11834’ is resistantand ‘Champaka’ and ‘MD2’ are susceptible).Pineapple VarietyPest/Disease‘FR11834’‘MD-2’‘Champaka’Fusarium guttiforme.R+S +S The pineapple variety ‘FR11834’ has a post-harvest shelf life similar to ‘MD-2’ variety, showing similar performance in shell dehydration studies. ‘FR11834’ fruit general characteristics are as follows (A) a fruitlet apex which is flat; (B) the flesh density is medium; (C) the number fruitlets per syncarp is 47-93; (D) the fruitlet characteristics are as follows: TABLE 4UPOVIDTraitNoteFruit31Fruit shape (cylindrical)332Fruit length (cm)12.9 ± 4.733Fruit diameter (cm)10.0 ± 1.334Predominant color of mature eye6(medium yellow)35Fruit: Size (medium)5N/ASize of eye diameter width (cm)2.65 ± 0.1N/ASize of eye length (cm)2.65 ± 0.1N/AColor of immature eye (grayish green)437Fruitlet apex (flat)238Evenness of color of eyes (even or1slightly uneven)I.Shell color.—‘FR11834’ shell color at mature (10YR 9/4) and immature (2.5GY 1/2) stages.II.Weight and shape of fruit.—‘FR11834’ average fruit weight is similar to the ‘MD-2’, and ‘Champaka’; ‘FR11834’ has a cylindrical shape.III.Ascorbic acid.—‘FR11834’ has a higher content of ascorbic acid than its relativeA. comosuscv. ‘Manzana’, but similar to ‘MD-2’ variety.IV.Citric acid.—‘FR11834’ citric acid content is similar to ‘MD-2’.V.Brix.—The sugar content (measured as brix degrees) of ‘FR11834’ is significantly higher than that found on ‘MD-2’.VI.Age to forcing.—‘FR11834’ is vigorous and can reach forcing plant size 8-17 months after planting (shorter when using vegetative propagation material, and longer when starting with seed). Although plant development time to forcing depends on the size of planting material used and the desired plant weight at floral induction, the above figures are similar to those achieved by the ‘MD-2’ variety, which reaches an optimal forcing size in 8.5 months after planting when using vegetative propagation material.VII.Leaf spines.—This characteristic is commonly used to differentiate pineapple plants from other varieties. The color of the leaf spines are as follows: Tip: dark green like MD2 (7.5GY 4/6 in the Munsell color chart), base: dark green like MD2 (7.5GY 4/6 in the Munsell color chart). ‘FR11834’ does not have conspicuous or regular thorns on the leaf like its parental ‘1/2.24’, or its parental ‘MD-2’, although ‘MD-2’ often presents irregular thorns on the edges of the leaf blade as well.VIII.Fruit quality of ‘FR11834’when compared with other pineapple varieties.—Most pineapple varieties grown worldwide are produced for local consumption, and very few are grown for international commercialization and global distribution. The fruit characteristics bred into ‘FR11834’ were specifically chosen to comply with the strictest quality standards of export markets like those of North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific. As shown in Table 5, ‘FR11834’ compares very favorably against ‘MD-2’, the pineapple variety that has achieved most notoriety to date in global markets. TABLE 5Comparison of ‘FR11834’ against other varieties on some of the mostimportant characteristics relevant to fresh fruit destined for exportation.Comparative characteristics of different pineapple varietiesand cultivarsVariety/# Of slipsFruit weight (g)Cultivar(11)AverageRangeAverageRange‘FR11834’(1)00-11191681-2053‘MD2’(2)1.20-318201070-2560‘Morada’(3)7.574-918871566-2000‘Honey Gold’1.50-31033450-1678(U.S. Plant Pat.No. 16,328 P3)‘Champaka1.11710420-3010153’(3)‘Champaka1.52328F152’‘CO-2’(4)2-320591297-2590‘Singapore’2-121000‘Spanish’(5)‘Sarawak’(5)02000-4000‘Mauritius’(5)0500-1500‘Josephine’(6)1100-1300‘Scarlett’(6)1400-2000‘Red Spansh’(7)1-31200-2000‘T′ainung 11’(7)6.9991733-1269‘Imperial’(8)91792‘Perolera’(8)8-101800‘Pernambuco’(9)1000-1500‘Primavera’(9)7-101300‘Queen’(10)10500-1000Comparative characteristics of different pineapple varietiesand cultivarsAscorbic AcidCitric AcidVariety/(mg/100 ml)(mg/ml)Cultivar(11)AverageRangeAverageRange‘FR11834’(1)53.1547.13-56.700.630.59-0.72‘MD2’(2)53.0637.00-69.060.60.36-0.84‘Morada’(3)20.039.90-24.900.690.58-0.86‘Honey Gold’21.1414.73-37.360.980.67-1.33(U.S. Plant Pat.No. 16,328 P3)‘Champaka12.918.10-17.720.720.54-0.90153’(3)‘Champaka0.73F152’‘CO-2’(4)30.80-55.500.42-0.91‘Singapore’0.50-0.60‘Spanish’(5)‘Sarawak’(5)0.30-0.65‘Mauritius’(5)0.40-0.60‘Josephine’(6)‘Scarlett’(6)‘Red Spansh’(7)‘T′ainung 11’(7)1.40-18.500.50.40-0.6‘Imperial’(8)0.62‘Perolera’(8)0.64‘Pernambuco’(9)‘Primavera’(9)0.51‘Queen’(10)260.56Comparative characteristics of different pineapple varietiesand cultivarsVariety/°BrixCultivar(11)AverageRange‘FR11834’(1)19.0018.1-20.7‘MD2’(2)15.5512.9-17.2‘Morada’(3)13.5112.2-15.1‘Honey Gold’16.1814.4-18.1(U.S. Plant Pat.No. 16,328 P3)‘Champaka14.3311.6-17.0153’(3)‘Champaka14.97F152’‘CO-2’(4)15.0-16.7‘Singapore’10.0-12.0‘Spanish’(5)‘Sarawak’(5)14.0-17.0‘Mauritius’(5)15.0-17.0‘Josephine’(6)17.0-22.0‘Scarlett’(6)15.0-18.0‘Red Spansh’(7)12.00‘T′ainung 11’(7)14.0013.2-15.1‘Imperial’(8)15.80‘Perolera’(8)13.1014.0-16.0‘Pernambuco’(9)‘Primavera’(9)13‘Queen’(10)14.0-16.0(data for ‘FR11834’ represent observations from the first plant evaluated when backcrossing ‘MD-2’ with 1/2.24 hybrid; data for ‘MD2’ represents the average score for ‘MD2’ variety in the region).(1)FR11834 fruit harvested in Brazil.(2)Pindeco's historical data base and monthly research report April 2001.(3)Pindeco's fruit historical data base. Pindeco's forcing plant weight data base.(4)Plant patent 8,863.(5)Wee, Y. C. 1972. Some common pineapple cultivars of west Malaysia. Malays Pineapple pp 7-13.(6)Bartholomew et al. 2003 The Pineapple, Botany, Production and Uses.(7)Chang, Ching-Chyn, 1995 Tainung No. 13. Pineapple. Jour. Agric. Res. China 44(2): 287-296.(8)Pinto da Cunha et al. 0 abacaxizeiro. Pineapple News Issue No 10 May 2003.(9)Pinto da Cunha et al. 0 abacaxizeiro. Py et al. The pineapple Cultivation and uses.(10)Del Monte pineapple germplasm collection database.(11)Cultivars are unpatented unless indicated otherwise. REFERENCES CITED MATOS, A. P. (2008)—Perdas causadas pelaF. guttiforme. Disponivel em. MATOS, A. P. & JUNEGHANS, D. T. Variedades de abacaxi resistentes aF. guttiforme.2006. Cruz das Almas, BA. Munsell Color chart for Plant Tissues. published by Munsell Color Macbeth, a division of Kollmorgen Corporation, Baltimore, Md. USA. | 19,569 |
PP35671 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Note: statements of characteristics herein represent exemplary observations of the cultivar performance in Chao, Peru 8°35′12″S 78°35′58″W and will vary depending on time of year, location, annual temperature conditions and weather, etc. Where dimensions, sizes, colors, and other characteristics are given, it is to be understood that such characteristics are approximations and averages. The descriptions reported herein are based on the original selected individual bush observed in successive years through 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021 in fields near Chao, Peru and also in cloned plants planted in Chao, Peru in 2019 and 2020. Laboratory analysis of fruit characteristics were done in Chao, Peru. Cultivar Name: ‘BB14-112PT-2’ Classification: Family: Ericaceae. Botanical name:Vaccinium corymbosum Common name: Blueberry. Parentage: FEMALE PARENT Name: ‘Emerald’ (child of, FL91 69 (unpatented)xNC1528 (unpatented)). U.S. Plant Pat. No. 12,165 Compared to ‘Emerald’, ‘BB14-112PT-2’ is earlier, sweeter and less acidic, has larger fruit size and firmer berries on the same environment of Chao, Peru. MALE PARENT Name: ‘Sapphire’ (parents unknown). U.S. Plant Pat. No. 11,829 Compared to ‘Sapphire’, fruit of ‘BB14-112PT-2’ is larger, firmer, and less aromatic, and produce fruit on current season shoots. ‘BB14-112PT-2’ originated as a seedling selected from a cross of ‘Emerald’ and ‘Sapphire’ made in a greenhouse in Grand Junction, Michigan in 2014. Seed was germinated in Chile and plants of that cross were grown and then sent and planted in a seedling evaluation site in Chao, Province of La Libertad, Peru in Feb 2016. The plant was first selected in September 2016 based on its excellent fruit characteristics both in the field and after 5 days cold storage and was given the number ‘BB14-112PT-2’. It was tested under this number for three years. The individual bush was observed and evaluated for productivity and fruit quality in the same site for three successive years from 2016 through 2018. An additional 40 bushes were propagated by in vitro and planted in an advanced trial in a soil and in soilless system near Chao, Peru in July 2019 and the fruit was evaluated in 2020 and 2021. All the observed bushes have retained the characteristics of the original selection. ‘BB14-112PT-2’ has been asexually propagated via tissue-cultured micro shoots since 2018. Propagated plants have been under evaluation in Chao, Peru since July 2019. General description of ‘BB14-112PT-2’ ‘BB14-112PT-2’ is a new and distinct non-chill tetraploid Southern/Tropical highbush blueberry variety (Vaccinium) of complex ancestry, based largely onV. corymbosumandV. darrowii. ‘BB14-112PT-2’ is a very productive early-season variety of short cycle from pruning to harvest similar to ‘BB14-112PT-2’, with high quality fresh market characteristics ‘BB14-112PT-2’ is particularly well suited to be cultivated in tropical areas. ‘BB14-112PT-2’ has a semi-upright bush and a large sized crown with many new vertical canes. The bush has a medium vigor and is very productive. It has shown very good adaptability to sandy soil and substrate mix of coco fiber and peat in Peru. The fruit itself is medium blue color, with firm texture. The eating quality is excellent with a higher sugar/acidity balance than ‘Emerald’, ‘Ventura’ and ‘Rocio’ in Peru. Fruit should be picked on a regular schedule about 7 days to maintain the quality of the fruit. ‘BB14-112PT-2’ will be released an improvement over ‘Emerald’, ‘Rocio’ and ‘Ventura’ in terms of flavor and overall eating experience. References to color refer to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart 2007 Fifth Edition. Morphological characteristics reference: Plant Systematics, Jones and Luchsinger, 2 Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, ISBN 0-07-032796-3, 1986. Device used to measure Soluble Solids)(SS-Brix°), Titratable acidity (TA), pH: PAL-BX/Acid 7, Atago USA, Inc., Bellevue, WA. Firmness readings: Shore by BAXLO Durometer (Chao, Peru) General Description: medium upright with a large size crown and medium vigor; sweet, medium acid, firm berry adapted to a tropical non-chill environment ‘BB14-112PT-2’ blooms about 50 to 60 days after pruning. The average 50% ripening date is 180 days after pruning. Firmness ranges from 70 to 75 Baxlo Shore, Brix° from 12 to 13% and titratable acidity from 0.75 to 0.95% and sugar to acid ratio of 12 to 20. Storability is medium and it could last up to 20 days in cold storage.Specific features of the variety:Plant:Growth habit.—Semi-upright.Plant width.—75 cm at mid-bush height.Plant height.—74 cm.Productivity.—2.5 to 3.0 kg per plant.Cold hardiness/tolerance.—Not tested.Chilling requirement.—This is a tropical highbush and this plant does not require chill hours for bud break.Canes.—Moderately branched, average 4 to 6 shoots per bush, average 40-70 cm length, medium number of laterals.Young current-season-shoots.—Green Group 141 D.One-year-old shoot branches color.—Yellow-Green Group 145A. Texture is soft.Mature cane color.—Grey Brown 199-A.Mature Cane texture.—Rough.Fruiting wood.—Current season shoots.Internode length range.—1.5 to 2 cm.Surface texture of new wood.—Smooth.Time of beginning of leaf bud burst.—Bud break occurs 8 to 10 days after pruning in Chao, Peru.Time of beginning of flowering.—50 to 60 days after planting or pruning in Chao, Peru.Date of50% open flowers.—70 to 80 days after planting or pruning in Chao, Peru for the first flush of flowers.Time of beginning of fruit ripening.—Fruit ripening begins on 120 to 130 days after planting or pruning.Disease resistance/susceptibility.—None claimed.Young current-season-shoots.—Green Group 141D.One-year-old short branches color.—Green Group 138 C.Foliage:Young, newly expanded leaf color.—Upper surface: green gray 143-B, lower surface: green 138-B.Leaf arrangement.—Simple Alternate.Mature, fully expanded leaves.—Upper surface: green group138-A, lower surface: green group 138-B.Leaf margins.—Slightly serrate.Leaf venation.—Pinnate.Leaf Shape.—Ovate.Leaf length.—65 to 87 mm, average 72 mm.Leaf width.—53 to 58 mm, average 55 mm.Leaf color.—Green group 138-A.Leaf apices.—Acuminate.Leaf bases.—Acute.Vein and petiole coloration.—Color vein: Yellow green 154-A.Color petiole.—Yellow green 145-B.Petiole length.—2.7 to 4.4 mm, average 3.6 mm.Petiole diameter.—1.5 mm.Evergreen.—‘BB14-112PT-2’ is evergreen and keep its leaves during the entire year.Fall leaf color.—Does not apply for this genotype since it keeps the leaves year round as green leaves.Leaf dimensions:Overall shape.—Ovate.Leaf length.—65 to 87 mm, average 72 mm.Leaf width.—53 to 58 mm, average 55 mm.Leaf margins.—Slightly serrate, no visible (microscope 10×) pubescence and a few nectaries Leaf surface: Smooth upper and lower, no visible (microscope 10×) pubescence.Leaf buds:Shape.—Medium obtuse.Length.—1.8 mm.Width.—1.4 mm.Color.—Yellow green group 145-C with some greyed orange group 172-C.Flower buds:Shape.—Round.Length.—4.5 mm.Width.—3.7 mm.Color.—Greyed-orange 175-B.Flower:Flower shape.—Globose.Number per lateral.—14 to 18.Flowers per cluster.—4 to 8.Flower fragrance.—Light floral.Corolla color.—White 155-C.Corolla length.—6.2 mm.Corolla width.—10.2 mm.Corolla aperture width.—4.2 mm.Corolla texture.—Smooth.Flower peduncle length.—5.6 mm.Peduncle diameter.—1.6 mm.Peduncle texture.—Smooth.Peduncle color.—Yellow green N144-C.Flower pedicel length.—3.4 mm.Pedicel diameter.—0.8 mm.Pedicel texture.—Smooth.Pedicel color.—Green grayl42-C.Calyx(with sepals).—3.1 mm.Calyx color.—Green gray 141-C.Stamen length.—5 to 6 mm.Stamen number per flower.—10.Stamen filament color.—Greyed-green 193-B.Style.—8 mm, top of ovary to stigma tip.Style color.—Green N 144-C.Pistil extends over the top of corolla.—1 mm.Ovary color.—Green 147-B.Anther length.—4.3 mm.Number.—1.Anther color.—Greyed-orange N172-C.Pollen:Abundance.—Medium high.Color.—Yellow 8-D.Fruit: Date of 50% maturity: 120 to 130 days after pruning.Duration of ripening.—Average 65 to 80 days from bloom to ripen in Chao, Peru and Ripening period can last 6 months.Yield.—3 kg per plant.Cluster density.—Medium.Immature fruit color.—Green 130-D.Berry color with wax.—Violet Blue 98-D.Berry color with wax removed.—Blue 103-A.Berry flesh color.—Green 138-D.Berry surface wax abundance.—Persistent.Berry weight.—Average 3.5 to 4.2 grams/berry.Berry size diameter.—20.6 mm.Berry height.—15 mm.Berry width.—18 to 22 mm.Aspect(H/W).—0.65 Berry.Shape.—Oblate.Average number of fruits per cluster.—4 to 8.Detachment force.—Easy.Self-fruitfulness.—Fair, cross pollination may be desirable for maximum yield and fruit size.Fruit stem scar.—2 mm diameter, 1 mm depth.Calyx.—5 lobed.Calyx diameter.—11 mm.Calyx depth.—0.3 mm.Berry firmness.—Firm, 75 to 78 Shore of Baxlo.Berry sweetness.—High, Brix°=12 to 14.Berry acidity.—Titratable acidity=0.7% to 0.9%.Berry flavor and texture.—Good blueberry flavor, balanced sugar and acidity, and firm texture.Storage ability.—Medium 3 to 4 weeks in refrigerated storage.Suitability for mechanical harvesting.—Not tested.Seed:Seed abundance in fruit.—Abundant 18 to 25 seed per fruit.Seed color.—Pantone Greyed-orange group 177A.Seed dry weight.—8 mg.Seed size.—0.4 mm length, 0.4 mm width.Possible typical market uses: Mainly fresh market. It can also be used for processing and/or as frozen fruit. | 9,377 |
PP35672 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE VARIETY The following detailed botanical description is based on observations made at Yuba City, California during the 2023 growing season of 6-year-old trees grown on their own roots. All colors are described according to the RHS Colour Chart (Royal Horticultural Society, London, 6thedition). It should be understood that the characteristics described will vary somewhat depending upon cultural practices and climatic conditions and will vary with location and season. Quantified measurements are expressed as an average of measurements taken from a number of individual plants of the new variety. The measurements of any individual plant or any group of plants of the new variety may vary from the stated average.Tree:Vigor.—Reduced; 60% to 65% of standard.Habit, shape.—Wide, vase-shaped.Height.—3.35 m.Spread.—4.5 m.Trunk diameter at30cm above the ground.—8.5 cm.Bark texture.—Smooth.Bark color.—Greyed-green 197B.Lenticel size.—0.5 cm to 1 cm.Lenticel color.—Grey-brown N199D.Lenticel density per cm2.—0 to 2.Branch (fruiting branches located at around 1 m above the ground):Length.—60 cm to 90 cm.Diameter.—5.5 to 9.0 cm.Crotch angle.—About 60°.Bark color.—Brown 200 C.Bark texture.—Smooth.Lenticel length.—1 mm to 2 mm.Lenticel width.—<1 mm.Lenticel color.—Grey-brown N199D.Lenticel density per cm2.—0 to 6.One year old shoot:Length.—44 cm to 120 cm.Diameter.—0.7 cm.Pubescence.—Absent.Color.—Grey-brown 199A.Feathering.—Weak.Internode length.—2.2 cm to 3.0 cm.Lenticel length.—<1 mm.Lenticel width.—<1 mm.Lenticel color.—Greyed-orange 165D.Lenticel density per cm2.—0 to 20.Flower buds:Stage described.—Dormant.Quantity per spur.—Two.Bud shape.—Conical.Apex shape.—Acute.Length.—4 mm to 6 mm.Diameter.—1.5 mm to 3 mm.Color.—Brown 200B.Flowers:Diameter of fully open flower.—20 mm to 24 mm.Depth of fully open flower.—15 mm to 19 mm.Relative position of petal margin.—Free.Pedicel length.—1.1 mm to 1.4 mm.Pedicel diameter.—0.9 mm to 1.2 mm.Pedicel color.—Yellow-green 144A.Number of flowers per cluster.—1 to 2.Date of first bloom.—9 Feb. (2023).Date of full bloom.—20 Feb. (2023).Pollination requirement.—Sexually sterile rootstock requires no pollination.Petals:Number per flower.—5.Length.—15.5 mm to 17.8 mm.Width.—9.6 mm to 10.9 mm.Petal shape.—Obovate.Apex shape.—Rounded.Base shape.—Attenuate.Margin.—Entire.Color of upper surface.—White N155D.Color of lower surface.—White N155D.Pistil:Length.—10.0 mm to 12.4 mm.Color.—Yellow-green 150C.Stigma:Diameter.—0.6 mm to 0.7 mm.Color.—Yellow-green 150A.Style:Length.—8.5 mm to 10.9 mm.Color.—Yellow-green 150C.Ovary:Length.—0.7 mm to 1.2 mm.Color.—Yellow 11A.Stamens:Quantity.—33 to 40.Anther length.—1.2 mm to 1.4 mm.Anther color.—Yellow 12A.Filament diameter.—0.3 mm to 0.4 mm.Filament color.—White NN155D.Pollen.—Present in moderate amount.Pollen color.—Greyed-orange 163A.Sepals:Quantity.—Five.Color.—Yellow-green 144A red 53B.Sepal shape.—Deltoid.Apex shape.—Rounded to obtuse.Length.—3.8 mm to 4.8 mm.Margin.—Serrate and entire.Leaves:Length.—8.3 cm to 14 cm.Width.—3.5 cm to 5.5 cm.Blade margin.—Serrate.Leaf shape.—Elliptic.Apex shape.—Acuminate.Base shape.—Cuneate.Attitude in relation to shoot.—Outward.Color of upper surface.—Yellow-green 146A.Color of lower surface.—Yellow-green 146C.Petiole:Length.—9 mm to 12 mm.Diameter.—1 mm to 1.3 mm.Color.—Green 141D.Glands.—Present; diameter 0.8 mm; color yellow 2A; shape circular and reniform.Fruit: Plant is sterile and forms no fruit.Chilling requirement: Approximately 480 chill units, far lower than other Myrobalan-plum hybrid rootstocks ‘AP 1’ and ‘PAC 941’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 21,556, sold as Rootpac®R).Cold hardiness: Not specifically tested but believed cold hardy; has survived winter in Michigan, U.S.A.Disease resistance/susceptibility: The rootstock has extremely high tolerance to heavy, wet soils and is less susceptible to root- and crown-rots caused byPhytophthoraspecies. ‘DA 6’ is resistant to root-knot nematodes.Market use: Vigor-reducing rootstock for almond (Prunus dulcis), prune plum (Prunus domestica), peach (Prunus persica) and apricot (Prunus armeniaca). | 4,141 |
PP35673 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Plants used in the aforementioned photographs and in the following description were grown during the summer in 17-cm containers in an outdoor nursery in Lengerich, Germany and under cultural practices typical of commercial panicleHydrangeaproduction. During the production of the plants, day and night temperatures averaged 15 C. Plants of the newHydrangeawere 17 months old when the photographs and description were taken. In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 2015 Edition, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.Botanical description:Hydrangea paniculata‘HP221902’.Parentage:Female, or seed, parent.—Hydrangea paniculata‘HP217902’, disclosed in U.S. Plant Pat. No. 30,332.Male, or pollen, parent.—Hydrangea paniculata‘HP217902’, disclosed in U.S. Plant Pat. No. 30,332.Propagation:Type cutting.—By vegetative tip cuttings.Time to initiate roots, summer.—About two weeks at temperatures about 23 C.Time to initiate roots, winter.—About 18 days at temperatures about 18 C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, summer.—About four weeks at temperatures about 23 C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, winter.—About five weeks at temperatures about 18 C.Root description.—Thick; typically whitish brown in color, actual color of the roots is dependent on substrate composition, water quality, fertilizer type and formulation, substrate temperature and physiological age of roots.Rooting habit.—Freely branching; dense.Plant description:Plant and growth habit.—Relatively compact, upright to somewhat outwardly spreading and rounded to conical plant habit; strong and sturdy stems; moderately vigorous growth habit and rapid growth rate.Plant height.—About 45 cm to 50 cm.Plant diameter or area of spread.—About 60 cm to 65 cm.Lateral branch description:Branching habit.—Freely branching habit; when pinched, about 14 lateral branches develop per plant.Length, stem axis to base of inflorescence.—About 35 cm to 40 cm.Diameter.—About 5 mm.Internode length.—About 4 cm to 6 cm.Texture.—Smooth, glabrous; fully developed, woody.Aspect.—Mostly upright.Strength.—Strong, sturdy.Color.—When developing: Close to 146B. Developed: Close to 177B. Lenticels: Close to 165C.Leaf description:Arrangement.—Opposite, simple.Length.—About 9 cm to 11 cm.Width.—About 5 cm to 6 cm.Shape.—Ovate.Apex.—Acute.Base.—Obtuse.Margin.—Serrulate.Texture, upper and lower surfaces.—Rugose, prominent venation; pubescent.Venation pattern.—Pinnate.Color.—Developing leaves, upper surface: Close to 146A. Developing leaves, lower surface: Close to 147B. Fully developed leaves, upper surface: Close to 147A; venation, close to 146A. Fully developed leaves, lower surface: Close to 147B; venation, close to 146C.Petioles.—Length: About 1.5 cm. Diameter: About 2 mm to 3 mm. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color, upper surface: Close to 146A. Color, lower surface: Close to 146B.Flower description:Flower type and habit.—Small and inconspicuous fertile flowers and showy sterile flowers arranged on terminal panicles; fertile and sterile flowers round in shape; panicles rounded conical in shape; fertile and sterile flowers face upright to outwardly depending on their position in the inflorescence.Fragrance.—None detected.Natural flowering season.—Plants begin flowering about 15 weeks after cold treatment; flowering begins in the early summer and is continuous throughout the summer in Northern Europe.Flower longevity.—Fertile flowers last about one month on the plant, fertile flowers not persistent; sterile flowers last about three months on the plant, sterile flowers persistent.Quantity of flowers.—Freely flowering habit; about 200 fertile flowers develop per panicle and about 800 sterile flowers develop per panicle.Panicle height.—About 15 cm to 20 cm.Panicle diameter.—About 20 cm to 25 cm.Fertile flower buds.—Length: About 2 mm. Diameter: About 2 mm. Shape: Rounded. Color: Close to 145A.Sterile flower buds.—Length: About 2 mm. Diameter: About 2 mm. Shape: Rounded. Color: Close to 145A.Fertile flower diameter.—About 3 mm to 4 mm.Fertile flower depth(height).—About 3 mm.Sterile flower diameter.—About 3 cm to 4 cm.Sterile flower depth(height).—About 5 mm.Petals, fertile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About five in a single whorl. Length: About 2 mm to 3 mm. Width: About 1 mm to 2 mm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Acute. Base: Obtuse. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145D. Fully opened, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145D; color does not change with subsequent development.Petals, sterile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About four or five in a single whorl. Length: About 2 mm. Width: About 1 mm to 2 mm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Acute. Base: Cuneate. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145C. Fully opened, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145D; color does not change with subsequent development.Sepals, fertile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About five in a single whorl. Length: About 1 mm. Width: About 1 mm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Acute. Base: Fused. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145B. Fully opened, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145B; color does not change with subsequent development.Sepals, sterile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About four or five in a single whorl. Length: About 1.5 cm to 2 cm. Width: About 1.5 cm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Obtuse. Base: Obtuse. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145A. Fully opened, upper surface: Close to 145B; color becoming close to 64C in the autumn. Fully opened, lower surface: Close to 145C; color becoming close to 64C in the autumn.Pedicels, fertile flowers.—Length: About 1 mm to 2 mm. Diameter: About 1 mm. Strength: Strong. Aspect: Mostly upright. Texture: Smooth, glabrous. Color: Close to 145C.Pedicels, sterile flowers.—Length: About 1 cm to 2 cm. Diameter: About 1 mm to 2 mm. Strength: Moderately strong. Aspect: About 80 to 90 degrees from branch axis. Texture: Smooth, glabrous. Color: Close to 145D.Reproductive organs, fertile flowers.—Stamens: Quantity per flower: About nine to ten. Filament length: About 3 mm. Filament color: Close to 157D. Anther length: About 1 mm. Anther shape: Round. Anther color: Close to 145D. Pollen amount: Scarce. Pollen color: Close to 145D. Pistils: Pistil quantity per flower: One. Pistil length: About 0.5 mm to 1 mm. Stigma shape: Two to three-lobed. Stigma color: Close to 146C. Style length: About 0.5 mm. Style color: Close to 146C. Ovary color: Close to 146C.Reproductive organs, sterile flowers.—Stamens: Quantity per flower: About nine to ten. Filament length: About 3 mm. Filament color: Close to 157D. Anther length: About 1 mm. Anther shape: Round. Anther color: Close to 157D. Pollen amount: Scarce. Pollen color: Close to 155A. Pistils: Pistil quantity per flower: One. Pistil length: About 1 mm. Stigma shape: Rounded. Stigma color: Close to 145A. Style length: About 1 mm. Style color: Close to 145A. Ovary color: Close to 145A.Seeds, only produced by fertile flowers.—Quantity per fertile flower: About 20 to 30. Length: Less than 0.5 mm. Diameter: Less than 0.5 mm. Color: Close to 199A.Pathogen & pest resistance: To date, plants of the newHydrangeagrown under commercial production conditions have not been observed to be resistant to pathogens and pests common toHydrangeaplants.Garden performance: Plants of the newHydrangeahave been shown to have good garden performance and to be tolerant to temperatures ranging from about −38 C to about 38 C. | 7,887 |
PP35674 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The following descriptions and color references are based on the 2015 edition of The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart except where common dictionary terms are used. The new plant,Hibiscus‘All Eyes on Me’, has not been observed in all possible environments. The phenotype may vary slightly with different environmental conditions, such as temperature, light, fertility, moisture, and maturity levels, but without any change in the genotype. The following observations and size descriptions are of three-year-old plants in the loamy-sand, full-sun display garden of a nursery in Zeeland, MI with supplemental fertilizer and water as needed. The plants are of natural habit and were not treated with plant growth regulators, nor were they pinched at any time in the growth year.Parentage: The female or seed parent is the unreleased, non-patented, proprietaryHibiscusknown by the breeder code 18-166-3, the male or pollen parent is the unreleased, non-patented, proprietaryHibiscusknown by the breeder code 16-134-2;Propagation:Method.—Shoot tip cuttings and sterile shoot-tip plant tissue culture division.Time to initiate roots from tissue culture.—About two weeks.Rooting habit.—Normal, branching, developing thick to about 2.2 cm diameter, fleshy; root color creamy yellow nearest RHS 161D depending on soil type.Crop time.—Under normal summer growing conditions 12 to 16 weeks to flower in a four-liter container from cutting. Plant vigor is very good.Plant description:Plant habit.—Hardy herbaceous perennial with about 54 thick, mostly upright, lightly branched stems producing an upright and spreading mound to about 125 cm tall and about 165 cm wide; flowering in distal one-third of plant with up to about 26 flowers per main stem, average flowers per stem about 20.Stem.—Cylindrical, glabrous, glaucous; to about 125 cm tall and about 19 mm diameter at base, average about 105 cm tall and about 13 mm diameter at base; branched.Stem color.—Between RHS 146D and RHS 148C, without anthocyanins.Branches.—To 4 per stem, average about 3 per stem; cylindrical, glabrous, glaucous; to about 9 cm long and 2.5 mm diameter at base, smaller distally.Lateral branch color.—Between RHS 146D and RHS 148C, without anthocyanins.Internode.—About 20 nodes per stem below single flowers; average 40 nodes per stem; internode length about 3.1 cm of unpinched plant.Internode color.—Same as surrounding stem.Foliage description: Palmately tri-lobed to peta-lobed, with lobes of varying lengths; alternate; coarsely and irregularly dentate; apex and side lobes acute; base cordate; micro-puberulent and matte both abaxial and adaxial; moderately to deeply incised, with lobes from 2.5 cm to 7 cm deep, with some incised to petiole;Leaf blade size.—To about 16 cm long and about 13 cm across, average blade size 12.5 cm long and 9 cm wide; no fragrance detected.Foliage color.—Young expanding leaves — adaxial nearest RHS 137C with slight anthocyanin blush of nearest RHS N187A, abaxial nearest RHS 148B; mature leaves — adaxial nearest RHS NN137C, abaxial between RHS 148A and RHS 148B.Veins.—Palmate; matte and micro-puberulent both adaxial and abaxial; costate on abaxial.Vein color.—Adaxial primary proximal veins between RHS 145A and RHS 146D in basal 15 cm, secondary and distal primary veins between RHS 148B and RHS 148C with moderate blush of nearest RHS 184A; abaxial veins variable, proximal midrib and primary veins nearest RHS 146D, distal primary veins nearest RHS 148B with moderate blush to solid nearest RHS N186C with more light exposure.Petioles.—Mostly cylindrical, proximally slightly applanate on adaxial side near base; sparsely micro-puberulent; to about 10.5 cm long and 5 mm across at base, average size about 8 cm long and 4 mm wide at base.Petiole color.—Adaxial and abaxial nearest RHS 146D maculate with a light blush of nearest RHS N186C.Flower description: Complete; perfect; actinomorphic; rotate; solitary; mostly outwardly facing; slightly cupped;Flower size.—To about 18 cm across and 6 cm deep, decreasing distally; dark red shiny eye medium width, about 5 cm across; smaller later in the season.Buds one day prior to anthesis.—Ellipsoidal with flattened apex and bluntly truncate base; sepals adpressed to petals; to about 5.5 cm long and about 4.5 cm diameter near middle.Bud color one day prior to anthesis.—Exposed petal color central portion nearest RHS 49C, distal margin between RHS N57D and RHS 62A, with distal veins nearest RHS 61C and proximal veins lightening to nearest 64C, calyx nearest RHS 146B.Epicalyx.—Average about 10 per flower; linear; entire, margin micro-ciliolate; micro-puberulent abaxial and adaxial; sharply acute apex and truncate base, arcuate upwards near apex; to about 25 mm long and about 4 mm wide at base.Epicalyx color.—Adaxial nearest RHS 146C and abaxial nearest RHS 137B without anthocyanins.Calyx.—Campanulate, forming a broad star-shaped hypanthium; to about 15 mm deep and 70 mm wide at apices.Sepals.—Typically, five; ovate; acuminate apex; margin entire, edentate; adaxial and abaxial micro-puberulent and matte; about 38 mm long, about 26 mm wide at fusion, basal 19 mm fused.Sepal color.—Adaxial proximal portion nearest RHS 147C, distal portion nearest RHS 147B with veins nearest RHS 145C; abaxial nearest RHS 137B; without anthocyanin blush.Inflorescence.—Up to 26 per main stem and branches without pinching.Flower lastingness.—Individually persist for one to two days; effective for at least 8 weeks beginning late July to early August.Flower fragrance.—No detectable fragrance.Petals.—Five; glabrous adaxial and abaxial; adaxial eye zone lustrous, distal adaxial portion and entire abaxial matte; adnate to the androecium to form a column, imbricate to about 120% overlapping at widest part (petals overlapping both petals on either side, so three petals are stacked about 20%); strongly undulate; palmately veined, primary veins slightly impressed on adaxial and slightly costate abaxial; surface mostly flat; apex rounded with distinct basal claw and limb; margins entire, edentate; leading edge slightly folded under itself; corrugated, or rippled in back edge providing extra strength to withstand heavy wind, rain, and sun.Petal size.—Average about 14 cm across and about 10 cm long, claw base about 9 mm across.Petal color.—Adaxial basal 15 mm nearest RHS 46B, distal 10 mm of eye between RHS 60A and 53A, outer portion between RHS 69A and RHS 69B with distal veins nearest RHS 73B transitioning from between RHS 60A and 53A extending from eye zone; abaxial basal 14 mm nearest RHS NN155A, distal portion lighter than RHS 65D and where petal is folded nearest RHS 65B, abaxial veins nearest surrounding tissue;Gynoecium.—Single; partially enclosed in column. Column: glabrous and lustrous; about 31 mm long and about 13 mm across at base; with pistil exserted about 17 mm; Column color: nearest RHS NN155B; Style: micro-puberulent in region exserted above column; about 37 mm long, penta-furcate in about distal 7 mm, branch diameter about 1 mm; color nearest RHS NN155A in exposed portion, and RHS 11D portion enclosed in column; Stigma: typically, five; flattened globose, puberulent, about 3 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm tall; color in nearest RHS 160D; Ovary: superior; globose, longitudinally grooved in undulated pattern; acute apex, and truncate base; about 11 mm across at base and about 7 mm tall; color between RHS 150D and RHS 145D.Androecium.—Attached to column. Filaments: numerous, about 100, attached starting about 3 mm from base to 2 mm from apex of column; to about 6 mm long, about 0.2 mm diameter; color nearest RHS N155C; Anthers: flattened reniform; dorsifixed; about 2 mm across, 2 mm long, and about 1 mm thick; color nearest RHS 4D; Pollen: abundant, globose, less than 0.1mm across; color nearest RHS 11C.Pedicel: Cylindrical, micro-puberulent in proximal and distal portions; slightly glaucous; length from base of sepal to abscission point about 1.7 cm long, from abscission point to stem node about 7.7 cm long; about 3 mm wide; longer on early flowers and decreasing in distal flowers;Pedicel color: Nearest RHS 146D proximal abscission point, and nearest RHS 146D;Peduncle: Cylindrical, glabrous, glaucous; flowering portion to about 30 cm tall and about 10 mm diameter at base, average about 28 cm tall and about 9 mm diameter at base;Peduncle color: Between RHS 146D and RHS 148C, without anthocyanins; Fruit and seed: not yet observed;Resistance:Hibiscus‘All Eyes on Me’ has not displayed any pest and disease resistance beyond that typical of hardy perennialHibiscus. The plant grows best with plenty of moisture. Hardiness at least from USDA zone 4 through 9. | 8,716 |
PP35675 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The following description is based on two-year-old plants growing in a partially shaded greenhouse with supplemental water and fertilizer at a wholesale perennial nursery in Zeeland, Michigan, USA. ‘Capture the Flag’ has not been grown under all possible environments and may phenotypically appear different under different conditions such as light, temperatures, fertilizer, and water, without any difference in genotype. The color descriptions are from the 2015 edition of The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart except where common dictionary terms are used.Parentage: The female or seed parent isHeuchera‘Red Lighting’; the male or pollen parent wasTiarella15-1-29;Plant habit: Hardy herbaceous perennial of tightly compact rhizomes with basal rosette in a rounded mound of foliage; foliage about 25 cm tall and 60 cm across;Roots: Fibrous, finely branched; when actively growing near white in color depending on soil type, nearest RHS 158D;Growth rate: Rapid, rooting from cutting in 2 weeks and finishing in a three-liter container in about 3 months;Foliage: Palmately lobed into five to seven irregular main lobes; pubescent adaxial and abaxial; lobes moderately to deeply dissected to about two-thirds of the way to petiole; secondary lobes are dissected to nearly halfway to primary veins; matte surface above and below; main and secondary lobes with acute apices; margins ciliolate and distally serrate; cordate base with lobes imbricate about 1 cm; cauline leaves on up to first two nodes below flowers and decreasing in size distally; foliage density dense;Foliage size: Blade to about 15 cm long and 15 cm wide, average about 9.5 cm long and 9 cm wide; center lobe about 8 cm long and about 6.5 cm wide; cauline leaves to 5 cm long and 5 cm wide;Foliage margin indentations: Moderately to deeply dissected;Foliage color: Seasonally variable; spring and young emerging leaves adaxial nearest RHS 145A toward margin portions and the center inner palm surrounding the main veins nearest RHS 187B; abaxial spring emerging leaves nearest RHS 145A near margins and surrounding veins nearest RHS 187A; when first flowering adaxial margin portion between RHS 9A and RHS 11A, and center portion surrounding the veins nearest RHS 187B; when first flowering abaxial between RHS 145A and RHS 11A in margin portions and surrounding veins nearest RHS 187A; late summer and fall adaxial area surrounding veins variable, between RHS 146C and RHS 147C, between RHS 146B and RHS 147B, with a faint silver overlay of nearest RHS 192A showing on some leaves, area surrounding veins nearest RHS Ni 87A; late summer and fall abaxial margin portions variable, nearest RHS 146D and between RHS 138A and RHS 138B, portion surrounding the veins with undertone of nearest RHS N187A;Leaf margin: Serrate and ciliolate;Leaf apex: Acute;Leaf base: Cordate with lobes sometimes imbricate by about 1 cm;Leaf surface: Slightly cupped at petiole; flat margins; pubescent adaxial and abaxial;Leaf quantity: About six per division and 60 per plant;Veins: Palmate, puberulent adaxial, pubescent abaxial;Vein color: Adaxial early season main veins nearest RHS 145A and secondary veins nearest RHS 146C, abaxial early season main veins between RHS 145C and RHS 148D, secondary veins nearest RHS 145A; flowering season adaxial main veins nearest RHS 146D and secondary veins nearest RHS 143A, flowering season abaxial main veins between RHS 146D and RHS 145C, secondary veins nearest 146D; late summer and fall season adaxial main veins nearest RHS 146D, and distally between RHS 143A and RHS 144A; late summer and fall season abaxial main veins between RHS 146D and RHS 145C, secondary veins nearest 146B;Petiole: Cylindrical, hirsutulous, to about 26 cm long and 3 mm diameter above stipule; wiry but flexible;Petiole color: On emerging foliage proximally nearest RHS 183C and in the distal 3 cm between RHS 146D and RHS 145C; mid-flowering season nearest RHS 146D with a blush proximally of nearest RHS 183C, and late summer and fall blend nearest RHS 146D;Inflorescence: In open narrowly-branched panicle, to about 10 panicles per plant; to about 150 flowers per panicle; first panicle flowering beginning late May in Michigan and remaining in flower for about three weeks; repeat panicles until early fall; individual flowers remaining open about three to four days; plant remains in flower with new panicles for about ten weeks;Branches: To about 43; cylindrical; puberulent; ascending; proximal branches to about 8 cm long and 1 mm diameter at base; color nearest RHS 146D;Fragrance: None detected;Peduncle: Cylindrical; hirsutulous to pubescent with hairs to about 2 mm long; to about 62 cm tall and 3 mm diameter at base, flowering portion about 30 cm tall and 4.5 cm wide; with cauline leaves at lower two to four nodes; mostly upright with random bends; flower density medium;Peduncle color: Nearest RHS 146D;Peduncle branches: To about 47 per panicle; short and moderately-densely flowered; lowest branches with about 6 flowers; to about 2.5 cm long and 1 mm diameter; decreasing in size and flower quantity per branch distally;Cauline leaves: Palmate; to about 5.5 cm long and 5.5 cm wide; with petioles about 3.5 cm long and 1 mm diameter at base, decreasing distally; color of cauline leaves and petioles same as other foliage;Pedicel: Cylindrical; glandular to puberulent; about 2 mm long and 0.5 mm diameter;Pedicel color: Nearest RHS 195A;Buds one day prior to opening: Oblong elliptical; about 3 mm long and 2 mm diameter;Bud color: Distal one-third between RHS 157A and RHS 144D, proximal portion nearest RHS NN155A;Flower: Perfect; campanulate; about 5 mm deep and 9 mm in diameter at face; individual flowers lasting about four to five days on plant or as cut flower; attitude outwards to slightly drooping;Calyx: Five sepals; about 6 mm across and 3 mm deep; fused in basal 2 mm into hypanthium;Sepals: Glabrous adaxial, glandular abaxial; apex acute, margin entire; to about 3.5 mm long and 1.5 mm wide;Calyx color: Adaxial and abaxial nearest RHS NN155D with the adaxial and abaxial apical 0.5 mm between RHS 157A and RHS 144D;Petals: Typically, five; spatulate, narrowly acute apex, narrowly attenuate base; margin entire; glabrous abaxial and adaxial; about 5.5 mm long and 0.8 mm wide;Petal color: Abaxial nearest RHS NN155C; adaxial nearest RHS NN155C;Androecium:Filaments.—Typically, ten, thin, about 5 mm long and less than 0.3 mm in diameter; color nearest RHS NN155C.Anthers.—Vestigial; oblong to nearly 0.7 mm long and about 0.4 mm wide; color nearest RHS N25A.Pollen.—Not observed.Gynoecium:Pistil.—One central two-beaked pistil, about 5 mm long.Stigma.—Minute, about 0.2 mm diameter; color nearest RHS NN155C to transparent.Ovary.—Two carpels; apex tapering to meet pistil; rounded base and sides; to about 1.5 mm diameter at base and about 1 mm tall; color nearest RHS NN155B.Style.—About 4 mm long; narrowing to 0.1 mm at stigma; color nearest RHS NN155C.Fruit: two-beaked capsule, about 4 mm long and 2 mm in diameter at widest portion; color nearest RHS 200A when mature;Seed: Not observed;Growth conditions: XHeucherella‘Capture the Flag’ grows best with ample moisture and drainage in either filtered or part sun. Cold hardy from USDA zones 4 to 9, ‘Capture the Flag’ is able to tolerate heat and humidity better than many xHeucherella.Disease and pest tolerance: Other pest and disease resistance and tolerance outside of that normal for xHeucherellais not known. The new plant may be susceptible to diseases and pests common to other xHeucherella. | 7,601 |
PP35676 | DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW VARIETY Observations of cut ‘AUSperidot’ specimens were made at a garden in Albrighton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom. The following description is of 4-year-old rose plants of the new variety grown in a greenhouse environment in Albrighton, United Kingdom in the month of April. Phenotypic expression may vary with environmental, cultural and climatic conditions, as well as differences in conditions of light and soil. FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS Blooming habit: Continuous. The number of blooms per plant during the growing season is profuse, but there are too many to count.Bud:Size.—About 4 cm long and 2 to 2.5 cm in diameter when the petals start to unfurl.Form.—The bud form is long pointed ovoid, with a lower portion that is flattened convex.Color.—When sepals first divide, the bud color is RHS 10A (yellow group). When half blown, the upper sides of the petals are RHS 11B (yellow group), and the lower sides of the petals are between RHS 5D (yellow group) and RHS 155A (white group).Calyx.—Shape: opens as a star shape and folds back against the stem. Length: 7 cm. Diameter: 7 cm.Sepals.—Arrangement: Regular. Color: Upper Surface: RHS 138B (green group). Lower Surface: RHS 143A (green group). Length: 3 cm. Width: 1 cm. Shape: Lanceolate. Apex: Lanceolate. Margin: Smooth. Surface texture: Upper Surface: Glandular. Lower Surface: Hairy. Number: There are 3 lightly appendaged sepals, and 2 unappendaged sepals with hairy edges.Receptacles.—Color: RHS 144A (yellow-green group). Shape: Pitcher. Size: Medium, about 1.2 cm long×0.8 cm wide. Surface: Smooth.Peduncle.—Length: Long, averaging about 6.5 cm. Surface: Glandular. Color: RHS 144B (green-yellow group). Strength: Normal.Blooms:Size.—Large, average open diameter is about 10 cm and average depth is about 3.2 cm.Borne.—Singly with the other blooms being nipped out for single bloom cut rose production.Form.—When first open, bloom is cupped. Permanence of bloom flattens: outer petals curl slightly.Petalage: Number of petals under normal conditions: approx. 86.Color.—The upper sides of the petals are RHS N155D (white group). The reverse sides of the petals are RHS N155D (white group). The base of the petals has a very small to small basal spot that is RHS 2A (yellow group) in color.Variegations.—None.Discoloration.—The general tonality at the end of the first day is RHS 11B (yellow group), and at the end of the third day is RHS N155D (white group).Fragrance.—Slight. Character of fragrance: Tea.Petals:Texture.—Smooth, satiny on both sides.Size.—Width: 3.7 cm. Length: 4.7 cm.Surface.—Smooth.Shape.—Round (outer petals); Obovate (inner petals).Margin.—Entire.Apex shape.—Rounded.Base shape.—Acute.Form.—Outer petals flat, inner petals slightly recurved.Arrangement.—Informal.Petaloids.—Number: Few — typically 10-12. Color: RHS 4D (yellow group). Length: 1.8 cm. Width: 1 cm. Shape: Obovate. Margin: Irregular.Persistence.—Petals drop off cleanly before drying.Lastingness.—On the plant: not tested. As a cut flower: long about 9 days.Reproductive parts:Stamens.—Number: approximately 70-75. Length: approximately 0.8 cm.Anthers.—Length: approximately 0.6 cm. Color: RHS 16B (yellow-orange group). Arrangement: Regular around styles.Filaments.—Color: RHS 13A (yellow group). Length: 0.2 cm.Pollen.—Color: RHS 16B (yellow-orange group). Amount: Scarce.Pistils.—Number: approximately 75. Length: approximately 0.6 cm.Styles.—Color: RHS 2C (yellow group). Length: 0.5 cm.Stigmas.—Color: RHS 3B (yellow group). Length: approximately 0.1 cm.Hips.—NONE Observed. PLANT CHARACTERISTICS Plant form: Shrub.Plant growth: Vigorous and upright.Age to maturity: 2 years.Mature plant: Height: 140 cm. Width: 60 cm.Rootstock: Own root (production from cuttings) for the roses observed in the United Kingdom.Foliage:Number.—Leaflets on normal mid-stem leaves is: 5 with instances of 7 (including terminal leaflet).Size.—Very large to large, about 19.5 cm long×12.6 cm wide.Quantity.—Normal. Number of leaves per flowering stem is: approximately 7-8.Color.—New foliage: Upper side: RHS N186C (greyed purple group) with RHS 144A (yellow-green group). Lower side: RHS 187C (greyed-purple group). Old foliage: Upper side: RHS 147A (yellow-green group). Lower side: RHS 191A (greyed-green group).Leaflets:Size.—About 6.6 cm long×4.5 cm wide.Shape.—Pointed oval.Base shape.—Usually rounded, occasionally cordate.Apex shape.—Acuminate.Texture.—Upper side: Leathery. Lower side: Leathery.Glossiness.—Weak/Matte.Edge.—Serrated.Serrations.—Single.Petiole.—Color: Perimeter is RHS 146B (yellow-green group), and central is RHS 145B (yellow-green group). Length: 5.7 cm. Width: 0.15 cm. Upper Surface Texture: Smooth. Lower Surface Texture: Smooth with a few prickles.Petiole rachis.—Color: perimeter is RHS 146B (yellow-green group), and center is RHS 145B (yellow-green group). Underside: rough with prickles. Upperside: smooth.Stipules.—Length: 2 cm. Shape: Lateral. Descriptor: Glandular. Apex: Acute. Color: RHS 137B (green group).Auricle.—Shape: Lanceolate. Length: 0.3 cm Width: 0.1 cm. Color: RHS N138A (green group).Vein color.—Same as leaf color.Venation pattern.—Reticulate.Wood:New wood.—Color: RHS 148A (yellow-green group) with RHS 183A (greyed-purple group) at the tip of new growth. Bark: Smooth.Old wood.—Color: RHS 146A (yellow-green group). Bark: Smooth.Branching habit:Number.—Not applicable.Dimensions.—Not applicable.Stems:Mature stem.—Length: 130 cm. Diameter: 0.8 cm.Internode distance.—7.5 cm. The above measurements are all variable, depending on growing conditions in a season.Stem pubescence present.—No.Prickles:Quantity.—On main canes from base: few. Number per stem length: 5-10 per 20 cm.Form.—Hooked downward/deep concave.Length.—0.5 cm.Color when young.—RHS N182A (greyed-red group) at base and middle, RHS 160A (greyed-yellow group) at tip.Color when mature.—RHS N162A (greyed-yellow group) with a tinge of RHS 70C (red-purple group).Small prickles:Quantity.—Main stalk: Few. Number per stem length: 1-2 per 20 cm. Laterals: not applicable.Color.—When young: RHS N182A (greyed-red group) at base and middle, RHS 160A (greyed-yellow group) at tip. When mature: RHS N162A (greyed-yellow group) with a tinge of RHS 70C (red-purple group).Disease Resistance:Powdery mildew(podosphaera pannosa).—Resistant.Downy mildew(peronospora species).—Resistant.Blackspot(diplocarpon rosae).—Resistant.Rust(phragmidium tuberculatum).—Resistant.Pest resistance: Not tested.Winter hardiness: Not tested.Growing conditions: Normal greenhouse conditions for cut rose production. | 6,571 |
PP35677 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The following is a detailed botanical description of the new variety of ‘UC Westside’, including the key differentiating characteristics of this variety and comparisons of certain characteristics of ‘UC Westside’ to other pistachio varieties, as based on observations of various aged specimens grown in several locations in California. Unless otherwise indicated, evaluation data was taken from 3- to 8-year-old trees. Color descriptions are based on the color standards presented in R.H.S. Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society of London (R.H.S.) (1st edition, 1966). Origin and Selection ‘UC Westside’ is a hybrid resulting from a cross between ‘S-51’ (not patented) and an unknown male. It was selected from a seedling evaluation trial located near Five Points, California in the Central Valley. All of the female parents that produced the progeny grown in this trial, and most of the neighboring male pollenizers, demonstrated a reduced juvenility period compared to ‘Peters’. ‘UC Westside’, originally identified as West6-32 in the trial, is the cloned progeny of an open pollinated cross identified as Ao. Ao is a cross between aPistacia verafemale ‘S-51’, which was one of the seedlings (i.e. on its own roots) in a seedling-selection trial established in Bakersfield, California during April 2001, and an unknown male, assumed to be one of the male seedlings in this trial. ‘S-51’ was selected as a parent because of its reduced juvenility period (i.e. in terms of years to flowering) of the trees in this trial. The seed that produced West6-32 was collected from ‘S-51’ in late summer of 2007, germinated in a greenhouse during the winter of 2007-2008 and planted in the field near Five Points, California, 0.9 m (3 ft.) apart with 783 other seedlings in February of 2008. At this trial, only two trees bloomed in 2011 (both males). In 2012, 136 of the original 784 male and female seedlings (17.3%) had at least one open inflorescence (84.6% of which were males). Many of these had few inflorescences. Most of the male trees bloomed too early in the season to be possible pollenizers for ‘Kerman’. Nine male selections, including ‘UC Westside’ were made from this seedling trial after the low-chill winter of 2013-14 and confirmed in the even lower-chill winter of 2014-15. Selection criteria included their juvenility period, bloom density, and apparent synchronization with ‘Kerman’. ‘UC Westside’ and eight other selections were evaluated in three grafted, advanced selection trials in the San Joaquin Valley of California. The three advanced selection trials were called “Whisler”, “Corcoran” and “Westside REC”. The Whisler trial was further evaluated in two sub-plots at the trial based on difference in altitude (climate) giving a total of four locations. The nine selections in these trials were compared to the male cultivars ‘Peters’ and ‘Famoso’ and the female cultivar ‘Kerman’. ‘UC Westside’ was selected as the single best selection based on data collected from 2014 through 2021 for reduced juvenility period, bloom synchrony with ‘Kerman’, inflorescence density per branch, pollen weight per flower, pollen germination performance and tree size. Trial Descriptions and Establishment Nine advanced selections, including ‘UC Westside’, were made from the Westside REC seedling trial after bloom in 2014 for inclusion in the Whisler trial. The Whisler trial was located near Famoso, California in the Southern San Joaquin Valley within a ‘Kerman’ orchard, where these male pollenizers were evaluated for juvenility period, bloom density, and apparent synchronization with ‘Kerman’. The Whisler trial, ranging from 500 ft.-600 ft. (152-183 m) above sea level, was grafted to PG1 rootstock in August of 2014. This trial consisted of “lower” and “higher” elevation areas. Elevation as used here is a relative term, comprising ca 30.5 m (100 ft.) difference, but resulting in significant differences in chilling because of strong atmospheric inversion layers that form in the San Joaquin Valley during the winter. In this orchard, the pollenizer (i.e. male-containing) rows transversed the orchard perpendicularly to the elevation change. Four rows of ‘Kerman’ separated each pollenizer row and each pollenizer position within these rows was separated by four ‘Kerman’ trees. The nine experimental advanced selections plus the cultivars ‘Peters’ and ‘Famoso’ were planted in 11 of these pollenizer rows, one each in a pollenizer position in the high elevation area and one in a pollenizer position in the low elevation area of a row. Bloom characteristics were evaluated again at the Westside REC seedling trial near Five Points, California on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley in spring 2015 following another fall and winter characterized as being very low chill. These same nine males performed well and were included in the Corcoran trial planted in 2015. The Corcoran trial was located near the town of Delano, California on the east side of the San Joaquin Valley within a large ‘Kerman’ orchard. The Corcoran trial had flat topography and was 63.4 m (208 ft.) above sea level. It was grafted in late July 2015 to clonally propagated ‘UCB-1’ (not patented) rootstock. The experimental trees were planted in a single male row (every 5th tree) that crossed the orchard. The trial was a randomized, complete block design with three replications of each of the nine advanced selections plus ‘Peters’ and ‘Famoso’ (one replication of each selection/cultivar in each block). Most of these advanced selections, including ‘UC Westside’ were grafted with replication at the Westside REC advanced female cultivar-selection trial in Five Points, CA in 2015. The Westside REC trial, had flat topography, and was 68 m (223 ft.) above sea level. The trial was grafted in July 2015 on ‘UCB-1’ seedling rootstocks. Pollenizers were planted in a completely randomized design around the border of the trial, with an additional male row running through the center of the trial. The trial had two ‘UC Westside’ and three ‘Peters’ and ‘Famoso’ trees, which provided the trial data at this location. Evaluation of Selections Bloom Evaluation: Bloom was evaluated at specific intervals during the bloom period based on the range of flower development present in individual inflorescences on a given evaluation date (referred to as “range of bloom”). “Mean bloom” was then estimated from the range of bloom present on a given evaluation date. Both of these values, “range of bloom” and “mean bloom” appear in Tables 1-5. The following ratings were used to estimate development of individual inflorescences: 0=dormant bud, 1=green tip (inflorescence bud just starting to swell and push), 2=early bloom (first pollen dehisced for male; first stigmas apparent for ‘Kerman’), 3=mid bloom (i.e. about one-half of the estimated maximum number of flowers in an inflorescence that will ever be open are open), 4=full bloom (estimated maximum number of flowers that will ever be open in an inflorescence are open), 5=late bloom (some flowers within the inflorescence are still dehiscing pollen or have fresh stigmas), 6=no flowers dehiscing pollen. The ratings for evaluating the “mean bloom” of the tree at a given point in time were defined as follows: 0=majority of inflorescence buds on the tree are dormant, 1=majority of the buds on the tree are green tip (bud just starting to swell and push), 2=majority of the inflorescences on the tree are at early bloom (first pollen dehisced for male; first stigmas apparent for ‘Kerman’), 3=majority of the inflorescences on the tree are at mid bloom, 4=15 majority of the inflorescences on the tree are at full bloom, 5=majority of the inflorescences on the tree are at late bloom, 6=bloom is done. In addition, bloom was evaluated for “number of inflorescences” on the tree. This rating system used the following evaluation abbreviations: 1=none, 2=very few (VF), 3=few (F), 4=moderate (M), 5=high (H), 6=very high (VH). Each abbreviation either refers to a range of actual inflorescence numbers on the tree, or as the trees became more mature, to a relative rating comparing inflorescence numbers in a holistic way to the trees in the trial with the greatest number of inflorescences. The method of comparison used is given in the respective table for each year of the trial. Measurement Of Pollen Germination And Quantity: The date of pollen sampling at three sites was based on the bloom timing of ‘Kerman’ at each trial site. At the Corcoran trial, branches 30 to 45 cm (1-1.5 ft.) in length with developmentally advanced inflorescences and mostly unopened flowers were collected from each replicated tree of ‘Peters’, ‘Famoso’ and ‘UC Westside’ in the three blocks on the morning of 7 Apr. 2021. At the Whisler trial, on 12 Apr. 2021, branches were collected from ‘Peters’, ‘Famoso’ and ‘UC Westside’ in the ‘lower elevation’ location and only from ‘Peters’ and ‘UC Westside’ in the ‘higher elevation’ location since ‘Famoso’ was not present in this plot. In 2021, tree bloom at the Whisler trial was behind that at the Corcoran trial. The branches collected from both locations from all of the available trees at each location were placed on butcher-block paper in mid-afternoon the same day that they were collected from the field. At 2 p.m. the following day, pollen from the actively dehiscing inflorescences was collected from the butcher-block paper, cleaned of debris and insects with a 145-mesh screen and weighed. Pollen quantity is presented as dehisced pollen per inflorescence. Pollen weights were normalized by division with the number of actively dehiscing inflorescences in each group. Pollen germination is temperature dependent. Temperature in the laboratory was approximately 21.7° C. Beginning at 4 PM and ending at 5 PM, pollen from each cultivar (three replicates at the Corcoran trial and two from the Whisler trial) were germinated on separate hanging drop glass slides. The germination medium was an 18% sucrose solution containing a trace of calcium nitrate and borate. Early the following morning, germinated pollen in the two wells on each slide were counted separately, in three locations within each well, using a microscope (40× objective). These three counts were averaged for each well and germination percentages calculated separately for each of the two wells in the slide. For the Corcoran trial, the average of the two wells was used as the experimental unit in ANOVA (one slide per replicated tree) to determine possible differences among the cultivars and ‘UC Westside’ for pollen germination. Similarly, the mean weight of pollen per inflorescence was used to determine possible differences among the cultivars and ‘UC Westside’ for this character. Due to the lack of replication at the Whisler trial, the values obtained, both for “germination percentage” and “weight of pollen per inflorescence” are observational only, from a single tree, but the values presented for germination percentage were averaged from the slides as was done with the Corcoran trial data. Statistical analyses. Data were analyzed using an ANOVA general linear model statistical package. Bloom timing and number of inflorescences were analyzed by cultivar, location, and year for main effects. Location and cultivar were treated as fixed and year as random variables. Trial Results and Comparative Analysis Inflorescence numbers were higher across the trials for ‘UC Westside’ compared with ‘Peters’ at the four locations from 2018 through 2021 (Table 1 andFIG.1). Depending on year and location ‘Peters’ inflorescence numbers in the individual trials ranged from very few (VF) to moderate (M) while those of ‘UC Westside’ ranged from M to very high (VH) (Tables 2-4). Limited available data from 2019 and 2020 from the Westside REC trial were included to demonstrate the higher bloom numbers of ‘UC Westside’ compared to ‘Peters’, based on observed flower buds that had not yet opened (Table 3). However, this limited data prevented inclusion of the Westside REC data in the bloom timing analysis. In general, ‘Peters’ lack of inflorescences and the range of maturity of those inflorescences on a given tree made evaluation of bloom timing less precise for this cultivar (Tables 2-4). Both ‘Peters’ and ‘UC Westside’ had a wide range of bloom maturity on the tree during their respective bloom periods (Tables 2-4). Across the trials, mean bloom synchrony with ‘Kerman’ was not different between ‘Peters’ and ‘UC Westside’ at the four locations from 2018 through 2021, although both of these cultivars were later than ‘Famoso’ (Table 5 andFIG.2). However, in some years, ‘Peters’ demonstrated poor synchrony with ‘Kerman’. For example, at the Corcoran trial, ‘Peters’ was in very early bloom (bloom rating ca 2.5) in 2019 and 2021, when ‘Kerman’ was at or past full bloom with maturity ratings greater than 4.1 (Table 3). It is not clear why the bloom period of ‘Peters’ was so far behind that of ‘Kerman’, but this lack of synchrony between the two has been a general concern of the industry for some time in many commercial plantings. This lack of synchrony has been more apparent in very low chill years, which did not occur during this study period. The very low chill winters of 2013-14 and 2014-15, in part, instigated the search for male pollenizers less susceptible to chill. The bloom synchrony for ‘Peters’ with ‘Kerman’ was better at the Whisler trial site (Table 2), but the inflorescence number for ‘Peters’ was low at this location compared to ‘UC Westside’, both at the higher and lower elevation locations (Table 1). At all locations ‘Famoso’ was earlier than both ‘UC Westside’ and ‘Peters’. The earlier bloom of ‘Famoso’ supports the existing recommendation that ‘Kerman’ orchards include ‘Famoso’ as the “early” pollenizer for ‘Kerman’, especially in low-chill environments. ‘UC Westside’ demonstrated equal or better pollen germination than did ‘Peters’ or ‘Famoso’ at the Whisler and Corcoran trial sites (Table 4). The bloom period was highly extended at the Whisler trial in 2021, probably due to its generally high elevation and borderline chilling. This extended bloom period made scheduling pollen collection challenging due to the difference in bloom timing for ‘Kerman’ between the higher and lower elevation plots. Based on the advancement of ‘Kerman’ bloom, pollen was collected at this site on 7 April and 12 April, and at both of these collection dates, very few ‘Peters’ flowers were close to dehiscing pollen and, in general, there were few flowers to choose from. The only inflorescences ready for collection on 7 April were for ‘Famoso’ because it was ahead of both ‘Peters’ and ‘UC Westside’. However, ‘Famoso’ branches with dehiscing inflorescences were collected, again, along with those of ‘Peters’ and ‘UC Westside’ on 12 April. On the 7 April collection date, ‘Famoso’ inflorescence development was not very far along, and by 12 April, most flowers were already open, which limited the ability to collect inflorescences at the right stage for maximum pollen collection in the lab. More ‘pollen per inflorescence’ was collected from ‘Famoso’, on average, on 7 April, compared to 12 April, and pollen germination was similar between the two dates (Table 4). ‘UC Westside’, on 12 April, had a range of inflorescences at a more optimal stage for pollen collection. At the Corcoran trial site, on 7 April, ‘Kerman’ was at full bloom, but ‘Peters’ bloom was later than ‘Kerman’ bloom, with fewer inflorescences of any stage present and most flowers were immature and unopened (Table 2). The relatively poor germination test results for ‘Peters’ pollen may have been due to collection of immature inflorescences (Table 4). At the Corcoran site, ‘UC Westside’ had a similar pollen germination percentage compared to ‘Famoso’ and a higher germination percentage than did ‘Peters’ (Table 4). In addition, ‘UC Westside’ at the Corcoran trial, had significantly more pollen per flower on 7 April, than did ‘Famoso’ or ‘Peters’ (Table 4). ‘UC Westside’ is a superior candidate due to its reduced juvenility period, bloom density, and bloom synchrony with ‘Kerman’. Pollen germination across cultivars was, in general, >50% (except for ‘Peters’) which is sufficient to ensure good pollination, even in the unusually warm bloom period in 2021. TABLE 1Summary statistics for differences in number of inflorescences pertree among the male pollenizers (‘Famoso’, ‘Peters’ and ‘UCWestside’) at four locations (UC Westside REC, Whisler Low,Whisler High and Corcoran) for 4 years (2018-2021).General linear model: Transformed values [Square root (X + 0.5)]versus Location, Year and CultivarFactorTypeLevelsLocationFixed4YearRandom4CultivarFixed3Analysis of VarianceSourceDFF valuePLocation32.2300.104Year31.9660.139Cultivar230.2440.000Error32Total40Differences in the number-of-inflorescence ratings among‘Peters’, ‘Famoso’ and ‘UC Westside’. A larger value denotesmore male inflorescences per tree.Cultivar‘Peters’2.6 az‘Famoso’4.7 b‘UC Westside’5.2 bzvalues in the same column followed with different letters denote significant differences between means using Tuckey's highest significant difference test at P ≤ 0.05 TABLE 2Bloom characteristics of 4- to 7-year-old ‘Kerman’, ‘Peters’,‘Famoso’, and ‘UC Westside’ trees at the Whisler trial, 2018-2021.Trees planted in 2014.Low Elevation PlotZHigh Elevation PlotInflo-Inflo-res-res-DateBloomMeancenceBloomMeancenceevaluatedrangeYbloomYno.XrangeYbloomYno.XApr. 18, 2018‘Kerman’0.0-3.0W1.3F0.0-1.80.5FW‘Peters’0.0-1.50.3VF0.0-1.20.0VF‘Famoso’0.0-4.01.5F———‘UC Westside’0.5-3.01.2VH0.5-2.50.3VHApr. 16, 2019‘Kerman’0.5-3.01.5M0.0-2.51.2M‘Peters’0.0-2.00.8VF0.0-2.00.5VF‘Famoso’0.6-3.01.5M———‘UC Westside’0.6-2.21.5VH0.0-2.00.7VHApr. 12, 2020‘Kerman’1.5-3.02.2VF1.0-3.02.0VF‘Peters’1.5-3.51.6VF1.0-2.01.7VF‘Famoso’1.0-6.04.0VH———‘UC Westside’0.5-2.01.4H1.0-2.01.8HApr. 15, 2020‘Kerman’2.6-6.04.1VF1.8-5.03.3VF‘Peters’1.0-6.03.5VF0.5-6.02.9VF‘Famoso’2.0-6.05.0VH———‘UC Westside’1.5-6.02.7H1.0-6.02.0HApr. 16, 2021‘Kerman’0.5-6.03.5M0.0-4.51.5M‘Peters’0.5-6.03.5M0.0-6.01.0M‘Famoso’0.0-6.0dVH———‘UC Westside’0.2-6.03.5VH0.0-6.01.1HApr. 19, 2021‘Kerman’1.0-6.05.0M1.0-6.03.1M‘Peters’1.0-6.04.7M0.5-6.03.0M‘Famoso’6.0dVH———‘UC Westside’1.0-6.04.8VH0.0-6.02.6H— not availableZDifference above sea level between the high and low plots was approximately 100 feet.YTree bloom ratings based on totality of individual inflorescences on the tree: 0—dormant; 1—bud push; 2—early bloom; 3—mid bloom; 4—full bloom; 5—late bloom; 6—done bloomingXLetters refer to estimated number of inflorescences per tree as follows:2018 bloom ratings: VF 0-10; F 11-25; M 26-40, H 41-60; VH > 602019 bloom ratings: VF 0-10; F 11-25; M 26-75; H 76-100; VH > 1002020 bloom ratings: VF 0-25; F 25-50; M 51-200; H 201-400; VH > 4002021 bloom ratings are compared relative to one another.WEach value in the table for Kerman and Peters is the mean of 5-10 trees, for ‘Famoso’ and ‘UC Westside’ it is for a single tree. Experimental trees were not replicated within each of the two plots in this trial. TABLE 3Bloom characteristics of 3- to 6-year-old ‘Kerman’, ‘Peters’,‘Famoso’ and ‘UC Westside’ trees at the Corcoran trial,2018-2021. Trees planted in 2015.DateBloomMeanInflores-RelativeevaluatedrangeZbloomZcence noYtree sizeX2018‘Kerman’1.5-6.0W5.0M—‘Peters’2.0-6.05.0F—‘Famoso’6.0dM—‘UC Westside’1.5-6.05.0H—2019‘Kerman’—2.2——‘Peters’0.5-2.51.0F—‘Famoso’1.0-6.04.5H—‘UC Westside’0.5-3.51.9VH—2019‘Kerman’—5.0—‘Peters’—2.5F—‘Famoso’—dH—‘UC Westside’—4.9VH—2020‘Kerman’1.5-3.52.0—A‘Peters’1.0-3.51.9MA‘Famoso’1.5-6.04.5HA‘UC Westside’1.0-5.02.5MA2020‘Kerman’1.5-6.04.6—A‘Peters’1.0-5.04.0MA‘Famoso’1.5-6.05.0HA‘UC Westside’1.0-5.04.2MA2021‘Kerman’0.0-3.51.6——‘Peters’0.0-3.01.5ML‘Famoso’0.0-5.02.4HA‘UC Westside’0.0-4.51.4HA2021‘Kerman’0.5-5.04.1——‘Peters’0.2-5.02.4ML‘Famoso’0.5-6.05.0HA‘UC Westside’0.5-6.04.1HAZTree bloom ratings based on a visual estimate of the totality of individual inflorescences: 0 - dormant; 1 - bud push; 2 - early bloom; 3 - mid bloom; 4 - full bloom; 5 - late bloom; 6 - done bloomingYLetters refer to estimated number of inflorescences per tree as follows:2018 bloom ratings for cultivars and ‘UC Westside’ were compared relative to one another.2019 bloom ratings: F < 10; M 10-25; H 26-75; VH > 752020 bloom ratings: F < 75; M 76 -150; H 151-250; VH > 2502021 bloom ratings F < 150; M 151-300; H 301 - 500; VH > 500XRelative to the largest trees in the trial. L is large, A is average, and S is small.WEach value in the table for ‘Kerman’ is the average of 20 trees and the average of three trees for ‘Peters’, ‘Famoso’, and ‘UC Westside’. TABLE 4Bloom characteristics of 3-, 4-, and 6-year-old ‘Kerman’,‘Peters’, ‘Famoso’, and ‘UC Westside’ trees at the WestsideREC trial, 2018-2019, 2021. Trees planted in 2015.Each value in the table is the mean of 2-3 trees.DateBloomMean.Inflores-RelativeevaluatedrangeZBloomZcences noYTree SizeX2018‘Kerman’X——none—‘Peters’——none—‘Famoso’0-1.0Z0.1XF—‘UC Westside’—0.0H—2019‘Kerman’0.0-0.00.0MA‘Peters’0.00.0FL‘Famoso’0.0-0.00.0ML‘UC Westside’0.0-0.20.0MA2021‘Kerman’3.0-6.04.0M—‘Peters’0.5-5.02.8F—‘Famoso’0.5-6.04.5H—‘UC Westside’0.3-5.02.9H—ZBloom ratings based on a visual estimate of the totality of individual inflorescences: 0 - dormant; 1 - bud push; 2 - early bloom; 3 - mid bloom; 4 - full bloom; 5 - late bloom; 6 - done bloomingYLetters refer to estimated number of inflorescences per tree as follows:Tree bloom ratings are compared relative to one another based on all entries in the trial: F = few; M = moderate; H = high; VH = very high.XRelative to the largest trees in the trial. L is large, A is average, and S is small.— Not available TABLE 5Summary statistics for differences in bloom synchrony, as measured bybloom-maturity ratings, among the male pollenizers (‘Famoso’,‘Peters’, ‘UC Westside’) and ‘Kerman’ at three locations (Whisler Low,Whisler High and Corcoran) for 4 years (2018-2021).General linear model: Transformed values [Square root (X + 0.5)]versus Location, Year and CultivarFactorTypeLevelsLocationFixed3YearRandom4CultivarFixed3Analysis of VarianceSourceDFF valuePLocation20.4640.448Year31.0480.251Cultivar23.7570.009Error24Total31Differences among males from ‘Kerman’ in bloom-timing ratingsdifference test. A value closer to 0 denotes timing morecoincidental with ‘Kerman’. A negative number denotes that thepollinizer blooms before ‘Kerman’CultivarMean‘Famoso’−1.29az‘Peters’0.58ab‘UC Westside’0.40bzValues in the same column followed with different letters denote significant differences between means using Tuckey's highest significant differences test at P ≤ 0.05 zValues in the same column followed with different letters denote significant differences between means using Tuckey's highest significant difference test at P≤0.05 TABLE 6Germination and quantity of pollen for the male pollenizers ‘Peters’,‘Famoso’, and ‘UC Westside’ at the Whisler and Corcoran trials inKern County Calif. during spring of 2021.DatePollenPollen quantity,pollengermination,g·inflores-Trialcollected%Zcence−1 ZWhislerYHigh elevation‘Peters’4/1275.20.045‘Famoso’—‘UC Westside’4/1275.50.086Low elevation‘Peters’4/1212.90.036‘Famoso (1)’4/759.90.083‘Famoso (2)’4/1252.10.041‘UC Westside’4/1273.20.065CorcoranZ‘Peters’4/721.7aY0.071a‘Famoso’4/754.5ab0.089a‘UC Westside’4/781.0b0.177a— not availableZAt Whisler, each value is the average for one tree in each elevation plot. At the Corcoran trial, each value is the average of three trees from a randomized, complete block experimental trial design.YDifferent letters in the same column denote significant differences among means at the Corcoran trial site using Fisher's protected LSD test at P ≤ 0.05. Tree size: The ‘UC Westside’ tree, grafted to ‘UCB-1’ or ‘PG1’ rootstock, up to age seven in the current trials, is similar in trunk size to ‘Famoso’ and ‘Peters’. Trunk scion diameter comparisons among ‘UC Westside’, ‘Peters’ and ‘Famoso’ were taken on Jun. 28, 2023. Scion diameter was measured 150 mm above the graft union on these now 8-year-old trees. These measurements and statistical analysis are shown in Table 7. There were no significant differences on trunk scion diameter among ‘UC Westside’, ‘Peters’, and ‘Famoso’ based on the limited sample size at the Corcoran Trial. Tree height is a function of pruning methodology and training activities which are practiced intensively during the first three years of growth. TABLE 7CultivarTrunk Scion Diameter, mm*‘UC Westside’73 a‘Peters’76 a‘Famoso’83 a*Values in the same column followed by different letters are significantly different by Fisher's protected least significant difference test a P ≤ 0.05. ‘UC Westside’ branch length tends to be somewhat shorter than ‘Peters’ as the trees move from juvenility to early flowering (FIG.1). The reason for the shorter branch length is not clear and may be due to parentage or to the shorter juvenility period and profuse flowering that characterizes ‘UC Westside’ and ‘Famoso’ in their early development years (FIGS.1and2). Leaves: Leaves are simple compound imparipinnate with 1 to 2 pairs of oppositely arranged leaflets. Leaf, petiole, and leaflet sizes and shapes are similar for ‘UC Westside’, ‘Famoso’, and ‘Peters’. ‘Peters’ leaves are slightly larger. ‘UC Westside’ leaves are 11 cm to 15 cm long with 3 cm to 8 cm leaflets. Leaves can vary considerably in shape, depending on their developmental stage and position on shoots (e.g., more lateral vs. more terminal), in general being ovate with cuspidate to rounded tips and rounded base. Margins of leaf blades are entire. Leaf surfaces are glabrous, smooth and waxy. Leaves range from light green at first emergence to dark green at maturity. Leaf, leaflet, and petiole size measurements are shown in Table 7. TABLE 7PetioleLeafLeafLeafletLeafletLengthLengthWidthLengthWidthCultivar(cm)(cm)(cm)(cm)(cm)‘UC Westside’313.211.864.8‘Peters’3.816.015.97.54.8‘Tejon’3.316.815.06.84.2‘Famoso’212.414.46.54.9‘Randy’2.813.513.27.35.2 Color evaluations were done on at least 3 leaves, each new and mature, collected at random from ‘UC Westside’, ‘Peters’, ‘Tejon’, ‘Famoso’, and ‘Randy’. Leaf colors are also similar for leaves of all the cultivars. Color values are provided in Table 8. Numbers provide subtle differences in the observed color. Bottom leaf surfaces are usually 1-2 shades lighter than the top. TABLE 8CultivarTypeColor‘UC Westside’Petiole160A, 145BTop Leaf148ABottom Leaf148A, 147B‘Peters’Petiole160A, 145BCTop Leaf146A, 147BBottom Leaf148A‘Tejon’Petiole160B, 145BCTop Leaf148A, 147ABottom Leaf148A, 146B‘Famoso’Petiole160A, 145BTop Leaf147ABottom Leaf148A, 147B‘Randy’Petiole160BC, 145BCTop Leaf147ABottom Leaf148A, 147B, 147A Inflorescences: Female inflorescences are born laterally alternately on branches, rarely as terminal buds. They are located on one year old wood. The ‘UC Westside’ inflorescences are similar in size and color to ‘Peters’ and ‘Famoso’ male pistachios (FIGS.3and4). The flower buds form a branched compound inflorescence of the panicle form. Individual flowers are 0.5 mm to 1 mm in size. All flowers are male. Flowers do not have petals. The panicles are 3 to 7 cm long with considerable variation in size. Flower development is from base to tip of the panicle and typically spans a 3-week period, depending on weather conditions during individual seasons. Panicles are yellow as is the pollen. Tips of the panicles are tinged red prior to opening of individual flowers. Plant Winter Hardiness, Heat Tolerance, and Drought Tolerance: ‘UC Westside’, as is typical ofPistacia veraL., will tolerate temperatures greater than −5° C. to −10° C. The rootstock on which it is grafted, however, can sustain significant damage at −5° C. after a few hours. The ‘UC Westside’ cultivar is typically grown in a hot dry environment, and has been grown in a location having typical summer temperatures greater than 40° C. to 42° C. All California pistachio cultivars are grown as an irrigated crop and require about 1000 mm of water during the growing season. Pistachio cultivars will tolerate poor-quality water and do not show significant yield loss or damage up to EC (electrical conductivity) 8-12. Response to Pests and/or Diseases: ‘UC Westside’ has not been specifically evaluated for resistance or susceptibility to pistachio diseases. This variety is grown in a location where typical pistachio diseases are minimal and which is managed to minimize disease development. It is expected that susceptibility toBotryosphaeria dothidea, Botrytis cinerea, orAlternaria alternatawould be similar to other commercial pistachio cultivars sincePistacia veraL. in California is generally susceptible to these diseases. Most pistachio insect pests are controlled with insecticides, which have been used where ‘UC Westside’ is grown. Significant differences in unspecified insect damage were not found among the tested cultivars, including ‘UC Westside’. Application and Use ‘UC Westside’ male pistachio can provide more complete pollination for ‘Kerman’ in the Central Valley of California than is provided by the standard ‘Peters’ male. ‘UC Westside’ has a reduced juvenility period compared to ‘Peters’ often producing inflorescences in Year 3 and a dense bloom in Years 4 and 5, unlike ‘Peters’, which may take five years to begin producing flowers. The flowering period of ‘UC Westside’ has been coincident with ‘Kerman’ in years with moderate to high chill and has produced a dense bloom in years of low chill, which overlaps the later bloom period of ‘Kerman’. ‘Peters’ flowering overlap with ‘Kerman’ was exceptionally poor in the low chill crop years of 2014 and 2015. Therefore, ‘Famoso’ was released as a pollenizer for ‘Kerman’ in 2018. Previous research has demonstrated that ‘Famoso’ bloom is highly synchronous with ‘Peters’ in low chill years and, like ‘UC Westside’, has a reduced juvenility period compared to ‘Peters’ and produces flowers three to four years after budding. However, in high-chill years, the bloom period of ‘Famoso’ may be too early to fully cover the latest bloom of ‘Kerman’. Without having a suitable replacement for ‘Peters’ under high chill conditions, it is recommended that growers in the Central Valley plant a 50-50 mix of ‘Famoso’ and ‘Peters’ trees as pollenizers for ‘Kerman’. With the advent of ‘UC Westside’, ‘UC Westside’ can replace ‘Peters’ in the 50-50 mix. ‘Famoso’ and ‘UC Westside’, together, will provide a higher quantity of pollen and better bloom synchrony during ‘Kerman’ bloom than the currently recommended combination of ‘Peters’ and ‘Famoso’, as the trees move from juvenility to maturity and under all foreseeable winter chilling scenarios in the Central Valley of California. In addition, ‘UC Westside’ would prove useful if an improved late-blooming female cultivar were released in the future. | 30,973 |
PP35678 | FIG.9shows a mature tree with its spreading growth characteristic. The colors in these photographs are as nearly true as is reasonably possible in a color representation of this type. Due to variations in color printers and/or chemical development, processing, and printing, the colors of the plant parts depicted in these photographs may, or may not, be accurate when compared to the actual specimen. For this reason, color references are made to the color plates (Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, Sixth Edition (2015), hereinafter, “RHS”) and descriptions provided. DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Not a Commercial Warranty. The following detailed description was prepared solely to comply with the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112 and does not constitute a commercial warranty (either expressed or implied) that the present variety will, in the future, display the botanical, pomological, or other characteristics set forth herein. Therefore, this disclosure may not be relied upon to support any future legal claims including, but not limited to, breach of warranty of merchantability, or fitness for any particular purpose, or non-infringement, which is directed in whole, or in part, to the present new variety of tree. Referring more specifically to the pomological details of this new and distinct variety of almond tree, the following has been observed during the tenth fruiting season under the ecological conditions prevailing at the orchards of the applicant, which are located near Fowler, California, USA. Common color names are also occasionally used.Tree:Size.—Generally considered medium and upright in its growth pattern as compared to other known commercial almond cultivars. The tree of the present variety was pruned to a height of approximately 700.0 centimeters (cm) to about 730.0 cm at commercial maturity. Tree pruning, canopy development, and ultimate stature of almond orchards are a matter of variety, rootstock, soil potential, cultural inputs and choices. Therefore tree height can be highly variable and therefore not necessarily indicative of the current variety.Width.—Approximately 655.0 cm.Vigor.—Considered moderately vigorous. The present almond tree variety grew from about 200.0 cm to about 210.0 cm in height during the first growing season. The new variety was pruned to a height of approximately 150.0 cm during the first dormant season and primary scaffolds were then selected for the desired tree structure. Tree vigor can be influenced by a number of variables including soil quality, irrigation practices, nutrition, pruning, and nutrition.Productivity.—Productive. Observation from the first three years of harvest indicate an increasing production range from 1,000 to 1,100 pounds of kernels per acre. When the new variety is grown in a suitable horticultural zone and under appropriate commercial conditions the current variety can produce volumes of commercial almonds. The number of the fruit set varies with the prevailing climatic conditions and the cultural practices employed and can be increased with inclusion of active beehives and proximity to compatible foreign pollen sources. Although the variety exhibits self-fertility and is capable of significant yields when planted alone it is scientifically proven that yields increase when the aforementioned practices are observed.Fruit bearing.—Regular. Nut set has been more than adequate during the previous years of observation during the past 12 years on both the original seedling and on subsequent asexually reproduced trees.Tree form.—Upright and typically pruned into a vase shape.Density.—Considered moderately dense. It has been determined that pruning the branches from the center of the tree to obtain a resulting vase shape allows for enhanced air movement and appropriate amounts of sunlight to improve fruit wood development.Hardiness.—The present tree was grown and evaluated in USDA Hardiness Zone 9. The calculated winter chilling requirements of the new tree was approximately 450 hours at a temperature below 7.0 degrees Celsius. The present variety appears to be hardy under typical central San Joaquin Valley climatic conditions.Trunk:Diameter.—Approximately 28.5 cm in diameter when measured at a distance of approximately 15.24 cm above the soil level. This measurement was taken at the end of the twelfth growing season.Bark texture.—Considered moderately rough, with numerous folds of papery scarfskin being present. Since bark development and coloration change with advancing tree age, this characteristic varies with the tree vigor, age, and regional conditions.Lenticels.—Numerous flat, oval lenticels are present. The lenticels range in size from approximately 4.0 millimeters (mm) to about 6.0 mm in width and between about 1.0 and about 2.0 mm in height. The development and size of the trunk lenticels can be influenced, to some degree, by the ambient growing conditions. As trees of this variety mature, lenticels are present, but they are generally covered by increasing layers of cork (mature bark) and therefore become less apparent.Lenticel color.—Considered an orange brown (RHS Greyed-Orange Group 163C).Bark coloration.—Variable, but it is generally considered to be a greyed brown (RHS Greyed-Orange Group 166A). This bark description was taken from trees in their twelfth leaf which have ruptured the scarf skin with deep furrowing as the trunk expands with age. It should be noted that the coloration of the bark can be influenced by exposure to sunlight and humidity.Branches:Size.—Considered medium for the variety.Diameter.—Average as compared to other almond varieties. The branches have a diameter of about 22.0 cm when measured during the twelfth year after grafting.Surface texture.—Average; furrowing of bark usually occurs by the fourth year of development.Crotch angles.—Primary branches are considered variable and are usually growing at an angle of about 42 to about 56 degrees when measured from a horizontal plane. This characteristic can be influenced, to some degree, by tree vigor, rootstock, time and severity of pruning, and other cultural conditions.Current season shoots surface texture.—Substantially glabrous.Current season shoots internode length.—Approximately 15.0 mm to 35.0 mm between nodes. Greater internodal intervals exist nearer the basal end of the shoot and shorter internodal intervals are exhibited nearer the apical shoot tip.Current season shoots color.—Medium-light green (RHS Yellow-Green Group 144C). The color of new shoot tips is considered a bright and shiny green (RHS Yellow-Green Group 145B). The vegetative shoot color can be significantly influenced by plant nutrition, irrigation practices, and exposure to sunlight.Color of mature branches.—Approximately grey brown (RHS Greyed-Orange Group 166C).Leaves:Size.—Considered medium-large for the species. Leaf measurements have been taken from vigorous, upright, current-season growth at approximately mid-shoot. It should be understood that the leaf size is often influenced by prevailing growing conditions, quality of sunlight, and the location of the leaf within the tree canopy. For this reason, leaf sizes can vary significantly based upon the amount of ambient light and other cultural factors listed above.Leaf length.—Approximately 155.0 to about 178.0 mm.Leaf width.—Approximately 33.0 to about 36.0 mm.Leaf base-shape.—The leaves generally exhibit equal marginal symmetry relative to the leaf longitudinal axis.Leaf form.—Lanceolate.Leaf tip form.—Acuminate.Leaf color, upper leaf surface.—Dark green (approximately RHS Yellow-Green Group 137A).Leaf texture.—Upper leaf surface somewhat smooth and regular. Lower leaf texture glabrous with slight pubescence.Leaf color, lower leaf surface.—Light to medium green (approximately RHS Yellow-Green Group 137C).Leaf venation.—Pinnately veined.Mid-vein color.—Considered a light, yellow-green (approximately RHS Yellow Green Group 150C) in the early to mid-period of the growing season.Leaf margins.—Considered entire and smoothly crenate; occasionally doubly crenate. Form — Considered smooth. Uniformity — Considered generally uniform.Leaf petioles.—Form. — Considered canaliculated and having a more pronounced trough when viewed from the dorsal aspect. The petiole margin is considered rounded when viewed from the ventral aspect. Size — Considered medium-large for the species. Length — About 14.0 to about 33.5 mm. Diameter — About 1.5 to about 2.0 mm. Color — Light yellow green (approximately RHS Yellow-Green Group 149C).Leaf glands.—Size — Considered very small for the species; approximately 0.5 cm in length and about 0.5 cm in height. Number — Generally one and less common two glands appear per marginal side are found. Occasionally glands are only present on one side. More rarely no classifiable glands are present. Type — Glands located at the base of the leaf are predominantly globose in shape.Color.—Considered a medium, light brown, approximately (RHS Yellow-Green Group N144B).Leaf stipules.—Size — Small for this species. Length — 1.0-2.0 mm. Width — 0.3- 0.5 mm. Number — Typically, 2 per leaf bud and up to 6 per shoot tip. Form — Lanceolate in form and having a serrated marginal edge. Color — Green (approximately RHS Green Group 139B) when young, but graduating to a brown color (approximately RHS Greyed-Orange Group 165A) with advancing senescence. The leaf stipules are generally considered to be early deciduous.Flower buds:Hardiness.—No winter injury (bud death) has been noted during the years of observation in the central San Joaquin Valley. The new variety of almond tree has not been intentionally subjected to drought, cold, or heat stress and therefore this information is not available.Size.—Variable and dependent on the state of maturity. The flower buds as described were observed approximately 7 days prior to bloom.Length.—Approximately 15.0 mm.Diameter and shape.—Approximately 10.0 mm; oblong to ovatus shape.Surface texture.—Pubescent.Orientation.—Considered appressed, but appear less so as the blossoms near opening.Bud scale color.—Approximately RHS Greyed-Purple Group 185C.Flowers:Date of first bloom.—Observed on February 23, 2021.Blooming time.—Considered average in relative comparison to other commercial almond cultivars grown in the central San Joaquin Valley. The date of full bloom was observed on Mar. 1, 2021. Approximately 13-14 days after the ‘Nonpareil’ (unpatented) variety. The date of full bloom varies slightly with climatic conditions and prevailing cultural practices.Duration of bloom.—Approximately 8 days. Occasionally 10 days or slightly more. This particular characteristic varies slightly with the prevailing climatic conditions.Flower class.—Considered a perfect flower; complete and perigynous.Flower type.—The variety is considered to have a showy type flower. Petals are largely unappressed relative to the vertical axis of the flower.Flower size.—Considered medium-large for the species. The flower diameter at full bloom is approximately 40.0 to 45.0 mm.Bloom density.—Considered abundant, typically 30% more flowers per tree compared to ‘Monterey.’Flower bud frequency.—Generally three to four flower buds appear per node; occasionally two flower buds per node is observed. Larger numbers of flower buds are present on mature complex spurs.Petal.—Size — Generally considered medium for the species. Length — Approximately 20.0 to 22.0 mm. Width — Approximately 14.0 to 16.0 mm. Form — Considered broadly ovate. Count — Nearly always 5. Texture — Both the upper and lower surfaces of the petal are soft and smooth to the touch with a fine, velvety texture. Color — Considered a pinkish white at the popcorn stage (RHS White Group N155B) and becomes lighter during enfloration to nearly a pure white (RHS White Group N155D).Fragrance.—Slightly floral and sweet; similar to warm honey.Petal claw.—Generally — Small, short coming to a point the end of which is purplish-red (RHS Red-Purple Group N57B). Form — The claw is considered obovate and is generally small and more pointed. Length — Approximately 3.0-4.0 mm. Width — Approximately 1.0 to 2.0 mm.Petal margins.—Generally considered variable, from nearly smooth to moderately undulate.Petal apex: Generally.—Often the petal margin exhibits a deep and narrow recess at the tip. Length — Approximately 4.0 mm. Depth — Approximately 2.0 mm.Flower pedicel.—Length — Considered medium-long with an approximate length of about 4.5 to about 5.0 mm. Diameter — Approximately 1.5 mm. Color — A moderate yellowish green (approximately RHS Green Group 138A), depending on pedicel and timing of visual observance. Surface — Smooth.Floral nectaries color.—Considered a strong orange (approximately RHS Orange Group 26B).Calyx.—Surface texture — Smooth to slightly glabrous with small (0.025 mm) infrequent hairs. Color — A dull greyish purple (approximately RHS Greyed-Purple Group 184A).Sepals.—Surface texture — The surface has a short, fine pubescent texture. Number — 5 sepals. Size — Long. Length — Approximately 11.0 to 12.0 mm. Width — Approximately 3.5 to 4.0 mm. Shape — Generally ovatus. Margin — Considered smooth and entire. Color — A strong yellow green (approximately RHS Yellow-Green Group 145A).Anthers.—Generally — Average in size. Approximately 10 to 12 mm. Color — A strong orange yellow when viewed dorsally at dehiscence (approximately RHS Orange Group 24B). Number — Typical number of observed anthers per flower is approximately 27, which are at the same level to slightly below the stigma.Pollen production.—Pollen is abundant and has a yellow color (approximately RHS Yellow Group 13C).Fertility.—Self-fertile.Filaments.—Size — Approximately 7.0 to 10.0 mm in length. Approximately 0.5 to 0.75 mm in width. Color — Considered deep purplish pink (RHS Red-Purple Group N57D) transitioning to a strong white (RHS White Group NN155C) moving up the filament towards the anthers.Pistil.—Number — Nearly always one. Generally — Medium in length. Length — Approximately 14.0 to about 15.0 mm in length including the ovary. Color — Considered a light greenish grey (approximately RHS Greyed-Green Group 188C). Surface texture — The variety has a pubescent pistil.Kernel:Maturity when described.—Firm, dry pellicle condition. Approximately Aug. 22, 2021. The date of harvest can vary with the prevailing climatic conditions, crop loads, and cultural practices.Size.—Considered small to medium and very uniform. It generally compares to the ‘Ruby’ variety (U.S. Pat. No. PP1,698) in size.Average kernel length.—24.65 mm. Size range is approximately 23.57 to about 26.17 mm.Average kernel width.—14.84 mm. Size range is approximately 12.0 to about 15.0 mm.Average kernel thickness.—7.9 mm. Size range is approximately 7.0 to about 8.0 mm. These dimensional characteristics are quite dependent upon crop load and the prevailing cultural practices.Kernel form.—Generally the kernels are very uniform in shape and relatively round and wide at the middle. The base is flat and wide then becomes thick and plump in the middle rounding to a more pointed apex at the tip. Compared to ‘Ruby’ variety the kernels of the present variety are slightly broader and slightly lighter.Color.—Considered a light golden brown (RHS Greyed-Orange 164C).Apex shape.—Rounded to slightly retuse.Base shape.—Slightly oblique relative to the verticle axis.Pellicle thickness.—Considered medium in thickness and tenacious to the flesh.Surface texture.—Smooth with little to no pubescence. Surface veining is present throughout the pellicle.Color of veins.—Considered a medium brown approximately (RHS Greyed-Orange 166D).Taste.—Mild, pleasant, slightly sweet.Kernel weight.—Approximately 1.38 grams/kernel although the weights of kernels can be highly affected by climatic conditions and cultural practices. It is possible to observe kernels with the same size, but higher and lower weight.Texture.—Firm and dense.Aroma.—Not apparent.Eating quality.—Considered very good.Stem scar/hilum.—Measured 5.9 mm in height and 4.2 mm in width on the kernel.Shell:Type.—Considered a freestone.Size.—It is generally considered to be small to medium for the species. The shell size varies significantly depending upon the tree vigor, the crop load, and the prevailing growing and cultural conditions under which the tree was grown.Length.—34.35 mm. Average size range is approximately 32.0 to about 35.0 mm.Width.—21.88 mm. Average size range is approximately 21.0 to about 23.0 mm.Thickness.—13.45 mm. Average size range is approximately 12.0 to about 14.0 mm.Form.—Roughly ovoid.Shell base shape.—Considered shortly attenuate.Apex shape.—The shell exhibits a slight to prominently cuspinate apex.Shell surface texture.—Considered reasonably rough with considerable pitting with almost non-existent furrowing or ridging and a bit of flakiness as the shell dries and some of the outer portions of the shell sluff off.Ventral edge.—The ventral edge generally exhibits a thin, narrow, and fine protruding fin at the sutural margin approximately 2-3 mm wide.Dorsal edge shape.—Generally considered even. The folds of the surface ridges appearing on the external margins often end gently along the suture and completely closes around the kernel sealing it inside.Shell color.—The color of a mature, dry stone is generally considered a dull brown (approximately RHS Greyed-Orange Group 164C).Hull.—Shape — Elliptical. Length — 37mm average. Width — 28 mm average. Thickness — 3.25 mm average. Texture — Smooth and velvety with short fine hairs becoming more wrinkled as the hulls split closer to harvest. Weight — Average weight of the hull alone prior to harvest with the shell and nut removed is 2.5 grams. Adherence — The hull pulls away from the shell starting at the suture as it dries causing the nut to come free at harvest with relative ease compared to the commercial variety Monterey. The hull is further removed with ease in the hulling process. Suture — Tight and closed during the Summer then splitting open about 1 mm from the tip down approximately one week before harvest. Color — Mid-Summer color Yellowish Green (RHS Pale Yellow Green Group 194D). As the hulls dry, they become more of a Yellowish Grey (RHS Yellowish Grey Group 156C).Use.—The present variety ‘Buralmfour’ is considered to be an almond tree of the mid-season to late maturity, which produces kernels that are useful in various almond categories and are blanchable.Keeping quality.—Appears excellent, maintaining flavor for more than a year after harvest when kept in a sealed container in a cool, dry, dark environment.Shipping quality.—Similar to other commercial almond varieties; considered very good.Resistance to insects and disease.—No particular susceptibilities were noted. The present variety has not been intentionally tested to expose or detect any susceptibilities or resistances to any known plant or fruit disease, insect, frost, winter injury, or other environmental factor. However, because of the closed shell suture around the kernel there is a very low incidence of worm damage to the kernel. Although the new variety of almond tree possesses the described characteristics when grown under the ecological conditions prevailing near Fowler, California, USA, in the central part of the San Joaquin Valley of California, it should be understood that variations are to be expected in the usual magnitude and characteristics incident to changes in growing conditions, fertilization, nutrition, pruning, pest control, frost, climatic variables, and changes in horticultural management. | 19,591 |
PP35679 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Throughout this specification color names beginning with a small letter signify that the name of that color as used in common speech is aptly descriptive. Color names beginning with a capital letter designate values based upon The R.H.S. Colour Chart published by The Royal Horticultural Society, London, England, 1986. The descriptive matter which follows pertains to 4-year-old ‘Sucherry3’ trees grown in the vicinity of Wasco, Kern County, California during 2017, and is believed to apply to plants of the variety grown under similar conditions of soil and climate elsewhere. TREE General: (Measurements taken on 4-year-old trees unless otherwise noted.).Size.—Medium. Reaches a height of approximately 3 meters with normal pruning.Vigor.—Strong. Top shoot growth of about 1.5 meters during the first growing season.Growth.—Semi-upright.Productivity.—Productive. Produces ample fruit set annually.Fertility.—Self-incompatible; pollinator required.Branching of tree.—Strong.Hardiness.—Hardy in all fruit growing areas of California. Winter chilling requirement is approximately 650 hours at or below 7.2° C.Disease resistance/susceptibility.—No specific testing for relative plant disease resistance/susceptibility has been undertaken. Under close observation in Kern County, California, no particular plant or fruit disease resistance or susceptibility has been observed.Trunk: (Measurements at approximately 30 cm above the soil line.).Diameter.—Approximately 23 cm.Texture.—Medium shaggy; increases with age of tree.Trunk color.—About Light Black 202C with highlights of Dark Greyed-Orange 176B, becoming darker with age.Branches: (Measurements at approximately 90 cm above the soil line.).Diameter.—Approximately 12 cm.Texture.—Medium shaggy; increasing with tree age.Color.—About Light Black 202C with highlights of Medium Greyed-Orange 176C, becoming darker with age.Lenticels density.—Approximately 0-2 per cm2.Lenticels color.—About Medium Greyed-Green 198B.Lenticels length.—Approximately 10 mm.Lenticels width.—Approximately 3 mm.Shoots: (Data taken in May at the midpoint of current-season growth.).Young shoots:Anthocyanin coloration of apex(during raping growth).—Medium.Pubescence of apex during rapid growth.—Medium.Current season shoots:Thickness at midlength.—Medium; approximately 7 mm.Length of internodes.—Normal; mostly 2 cm.Color topside.—About Light Green 138C.Color underside.—About Light Green 138C.Lenticels density.—Few; about 1 per cm2.Lenticels color.—About Medium Greyed-Green 198B.Lenticel dimensions.—Width: Approximately 1 mm. Length: Approximately 2 mm.Presence of anthocyanin coloration.—Absent or very sparse.One year old shoots:Number of flower buds per spur.—About 10, varies from 4 to 12.Length of internode.—Approximately 4.1 cm. FOLIAGE Leaves: (Data taken in September at the midpoint of current-season growth).Average length.—Long; approximately 17 cm without petiole.Average width.—Medium; approximately 6.1 cm.Length:width ratio.—Medium; about 2.8:1.Shape.—Elliptic.Color of upper side and intensity.—Medium intensity; about Dark Green 136B.Color of lower side.—About Light Green 138C.Angle at base.—Rounded.Angle at apex.—Acuminate.Vein color.—About Light Green 139D.Presence of red coloration of mid-vein on the lower side.—Absent.Surface texture.—Smooth on both top and bottom surfaces.Shape in the cross section.—Slightly up-folded.Leaf blade tip.—In the plane of the leaf.Undulation of margin.—Slight.Margin.—Shallow serrate.Ratio length of leaf blade:length of petiole.—Medium: 3.6:1.Petiole:Average length.—Medium; approximately 30 mm.Average diameter.—Approximately 2 mm.Color.—About Medium Green 139C.Stipules:Number/leaf bud.—Usually 2.Typical length.—Approximately 10 mm.Color.—About Dark Greyed-Orange 166A when dried.Persistence.—Falls off.Glands (nectaries):Form.—Reniform.Average number and arrangement.—Usually 2, alternating. Predominately on petiole.Dimension.—Approximately 2 mm long by 1.6 mm wide.Color.—About Dark Greyed-Red 178B in September.Vegetative buds: (Data taken in September at midpoint of current-season growth).Bud dimensions.—Approximately 10 mm long by 5 mm wide.Bud shape.—Ovoid.Color.—About Dark Greyed-Orange 177A. FLOWERS General:Type of bloom.—Showy.Diameter of fully opened flower.—Medium, approximately 28 mm.Flower aroma.—Good, moderately fragrant.Time of beginning of flowering.—Early.Flower blooming period.—First Bloom: Approximately March 3. Full Bloom: Approximately March 13.Location of first bloom.—Tips of one-year-old shoots.Location of full bloom.—Central part of the tree canopy.Duration of bloom.—Approximately 10 days.Flower buds: (Data taken in September at midpoint of current-season growth).Bud dimensions.—Approximately 7 mm long by 5 mm wide.Bud shape.—Conical.Color.—About Dark Greyed-Orange 177B.Number of flowers per flower bud.—Average 4; varies from 2 to 6.Number of buds per spur.—Average 7; varies from 5 to 10.Pedicels:Length.—Approximately 12 mm.Color.—About Medium Green 138B.Sepals:Number.—5.Shape.—Triangular.Position.—Adpressed to petals, alternate with petals.Length.—Approximately 7 mm.Width.—Approximately 5 mm.Surface texture.—Glabrous on outer and inner surfaces.Color.—About Dark Greyed-Purple 184A.Petals:Number.—5.Arrangement.—Usually free.Color of lower and upper surfaces.—About White 155A.Surface texture.—Smooth on upper and lower surface.Dimensions.—Approximately 16 mm long by 14 mm wide.Shape.—Circular.Apex shape.—Rounded.Base shape.—Narrows at point of attachment.Undulation of margins.—Medium.Frequency of flowers with double petals.—Rare.Stigma:Position compared to anthers.—Slightly higher.Stamens:Number.—About 38; varies from 34 to 40.Filament length.—Average 12 mm.Filament color.—About White 155A.Pollen.—Present.Amount of pollen.—Moderate.Flower pollen color.—About Light Yellow 3D.Pistil:Length.—Approximately 15 mm.Surface.—Glabrous.Frequency of supplementary pistils.—Rare. FRUIT General: (Description taken at firm-mature near Wasco, Kern County, California).Date of first pick.—Approximately May 2.Date of last pick.—Approximately May 12.Time of beginning of fruit ripening.—Early.Length of stalk.—Approximately 3.2 cm.Stem:Length.—Medium, approximately 30 mm.Thickness.—Medium, approximately 2 mm.Color.—About Light Green 139D.Abscission layer between stalk and fruit.—Absent.Fruit size:Size.—Large.Weight.—About 8 g.Height.—About 22 mm.Diameter perpendicular to suture.—Approximately 24 mm.Diameter ventral side, facing suture.—Approximately 26 mm.Fruit shape:Shape viewed from apex.—Circular.Shape ventral side, facing suture.—Reniform.Symmetry viewed from pistil end.—Symmetric or slightly asymmetric.Shape of pistil end.—Slightly depressed.Depth of stem cavity.—Medium, about 1.8 mm.Width of stem cavity.—Medium, about 4 mm.Promenence of suture.—Absent or very weakly conspicuous.Fruit skin:Thickness.—Intermediate, typical of most varieties.Adherence to flesh.—Strong.Taste.—Neutral.Surface texture.—Smooth.Bloom.—Wanting.Tendency to crack.—None during dry weather. Slight tendency to crack in wet weather but varies with stage of maturity.Size of lenticels on skin.—Absent or very small.Number of lenticels on skin.—Medium, approximately 12 per cm2.Color.—About Dark Red-Purple 59A, becoming Dark Purple 79A with ripening.Flesh:Ripens.—Evenly.Color.—At full maturity about Dark Red 53B to Dark Red 53A.Color of juice.—About Light Red 53D at full maturity.Flavor.—Sweet.Firmness.—Very firm; comparable to most commercial varieties.Juiciness.—Medium; able to squeeze free juice easily.Sweetness.—Medium; about 19% brix at harvest.Acidity.—Medium for cherries; about 0.74% titratable acidity.Texture.—Firm.Fibers.—Few, small and tender.Stone:Stone size.—Medium. Length: Approximately 11 mm. Diameter Facing Suture: Approximately 6 mm. Diameter Perpendicular to Suture Plane: Approximately 9 mm.Ratio weight of fruit:weight of stone.—Medium, about 52:1.Color.—About Medium Greyed-Yellow 161C when dried.Shape in lateral view perpendicular to suture.—Circular.Shape in ventral view facing suture.—Broad elliptic.Shape in basal view.—Broad elliptic.Base shape.—Flat.Apex shape.—Rounded.Ridges.—A small narrow ridge on each side of suture, extending from base to apex.Symmetry in lateral view.—Symmetric or slightly asymmetric.Surface.—Nearly smooth except for small ridges near the suture.Width of stalk end.—Narrow, approximately 1 mm.Tendency to split.—None.Adherence to flesh.—Semi-freestone.Market:Use.—Dessert.Market.—Local and long distance.Storage quality.—Good, held well for 3.5 weeks in cold storage at 33° F. and maintained good appearance and eating quality.Shipping quality.—Good, showed minimal bruising or scarring during harvest, packing and shipping trials. | 8,786 |
PP35680 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION The following detailed description set forth the distinctive characteristics of the new variety ‘Ofelia SO’. The performance of the new cultivar for retention of its distinctive characteristics has been evaluated through successive asexual propagations by root cutting in the Applicant's setting in Altopiano della Vigolana, Trentino Alto Adige Region (Italy) under natural conditions in plastic covered high tunnels. The growing was in soilless using pots filled with coir as substrate. Colour references made to R.H.S. Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society of London (Edition V). The plant assessment was performed for 4 years.Classification:Family.—Rosaceae.Botanical.—Rubus idaeusL.Common name.—Raspberry.Parentage: ‘Amaranta’ x SO.LR.08.25.30.Plant:General habit.—Upright canes; medium to strong vigor; very good root system; adapted to medium winter conditions such as those at Altopiano della Vigolana (average min temperature 1° C.; average max temperature 5° C.); quite resilient to summer heat (average min temperature 13° C.; average max temperature 27° C.) suitable for being harvested both on current year's cane in autumn and on previous year's cane in summer.Average height.—1.60-1.70 m.Spread(average).—0.80 m.Shape.—Conical.Vegetative bud length.—Medium 5.0-6.5 mm.Primocane:Length(average).—1.60-1.70 m.Diameter(average)at1.0m height.—0.9-1.0 cm.Texture.—Smooth.Internode length(average)at1.0m height.—5-6 cm.Number of fruiting laterals per cane(average).—9-11.Number of current season's shoots.—Medium.Young shoot colour.—*RHS:144A The anthocyanin coloration on the very young shoot apex during rapid growth is weak.Dormant cane colour.—*RHS:185A.Cane colour.—*RHS: N144C.Spines.—Present.Floricane:Dormant cane colour.—*RHS: 72A.Fruiting lateral attitude in summer.—Semi erect.Spines:Shape.—Conical.Size(average).—1.0-1.5 mm.Density(average)at1.2m.—2.1-2.4 per cm2.Colour.—*RHS N77A.Foliage:Leaves:Shape.—Compound; odd-pinnate and subdivided in 3 cordate and serrate.Profile in cross section.—Slightly convex.Rugosity.—Weak to medium.Complete leaf.—Length: 33.4 cm. Width: 29.8 cm. Number of leaflets: 3.Upper surface colour.—*RHS 141B.Lower surface colour.—*RHS 147D.Lateral leaflets.—Specular.Lateral leaflets position.—Free.Lateral leaflets average size.—Length: 13.9 cm. Width: 9.1 cm.Lateral leaflets apex shape.—Pointed.Lateral leaflets base shape.—Ovate.Lateral leaflets margin type.—Serrate.Terminal leaflets average size.—Size: Length: 16.4 cm. Width: 11.4 cm.Terminal leaflets apex shape.—Pointed.Terminal leaflets base shape.—Cordate.Terminal leaflets margin type.—Serrate.Petiole:Average length.—10.1 cm.Average diameter.—0.5 cm.Colour.—*RHS 143D.Inflorescence:Average length.—48.8 cm.Average diameter.—34 cm.Flowers:Number per plant(average).—256.Length(average).—9.56 mm.Diameter(average).—31.35 mm.Diameter(receptacle).—10.50 mm.Shape.—Pentagonal.Petal colour(upper surface).—*RHS: NN155B.Petal colour(lower surface).—*RHS: NN155C.Petal number(average).—5.Petal shape.—Obovate. — apex: rounded. — Base: cuneate. — Margin: entire.Sepal number(average).—5. — colour (upper surface): *RHS: 144A. — colour (lower surface): *RHS: 144C. — length (average): 1.3 cm. — width (mid part): 0.6 cm.Fragrance.—Absent.Blooming.—— Primocane: July-August. Primocane's time of cane emergence is medium. — Floricane: April-May. Floricane's time of vegetative bud burst is medium. Floricane's average length is 85 cm and the number of lateral branches per cane is 14-16.Pedicel length(average).—2.5 cm.Pedicel spines.—Present, many.Peduncle.—Average length: 10.5 cm.Peduncle surface texture.—Smooth.Peduncle anthocyanin coloration and intensity.—Present, very weak.Fruit:Predominant shape.—broad conical.Weight.—5.6 g.Size.—Length 2.3 cm. width 2.4 cm.Colour of ripe fruit.—*RHS 45D.Colour of immature fruit.—*RHS 41D.Firmness.—Firm (0.045 kg).Drupes per fruit(average).—135.Drupe size.—Length: 3.9 mm. Width: 3.6 mm. Depth: 6.0 mm.Glossiness.—Medium to high.Adherence to plug.—Low.Titratable acidity.—31.52 meq NaOH/hg.Soluble solids.—8.6° Brix.Harvest season.—— Primocane: August to October. — Floricane: Half June-end of July.Autumn yield.—5.8 Kg/m (4 plants/m).Summer yield.—4.6 kg/m (4 plants/m).Main bearing type.—Both on current year's cane in autumn and on previous year's cane in summer.Use/market.—suitable for consumption as high grade fresh fruits and also amenable to processing.Keeping quality.—The fruit colour is stable during the storage the high glossiness makes it attractive.Storage capacity(shelf life).—Very good shelf-life.Shipping quality.—Good; the attitude to storability permits shipping.Reproductive organs:Pistil number per flower(average).—146.Pistil size(average).—5.44 mm.Stamen number per flower(average).—130.Stamen size(average).—5.20 mm.Seeds:Size(average).—Length: 2.81 mm. width: 1.66 mm.Shape.—Kidney-shaped. COMPARISON WITH PARENTAL AND COMMERCIAL CULTIVAR TABLE 1Comparison table between ‘Ofelia SO’ variety andcommercial cultivar Dafne)(U.S. Plant patent application no. 16/350,828, PP31,991)Characteristic‘Dafne’‘Ofelia SO’fruit colorDark RedRedPlant (size/vigor)Average height/Small to averageStrong vigorheight/Mediumto strong vigorFruit: firmnessFirmFirmFruit: sizeVery bigBigFruit glossiness:HighMedium to highFruit shapeBroad conicalBroad conicalSpine shapeShark finConicalFruit pickingEasyEasy TABLE 2Comparison table with parental cultivars: female parent‘Amaranta’Characteristic(female parent)‘Ofelia SO’Fruit colorLight redRedFruit shapeElongated conicalBroad conicalPlant vigourWeak to mediumWeak to mediumFruit firmnessFirm to very firmFirmFruit glossinessMediumMedium to highFruit pickingVery easyEasy TABLE 3Comparison table with parental cultivars: male parent‘SO.LR.08.25.30’Characteristic(male parent)‘Ofelia SO’Fruit colorStrong redRedFruit shapeConicalBroad conicalPlant vigorWeakWeak to mediumSpinesThin medium denseMedium sparseFruit firmnessFirm to very firmFirmFruit glossinessMedium to highMedium to highFruit sizeMedium to bigBigFruit pickingSlight difficultEasy | 6,082 |
PP35681 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Note: statements of characteristics herein represent exemplary observations of the cultivar herein and will vary depending on time of year, location, annual weather, etc.Cultivar name: ‘HFG 1714’.Classification:Family.—Rosaceae.Botanical name.—Rubus idaeusL.Common name.—Raspberry.Parentage.—Female parent: ‘PBBrasp1348’. Male parent: ‘1338’.Growing location for the observations herein: Watsonville, California, USA.Time of year (season): June 2022 for floricanes, and November 2022 for primocanes.Age of plants used for this discussion: Crown age of about 1.5 years; floricane age 13 months; primocane age 8 months.Age of plants used for the photographs in the figures: Primocane age 8 months.Type of greenhouse covering or growing structure, or field: High tunnel over substrate-grown plants.Light: Natural.Color terminology refers to The R.H.S. Colour Chart, Royal Horticultural Society, Fifth Edition, London, United Kingdom (2007).Observations for floricanes herein were made in June 2022. Observations for primocanes herein were made in November 2022.Plant:Form/shape.—Vase.Growth habit.—Erect.Height.—127 cm, as measured from cane base to apex.Spread.—86.4 cm.Propagation methods.—Tissue culture.Time to initiate and develop roots.—26 days.Root description.—Fibrous.Primocanes:Cane diameter.—Base: 1.2 cm | Middle: 1.0 cm | Tip: 0.3 cm.Cane length.—2.0 m.Number of nodes per cane.—47.Internode length.—Base: 3.5 cm | Middle: 4.9 cm | Tip: 1.6 cm.Number of canes/hill.—6.Cane color.—Base — RHS 184D | Middle — RHS 175C | Tip — RHS 145D.Spines.—Present.Spine density.—Base: 7.0/cm2| Middle: 3.3/cm2| Tip: 4.5/cm2.Spine shape.—Acuminate.Spine length.—0.26 cm.Spine width.—0.16 cm.Spine apex descriptor.—Acuminate.Spine color.—RHS 150D.Vegetative bud shape.—Acuminate.Vegetative bud length.—0.6 cm.Vegetative bud diameter(base).—0.5 cm.Vegetative bud diameter(tip).—0.15 cm.Vegetative bud color.—RHS 144C.Floricanes:Cane diameter.—Base — 1.2 cm | Middle — 1.0 cm | Tip — 0.9 cm.Cane length.—91.4 cm.Number of nodes per cane.—16. Internode Length: Base — 5.5 cm | Middle — 7.5 cm | Tip — 3.7 cm.Cane color.—Lower Cane — RHS 164A | Upper Cane — RHS 165B.Spines.—Present. Spine density: Base: 6.5/cm2| Middle: 0/cm2| Tip: 1/cm2. Spine shape: Acuminate. Spine length: 0.2 cm. Spine width: 0.05 cm. Spine apex descriptor: Acuminate. Spine color: RHS 164A.Reproductive bud shape.—Ovately rounded.Reproductive bud length.—0.38 cm.Reproductive bud diameter(base).—0.26 cm.Reproductive bud diameter(tip).—0.16 cm.Reproductive bud color.—RHS 166B.Reproductive bud texture.—Smooth.Winter hardiness.—This cultivar is best adapted to the mild coastal conditions of USDA Hardiness Zone 9b (Watsonville, California). Since 2021, this cultivar has also been successfully tested under zero chill environments of central Mexico (Ciudad Guzman, Jalisco).Drought/heat tolerance.—Pollen viability and fruit quality of raspberry generally begins to decline above 30° C. This is consistent with observations of ‘HGF 1714’. Raspberries are generally not drought tolerant, and ‘HFG 1714’ has not been tested in unirrigated plots.Leaves:Complete leaf.—Leaf Shape: Even-Pinnate. Length: 18.0 cm. Width: 18.7 cm. Number of leaflets: 3 and 5.Terminal leaflet.—Size Length: 10.3 cm. Width: 8.0 cm. Length/Width ratio: 1.3 cm. Leaf shape of apex: Acuminate. Leaf shape of base: Cordate. Leaf margin: Serrate. Leaf texture: Upper — Strongly rugose. Lower — Strongly rugose. Number of serrations per leaf: 96 serrations. Leaf shape of serrations: Flexuous. Leaf color: Upper Surface: RHS N137B. Lower Surface: RHS 191C. Leaf venation pattern: Palmate. Leaf venation color: Upper surface: RHS 144C. Lower surface: RHS 144D. Leaf pubescence density: N/A. Color of leaf pubescence: N/A. Shape of leaf in cross-section: Ovate. Number of leaflets/leaf: Primocane: 3 to 5 Floricane: 3. Interveinal blistering within leaf: Present. Leaf glossiness: Upper — Matte, no gloss. Lower — Matte, no gloss.Primocane leaves.—Petiole length: 4.8 cm. Petiole diameter: 0.23 cm. Petiole Color: Upper: RHS 144C. Lower: RHS 144D. Petiole texture: Smooth with sparse spines. Stipule length: 1.0. Stipules per leaf: 2. Stipule Width: 0.013 cm. Stipule Color: Upper Surface: RHS 144D. Lower Surface: RHS 144C.Terminal leaflet.—Shape: Ovate. Length: 12.8 cm. Width: 8.6 cm. Rachis length: 8.9 cm. Rachis diameter: 0.23 cm. Rachis texture: Upper — Smooth. Lower — Smooth with sparse spines. Rachis Color: Upper — RHS 145A. Lower — RHS 145A.Distal lateral leaflet.—Shape: Ovate. Length: 10.4 cm. Width: 5.9 cm. Petiolule length: Sessile.Basal lateral leaflet.—Shape: Ovate. Length: 11.7 cm. Width: 7.9 cm. Petiolule length: 0.75 cm. Petiolule diameter: 0.18 cm. Petiolule texture: Upper — Smooth. Lower — Smooth with sparse spines. Petiolule color: Upper — RHS 145A. Lower — RHS 145A.Floricane leaves.—Petiole length: 5.65 cm. Petiole Diameter: 0.22 cm. Petiole Texture: Smooth with sparse spines. Petiole Color: Upper — RHS 145A. Lower — RHS 145A. Stipule length: 0.57 cm. Stipules per leaf: 2. Stipule Width: 0.013 cm. Stipule Color: Color Upper surface: RHS 144A. Lower surface: RHS 144A.Terminal leaflet.—Shape: Ovate. Length: 12.8 cm. Width: 8.6 cm. Rachis length: 2.4 cm. Rachis diameter: 0.14 cm. Rachis texture: Smooth with sparse spines. Rachis Color: Upper — RHS 145A. Lower — RHS 145A.Distal lateral leaflet.—N/A. Length: N/A. Width: N/A.Basal lateral leaflet.—Shape: Ovate. Length: 11.7 cm. Width: 7.9 cm. Petiolule length: 0.21 cm. Petiolule diameter: 0.16 cm. Petiolule color: Upper — RHS 145A. Lower — RHS 145A.Flowers:Time of flowering(50%of plants at first flower).—Approximately 145 days after planting (on primocanes).Flower size.—Length: 0.83 cm. Diameter: 0.83 cm.Fragrance.—None.Peduncle.—Length: 1.26 cm. Diameter: 0.05 cm. Color: RHS N144D. Pubescence: Not Present. Texture: Spiny.Perianth.—Flowering trusses shape: Truncate.Petals.—Color: Upper — RHS 155C | Lower — RHS 155C. Number per flower: 5 petals. Shape: Ovate. Length: 0.7 cm. Width: 0.3 cm. Apex descriptor: Rounded. Base Descriptor: Cuneate. Margin descriptor: Entire. Texture: Smooth with mild striations.Sepals.—Quantity: 5-6. Length: 0.64 cm. Width: Base — 0.47 cm | Mid — 0.34 cm | Tip — 0.005 cm. Color: RHS 144D. Apex descriptor: Acuminate. Margin descriptor: Entire. Texture: Lightly pubescent.Pedicel.—Color: RHS 144C. Length: 1.95 cm. Diameter: 0.15 cm.Reproductive organs:Self-fertile.—Yes, moderately self-fertile.Male.—Stamen Number: 97. Filament Length: 0.38 cm. Diameter: 0.001 cm. Color: RHS 155A. Anther Length: 0.001 cm. Diameter: 0.002 cm. Color: RHS 165A. Pollen Color: RHS 197D. Amount: Moderate.Female.—Style Length: 0.52 cm. Diameter: 0.004 cm. Color: RHS 157A. Stigma Length: 0.002 cm. Diameter: 0.003 cm. Color: RHS 159B. Ovary Length: 0.001. Diameter: 0.002. Color: RHS 144C.Fruit:Predominant shape.—Conical.Weight(g).—7.2 g.Length.—3.15 cm.Width.—Base — 2.66 cm | Mid — 1.9 cm | Tip — 0.9 cm.Length/width ratio.—1.18 cm.Receptacle.—Length: 2 cm. Diameter: Base — 0.74 cm | Mid — 0.40 cm | Tip — 0.11 cm. Color: RHS 160D.Drupelet.—Length: 0.60 cm. Diameter: 0.41 cm. Number: 133. Weight: 0.05 g.Fruit color.—External: RHS 42B. Internal: RHS 44D.Firmness of skin.—Very Firm.Firmness of flesh.—Very Firm.Hollow center.—Present.Fruiting lateral length.—13 cm.Number of fruit per node.—9.Time of ripening(50%of plants with first fruit).—165 days after planting, on average.Time of fruiting.—Mid-May to late June on floricanes; early September through early November on primocanes.Type of bearing.—Remontant.Fruit yield.—28,000 lb/a to 32,000 lb/a, on average.Average brix.—9.39.Typical market use.—Fresh.Keeping quality.—Excellent, up to 20 days post-harvest.Shipping quality.—Excellent.Disease resistance: ‘HFG 1714’ shows mild susceptibility to yellow rust (Phragmidium rubi-thunbergii), a common fungal disease under commercial conditions. ‘HFG 1714’ has exhibited tolerance to the fungus-like oomycetePhytophthora rubi-idaeiroot rot and the fungusDidymella applanata. | 8,043 |
PP35682 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Plants used in the aforementioned photographs and in the following description were grown during the summer in 17-cm containers in an outdoor nursery in Lengerich, Germany and under cultural practices typical of commercial panicleHydrangeaproduction. During the production of the plants, day and night temperatures averaged 15C. Plants of the newHydrangeawere 17 months old when the photographs and description were taken. In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 2015 Edition, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.Botanical description:Hydrangea paniculata‘HP221901’.Parentage:Female, or seed, parent.—Proprietary selection ofHydrangea paniculataidentified as code number 11-0008, not patented.Male, or pollen, parent.—Proprietary selection ofHydrangea paniculataidentified as code number 11-0005, not patented.Propagation:Type cutting.—By vegetative tip cuttings.Time to initiate roots, summer.—About two weeks at temperatures about 23C.Time to initiate roots, winter.—About 18 days at temperatures about 18C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, summer.—About four weeks at temperatures about 23C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, winter.—About five weeks at temperatures about 18C.Root description.—Thick; typically whitish brown in color, actual color of the roots is dependent on substrate composition, water quality, fertilizer type and fotinulation, substrate temperature and physiological age of roots.Rooting habit.—Freely branching; dense.Plant description:Plant and growth habit.—Relatively compact, upright to somewhat outwardly spreading and rounded to conical plant habit; strong and sturdy stems; vigorous growth habit and rapid growth rate.Plant height.—About 48 cm to 55 cm.Plant diameter or area of spread.—About 60 cm to 65 cm.Lateral branch description:Branching habit.—Freely branching habit; when pinched, about nine lateral branches develop per plant.Length, stem axis to base of inflorescence.—About 50 cm to 55 cm.Diameter.—About 6 mm to 7 mm.Internode length.—About 4 cm to 6 cm.Texture.—Smooth, glabrous; fully developed, woody.Aspect.—Mostly upright.Strength.—Strong, sturdy.Color: When developing: Close to146B. Developed: Close to 177B. Lenticels: Close to 165C.Leaf description:Arrangement.—Opposite, simple.Length.—About 9 cm to 11 cm.Width.—About 6 cm to 7 cm.Shape.—Ovate.Apex.—Acute.Base.—Obtuse.Margin.—Serrulate.Texture, upper and lower surfaces.—Rugose, prominent venation; pubescent.Venation pattern.—Pinnate.Color.—Developing leaves, upper surface: Close to 137B. Developing leaves, lower surface: Close to 147B. Fully developed leaves, upper surface: Close to 147A; venation, close to 146A. Fully developed leaves, lower surface: Close to 147B; venation, close to 146B.Petioles.—Length: About 5 mm to 10 mm. Diameter: About 2 mm to 3 mm. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color, upper surface: Close to 146A. Color, lower surface: Close to 146A tinged with close to 59A.Flower description:Flower type and habit.—Small and inconspicuous fertile flowers and showy sterile flowers arranged on terminal panicles; fertile and sterile flowers rounded in shape; panicles pyramidal to conical in shape; fertile flowers face upright and sterile flowers face mostly outwardly depending on their position in the inflorescence.Fragrance.—None detected.Natural flowering season.—Plants begin flowering about 15 weeks after cold treatment; flowering begins in the early summer and is continuous throughout the summer in Northern Europe.Flower longevity.—Fertile flowers last about one month on the plant, fertile flowers not persistent; sterile flowers last about three months on the plant, sterile flowers persistent.Quantity of flowers.—Freely flowering habit; about 100 to 150 fertile flowers develop per panicle and about 800 to 1,000 sterile flowers develop per panicle.Panicle height.—About 25 cm.Panicle diameter.—About 20 cm to 25 cm.Fertile flower buds.—Length: About 3 mm. Diameter: About 2 mm. Shape: Rounded. Color: Close to 145A.Sterile flower buds.—Length: About 3 mm. Diameter: About 2 mm. Shape: Rounded. Color: Close to 145A.Fertile flower diameter.—About 3 mm.Fertile flower depth(height).—About 2 mm.Sterile flower diameter.—About 3 cm to 4 cm.Sterile flower depth(height).—About 5 mm.Petals, fertile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About five in a single whorl. Length: About 2 mm. Width: About 1 mm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Acute. Base: Obtuse. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 157A. Fully opened, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 157A; color does not change with subsequent development.Petals, sterile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About four in a single whorl. Length: About 2 mm. Width: About 1 mm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Acute. Base: Cuneate. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145C. Fully opened, upper surface: Close to 157A; color does not change with subsequent development. Fully opened, lower surface: Close to 157D; color does not change with subsequent development.Sepals, fertile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About five in a single whorl. Length: About 1 mm. Width: About 1 mm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Acute. Base: Fused. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145B. Fully opened, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145C; color does not change with subsequent development.Sepals, sterile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About four in a single whorl; slightly imbricate. Length: About 1.5 cm to 2 cm. Width: About 1 cm to 1.5 cm. Shape: Elliptic to oval. Apex: Obtuse. Base: Obtuse. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145A. Fully opened, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 157A; color does not change with subsequent development.Pedicels, fertile flowers.—Length: About 3 mm. Diameter: About 1.5 mm. Strength: Strong. Aspect: Mostly upright. Texture: Smooth, glabrous. Color: Close to 157A.Pedicels, sterile flowers.—Length: About 1.5 cm to 2 cm. Diameter: About 2 mm to 3 mm. Strength: Strong. Aspect: About 80 to 90 degrees from branch axis. Texture: Smooth, glabrous. Color: Close to 157A.Reproductive organs, fertile flowers.—Stamens: Quantity per flower: About nine to ten. Filament length: About 3 mm. Filament color: Close to 157D. Anther length: About 1 mm. Anther shape: Round. Anther color: Close to 157D. Pollen amount: Moderate. Pollen color: Close to 155A. Pistils: Pistil quantity per flower: One. Pistil length: About 0.5 mm to 1 mm. Stigma shape: Three-lobed. Stigma color: Close to 157A. Style length: About 0.5 mm. Style color: Close to 145C. Ovary color: Close to 145C.Reproductive organs, sterile flowers.—Stamens: Quantity per flower: About nine to ten. Filament length: About 3 mm. Filament color: Close to 157D. Anther length: About 1 mm. Anther shape: Round. Anther color: Close to 157D. Pollen amount: Scarce. Pollen color: Close to 155A. Pistils: To date, pistil development on sterile flowers of plants of the newHydrangeahave not been observed.Seeds, only produced by fertile flowers.—Quantity per fertile flower: About 20 to 30. Length: Less than 0.5 mm. Diameter: Less than 0.5 mm. Color: Close to 199A.Pathogen & pest resistance: To date, plants of the newHydrangeagrown under commercial production conditions have not been observed to be resistant to athogens and pests common toHydrangeaplants.Garden performance: Plants of the newHydrangeahave been shown to have good garden performance and to be tolerant to temperatures ranging from about −38C to about 38C. | 7,874 |
PP35683 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Plants used in the aforementioned photographs and in the following description were grown during the summer in 17-cm containers in an outdoor nursery in Lengerich, Germany and under cultural practices typical of commercial panicleHydrangeaproduction. During the production of the plants, day and night temperatures averaged 15 C. Plants of the newHydrangeawere 17 months old when the photographs and description were taken. In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 2015 Edition, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.Botanical description:Hydrangea paniculata‘HP221906’.Parentage:Female, or seed, parent.—Proprietary selection ofHydrangea paniculataidentified as code number 11-0001, not patented.Male, or pollen, parent.—Proprietary selection ofHydrangea paniculataidentified as code number 11-0007, not patented.Propagation:Type cutting.—By vegetative tip cuttings.Time to initiate roots, summer.—About two weeks at temperatures about 23 C.Time to initiate roots, winter.—About 18 days at temperatures about 18 C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, summer.—About four weeks at temperatures about 23 C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, winter.—About five weeks at temperatures about 18 C.Root description.—Thick; typically whitish brown in color, actual color of the roots is dependent on substrate composition, water quality, fertilizer type and formulation, substrate temperature and physiological age of roots.Rooting habit.—Freely branching; dense.Plant description:Plant and growth habit.—Relatively compact, upright to somewhat outwardly spreading and rounded to conical plant habit; strong and sturdy stems; vigorous growth habit and rapid growth rate.Plant height.—About 40 cm to 45 cm.Plant diameter or area of spread.—About 40 cm to 50 cm.Lateral branch description:Branching habit.—Freely branching habit; when pinched, about eight to ten lateral branches develop per plant.Length, stem axis to base of inflorescence.—About 35 cm to 40 cm.Diameter.—About 6 mm to 7 mm.Internode length.—About 3 cm to 4 cm.Texture.—Smooth, glabrous; fully developed, woody.Aspect.—Mostly upright.Strength.—Strong, sturdy.Color.—When developing: Close to 146B. Developed: Close to 177B. Lenticels: Close to 165C.Leaf description:Arrangement.—Opposite, simple.Length.—About 7 cm to 8 cm.Width.—About 3 cm to 4 cm.Shape.—Ovate.Apex.—Acute.Base.—Obtuse.Margin.—Serrulate.Texture, upper and lower surfaces.—Rugose, prominent venation; pubescent.Venation pattern.—Pinnate.Color.—Developing leaves, upper surface: Close to NN137B. Developing leaves, lower surface: Close to 147B. Fully developed leaves, upper surface: Close to 147A; venation, close to 146A. Fully developed leaves, lower surface: Close to 147B; venation, close to 146B.Petioles.—Length: About 1 cm to 1.5 cm. Diameter: About 2 mm to 3 mm. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color, upper surface: Close to 146A. Color, lower surface: Close to 146B.Flower description:Flower type and habit.—Small and inconspicuous fertile flowers and showy sterile flowers arranged on terminal panicles; fertile flowers rounded and sterile flowers star-shaped; panicles broadly pyramidal in shape; fertile flowers face upright and sterile flowers face mostly outwardly depending on their position in the inflorescence.Fragrance.—None detected.Natural flowering season.—Plants begin flowering about 15 weeks after cold treatment; flowering begins in the early summer and is continuous throughout the summer in Northern Europe.Flower longevity.—Fertile flowers last about one month on the plant, fertile flowers not persistent; sterile flowers last about three months on the plant, sterile flowers persistent.Quantity of flowers.—Freely flowering habit; about 100 to 200 fertile flowers develop per panicle and about 400 to 500 sterile flowers develop per panicle.Panicle height.—About 20 cm to 25 cm.Panicle diameter.—About 20 cm.Fertile flower buds.—Length: About 3 mm. Diameter: About 2 mm. Shape: Rounded. Color: Close to 145A.Sterile flower buds.—Length: About 3 mm. Diameter: About 2 mm. Shape: Rounded. Color: Close to 145A.Fertile flower diameter.—About 3 mm.Fertile flower depth(height).—About 3 mm.Sterile flower diameter.—About 3 cm to 4 cm.Sterile flower depth(height).—About 5 mm.Petals, fertile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About five in a single whorl. Length: About 3 mm. Width: About 2 mm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Acute. Base: Obtuse. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145D. Fully opened, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 157A; color does not change with subsequent development.Petals, sterile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About four or five in a single whorl. Length: About 1.5 mm. Width: About 1 mm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Acute. Base: Cuneate. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 157A. Fully opened, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 157D; color does not change with subsequent development.Sepals, fertile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About five in a single whorl. Length: About 1 mm. Width: About 1 mm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Acute. Base: Fused. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145B. Fully opened, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145C; color does not change with subsequent development.Sepals, sterile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About four or five in a single whorl. Length: About 2 cm. Width: About 1 cm to 1.5 cm. Shape: Elliptic to oblanceolate. Apex: Obtuse. Base: Obtuse. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145A. Fully opened, upper surface: Close to 145C; color becoming close to 64C in the autumn. Fully opened, lower surface: Close to 145D; color becoming close to 64C in the autumn.Pedicels, fertile flowers.—Length: About 3 mm. Diameter: About 1 mm. Strength: Strong. Aspect: Mostly upright. Texture: Smooth, glabrous. Color: Close to 145D.Pedicels, sterile flowers.—Length: About 2 cm. Diameter: About 2 mm to 3 mm. Strength: Strong. Aspect: About 80 to 90 degrees from branch axis. Texture: Smooth, glabrous. Color: Close to 157A.Reproductive organs, fertile flowers.—Stamens: Quantity per flower: About nine to ten. Filament length: About 3 mm. Filament color: Close to 157D. Anther length: About 1 mm. Anther shape: Round. Anther color: Close to 157D. Pollen amount: Moderate. Pollen color: Close to 155A. Pistils: Pistil quantity per flower: One. Pistil length: About 0.5 mm to 1 mm. Stigma shape: Three-lobed. Stigma color: Close to 157A. Style length: About 1 mm. Style color: Close to 157A. Ovary color: Close to 157A.Reproductive organs, sterile flowers.—Stamens: Quantity per flower: About nine to ten. Filament length: About 3 mm. Filament color: Close to 157D. Anther length: About 1 mm. Anther shape: Round. Anther color: Close to 157D. Pollen amount: Scarce. Pollen color: Close to 155A. Pistils: Pistil quantity per flower: One. Pistil length: About 1 mm. Stigma shape: Rounded. Stigma color: Close to 157A. Style length: About 1 mm. Style color: Close to 157A. Ovary color: Close to 157A.Seeds, only produced by fertile flowers.—Quantity per fertile flower: About 20 to 30. Length: Less than 0.5 mm. Diameter: Less than 0.5 mm. Color: Close to 199A.Pathogen & pest resistance: To date, plants of the newHydrangeagrown under commercial production conditions have not been observed to be resistant to pathogens and pests common toHydrangeaplants.Garden performance: Plants of the newHydrangeahave been shown to have good garden performance and to be tolerant to temperatures ranging from about −38 C to about 38 C. | 7,933 |
PP35684 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Plants used in the aforementioned photographs and in the following description were grown during the spring and early summer in 17-cm containers in a glass-covered greenhouse in Lengerich, Germany and under cultural practices typical of commercialHydrangeaproduction. During the production of the plants, day and night temperatures averaged 17 C. Plants of the newHydrangeawere 14 months old when the photographs and description were taken. Plants of the newHydrangeacan be treated with aluminum sulfate to “blue” the inflorescences. In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 2015 Edition, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.Botanical description:Hydrangea macrophylla‘H223905’.Parentage:Female, or seed, parent.—Hydrangea macrophylla‘H213906’, disclosed in U.S. Plant Pat. No. 26,509.Male, or pollen, parent.—Proprietary selection ofHydrangea macrophyllaidentified as code number K1-17, not patented.Propagation:Type cutting.—By vegetative tip cuttings.Time to initiate roots, summer.—About two weeks at temperatures about 23 C.Time to initiate roots, winter.—About 18 days at temperatures about 20 C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, summer.—About four weeks at temperatures about 23 C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, winter.—About five weeks at temperatures about 20 C.Root description.—Thick; typically whitish brown in color, actual color of the roots is dependent on substrate composition, water quality, fertilizer type and formulation, substrate temperature and physiological age of roots.Rooting habit.—Freely branching; dense.Plant description:Plant and growth habit.—Relatively compact, upright and uniformly mounded plant habit; strong and sturdy stems; rapid growth rate and vigorous growth habit.Plant height.—About 25 cm to 30 cm.Plant diameter or area of spread.—About 50 cm.Lateral branch description:Branching habit.—Freely branching habit; when pinched, about twelve lateral branches develop per plant.Length.—About 15 cm to 20 cm.Diameter.—About 8 mm.Internode length.—About 4 cm to 6 cm.Texture.—Smooth, glabrous; fully developed, woody.Aspect.—Upright to slightly outwardly.Strength.—Strong, sturdy.Color.—When developing: Close to 144A. Fully developed: Close to 177C; lenticels, close to 187A.Leaf description:Arrangement.—Opposite, simple.Length.—About 11 cm to 14 cm.Width.—About 10 cm to 11 cm.Shape.—Ovate.Apex.—Acute.Base.—Obtuse.Margin.—Dentate.Texture, upper surface.—Smooth to rugose, glabrous.Texture, lower surface.—Rugose, glabrous.Venation pattern.—Pinnate.Color.—Developing and fully expanded leaves, upper surface: Close to NN137A; venation, close to 144B. Developing and fully expanded leaves, lower surface: Close to 137B; venation, close to 144B.Petioles.—Length: About 3 cm to 4 cm. Diameter: About 5 mm. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 144B.Flower description:Flower type and habit.—Small and inconspicuous fertile flowers and showy sterile flowers arranged on mophead-type terminal panicles; panicles upright and globular in shape; fertile flowers face upright and sterile flowers face mostly outwardly depending on their position in the inflorescence.Fragrance.—None detected.Time to flowering.—Plants begin flowering about eight weeks after cold treatment.Flower longevity.—Fertile flowers last about three months on the plant, fertile flowers not persistent; sterile flowers last about three months on the plant, sterile flowers persistent.Quantity of flowers.—Freely flowering habit; about 15 to 20 fertile flowers and about 30 to 35 sterile flowers per panicle.Panicle height.—About 8 cm.Panicle diameter.—About 20 cm.Fertile flower buds.—Length: About 5 mm. Diameter: About 3 mm. Shape: Spherical. Color: Close to 144B.Sterile flower buds.—Length: About 1 cm. Diameter: About 1 cm. Shape: Spherical. Color: Close to 144A.Fertile flower diameter.—About 4 mm to 5 mm.Fertile flower depth(height).—About 4 mm.Sterile flower diameter.—About 5 cm to 6 cm.Sterile flower depth(height).—About 1 cm.Petals, fertile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About five in a single whorl. Length: About 4 mm. Width: About 2 mm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Acute. Base: Obtuse. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 69A. Fully opened, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 62A; color does not change with subsequent development.Petals, sterile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About four in a single whorl. Length: About 4 mm. Width: About 2 mm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Acute. Base: Attenuate. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 69A. Fully opened, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 68A; color does not change with subsequent development.Sepals, fertile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About five in a single whorl. Length: About 2 mm. Width: About 2 mm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Acute. Base: Obtuse. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145A. Fully opened, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145A; color does not change with subsequent development.Sepals, sterile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About four in a single whorl. Length: About 3 cm to 3.5 cm. Width: About 3.5 cm to 4 cm. Shape: Deltoid. Apex: Obtuse. Base: Cuneate. Margin: Entire to dentate. Texture, upper surface: Smooth, glabrous. Texture, lower surface: Rugose, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145C. Fully opened, upper surface: Center, close to 143A; towards the margins, close to 63A and edges, close to 60A; sepals becoming more predominantly purplish red with subsequent development; when “blued” with aluminum sulfate, color is close to 90B. Fully opened, lower surface: Center, close to 143C; towards the margins, close to 62A and edges, close to 60C; sepals becoming more predominantly purplish pink with subsequent development.Pedicels, fertile flowers.—Length: About 3 mm to 5 mm. Diameter: About 2 mm. Strength: Strong. Aspect: About 45 degrees from vertical. Texture: Smooth, glabrous. Color: Close to 62B.Pedicels, sterile flowers.—Length: About 2 cm. Diameter: About 2 mm. Strength: Strong. Aspect: About 45 degrees from vertical. Texture: Smooth, glabrous. Color: Close to 65B.Reproductive organs, fertile flowers.—Stamens: Quantity per flower: About eight. Filament length: About 2 mm. Filament color: Close to 65D. Anther length: About 1 mm. Anther shape: Round. Anther color: Close to 65D. Pollen amount: Abundant. Pollen color: Close to 155A. Pistils: Pistil quantity per flower: One. Pistil length: About 1 mm to 2 mm. Stigma shape: Three-lobed. Stigma color: Close to 65D. Style length: About 2 mm to 3 mm. Style color: Close to 65D. Ovary color: Close to 65D.Reproductive organs, sterile flowers.—Stamens: Quantity per flower: About eight. Filament length: About 2 mm. Filament color: Close to 69D. Anther length: About 2 mm. Anther shape: Conical. Anther color: Close to 69D. Pollen amount: Abundant. Pollen color: Close to 155A. Pistils: Pistil quantity per flower: One. Pistil length: About 2 mm. Stigma shape: Three-lobed. Stigma color: Close to 69D. Style length: About 2 mm. Style color: Close to 69D. Ovary color: Close to 69D.Seeds, only produced by fertile flowers.—Quantity per fertile flower: About 20 to 30. Length: About 1 mm. Diameter: About 0.2 mm. Color: Close to 200C.Pathogen & pest resistance: To date, plants of the newHydrangeagrown under commercial production conditions have not been observed to be resistant to pathogens and pests common toHydrangeaplants.Garden performance: Plants of the newHydrangeahave been shown to have good garden performance and to be tolerant to temperatures ranging from about 3 C to about 38 C. | 7,961 |
PP35685 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Plants used in the aforementioned photographs and in the following description were grown during the spring and early summer in 17-cm containers in a glass-covered greenhouse in Lengerich, Germany and under cultural practices typical of commercialHydrangeaproduction. During the production of the plants, day and night temperatures averaged 17 C. Plants of the newHydrangeawere 14 months old when the photographs and description were taken. Plants of the newHydrangeacan be treated with aluminum sulfate to “blue” the inflorescences. In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 2015 Edition, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.Botanical description:Hydrangea macrophylla‘H223906’.Parentage:Female, or seed, parent.—Hydrangea macrophylla ‘H213906’, disclosed in U.S. Plant Pat. No. 26,509.Male, or pollen, parent.—Proprietary selection ofHydrangea macrophyllaidentified as code number K1-17, not patented.Propagation:Type cutting.—By vegetative tip cuttings.Time to initiate roots, summer.—About two weeks at temperatures about 23 C.Time to initiate roots, winter.—About 18 days at temperatures about 20 C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, summer.—About four weeks at temperatures about 23 C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, winter.—About five weeks at temperatures about 20 C.Root description.—Thick; typically whitish brown in color, actual color of the roots is dependent on substrate composition, water quality, fertilizer type and formulation, substrate temperature and physiological age of roots.Rooting habit.—Freely branching; dense.Plant description:Plant and growth habit.—Relatively compact, upright and uniformly mounded plant habit; strong and sturdy stems; rapid growth rate and vigorous growth habit.Plant height.—About 25 cm.Plant diameter or area of spread.—About 45 cm to 50 cm.Lateral branch description:Branching habit.—Freely branching habit; when pinched, about eight lateral branches develop per plant.Length.—About 15 cm to 20 cm.Diameter.—About 8 mm to 10 mm.Internode length.—About 4 cm to 6 cm.Texture.—Smooth, glabrous; fully developed, woody.Aspect.—Upright to slightly outwardly.Strength.—Strong, sturdy.Color.—When developing: Close to 144A. Fully developed: Close to 177C; lenticels, close to 187A.Leaf description:Arrangement.—Opposite, simple.Length.—About 13 cm to 15 cm.Width.—About 9 cm to 10 cm.Shape.—Ovate.Apex.—Acute.Base.—Obtuse.Margin.—Dentate.Texture, upper surface.—Smooth to rugose, glabrous.Texture, lower surface.—Rugose, glabrous.Venation pattern.—Pinnate.Color.—Developing and fully expanded leaves, upper surface: Close to NN137A; venation, close to 144B. Developing and fully expanded leaves, lower surface: Close to 137C; venation, close to 144B.Petioles.—Length: About 2 cm to 4 cm. Diameter: About 4 mm. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 144B.Flower description:Flower type and habit.—Small and inconspicuous fertile flowers and showy sterile flowers arranged on mophead-type terminal panicles; panicles upright and globular in shape; fertile flowers face upright and sterile flowers face upright to outwardly depending on their position in the inflorescence.Fragrance.—None detected.Time to flowering.—Plants begin flowering about eight weeks after cold treatment.Flower longevity.—Fertile flowers last about three months on the plant, fertile flowers not persistent; sterile flowers last about three months on the plant, sterile flowers persistent.Quantity of flowers.—Freely flowering habit; about 30 to 40 fertile flowers and about 70 sterile flowers per panicle.Panicle height.—About 8 cm to 10 cm.Panicle diameter.—About 20 cm.Fertile flower buds.—Length: About 5 mm. Diameter: About 3 mm. Shape: Spherical. Color: Close to 144A.Sterile flower buds.—Length: About 1 cm. Diameter: About 1 cm. Shape: Spherical. Color: Close to 144A.Fertile flower diameter.—About 5 mm.Fertile flower depth(height).—About 4 mm.Sterile flower diameter.—About 5 cm to 7 cm.Sterile flower depth(height).—About 1 cm.Petals, fertile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About five in a single whorl. Length: About 4 mm. Width: About 2 mm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Acute. Base: Obtuse. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 65C. Fully opened, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 65B; color does not change with subsequent development.Petals, sterile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About four in a single whorl. Length: About 4 mm. Width: About 2 mm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Acute. Base: Attenuate. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145B. Fully opened, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 65A; color does not change with subsequent development.Sepals, fertile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About five in a single whorl. Length: About 2 mm. Width: About 2 mm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Acute. Base: Obtuse. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145A. Fully opened, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145A; color does not change with subsequent development.Sepals, sterile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About four in a single whorl. Length: About 3 cm to 3.5 cm. Width: About 3 cm to 3.5 cm. Shape: Deltoid. Apex: Obtuse. Base: Obtuse. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper surface: Smooth, glabrous. Texture, lower surface: Smooth to rugose, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Center, close to 145C; towards the margins, close to 60A. Fully opened, upper and lower surfaces: Center, close to 63A; towards the margins, close to 143C; sepals becoming more predominantly purplish red with subsequent development; when “blued” with aluminum sulfate, color is close to 70A and 90B.Pedicels, fertile flowers.—Length: About 5 mm to 10 mm. Diameter: About 1 mm to 2 mm. Strength: Strong. Aspect: About 45 degrees from vertical. Texture: Smooth, glabrous. Color: Close to 63C.Pedicels, sterile flowers.—Length: About 4 cm. Diameter: About 2 mm. Strength: Strong. Aspect: About 45 degrees from vertical. Texture: Smooth, glabrous. Color: Close to 65D.Reproductive organs, fertile flowers.—Stamens: Quantity per flower: About eight. Filament length: About 2 mm. Filament color: Close to 69D. Anther length: About 1 mm. Anther shape: Round. Anther color: Close to 69D. Pollen amount: Abundant. Pollen color: Close to 155A. Pistils: Pistil quantity per flower: One. Pistil length: About 1 mm to 2 mm. Stigma shape: Three-lobed. Stigma color: Close to 69B. Style length: About 2 mm to 3 mm. Style color: Close to 69D. Ovary color: Close to 69D.Reproductive organs, sterile flowers.—Stamens: Quantity per flower: About eight. Filament length: About 2 mm. Filament color: Close to 145C. Anther length: About 2 mm. Anther shape: Conical. Anther color: Close to 145C. Pollen amount: Abundant. Pollen color: Close to 155A. Pistils: Pistil quantity per flower: One. Pistil length: About 2 mm. Stigma shape: Three-lobed. Stigma color: Close to 145A. Style length: About 2 mm. Style color: Close to 145A. Ovary color: Close to 145A.Seeds, only produced by fertile flowers.—Quantity per fertile flower: About 20 to 30. Length: About 1 mm. Diameter: About 0.2 mm. Color: Close to 200C.Pathogen & pest resistance: To date, plants of the newHydrangeagrown under commercial production conditions have not been observed to be resistant to pathogens and pests common toHydrangeaplants.Garden performance: Plants of the newHydrangeahave been shown to have good garden performance and to be tolerant to temperatures ranging from about 3 C to about 38 C. | 7,830 |
PP35686 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart (2001). Plants used for the description were grown for one year at a nursery in Hebron, Illinois. Measurements and numerical values represent averages of typical plants.Plant:Botanical classification.—Veronicahybrid.Parentage.—Female (seed parent)Veronicax ‘Kiss the Sky’, Male parent, unknown.Form.—Upright.Plant height.—90 cm from soil to top of flowers; width: 60 cm wide.Growth.—Herbaceous perennial, upright, good vigor.Roots.—Fibrous.Stem:Form.—Cylindrical, branching from the base, no pinching required.Color.—143 A.Surface texture.—Glabrous.Length.—90 cm. Strength. — Strong.Diameter.—5 mm wide.Flower stem internode length.—4-5 cm.Internode quantity.—Typically 6.Foliage:Arrangement.—Opposite.Number of leaves per basal stem.—12, 6 pairs.Size of leaf.—Length: 11 cm on average, decreasing in both length and width distally. Width: 4 cm.Shape of leaf.—Lanceolate.Shape of tip.—Acute.Shape of base.—Rounded to slightly attenuate.Texture of upper and lower surfaces.—Glabrous.Margin type.—Serrate.Color.—Young leaves upper surface: close to 135 B. Lower surface: 135 CMature leaves: Upper surface: 135 B. Lower surface: close to 135 B.Petioles.—Glabrous. Length: 30 mm on average for lower leaves; 5 mm on average for other leaves. Diameter: 2 mm. Color: Adaxial 135 B, Abaxial between 135 B and C. Surface: Adaxial glabrous, Abaxial glabrous. Strength: strong.Veins.—Pattern: Pinnate with a pronounced mid-vein on the lower surface and depressed on the upper leaf surface. Color: Upper surface: 135 B. Lower surface: 135 B.Flower:Natural flowering season.—Continuous from mid to late July into August.Inflorescence type and habit: Branched, terminal spike, no fragrance, flowers last about 7 days on plant. Rate of flower opening: About 25% of flowers open at once, all flowers open in about 4 weeks.Type of flower: Tubular with four petal lobes.Number of flowers: About 120 per spike; about 60 per lateral branch.Inflorescence size:Diameter of an inflorescence.—25-30 mm. Height. — 33 cm.Length of terminal spike.—33 cm.Individual flower size.—7 mm long, 8 mm wide.Diameter of an individual flower.—8 mm. Length of an individual flower — 7 mm.Diameter of an individual flower throat.—3 mm.Diameter of the flower tube.—3 mm. Length of the flower tube — 5 mm.Peduncle:Length.—11 cm. Diameter. — 2 mm.Color.—143 A.Orientation.—Upright with 4-5 secondary peduncles at 30-45°.Strength.—Strong.Surface.—Glabrous.Pedicel: Length. — 1-2 mm long, less than 1 mm wide. Color. — 134 A.Surface.—Adaxial glabrous, Abaxial glabrous. Strength: strong.Petals:Petal arrangement.—One larger above three slightly smaller.Large petal size.—8 mm long; 5 mm wide. Small petal size. — 8 mm long; 3 mm wide.Margin.—Entire.Petal shape.—Oblanceolate.Tip shape.—Emarginate upper lip; rounded lower lip.Length.—Average upper lip: 4 mm; average lower lip: 3 mm.Width.—Average upper lip: 5 mm; average lower lip: 3 mm.Petal quantity.—4.Petal texture of upper and lower surfaces.—Glabrous.Corolla.—Length: 5 mm long, width: 3 mm wide, Color: 97 A.Petals.—When opening: Upper surface: 97 A. Lower surface: 97 A. Fully opened: 97 A. Lower surface: 97 A.Bud:Shape.—Convolute, narrowly oblong, obtuse apex.Length.—5 mm. and Diameter. — 2 mm. Color — 97 A.Calyx:Arrangement.—4 free sepals.Height.—3-4 mm.Diameter.—2 mm.Shape.—Free.Sepals.—Quantity 4. Shape: ovate, acute apex, base fused forming corolla., Size: Average 4 mm long; 1-2 mm wide. Margin: Entire. Texture of upper and lower surfaces: glabrous. Color: Outer surface: 97 A. Inner surface: 97 A.Bracts.—None observed.Reproductive organs:Stamens:Number.—2.Filament length.—11 mm.Anthers.—Shape: Basffixed, elliptic. Length: 2 mm. Width 1 mm. Color: 85 B.Pollen.—Color: white 155 C Amount: low.Pistil:Number.—One. Length. — 8 mm, less than 1 mm wide.Style-Length: 8 mm. Color: 97 B at the top half fading to white 155 C at the base.Stigma-Shape: cylindrical. Color: 97 B. Ovary color: N77 C and 147 C at the base.Seeds: Brown and round 2 mm long and 1 mm wide, color 200 B.Disease/pest resistance: No unusual susceptibility to diseases or pests has been noted.Temperature tolerance: Tolerate to heat at least up to 30° C. and cool at least down to USDA Zone 4-8. | 4,328 |
PP35687 | The colors in the photographs may differ slightly from the color values cited in the detailed botanical description, which accurately describe the colors of the newHebe. DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT The following is a detailed description of 18-month-old plants of the new cultivar as grown in an unheated greenhouse in 13-cm containers in IJsselstein, The Netherlands. The phenotype of the new cultivar may vary with variations in environmental, climatic, and cultural conditions, as it has not been tested under all possible environmental conditions. The color determination is in accordance with The 2015 Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society, London, England, except where general color terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.General description:Blooming period.—An average of 5 weeks from late April through the first week of June, in The United Kingdom.Plant type.—Evergreen shrub.Plant habit.—Compact, upright and spreading.Height and spread.—Average of 60 cm in height, 29 cm in width as a mature plant in the garden.Hardiness.—At least in U.S.D.A. Zones 8 to 11.Diseases and pests.—No susceptibility or resistance to diseases or pests has been observed.Root description.—Fibrous to slightly fleshy.Propagation.—Softwood stem cuttings.Root development.—2 weeks to initiate roots and 6 weeks to produce a young rooted plant from a rooted cutting.Growth rate.—Moderate.Branch description:Branch size.—Lateral branches are an average of 16.8 cm in length and 2.25 mm in diameter.Branch shape.—Round.Branch color.—Young; 146C, internodes; N199A and 199B, mature; 148A.Branch surface.—Slightly glossy, densely covered with very short glandular hairs, 0.1 mm in length, matches surface color.Branch strength.—Strong.Internode length.—Average of 7.5 mm.Branching habit.—Held in an average angle of 45° to vertical.Branching quantity.—Main; 10, lateral per main branch; 4.Foliage description:Leaf shape.—Elliptic to narrowly obovate.Leaf division.—Single.Leaf base.—Cuneate.Leaf apex.—Bluntly acute.Leaf venation.—Pinnate, upper surface; 146B, lower surface; N189B.Leaf margins.—Entire.Leaf attachment.—Petiolate.Leaf arrangement.—Opposite.Leaf surface.—Both surfaces smooth, glabrous, upper surface very slightly glossy, lower surface matte.Leaf color.—Young upper surface; 5C, with an irregular narrow axillary central band (area adjacent to main vein) and occasional small spots on lamina and along the margins NN137C, young lower surface; 5C, but slightly lighter, with an irregular narrow axillary central band (area adjacent to main vein) and occasional small spots on lamina and along the margins N138B, mature upper surface; NN137B, mature lower surface; a blend of 137B and 146A.Leaf number.—Average of 48 per lateral branch.Leaf size.—An average of 2.6 cm in length and 9 mm in width.Petioles.—Flattened in shape, diameter at widest point 3 mm, diameter at narrowest point 0.5 mm, 1 mm in length, both surfaces are smooth, glabrous and very slightly glossy, strong, upper surface color 144B, lower surface color 144A.Flower description:Inflorescence type.—Raceme.Inflorescence size.—Average of 3.6 cm in height and 2.1 cm in width.Inflorescence lastingness.—About 7 days, self-cleaning.Flower shape.—Campanulate.Flower fragrance.—None.Flower quantity.—Average of 34 flowers per inflorescence.Flower arrangement.—Axillary racemes.Flower aspect.—Outward.Flower size.—Average of 8 mm in height, 7.5 mm in diameter, 1 cm in depth, throat diameter 1.5 mm, flower tube 4 mm in length and 2 mm in diameter.Peduncles.—Strong strength, 5.3 cm in length and about 1.25 mm in diameter, 146B in color, held at about a 50° angle to lateral branch, surface is matte and densely covered with very short glandular hairs an average of 0.1 mm in length, matches surface color.Pedicels.—Moderately strong, average of 3 mm in length and 0.5 mm in diameter, held at about a 30° angle to peduncle, 176B in color.Flower buds.—Oblong, 5 mm in length and 2 mm in diameter, surface is matte, color; NN155D, immature calyx 145D, flushed green at the tip 143B, upper (sunny) side tinged 181D.Calyx.—Rotate-shaped, average of 3.5 mm in length and 2.5 mm in diameter.Sepals.—4, 1 whorl, lower sepals; 3.5 mm in length, upper sepals; 3 mm in length, lower and upper sepals 1 mm in width, narrowly obovate to nearly oblong in shape, entire margins, arrangement; rotate, acute tip, base cuneate and fused, surfaces dull and smooth, color: when opening upper surface; 145D and lighter, top flushed with 143C, when opening lower surface; 145D, top flushed with 143B, upper sepals tinged 181D, fully open upper surface; 145D and lighter, top flushed with 143C, fully open lower surface; 145D, top flushed with 143B.Petals.—4, 1 whorl, obovate in shape, bottom 52.5% fused, average of 7.5 mm in length and 3.5 mm in width, entire and slightly involute margins, apex obtuse, upper and lower surface is smooth and glabrous, non-rugose, upper surface very slightly glossy, slightly velvety, lower surface matte and velvety, color: upper and lower surface when opening and fully open NN155D, veins 157D to NN155D.Bracts.—A single bract is placed below each individual flower, narrow ovate in shape, narrow obtuse apex, cuneate base, 3 mm in length, 1 mm in width, both surfaces glabrous, color; 145D, flushed 143C at the tip.Reproductive organs:Gynoecium.—Pistil; 1, 8 mm in length, stigma; club-shaped, 5 mm in length, too small to measure color, style; 7.95 mm in length and NN15D in color, ovary; 144C in color.Androecium.—Stamens; 2, anthers; oblong, dorsifixed in shape, 2.5 mm in length, 1 mm in width and N77B in color, filaments; 8 mm in length, 4 mm implanted into side of tube, color; NN155D, pollen; low in quantity, 156A in color.Fruit and seed.—None observed to date. | 5,788 |
PP35688 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT The following is a detailed description of 3.5-year-old plants of the new cultivar as grown outdoors in a trial field in Boskoop, The Netherlands. The phenotype of the new cultivar may vary with variations in environmental, climatic, and cultural conditions, as it has not been tested under all possible environmental conditions. The color determination is in accordance with the 2015 Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society, London, England, except where general color terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.General characteristics:Blooming period.—Late July to early October in The Netherlands.Plant type.—Deciduous flowering shrub.Plant habit.—Dwarf, compact, freely branched.Height and spread.—An average of 55 cm in height and spread.Hardiness.—At least in U.S.D.A. Zones 5 to 9.Diseases and pests.—No susceptibility or resistance to disease or pests has been observed.Root description.—Fibrous roots, N155A in color.Propagation.—Stem cuttings.Root development.—Roots initiate in about 10 weeks from an unrooted cutting and fully root in a P9 container in one year (with overwintering).Growth rate.—Moderate.Stem description:Shape.—Rounded.Stem color.—Young; 137B, mature wood; 197B, lenticels 199B.Stem size.—Main stem; 32 cm in length, 1.5 cm in diameter, lateral branches; average of 26 cm in length and 4 mm in width.Stem surface.—Young; sparsely pubescent, glossy, mature; woody, finely striated and rugose.Stem aspect.—Held in multiple angles.Stem strength.—Strong.Branching.—Main; 1, lateral; 29.Internode.—Average of 4.5 cm.Foliage description:Leaf shape.—Ovate (3-lobed).Leaf division.—Simple.Leaf base.—Cuneate.Leaf apex.—Young; acute, mature; rounded.Leaf venation.—Palmate, young veins upper surface color; 137C, young veins lower surface color; 137C to 137D, mature veins upper surface; 139A to 139B, mature veins lower surface; 137B to 137C.Leaf margins.—Lobed.Leaf attachment.—Petiolate.Leaf arrangement.—Alternate.Leaf aspect.—Upward, cupped.Leaf surface.—Upper surface glabrous, lower surface very slightly pubescent.Leaf color.—Young upper surface; 143A, young lower surface; 143C, mature upper surface; 139A, mature lower surface; 137B.Leaf size.—An average of 7.6 cm in length and 5 cm in width.Leaf quantity.—An average of 16 per branch.Petioles.—An average of 1.8 cm in length and 2 mm in diameter, surfaces are both smooth and glabrous, upper surface 137B, lower surface 137B to 137C.Flower description:Inflorescence type.—Flowers are solitary from upper leaf axils.Lastingness of flowers.—43 hours per flower, self-cleaning.Flower size.—An average of 9.1 cm in diameter.Flower fragrance.—None.Flower shape.—Rotate.Flower number.—Per lateral branch; average of 1 flowers, 8 buds.Flower aspect.—Slightly upright.Flower bud.—Ovate in shape, 1.3 cm in length, 7 mm in width, 138B in color.Petals.—5, obovate in shape, an average of 4.8 cm in length and 2.3 cm in width, irregularly incised, acute apex, base is attenuate, both surfaces glabrous, color; when opening and fully open upper and lower surface NN155D, center 59B.Calyx.—Campanulate in shape, average of 2 cm in length and 1 cm in diameter.Epicalyx.—Comprised of 6 bracts held upright surrounding sepals, lanceolate in shape, apiculate apex, truncate base, average of 1.8 cm in length and 5 mm in width, color of both surfaces 145A, both surfaces are glabrous and dull.Sepals.—5, fused, an average of 2 cm in length and 2 mm in width, color of both surfaces 137B, subulate in shape, acuminate apex, entire margins, both surfaces smooth and glabrous.Peduncles.—An average of 4 mm in length and 2 mm in diameter, strong, 137A in color, pubescent.Pedicels.—Not present, flowers are solitary from terminal leaf axils.Reproductive organs:Gynoecium.—Pistil; 1, 3.8 cm in length, stigmas; 5-parted, rounded in shape, 5 mm in diameter, 2 mm in depth, surface densely covered with short fuzzy hairs, 155A in color, styles; 3.2 cm in length, 0.7 mm in width, 155A in color, surface is glabrous and glossy, ovary; orbicular in shape with round apex, 1.8 cm in length, 4 mm width, 155A in color.Androecium.—Stamens; average of 35, stamens are clustered and implanted into upper portion of style, anthers; round in shape, 3 mm in length, 2D in color, filament; 2 mm in length, color NN155D, pollen; abundant in quantity and 155A in color.Fruit/seeds.—None observed to date. | 4,410 |
PP35689 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION ‘ZUCHI’ has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions, and the phenotype may vary significantly with variations in environment. The following observations, measurements, and comparisons describe this plant as grown at Mentone, Calif., when grown in the greenhouse, nursery or field, unless otherwise noted. The color chart referenced is standard hexadecimal Web Pantone Color Chart well known to those of ordinary skill in Internet web site design.The plant:Type(life form and habit).—Herbaceous tap-rooted annual.Classification.—Cultivars ofCannabis sativa, possessing traits of the SubspeciesC. sativassp.indica(Lam.). This cultivated line possesses intoxicating properties, and so the Subspecies sativa and its varieties (var.sativaandspontanea) are eliminated from consideration. Within the next couplet distinguishing within the Subspeciesindica, fruits are required to separate between the varieties (var.indicaand var.kafiris tanica). No fruits were found on any of the individuals observed, and so discrimination between the varieties is impossible with this key. Nevertheless, cross-section of the stem revealed that the stem can be hollow depending on the supplemental level of monosilicic acid, a characteristic known to occur with the fiber-producing strains ofC. sativassp.sativa, and thought to be absent from the intoxicating taxa in the genus. As such, these plants appear to be hybrids of the two subspecies ofCannabis sativa, e.g.,C. sativa sativaandC. sativa indica.Origin, form, and growth characteristics:Origin.—Whole Plant pollination of a proprietary male cultivar created by the inventor and the female plant Z. ‘Zuchi’ is a hybrid cultivar discovered in Orange County California, U.S. It is the first generation from that hybrid line. ‘Zuchi’ is different from the parent cultivars in terms of its 25-30% increase in size, flower yield, and distinguished from its parents and related known cultivars (such as co-pending plant patent applications for ‘AFZ’ (Ser. No. 17/950,086) and ‘TZT’ (Ser. No. 17/950,089) with unique spiced soap flavor and smell profile. The time to clone was reduced by over 20% and the pollen is so potent that it can drastically improve any pollen donor.Propagation.—The strain is perpetuated solely by tissue culture, cloning and cuttings. The new plant reproduces true to type with all of the characteristics, as herein described, firmly fixed and retained through successive generations of such asexual propagation in Orange County, California.Mature habit.—Tap-rooted annual, with an extensive fibrous root system, upright and lateral branched aerial portion of the plant. The growth form of all cloned individuals seen (n=10) was highly manipulated by the systematic removal of terminal buds, inducing a greater branching habit. The cannabinoids and terpene analysis are from the dry female flower of the same phenotype. The method used was High-performance liquid and gas chromatography, otherwise known as HPLC and GCMS. The standard analytical method for these compounds. No analytical data from the described asexually reproduced plant is available. Overall size in this form varies in the population from 1-2 m tall and 0.5-1 m across at their widest point. Many petiole and scars on stems from systematic removal of large shade leaves. In this habit, these are very vigorous annual herbs.Growth.—Very vigorous annuals herbs. Foliage. Leaves.Arrangement.—Alternate, with a zig zag structure.Form.—Palmately compound, (3) 5-7 (9) linear-lanceolate leaflets with glandular hairs.Size.—Remaining (those still present when plants were observed) shade leaves, whole. Shade leaf also known as Fan leaves, are the large leaf connected to the main stem.Leaf(with petiole).—8-10″ long; middle (largest) leaflet 5-6 inches long, 1.25-2″ wide. Shade leaf also known as Fan leaves, are the large leaf connected to the main stem.Margins.—Coarsely serrate.Leaf color.—Top — dark green, PMS 355-357.Leaf color.—Bottom — light green, PMS 359.Veins, bottom.—Pronounced midrib, with straight axial branches at about 45° angle, toward distal end of leaflet.Color of bottom veins.—Light green, PMS 802-802x.Petiole.—Length: 2-2.5″ at maturity. Color. Light green, PMS 359.Stipules.—3/16″ in length and light emerald, green in color PMS 361.Aroma.—Strongly piquant, with hints of limonene (a cyclic terpene also found in Pinus ponderosa).Stem.—Non-hollow, large, rugose, ribbed, with ribs running parallel to stem, 0.5-2″ diameter at base when mature. When stressed red PMS 2395 and purple PMS 2685 steaking can occur. The stem shape is a large, edged oval/octogon that has an aggressive zig-zag pattern as it grows. The node angles are up to 45 degrees where each node will begin to grow in the opposite direction of the previous node at the same growth angle. The internodal spacing is very short and compact. The stem is round and can reach a diameter of 1.5-2.0″ when grown with a shallow groove depth and thick pith presence (full stems). There are capitate and bulbous visible trichomes growing on the stem.Color.—Light green PMS 361.Bottom of stem color.—Light green, PMS 802-802x. A few eglandular branched hairs.Height.—1.5-1.9 m at anthesis following heavy pruning regime in cultivation.Inflorescence.—Blooming habit.—Elongated thryse, forming large clusters from 0.2-0.5 m in length, densely packed with individual small male calyx subtended by small leaves, these with some observable glandular trichomes.Flowers.—Corolla: petals and calyx unified and collectively appressed to and surrounding the ovary. The flowers are large (4-6″ in length and 2″ in diameter) and covered in green and yellow pollen sacs. Pollen is released around day 21-23 of the flowering cycle. The stem and pollen sacs have visible and large glandular trichomes with minor purple streaking down the center of each pollen bract.Color.—Light green PMS 359 and yellow PMS 380.Diameter.—Individual flowers 1-3 mm, cyme 5-7 cm diameter and 5 sepals per flower, 4-5 mm in length.Shape.—Urceolate (urn-shaped).Calyces.—Clusters of male calyx flowers can be observed on all stems and branches during flowering Color: Green PMS 364.Filaments.—Filaments are 0.5-1 mm in length.Stigma.—No stigma observedFruit.—An achene in this genus; however, no fruits were seen.Pollen.—Pollen drops from male calyx flowers during the 3rd to 4th week of flowering.Color.—Pollen is yellow in color PMS 380.Stamen.—Too many to count. Hundreds per flower cluster.Petalage.—The plant is essentially without petals (apetalous); these fused and appressed to the base of the ovary with the calyx as the perianth.Flowers.—Pedicel. Male calyx is connected to the pedicel that is in turn connected to the peduncle that is in turn connected to the main stem.Color.—The flowers are yellowish green and light green in color PMS 368-369.General characteristics and culture:Blooming period.—Cuttings after rooting will bloom in 3-6 weeks when <12 hrs light applied to induce flowering.Hardiness.—Hardiness in nature unknown as this plant has only been cultivated in controlled conditions. Disease and pest resistance/susceptibility were not observed.Breaking action.—Stems are fibrous, strong, and flexible; highly resistant to breakage. Rooting. >95% success rate with cuttings using Dip 'n Grow® rooting hormone.Growth regulator.—Only naturally occurring cytokines and auxins are used in cultivation. These are derived from kelp, seaweed, and alfalfa extracts. 1-Triacontanol is also used as a biostimulant and is naturally derived from beeswax.Market.—Use for this product is to breed new medical and recreationalCannabisplants intended for commercial cultivation of flowers as well as extracts and the creation of infused goods.Climate zones.—The plants are grown and are meant to be grown in a tightly controlled environment. They have been able to withstand temperatures above 105 degrees F. with 95% RH, as well as an RH of as low as 20%. Recent testing has shown that ‘Zuchi’ is capable of thriving in a greenhouse with temperatures as low as 40 F with 85-95% RH.Shipping tolerance.—Not applicable. This plant has never been shipped and is not intended for live shipment. All references cited in this specification, including but not limited to patent publications and non-patent literature, and references cited therein, are hereby incorporated by reference. The discussion of the references herein is intended merely to summarize the assertions made by the authors and no admission is made that any reference constitutes prior art. Applicants reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinence of the cited references. | 8,676 |
PP35690 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION ‘TZT’ has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions, and the phenotype may vary significantly with variations in environment. The following observations, measurements, and comparisons describe this plant as grown at Mentone, Calif., when grown in the greenhouse, nursery or field, unless otherwise noted. The new plant reproduces true to type with all of the characteristics, as herein described, and is asexually propagated via meristem Tissue Culture and Clonal propagation in Los Angeles California. The color chart referenced is standard hexadecimal Web Pantone Color Chart well known to those of ordinary skill in Internet web site design. THE PLANT Type (life form and habit). Herbaceous tap-rooted annual.Height.—The average height can be modified depending on the volume of growing media and the irrigation frequency. In a 6×6×6 rockwool cube, being fed 1500-2000 ml per day a plant will average around 75″ in height. The selected plant is grown in clusters with 9-12 plants per 16-24 ft2. ‘TZT’ is an incredibly vigorous plant, clones will take between 6-10 days to show roots and will reach a height of around 20-26″ after only 17-20 days.Leaves.—The leaves are large and broad. The central leaflet is very broad, and each leaf overlaps the others and does not allow light to penetrate. They can be 8-12″ long and have a total width of 8-10″. The leaf is heavy gloss and shines bright in the sun or under HID or LED lighting. The leaf ridges are very deep and wavy, the leaves do not lie flat but are shaped like a soundwave with equal parts up and down. The trichomes are mostly tall capitate stalked and are wet and greasy to the touch, releasing a heavy aroma of gasoline, black pepper, white truffle oil, lavender and solvent. The average number of leaflets is between 5-13 depending on the total plant size and health. The upper leaf surface is dark green PMS 356 with the lower surface a light green PMS 374.Petioles.—The petioles are abnormally long, typically 4-6″ long and 0.2-0.4″ in diameter. The longer and older petioles will show anthocyanin production starting closer to the stem and moving out toward the leaf rachis. Trichomes are glandular with capitate stalked visible and bulbous trichomes and capitate-sessile trichomes are present all around. Petioles are dark green PMS 369 with purple anthocyanin streaking PMS 525.Stipules.—Found at each node and are usually between 0.22-0.25″ in length. They are medium to light green PMS 360-368 (the older the darker) and spear-shaped and accompanied by white pistils regardless of the light cycle or season.Stem.—The stem shape is a large oval that has a zig-zag pattern as it grows (like most Zuchi progeny). Each node will begin to grow in the opposite direction of the previous node at the same growth angle. The internodal spacing is very short 1-2.5″ and compact. The stem is round and can reach a diameter of 1.25-1.5″ when grown with a shallow groove depth and thick pith presence (full stems). Stem color is a medium green PMS 557. There are capitate and bulbous visible trichomes growing on the stem.Flower.—The flowers are rounded and bulbous at the base and emerge outward into sharp points with many sharp points emerging outward like a pinecone. The % of male vs female plants was approximately 55% female and 45% males in the selection process. There was <5% hermaphrodite expression from seed and after taking clones, the hermaphroditic expression was not seen again. The flowers are arranged in a spiral pattern up the stem like Brussels sprouts with each flower being fully formed and not contributing to a homogeneous “cola” shape. The flowers are dark green PMS 357 with dark purple streaking PMS 525 but look frosted white due to the heavy presence and density of the large trichomes on every square millimeter of the flower. The fragrance is that of gasoline, black pepper, white truffle oil, lavender, and solvent; a very noxious and intense smell that is overwhelming.Bract.—The bract is medium to dark green PMS 576 and 0.16″ in diameter and 0.22-0.25″ in length with 2 stigmas emerging from the center. They are covered with capitate-stalked trichomes and house bulbous and capitate-sessile trichomes throughout.Bracteoles.—Usually between 0.1-0.115″ in length. They are slender spear-shaped and medium-dark green color PMS 576.Stigma. Bright yellow PMS 603 and can reach up to 1.5 mm in size during the first 3 weeks of the flowering stage. Seeds. The seeds are round/oval in shape. The weight is high and fully mature seeds are dark gray/brown PMS 1405 with weak marbling that can only be noticed with close examination.Classification. Cultivars ofCannabis sativa.Market use.—Market use for this product is medical and recreationalCannabisflower as well as extracts and infused goods. Individual plants grown with the above methods yield an average total plant wet weight of 2900-3200 g at harvest resulting in a dry flower weight of 150-200 grams.Growth conditions.—The plants are grown and are meant to be grown in a tightly controlled environment. They have been able to withstand temperatures above 105 degrees F. with 95% RH, as well as a RH of as low as 20%. Recent testing has shown that TZT is capable of thriving in a greenhouse with temperatures as low as 40 F with 85-95% RH. This cultivated line possesses intoxicating properties, and the Subspeciessativaand its varieties (var.sativaandspontanea) are eliminated from consideration. All references cited in this specification, including but not limited to patent publications and non-patent literature, and references cited therein, are hereby incorporated by reference. The discussion of the references herein is intended merely to summarize the assertions made by the authors and no admission is made that any reference constitutes prior art. Applicants reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinence of the cited references. | 5,958 |
PP35691 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION ‘POI’ has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions, and the phenotype may vary significantly with variations in environment. The following observations, measurements, and comparisons describe this plant as grown at Mentone, Calif., when grown in the greenhouse, nursery or field, unless otherwise noted. The color chart referenced is standard hexadecimal Web Pantone Color Chart well known to those of ordinary skill in Internet web site design.The plant:Type(life form and habit).—Herbaceous tap-rooted annual.Propagation.—‘POI’ is asexually propagated via meristem Tissue Culture and Clonal propagation in Fallbrook, California.Leaves.—Dark green PMS 350 with the bottom being light green PMS 368. The central leaflet is very broad, and each leaf overlaps the others and does not allow light to penetrate. They can be 8-10″ long and have a total width of 8-11″. The leaf is heavy gloss and shines bright in the sun or under HID or LED lighting appearing dark purple/brown PMS 276 and looking like glossy leather. The leaf ridges are very deep and wavy, the leaves do not lie flat but are shaped like a soundwave with equal parts up and down. The trichomes are mostly tall capitate stalked and are wet and gritty/sandy to the touch, releasing a heavy aroma of spumoni ice cream, dark chocolate, truffle oil, lavender, mint, black licorice and vanilla extract. The average number of leaflets is between many, 5-13 depending on the total plant size and health. The upper leaf surface is dark green PMS 350-PMS 3435 and purple PMS 276-2765 with the lower surface a light green PMS 361 with vibrant purple streaking PMS 2735 along the stem.Petioles.—Typically, are medium to long, typically 4-6″ long and 0.2-0.4″ in diameter. The longer and older petioles will show heavy anthocyanin PMS 2735 production starting closer to the stem and moving out toward the leaf rachis. Trichomes are glandular with capitate stalked visible and bulbous trichomes and capitate-sessile trichomes are present all around. Petioles are dark green PMS 357 with purple anthocyanin PMS 2735 streaking and will turn fully purple PMS 2755-2765 within a few weeks of formation and during flowering.Stipules.—Found at each node and are usually between 0.20-0.25″ in length. They are medium PMS 348 to dark green PMS 350 (the older the darker) and spear-shaped and often accompanied by white pistils even during vegetative growth.Stem.—The stem shape is a large, edged oval/octogon that has a minor zig-zag pattern as it grows (like most Zuchi progeny). Each node will begin to grow in the opposite direction of the previous node at the same growth angle. The internodal spacing is very short and compact. The stem is round and can reach a diameter of 1.5-2.2″ when grown with a shallow groove depth and thick pith presence (full stems). There are capitate and bulbous visible trichomes growing on the stem. The stem color is light green PMS 368.Inforescence.—The flowers are conal in shape, with the texture of a durian fruit. With a rounded base and sharp points emerging outward like a pinecone. The % of male vs female plants was approximately 50% female and 50% males in the selection process. There was <0.5% hermaphrodite expression from seed and after taking clones, the hermaphroditic expression was not seen again. The flowers are arranged in a tight checkered pattern up the stem. The flowers are dark purple PMS 2755 without any visible green coloration. The only visible green color PMS 361 is at the stem connecting the flower to the main stalk. There is a heavy presence and density of the large capitate stalked, glandula, and bulbous trichomes on every square millimeter of the flower and adjoining leaves. The fragrance and smoke/vapor flavors are a mix of spumoni ice cream, dark chocolate, truffle oil, lavender, mint, black licorice and vanilla extract.Bract.—The bract is dark green PMS 357 to purple PMS 525 and 0.15″ in diameter and 0.22-0.24″ in length with white and yellow PMS 803 stigmas emerging from the center. They are covered with capitate-stalked trichomes and houses bulbous and capitate-sessile trichomes throughout.Bracteoles.—Usually between 0.1-0.115″ in length. They are slender spear-shaped and medium- dark green PMS 356-357 color.Stigma.—Electric yellow PMS 803 and can reach up to 1.5-1.9 mm in size during the first 3 weeks of the flowering stage.Seeds.—The seeds are round/oval in shape. Weight is low-very low and fully mature seeds are dark brown PMS 4625 with medium marbling.Height and spread.—The average height can be modified depending on the volume of growing media and the irrigation frequency. In a 6×6×6 rockwool cube, being fed 1500-2250 ml per day a plant will average around 72-75″ in height. The selected plant is grown in clusters with 9-12 plants per 16-24 ft2. A single ‘POI’ mother plant (used for asexual replication) can easily maintain a 25-30 ft2 area.Classification: Cultivars ofCannabis sativa. This cultivated line possesses intoxicating properties, and so the Subspeciessativaand its varieties (var.sativaandspontanea) are eliminated from consideration.Growth conditions.—The plants are grown and are meant to be grown in a tightly controlled environment. They have been able to withstand temperatures above 105 degrees F. with 95% RH, as well as a RH of as low as 20%. Recent testing has shown that ‘POI’ is capable of thriving in a greenhouse with temperatures as low as 40 F with 85-95% RH.Market use.—Market use for this product is medical and recreationalCannabisflower as well as extracts and infused goods. Individual plants grown with the above methods yield an average total plant wet weight of 2900-3200 g at harvest resulting in a dry flower weight of 150-200 grams. All references cited in this specification, including but not limited to patent publications and non-patent literature, and references cited therein, are hereby incorporated by reference. The discussion of the references herein is intended merely to summarize the assertions made by the authors and no admission is made that any reference constitutes prior art. Applicants reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinence of the cited references. | 6,232 |
PP35692 | The aforementioned photographs:FIG.1, as well asFIG.2, were taken on Sep. 5, 2022 both showing a plant from the same indoor blackcloth trial in Enkhuizen, The Netherlands. These plants were about 13 weeks of age. One rooted cutting per pot had been planted in a 19 cm pot, not pinched in week 23, 2022 and black clothed from week 29. Plants started flowering the end of August 2022. The measurements were taken in Enkhuizen, The Netherlands, in September 2022 on plants from the same indoor blackcloth trial. DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart (R.H.S.) 2001. TABLE 3DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE NEW VARIETY ‘CIFZ0100’AND TWO MOST SIMILAR VARIETIES:‘Synjac Oranfus’,U.S. Plant Pat.‘CIFZ0100’No. 22,657Natural response:1 week slower1 week fasterBlackcloth response:SimilarSimilarFlower type:More petals overallLess petals overallPlant size:SimilarSimilarPlant habit:More moundRounderFlower longevity:Less color fadeMore color fadeFlowering uniformityLess UniformMore Uniform TABLE 4‘Kickin Spicy Orange’,‘CIFZ0100’Patent status unknownNatural response:¾ week slower¾ week fasterFlower size:SimilarSimilarFlower color:Darker bronze/orangeLighter bronze/orangeFlower type:SimilarSimilarPlant size:SimilarSimilarPlant habit:More moundRounderFlower longevity:25% longer life25% shorter lifePlant:Form, growth and habit.—Herbaceous garden-type, stems Upright and outwardly spreading, freely branching, medium vigorous growth habit.Plant height(above soil).—24 cm.Plant height(inflorescence included).—26 cm.Plant width.—44 cm.Roots:Number of days to initiate roots.—About 4 days at about 22° C.Number of days to produce a rooted cutting.—14-16 days at 22° C.Type.—Fine, fibrous, free branching.Color.—RHS N155B.Foliage:Arrangement.—Alternate.Immature leaf, color upper surface.—RHS 147A.Immature leaf, color lower surface.—RHS 137B.Mature leaf, color, upper surface.—RHS 139A.Mature leaf, color lower surface.—RHS 137B.Length.—4.5 cm.Width.—3.2 cm.Shape.—Ovate, with distinct lobes.Base shape.—Shortly Attenuate.Apex shape.—Apiculate.Margin.—3 lobed.Number of margin indentations.—9-11.Depth of margin indentations.—2-3 mm.Leaf length terminal lobe relative to total leaf length.—1:1.6.Leaf depth lower lateral sinus.—2.0 cm.Texture, upper surface.—Bifid hairs.Texture, lower surface.—Bifid hairs.Color of veins, upper surface.—RHS 137B.Color of veins, lower surface.—RHS 137C.Pattern of veining.—Palmate.Petiole color.—RHS 137B.Petiole length.—1.3-1.7 cm.Diameter.—0.2 cm.Texture.—Bifid hairs.Presence of stipules.—No.Stem:Quantity of main branches per plant.—5-6.Color of stem.—RHS 146A.Length of stem.—8.9 cm.Diameter.—0.4 cm.Length of internodes.—1.5-2.0 cm.Texture.—Bifid hairs.Color of peduncle.—RHS 146A.Length of peduncle.—3.0-4.5 cm.Peduncle diameter.—0.3 cm.Texture.—Bifid hairs.Inflorescence:Type.—Compositae, solitary, decorative type inflorescences borne terminally above foliage, ligulate ray florets arranged in whorls on a capitulum giving a double flower.Quantity of short days to flowering(response time).—Approximately 6.5 weeks.Quantity of inflorescences per plant.—80-100 with several small buds developing.Lastingness of individual blooms on the plant.—About seven weeks from first color.Fragrance.—Slightly spicy.Bud (when showing color):Color.—RHS 45B.Length.—0.5 cm.Width.—0.5 cm.Shape.—Oblate.Immature inflorescence (at moment of opening):Diameter.—3 cm.Color of ray florets, upper surface.—RHS N172A.Color of ray florets, lower surface.—RHS 173B.Mature inflorescence:Diameter.—3.2 cm.Depth.—1.5 cm.Total diameter of disc.—0.0-0.6 cm.Receptacle color.—RHS 148B.Receptacle height.—0.4 cm.Receptacle diameter.—1.0 cm.Length of corolla tube.—0.1 cm.Ray florets:Average quantity of florets.—110-120.Color of florets, upper surface.—RHS N172D.Color lower surface.—RHS 172B.Length.—1.4 cm.Width/diameter.—0.4 cm.Shape.—Elliptical.Apex shape.—Dentate.Base shape.—Tube.Margin.—Entire. — Small incisions may be present at tip.Margin.—Type of rolling — Moderately involute.Texture, upper surface.—Papillate.Lower surface.—Papillate.Ribs present.—No.Number of keels.—0.Profile at widest point.—Moderately concave.Longitudinal axis shape.—Flat.Longitudinal axis curvature strength.—Straight.Corolla tube shape.—Circular.Disc florets:Number of disc florets.—0-30.Width.—0.1 cm.Length.—0.8-1.0 cm.Color.—RHS 14A.Inflorescence (at moment of senescence):Color of ray florets, upper surface.—RHS 163A.Color of ray florets, lower surface.—RHS 173B.Phyllaries:Quantity.—18-22.Color, upper surface.—RHS 148B.Color, lower surface.—RHS 139A.Length.—0.5 cm.Width.—0.2 cm.Shape.—Lanceolate.Apex shape.—Acute.Base.—Fused.Margins.—Entire.Texture, upper surface.—Glabrous.Texture, lower surface.—Canescent.Reproductive organs:Pistil.—One.Length.—0.4 cm.Style color.—RHS 5C.Style length.—0.3 cm.Stigma color.—RHS 5D.Stigma shape.—Bi-parted.Ovary color.—RHS 157D.Ovary length.—0.2 cm.Ovary width.—0.1 cm.Androecium:Stamens.—1, found on only disc florets.Color of filaments.—RHS 157C.Length filaments.—0.2 cm.Anther color.—RHS 15B.Anther length.—0.2 cm.Anther shape.—Oval to club shaped.Color of pollen.—RHS 15B.Pollen amount.—Moderate.Fertility/seed set.—Has not been determined to date.Disease/pest resistance.—Has not been determined to date.Hardiness.—Has not been determined to date. | 5,348 |
PP35693 | The colors in the photographs are as close as possible with the photographic and printing technology utilized and color values cited in the detailed botanical description accurately describe the colors of the newGazania. DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The following is a detailed description of 9-month-old plants of ‘DwGzHy01’ as grown indoors in 21-cm containers in Waddxinveen, The Netherlands. The phenotype of the new cultivar may vary with variations in environmental, climatic, and cultural conditions, as it has not been tested under all possible environmental conditions. The color determination is in accordance with The 2015 Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society, London, England, except where general color terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.General description:Blooming period.—May through October in The Netherlands and longer in South Africa.Plant type.—Herbaceous perennial.Plant habit.—Compact, bushy, low growing, non-spreading, upright leafy flowering stems with inflorescences held above the foliage.Height and spread.—Reaches an average of 16 cm in height and 46 cm in width as a 9-month old plant in a container.Hardiness.—At least to U.S.D.A Zones 9 to 11.Diseases and pests.—Good resistance has been observed toFusariumspp.Environmental stresses.—Heat and drought tolerance.Root description.—Fine.Propagation.—Tissue culture and stem cuttings.Time required for root initiation.—An average of 4 to 6 weeks for root initiation, 10 to 12 weeks to produce a young plant in a P15 container from a rooted plug.Growth rate.—Vigorous.Stem description:Shape.—Rounded.Stem color.—145A.Stem strength.—Strong.Stem size.—An average of 6 cm in length and 3.5 mm in width.Stem surface.—Glabrous.Internode length.—Up to 1 cm.Foliage description:Leaf division.—Simple.Leaf margins.—Serrulate.Leaf size.—Entire leaves; an average of 15 cm in length and 1.5 cm in width, lobed leaves; 15 cm in length, 4.5 cm in width.Leaf shape.—Simple oblanceolate to pinnately seven lobed.Leaf base.—Attenuate.Leaf apex.—Acute.Leaf venation.—Pinnate, upper surface 137C, lower surface 139C.Leaf attachment.—Sessile.Leaf arrangement.—Alternate.Leaf surface.—Upper surface glabrous and glossy, lower surface pubescent.Leaf color.—Upper surface 137A, lower surface 190D.Flower description:Inflorescence type.—Composite with a single row of ray florets surrounding disc florets in the center, forming a radiant head, inflorescences are borne on stem terminals.Lastingness of inflorescence.—8 to 10 days, self-cleaning.Fragrance.—None.Quantity of inflorescences.—Free flowering, an average of 2 per lateral branch.Inflorescence size.—Average of 7.2 cm in diameter, 2.8 cm in height, disc 1.9 cm in diameter.Inflorescence buds.—Ovoid in shape, an average of 1.5 cm in diameter, 1.7 cm in length, 137A in color.Peduncle.—Rounded in shape, strong, an average of 14 cm in length and 3 mm in diameter, 145A in color, surface very slightly pubescent.Phyllaries (involucral bracts):Phyllary number.—18 in 2 rows; outer (lower) row 9, inner (upper) row 9.Phyllary size.—Average of 1.2 cm in length, 1.5 mm in width.Phyllary color.—Upper and lower surface between 144A and 144B.Phyllary texture.—Both surfaces matte and very slight pubescent.Phyllary apex.—Acute.Phyllary base.—Truncate and fused.Phyllary shape.—Linear-lanceolate.Ray florets (sterile):Number.—20 (arranged in 2 rows).Shape.—Oblanceolate to obovate.Size.—An average of 3 cm in length and 1.8 cm in width.Apex.—Broadly acute.Base.—Attenuate.Margins.—Entire.Aspect.—Held mainly horizontal and slightly upwards, perpendicular to peduncle.Texture.—Both surfaces smooth.Color.—Upper surface when opening and fully open; top to mid-section 14A, base 28B, lower surface when opening and fully open; 13B, margins 14A, stripe in the center N170A, base a hint of 145A.Disc florets (female):Number.—An average of 180.Shape.—Tubular, corolla is fused, flared and slightly curled at apex.Size.—8 mm in length, 1.5 mm in width.Color.—En masse; 14A, individual; base N155D, center 13B, top 14A.Receptacle.—An average of 2 cm in diameter and 1 cm in depth, 144A in color.Reproductive organs:Presence.—Disc flowers only.Gynoecium.—1 Pistil; an average of 1.2 cm in length, style; very fine, 1.1 cm in length, 12A in color, stigma; 12A in color, bifid, ovary is inferior, oblong in shape, an average of 3 mm in length and 1 mm in width, and 145C in color.Androecium.—None observed.Seed.—Not produced. | 4,454 |
PP35694 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The aforementioned photographs and following observations and measurements describe plants grown during the summer in 740-ml containers in an acrylic-covered greenhouse in Carlton, Michigan and under cultural practices typical of commercialPetuniaproduction. During the production of the plants, day temperatures ranged from 18C to 32C and night temperatures ranged from 18C to 24C. Plants were pinched two weeks after planting and were five weeks from planting rooted cuttings when the photographs and description were taken. In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 2015 Edition, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.Botanical classification:PetuniaXhybrida‘WGPESMVYEL’.Parentage:Female, or seed, parent.—Proprietary selection ofPetuniaXhybridaidentified as code number 17P080-01, not patented.Male, or pollen, parent.—PetuniaXhybrida‘Yes Yellow’, not patented.Propagation:Type.—Terminal vegetative cuttings.Time to initiate roots, summer.—About three to four days at ambient temperatures about 28C.Time to initiate roots, winter.—About five to seven days at ambient temperatures about 20C.Time to produce a rooted plant, summer.—About three or four weeks at ambient temperatures about 28C.Time to produce a rooted plant, winter.—About four to five weeks at ambient temperatures about 20C.Root description.—Fine, fibrous; typically white in color, actual color of the roots is dependent on substrate composition, water quality, fertilizer type and formulation, substrate temperature and physiological age of roots.Rooting habit.—Freely branching; medium density.Plant description:Plant and growth habit.—Upright to outwardly spreading and mounding to eventually trailing and decumbent plant habit; freely branching habit with about eight to ten primary lateral branches with secondary laterals developing potentially at every node, dense and bushy plant form; pinching enhances development of lateral branches; vigorous growth habit and rapid growth rate.Plant height.—About 19 cm.Plant diameter(area of spread).—About 44 cm.Lateral branches.—Length: About 22 cm. Diameter: About 2 mm. Internode length: About 1.4 cm. Strength: Moderately strong; flexible, not brittle. Aspect: Initially upright then outwardly spreading to trailing and decumbent. Texture and luster: Densely pubescent; slightly glossy. Color, developing and developed: Close to 144A.Leaf description:Arrangement.—Alternate before flowering; opposite after flowers develop; leaves simple.Length.—About 3 cm.Width.—About 1.5 cm.Shape.—Elliptic to ovate.Apex.—Acute.Base.—Cuneate.Margin.—Entire, not undulate.Texture and luster, upper and lower surfaces.—Moderately pubescent, pubescence, minute; slightly glossy.Venation pattern.—Pinnate, arcuate.Color.—Developing leaves, upper surface: Close to 138A. Developing leaves, lower surface: Close to 146B. Fully developed leaves, upper surface: Close to 146A; venation, close to 146A. Fully developed leaves, lower surface: Close to between 146B and 147B; venation, close to 146B.Petioles.—Length: About 8 mm. Diameter: About 2 mm. Strength: Strong, flexible. Texture and luster, upper and lower surfaces: Moderately pubescent; slightly glossy. Color, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 144A.Flower description:Flower type and flowering habit.—Single terminal and axillary salverform flowers; flowers face mostly upward to outwardly; freely flowering habit with about 86 developing flowers and open flowers per plant.Natural flowering season.—Long day responsive; long flowering period, plants flower from early spring until frost in the autumn, flowering continuous during this period; early flowering habit, plants begin flowering about four weeks after planting rooted young plants.Flower longevity on the plant.—Depending on temperature, about one to two weeks; petals not persistent, and sepals, persistent.Fragrance.—None detected.Flower buds, before showing petal color.—Length: About 1.1 cm. Diameter: About 3 mm. Shape: Oblong, elongate. Texture and luster: Pubescent; slightly glossy. Color, developing sepals: Close to 144A.Flower diameter.—About 3.2 cm.Flower depth(height).—About 2.6 cm.Throat diameter.—About 5 mm.Tube length.—About 1.8 cm.Tube diameter, distally.—About 6 mm.Tube diameter, proximally.—About 2 mm.Petals.—Quantity and arrangement: Five petals fused in a single salverform whorl. Petal lobe length (from throat): About 1.4 cm. Petal lobe width: About 1.5 cm. Petal lobe shape: Roughly spatulate. Petal lobe apex: Broadly obtuse and cuspidate. Petal lobe margin: Entire; moderately undulate. Petal lobe texture and luster, upper surface: Smooth, glabrous; velvety; matte. Petal lobe texture and luster, lower surface: Slightly to moderately pubescent; matte. Throat texture and luster: Smooth, glabrous; slightly glossy. Tube texture and luster: Moderately pubescent; slightly glossy. Color: When opening and fully opened, upper surface: Close to more yellow than 151B to 151C; venation, close to 144A; color does not change with subsequent development. When opening and fully opened, lower surface: Close to 154B to 154C; venation, close to 144A; color does not change with subsequent development. Flower throat (inside): Close to 144A; venation, close to 144A. Flower tube (outside): Close to 144A; venation, close to 144A.Sepals.—Quantity and arrangement: Five sepals fused in a single star-shaped whorl. Length: About 9 mm. Width: About 2 mm. Shape: Acicular. Apex: Acute. Margin: Entire. Texture and luster, upper surface: Sparsely to moderately pubescent; matte. Texture and luster, lower surface: Moderately pubescent; matte. Color: When opening and fully developed, upper surface: Close to 137C. When opening and fully developed, lower surface: Close to 144A.Peduncles.—Length: About 1.5 cm. Width: About 1.25 mm. Strength: Moderately strong to strong; wiry and flexible, not brittle. Angle: About 45 degrees from the stem axis. Texture and luster: Densely pubescent; matte. Color: Close to 144A.Reproductive organs.—Stamens: Quantity per flower: About five. Filament length: About 1.5 cm. Filament color: Close to 157A to 157B. Anther length: About 1 mm. Anther shape: Bi-lobed. Anther color: Close to 144A. Pollen amount: None observed. Pistils: Quantity per flower: One. Pistil length: About 1.75 cm. Style length: About 1.5 cm. Style color: Close to 144B. Stigma diameter: About 1 mm. Stigma shape: Round. Stigma color: Close to 144A to 144B. Ovary color: Close to 144A.Seeds and fruits.—To date, seed and fruit development has not been observed on plants of the newPetunia.Pathogen & pest resistance: To date, plants of the newPetuniahave not been noted to be resistant to pathogens or pests common toPetuniaplants.Garden performance: Plants of the newPetuniahave been observed to have excellent garden performance and have been observed to tolerate rain, wind and temperatures ranging from about 1C to about 35C. | 7,000 |
PP35695 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The aforementioned photograph, following observations and measurements describe plants grown during the summer and autumn in 10.5-cm containers in a glass-covered greenhouse in De Lier, The Netherlands and under cultural practices typical of commercialOsteospermumproduction. During the production of the plants, day temperatures ranged from 18° C. to 30° C. and night temperatures ranged from 14° C. to 18° C. Plants were pinched five weeks after sticking unrooted cuttings; plants were 13 weeks old when the photograph was taken and 15 weeks old when the description was taken. In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, Fifth Edition, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.Botanical classification:Osteospermum ecklonis‘Doostmardarli’.Parentage:Female, or seed, parent.—Proprietary selection ofOsteospermum ecklonisidentified as code number QQ12-000108-007, not patented.Male, or pollen, parent.—Proprietary selection ofOsteospermum ecklonisidentified as code number QQ12-000023-005, not patented.Propagation:Type.—Terminal vegetative cuttings.Time to initiate roots, summer.—About 18 days at temperatures about 22° C. to 30° C.Time to initiate roots, winter.—About 21 days at temperatures about 22° C. to 30° C.Time to produce a rooted cutting, summer.—About 25 days at temperatures about 22° C. to 30° C.Time to produce a rooted cutting, winter.—About 28 days at temperatures about 20° C. to 25° C.Root description.—Medium in thickness, fibrous; typically whitish grey in color, actual color of the roots is dependent on substrate composition, water quality, fertilizers, substrate temperature and age of roots.Rooting habit.—Moderately freely branching; medium density.Plant description:Plant form and growth habit.—Compact, broadly upright, uniform and mounding plant habit; freely branching habit, dense and bushy growth habit; moderately vigorous growth habit and moderate growth rate.Plant height, soil level to top of foliar plane.—About 32 cm.Plant height, soil level to top of floral plane.—About 32.5 cm.Plant diameter.—About 36 cm.Lateral branches.—Quantity per plant: Freely branching habit, about five primary lateral branches each with about five to six secondary lateral branches developing per plant; pinching enhances lateral branch development. Length: About 22 cm to 27 cm. Diameter: About 7 mm. Internode length: About 9 mm. Strength: Moderately strong. Texture and luster: Smooth, glabrous; semi-glossy. Color, developing and developed: Close to 144C.Leaf description.—Arrangement: Opposite, simple. Length: About 6.2 cm. Width: About 1.2 cm. Shape: Spatulate. Apex: Acute. Base: Attenuate. Margin: Dentate and lobing; sinuses are medium in depth and divergent. Texture and luster, upper surface: Pubescent; leathery; slightly glossy. Texture and luster, lower surface: Smooth, glabrous; leathery; slightly dull. Venation pattern: Pinnate. Color: Developing leaves, upper surface: Close to 137B. Developing leaves, lower surface: Close to 144A. Fully expanded leaves, upper surface: Close to 137A; venation, close to 138A. Fully expanded leaves, lower surface: Close to 144B; venation, close to 138A.Petioles.—Length: About 3.5 cm to 4.5 cm. Diameter: About 4 mm. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous; slightly glossy. Strength: Moderately strong. Color, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 144B.Inflorescence description:Appearance and aspect.—Terminal and axillary inflorescences; inflorescences positioned beyond the foliar plane on strong peduncles and face mostly upright to outwardly; single-type inflorescence form with lanceolate-shaped ray florets and tubular disc florets; ray and disc florets developing acropetally on a capitulum.Flowering habit.—Freely flowering habit; about 20 to 40 inflorescence buds and open inflorescences per plant.Fragrance.—None detected.Flowering response.—In The Netherlands, plants of the newOsteospermumflower continuously from spring until first frost in the autumn; early flowering habit, plants begin flowering about 50 to 60 days after rooting cuttings.Inflorescence longevity.—Inflorescences last about two weeks on the plant; inflorescences not persistent.Inflorescence buds.—Height: About 1.4 cm, depending on stage of development. Diameter: About 9 mm, depending on stage of development. Shape: Flattened globular. Texture and luster: Smooth, glabrous; semi-glossy. Color: Close to 138A.Inflorescence size.—Diameter: About 6.8 cm. Depth (height): About 3.2 cm. Disc diameter: About 1 cm. Receptacle diameter: About 8 mm. Receptacle height: About 3 mm. Receptacle color: Close to 138A.Ray florets.—Quantity per inflorescence and arrangement: About 18 to 20 arranged in one to two whorls. Length: About 3.5 cm. Width: About 1.4 cm. Shape: Lanceolate. Apex: Mostly obtuse or slightly emarginate. Base: Cuneate. Margin: Entire; not undulate. Aspect: Mostly flat. Texture and luster, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous; matte. Color: When opening, upper surface: Close to 76A. When opening, lower surface: Close to 76C. Fully opened, upper surface: Close to N78A; longitudinal stripes, close to N78D; venation, close to 76C; color becoming closer to N78D with subsequent development. Fully opened, lower surface: Close to N78A; longitudinal stripes, close to N78D; venation, close to 79A; color becoming closer to 76C with subsequent development.Disc florets.—Quantity per inflorescence and arrangement: About 50 arranged in about six to ten whorls. Length: About 5 mm. Diameter: About 1 mm. Shape: Tubular with five obtuse apices. Aspect: Upright. Texture and luster: Smooth, glabrous; matte. Color: When developing, inner surface: Close to N92B. When developing, outer surface: Close to N92A. Fully developed, inner and outer surfaces: Close to N92D; venation, close to N92B; color does not change with subsequent development.Phyllaries.—Quantity per inflorescence and arrangement: About 15 arranged in about one to two whorls. Length: About 8 mm. Width: About 1 mm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Acute. Base: Cuneate. Margin: Entire. Texture and luster, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous; matte. Color, upper surface: Close to 137A. Color, lower surface: Close to 137B.Peduncles.—Length: About 8 cm. Diameter: About 2 mm. Strength: Strong. Aspect: Mostly upright to outwardly slanting. Texture and luster: Smooth, glabrous; semi-glossy. Color: Close to 144A.Reproductive organs.—Androecium: Present on disc florets only. Filament length: About 4 mm. Filament color: Close to 17A. Anther size: About 1.5 mm by 9 mm. Anther shape: Narrowly elliptic. Anther color: Close to 6A. Pollen amount: Moderate. Pollen color: Close to 17B. Gynoecium: Present on both ray and disc florets. Pistil length: About 3 mm. Stigma shape: Bi-parted. Stigma color: Close to 7A. Style length: About 3 mm. Style color: Close to 2A. Ovary color: Close to 145C.Fruits and seeds.—To date, fruit and seed development has not been observed on plants of the newOsteospermum.Pathogen & pest resistance: To date, plants of the newOsteospermumhave not been observed to be resistant to pathogens and pests common toOsteospermumplants.Garden performance: Plants of the newOsteospermumhave been observed to have good garden performance and to tolerate rain, wind and temperatures ranging from about 5° C. to about 35° C. | 7,406 |
PP35696 | The colors in the photographs are as close as possible with the digital photography techniques available, the color values cited in the detailed botanical description accurately describe the colors of the newFatsia. DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT The following is a detailed description of 2.5 year-old plants of the new cultivar as grown in a conventional greenhouse in 19-cm containers in Boskoop, The Netherlands. The phenotype of the new cultivar may vary with variations in environmental, climatic, and cultural conditions, as it has not been tested under all possible environmental conditions. The color determination is in accordance with The 2015 Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society, London, England, except where general color terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.General description:Plant type.—Evergreen shrub.Plant habit.—Broadly upright with inflorescences held above the foliage.Height and spread.—An average of 95 cm in height and 91 cm in diameter.Cold hardiness.—At least in U.S.D.A. Zone 8.Diseases and pests.—No susceptibility or resistance to diseases or pests has been observed.Root description.—Fibrous.Propagation.—Softwood cuttings and tissue culture using meristematic tissue.Root development.—An average of 6 weeks for root initiation and 8 months to produce a rooted cutting.Growth rate.—Young plants vigorous, older plants moderate.Branch description:Branch shape.—Round.Branch size.—Average of 78 cm in length, 2.5 cm in diameter.Branch surface.—Matte, young and mature stems densely covered with a stellate indumentum, a blend of N200B and 201A in color.Branch color.—Young; 148A, mature; 137C, older stems and bark; 197B to 197D.Branch strength.—Strong.Branch aspect.—Main; average angle of 90°, lateral; average angle of 40° to main branch.Internode length.—An average of 1.6 cm.Branching.—1 main branch, 2 lateral branches.Foliage description:Leaf shape.—Palmately cleft to parted, orbicular to nearly reniform in outline.Leaf division.—Simple.Leaf base.—Broad, hastate, basal lobes free.Leaf apex.—Long, narrow apiculate.Leaf fragrance.—None.Leaf venation.—Palmate, upper surface color; 143A, lower surface color; 144C.Leaf quantity.—An average of 25 per lateral branch.Leaf margins.—Coarsely dentate to serrate, moderately undulate.Leaf lobes.—Average of 7 to 9 lobes, occasionally 5 lobes in young leaves, deep sinuses, convergent to parallel.Leaf arrangement.—Alternate.Leaf aspect.—Slightly convex.Leaf attachment.—Petiolate.Leaf surface.—Upper surface glabrous, matte to very slightly glossy, lower surface very slightly glossy, very sparsely pubescent with stellate hairs, sparsely on the main veins, 199A in color.Leaf size.—Average of 27.2 cm in length and 29.7 cm width.Leaf color.—Young leaves upper surface; a blend of 144A and N144B, young leaves lower surface; a blend of 144B, N144B, main veins 146C, mature leaves upper surface; NN137A and NN137B, mature lower surface; 147B.Petioles.—Average of 40.7 cm in length and 4 mm in diameter, strong, color; upper surface 137B, lower surface 144A, flushed with 137B, held in an average angle of 90°, both surfaces slightly glossy and very sparsely pubescent with stellate hairs, distal end moderately pubescent, pubescence 199A in color, corky ribs present; at proximal end on upper surface 1 cm in length, 6 mm in width, at distal end on lower surface 6 mm in length, 0.5 mm in width, both are 199B and 199C in color.Stipules.—None.Inflorescence description: None observed to date.Fruit and seed: None observed to date. | 3,553 |
PP35697 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CULTIVAR Foliage color was determined under full sun conditions in the middle of the day in a glass-covered greenhouse. Color references are to The R.H.S. Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society of London (R.H.S.), 2007 5th Edition.Coleusleaves are rarely one solid color but encompass hues, shades and tints, and color patterns differ from one genotype to another due to varying levels of variegation. The following detailed description of ‘UF22-129-3’ was obtained using eleven-week-old plants grown from unrooted cuttings in September-December 2022 in a glass-covered greenhouse in Gainesville, Florida. The plants were propagated in mist for ten days after cuttings were stuck, pinched, then grown in one-gallon pots for approximately nine and a half additional weeks. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Botanical classification:Family.—Lamiaceae.Botanical name.—Coleus scutellarioides.Common name.—Coleus.Cultivar name.—‘UF22-129-3’.Parentage:Female or seed parent.—‘UF21-58-7’.Male or pollen parent.—Unknown.Plant description:Form.—Spreading.Habit.—Upright.Height(from top of soil).—25-30 cm.Width(horizontal plant diameter).—50-55 cm.Propagation:Type cuttings.—Vegetative meristems having at least 1 node.Time to initiate roots.—3-4 days.Time to produce a rooted cutting.—7-10 days.Root habit.—Fibrous.Root description.—Callus forms in 2-3 days, roots initiate in 3-4 days and become a highly branched cutting in 7-10 days.Branches:Quantity per plant.—Approximately 6-7.Branch color.—RHS 143C (yellow green).Texture.—Smooth.Pubescence.—Not present.Stem description.—Square-shaped stem.Branch diameter.—0.8-0.9 cm at the base of a 25-cm-long branch.Branch length.—20-25 cm.Internode length.—3.5 cm measured at mid-branch.Anthocyanin.—Not present.Leaves:Quantity of leaves per branch.—Approximately 20-22.Arrangement.—Opposite.Fragrance.—Not fragrant.Shape.—Ovate.Length.—12-13 cm.Width.—11-12 cm.Apex.—Broadly acute.Base.—Attenuate.Margin.—Highly lobed.Leaf texture.—Adaxial (top): Pulverulent. Abaxial (bottom): Smooth.Venation color(both upper and lower surfaces).—RHS 157B (pale yellow green) and greenish yellow (RHS 1B).Venation pattern(both upper and lower surfaces).—Reticulate.Color, immature leaf.—Upper surface: Major color: RHS 140A (yellowish green). Veins and accents: RHS 1B (greenish yellow). Lower surface: RHS 143C (yellow green).Color, mature leaf.—Upper surface: Major color: RHS 140A (yellow green). Veins and accents: RHS 157B (pale yellow green) and RHS 1B (greenish yellow). Lower surface: RHS 141C (yellowish green).Petiole length.—3 cm.Petiole diameter.—0.3-0.4 cm.Petiole color.—RHS 145B.Petiole texture.—Smooth, no pubescence.Flowers and seeds: Flowers and seeds have not been observed during formal trials in Gainesville, Florida.Fruit/seed set: Fruit/seed not observed.Disease and insect resistance: Disease and insect resistance is typical of the species, thus no claims are made of any superior disease or insect resistance with this cultivar. The most common insect pests observed on this plant in Gainesville, Florida have been long-tailed or citrus mealybugs (Pseudococcusspp.), which occur on older stock plant material held in the greenhouse for over 3-4 months. Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus (Bunyaviridae) has also been observed in plants confined in greenhouses with mixed crops (peppers) infected with Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). The most common pathogen of this species in the U.S. is downy mildew (Perononspora lamii). This pathogen has been observed in stock materials grown closely together in cooler growing seasons. COMPARISON WITH KNOWN CULTIVARS When compared to theColeuscultivar ‘UF12-62-2’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 25,651, commercial name Mainstreet River Walk), the newColeuscultivar ‘UF22-129-3’ has a predominant leaf coloration of bright yellowish green with veins and accents colored in a mixture of pale yellow green and greenish yellow on the upper surface of mature leaves, whereas ‘UF12-62-2’ has a prominent leaf coloration of a strong yellow green with veins and accents colored pale yellow on the upper surface of mature leaves. Additionally, UF22-129-3 has leaf margins that are deeply lobed , whereas ‘UF12-62-2’ has leaf margins that are less lobed and more crenate in shape. | 4,305 |
PP35698 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The chart used in the identification of the colors is that of The Royal Horticultural Society (R.H.S. Colour Chart, 2007 edition), London, England. The terminology which precedes reference to the chart has been added to indicate the corresponding color in more common terms. The description is based on data collected from a four-year-old specimen during 2019 in Villafranca (Córdoba, Spain).Plant:Growth habit.—Erect and weeping.Vigor.—Weak.Height(average).—220 cm.Width(average).—155 cm.Branching habit.—Spreading-drooping.Growth period.—All year, less in winter or stronger in summers.Trunk:Surface texture.—Smooth.Bark color.—Medium brown green (148C).Diameter(average).—55 cm.Main stems:Length(average).—170 cm.Amount of main branches.—5.Circumference(average).—About 35 cm.Color designation(young stems).—Medium brown green (148C).Color designation(mature stems).—Medium brown green (148C).Lenticels.—Medium.Internode length(average).—15 cm.Lateral branches:Abundance.—High.Cross-section.—20 cm.Average length.—80 cm.Diameter(average).—20 cm.Internode length(average).—10 cm.Texture.—Smooth.Strength.—Medium.Color designation(young branches).—Medium brown green (148C).Color designation(mature branches).—Medium brown green (148C).Pubescence.—No.Leaves:Arrangement.—The arrangement of the leaves is typical ofOlea europaeaL. Species (two opposite leaves per each node).Venation pattern.—Pinnately parallel.Length(average).—59 mm.Width(average).—10 mm.Color(upper surface)young leaves.—Light green (142A).Color(lower surface)young leaves.—Light green (142D).Color(upper surface)mature leaves.—Medium green (143A).Color(lower surface)mature leaves.—Light green (142D).Leaf margins.—Smooth.Texture.—Smooth.Petiole:Average length.—4 mm.Average diameter.—1 mm.Inflorescence:Type.—Cluster.Average length.—3 cm.Average width.—2 cm.Number of flowers(average).—20.Flower bud size.—About 4 mm.Flower bud shape.—Ovate.Flower bud color.—Light green (142D).Flower:Diameter(average).—5 mm.Color.—142D.Corolla:Number(average).—4.Length(average).—3 mm.Width(average).—2 mm.Shape.—Elliptic.Apex.—Rounded.Base.—Fused.Texture.—Smooth.Color(upper).—White (155A).Color(lower).—White (155A) and light green (142D).Calyx:Number(average).—4.Shape.—Funnel.Base.—Fused.Margin.—Entire.Texture.—Smooth.Color(upper).—White (155A).Color(lower).—White (155A).Pedicel:Length(average).—1 to 2 mm.Diameter(average).—1 mm.Color.—Light green (145D).Fruit:Average weight.—Low, about 1.5 grams.Shape.—Apex — obtuse.Color designation(flesh color).—Dark violet (N77C).Color designation(skin color).—Dark violet (N77C).Ripening.—Medium.Fat yield.—20.5% of fruit.Size(average).—12 mm (diameter).Length(average).—13 mm.Width(average).—8 mm.Marbling.—Medium.Symmetry.—Asymmetric.Pistil scar.—Centrate.Mucron.—Absent or weak.Stalk:Length(average).—5 mm.Diameter(average.—1 mm.Color.—Light green (142B).Depth of stalk cavity(average).—1 mm.Stone:Quantity.—1.Shape.—Moderately elongated.Average weight.—Low, about 0.33 grams.Average length.—10 mm.Average width.—6 mm.Grooving.—8.Sutures.—Medium.Color.—Dark green brown (152C).Texture.—Weakly rugose.Mucron.—Present.Development:Productivity.—Very high and constant, 660 oil liter per acre and year.Time of flowering.—First of May, full flowering in Villafranca de Córdoba, Códoba, Spain.Flowering period.—April 15thto May 15th.Time of ripening.—3 months.Ripening period.—October-December in Villafranca de Córdoba, Códoba, Spain.Winter hardiness/cold tolerance.—Unknown.Drought/heat tolerance.—Unknown.Plant/fruit disease, pest resistance.—Resistant toCucumoviruscucumber mosaic virus (CMV),Nepoviruscherry leaf roll virus (CLRV),Incertae Sedisstrawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV),Nepovirus arabismosaic virus (ArMV) and leaf spot. Tolerant toVerticiliumandtuberculosis. The new ‘I-20’ variety has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions to date. Accordingly, it is possible that the phenotypic expression may vary somewhat with changes in light intensity and duration, cultural practices, and other environmental conditions. | 4,092 |
PP35699 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION The following traits have been consistently observed in the original plant of this new variety and in asexually propagated progeny grown in Watkinsville, Georgia, and, to the best knowledge of the inventors, their combination forms the unique characteristics of the new variety ofDistylium‘DISmd-15-18’. Throughout this specification, color names beginning with a small letter signify that the name of that color, as used in common speech, is aptly descriptive. Color names beginning with a capital letter designate values based upon The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Wheel, 2015 Edition, published by The Royal Horticultural Society, London, except when general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used. The aforementioned photographs and following observations, measurements, and values describe plants of theDistyliumcultivar named ‘DISmd-15-18’. Data were collected from plants that were approximately 3 years old and were grown in three-gallon containers under outdoor conditions in Watkinsville, GA. The average low temperatures ranged from lows of about 33° F. to 42° F. in the winter, to average high temperatures of about 85° F. to 92° F. in summer.Botanical classification:Distyliumsp. hybrid, cultivar ‘DISmd-15-18’.Commercial classification: Ornamental shrub plant.Parentage:Distyliumsp. hybrid. (Female or seed parent: ‘Blue Cascade’Distylium; Male or pollen parent: unknown/open pollenated).Propagation: Stem cuttings, asexual propagation.Time to initiate roots in summer: About 3 to 4 weeks at 32° C.Time to produce a rooted young plant: About 4 months at 32° C.Plant description: Broadleaf evergreen flowering shrub; multi-stemmed; compact, mounded, cascading growth habit. Freely branching; removal of the terminal bud enhances lateral branch development.Usage.—Landscaping hedge appropriate for commercial use, home garden, and the like.Root description.—Medium, well branched.Plant size.—The original plant, now about 2 years old in the ground, is about 30 cm high from the soil level to the top of the foliage canopy and about 64 cm wide.First year stems.—Having a diameter of about 2 mm. Shape: Round. Fine pubescence. Few small lenticels about 1 mm in diameter and N199B in color. Length: 20 cm and very flexible.First year stem color.—146B.Second year and older stems.—Have a diameter of about 4 mm or more. Shape: Round. Length: 16 cm and smooth with no pubescence.Second year and older stem color.—199A.Stem strength.—Flexible when young, less flexible when mature.Internode length.—About 2 cm.Trunk diameter.—About 2 cm at soil level.Color.—199A.Bark.—Does not exfoliate, covered with many lenticels about 2 mm in diameter and N199B in color.Vegetative bud description:Arrangement.—Alternate, simple.Shape.—Ovoid with fused, pubescent bud scales.Size.—About 2.5 mm in length and about 2 mm in width.Color.—N199A.Foliage description:Arrangement.—Alternate, simple.Length.—About 4 cm.Width.—About 2 cm.Shape.—Ovate-elliptical.Apex.—Acute.Base.—Cuneate.Margin.—Usually entire, but occasionally with few broad serrations at apex.Texture(upper and lower surfaces).—Thick, leathery.Venation pattern.—Pinnate.Venation color(upper and lower surfaces).—Midrib color is 145C and secondary vein color is 147A.Color of emerging foliage(upper surface).—N144C.Color of emerging foliage(lower surface).—144C.Color of mature foliage(upper surface).—147A.Color of mature foliage(lower surface).—146B.Petiole length.—About 4 mm.Petiole diameter.—About 1 mm.Fine pubescence.—199B in color.Petiole color(upper and lower surfaces).—144B.Flower description:Flower type and habit.—Apetalous flowers with a pubescent, 5-parted calyx are borne on short racemes from the leaf axils.Natural flowering season.—Late winter, approximately January to February in Watkinsville, Ga. Individual flowers are showy for approximately 1 week and are self-cleaning. The inflorescence is a raceme about 2.5 cm in length and 1.4 cm in width, consisting of 4 to 10 flowers per raceme that are 1876 in color. A lateral branch may have 15 to 20 inflorescences.Flower size.—About 6-8 mm in diameter and about 8 mm in height.Pedicels.—About 2 mm in length.Peduncles.—About 1 cm in length.Color.—Pedicels and peduncles 146B in color with pubescence 166A in color.Stamens description:Quantity/arrangement.—8 to 10 per flower.Filament.—About 2.5 mm in length, less than about 1 mm in width, and 146D in color.Anthers.—About 2 mm in length, about 1 mm in width, and 59A in color.Pollen.—Produced in moderate quantities and is 158D in color.Pistils description:Position.—Superior.Size.—About 6 mm in length and about 2.5 mm in width.Color.—146D.Stigma.—2 per pistil, about 4 mm in length, 185B in color.Style.—2 per flower, about 2 mm in length, and 146D in color.Ovary.—Two per flower, about 2 mm in diameter, about 2 mm in height, and 146D in color.Fruit description:Type/appearance.—2-valved, beaked woody capsule containing 2 seeds, one per valve.Fruit size.—The capsule is about 1.5 cm long and about 7 mm wide.Mature color.—200C.Seeds.—Oblong to elliptical in shape, about 6 mm in length, about 3 mm in width, and N200A in color.Disease/pest resistance: Plants of the newDistyliumgrown in the nursery and garden have not been noted to be susceptible to pathogens, pests, or disease.Weather and temperature tolerance: ‘DISmd-15-18’ is cold hardy in USDA Cold Hardiness Zones 6-9. | 5,398 |
PP35700 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Plants used in the aforementioned photographs and in the following description were grown during the summer in 17-cm containers in an outdoor nursery in Lengerich, Germany and under cultural practices typical of commercial panicleHydrangeaproduction. During the production of the plants, day and night temperatures averaged 15C. Plants of the newHydrangeawere 17 months old when the photographs and description were taken. In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 2015 Edition, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.Botanical description:Hydrangea paniculata ‘HP221903’.Parentage:Female, or seed, parent.—Hydrangea paniculata‘HP217901’, disclosed in U.S. Plant Pat. No. 30,307.Male, or pollen, parent.—Hydrangea paniculata‘HP217901’, disclosed in U.S. Plant Pat. No. 30,307.Propagation:Type cutting.—By vegetative tip cuttings.Time to initiate roots, summer.—About two weeks at temperatures about 23C.Time to initiate roots, winter.—About 18 days at temperatures about 18C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, summer.—About four weeks at temperatures about 23C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, winter.—About five weeks at temperatures about 18C.Root description.—Thick; typically whitish brown in color, actual color of the roots is dependent on substrate composition, water quality, fertilizer type and formulation, substrate temperature and physiological age of roots.Rooting habit.—Freely branching; dense.Plant description:Plant and growth habit.—Relatively compact, upright to somewhat outwardly spreading and rounded to conical plant habit; strong and sturdy stems; vigorous growth habit and rapid growth rate.Plant height.—About 50 cm to 55 cm.Plant diameter or area of spread.—About 57 cm to 62 cm.Lateral branch description:Branching habit.—Freely branching habit; when pinched, about 16 lateral branches develop per plant.Length, stem axis to base of inflorescence.—About 50 cm.Diameter.—About 6 mm to 7 mm.Internode length.—About 3.5 cm to 4.5 cm.Texture.—Smooth, glabrous; fully developed, woody.Aspect.—Mostly upright.Strength.—Strong, sturdy.Color.—When developing: Close to 147B. Developed: Close to 177B. Lenticels: Close to 165C.Leaf description:Arrangement.—Opposite, simple.Length.—About 9 cm to 10 cm.Width.—About 4 cm to 5 cm.Shape.—Ovate.Apex.—Acute.Base.—Obtuse.Margin.—Serrulate.Texture, upper and lower surfaces.—Rugose, prominent venation; pubescent.Venation pattern.—Pinnate.Color.—Developing leaves, upper surface: Close to 146A. Developing leaves, lower surface: Close to 147B. Fully developed leaves, upper surface: Close to 147A; venation, close to 146B. Fully developed leaves, lower surface: Close to 147B; venation, close to 146C.Petioles.—Length: About 1 cm to 2 cm. Diameter: About 2 mm. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color, upper surface: Close to 146A. Color, lower surface: Close to 146B.Flower description:Flower type and habit.—Small and inconspicuous fertile flowers and showy sterile flowers arranged on terminal panicles; fertile and sterile flowers round in shape; panicles pyramidal to conical in shape; fertile and sterile flowers face upright to outwardly depending on their position in the inflorescence.Fragrance.—None detected.Natural flowering season.—Plants begin flowering about 15 weeks after cold treatment; flowering begins in the early summer and is continuous throughout the summer in Northern Europe.Flower longevity.—Fertile flowers last about one month on the plant, fertile flowers not persistent; sterile flowers last about three months on the plant, sterile flowers persistent.Quantity of flowers.—Freely flowering habit; about 300 to 400 fertile flowers develop per panicle and about 800 to 1,000 sterile flowers develop per panicle.Panicle height.—About 10 cm to 15 cm.Panicle diameter.—About 15 cm.Fertile flower buds.—Length: About 3 mm. Diameter: About 2 mm. Shape: Rounded. Color: Close to 145A.Sterile flower buds.—Length: About 3 mm. Diameter: About 2 mm. Shape: Rounded. Color: Close to 145A.Fertile flower diameter.—About 2 mm to 2 mm.Fertile flower depth(height).—About 2 mm.Sterile flower diameter.—About 2.5 cm to 3 cm.Sterile flower depth(height).—About 5 mm.Petals, fertile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About five in a single whorl. Length: About 2 mm. Width: About 1 mm to 2 mm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Acute. Base: Obtuse. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 157A. Fully opened, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 157D; color does not change with subsequent development.Petals, sterile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About four in a single whorl. Length: About 1.5 mm. Width: About 1 mm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Acute. Base: Cuneate. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 157A. Fully opened, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 157A; color does not change with subsequent development.Sepals, fertile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About five in a single whorl. Length: About 1 mm. Width: About 1 mm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Acute. Base: Fused. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145B. Fully opened, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145C; color does not change with subsequent development.Sepals, sterile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About four in a single whorl. Length: About 1.5 cm. Width: About 1 cm. Shape: Elliptic to oval. Apex: Obtuse. Base: Obtuse. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145A. Fully opened, upper surface: Close to 157A; color becoming close to 64B to 64C in the autumn. Fully opened, lower surface: Close to 157A; color becoming close to 64B to 64C in the autumn.Pedicels, fertile flowers.—Length: About 1 mm to 2 mm. Diameter: About 1 mm. Strength: Strong. Aspect: Mostly upright. Texture: Smooth, glabrous. Color: Close to 145D.Pedicels, sterile flowers.—Length: About 1 cm to 2 cm. Diameter: About 2 mm to 3 mm. Strength: Strong. Aspect: About 80 to 90 degrees from branch axis. Texture: Smooth, glabrous. Color: Close to 157A.Reproductive organs, fertile flowers.—Stamens: Quantity per flower: About nine to ten. Filament length: About 3 mm. Filament color: Close to 157D. Anther length: About 1 mm. Anther shape: Round. Anther color: Close to 157D. Pollen amount: Moderate. Pollen color: Close to 155A. Pistils: Pistil quantity per flower: One. Pistil length: About 0.5 mm to 1 mm. Stigma shape: Three-lobed. Stigma color: Close to 145C. Style length: About 0.5 mm. Style color: Close to 145C. Ovary color: Close to 145C.Reproductive organs, sterile flowers.—Stamens: Quantity per flower: About nine to ten. Filament length: About 3 mm. Filament color: Close to 157D. Anther length: About 1 mm. Anther shape: Round. Anther color: Close to 157D. Pollen amount: Scarce. Pollen color: Close to 155A. Pistils: To date, pistil develop has not been observed on plants of the newHydrangea.Seeds, only produced by fertile flowers.—Quantity per fertile flower: About 20 to 30. Length: Less than 0.5 mm. Diameter: Less than 0.5 mm. Color: Close to 199A.Pathogen & pest resistance: To date, plants of the newHydrangeagrown under commercial production conditions have not been observed to be resistant to pathogens and pests common toHydrangeaplants.Garden performance: Plants of the newHydrangeahave been shown to have good garden performance and to be tolerant to temperatures ranging from about −38C to about 38C. | 7,737 |
PP35701 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Plants used in the aforementioned photographs and in the following description were grown during the summer in 17-cm containers in a glass-covered greenhouse in Glandorf, Germany and under cultural practices typical of commercialHydrangeaproduction. During the production of the plants, day and night temperatures averaged 17 C. Plants of the newHydrangeawere 14 months old when the photographs and description were taken. Plants of the newHydrangeaare typically not treated with aluminum sulfate to “blue” the inflorescences. In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 2015 Edition, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.Botanical description:Hydrangea macrophylla‘H223902’.Parentage:Female, or seed, parent.—Proprietary selection ofHydrangea macrophyllaidentified as code number 211322-001, not patented.Male, or pollen, parent.—Proprietary selection ofHydrangea macrophyllaidentified as code number 212286-013, not patented.Propagation:Type cutting.—By vegetative tip cuttings.Time to initiate roots, summer.—About two weeks at temperatures about 23 C.Time to initiate roots, winter.—About 18 days at temperatures about 20 C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, summer.—About four weeks at temperatures about 23 C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, winter.—About five weeks at temperatures about 20 C.Root description.—Thick; typically whitish brown in color, actual color of the roots is dependent on substrate composition, water quality, fertilizer type and formulation, substrate temperature and physiological age of roots.Rooting habit.—Freely branching; dense.Plant description:Plant and growth habit.—Relatively compact, upright and uniformly mounded plant habit; strong and sturdy stems; rapid growth rate and vigorous growth habit.Plant height.—About 27 cm to 30 cm.Plant diameter or area of spread.—About 55 cm to 65 cm.Lateral branch description:Branching habit.—Freely branching habit; when pinched, about ten lateral branches develop per plant.Length.—About 15 cm to 20 cm.Diameter.—About 5 mm to 7 mm.Internode length.—About 3 cm to 5 cm.Texture.—Smooth, glabrous; fully developed, woody.Aspect.—Upright to slightly outwardly.Strength.—Strong, sturdy.Color, when developing.—Close to 144A.Color, fully developed.—Close to 177C.Leaf description:Arrangement.—Opposite, simple.Length.—About 8 cm to 10 cm.Width.—About 6 cm to 7 cm.Shape.—Ovate.Apex.—Acute.Base.—Obtuse.Margin.—Dentate to serrate.Texture, upper surface.—Smooth, glabrous.Texture, lower surface.—Rugose, glabrous.Venation pattern.—Pinnate.Color.—Developing and fully expanded leaves, upper surface: Close to 139A; venation, close to 146C. Developing and fully expanded leaves, lower surface: Close to 137B; venation, close to 146C.Petioles.—Length: About 3 cm to 4 cm. Diameter: About 2 mm to 4 mm. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 146C.Flower description:Flower type and habit.—Double showy sterile flowers arranged on lacecap-type terminal panicles; to date, fertile flower development has not been observed on plants of the newHydrangea; panicles flattened globular in shape; star-shaped flowers face upright to slightly outward depending on their position in the inflorescence.Fragrance.—None detected.Time to flowering.—Plants begin flowering about eight weeks after cold treatment.Flower longevity.—Sterile flowers last about four months on the plant, sterile flowers persistent.Quantity of flowers.—Freely flowering habit; about 300 to 400 sterile flowers per panicle.Panicle height.—About 6 cm to 8 cm.Panicle diameter.—About 18 cm to 22 cm.Sterile flower buds.—Length: About 5 mm. Diameter: About 5 mm. Shape: Rounded. Color: Close to 145C.Sterile flower diameter.—About 5 cm.Sterile flower depth(height).—About 2 cm.Petals, sterile flowers.—To date, petal development has not been observed on sterile flowers of plants of the newHydrangea.Sepals, sterile flowers.—Quantity and arrangement: About 12 to 14 in about three whorls. Length, outer whorl: About 2.5 cm. Length, inner whorls: About 1.5 cm. Width, outer whorl: About 2.5 cm. Width, inner whorls: About 1 cm. Shape: Elliptic to deltoid. Apex: Obtuse. Base: Cuneate. Margin: Entire. Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Smooth, glabrous. Color: When opening, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 145D. Fully opened, upper surface: Close to NN155B; color does not change with subsequent development. Fully opened, lower surface: Close to NN155D; color does not change with subsequent development.Pedicels, sterile flowers.—Length: About 2.5 cm to 3 cm. Diameter: About 2 mm to 3 mm. Strength: Strong. Aspect: About 45 degrees from vertical. Texture: Smooth, glabrous. Color: Close to NN155B.Reproductive organs, sterile flowers.—Stamens: To date, stamen development has not been observed on plants of the newHydrangea. Pistils: Pistil quantity per flower: About three. Pistil length: About 1 mm. Stigma shape: Conical. Stigma color: Close to 155A. Style length: About 1 mm. Style color: Close to 155A. Ovary color: Close to 155A.Seeds.—To date, seed development has not been observed on plants of the newHydrangea.Pathogen & pest resistance: To date, plants of the newHydrangeagrown under commercial production conditions have not been observed to be resistant to pathogens and pests common toHydrangeaplants.Garden performance: Plants of the newHydrangeahave been shown to have good garden performance and to be tolerant to temperatures ranging from about 3 C to about 38 C. | 5,608 |
PP35702 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW VARIETY The following is a detailed description of the botanical characteristics of a new and distinct cultivar ofIpomoea batatasplant known by the cultivar name ‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’. All colors cited herein refer to The Royal Horticulture Society Colour Chart designations (The Royal Horticultural Society, London, 1995, 4thed.) except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used. Plant descriptions are based on the standardized international sweetpotato descriptors established jointly by the International Potato Center (CIP), Lima, Peru; The Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC), Taipei, Taiwan; and the International Board for Plant Genetics Resources (IBPGR), Rome, Italy (CIP, AVRDC, IBPGR. 1991. Descriptors for Sweet Potato. Huaman, Z., editor. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Rome, Italy, 134 pp.). Where dimensions, sizes, colors, and other characteristics are given, it is to be understood that such characteristics are approximations or averages set forth as accurately as practicable. The descriptions reported herein are from a group of 50-day-old specimens grown individually in six-inch azalea pots. The plants were grown in Raleigh, NC, under commercial practice in a glass-covered greenhouse, where, during the fall, day and night temperatures range between 30-40° C. and 22-26° C., respectively. After rooting, plants were treated with 200 ppm N 20-10-20 fertilizer weekly. Plant histories were taken in October 2021 in Raleigh, North Carolina.Ipomoea batatas‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’ has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions; therefore, the phenotype may vary under different environmental conditions such as season, temperature, light intensity, day length, cultural conditions, and the like, without however, any variance in the genotype.Classification:Botanical name.—Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam.Common name.—Ornamental Sweetpotato.Variety name.—‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’.Growth conditions:Ipomoea batatas‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’ has very good vigor and a rapid growth rate. In locations with mild winter conditions,Ipomoea batatas‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’ will grow perennially; otherwise, it is grown as an annual plant. Similar to other cultivated sweetpotatoes, wind or rain rarely cause much damage to ‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’, but if damage does occur, the plant drops the damaged leaves and grows new shoots at nodes where the leaves were lost. Under low light levels in a greenhouse, ‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’ can develop intumescence, which will remain on the affected foliage, but will be outgrown with new foliage.Aboveground structure and coloration:FIGS.1,2,3,4and5show the shape and coloration of a typical specimen ofIpomoea batatas‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’. Color may vary somewhat due to temperature and nutrient stress. Overall, this cultivar is a vigorous, highly-twining, climbing herbaceous plant that has an average height of about 39.6 cm and an average area spread of about 42.6 cm. The growth habit of this plant is to grow upright with shoots climbing upward and outward.Branches:Branching habit.—Freely-branching with about 10-11 primary lateral branches coming off the stem. Very dense foliage and no pinching is required to stimulate branching. Branch texture is smooth and glabrous.Vegetative lateral branching.—Length: about 59.7 cm. Diameter: about 0.1 cm. Internodes are moderately long with an average length of about 6.2 cm.Secondary lateral shoots.—No measurable secondary lateral shoots formed on the rated plants.Stem.—Round and smooth with an upward, very strong, slightly flexible, non-brittle strength. Primary color: yellow-green (RHS N144D), secondary color: purple (RHS N79C).Adventitious roots.—Absent at nodes.Petiole.—Petioles are held slightly upward and curve outward. Leaf petiole has a smooth glabrous texture. Length: about 6.1 cm. Diameter: about 0.1 cm. Primary color: yellow-green (RHS N145C), secondary color: purple (RHS N79C).Foliage: Leaves are alternate and tend to slightly spiral around the stem. They are simple and heavily divided into 3-5 lobes. Leaf shape is somewhat variable as is size. (seeFIG.5).Quantity.—Heavily foliated, with about 23.8 leaves per lateral branch.Mature leaf length.—About 8.2 cm.Mature leaf width.—About 7.1 cm.Leaf margin.—Entire.Leaf apex.—Apiculate to aristate.Leaf base.—Cordate.Leaf texture.—Glabrous texture and matte finish.Venation.—Arcuate to cross-venulate.Color.—Leaves are yellow-green (RHS 144C) and range within that palate as they mature. See also Table 1. TABLE 1Leaf color ofIpomoea batatas‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’.Leaf StructureUpper SurfaceLower SurfaceMature LeafYellow-GreenYellow-Green(RHS 144C)(RHS 145C)Young LeafYellow-GreenYellow-Green(RHS 144C)(RHS 145C)Vein - matureYellow-GreenPurpleleaf(RHS N144D)(RHS N79C)Vein - youngYellow-GreenYellow-Green/Purpleleaf(RHS 144D)(RHS 144D/N79C)Inflorescence: The production of flowers by ‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’ is very sporadic and mostly observed under stressful conditions (e.g., drought, nutrient stress, cloudy weather). Shorter day lengths enhance flowering, but the precise photoperiod for flower induction is currently unknown. Solitary, regular funnel-form flowers arising from leaf axils on secondary lateral branches are formed. Peduncles are yellow-green (RHS 145B). Peduncle length: about 2.7 cm, peduncle width: about 0.2 cm. Flower buds are purple (RHS 76B-76D) and elliptic. Limb color: purple (RHS 76D) on the outer surface and purple (RHS 76C) on the inner surface. The outer throat color begins purple (RHS 76B) and gradually lightens towards the limb. The limb is pentagonal with slight fragrance. The flower averages five sepals. The outer sepals are shorter than the inner sepals. Average outer sepal length: about 0.7 cm, average outer sepal width: about 0.3 cm, average inner sepal length: about 0.9 cm, average inner sepal width: about 0.4 cm. The sepals are elliptic with an obtuse apex and smooth margins and are yellow-green (RHS 145B) in color. A single pistil consists of one style and one stigma about 2.2 cm in length. Stigma and style are both cream (RHS 157A). The stigma is slightly exerted relative to the stamens. The flower averages five stamens. Pollen color: cream (RHS 155A). Pollen is profuse. Fruit has not been observed under normal greenhouse conditions.Storage root coloration:Ipomoea batatas‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’ forms no, to small, underground storage roots that are typically malformed and do not meet USDA Sweetpotato Storage Root Grade Standards (seeFIG.6). Fibrous roots are typically cream (RHS 155B). Storage roots that are formed possess purple (RHS N77B) skin with a yellow-orange (RHS 16C) primary flesh color and orange (RHS 26B) secondary flesh color.Disease or pest resistance. ‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’ is susceptible to whiteflies and thrips in a greenhouse environment. ‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’ is susceptible to damage by Japanese beetles under outdoor conditions. The susceptibility of ‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’ to other known insects and pathogens of sweetpotato is unknown. Under low light conditions, slight edema may occur.Comparison with otherIpomoea batatascultivars: ‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’ is distinct based on plant architecture and leaf shape. Of the common cultivars of ornamental sweetpotato, ‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’ is best compared with the ‘Balsotowlim’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 31,800) and ‘NCORNSP-025SCK’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 31,855) cultivars (Table 2). Like both ‘Balsotowlim’ and ‘NCORNSP-025SCK’, ‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’ has yellow-green leaves. However, the branching of ‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’ is significantly denser than either ‘Balsotowlim’ or ‘NCORNSP-025SCK’. Additionally, ‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’ has a climbing architecture, while ‘NCORNSP-025SCK’ is a compact, non-twining plant. The abundance of branching and degree of twining in ‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’ is significantly higher than that in ‘Balsotowlim’, leading to a fuller and consistent climbing architecture. The lobes of ‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’ are slightly shallower than ‘NCORNSP-025SCK’, and ‘Balsotowlim’ averages 3 lobes in contrast to mostly 5 in ‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’. ‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’ is distinct from its parents, NC7135-002ORN and NC2711-003ORN, by its leaf lobing, architecture, and growth rate. ‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’ has noticeably shallower lobing than either NC7135-002ORN or NC2711-003ORN, which are both very deeply lobed. ‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’ has a climbing, highly twining habit with vigorous vertical growth. In contrast, both NC7135-002ORN and NC2711-003ORN have compact, semi-erect mounding habits. ‘NCORNSP-028SCKL is significantly more vigorous than NC2711-003ORN in both field and greenhouse settings. TABLE 2Comparison of ‘NCORNSP-028SCKL’ with otherIpomoea batatascultivars.‘NCORNSP-‘NCORNSP-Characteristic028SCKL’‘Balsotowlim’025SCK’Plant HabitClimbing, highlySlightly climbing,Compact, semi-twining habitslightly twining,erect and slightlytrailing habittrailing habitAverage LeafLength: 8.2 cmLength: 8.7 cmLength: 8.8 cmLength andWidth: 7.1 cmWidth: 7.2 cmWidth: 7.6 cmWidthFoliage ColorYellow-greenYellow-greenYellow-green(RHS 144C)(RHS N144C)(RHS 144C)Leaf ShapeDeeply lobed,Moderately lobed,Deeply lobed,3-5 lobes. Entiremostly 3 lobes.3-5 lobes. Entirewith an apiculateEntire with anwith an apiculateto aristate apexapiculate apexapex and aand a cordateand an auriculatecordate base.base.to agitate base. | 9,344 |
PP35703 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The new variety ‘SB_14_028-025’ has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions. The characteristics of the new variety ‘SB_14_028-025’ may vary in detail, depending upon variations in environmental factors, including weather (temperature, humidity and light intensity), day length, soil type and location. In addition, the characteristics of any parental variety or comparison variety included in Table 1 of the present invention may vary in detail, depending upon variations in environmental factors, including weather (temperature, humidity and light intensity), day length, soil type and location. The aforementioned photographs, together with the following description of the new variety ‘SB_14_028-025’, unless otherwise noted, are based on observations taken during the 2021-2022 growing season in Hillsborough County, Fla. These measurements and ratings were taken from plants of ‘SB_14_028-025’ dug from a high-elevation nursery located in Siskiyou County, Calif. during mid-September 2021 and planted approximately four to five days later in Hillsborough County, Fla. The approximate age of the observed plants is four months. Yield observations including average weight and marketable yield, along with fruit quality characteristics including soluble solids, were measured during the 2021-2022 growing season. Flower measurements and characteristics are from secondary flowers unless otherwise noted. Fruit characteristics and measurements are from secondary fruit, unless otherwise noted. Where noted, color terminology follows The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, London (2015). The following characteristics describe fruit, plant, stolon, foliage, fruiting truss, flower, reproductive organs and pest and disease characteristics of the new strawberry ‘SB_14_028-025’.Fruit characteristics:Color of mature fruit.—RHS N34A (orange-red group).Color of internal flesh(excluding core).—RHS 36D (red group).Color of core.—RHS 34C (orange-red group).Average length(cm).—4.9.Average width(cm).—4.0.Size.—Very Large.Average length/width ratio.—1.2 (slightly longer than broad).Average calyx diameter(cm).—4.0.Season average weight(gm).—34.1.Achene color, shaded side.—RHS 164B (greyed-orange group).Achene color, sun-exposed side.—RHS 163C (greyed-orange group).Average achene weight(mg).—<2.8.Average achenes per berry.—355.Average achene length(mm).—1.7.Average achene width(mm).—0.9.Season marketable yield(gm/plant).—906.Predominant shape.—Conical.Difference in shape between primary and secondary fruit.—Ranges from moderate to large.Band without achenes.—Narrow.Evenness of surface.—Mostly even.Evenness of color.—Even.Glossiness.—Strong.Insertion of achenes.—Even.Position of calyx attachment.—Inserted.Attitude of sepals.—Outward/downward.Size of calyx in relation to fruit diameter.—Same size.Adherence of calyx(when fully ripe).—Strong.Firmness of flesh(gf).—334.Distribution of red color of the flesh.—Marginal and central.Hollow center expression.—Moderate.Average cavity length(mm).—17.7.Average cavity width(mm).—5.3.Soluble Solids(%brix).—6.8.Time of first flowering.—Early (early to mid-October in Hillsborough County, Fla.).Flowering season.—October-February.Time of first fruit.—Early (mid-November in Hillsborough County, Fla.).Fruiting season.—November-March.Post-harvest fruit longevity.—9-11 days if stored according to industry standards.Type of bearing.—Not remontant.Plant characteristics:Average height(cm).—20.7.Average spread(cm).—33.9.Size.—Small.Habit.—Upright.Density.—Medium.Vigor.—Low/Medium.Stolon characteristics:Color.—RHS 144C (yellow-green group).Anthocyanin coloration.—RHS 176C (greyed-orange group).Anthocyanin intensity.—Weak.Pubescence.—Dense.Attitude of hairs.—Outward.Average quantity in nursery(per square foot).—6.9 (medium).Average diameter at the bract(mm).—2.3 (medium).Average length(cm).—32.25.Terminal leaflet characteristics:Color of upper surface.—RHS 147A (yellow-green group).Color of underside.—RHS 147B (yellow-green group).Average length(cm).—8.1.Average width(cm).—6.9.Average area terminal(cm2).—55.9.Average length/width ratio.—1.17 (longer than broad).Shape of base.—Obtuse.Margins(shape of teeth).—Obtuse.Average serrations per leaf.—18.6.Foliage characteristics:Color of upper surface.—RHS 147A (yellow-green group).Color of underside.—RHS 1478B (yellow-green group).Number of leaflets.—3.Leaf size.—Medium to large.Average length(cm).—11.25.Average width(cm).—13.8.Average area foliage(cm2).—155.25.Shape in cross section.—Slightly concave.Texture/interveinal blistering.—Light.Leaf glossiness.—Medium.Leaf variegation.—Absent.Venation pattern.—Pinnate.Apex descriptor.—Obtuse.Secondary leaflet average length(cm).—7.5.Secondary leaflet average width(cm).—7.15.Petiole characteristics:Petiole color.—RHS 144B (yellow-green group).Average length(cm).—11.7.Average diameter(mm).—2.9.Petiolule color.—RHS 144B (yellow-green group).Petiolule average length(mm).—8.6.Average petiolule diameter(mm).—1.8.Attitude of hairs.—Strongly outward.Texture.—Smooth.Frequency of bract leaflets.—Ranges from 0 to 2 (70% occurrence).Size of bract leaflets.—Medium.Pubescence.—Light.Stipule characteristics:Color.—RHS 145A (yellow-green group).Anthocyanin coloration.—RHS 182A (greyed-red group).Anthocyanin intensity.—Mild.Average length(mm).—33.3.Average width(mm).—7.5.Base descriptor.—Truncate.Apex descriptor.—Obtuse.Shape.—Triangular.Margin.—Smooth.Texture.—Smooth.Fruiting truss characteristics:Anthocyanin coloration.—N/A.Anthocyanin intensity.—N/A.Pubescence.—Medium.Secondary fruiting truss average length at maturity(cm).—18.0.Attitude at first pick.—Prostrate.Position relative to foliage.—Ranges from level with to below.Flower quantity(average per plant season long).—31.9 (medium).Average fruits per truss.—5.8.Pedicel attitude of hairs.—Outward.Average pedicel length(cm).—16.6.Average pedicel diameter(mm).—1.9.Pedicel texture.—Moderate.Pedicel color.—RHS 144C (yellow-green group).Average peduncle length(cm).—1.2.Average peduncle diameter(mm).—3.9.Peduncle texture.—N/A.Peduncle color.—N/A.Flower characteristics:Flower bud shape.—Pyriform.Average flower bud length(mm).—17.8.Average flower bud diameter(mm).—7.8.Flower bud color.—RHS N144D (yellow-green group).Flower depth(mm).—8.4.Corolla(flower)average diameter(mm).—27.5 (ranges from medium to large).Upper petal color.—RHS N155C (white group).Lower petal color.—RHS N155D (white group).Petal shape.—Orbicular.Petal apex descriptor.—Rounded.Petal margin.—Smooth.Petal base.—Decurrent.Petal texture.—Smooth.Petal average length(mm).—11.1.Petal average width(mm).—10.2.Petal average length/width ratio.—1.1 (as long as broad).Average petals per flower.—6.2.Relative position of petals(flowers with5or6petals).—Overlapping.Upper sepal color.—RHS 137A (green group).Lower sepal color.—RHS 137D (green group).Sepal shape.—Cuneate.Sepal apex descriptor.—Obtuse.Sepal margin.—Serrate.Sepal texture.—Smooth.Sepal average length(mm).—17.6.Sepal average width(mm).—7.0.Sepal average length/width ratio.—2.5.Average sepals per flower.—13.3.Calyx average diameter(mm).—40.6.Size of calyx relative to corolla.—Larger.Size of inner calyx relative to outer calyx.—Smaller.Reproductive organs:Receptacle color.—RHS 145A (yellow-green group).Pollen color.—RHS 15A (yellow-orange group).Stamen.—Present.Average filament length(mm).—2.6.Filament color.—RHS 145D (yellow-green group).Average anther length(mm).—2.4.Anther shape.—Ovoid.Anther color.—RHS 15A (yellow-orange color).Average pistils per flower.—355.Pistil length(mm).—1 to 2.Style length(mm).—0.5 to 1 mm.Style color.—RHS 145C.Stigma diameter(mm).—<0.1.Stigma shape.—Simple.Ovary color.—RHS 144A (yellow-green group).Pollen amount.—Abundant. | 7,772 |
PP35704 | BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT The following is a detailed botanical description of a new and distinct variety ofGeraniumplant known as ‘MACGER002’, based upon observations of 12-month-old plants grown in 17 cm nursery containers in Kirkcudbright, Scotland. Plants were grown in a vented, unheated greenhouse with partial shade exposure. Plants were manually watered as needed and fertilized with a slow-release granular fertilizer which was incorporated into the growing media. No chemical pest treatments were given to the plants. Observation data was recorded in May of 2022. A botanical description of ‘MACGER002’ and comparisons with the parents and most similar variety of common knowledge are provided below.General plant description:Growth habit.—Broad-spreading herbaceous perennial with flowering stems arising from the base, and inflorescence held above the foliar plane.Plant profile.—Globular.Height.—34.5 cm to the top of the foliar plane; 42.3 cm to the top of the floral plane.Spread.—44.0 cm..Plant vigor.—Very vigorous.Growth rate.—Fast growing.Propagation.—Method — Meristematic tissue culture. Time to initiate rooting — Approximately 10 to 14 days at an average ambient temperature of 22 degrees Celsius. Time to produce flowering plant from rooted cutting — Approximately 4 months in a 15 cm container.Pest resistance and susceptibility.—Plants have not been observed to be any more or less susceptible or resistant to pathogens and pests known to affectGeraniumsp.Environmental tolerances.—Adapt to, at least, USDA Zones 5 to 9 and temperatures ranging from minus 23 degrees Celsius to 35 degrees Celsius; moderate tolerance to rain; moderate tolerance to wind.Root system:Description.—A moderately dense network slightly fleshy, non-fibrous lateral roots.Rooting habit.—Moderately branched and evenly distributed throughout the soil profile.Root diameter.—2.0 mm at the base, on average.Texture.—Smooth; glabrous.Color.—Greyed-orange, nearest to RHS 165B.Stem:Branching habit.—Basally and laterally branched; moderately free branching.Number of primary(main)stems per plant.—6.Number of secondary(lateral)branches per plant.—6.Attitude.—Upright and slightly outward, at an average angle of 20 degrees from vertical.Aspect.—Rounded.Length.—33.1 cm.Diameter.—0.3 cm.Internode length.—16.4 cm.Texture.—Sparsely covered with short, glandular hairs; hairs are colored white, nearest to RHS N155A, and are 0.6 mm long, on average.Luster.—Moderately glossy.Strength.—Moderately strong.Color, juvenile.—Greyed-purple, nearest to RHS 187C.Color, mature.—Greyed-red, nearest to RHS 178A; stem surfaces that are shielded from ultraviolet light are greyed-orange, nearest to RHS 177B.Color at internodes.—Greyed-orange, nearest to RHS 177B, and strongly suffused with greyed-purple, nearest to RHS 184B.Foliage:Arrangement.—Leaves are borne both basally and on stems; basal leaf arrangement is alternate and leaves on stems are arranged oppositely.Basal leaves.—Attachment — Petiolate. Division — Simple. Quantity — An average of 6 leaves per stem. Leaf shape — Deeply palmate, with an average of five deeply cleft lobes, occasionally seven, and a reniform to near orbicular profile. Lobes — Depth of sinuses — Deep. Sinus orientation — Convergent. Dimensions — 10.2 cm long, excluding the petiole, and 11.7 cm wide. Leaf attitude — Outward, at an average angle of 80 degrees to the stem. Leaf apex — Acute. Leaf base — Hastate with basal lobes free. Leaf margin — Coarsely serrate. Texture, adaxial and abaxial surfaces — Slightly rugose; pubescent. Pubescence, adaxial surface — Sparsely to moderately covered with short hairs with an average length of 0.3 mm; colored greyed-white, nearest to RHS 156D. Pubescence, abaxial surface — Sparsely to moderately covered with short hairs, particularly along the veins, with an average length of 0.2 mm; colored greyed-white, nearest to RHS 156D. Luster, adaxial surface — Very slightly glossy. Luster, abaxial surface — Slightly glossy. Color — Juvenile foliage color, adaxial surface — Nearest to a mixture of greyed-brown and brown, RHS 166A and 200B yet closest to 200B. Juvenile foliage color, abaxial surface — Greyed-orange, nearest to RHS 166A. Mature leaf color, adaxial surface — Brown, nearest to RHS 200A, and fading lighter towards the apex, nearest to RHS 200B. Mature leaf color, abaxial surface — Nearest to a mixture of greyed-brown and brown, RHS N199B and 200C. Venation — Type — Palmate. Vein color, adaxial surface — Brown, nearest to RHS 200A. Vein color, abaxial surface — Yellow-green, nearest to RHS N148A. Petiole — Length — 18.9 cm. Diameter — 0.225 cm. Strength — Strong. Texture, adaxial and abaxial surfaces — Moderately covered with soft hairs; average length of hairs is 0.05 cm; colored white, nearest to RHS N155A. Luster, adaxial and abaxial surfaces — Slightly glossy. Color, adaxial surface — Greyed-brown, nearest to RHS 199B, and fading to greyed-purple, distally, nearest to RHS 187C. Color, abaxial surface — Yellow-green, nearest to RHS 152A, and suffused with greyed-purple, distally, nearest to RHS 183B. Stipules — General — Two leafy stipules present at the base of each leaf. Shape — Lanceolate. Length — 0.5 cm. Diameter — 0.15 cm. Apex — Acuminate. Base — Broad cuneate. Margins — Serrate. Texture, adaxial and abaxial surfaces — Slightly to moderately pubescent. Luster, adaxial and abaxial surfaces — Slightly glossy. Color, adaxial surface — Yellow-green, nearest to RHS 150D, and tipped brown, nearest to RHS 200B. Color, abaxial surface — Yellow-green, nearest to RHS 150D, and tipped brown, nearest to RHS 200B.Leaves borne on the stems.—Quantity — Approximately 6 leaves per stem. Attachment — Petiolate. Division — Simple. Leaf shape — Deeply palmate, with an average of five deeply cleft lobes, occasionally seven, and a reniform to near orbicular profile. Lobes — Depth of sinuses — Deep. Sinus orientation — Convergent. Dimensions — 7.0 cm long, excluding the petiole, and 9.0 cm wide. Leaf attitude — Leaves in an average angle of 80 degrees to the stem. Leaf apex — Acute. Leaf base — Hastate with basal lobes free. Leaf margin — Coarsely serrate. Texture, adaxial and abaxial surfaces — Slightly rugose; pubescent. Pubescence, adaxial surface — Sparsely to moderately covered with short hairs with an average length of 0.3 mm; colored greyed-white, nearest to RHS 156D. Pubescence, abaxial surface — Sparsely to moderately covered with short hairs, particularly along the veins, with an average length of 0.2 mm; colored greyed-white, nearest to RHS 156D. Luster, adaxial surface — Very slightly glossy. Luster, abaxial surface — Slightly glossy. Color — Juvenile foliage color, adaxial surface — Nearest to a mixture of greyed-brown and brown, RHS 166A and 200B yet closest to 200B. Juvenile foliage color, abaxial surface — Greyed-orange, nearest to RHS 166A. Mature leaf color, adaxial surface — Brown, nearest to RHS 200A, and fading lighter towards the apex, nearest to RHS 200B. Mature leaf color, abaxial surface — Nearest to a mixture of greyed-brown and brown, RHS N199B and 200C. Venation — Type — Palmate. Vein color, adaxial surface — Brown, nearest to RHS 200A. Vein color, abaxial surface — Yellow-green, nearest to RHS N148A. Petiole — Length — 1.6 cm. Diameter — 0.15 cm. Strength — Strong. Texture, adaxial and abaxial surfaces — Moderately covered with soft hairs; average length of hairs is 0.05 cm; colored white, nearest to RHS N155A. Luster, adaxial and abaxial surfaces — Slightly glossy. Color, adaxial surface — Greyed-purple, nearest to RHS N187C, and fading lighter, proximally, nearest to RHS 187C. Color, abaxial surface — Greyed-purple, nearest to RHS 183C, and fading to greyed-orange, proximally, nearest to RHS 177B. Stipules — General — Two leafy stipules present at the base of each leaf. Shape — Lanceolate. Length — 0.5 cm. Diameter — 0.15 cm. Apex — Acuminate. Base — Broad cuneate. Margins — Serrate. Texture, adaxial and abaxial surfaces — Slightly to moderately pubescent. Luster, adaxial and abaxial surfaces — Slightly glossy. Color, adaxial surface — Yellow-green, nearest to RHS 150D, and tipped brown, nearest to RHS 200B. Color, abaxial surface — Yellow-green, nearest to RHS 150D, and tipped brown, nearest to RHS 200B.Inflorescence:Habit.—Dichotomous cyme with two pedicellate flowers borne at the end of the peduncle.Dimensions.—10.1 cm long and 7.9 cm wide, at the widest point across the outstretched flowers of the cyme.Natural flowering season.—Spring into summer in Kirkcudbright, Scotland.Time to flower or response time.—Approximately 9 months.Quantity of open flowers per plant.—14, on average.Quantity of flower buds per plant.—58, on average.Quantity of flowers and flower buds per plant.—72, on average.Peduncles.—Length — Average of 10.7 cm. Diameter — Average of 1.75 cm. Angle — Average angle to stem is 30 degrees. Strength — Moderately strong. Texture — Lightly pubescent; hairs are soft with an average length of 0.8 mm; colored white, nearest to RHS N155A. Luster — Slightly glossy. Color — Greyed-purple, nearest to RHS 183B.Flower buds:Shape.—Ovate.Length.—1.0 cm.Diameter.—0.55 cm.Texture.—Smooth and glabrous, with the exception of the margins; margins are sparsely covered with soft hairs with an average length of 0.6 mm; colored white, nearest to RHS N155A.Luster.—Very slightly glossy.Color.—Green, nearest to in between RHS 143B and 143C; axially striped with greyed-purple, nearest to RHS 187A; apex is violet-purple, nearest to RHS N80A.Flower:Shape, type.—Rotate; single.Flowering habit.—Freely flowering.Aspect.—Upright to outward.Flower longevity on plant.—Approximately seven days.Persistent or self-cleaning.—Self-cleaning.Fragrance.—Non-fragrant.Diameter.—3.4 cm.Depth.—1.2 cm.Pedicels.—Length — 1.0 cm. Diameter — 0.1 cm. Angle — Average angle to peduncle is approximately 30 degrees. Strength — Moderately strong. Texture — Smooth and densely pubescent; hairs are soft with an average length of 0.6 mm; colored white, nearest to RHS N155A. Luster — Moderately glossy. Color — Greyed-purple, nearest to RHS 183B.Calyx.—Shape — Rotate. Length — 0.7 cm. Diameter — 1.8 cm. Sepals — Arrangement — Rotate. Quantity — 5 unfused sepals. Shape — Ovate. Aspect — Slightly concave. Dimensions — 1.1 cm long and 0.45 cm wide. Apex — Mucronate. Base — Cuneate. Margin — Entire; no undulation; sparsely covered with short, soft hairs with an average length of 0.6 mm and colored white, nearest to RHS N155A. Texture and luster, upper surface — Smooth, glabrous, and very slightly glossy. Texture and luster, lower surface — Smooth, glabrous, and very slightly glossy. Color — When opening, upper surface — Yellow-green, nearest to RHS 146B; margined green, RHS 143B; tipped greyed-orange, RHS 177A. When opening, lower surface — Yellow-green, nearest to RHS 144B; main vein is brown, RHS N200A; tipped greyed-orange, RHS 177A. Fully opened, upper surface — Yellow-green, nearest to RHS 146B; margined green, RHS 143B; tipped greyed-orange, RHS 177A; not fading. Fully opened, lower surface — Yellow-green, nearest to RHS 144B; main vein is brown, RHS N200A; tipped greyed-orange, RHS 177A; not fading. Venation — Fully opened, upper surface — Yellow-green, RHS 146B. Fully opened, lower surface — Brown, RHS N200A.Petals.—Quantity — Five. Arrangement — Rotate; arranged in a single whorl of unfused petals. Length — 1.7 cm. Width — 1.4 cm. Shape — Broad obovate. Apex — Rounded. Base — Narrow cuneate. Margin — Entire; lightly undulated. Texture, upper surface — Glabrous, slightly velvety and matte; base is glossy. Texture, lower surface — Glabrous, very slightly velvety, and matte. Petal color — When opening, upper surface — Purple-violet, nearest to RHS N82A. Veins are purple-violet, nearest to RHS N80A, and fade to greyed-white towards the base, nearest to RHS 156C. When opening, lower surface — Purple-violet, nearest to RHS N82A. Veins are purple-violet, nearest to RHS N80A, and fade to greyed-white towards the base, nearest to RHS 156C. Fully opened, upper surface — Purple-violet, nearest to RHS N81B, and fading to greyed-white at the base, nearest to RHS 156C. Fully opened, lower surface — Purple-violet, nearest to RHS N81B, and fading to greyed-white at the base, nearest to RHS 156C. Venation, fully opened, upper surface — Green-white, nearest to RHS 156C. Venation, fully opened, lower surface — Green-white, nearest to RHS 156D. When faded, upper surface — Not fading. When faded, upper surface — Purple-violet, nearest to in between RHS N81B and N82C.Floral bracts.—Position — Two bracts are present at the base of each pedicel. Shape — Lanceolate. Aspect — Flat. Length — 0.4 cm. Width — 0.1 cm. Apex — Acute Base — Broad cuneate. Margins — Entire. Color, adaxial and abaxial surfaces — Yellow-green, nearest to RHS 150D; tipped brown, nearest to RHS 200B. Texture, adaxial and abaxial surfaces — Glabrous.Reproductive organs:Androecium.—Stamens — Quantity — Approximately 10. Anthers — Shape — Oblong. Dimensions — 0.2 cm long and 0.1 cm wide. Color — Orange-white, nearest to RHS 159D. Filaments — Length — 0.7 cm. Color — Green-white, nearest to RHS 157D; fading to yellow-green towards the base, nearest to RHS 147D. Amount of Pollen — Sparse. Pollen color — Greyed-green, nearest to RHS 198B.Gynoecium.—Pistil — Quantity — One. Length — 0.5 cm. Style — Length — 0.45 cm. Color — Greyed-orange, nearest to RHS 166D. Stigma — Quantity — Five. Shape — Curled. Length — 0.1 cm. Diameter — 0.4 cm. Color — Greyed-yellow, nearest to RHS 160D. Ovary Color — Brown, nearest to in between RHS N200A and N200B.Seed and fruit:Fruit.—Shape — Oblong. Quantity — 72. Dimensions — 2.5 cm long and 0.4 cm in diameter. Texture — Very sparsely covered with short hairs with an average length of 1.0 mm and colored white, nearest to RHS N155A. Color, mature fruit — Greyed-orange, nearest to RHS 174A, and fading to greyed-brown towards the base, nearest to in between RHS 199B and 199C. Persistent styles and stigmas are colored greyed-red, nearest to RHS 180B.Seed.—No seeds have been detected.Comparisons with the parent plants: Plants of the new cultivar ‘MACGER002’ differ from its seed parent, an unnamedGeranium maculatumplant (not patented), by the characteristics described in Table 1. TABLE 1Characteristic‘MACGER002’The seed parent.General colorationDark brown and not fading.Light brown.of the foliage.General colorationViolet-purple, generallyLight pink.of the flower.appearing as dark pink. Plants of the new cultivar ‘MACGER002’ may be distinguished from its pollen parent,Geranium maculatum‘Spring Purple’ (not patented), by the characteristics described in Table 2. TABLE 2Characteristic‘MACGER002’‘Spring Purple’General colorationDark brown and notMedium yellow-greenof the foliage.fading.foliage.General colorationViolet-purple, generallyViolet-purple, appearingof the flower.appearing as dark pink.more towards purple.Comparison with the most similar variety of common knowledge: Plants of the new cultivar ‘MACGER002’ may be distinguished from the most similar known commercial comparator,Geranium maculatum‘Espresso’ (not patented), by the characteristics described in Table 3. TABLE 3Characteristic‘MACGER002’‘Espresso’General colorationDark brown and notDark greyed-red to greyed-of the maturefading.purple and fading to greenfoliage.suffused with greyed-red.General colorationViolet-purple, generallyLight pink.of the flower.appearing as dark pink. | 15,489 |
PP35705 | BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT The following observations and measurements made in January of 2023 describe averages from a sample set of six specimens of 1 year old ‘BROJEDIABO’ plants grown in 27 cm nursery containers at commercial greenhouse in Nootdorp, the Netherlands. Plants were produced using conventional greenhouse production protocols forSpathiphyllum. Temperatures ranged from 18 to 22 degrees Celsius, both night and day. No chemical pest and disease control measures were taken. No photoperiodic treatments or artificial light was given to the plants. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that certain characteristics will vary with older or, conversely, with younger plants. ‘BROJEDIABO’ has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions. Where dimensions, sizes, colors and other characteristics are given, it is to be understood that such measurements are approximations or averages set forth as accurately as practicable. The phenotype of the variety may differ from the descriptions set forth herein with variations in environmental, climactic and cultural conditions. Color notations are based on The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, The Royal Horticultural Society, London, Sixth Edition. A botanical description of ‘BROJEDIABO’ and comparisons with the parents and the most similar variety of common knowledge are provided below.General plant description:Growth habit.—Clumping herbaceous perennial; broad spreading to upright with foliage arising directly from the base of each clump.Plant profile.—Near globular.Height.—64.6 cm in height, to the highest leaf.Width.—Average 87.5 cm in width.Growth rate.—Moderately fast growing.Plant vigor.—Moderately to highly vigorous.Propagation.—Method — Meristematic tissue culture. Time to initiate roots — Approximately 18 days to initiate roots at an approximate soil temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. Crop time — Approximately 14 weeks to produce a well-rooted cutting at an approximate soil temperature of 20 to 30 degrees Celsius.Environmental tolerances.—Moderately high tolerance to rain and wind; tolerant of temperatures ranging from 5 to 40 degrees Celsius. Cold hardy to USDA Hardiness Zone 10.Pest resistance and susceptibility.—Plants have not been observed to be any more or less susceptible or resistant to pathogens and pests common toSpathiphyllum.Root system:General.—Thick, fleshy roots with fine, fibrous lateral roots.Distribution in the soil profile.—Shallow to moderately deep.Texture.—Smooth; glabrous.Color.—Orange-white, nearest to RHS 158C.Stems:Branching characteristics.—Clumping plant with leaves emerging directly from the base of the plant; no lateral branching.Foliage:Arrangement.—Alternate; equitant.Division.—Simple.Attachment.—Petiolate.Quantity of leaves per shoot.—Average of 6.Quantity of shoots per plant.—Average of 18.Quantity of leaves per plant.—Approximately 110.Lamina.—Shape — Narrow ovate to narrow elliptic to near-oblong. Apex — Narrow apiculate. Base — Attenuate. Aspect — Slightly carinate; moderately to strongly reflexed; occasionally spiraled. Attitude — Younger foliage at the center of the plant is held upright; older foliage is more relaxed. Dimensions — 33.6 cm long and 11.4 cm wide. Margin — Entire; moderately undulate. Texture and luster, adaxial surface — Moderately rugose, glabrous, and slightly glossy. Texture and luster, abaxial surface — Moderately rugose, glabrous, and moderately glossy. Juvenile color, adaxial surface — Yellow-green, nearest to in between RHS 144A and N144C; very heavily and irregularly dotted, mottled, and streaked with a combination of yellow and yellow-green in a pattern that follows the secondary lateral veins, nearest to RHS 4B, 144B, 144C, 145D, 154C, and 154D. Juvenile color, abaxial surface — Yellow-green, nearest to in between RHS 144A and 144B; very heavily and irregularly dotted, mottled, and streaked with a combination of yellow and yellow-green in a pattern that follows the secondary lateral veins, nearest to RHS 4C, 145C, 145D, and 154D. Mature color, adaxial surface — A mixture of green and yellow-green, nearest to RHS NN137A and 147A; very heavily and irregularly dotted, mottled, and streaked with a combination of white and greyed-green in a pattern that follows the secondary lateral veins, nearest to RHS 155C, 189A, 189B, 191A, and 191B. Mature color, abaxial surface — Yellow-green, nearest to RHS 147A; very heavily and irregularly dotted, mottled, and streaked with a combination of yellow-green and greyed-green in a pattern that follows the secondary lateral veins, nearest to RHS 146A, 155B, 155C, 188A, 188B, 189A, 189B, and N189D. Venation — Vein pattern — Pinnate. Vein color, adaxial surface — Green, nearest to RHS 137B, and axially striped greyed-green, nearest to in between RHS 193B and 193C. Vein color, abaxial surface — Yellow-green, nearest to RHS 144B, and axially striped with a lighter shade of yellow-green, nearest to RHS N144D.Petiole, including geniculum.—Length — Approximately 25.8 cm. Width — 1.0.cm, proximally; 0.5 cm distally. Texture and luster — Smooth, glabrous, and very slight glossy. Strength — Strong. Color, adaxial surface — Yellow-green, nearest to RHS 145C. Color, abaxial surface — Green, nearest to RHS 137A, and axially striped yellow-green, nearest to RHS 144A. Geniculum — Length — Approximately 3.5 cm. Width — Approximately 0.65 cm. Texture and Luster — Smooth, glabrous and matte. Color — Green, nearest to in between RHS 137B and 137C; axially striped yellow-green, nearest to in between RHS 144A and 144B. Petiole wings — Length — Approximately 22.3 cm. Width — Approximately 0.9 cm. Color, adaxial surface — Yellow-green, nearest to a mixture of RHS 146A and 147B; axially striped green-white, nearest to RHS 157B. Color, abaxial surface — Yellow-green, nearest to RHS 147A; axially striped with a combination yellow-green and green-white, nearest to RHS145C,145D, and 157A.Inflorescence:Spathiphyllumsp. typically produces a spathe, and spadix inflorescence, but no flowering of the claimed plant has been observed to date.Spathe: To date, no flowering has been observed.Spadix: To date, no flowering has been observed.Reproductive organs: To date, no flowering has been observed.Seed and fruit: Seed production has not been observed.Comparisons with the parent: Plants of the new cultivar ‘BROJEDIABO’ may be distinguished from the seed parent,Spathiphyllumsp. ‘SP6527’ (not patented), by the following combination of characteristics described in Table 1. TABLE 1Characteristic‘BROJEDIABO’‘SP6527’Foliage shape.Narrow ovate to narrowOvate.elliptic to near-oblong.Foliar margins.Moderately undulate.Undulate.Foliage variegation.Present.Absent. Plants of the new cultivar ‘BROJEDIABO’ may be distinguished from the pollen parent,Spathiphyllumsp. ‘SP6578’ (not patented) by the following combination of characteristics described in Table 2. TABLE 2Characteristic‘BROJEDIABO’‘SP6578’Foliage variegation.Present.Absent.Foliage shape.Narrow ovate to narrowNarrow elliptic.elliptic to near-oblong.Foliage variegation.Present.Absent.Comparisons with the most similar variety of common knowledge: Plants of the new cultivar ‘BROJEDIABO’ may be distinguished from the commercial variety,Spathiphyllumsp. ‘SP7018’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 33,426), by the following combination of characteristics described in Table 3. TABLE 3Characteristic‘BROJEDIABO’‘SP7018’Plant size.Larger than ‘SP7018’.Smaller than‘BROJEDIABO’.Foliage abundance.More abundant thanLess abundant than‘SP7018’.‘BROJEDIABO’.Foliage shape.Narrow ovate toNarrow ovate to narrownarrow elliptic toelliptic.near-oblong.Foliage size.Larger than ‘SP7018’Smaller than‘BROJEDIABO’.General colorationYellow-green; veryA mixture of green andof the juvenileheavily and irregularlyyellow green; heavily,adaxial foliardotted, mottled, andirregularly mottled andsurface.streaked with astreaked with acombination of yellowcombination of white,and yellow-green.green-white andgreyed-green.General colorationA mixture of greenGreen; heavily,of the matureand yellow-green; veryirregularly mottled andadaxial foliarheavily and irregularlystreaked with asurface.dotted, mottled, andcombination of white,streaked with agreen-white andcombination of whitegreyed-green.and greyed-green.Prominence ofMore prominent thanLess conspicuous thanfoliage‘SP7018’.‘BROJEDIABO’.variegation. | 8,395 |
PP35706 | BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT With the exception of the stem description, the following observations and measurements made in April of 2023 describe a 12-month-old ‘Sumi1’ plant grown in a 15 cm nursery container at commercial greenhouse in Nong Sam Wang, a subdistrict in the Nong Suea district of Pathum Thani province, Thailand. A 3-year-old ‘Sumi1’ plant, grown in a 25 cm container, at the same location and in the same manner as the 12-month-old plants, was used for the stem description. Plants were produced using conventional greenhouse production protocols forMonsterawhich consisted of growing under 70-percent shade cloth, regular overhead irrigation every two days, and slow-release granular fertilizer applications at 4-month intervals, approximately. Preventative applications of Imadacloprid and Metalyx pesticides were utilized to prevent insect infestations and fungal infections. No photoperiodic treatments or artificial light was given to the plants. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that certain characteristics will vary with older or, conversely, with younger plants. ‘Sumi1’ has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions. Where dimensions, sizes, colors and other characteristics are given, it is to be understood that such measurements are approximations or averages set forth as accurately as practicable. The phenotype of the variety may differ from the descriptions set forth herein with variations in environmental, climatic, and cultural conditions. Color notations are based on The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, The Royal Horticultural Society, London, 1986 (second edition). A botanical description of ‘Sumi1’ and comparisons with the parent and the most similar variety of common knowledge are provided below.General plant description:Growth habit.—Monopodial evergreen perennial; plants will eventually develop a stem with age.Plant profile.—Upright, globular.Height.—27 cm.Width.—37 cm.Plant vigor.—Moderately vigorous.Propagation.—Method — Meristematic tissue culture. Time to initiate roots — Approximately 8 weeks to initiate roots at approximately 25 degrees Centigrade. Crop time — Approximately 24 to 30 weeks to produce a well-rooted, marketable 15 cm container from a rooted cutting.Environmental tolerances.—Moderately high tolerance to rain; low to moderate tolerance to wind; not drought tolerant; tolerant of temperatures to at least 35 degrees Celsius. Cold hardy to USDA Hardiness Zone 10.Pest resistance and susceptibility.—Plants have not been observed to be any more or less susceptible or resistant to pathogens and pests common toMonsterasp.Root system:General.—Monsterasp. has the propensity to produce both subterranean and aerial roots, though only subterranean roots have been observed on the claimed plant.Branching.—Freely branched.Density.—Moderately dense.Distribution.—Subterranean roots are shallow to moderately deep.Texture.—Fleshy; smooth; lacking root hairs.Color.—Yellow-white, nearest to a mixture of RHS 158A and 158B.Stems:Branching characteristics.—Monsterasp. is a monopodial plant; plants eventually develop a stem with age.Aspect.—Rounded.Length.—Approximately 5.5 cm.Width.—Approximately 2.0 cm.Internode length.—Approximately 1.0 cm.Strength.—Moderately strong.Texture.—Glabrous.Luster.—Matte to very slightly glossy.Color, adaxial surface.—Green, nearest to in between RHS 139B and 141B, and occasionally streaked with a mixture of yellow-white, nearest to RHS 158C, and yellow, nearest to RHS 5D.Foliage:Arrangement.—Alternate to spiraled.Division.—Simple.Attachment.—Petiolate.Quantity of leaves per shoot.—1.Quantity of shoots per plant.—6.Quantity of leaves per plant.—6.Lamina.—Shape — Broadly cordate to broadly ovate; laminas become progressively pinnatifid and perforated with age. Apex — Broadly acuminate. Base — Cordate. Aspect — Convex. Attitude — Outward to somewhat pendulous, at an approximate angle of 90 degrees to the petiole. Dimensions — 17.8 cm long and 22.9 cm wide. Margin — Juvenile foliar margins are entire with light, coarse undulation. Mature foliar margins are incised, lobed, and fenestrated. Texture and luster, adaxial surface — Sporadic blistering of the epidermis is present in the form of irregularly shaped, translucent-white blotches. Otherwise, the laminar surface is smooth, glabrous, and glossy. Texture and luster, abaxial surface — Smooth, glabrous, and slightly glossy to matte. Juvenile color, adaxial surface — Nearest to a mixture of green and yellow-green; RHS 139A, 141A, 141B, 143A, 143B, and 144B, yet nearest to RHS 141A; irregularly flecked and blotched with a mixture of white, RHS 155A, and yellow-white, nearest to RHS 158C. Additionally, the areas of the laminar surface with epidermal blistering appear as translucent-white blotches, nearest to RHS 155A, revealing the flecks and blotches beneath. Juvenile color, abaxial surface — Nearest to a mixture of green and yellow-green; RHS 143C and 144B, yet nearest to RHS 144B; irregularly flecked and blotched with a mixture of white, RHS 155A, and yellow-white, nearest to RHS 158C. Mature color, adaxial surface — Nearest to a mixture of green and yellow-green, RHS 141B, 143A, 143B, and 144B, yet nearest to RHS 144B; irregularly flecked and blotched with a mixture of white, RHS 155A, and yellow-white, nearest to RHS 158C, and orange-white, nearest to in between RHS 159C and 159D. Additionally, the areas of the laminar surface with epidermal blistering appear as translucent-white blotches, nearest to RHS 155A, revealing the flecks and blotches beneath. Mature color, abaxial surface — Yellow-green, nearest to in between RHS 144C and 145A; irregularly flecked and blotched with a mixture of white, RHS 155A, and yellow-white, nearest to RHS 158C, and orange-white, nearest to in between RHS 159C and 159D. Venation — Vein pattern — Pinnate. Vein color, adaxial surface — The main vein and largest lateral veins are nearest to in between green, RHS 143C, and yellow-green, RHS 144A; all other lateral veins are indistinguishable from the surrounding laminar surface. Vein color, abaxial surface — The main vein and largest lateral veins are yellow-green, nearest to in between RHS 145A and 145B; all other lateral veins appear as a dark shade of green as a result of light penetration through the lamina, nearest to RHS 139A.Petiole.—Attachment — Sheathed. Aspect — Rounded. Length — Approximately 25.4 cm. Width — Approximately 3.8 cm, including the petiole wings, at the proximal end and 1.25 cm at the distal end. Strength — Moderately strong. Texture — Verrucose; glabrous. Luster — Matte to very slightly glossy. Color, adaxial surface — Juvenile petioles are nearest to in between green, RHS 143C, and yellow-green, RHS 144A; mature petioles are yellow-green, nearest to RHS 145A, and occasionally longitudinally striped colored with a mixture of white, RHS 155A, and yellow-white, nearest to RHS 158C. Color, abaxial surface — Juvenile and mature petioles are yellow-green, RHS 145B, and occasionally longitudinally striped colored with a mixture of white, RHS 155A, and yellow-white, nearest to RHS 158C. Geniculum — Length — 2.5 cm. Diameter — 0.95 cm. Texture and luster — Matte to very slightly glossy. Color, adaxial surface — Juvenile petioles are nearest to in between green, RHS 143C, and yellow-green, RHS 144A; mature petioles are yellow-green, nearest to RHS 145A. Color, abaxial surface — Juvenile and mature petioles are yellow-green, RHS 145B. Petiole wings — General Description — Two petiole wings are present at the base of each petiole. Length — Approximately 7.6 cm. Width — Approximately 1.25 cm at the base. Margins — Entire; involute; lightly undulated. Texture and luster — Glabrous and very slightly glossy. Color, adaxial surface — Yellow-green, nearest to in between RHS 143A and 143B, with irregular longitudinal stripes colored with a mixture of white, RHS 155A, and yellow-white, nearest to RHS 158C. Color, abaxial surface — Yellow-green, RHS 143B, with irregular longitudinal stripes colored with a mixture of white, RHS 155A, and yellow-white, nearest to RHS 158C.Inflorescence:Monsteradeliciosa typically produces a spathe and spadix inflorescence, but no flowering of the claimed plant has been observed to date.Flower buds: No flowering has been observed to date.Flowers: No flowering has been observed to date.Reproductive organs: No flowering has been observed to date.Seed and fruit: Seed production has not been observed.Comparisons with the parent: Plants of the new cultivar ‘Sumi1’ may be distinguished from the parent,Monstera deliciosa‘Thai Constellation’ (not patented), by the characteristics described in Table 1. TABLE 1Characteristic‘Sumi1’‘Thai Constellation’Plant size.Significantly smaller thanSignificantly larger than‘Thai Constellation’‘Sumi1’.Petiole length.Significantly shorter thanSignificantly longer than‘Thai Constellation’.‘Sumi1’.Lamina size.Significantly smaller thanSignificantly larger than‘Thai Constellation’‘Sumi1’.Foliar margins.Less incised than ‘ThaiMore heavily incisedConstellation’.than ‘Sumi1’.Comparisons with the most similar commercial variety: Plants of the new cultivar ‘Sumi1’ may be distinguished from the most similar commercial comparator known to the inventor,Monstera deliciosa‘Albo’ (not patented), by the characteristics described in Table 2. TABLE 2Characteristic‘Sumi1’‘Albo’Plant size.Significantly smallerSignificantly larger thanthan ‘Albo’.‘Sumi1’.Petiole length.Significantly shorterSignificantly longer thanthan ‘Albo’.‘Sumi1’.Lamina size.Significantly smallerSignificantly larger thanthan ‘Albo’.‘Sumi1’.Expression ofIrregularly fleckedIrregularly fleckedthe foliarand blotched with aand blotched with creamcolor patterns;mixture of white, palewhite; additionally, largeadaxial andyellow-white, andportions of the laminarabaxial surfaces.pale orange-white.surface are solid creamwhite. | 9,933 |
PP35707 | BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT The following observations and measurements made in February of 2023 describe averages from a sample set of six specimens of 2 years-old ‘OVROCKS11’ plants grown in 12 cm nursery containers at commercial greenhouse in Bleiswijk, the Netherlands. Plants were produced using conventional greenhouse production protocols for xGasteraloewhich consisted of minimal overhead irrigation and fertilizer applications. No pest or disease control measures were utilized in production. Plants were grown under shade (approximately 10,000 lux) and no photoperiodic treatments or artificial light was given to the plants. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that certain characteristics will vary with older or, conversely, with younger plants. ‘OVROCKS11’ has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions. Where dimensions, sizes, colors and other characteristics are given, it is to be understood that such characteristics are approximations or averages set forth as accurately as practicable. The phenotype of the variety may differ from the descriptions set forth herein with variations in environmental, climatic and cultural conditions. Color notations are based on The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, The Royal Horticultural Society, London, 2015 (sixth edition). A botanical description of ‘OVROCKS11’ and a comparison with the parents and closest known comparator is provided below.Plant description:Growth habit.—Succulent perennial with foliage growing in a compact basal rosette.Plant form.—Broad obovate.Height from soil level to top of foliar plane.—19.3 cm.Plant spread.—Average of 23.5 cm.Plant Vigor.—Moderately vigorous.Propagation.—Type — Leaf cuttings. Time to initiate rooting — Approximately 5 weeks at an approximate temperature of 21 degrees Celsius. Crop time — Approximately 1 year to produce a marketable plant in a 9 cm container.Disease and pest resistance or susceptibility.—Neither resistance nor susceptibility to typical xGasteraloepests and diseases has been observed.Environmental tolerances.—Adapt to, at least, USDA Zones 10 to 12 and temperatures as high as 40 degrees Celsius; low tolerance to rain yet drought tolerant once established; high tolerance to wind.Root system:General.—Fine, well-branched fibrous roots.Stems:Branching habit.—No stems or branches; leaves arranged in a basal rosette.Foliage:Arrangement.—Spirally arranged in a basal rosette.Division.—Simple.Attachment.—Sessile.Quantity.—Approximately 15 leaves per rosette.Shape.—Lanceolate.Dimensions.—17.7 cm long, 4.1 cm wide, and 1.5 cm thick.Aspect.—Moderately concave, and carinate. In juvenile foliage, the distal portion of the lamina curls upward.Attitude.—Foliage is held upright at and near the center of the rosettes and becomes progressively more relaxed towards the outer whorls of foliage, at an average angle of 30 degrees from horizontal.Apex.—Narrowly acute.Base.—Broad cuneate.Margin.—Finely dentate; teeth have an average length of 0.5 cm and are colored greyed-green, nearest to in between RHS 192A and 192B. Margins are not undulated or lobed.Pubescence and texture.—Juvenile foliage, adaxial surface — Glabrous, smooth, and sparsely covered with small, rounded to somewhat oblong protuberances that are arranged in highly irregularly transverse lines across the laminar surface; protuberances are approximately 0.2 cm long and 0.125 cm wide. Juvenile foliage, abaxial surface — Glabrous, smooth, and sparsely covered with small, rounded to somewhat oblong protuberances that are arranged in distinct transverse lines across the laminar surface; protuberances are approximately 0.2 cm long and 0.175 cm wide. Mature foliage, adaxial surface — Glabrous, smooth, and moderately covered with small, rounded to oblong protuberances that are arranged in highly irregularly transverse lines across the laminar surface; protuberances are approximately 0.25 cm long and 0.175 cm wide; protuberances reach a height of 0.2 mm towards the apex. Mature foliage, abaxial surface — Glabrous, smooth, and densely covered with small, round protuberances that are arranged in distinct transverse lines across the laminar surface; protuberances are approximately 0.2 cm in diameter. A small subset of protuberances along the distal centerline are arranged in a distinct line and are modified into spines that are approximately 0.06 cm in height.Luster of the adaxial surface.—Moderately glossy.Luster of the abaxial surface.—Slightly glossy.Color.—Juvenile foliage, adaxial surface — Green to greyed-green, nearest to a mixture of RHS 139A and N189A, and transitioning to green towards the base, nearest to RHS 139A. Protuberances are colored greyed-green, distally, nearest to RHS 191A; protuberances become lighter, proximally, nearest to a mixture of RHS 191C. Juvenile foliage, abaxial surface — Nearest to a mixture of green and greyed-green, RHS 139A and N189A; transitioning to light green towards the base, nearest to RHS 137A. Protuberances are colored greyed-green, distally, nearest to RHS 192B; protuberances become lighter, proximally, nearest to a mixture of RHS 192D. Mature foliage, adaxial surface — Nearest to a mixture of green and greyed-green, RHS 139A and N189A yet nearest to N189A; transitioning to light yellow-green towards the base, nearest to a mixture of RHS 147A and 147B. Protuberances are colored greyed-green, distally, nearest to RHS 191A; protuberances become lighter, proximally, nearest to a mixture of RHS 191C. Mature foliage, abaxial surface — Greyed-green, nearest to RHS N189A; transitioning to light green towards the base, nearest to RHS 139A. Protuberances are colored greyed-green, distally, nearest to RHS 191B; protuberances become lighter, proximally, nearest to a mixture of RHS 191D, 192C, and 192D.Venation.—Pattern — No venation is visible. Color, adaxial surface — No venation is visible. Color, abaxial surface — No venation is visible.Petiole.—No petiole; leaves are sessile.Inflorescence: No flowering has been observed to date.Comparisons with the parent plants: Plants of the new cultivar ‘OVROCKS11’ differ from the seed parent, an unnamedAloe variegataplant (not patented), in the following characteristics described in Table 1 below. TABLE 1Characteristic‘OVROCKS11’The seed parent.Growth habit.Spirally arranged inEquitant to 3-ranked rosette.a rossette.Foliage shape.Lanceolate.Deltoid to broadly lanceolate.GeneralDarker green,Lighter green, relative tocoloration ofrelative to the‘OVROCKS11’, and narrowlythe foliage.parent.margined white.Foliar margins.Finely dentate; teethFinely crenate, with blunthave an averageteeth approximately 0.2 tolength of 0.5 cm.0.3 cm.ProminenceLess prominent.More prominent.of foliarprotuberances.Plants of the new cultivar ‘OVROCKS11’ differ from the pollen parent, an unnamedGasteria carinataplant (not patented), in the following characteristics described in Table 2 below. TABLE 2Characteristic‘OVROCKS11’The pollen parent.Growth habit.Spirally arranged in aEquitant to 3-ranked rosette.rossette.Foliage aspect.More carinate than theLess carinate thanparent.‘OVROCKS11’.Size of foliarLarger than the parent.Smaller thanprotuberances.‘OVROCKS11’.Arrangement ofArranged in distinctVarying from randomlyfoliar protuberancestransverse lines acrossdistributed to looselyon the abaxialthe lamina.arranged in irregularsurface.transverse lines.Comparison with the closest known comparator: Plants of the new cultivar ‘OVROCKS11’ differ from the most similar variety known to the inventor, xGasteraloe‘OVROCKS02’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 30,136), in the following characteristics described in Table 3 below. TABLE 3Characteristic‘OVROCKS11’‘OVROCKS02’Growth habit.Spirally arranged in aSpirally arranged in arosette; foliage is morerosette; foliage is moreloosely held in thetightly held in the rosette.rosette.Foliage abundance.Less abundant.More abundant.Foliage shape.Lanceolate.Narrow deltoid.General colorationDark green.Dark green and marginedof the foliage.with light green.Foliar marginsFinely dentate, with smallDentate, with largermarginal teeth; moremarginal teeth; fewerteeth thanteeth than‘OVROCKS02’.‘OVROCKS11’.Size of foliarSmaller than theLarger thanprotuberances.‘OVROCKS02’.‘OVROCKS11’.ArrangementArranged in distinctVarying from randomlyof the foliartransverse lines across thedistributed to looselyprotuberances.lamina.arranged in irregulartransverse lines. | 8,433 |
PP35708 | BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT The following observations and measurements made in November of 2022 describe averages from a sample set of six specimens of 1.5 years-old ‘OVROCKS10’ plants grown in 5.5 cm nursery containers at commercial greenhouse in Bleiswijk, the Netherlands. Plants were produced using conventional greenhouse production protocols for xGasteraloewhich consisted of minimal overhead irrigation and fertilizer applications. No pest or disease control measures were utilized in production. Plants were grown under shade (approximately 10,000 lux) and no photoperiodic treatments or artificial light was given to the plants. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that certain characteristics will vary with older or, conversely, with younger plants. ‘OVROCKS10’ has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions. Where dimensions, sizes, colors and other characteristics are given, it is to be understood that such characteristics are approximations or averages set forth as accurately as practicable. The phenotype of the variety may differ from the descriptions set forth herein with variations in environmental, climatic and cultural conditions. Color notations are based on The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, The Royal Horticultural Society, London, 2015 (sixth edition). A botanical description of ‘OVROCKS10’ and a comparison with the parent and closest known comparator is provided below.Plant description:Growth habit.—Succulent perennial with foliage growing in a compact basal rosette; as plants age, secondary rosettes eventually develop at the base of the primary rosette.Plant form.—Globular to broad obovate.Height from soil level to top of foliar plane.—7.0 cm.Plant spread.—Average of 11.3 cm.Plant Vigor.—Moderately vigorous.Propagation.—Type — Leaf cuttings. Time to initiate rooting — Approximately 5 weeks at an approximate temperature of 21 degrees Celsius. Crop time — Approximately 1 year to produce a marketable plant in a 9 cm container.Disease and pest resistance or susceptibility.—Neither resistance nor susceptibility to typical xGasteraloepests and diseases has been observed.Environmental tolerances.—Adapt to, at least, USDA Zones 10 to 12 and temperatures as high as 40 degrees Celsius; moderate tolerance to rain yet drought tolerant once established; high tolerance to wind.Root system:General.—Fine, well-branched fibrous roots.Stems:Branching habit.—No stems or branches; leaves arranged in a basal rosette.Foliage:Arrangement.—Spirally arranged in a basal rosette.Division.—Simple.Attachment.—Sessile.Quantity.—Approximately 20 leaves per rosette.Shape.—Narrow ovate to narrow oblong.Dimensions.—6.8 cm long, 2.1 cm wide, and 0.8 cm thick.Aspect.—Flat to very slightly concave, and carinate. In juvenile foliage, the distal portion of the lamina curls upward.Attitude.—Foliage is held upright at and near the center of the rosettes and becomes progressively more relaxed towards the outer whorls of foliage, at an average angle of 30 degrees from horizontal; lamina is very slightly curled downward with the distal portion at and near the apex being slightly curled upward.Apex.—Apiculate with a long, soft mucronate tip.Base.—Broad cuneate.Margin.—Finely dentate; teeth have an average length of 0.75 cm and are colored greyed-green, nearest to in between RHS 192C and 192D. Margins are not undulated or lobed.Pubescence and texture of the adaxial surface.—Glabrous, smooth, and moderately covered with small, round protuberances that are arranged in highly irregular transverse lines across the laminar surface; protuberances are approximately 0.1 cm in height and diameter, but become progressively larger towards the apex, reaching a size of 0.3 cm in height and diameter.Pubescence and texture of the abaxial surface.—Glabrous, smooth, and moderately to densely covered with small, round protuberances that are arranged in highly irregular transverse lines across the laminar surface; protuberances are approximately 0.1 cm in height and diameter but become progressively larger towards the apex and along the midrib, reaching a size of 0.4 cm in height and diameter. Protuberances coalesce into a solid mass, distally.Luster of the adaxial surface.—Glossy.Luster of the abaxial surface.—Moderately glossy.Color.—Juvenile foliage, adaxial surface — Green, nearest to in between RHS NN137A and 137A, and fading to yellow-green towards the base, nearest to a mixture of RHS 145A and 146D. Protuberances are colored greyed-green, nearest to a mixture of RHS 193A and 193B. Juvenile foliage, abaxial surface — Green, nearest to a mixture of RHS NN137A and NN139A, and fading to yellow-green towards the base, nearest to RHS 145A. Protuberances are colored greyed-green, nearest to a mixture of RHS 193A and 193B. Mature foliage, adaxial surface — Nearest to in between green and yellow-green, RHS 139A and 147A yet slightly darker; fading to yellow-green towards the base, nearest to a mixture of RHS N148B and N148C. Protuberances are colored greyed-green, nearest to a mixture of RHS 191B and 191C. Mature foliage, abaxial surface — Nearest to in between green and yellow-green, RHS NN137A and 147A; fading to yellow-green towards the base, nearest to in between RHS 147D and 148D. Protuberances are colored greyed-green, nearest to RHS 191C.Venation—Pattern — No venation is visible. Color, adaxial surface — No venation is visible. Color, abaxial surface — No venation is visible.Petiole.—No petiole; leaves are sessile.Inflorescence: No flowering has been observed to date.Comparisons with the parent plants: Plants of the new cultivar ‘OVROCKS10’ differ from the seed parent, xGasteraloe‘Flow’ (not patented), in the following characteristics described in Table 1 below. TABLE 1Characteristic‘OVROCKS10’‘Flow’General colorationDarker green, relativeLighter green, relativeof the foliage.to ‘Flow’.to ‘OVROCKS10’.Size of foliarLarger than ‘Flow’.Smaller thanprotuberances.‘OVROCKS10’.Distribution ofArranged in highlyArranged in highlyfoliar pro-irregular transverseirregular transversetuberances on thelines with protuberanceslines; protuberancesabaxial surface.coalescing into a soliddo not coalesce intomass distally.a solid mass.Foliar margins.Finely dentate marginsFinely dentate marginsthat are prominentlythat are narrowlyand broadly coloredcolored greyed-orangelight greyed-green,to light greyed-green.generally appearing asnearly white.Comparison with the closest known comparator: Plants of the new cultivar ‘OVROCKS10’ differ from the most similar variety known to the inventor, Gasteria ‘WT03’ (not patented), in the following characteristics described in Table 2 below. TABLE 2Characteristic‘OVROCKS10’‘WT03’General colorationDarker green, relativeLighter green, relativeof the foliage.to ‘WT03’.to ‘OVROCKS10’.Distribution ofArranged in highlyArranged in highlyfoliar protuber-irregular transverseirregular transverseances on thelines with protuberanceslines; protuberancesabaxial surface.coalescing into a soliddo not coalesce intomass towards and at thea solid mass.apex.Foliar margins.Finely dentate marginsFinely dentatewith light greyed-greenmargins with teethteeth, generallycolored greyed-orangeappearing as nearlyto light greyed-green.white. Margins arebroadly colored withlight greyed-green. | 7,314 |
PP35709 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The aforementioned photographs and following observations and measurements describe plants grown during the summer in 19-cm containers in an outdoor nursery in Heerhugowaard, The Netherlands and under cultural practices typically used in commercialEchinaceaproduction. During the production of the plants, day temperatures ranged from 18C to 34C and night temperatures ranged from 8C to 18C. Plants were 15 weeks old when the photographs and description were taken. In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 2015 Edition, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.Botanical classification:Echinacea hybrida‘IFECSSSWFU’.Parentage:Female parent.—Proprietary selection ofEchinacea hybridaidentified as code number 009-15-K009-01, not patented.Male parent.—Proprietary selection ofEchinacea hybridaidentified as code number 009-16-K042-02, not patented.Propagation:Type.—By in vitro meristem culture.Time to initiate roots, summer.—About twelve days at temperatures about 20C.Time to initiate roots, winter.—About 16 days at temperatures about 20C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, summer.—About 36 days at temperatures about 18C.Time to produce a rooted young plant, winter.—About 42 days at temperatures about 18C.Root description.—Thick, fleshy; typically white in color, actual color of the roots is dependent on substrate composition, water quality, fertilizer type and formulation, substrate temperature and physiological age of roots.Rooting habit.—Moderately freely branching; sparse.Plant description:Plant form and growth habit.—Herbaceous perennial; relatively compact and broadly upright plant habit; obovate to flattened globular in overall shape; freely basal branching habit with about eleven primary lateral branches and about 14 secondary lateral branches developing per plant; moderately vigorous to vigorous growth habit and moderate growth rate.Plant height.—About 33.8 cm.Plant diameter or spread.—About 37.8 cm.Lateral branches.—Length: About 10.2 cm. Diameter: About 6 mm. Internode length: About 2.1 cm. Aspect: Erect to about 20 degrees from vertical. Strength: Strong. Texture: Moderately to densely pubescent; strigose. Color: Close to a blend of 144A and 146B; lower leaf nodes, tinged with close to 186B and 186C.Leaf description:Basal and cauline leaves.—Arrangement: Alternate, simple. Length: About 10.3 cm. Width: About 4.1 cm. Shape: Ovate. Apex: Narrowly acute. Base: Short attenuate. Margin: Mostly entire; occasionally, sparse and irregular shallow indentations; moderately undulate. Texture and luster, upper surface: Moderately to densely pubescent, strigose and rough; matte. Texture and luster, lower surface: Moderately to densely pubescent, strigose and rough; slightly glossy. Venation pattern: Pinnate. Color: Developing leaves, upper surface: Close to a blend of 143A and 146A. Developing leaves, lower surface: Close to 146A. Fully expanded leaves, upper surface: Close to NN137A; venation, close to 144B. Fully expanded leaves, lower surface: Close to a blend of 137B and 147B; venation, close to 146C.Petioles, basal and cauline leaves.—Length: About 2.8 cm. Diameter: About 2.5 mm by 4.5 mm. Texture, upper surface: Smooth, glabrous. Texture, lower surface: Sparsely pubescent. Color, upper surface: Close to 137B; midvein, close to 146C to 146D and variably tinged with close to 178A. Color, lower surface: Close to NN137D; midvein, close to 144A.Inflorescence description:Appearance.—Semi-double type inflorescences with ray and disc florets arranged on a capitulum; inflorescences positioned upright above the foliar plane on mostly upright and strong peduncles.Flowering habit.—Freely flowering habit with about 25 developing and fully developed inflorescences per plant.Fragrance.—Faintly fragrant; sweet and pleasant.Time to flower.—Plants flower continuously from late June into late September in The Netherlands.Inflorescence longevity.—Inflorescences maintain good substance for about three weeks on the plant; inflorescences persistent.Inflorescence buds.—Height: About 2.8 cm. Diameter: About 3.6 cm. Shape: Broadly obovate with a flattened top. Color: Immature involucral bracts, close to 138A and 138B; immature ray florets, close to 185C with apices, close to 144C; immature receptacle spines, close to 146A.Inflorescence size.—Diameter: About 11.8 cm. Depth (height): About 5.1 cm. Disc diameter: About 3.8 cm.Receptacles.—Height: About 1.1 cm. Diameter: About 1.7 cm. Shape: Broadly ovate to close to deltoid. Color: Close to 155B and 157A.Ray florets.—Quantity and arrangement: About 74 to 108 arranged in about four whorls at the base of the receptacle. Length: About 5 cm. Width: About 1.25 cm. Shape: Oblanceolate; slightly carinate. Apex: Emarginate to praemorse. Base: Cuneate. Margin: Entire. Texture and luster, upper surface: Smooth, glabrous; moderately velvety; matte. Texture and luster, lower surface: Smooth, glabrous; slightly glossy. Aspect: About 35 degrees from horizontal; with development, apices curled slightly downward. Color: When opening, upper surface: Close to 47A and 47B. When opening, lower surface: Close to 186A and 186B. Fully opened, upper surface: Close to 61B, 64B and a blend of 61B and 64B; venation, close to a blend of 61B and 64B; color becoming closer to 186B and proximally, close to N186D, with subsequent development. Fully opened, lower surface: Close to 60B and 60C and proximally, close to 186B and 186C; venation, similar to lamina color; color becoming closer to 186A and 186B with subsequent development.Disc florets.—Quantity and arrangement: About 360 per inflorescence, arranged spirally at the center of the inflorescence. Length: About 1.2 cm. Diameter: About 3.25 mm. Shape: Tubular; proximal 10% free, not fused. Apex: Acute. Base: Fused. Margin, free-part: Entire. Texture and luster, inner and outer surfaces: Smooth, glabrous; moderately glossy. Color, when opening, inner and outer surfaces: Apex: Close to 144A tinged with close to N186C. Mid-section: Close to 145C. Base: Close to 183A. Color, fully opened, inner and outer surfaces: Apex: Close to 178B. Mid-section: Close to 152D. Base: Close to N186C.Receptacle spines.—Quantity: One per disc floret; about 360 per inflorescence. Shape: Acicular. Apex: Acute. Base: Attenuate. Texture and luster: Smooth, glabrous; glossy. Color: Apex: Close to 187A. Mid-section: Close to 20A. Base: Close to 144B.Involucral bracts.—Quantity per inflorescence: About 100 arranged in about four whorls. Length: About 1 cm. Width: About 3 mm. Shape: Narrowly ovate; close to horizontal to slightly reflexed. Apex: Acute. Base: Cuneate. Margin: Entire. Texture and luster, upper and lower surfaces: Moderately pubescent; margins, moderately pubescent; slightly glossy. Color, upper and lower surfaces: Close to 137C; towards the margins, close to 137A.Peduncles.—Length: About 12 cm. Diameter: About 5.5 cm. Strength: Strong. Aspect: Mostly upright. Texture: Moderately pubescent; strigose. Color: Close to 144B with blotches, close to 146B.Reproductive organs.—Androecium (present on ray and disc florets): Quantity per floret: Five. Filament length: About 4 mm. Filament color: Close to 150D. Anther length: About 4 mm. Anther shape: Linear. Anther color: Close to 200A. Pollen amount: Moderate. Pollen color: Close to 17B. Gynoecium (present only on disc florets): Quantity per floret: One. Pistil length: About 8 mm. Stigma shape: Decurrent, unequal. Stigma color: Close to 200A. Style length: About 6.5 mm. Style color: Close to 150D. Ovary color: Close to 157C. Seeds and fruits: To date, seed and fruit development have not been observed on plants of the newEchinacea.Pathogen & pest resistance: To date, plants of the newEchinaceahave not been shown to be resistant to pathogens and pests common toEchinaceaplants.Garden performance: Plants of the newEchinaceahave exhibited good garden performance and to tolerate rain and wind. Plants of the newEchinaceahave been observed to tolerate high temperatures of about 35C and to be hardy to USDA Hardiness Zones 3 to 4. | 8,162 |
PP35710 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CULTIVAR Foliage color was determined under full sun conditions in the middle of the day in a glass-covered greenhouse. Color references are to The R.H.S. Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society of London (R.H.S.), 2007 5th Edition.Coleusleaves are rarely one solid color but encompass hues, shades and tints, and color patterns differ from one genotype to another due to varying levels of variegation. The following detailed description of ‘UF22-28-3’ was obtained using eleven-week-old plants grown from unrooted cuttings in September-December 2022 in a glass-covered greenhouse in Gainesville, Florida. The plants were propagated in mist for ten days after cuttings were stuck, pinched, then grown in one-gallon pots for approximately nine and a half additional weeks. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Botanical classification:Family.—Lamiaceae.Botanical name.—Coleus scutellarioides.Common name.—Coleus.Cultivar name.—‘UF22-28-3’.Parentage:Female or seed parent.—‘UF21-16-5’.Male or pollen parent.—Unknown.Plant description:Form.—Spreading.Habit.—Upright.Height(from top of soil).—32-36 cm.Width(horizontal plant diameter).—64-68 cm.Propagation:Type cuttings.—Vegetative meristems having at least 1 node.Time to initiate roots.—3-4 days.Time to produce a rooted cutting.—7-10 days.Root habit.—Fibrous.Root description.—Callus forms in 2-3 days, roots initiate in 3-4 days and become a highly branched cutting in 7-10 days.Branches:Quantity per plant.—Approximately 8.Branch color.—RHS 144A (yellow green).Texture.—Smooth.Pubescence.—Not present.Stem description.—Square-shaped stem.Branch diameter.—0.8-0.9 cm at the base of a 35-cm-long branch.Branch length.—30-35 cm.Internode length.—3.5 cm measured at mid-branch.Anthocyanin.—Not present.Leaves:Quantity of leaves per branch.—24-26.Arrangement.—Opposite.Fragrance.—Not fragrant.Shape.—Ovate.Length.—11-12 cm.Width.—7-8 cm.Apex.—Broadly acute.Base.—Attenuate.Margin.—Crenate.Leaf texture.—Adaxial (top): Pulverulent. Abaxial (bottom): Smooth.Venation color.—Upper surface: RHS 142B (yellow green). Lower surface: RHS 140D (yellowish green).Venation pattern(both upper and lower surfaces).—Reticulate.Color, immature leaf.—Upper surface: RHS N144A (yellowish green). Lower surface: RHS 143C (yellow green).Color, mature leaf.—Upper surface: RHS 144A (yellowish green). Lower surface: RHS 143A (yellow green).Petiole length.—3.5 cm.Petiole diameter.—0.3-0.4 cm.Petiole color.—RHS 142A (yellow green).Petiole texture.—Smooth, no pubescence.Flowers and seeds: Flowers and seeds have not been observed during formal trials in Gainesville, Florida.Fruit/seed set: Fruit/seed not observed.Disease and insect resistance: Disease and insect resistance is typical of the species, thus no claims are made of any superior disease or insect resistance with this cultivar. The most common insect pests observed on this plant in Gainesville, Florida have been long-tailed or citrus mealybugs (Pseudococcusspp.), which occur on older stock plant material held in the greenhouse for over 3-4 months. Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus (Bunyaviridae) has also been observed in plants confined in greenhouses with mixed crops (peppers) infected with Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). The most common pathogen of this species in the U.S. is downy mildew (Perononspora lamii). This pathogen has been observed in stock materials grown closely together in cooler growing seasons. COMPARISON WITH KNOWN CULTIVARS When compared to theColeuscultivar ‘UF12-30-6’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 27,140, commercial name Lime Time), the newColeuscultivar ‘UF22-28-3’ has a solid leaf coloration that is a darker yellowish green on the upper surface of mature leaves and a more broad and compact horizontal plant diameter, whereas ‘UF12-30-6’ has a solid leaf coloration that is a lighter yellow green on the upper surface of mature leaves and a more upright and less compact horizontal plant diameter. | 3,971 |
PP35711 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CULTIVAR Foliage color was determined under full sun conditions in the middle of the day in a glass-covered greenhouse. Color references are to the RHS Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society of London (RHS), 2007 5th Edition.Coleusleaves are rarely one solid color but encompass hues, shades and tints, and color patterns differ from one genotype to another due to varying levels of variegation. The following detailed description of ‘UF21-83-1’ was obtained using eleven-week-old plants grown from unrooted cuttings in September-December 2022 in a glass-covered greenhouse in Gainesville, Florida. The plants were propagated in mist for ten days after cuttings were stuck, pinched, then grown in one-gallon pots for approximately nine and a half additional weeks. Botanical Description Botanical classification:Family.—Lamiaceae.Botanical name.—Coleus scutellarioides.Common name.—Coleus.Cultivar name.—‘UF21-83-1’.Parentage:Female or seed parent.—‘UF20-88-1’.Male or pollen parent.—Unknown.Plant description:Form.—Spreading.Habit.—Upright.Height(from top of soil).—40-45 cm.Width(horizontal plant diameter).—60-65 cm.Propagation:Type cuttings.—Vegetative meristems having at least 1 node.Time to initiate roots.—3-4 days.Time to produce a rooted cutting.—7-10 days.Root habit.—Fibrous.Root description.—Callus forms in 2-3 days, roots initiate in 3-4 days and become a highly branched cutting in 7-10 days.Branches:Quantity per plant.—Approximately 9.Branch color.—RHS 143B (yellow green).Texture.—Smooth.Pubescence.—Not present.Stem description.—Square-shaped stem.Branch diameter.—0.8-0.9 cm at the base of a 35-cm-long branch.Branch length.—35-40 cm.Internode length.—Approximately 4.5 cm measured at mid-branch.Anthocyanin.—Not present.Leaves:Quantity of leaves per branch.—18-20.Arrangement.—Opposite.Fragrance.—Not fragrant.Shape.—Ovate.Length.—14-15 cm.Width.—11-12 cm.Apex.—Broadly acute.Base.—Attenuate.Margin.—Highly lobed.Leaf texture.—Adaxial (top): Pulverulent. Abaxial (bottom): Smooth.Venation color.—Upper surface: Apex: RHS 187A (dark red). Base: RHS 142C (yellow green). Lower surface: RHS 142C (yellow green).Venation pattern(both upper and lower surfaces).—Reticulate.Color, immature leaf.—Upper surface: Major color: RHS 187A (dark red). Margins: RHS 134A (yellowish green). Base: RHS 134A (yellowish green). Lower surface: Major color: RHS 135C (yellowish green). Around veins: RHS 187A (dark red).Color, mature leaf.—Upper surface: Major color: RHS 187A (dark red). Margins: RHS 134A (yellowish green). Base: RHS 134A (yellowish green). Lower surface: Major color: RHS 135C (yellowish green). Around veins: RHS 187A (dark red).Petiole length.—4.5 cm.Petiole diameter.—0.3-0.4 cm.Petiole color.—RHS 143B (yellow green).Petiole texture.—Smooth, no pubescence.Flowers and seeds: Flowers and seeds have not been observed during formal trials in Gainesville, Florida.Fruit/seed set: Fruit/seed not observed.Disease and insect resistance: Disease and insect resistance is typical of the species, thus no claims are made of any superior disease or insect resistance with this cultivar. The most common insect pests observed on this plant in Gainesville, Florida have been long-tailed or citrus mealybugs (Pseudococcusspp.), which occur on older stock plant material held in the greenhouse for over 3-4 months. Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus (Bunyaviridae) has also been observed in plants confined in greenhouses with mixed crops (peppers) infected with Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). The most common pathogen of this species in the U.S. is downy mildew (Perononspora lamii). This pathogen has been observed in stock materials grown closely together in cooler growing seasons.Comparison with known cultivars: When compared to theColeuscultivar ‘UF18-62-10’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 34,066, commercial name Vulcan), the newColeuscultivar ‘UF21-83-1’ has a leaf coloration of dark red with yellowish green margins and a yellowish green base on the upper surface of mature leaves, whereas ‘UF18-62-10’ has a leaf coloration of dark red with a center coloration of purplish red and light green margins on the upper surface of mature leaves. | 4,220 |
PP35712 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CULTIVAR Foliage color was determined under full sun conditions in the middle of the day in a glass-covered greenhouse. Color references are to The R.H.S. Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society of London (R.H.S.), 2007 5th Edition.Coleusleaves are rarely one solid color, but encompass hues, shades and tints, and color patterns differ from one genotype to another due to varying levels of variegation. The following detailed description of ‘UF21-9-11’ was obtained using eleven-week-old plants grown from unrooted cuttings in September-December 2022 in a glass-covered greenhouse in Gainesville, Florida. The plants were propagated in mist for ten days after cuttings were stuck, pinched, then grown in one-gallon pots for approximately nine and a half additional weeks. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Botanical classification:Family.—Lamiaceae.Botanical name.—Coleus scutellarioides.Common name.—Coleus.Cultivar name.—‘UF21-9-11’.Parentage:Female or seed parent.—‘UF20-19-8’.Male or pollen parent.—Unknown.Plant description:Form.—Spreading.Habit.—Upright.Height(from top of soil).—30-35 cm.Width(horizontal plant diameter).—60-65 cm.Propagation:Type cuttings.—Vegetative meristems having at least 1 node.Time to initiate roots.—3-4 days.Time to produce a rooted cutting.—7-10 days.Root habit.—Fibrous.Root description.—Callus forms in 2-3 days, roots initiate in 3-4 days and become a highly branched cutting in 7-10 days.Branches:Quantity per plant.—Approximately 8.Branch color.—RHS 143B (yellow green).Texture.—Smooth.Pubescence.—Not present.Stem description.—Square-shaped stem.Branch diameter.—0.9-1.0 cm at the base of a 24-cm-long branch.Branch length.—22-26 cm.Internode length.—Approximately 3.5 cm measured at mid-branch.Anthocyanin.—Not present.Leaves:Quantity of leaves per branch.—18-20.Arrangement.—Opposite.Fragrance.—Not fragrant.Shape.—Lanceolate.Length.—15-16 cm.Width.—8-9 cm.Apex.—Broadly Acute.Base.—Attenuate.Margin.—Lobed.Leaf texture.—Adaxial (top): Pulverulent. Abaxial (bottom): Smooth.Venation color.—Upper surface, apex: RHS N186C (greyish red). Lower surface: RHS 140D (yellowish green).Venation pattern(both upper and lower surfaces).—Reticulate.Color, immature leaf.—Upper surface: Major color: RHS 178A (greyish red). Margins: RHS 144A (yellow green). Spots: RHS 144A (yellow green). Lower surface: RHS 141C (yellowish green).Color, mature leaf.—Upper surface: Major color: RHS 178A (greyish red). Margins: RHS N144C (yellow green). Spots: RHS N144C (yellow green). Lower surface: RHS 141C (yellowish green).Petiole length.—Approximately 5.5 cm.Petiole diameter.—0.3-0.4 cm.Petiole color.—RHS 143C (yellow green).Petiole texture.—Smooth, no pubescence.Flowers and seeds: Flowers and seeds have not been observed during formal trials in Gainesville, Florida.Fruit/seed set: Fruit/seed not observed.Disease and insect resistance: Disease and insect resistance is typical of the species, thus no claims are made of any superior disease or insect resistance with this cultivar. The most common insect pests observed on this plant in Gainesville, Florida have been long-tailed or citrus mealybugs (Pseudococcusspp.), which occur on older stock plant material held in the greenhouse for over 3-4 months.ImpatiensNecrotic Spot Virus (Bunyaviridae) has also been observed in plants confined in greenhouses with mixed crops (peppers) infected with Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). The most common pathogen of this species in the U.S. is downy mildew (Perononspora lamii). This pathogen has been observed in stock materials grown closely together in cooler growing seasons. COMPARISON WITH KNOWN CULTIVARS When compared to theColeuscultivar ‘UF15-11-3’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 33,540, commercial name Cajun Spice), the newColeuscultivar ‘UF21-9-11’ has a leaf coloration of greyish red with distinct yellow green spots evenly distributed across the upper surface of mature leaves. In contrast, ‘UF15-11-3’ has a leaf coloration of mostly reddish orange with no yellow green spots on the upper surface of mature leaves. | 4,101 |
PP35713 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CULTIVAR Foliage color was determined under full sun conditions in the middle of the day in a glass-covered greenhouse. Color references are to The R.H.S. Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society of London (R.H.S.), 2007 5th Edition.Coleusleaves are rarely one solid color but encompass hues, shades and tints, and color patterns differ from one genotype to another due to varying levels of variegation. The following detailed description of ‘UF22-17-1’ was obtained using eleven-week-old plants grown from unrooted cuttings in September-December 2022 in a glass-covered greenhouse in Gainesville, Florida. The plants were propagated in mist for ten days after cuttings were stuck, pinched, then grown in one-gallon pots for approximately nine and a half additional weeks. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Botanical classification:Family.—Lamiaceae.Botanical name.—Coleus scutellarioides.Common name.—Coleus.Cultivar name.—‘UF22-17-1’.Parentage:Female or seed parent.—‘UF21-13-5’.Male or pollen parent.—Unknown.Plant description:Form.—Spreading.Habit.—Upright.Height(from top of soil).—25-30 cm.Width(horizontal plant diameter).—55-60 cm.Propagation:Type cuttings.—Vegetative meristems having at least 1 node.Time to initiate roots.—3-4 days.Time to produce a rooted cutting.—7-10 days.Root habit.—Fibrous.Root description.—Callus forms in 2-3 days, roots initiate in 3-4 days and become a highly branched cutting in 7-10 days.Branches:Quantity per plant.—Approximately 6.Branch color.—RHS 145A (yellow green).Texture.—Smooth.Pubescence.—Not present.Stem description.—Square-shaped stem.Branch diameter.—0.9-1.0 cm at the base of a 24-cm-long branch.Branch length.—25-30 cm.Internode length.—3 cm measured at mid-branch.Anthocyanin.—Not present.Leaves:Quantity of leaves per branch.—18-20.Arrangement.—Opposite.Fragrance.—Not fragrant.Shape.—Ovate.Length.—12-13 cm.Width.—8-9 cm.Apex.—Broadly acute.Base.—Attenuate.Margin.—Highly lobed.Leaf texture.—Adaxial (top): Pulverulent. Abaxial (bottom): Smooth.Venation color.—Upper surface: RHS N186C (greyish red). Lower surface: RHS 134C (yellowish green).Venation pattern(both upper and lower surfaces).—Reticulate.Color, immature leaf.—Upper surface: Major color: RHS 172A (strong brown). Margins: RHS 144A (yellow green). Lower surface: Major color: RHS 134C (yellowish brown). Around veins: RHS N186C (greyish red).Color, mature leaf.—Upper surface: Major color: RHS 175A (reddish orange). Margins and spotting and/or streaking near margins: RHS 144A (yellow green). Lower surface: Major color: RHS 138A (yellowish green). Around veins: RHS N186B (greyish purple).Petiole length.—5 cm.Petiole diameter.—0.2-0.3 cm.Petiole color.—RHS 143C (yellow green).Petiole texture.—Smooth, no pubescence.Flowers and seeds: Flowers and seeds have not been observed during formal trials in Gainesville, Florida.Fruit/seed set: Fruit/seed not observed.Disease and insect resistance: Disease and insect resistance is typical of the species, thus no claims are made of any superior disease or insect resistance with this cultivar. The most common insect pests observed on this plant in Gainesville, Florida have been long-tailed or citrus mealybugs (Pseudococcusspp.), which occur on older stock plant material held in the greenhouse for over 3-4 months. Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus (Bunyaviridae) has also been observed in plants confined in greenhouses with mixed crops (peppers) infected with Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). The most common pathogen of this species in the U.S. is downy mildew (Perononspora lamii). This pathogen has been observed in stock materials grown closely together in cooler growing seasons. COMPARISON WITH KNOWN CULTIVARS When compared to theColeuscultivar ‘UF20-93-9’ (U.S. Plant patent application Ser. No. 17/803,899, commercial name Talavera Sienna), the newColeuscultivar ‘UF22-17-1’ has a leaf coloration of reddish orange and broad-colored margins of yellow green with some yellow green spotting and streaking near the leaf margins on the upper surface of mature leaves, whereas ‘UF20-93-9’ has a leaf coloration of reddish orange and thin colored margins of yellow green with no yellow green spotting or streaking near the leaf margins on the upper surface of mature leaves. | 4,305 |
PP35714 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CULTIVAR Foliage color was determined under full sun conditions in the middle of the day in a glass-covered greenhouse. Color references are to The RHS Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society of London (RHS), 2007 5th Edition.Coleusleaves are rarely one solid color but encompass hues, shades and tints, and color patterns differ from one genotype to another due to varying levels of variegation. The following detailed description of ‘UF22-127-1’ was obtained using eleven-week-old plants grown from unrooted cuttings in September-December 2022 in a glass-covered greenhouse in Gainesville, Florida. The plants were propagated in mist for ten days after cuttings were stuck, pinched, then grown in one-gallon pots for approximately nine and a half additional weeks. Botanical description Botanical classification:Family.—Lamiaceae.Botanical name.—Coleus scutellarioides.Common name.—Coleus.Cultivar name.—‘UF22-127-1’.Parentage:Female or seed parent.—‘UF21-58-2’.Male or pollen parent.—Unknown.Plant description:Form.—Spreading.Habit.—Upright.Height(from top of soil).—30-35 cm.Width(horizontal plant diameter).—60-65 cm.Propagation:Type cuttings.—Vegetative meristems having at least 1 node.Time to initiate roots.—3-4 days.Time to produce a rooted cutting.—7-10 days.Root habit.—Fibrous.Root description.—Callus forms in 2-3 days, roots initiate in 3-4 days and become a highly branched cutting in 7-10 days.Branches:Quantity per plant.—Approximately 8.Branch color.—RHS N79A (purplish red).Texture.—Smooth.Pubescence.—Not present.Stem description.—Square-shaped stem.Branch diameter.—0.8-0.9 cm at the base of a 28-cm-long branch.Branch length.—25-30 cm.Internode length.—4.5 cm measured at mid-branch.Anthocyanin.—Not present.Leaves:Quantity of leaves per branch.—16-18.Arrangement.—Opposite.Fragrance.—Not fragrant.Shape.—Ovate.Length.—16-17 cm.Width.—14-15 cm.Apex.—Broadly acute.Base.—Attenuate.Margin.—Highly lobed.Leaf texture.—Adaxial (top): Pulverulent. Abaxial (bottom): Smooth.Venation color.—Upper surface: RHS N79B (purplish red). Lower surface: RHS N79A (purplish red).Venation pattern(both upper and lower surfaces).—Reticulate.Color, immature leaf.—Upper surface: Major color: RHS 172A (strong brown). Accents at margins: RHS 140A (yellowish green). Lower surface: Major color: RHS N79A (purplish red).Color, mature leaf.—Upper surface: Major color: RHS 172A (strong brown). Accents at margins: RHS 140B (yellowish green). Lower surface: Major color: RHS N79A (purplish red).Petiole length.—6 cm.Petiole diameter.—0.3-0.4 cm.Petiole color.—RHS N77A (greyish purple).Petiole texture.—Smooth, no pubescence.Flowers and seeds: Flowers and seeds have not been observed during formal trials in Gainesville, Florida.Fruit/seed set: Fruit/seed not observed.Disease and insect resistance: Disease and insect resistance is typical of the species, thus no claims are made of any superior disease or insect resistance with this cultivar. The most common insect pests observed on this plant in Gainesville, Florida have been long-tailed or citrus mealybugs (Pseudococcusspp.), which occur on older stock plant material held in the greenhouse for over 3-4 months. Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus (Bunyaviridae) has also been observed in plants confined in greenhouses with mixed crops (peppers) infected with Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). The most common pathogen of this species in the U.S. is downy mildew (Perononspora lamii). This pathogen has been observed in stock materials grown closely together in cooler growing seasons. Comparison with Known Cultivars When compared to theColeuscultivar ‘UF17-52-2’ (unpatented, commercial name Wicked Hot), the newColeuscultivar ‘UF22-127-1’ has a leaf coloration of strong brown and frequent accents of yellowish green near the leaf margins on the upper surface of mature leaves, whereas ‘UF17-52-2’ has a leaf coloration of reddish orange and slight yellowish green accents only at the base of the leaf on the upper surface of mature leaves. | 4,065 |
PP35715 | DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CULTIVAR Foliage color was determined under full sun conditions in the middle of the day in a glass-covered greenhouse. Color references are to the RHS Colour Chart of The Royal Horticultural Society of London (RHS), 2007 5th Edition.Coleusleaves are rarely one solid color but encompass hues, shades and tints, and color patterns differ from one genotype to another due to varying levels of variegation. The following detailed description of ‘UF22-191-7’ was obtained using eleven-week-old plants grown from unrooted cuttings in September-December 2022 in a glass-covered greenhouse in Gainesville, Florida. The plants were propagated in mist for ten days after cuttings were stuck, pinched, then grown in one-gallon pots for approximately nine and a half additional weeks. Botanical Description Botanical classification:Family.—Lamiaceae.Botanical name.—Coleus scutellarioides.Common name.—Coleus.Cultivar name.—‘UF22-191-7’.Parentage:Female or seed parent.—‘UF21-128-2’.Male or pollen parent.—Unknown.Plant description:Form.—Spreading.Habit.—Drooping.Height(from top of soil).—15-20 cm.Width(horizontal plant diameter).—35-40 cm.Propagation:Type cuttings.—Vegetative meristems having at least 1 node.Time to initiate roots.—3-4 days.Time to produce a rooted cutting.—7-10 days.Root habit.—Fibrous.Root description.—Callus forms in 2-3 days, roots initiate in 3-4 days and become a highly branched cutting in 7-10 days.Branches:Quantity per plant.—Approximately 7-8.Branch color.—RHS 142C (yellow green).Texture.—Smooth.Pubescence.—Not present.Stem description.—Square-shaped stem.Branch diameter.—0.7-0.8 cm at the base of a 15-cm-long branch.Branch length.—15-18 cm.Internode length.—Approximately 2 cm measured at mid-branch.Anthocyanin.—Not present.Leaves:Quantity of leaves per branch.—22-24.Arrangement.—Opposite.Fragrance.—Not fragrant.Shape.—Lanceolate.Length.—10-11 cm.Width.—5-6 cm.Apex.—Broadly acute.Base.—Attenuate.Margin.—Lobed.Leaf texture.—Adaxial (top): Pulverulent. Abaxial (bottom): Smooth.Venation color.—Upper surface: Apex: RHS N186B (greyish purple). Lower surface: RHS 158C (yellowish white).Venation pattern(both upper and lower surfaces).—Reticulate.Color, immature leaf.—Upper surface: Major color: RHS 143A (yellow green). Center: RHS 186A (purplish red). Areas around center: RHS N186C (greyish purple). Lower surface: Major color: RHS 138A (yellowish green). Center: RHS 157A (pale yellow green).Color, mature leaf.—Upper surface: Major color: RHS 141B (yellowish green). Center: RHS 186A (purplish red). Areas around center: RHS N186B (greyish purple). Accents around center: RHS 2B (greenish yellow). Lower surface: Major color: RHS 138A (yellowish green). Center: RHS 157B (pale yellow green). Areas around center: RHS 186A (purplish red). Accents around center: RHS 1B (greenish yellow).Petiole length.—7-8 cm.Petiole diameter.—0.2-0.3 cm.Petiole color.—RHS 149D (yellow green).Petiole texture.—Smooth, no pubescence.Flowers and seeds: Flowers and seeds have not been observed during formal trials in Gainesville, Florida.Fruit/seed set: Fruit/seed not observed.Disease and insect resistance: Disease and insect resistance is typical of the species, thus no claims are made of any superior disease or insect resistance with this cultivar. The most common insect pests observed on this plant in Gainesville, Florida have been long-tailed or citrus mealybugs (Pseudococcusspp.), which occur on older stock plant material held in the greenhouse for over 3-4 months. Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus (Bunyaviridae) has also been observed in plants confined in greenhouses with mixed crops (peppers) infected with Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). The most common pathogen of this species in the U.S. is downy mildew (Perononspora lamii). This pathogen has been observed in stock materials grown closely together in cooler growing seasons. Comparison with Known Cultivars When compared to theColeuscultivar ‘UF17-109-9’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 34,005, commercial name Spitfire), the newColeuscultivar ‘UF22-191-7’ has a center leaf coloration of purplish red with areas of yellowish green flanking the center coloration on the upper surface of mature leaves, whereas ‘UF17-109-9’ has a similar center coloration of reddish purple but lacks areas of yellowish green flanking the center coloration on the upper surface of mature leaves. | 4,420 |
RE49771 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present invention is directed to a system for the fixation of fractured or otherwise damaged bones via one or both of a variable angle insertion and a fixed angle insertion of a bone screw through a bone plate hole. Specifically, a bone plate according to the present invention is provided with a central through hole configured to receive a first bone screw therethrough at any user selected angle relative to a longitudinal axis of the through hole within a permitted range of angulation. A plurality of second bone screws may also be inserted through outlying portions of the bone plate hole, each defining a separate plate hole axis. The outlying portions of the bone plate hole are formed as substantially circular peripheral holes configured to overlap and be open to the through hole to form a composite hole having any of a plurality of shapes depending on the placement and number of the peripheral holes relative to the through hole, as will be discussed in greater detail with respect to particular embodiments. The peripheral holes may be configured with holes axes selected so that the second bone screws may only be inserted therethrough at predetermined angles relative to a surface of the bone plate. It is noted that although the peripheral holes and through holes are depicted with predetermined angles in the system of the present invention, these bone plate holes may extend through the bone plate at any angle without deviating from the spirit and scope of the present invention and may be selected to conform to the requirement of a particular procedure. FIGS.1to8illustrate a first exemplary embodiment of the invention comprising a bone plate1including one through hole9and three partially cylindrical peripheral holes2arranged peripherally around the through hole9in such a way that they overlap with the through hole9and are open thereto, as will be described in greater detail below. It is noted that although the through hole9is depicted with a triangular cross-sectional shape, any other cross-sectional shape may be employed without deviating from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The bone plate1comprises a proximal surface7and a bone-oriented distal surface8. The through hole9has a longitudinal axis6connecting the proximal and distal surfaces7,8, the longitudinal axis6extending orthogonally to the proximal surface7. The through hole9is at least partially bordered by a wall10including three convex sections15provided with projections such as a thread5or thread-like structures for receiving a central bone screw30under a variable angle. As will be described in greater detail later, each of the three convex sections15ofFIG.1is curved with a predetermined radius of curvature. In an alternate embodiment (not shown), any number and combination of the convex sections15may be formed with a first radius of curvature while the remainder of the convex sections15may be formed with a second radius of curvature. Each of the peripheral holes2each has a hole axis11extending between the proximal and distal surfaces7,8and are provided with a thread4for receiving peripheral bone screws20, as shown inFIGS.6-8. The peripheral holes2are arranged peripherally around the through hole9at equal angles relative to each other. In the embodiment shown where three peripheral holes2are employed, the axes11of the peripheral holes2, when viewed in a cross-section orthogonal to the longitudinal axis6of the through hole9, define an equilateral triangle. Furthermore, the three peripheral holes2overlap the through hole9in such a way that the peripheral holes2and through hole9form a composite hole structure suitable to receive 3 peripheral bone screws20, as shown inFIGS.5to8and/or one central bone screw30, as shown inFIGS.2to4. As shown inFIG.5, the peripheral holes2each also comprise a thread4, which, in one embodiment of the present invention, may be a multiple thread. When viewed in a cross-section orthogonal to the longitudinal axis6of the through hole9, each of the convex sections15is centrally positioned along a respective corner of an equilateral triangle. Each convex section15is convexly curved in a direction from the proximal surface7to the distal surface9so that an apex of each of the convex sections15is located radially outside the through hole9. A bone screw30can be inserted into the through hole9under a surgeon selected angle so that a screw axis33of the bone screw30is offset by an angle α relative to the longitudinal axis6of the through hole9. The through hole9of the present invention may be configured so that the bone screw30insertable therethrough is smaller, larger or the same size as the bone screws20insertable through the peripheral holes2. The composite hole structure therefore includes three radially symmetrically arranged convex sections15centrally located on the sides of an equilateral triangle and three peripheral holes2in the corners of the equilateral triangle. The axes11of the peripheral holes2are arranged at a distance from the longitudinal axis6which is dimensioned in such a way that the peripheral holes2overlap the through hole9and extend over an angle of more than 180° between their transitions to the through hole9. The wall10of the through hole9comprises n=3 wall portions with each wall portion being limited by a transition to the periphery of a first peripheral hole2at one of its ends and by a transition to the periphery of a second peripheral hole2at its other end. In the present embodiment each convex section15does not extend over the whole length of the wall portion limited by the transitions. The thread5or thread-like structure extends over the whole length of the three convex sections15with a constant depth of thread. The depth of thread of the thread5or thread-like structure decreases between each end of the convex section15and each of the two transitions to one of the peripheral holes2. As illustrated inFIGS.2to4the through hole9tapers radially inward toward the distal surface8of the bone plate1. A central bone screw30with a screw axis33and a screw head31is inserted in the through hole9. The screw head31is spherically shaped and comprises an external thread32so that the central bone screw30can he inserted into the through hole at a user-selected angle α between the screw axis33and the longitudinal axis6of the through hole9. Instead of a central bone screw30comprising a spherically shaped screw head31with an external thread32a central bone screw comprising a conically shaped screw head with an external thread could be inserted into the through hole9. In the latter case the central bone screw would be inserted into the through hole9at a fixed angle (e.g., with the screw axis and the longitudinal axis6of the through hole9coinciding). As shown inFIGS.7and8, the peripheral holes2are configured so that each of the hole axes11is angled at approximately 20° relative to the longitudinal axis6of the through hole9. In another embodiment of the present invention, the peripheral holes2may be angled at any other angle relative to the longitudinal axis6and may optionally also each extend along different angles, as those skilled in the art will understand. As illustrated inFIG.7each of the peripheral holes2tapers radially inward towards the distal surface8of the bone plate1. A peripheral bone screw20with a screw axis23and a screw head21is inserted into each of the peripheral holes2. The screw head21is conically shaped and comprises an external thread22so each peripheral bone screw20can be inserted into one of the peripheral holes2at a fixed angle with the screw axis23and the hole axis11of the peripheral hole2coinciding. Instead of peripheral bone screws20comprising conically shaped screw heads21with an external thread22, peripheral bone screws comprising spherically shaped screw heads with an external thread may be inserted into the peripheral holes2. In the latter case the peripheral bone screws may be inserted at a user selected variable angle between the screw axis23and the hole axis11of the peripheral hole2. InFIGS.9to11another embodiment is illustrated which differs from the embodiment ofFIGS.1to8only in that the generally polygonal through hole9comprises rounded corners instead of the N=3 peripheral holes2arranged in the corners. Similarly to the embodiment ofFIGS.1to8, the wall10of the through hole9comprises n=3 convex sections15which in a cross-section orthogonal to the longitudinal axis6are centrally located on the sides of an equilateral triangle. Each of the convex sections15is convexly curved in a cross-section orthogonal to the longitudinal axis6of the through hole9with the apex of each convex section15located on a middle line orthogonal to one side of the equilateral triangle. Due to the convex sections15, a bone screw30may be inserted into the through hole9under a surgeon selected angle relative to the axis6. The through hole9includes three radially symmetrically arranged convex sections15centrally located on the sides of an equilateral triangle and three concavely rounded sections in the corners of the equilateral triangle. The wall10of the through hole9therefore comprises n=3 wall portions whereof each wall portion extends along one side of an equilateral triangle and is limited by a transition to a first concavely rounded section at one of its ends and by a transition to a second concavely rounded section at its other end. In the present embodiment each convex section15extends over the whole length of the wall portion limited by the transitions. The thread5or thread-like structure extends over the whole periphery of the through hole9. The depth of thread of the thread5or thread-like structure can decrease in the concavely rounded sections. As illustrated inFIG.10the through hole9tapers towards the distal surface8of the bone plate1. A central bone screw30with a screw axis33and a screw head31is inserted in the through hole9. The screw head31is spherically shaped and comprises an external thread32so that the central bone screw30can be inserted into the through hole at a user-selected variable angle α between the screw axis33and the longitudinal axis6of the through hole9. InFIGS.12to14another embodiment of the bone plate1is illustrated which comprises two through holes9. Similarly to the embodiment ofFIGS.9to11, the through hole9has cross-sectional area orthogonal to the longitudinal axis6with a center14located on the longitudinal axis6with each of the n=3 convex sections15being limited by two radii intersecting each other in the center14and enclosing an angle Ω which is smaller than 120°. The wall10of each of the two through holes9comprises n=3 wall portions with each wall portion extending along one side of an equilateral triangle and limited by a transition to a first concavely rounded section at one of its ends and by a transition to a second concavely rounded section at its other end. Similarly to the embodiment ofFIGS.9to11, each convex section15extends over the whole length of the wall portion limited by the transitions. The through holes9differ from the through hole9of the embodiment ofFIGS.9to11only in that the thread5or thread-like structure does not extend over the whole periphery of the through hole9. The depth of thread of the thread5or thread-like structure decreases on each end of the convex section15at the transition between the convex section15and the concavely rounded section in such a way that a portion of the concavely rounded sections is unthreaded. As illustrated inFIG.13the through hole9tapers radially inward toward the distal surface8of the bone plate1. Similarly to the embodiment ofFIGS.9to11, a central bone screw30with a screw axis33and a screw head31can be inserted in the through hole9. By using a central bone screw30the screw head31of which is spherically shaped with an external thread32, the central bone screw30may be inserted into the through hole9at a user-selected, variable angle α of the screw axis33to the longitudinal axis6of the through hole9. FIG.15illustrates a further embodiment of the through hole9which differs from the embodiment ofFIGS.12to14only in that it comprises n=4 convex sections15. Each of the n=4 convex sections15is limited by two radii intersecting each other in the center14and enclosing an angle Ω which smaller than 90°. The wall10of each of the two through holes9comprises n=4 wall portions with each wall portion extending along one side of a square and limited by a transition to a first concavely rounded section at one of its ends and by a transition to a second concavely rounded section at its other end. Similarly to the embodiment ofFIGS.9to11, each convex section15extends over the whole length of the wall portion limited by the transitions. The thread5or thread-like structure does not extend over the whole periphery of the through hole9. The depth of thread of the thread5or thread-like structure decreases on each end of the convex section15at the transition between the convex section15and the concavely rounded section in such a way that a portion of the concavely rounded sections is unthreaded. FIG.16illustrates again a further embodiment of the through hole9which differs from the embodiment ofFIG.15only in that the wall10of the through hole9comprises n=4 straight sections15and that the depth of thread of the thread5or thread-like structure decreases from a middle line orthogonal to one side of the square towards the transition between the straight section15and each of the concavely rounded sections in such a way that the concavely rounded sections are unthreaded. FIGS.17and18illustrate again a further embodiment of the through hole9which differs from the embodiment ofFIG.14only in that the N=3 peripheral holes2are configured to receive conventional cortex screws. Each peripheral hole2comprises a spherical recess25penetrating partially into the bone plate1from the proximal surface7and axially adjacent to a conically enlarging lower section26extending between the spherical recess25and the distal surface8of the bone plate1. Due to the spherical recess25, a conventional cortex screw with a spherical head may be inserted into each of the peripheral holes2at a user-selected angle with respect to the axis11of the peripheral hole2. The n=3 straight or convex sections15of the wall10of the through hole9are configured similarly to the embodiment ofFIG.14. Although the invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions, and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and alterations of the invention can be made without departing from the broad scope of the appended claims. Some of these have been discussed above and others will be apparent to those skilled in the art. | 15,622 |
RE49772 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Various examples of the disclosure are discussed in detail below. While specific implementations are discussed, it should be understood that this is done for illustration purposes only. A person skilled in the relevant art will recognize that other components and configurations can be used without parting from the scope of the disclosure. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, circuits, and networks have not been described in detail so as not to necessarily obscure aspects of the embodiment. It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. can be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first sensor could be termed a second sensor, and similarly, a second sensor could be termed a first sensor, without departing from the scope of the present invention. The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used in the description of the invention and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. As used herein, the term “if” may be construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” may be construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],” depending on the context. FIG.1illustrates an example full-body harness system100. Chest harness110can be configured for use with sit harness120by connectors115for added stability, balance, and ability to maintain upright position. In an embodiment, sit harness120can be used without chest harness110. Chest harness110can include shoulder straps113and back strap114connected by Y-connector112. Shoulder straps113can include shoulder pads111and can be extended or shortened by adjusters116. Sit harness120can include a waist strap122with adjustable waist strap buckle123, back pad121A for added support and adjustable leg loops124. Sit harness120can further include a support frame127. Support frame127can be comprised of hard plastic, metal, polymer, carbon fiber, any combination thereof, or any other material to support of a user's weight. Sleds125and vertical member126can be removably attached to support frame127. FIG.2AandFIG.2Billustrate an example sled connection of a sit harness system120. Bracket129can attach to sit harness120by back pad121A, side pad121B, waist strap122or a combination thereof. Connection rod128attaches to bracket129through support frame127. Connection rod128can be supported by support frame127. Connection rod128can be configured as a telescoping rod enabling an extension in length when a user of slighter statute is using sit harness120and a shortening in length when a user of larger statute is using sit harness120. Extension and shortening of connection rod128enables a connection with sleds125with a user of most any size. In another embodiment, connection rod128and bracket129can also be configured to slide forward and backwards along waist strap122of sit harness120to enable users of slighter or larger statute to tighten or loosen sit harness120and enable connection rod128to maintain a perpendicular position to a user's torso. In another embodiment, connection rod128can slide along bracket129. In another embodiment, bracket129can slide along waist harness122. Support frame127can support connection rod128, which connects sit harness120to support frame127, for example to keep the user from falling. The combination of connection rod128and bracket129can be supported by support frame127. Side pads121B can provide added comfort and support for a user at the bracket129attach point. FIG.2A,FIG.2B, andFIG.3illustrate an example sled connection of a sit harness system120with halo134. Sleds125and vertical members126can be removably attached to support frame127by connection rods128. Sleds125and vertical members126can be made of a low-friction material that glides on, inside, and underneath halo134. Sleds125can include upper sleds125A and lower sleds125B. In an embodiment only upper sleds125A can be configured for use. In another embodiment both upper sleds125A and lower sleds125B are configured for use. Upper sleds125A can be removably attached to connection rods128. Lower sleds125B can be removably attached to vertical members126. In an embodiment, lower sleds125B can be attached further up or further down vertical members126enabling decreased or increased interaction between lower sleds125B and halo134, respectively. Sleds125can be dynamically independently configured to rotate with a user movement or statically independently configured to not move with a user movement. The surface of sleds125can be of a rounded shape to minimize a contact area between sleds125and halo134. Rounded-shape sleds125can enable a smooth glide during impact with halo134. Halo134can be substantially torus shape to further minimize an impact area with sleds125. Upper sleds125A can be configured to sit on top of halo134and lower sleds125B can be configured to sit below halo134. Upper sleds125A and lower sleds125B can enable a user to move in 360 degrees while providing added stability and preventing the user from falling (in any direction). In an embodiment, upper sleds125A are configured for use, and lower sleds125B are not configured for use, enabling the user the capability to jump. In another embodiment, when both upper sleds125A and lower sleds125B are configured for use, lower sleds125B can contain a sensor (for example a Hall effect sensors, pressure sensors or IMU) for detecting a user jump movement and upper sleds125A can contain a sensor (for example a Hall effect sensor, pressure sensor or IMU) for detecting a user crouch movement. In another embodiment, vertical members126, upper sleds125A, lower sleds125B, or any other location on the sit harness120, can include a sensor (for example, a Hall effect sensor, a pressure sensor or IMU sensor) configured to determine the orientation of sit harness120(and the orientation of the user's torso). In another embodiment, one or more Hall effect sensors can be arranged in or around halo134. In another embodiment, one or more Hall effect sensors can be arranged in or around vertical members126, upper sleds125A, lower sleds125B, or sit harness120. One or more magnets can be arranged in or around vertical members126, upper sleds125A, lower sleds125B, and sit harness120to communicate with the Hall effect sensors in halo134or sit harness120. FIG.3illustrates an example sled connection of a sit harness system120with halo134. Upper sleds125A can include a connection portion1252for removably attaching to connection rod128. In an embodiment, upper sleds125A can be configured at different positions along connection rod128for increasing or decreasing impact with halo134, for example, closer to or further from the base of connection rod128. In another embodiment, upper sleds125A can be locked in place to prevent rotation around connection rod128. Upper sleds125A can further include a front portion1251and a rear portion1253, where a front portion1251is shorter in length than a rear portion1253to provide a user with added stability. For example, an extended length of a rear portion1253can provide a user with added balance and prevent a backwards fall. In an embodiment, sleds125A, can be rounded convex, concave, a flat surface, or any other shape as to minimize the contact surface with the top of halo. In an embodiment, to prevent excessive noise, upper sleds125A can include a rubberized layer1254enabled to dampen noise and impact of upper sleds125A. In another embodiment, rubberized layer1254can be metal springs or any other material to reduce impact noise. In another embodiment to prevent excessive noise, impact portions of upper sleds125A with halo134can be configured with a rubberized surface, metal springs or any other material to reduce impact noise. In another embodiment, a sled can include full rollers to provide easy forward and reverse movements of a user. Lower sleds125B can include connection portions1255for removably attaching to vertical member126. In an embodiment, lower sleds125B can be can be substantially the same length as upper sleds125A. In another embodiment, lower sleds125B can be of a smaller size or larger size than upper sleds125A. The width of lower sleds125B can be narrow to not interfere with support struts. The impact portions of lower sleds125B, which can come into contact with halo134, can be rounded to aid user movement and minimize contact with halo134. In another embodiment, the impact portion of lower sleds125B can be rounded convex, concave, a flat surface, or any other shape as to minimize the contact surface with the underside of halo134while maximizing the desired functionality of preventing tilt. During operation, lower sled126B can prevent a user from excessive tilting and provide more stability and security to the user, for example, when the user tilts forward or backwards, respectively the back or front of the lower sleds125B impacts the underside of halo134preventing further tilting providing more stability and security to the user. The space between halo134and lower sleds125B can determine the amount of tilt for the user. The space between halo134and lower sleds125B can be altered by adjusting lower sleds125B along vertical member126. In an embodiment lower sleds125B can be configured 0.25 inches below halo134providing the user with added stability while still enabling the user a full range of motion. The length of the lower sleds125B can determine the amount of forward and backward tilt of a user, for example, a shorter length of lower sleds125B enables the user more forward and backward tilt where a longer length of lower sleds125B enables the user less forward and backwards tilt. To prevent excessive noise, lower sleds125B can include a rubberized layer (not shown) enabled to dampen noise and impact of lower sleds125B. In another embodiment, the rubberized layer can be metal springs or any other material to reduce impact noise. In another embodiment to prevent excessive noise, impact portions of lower sleds125B with halo134can be rubberized, metal springs or any other material to reduce impact noise. In another embodiment, a sled can include full rollers to provide easy forward and reverse movements of a user. FIG.4illustrates an omnidirectional locomotion system130. Halo134of an omnidirectional locomotion system130can include one or more handles131. Handles131can aid in adjusting a height of halo134by extending or shortening struts150. Halo134can also include a lever132for opening and closing door133for entering an omnidirectional locomotion system130. In an embodiment, lever132can be a lift-up tail design. In another embodiment, lever132can be spring loaded. Lever132can further stay in an upright position when not closed for added safety. Door133and lever132can further include a safety pin (not shown) for additional safety against accidental opening.FIG.5AandFIG.5Billustrate lever133with latching mechanism137and door133with hinge136.FIGS.6A,6B and6Cillustrate door133in different states: closed and unlocked, partial open, and fully open, respectively. FIG.7is a top view illustrating an example halo134and relative positioning of handles131, lever132, door133, hinge136, and struts150. In an embodiment, Struts150can be offset. In an embodiment, struts150can be positioned on different axes, for example, one strut150can be positioned on axis148and the other strut150can be positioned on axis149. FIG.8illustrates an example halo134attachment mechanism. Halo134can include U-shaped flanges139. U-shaped flanges139can attach to struts150by quick release fixtures including handle140and quick release latch141. In an embodiment, any other type of connection and release mechanism can be used. In another embodiment, halo134is permanently attached to struts150.FIGS.9A,9B,9C and9Dillustrate the quick release fixture in different states of connectivity.FIG.9Aillustrates handle140and quick release latch141engaged with struts150.FIG.9Billustrates handle140released from struts150.FIG.9Cillustrates handle140released from struts150and latch141partially released from struts.FIG.9Dillustrates handle140and latch141completely released from struts150, enabling halo134to be removed from struts150. In an embodiment, halo134can be removed and replaced with a halo of a different shape or size to accommodate a user of a different shape or size. In an embodiment, halo134can be of substantially torus shape, to enable minimum contact with sleds125. In another embodiment, halo134can further be shaped similar to a torus, where a minor circle of a torus can be an ellipse or any other shape to enable minimum contact with sleds125. In another embodiment, halo134can be interchanged with a myriad of halos with different circumferences in order to accommodate users of all sizes. In another embodiment, struts150can further be enabled for removal in order to accompany different halo designs to accommodate users of all sizes. In another embodiment, removable halo134and removable struts150can aid in transporting an omnidirectional locomotion system. FIG.10illustrates an example strut system190for vertical movement of halo134. Halo134can comprise one or more release members191and be coupled to one or more struts150. One or more struts150can comprise one or more locking mechanism195and one or more positioning member194coupled to the one or more release members191by one or more cables192. The positioning member194can comprise retractable locking pin193, the retractable locking pin193being engaged when the release member191is disengaged, disabling halo134from vertical movement; and the retractable locking pin193being disengaged when the release member191is engaged, enabling the halo134to move vertically. In an embodiment, struts150can be kept in place by a positioning pin or retractable locking pin193included in positioning member194, which can lock the vertical location of the struts150. Struts150can be moved vertically up and down when the positioning pin is retracted. A user can enable vertical movement by actuating release member191. By actuating release member191, cable192is pulled upwards actuating locking mechanism195, which in return retracts the pin in the positioning mechanism194and unlocks struts150enabling vertical movement. FIG.11illustrates an example omnidirectional locomotion system130with vertically adjustable struts150. Foot levers153can be configured to release strut latches152to enable adjustment or removal of strut150from strut base151. Foot levers153can be attached to strut latches152. In another embodiment, foot levers153can be separate from strut latches152as shown inFIG.14. Separate foot levers can utilize an internal spring released mechanism for releasing strut latches152. Struts150can include printed height markings154for aiding in height adjustments. Struts150can be completely removed from strut base151with the use of an auto-lock mechanism shown inFIG.18-20.FIG.12AandFIG.12Billustrate struts150at a high height and a low height respectively. FIG.13is an internal view of an example strut base151and strut150illustrating a strut connection mechanism. Circular portion151a supports a spring (not shown) that can provide a counterforce to the inner portion of strut150. The counterforce of the spring prevents struts150from falling when unlatched by strut latch152from strut base151.FIG.14is an internal view of an example strut base151illustrating an internal spring mechanism151B. When foot lever153is depressed and struts150are released, internal spring mechanism151B is actuated providing an upward force to counteract the weight of struts150and halo134. Internal spring mechanism151B can enable a user to easily adjust the height of halo134without having to bear the entire weight of the struts150and halo134. FIG.15is a cross-sectional view of an example strut latch152. Strut latch152can be coupled to pins155A, springs155B and brackets155C. Pins155A can be threaded through brackets155C and springs155B can be circumferential to pins155A and adjacent to each side of brackets155C. When strut latch152is released there is minimal tension in springs155B enabling strut150to be vertically adjusted. When strut latch152is engaged, tension is present in springs155B disabling or locking strut150from being vertically adjusted. Secure pins158can be connected to strut latch152by a mounting plate160. Secure pins158can be engaged when strut latch152is engaged (flush with strut base151) and disengaged when strut latch152is disengaged (away from strut base151). Secure pins158can align with strut holes (shown inFIG.11) enabling securement of struts150in strut base151. Secure pins158can aid in engagement of struts150at level heights. Rubber pads159can be connected to strut latch152by a mounting plate. Rubber pads159can be engaged when strut latch152is engaged (flush with strut base151) and disengaged when strut latch152is disengaged (away from strut base151). Rubber pads159can create friction between the strut base151and strut150enabling preventing movement of struts150. FIG.16is a cross-sectional view of an example strut150illustrating a peg adjustment mechanism. Strut base151can include one or more pegs156enabled to interact with struts150. Strut150can include one or more peg holes157for coupling with one or more pegs156. Pegs156and peg holes157can provide a tactile feedback to a user while adjusting the height of halo134. For example, when a user is adjusting the height of halo134, by pulling or pushing on the handle131, peg156and peg holes157can provide an audible clicking sound and a physical clicking vibration to notify the user that strut150is aligned correctly. FIG.17illustrates an example removable panel161of an auto-lock mechanism of strut base151.FIG.18,FIG.19andFIG.20illustrate internal structures of an example strut base151illustrating an auto-lock mechanism in various stages of engagement.FIG.18illustrates strut150before complete insertion into a strut base151. Auto-lock pin164can be coupled to spring mechanism163and handle162. Engaging (pulling) handle162can compress spring mechanism163partial removing pin164. Strut150can include slanted depressible button165. Slanted depressible button165can enable strut150to be inserted into strut base151and prevent the removal of strut150without engagement of auto-lock mechanism.FIG.19illustrates strut150inserted into strut base and an enabled an auto-lock mechanism. During this stage of engagement, strut150cannot be removed from strut base151.FIG.20illustrates engaging handle162, compressing spring mechanism163, partial removing pin164and enabling the removal of strut150. FIG.21illustrates an example omnidirectional locomotion system, specifically, a platform170and a lower platform171. Lower platform171can provide added stability to an omnidirectional locomotion system. As shown inFIG.7, an omnidirectional locomotion system can include two offset (not centered) struts150. Lower platform171can provide added stability by counter-weighting the offset of the struts. Lower platform171can include textured anti-slip rubber pad174to prevent a user from slipping/falling while wearing low friction footwear. Lower platform171can also include a disclaimer informing a user to remove footwear to prevent accidents while operating in or around an omnidirectional locomotion system. Platform170and lower platform171can also include light-emitting diodes (LED)177to inform a user of the different statuses of an omnidirectional locomotion system. For example, green can indicate fully operational, in operation or sensors connected, amber can indicate please wait or sensors not connected, red can indicate stop, system is not ready or sensors not connected. Various blinking LED and combinations thereof can be configured for other status notifications. The omnidirectional locomotion system can also include an on/off button175. Pressing the on/off button can power on or off a PCB, LED, and enable connections or can disconnect with one or more sensors and computing system. FIG.22illustrates an example internal structure of a platform170and lower platform171of an omnidirectional locomotion system. Platform170enables stable use of an omnidirectional locomotion system comprising two offset struts. Platform170can include an outer frame172A and two crossbars340for enabling stability. Platform170can further include support plates341in each corner of platform170. In an embodiment, crossbars340and support plates341can be welded to platform170. Crossbars340and support plates341can be comprised of metals, metal-alloys, for example, steel or any other material capable of stabilizing the use of an omnidirectional locomotion system. Platform170can be of a plurality of shapes, for example a hexagon, an octagon, a square or a circle. Lower platform171can include an outer frame172B and an internal frame173. The internal frame173can be made of a heavy material, for example steel, in order to counter-weight the user's weight and the offset of the struts. FIG.23illustrates an example cable/PCB panel of an omnidirectional locomotion system. Panel176protects the cables and PCB from external elements. Cut-outs180a,180b, and180c can enable cables from the PCB to be run from either side of the panel and under the lower platform. Cut-outs180a,180b, and180c can enable cable connections from either side of the omnidirectional locomotion system preventing possible cabling issues. For example, preventing loose cables being run in walking areas, trip hazards, accidental unplugs, or unsafe cabling layouts.FIG.24illustrates an example internal cabling/PCB panel of an omnidirectional locomotion system. One or more cable plugs178can be included for inserting cables of computer system for connection with PCB, power cables, network cables, or any other type of connection cables. Clips179can aid in cable management by preventing cables from moving around behind panel176. Alternatively, clips179could be cable plugs. In another embodiment, cable plugs178can each have an integrated clip179. Cable plugs178and clips179can include cables that run under lower platform171by cut-out180c. In another embodiment, platform170and lower platform171can be integrated with cable runs to facilitate cables being hidden on opposite sides. The PCB can be located behind cable plugs178and clips179. The PCB can be removable to upgrade or install new hardware. FIG.25is a block diagram illustrating an example POD system400. In an embodiment, POD system400can be connected to a user's body, an accessory or an omnidirectional locomotion system (for example, legs, feet, arms, head, torso, gun, sword, paddle, racquet, halo, or harness) to enable data related to a user's movements to be transmitted to a computing system (for example, an aggregator board). In an embodiment, a sensor401can include an accelerometer401A, a gyroscope401B, and a magnetometer401C. In one embodiment, sensor401can include one or more inertial measurement units (IMU). One or more sensors401can digitize analog signals for a multi-axis compass, accelerometer and gyroscope. One or more sensors401can connect to a multi-controller unit (MCU)402. In an embodiment, the connection between sensor401and MCU402is by an I2C bus. In an embodiment, the connection between sensor401and MCU402is by an USB. MCU402can manipulate received data from one or more IMU401into a multi-axis solution indicating direction, position, orientation and movement and then transmits the data to another computing system by radio transmitter404. In an embodiment, radio404is a short-range wireless radio (for example Bluetooth). In an embodiment, radio404is a 2.4 GHz wireless radio. MCU402can also have connections to a power management405(by πL), EERPOM406(by I2C), a UART403for debugging (by TTL). FIG.26andFIG.27are block diagrams of example POD systems410and430. POD410can include a multi-axis accelerometer/gyroscope411, an magneto-impedance (MI) sensor412for detecting multi-axis magnetic fields, and an EEPROM memory413connected to a processor/wireless transceiver414. In an embodiment the processor and wireless transceiver can be integrated. In another embodiment, the processor and wireless transceiver can be separated. Processor414can be connected to a radio interface415, a TTL interface416and one or more LEDs417for indications of transmissions, statuses, and errors. Processor414can be connected to a power management chip418. Power management chip418can be connected to a USB interface419, one or more battery interfaces420and one or more LEDs417for indications of power management, transmissions, statuses, and errors. The various components of POD system410can be connected by I2C bus, RF, UART, GPO, USB power, battery power, PMIC, or GPI. For example, accelerometer/gyroscope411can be connected to processor414by I2C, processor414can be connected to radio interface415by RF, and power management chip418can be connected to battery interface by GPI. POD system430, shown inFIG.27, can represent an alternative embodiment of POD system410. A POD can be pre-configured for use, for example, a first POD can be designated for use as a left foot, a second POD can be designated for use with a right foot, a third POD can be designated for use with a torso, a fourth POD can be designated for use with a head, a fifth and sixth POD can be designated with a left and right arm/hand respectively, a seventh POD can be designated to be used with a head, and an eighth POD can be designated with an accessory, such as a gun or sword. Furthermore, more IMUs can be designated or less IMUs can be designated based on specific needs of a user computing system. Alternatively, an POD can be configured before use. For example, a computing system can ask a user to move their left foot to configure an POD on their left foot. The computing system can ask a user to move their right foot to configure an POD on their right foot. The computing system can ask a user for each present POD. FIG.28illustrates a block diagram of an example aggregator board440. An aggregator board can be installed in a strut base behind the cabling/PCB board. An aggregator board can be integrated with or separate from a PCB board. An aggregator board can be configured to receive data from one or more sensors (for example, one or more POD) and compile, processes and transmit the processed data. In an embodiment, the processed data can be transmitted to a computing device (for example, a server, mobile device, gaming system) configured to run an API for translation of the processed data. The transmission can be by a USB connection, short-range wireless, Bluetooth, or any other transmission medium. FIG.29illustrates an example layer model for a POD communication system450. Layer 1455can include one or more PODs455A. In an embodiment, PODs455A can be sensors. The PODs445A can transmit output values to Layer 2460. In an embodiment, Layer 1455can wirelessly transmit data to Layer 2460, for example, by Bluetooth or a 2.4 GHz radio transmission. Layer 2460can include a control box for receiving PODs455A value output. In an embodiment, the control box is an aggregator board. Layer 2460can include an API460A for translating received data from PODs455A. Layer 2460can include different libraries460B, for example, a filtering library, a processing library and motion library enabling translating received data from API460A. In an embodiment, API460A can call library functions to enable translation of the received POD data. Layer 2460can further include transmitting and receiving components460C, for example, USB, Bluetooth, short-range wireless, 2.4 GHz radio, Wi-Fi and/or Ethernet. Layer 3465can include a computing system465B, for example, a PC, a tablet, a phone, a gaming system, or any other computing device. The computing device can run a game or application465B along with an API465A. The game or application465B can be a computer game, a PlayStation game, an XBOX game, or any other game or application. The API465A can receive data from Layer 2460and translate the received data to a format the game or application465B can understand. Once translated by the API465A, the movement of a user, tracked by PODs455A in an omnidirectional locomotion system, can be translated into movements of a game or application. In another embodiment, the movement of a user, tracked by PODs455A can be outside of an omnidirectional locomotion system. FIG.30illustrates a circuit diagram of an example IMU layout470including a processor, multi-axis accelerometer/gyroscope, a magnetometer, and a USB connector. A magnetometer can measure a heading with respect to magnetic North. An accelerometer can measure acceleration and velocity in the X, Y, and Z planes. A gyroscope can measure an orientation of pitch, roll and yaw. FIG.31illustrates a circuit diagram of an example of an aggregator board layout480including a processor, a Bluetooth receiver and transmitting, POD radios, POD charging, a USB, and a power management unit. FIG.32is a block diagram of an example POD communication system490. A POD communication system490can include a virtual reality headset491connected to an aggregator board493by short-range wireless, for example Bluetooth. A POD communication system can include a virtual reality headset492connected to an aggregator board493by USB or HDMI by a computer system494. In another embodiment the virtual reality headset492connects to the aggregator board without first connecting to computer system494. A POD communication system490can further include one or more PODs495connected to an aggregator board493. In an embodiment, a connection between PODs495and aggregator board493is wireless, for example Bluetooth or 2.4 GHz radio. An aggregator board493can receive data, compile data, and process data and transmit the processed data to a computing system. In other embodiments, aggregator board can be one or more MCU. In other embodiments, the POD communication system490can transmit and receive data using HDMI, USB, Bluetooth, short-ranged wireless, Wi-Fi, Gazell protocol, or any other communication medium. FIG.33is a flow chart of an example method of a fully decoupled velocity and heading. Method510illustrated inFIG.33is provided by way of example, as there are a variety of ways to carry out the method. Additionally, while the example method is illustrated with a particular order of steps, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate thatFIG.33and the steps illustrated therein can be executed in any order that accomplishes the technical advantages of the present disclosure and can include fewer or more steps than illustrated. Each block shown inFIG.33represents one or more processes, methods, or subroutines, carried out in example method. The steps illustrated inFIG.33can at least be implemented in a system including an omnidirectional locomotion system130, POD system400, and/or POD communication system490. Additional steps or fewer steps are possible to complete the example method. Each block shown inFIG.33can be carried out by at least a system including an omnidirectional locomotion system130, POD system400, and/or POD communication system490. Alternatively, in another embodiment, each block shown inFIG.33can be carried out without the use of an omnidirectional locomotion system130. Method510can begin at block511. At block511, a pedometry rate of a user is determined by acceleration data received at an aggregator board from one or more PODs. In another embodiment, gyro data is received at an aggregator board. The pedometry rate can be the frequency of user steps during a predefined interval. In an embodiment, the pedometry rate can be determined by monitoring an acceleration of a user's feet during a predefined interval. In another embodiment acceleration data is received at a PCB that is separate from an aggregator. In another embodiment, accelerated data is received at a computing device bypassing an aggregator or PCB to determine a pedometry rate. In another embodiment, a change in rotation can be determined in place of a pedometry rate. When a pedometry rate is determined at block511, the method can move to block512. At block512, the determined pedometry rate of a user is used to calculate a velocity. A velocity is calculated by looking for peaks in acceleration followed by high frequency noise to indicate foot impact. Rate and magnitude of the relative energy in each foot step, as measured by the duration and peak of the acceleration, is used to calculate the rate of steps. In an embodiment, the velocity can be an average velocity. In another embodiment, the velocity can be a median velocity. In another embodiment, the velocity can be an angular velocity. When a velocity is calculated at block512, the method can move to block513. At block513, a heading is calculated for the one or more IMU. A corrected orientation is translated into real physical world axes to provide a heading of one or more PODs. In one embodiment, the one or more POD orientations can be averaged to provide an aggregate combined heading. In an embodiment, one or more PODs can be located on user's head, torso, feet, legs, arms, an accessory, halo, or harness. When a heading is determined at block513, a method can move to block514. At block514, the heading and velocity can be translated into 2-dimensional Cartesian coordinates (X, Y). The translated coordinates can represent gamepad and/or joystick values. For example, the velocity can be a magnitude or amplitude of the X and Y values and the heading can be translated into degree angles from relative magnetic North of the Earth. When the heading and velocity are translated into coordinates at block514, the method can move to block515. At block515, the coordinates are normalized into a minimum to maximum scale range, as defined by USB HID joystick/game pad descriptors. By virtue of control decoupled from camera view, additional movements such as walking backward, left and right strafing can be enabled. When the coordinates are normalized method510can end. Method510can be used for a decoupled forward movement. A forward movement can be a relative movement in the Y direction relative to the center of one or more PODs, and generates a movement in the Y gamepad/joystick direction. An acceleration when a user foot is in the air can be measured in the direction of the heading of the foot. A forward velocity measurement can be then translated into “real world” coordinates relative to magnetic North of the Earth. All other motions not in the forward Y-axis of a POD, relative to the POD body, can be ignored to disallow spurious or false movements in alternate directions confining the motion identification process to forward motions. Method510can be used for a decoupled backwards movement. A backwards movement can be a relative movement in the Y direction relative to the center of one or more PODs, and generates a movement in the Y gamepad/joystick direction. An acceleration when a user foot is in the air can be measured in the opposite direction of the heading of the foot. A backwards velocity measurement can be then translated into “real world” coordinates relative to magnetic North of the Earth. All other motions not in the backwards Y-axis of an POD, relative to the POD body, are ignored to disallow spurious or false movements in alternate directions confining the motion identification process to forward motions. Method510can be used for a decoupled side movement or strafe movement. A side movement can be a relative movement in the X direction relative to the center of one or more POD, and generates a movement in the X gamepad/joystick direction. An acceleration when a user's foot is in the air can be measured in the perpendicular direction of the heading of the foot. A side velocity measurement can be then translated into “real world” coordinates relative to magnetic North of the Earth. All other motions not in the X-axis of a POD, relative to the POD body, are ignored to disallow spurious or false movements in alternate directions confining the motion identification process to forward motions. FIG.34is a flow chart of an example method of a coupled forward, backward, and side-to-side movements. Method520illustrated inFIG.34is provided by way of example, as there are a variety of ways to carry out the method. Additionally, while the example method is illustrated with a particular order of steps, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate thatFIG.34and the steps illustrated therein can be executed in any order that accomplishes the technical advantages of the present disclosure and can include fewer or more steps than illustrated. Each block shown inFIG.34represents one or more processes, methods, or subroutines, carried out in example method. The steps illustrated inFIG.34can at least be implemented in a system including an omnidirectional locomotion system130, POD system400, and/or a POD communication system490. Additional steps or fewer steps are possible to complete the example method. Each block shown inFIG.34can be carried out by at least a system including an omnidirectional locomotion system130, POD system400, and/or POD communication system490. Alternatively, in another embodiment, each block shown inFIG.34can be carried out without the use of an omnidirectional locomotion system130. Method520can begin at block521. At block521, acceleration data is received at an aggregator from one or more PODs is used to determine a pedometry rate of a user. In another embodiment acceleration data is received at a PCB that is separate from an aggregator. In another embodiment, accelerated data is received at a computing device bypassing an aggregator or PCB to determine a pedometry rate. When a pedometry rate is determined at block521, the method can move to block522. At block522, the determined pedometry rate of a user is used to calculate a velocity. A velocity is calculated by looking for peaks in acceleration followed by high frequency noise to indicate foot impact. Rate and magnitude of the relative energy in each foot step, as measured by the duration and peak of the acceleration, is used to calculate the rate of steps. When a velocity is calculated at block522, the method can move to block523. At block523, a heading is calculated for the one or more PODs. An orientation of the one or more PODs is translated into relative body axes of the one or more PODs to determined an intended direction of motion. In one embodiment, the one or more PODs orientations can be averaged to provide an aggregate combined heading. In an embodiment, one or more PODs can be located on user's head, torso, feet, legs, arms, an accessory, halo, or harness. In this embodiment, real world coordinates are not calculated and are not used to provide heading. The one or more PODs relative self-orientations are then averaged to provide a heading. When a heading is calculated at block523, a method can move to block524. At block524the aggregated combined heading and velocity can be translated into 2-dimensional Cartesian coordinates (X-axis and Y-axis). The translated coordinates can represent gamepad and joystick values. For example, the velocity can be a magnitude of the X and Y values and heading (orientation) is translated into degrees 90 degree angle increments from the forward (relative to Y-axis of the PODS). When the heading and velocity are translated into coordinates at block524, the method can move to block525. At block525the coordinates are normalized into a minimum to maximum scale range, as defined by USB HID joystick/game pad descriptors. When the coordinates are normalized method520can end. Method520can be used for forward and backwards coupled movements. Forward and backwards can be relative movement in the Y direction relative to the center of the PODs, and generates a movement in the Y gamepad/joystick direction. An acceleration when a user's foot is in the air can be measured in the direction of the camera position for forward movement and in the opposite direction of the camera position for backwards movement. All other axes, relative to the PODs, can be ignored to disallow spurious or false movements in alternate directions, therefore confining the motion identification process to forward and backwards motions. Method520can be used for side coupled movement or strafing coupled movements. Side movements can be relative movement in the X direction relative to the center of the PODs, and generates a movement in the X gamepad/joystick direction. An acceleration when a user foot is in the air can be measured in the perpendicular direction of the camera position. All other axes, relative to the PODs, can be ignored to disallow spurious or false movements in alternate directions, therefore confining the motion identification process to side motions. In determining movement of a user of an omnidirectional locomotion system, it is desirable to decrease the time for detecting walking has begun on the omnidirectional locomotion platform. A delay in detection can be perceived as lag between a user's movement on the platform and a user's avatar in a virtual environment. An additional layer for improved step detection performance for the initial step is specified in an embodiment where triggering off an acceleration above a minimum level (threshold) in the forward Y-direction (relative to the POD coordinates) generates a user movement in gamepad/joystick coordinates (relative to real world North of the Earth). This trigger can be armed during times when a motion library has not completed calculating acceleration and velocity intensities. Relative strength of the acceleration energy can be used to ease a transition from a “first step” trigger motion into a full motion library, for example, forwards walking, backwards walking, running, crouching, strafe, creep, jumping or any additional motion gestures detectable on the omnidirectional locomotion system. The trigger has a rate independent hysteresis to alleviate an appearance of jitteriness in user motions caused by noise in measured accelerometer data. Decreasing a lag between the cessation of movement and its detection is specified in an embodiment which triggering off an acceleration below a maximum level in all relative directions (relative to the POD coordinates) forces user movement to stop. This trigger is armed during times when the motion library has identified intended user motions. The trigger has a rate independent hysteresis as to alleviate the appearance of jitteriness in user motions caused by noise in the measured accelerometer data. FIG.35is a flow chart of an example method of detecting a quick stop of a user movement. Method530illustrated inFIG.35is provided by way of example, as there are a variety of ways to carry out the method. Additionally, while the example method is illustrated with a particular order of steps, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate thatFIG.35and the steps illustrated therein can be executed in any order that accomplishes the technical advantages of the present disclosure and can include fewer or more steps than illustrated. Each block shown inFIG.35represents one or more processes, methods, or subroutines, carried out in example method. The steps illustrated inFIG.35can at least be implemented in a system including an omnidirectional locomotion system130, a POD system400, and a POD communication system490. Additional steps or fewer steps are possible to complete the example method. Each block shown inFIG.35can be carried out by at least a system including an omnidirectional locomotion system130, a POD system400, and a POD communication system490. Alternatively, in another embodiment, each block shown inFIG.35can be carried out without the use of an omnidirectional locomotion system130. Method530can begin at block531. At block531, the method can receive, from one or more PODs, raw gyro data. In an embodiment the raw gyro data can be an angular velocity. The angular velocity can be used to determine if a user is moving forward or backwards, for example walking forwards/backwards or running forwards/backward by the change in rotation of a user's feet. In an embodiment if the angular velocity is non-zero the user can be moving. In another embodiment, the angular velocity can be determined by receiving the one or more POD data over a predefined interval. In another embodiment, the received data can be acceleration data for calculating a velocity. If at block531it is determined that the user is moving, the method can move to block532. At block532, the method can normalize or smooth the raw data by applying a filter. In an embodiment, the raw gyro data can be run through a fast stopping filter. In regard to the fast stopping filter, the received raw gyro data can be run through an exponential moving average (EMA) filter, then the smoothed (filtered) values can be compared to previous smoothed values, to determine a smooth delta resulting in a smoothed gyro data graph. In another embodiment, the raw gyro data can be run through an analog speed filter. In regard to the angle speed filter the raw gyro x-axis values for both feet PODs can be run through an EMA filter to calculate the absolute value of each gyro. The filtered values can be added together, scaled, and then an offset is added. In an embodiment the offset can be a scale offset, i.e., so the value falls within a valid joystick output value. The offset value can then run through an EMA filter. The EMA filter can be a new EMA filter or the previously mentioned EMA filter. The result is a smooth output that is approximately equivalent to a velocity, for example a walking velocity. An example smoothed gyro data graph can be seen inFIG.36. When a filter has been applied the method can move to block533. At block533, the method can determine if the smoothed gyro data at block532drops within a predefined threshold. In an embodiment the smoothed gyro data can be an angular velocity (rate of rotation per second) in the direction of motion. For example, the angular velocity can be determined from the gyro axis perpendicular to the direction of the motion. The predefined threshold can be used to determine when the user is slowing down. In an embodiment, predefined threshold can be 0.33 degrees per second. The angular velocity can be monitored at a predetermined interval, for example 1 ms, 5 ms, 10 ms, 15 ms, and 20 ms. As shown inFIG.36, when the angular velocity of POD501and POD502drops within a predefined threshold503the movement of the user can be slowing down. In an embodiment, to prevent a false stop detection, the predefined threshold can be determined dynamically based on the velocity of the user movement. For example, when the velocity is calculated at a slow speed (walking or creeping) the predefined threshold can be a tighter window making the trigger points smaller. When the forward velocity is calculated at a high speed (running) the predefined threshold can be a larger window making the trigger points larger. In another embodiment to prevent a false stop a decay can be added when the angular velocity drops to the predefined threshold. The added decay can alleviate any stuttering effect. The decay is an exponential decay calculated mathematically, to have a gradual transition towards zero. When the smoothed gyro data has dropped below the predefined threshold, the method can move to block534. At block534, the method can determine when the slope of the smoothed gyro data has approached zero for a predefined interval. For example, during a predefined interval of 1 ms, 5 ms, 10 ms, 15 ms, or 20 ms. When the slope of the angular velocity continues to approach zero, a stop can be detected. In an embodiment, a stop can be detected when the slope is less than 0.01 degrees per second squared. Alternatively, if during this same interval the slope does not continue to approach zero, a stop cannot be detected. In an embodiment, the slope deltas (during the predefined interval) can be analyzed to locate a peak. The velocity can be set to the maximum of each peak until the next peak is located, which then can be set to the velocity. In another embodiment, when the angular velocity slope is within a minimum predefined window, a counter is incremented. If the counter reaches seven, the velocity is set to zero. When the predefined interval has ended the method can move to block535if the slope approached zero for the predefined interval or can return to block531if the slope did not approached zero for the predefined interval. At block535, the method can detect a quick stop. For example, when the smooth gyro data is within the threshold and when the slope of the smooth gyro data approached zero during the predefined interval a quick stop is detected. When a quick stop is detected, method530can end. FIG.37illustrates a platform sensor layout600. Platform170can be equipped with one or more sensors615for tracking the movement of one or more feet. In an embodiment, sensors615can be proximity sensors, for example capacitive sensors using the body capacitance of each of the user's feet as input. The capacitive sensors can be activated when one or more feet are moved over the sensor. In another embodiment, sensors615can be magnetic sensors, optical sensors, spiral sensors, IMU sensors, PODs, or any sensors capable of high accuracy readings. Platform170can include a harness (not shown) and halo (not shown) for supporting a user as shown inFIG.3andFIG.4. The harness can include one or more sensors for determining an orientation of a user, for example a user's torso orientation. The halo can include one or more sensors for determining an orientation of a user, for example a user's torso orientation. In another embodiment, a user's footwear can comprise one or more sensors, for example to differentiate between a left and right foot, the front of a foot and the back of a foot, or a toe and a heel. Platform170can be divided into two or more concentric circles. For example, as shown inFIG.37, platform170can be divided into four concentric circles609,610,611and612. Sensors615can be distributed on platform170in concentric circles609,610,611and612. In another embodiments platform170can be divided into two or more regular polygons. In another embodiment, platform170can be divided into a center area and adjoining trapezoidal areas. In still another embodiment, platform170can be divided into a square symmetric XY grid. Platform170can further be divided into two or more slices. For example, as shown inFIG.37, platform170can be divided into 8 slices,601,602,603,604,605,606,607, and608. One or more sensors615can be located within the cross-section of each concentric circle and each slice. For example, sensor615A can be located within the cross-section of the inner most concentric circle609and slice601. Sensors615B can be located within the cross-section of concentric circle611and slice601. In another embodiment, the cross-section of the inner most concentric circle609and slice601can include two or more sensors. In another embodiment, each cross-section of a concentric circle and slice can include two or more sensors. Sensors615can be of equivalent size or of differing size. For example, sensors615can be of a smaller size when located near the center of platform170and progressively larger the further from the center of platform170the sensors615are located. In another embodiment, the sensors can be of equivalent size, for example, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 or 5.5 inches or any other size in diameter. FIG.38illustrates an example of two slices in communication of an omnidirectional locomotion system. Sensors615can be connected to one or more printed circuit board (PCB)620. For example, sensors615located in each platform slice can be electronically coupled to a PCB620located in their respective slice. In another embodiment, sensors from all slices can be connected to a centralized PCB. Sensors615can be electronically coupled by coaxial cable to PCB620. In another embodiment, sensors615can be electronically coupled to PCB620by short-range wireless communication, for example Bluetooth. The PCB in each slice can be electronically coupled by a digital communication link to the PCB in adjacent slices, for example, in a daisy chain or ring configuration. PCB620located in slice601can electronically coupled to PCB620located in slice602, which can be electronically coupled to PCB620located in slice603. In an embodiment, slice601, can included a micro-controller unit (MCU) with Universal Serial Bus (USB) capabilities625. In another embodiment, slice601, can include a central processing unit with USB capabilities. MCU625can supply power to PCB620in slice601and PCB620in slice602by connection621. PCB620in slice602can supply power to PCB620in slice603by connection624, which can supply the PCB in the adjacent slice in the daisy chain configuration until the last PCB is supplied with power. MCU625can also supply a serial bus to PCB620in slice602by connection622, for example an inter-integrated circuit (I2C) bus, an universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART), a serial peripheral interface bus (SPI), a local interconnect network bus (LIN), a controller area network bus (CAN), or any other type of serial bus. In another embodiment, serial bus communication can be achieved through local wireless communication devices located on each slice, either integrated or independent the MCU. PCB620in slice602can supply the serial bus to PCB620in slice603by connection623, which can supply the PCB in the adjacent slice in the daisy chain configuration until the last PCB is supplied. In another embodiment, PCB620in slices601-608can be electronically coupled to a centralized PCB, for example in a star configuration. In another embodiment, the electronic coupling can be short-range wireless communication. MCU625can transfer to and receive data from a computer system635. For example, a server, a gaming system, mobile device, or an equivalent computer system. In another embodiment, MCU625can monitor sensor activity by continuously polling PCB620in slices601-608by the electronically coupled or wirelessly coupled bus. In another embodiment, PCB620in slices601-608can alert MCU625of sensor activity by means of a hardware interrupt, for example, an electronic alerting signal to indicate an event needing immediate attention. Slice601can also include a Debug Kit630in connection with computer system635. Slice602can contain one or more sensors615and PCB620. Slices603-608can be substantially similar to slice602. Slice602can be connected in a daisy chain with slices601and603. Slice602can receive power and serial bus from slice601. Slice602can transmit power and serial bus to slice603. This process can be repeated until slice608receives power and serial bus from slice607. This process can be repeated for more or less slices depending on the number of slices in platform170. Slices602-608can contain a redundant MCU625and Program and Debug Kit630. FIG.39andFIG.40are flow charts illustrating an example method700and method750for sensing a user's forward movement. A user's forward movement can be variable. Method700and method750are provided by way of example, as there are a variety of ways to carry out the method. Additionally, while the example methods is illustrated with a particular order of steps, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate thatFIG.39andFIG.40and the steps illustrated therein can be executed in any order that accomplishes the technical advantages of the present disclosure and can include fewer or more steps than illustrated. Each block shown inFIG.39andFIG.40represent one or more processes, methods or subroutines, carried out in example method. The steps illustrated inFIG.39andFIG.40can be implemented in at least a system including platform170. Each block shown inFIG.39andFIG.40can be carried out at least by platform170. The rings described inFIGS.39and40are an example representation of three concentric circles for a sensor layout in platform170. There can be more or less rings depending on the designated sensor layout and therefore method700and method750can contain more or less branches keeping consistent with the number of rings in platform170. In another embodiment, the sensors can be located on a user or an accessory. Method700can begin at block701. At block701, one or more sensors can change from off to on and on to off, when the sensor has a value above a threshold. In an embodiment, the value can be a capacitance or optical value. The threshold can also function as a by-pass filter for sensor capacitances. Each sensor can have an independent threshold value. The threshold value can be adjustable. Threshold values can be adjusted based on a number of variables, for example, the position of sensors in a platform170, the number of sensors in a platform170, the size of the sensors in a platform170, and the size of the activating component activating and deactivating the sensors, for example a user's feet. In an embodiment, the threshold value can determine if a sensor is on or off, providing a direction vector of approximately 22 degrees. In another embodiment, the threshold value as a by-pass filter, wherein only capacitances above the threshold are used in calculating the direction vector and speed vector of approximately 2 to 3 degrees. At block702, sensor values or data can be saved. The sensor values can be point-in-time scan values of all sensor data. Sensor data can include, but is not limited to capacitance value, operational state (on or off), historical time values, such as time stamp of last ON event, time stamp of last OFF event. The saved sensor values can be used by computer system635to calculate movements by each of the user's feet. The saved sensor values can further be used to historically calculate the user's previous movements to aid in determining the user's actions, for example running, walking, walking backwards, jumping, forward jumping, strafing, and crouching. At blocks711to712, one or more sensors located in an outer ring can be change from off to on or from on to off. A sensor in an outer ring can be activated to the “on” position by reading a sensor value greater than or equal to the threshold value, for example, one or both of a user's feet moving over a sensor located in an outer ring. A sensor in an outer ring can be deactivated to the “off” position by reading a sensor value less than the threshold value, for example, one or both of a user's feet moving away from a sensor located in an outer ring. At block713, method700can generate “W” or forward in-game movement and method700can end. At blocks721to722, one or more sensors in a middle ring can change from on to off or from on to off. A sensor in a middle ring can be activated to the “on” position by a reading a sensor value greater than or equal to the threshold value, for example, one or more of a user's feet moving over a sensor located in a middle ring. A sensor in a middle ring can be deactivated to the “off” position by reading a sensor value less than the threshold value, for example, one or both of a user's feet moving away from a sensor located in a middle ring. At block723, the computer system can check the point-in-time sensor scan of all sensors located in one or more adjacent inner rings of platform170. At block724, if one or more sensors are activated, “on,” in one or more adjacent inner rings of the same section as the sensor in the middle ring, method700can generate “W” or a forward in-game movement and method700can end. At blocks731to732, one or more sensors in an inner ring can change from off to on or from on to off. A sensor in an inner ring can be activated to the “on” position by reading a sensor value greater than or equal to the threshold value, for example, one or more of a user's feet moving over a sensor located in an inner ring. A sensor in an inner ring can be deactivated to the “off” position by reading a sensor value less than the threshold value, for example, one or both of a user's feet moving away from a sensor located in an inner ring. At blocks733, the computer system can check the point-in-time sensor scan of all sensors located in one or more adjacent middle rings of platform170. At block734, if one or more sensors is activated “on” in one or more adjacent middle rings of a same section as the sensor in the inner ring, method700can generate “W” or a forward in-game movement and method700can end and method700can end. Method750can begin at block751. At block751, one or more sensors can change from off to on when the sensor has a value greater than a threshold. In an embodiment, the value can be a capacitance or optical value. Each sensor has an independent threshold value. The threshold value is adjustable. Threshold values can be adjusted based on a number of variables, for example, the position of sensors in a platform170, the number of sensors in a platform170, the size of the sensors in a platform170, and the size of the activating component activating and deactivating the sensors, for example a user's feet. In an embodiment, the threshold value can determine if a sensor is on or off, providing a direction vector of approximately 22 degrees. In another embodiment, the threshold value as a by-pass filter, wherein only capacitances above the threshold are used in calculating the direction vector and speed vector of approximately 2 to 3 degrees. At block761, one or more sensors in an outer ring can change from off to on. A sensor in an outer ring can be activated to the “on” position by reading a sensor value greater than or equal to the threshold value, for example, one or both of a user's feet moving over a sensor located in an outer ring. At block762, method750can generate “W” or forward in-game movement and method700can end. At blocks771, one or more sensors in a middle ring can change from off to on. A sensor in a middle ring can be activated to the “on” position by reading a sensor value greater than or equal to the threshold value, for example, one or more of a user's feet moving over a sensor located in a middle ring. At block772, method750can save sensor data. The sensor values can be point-in-time scan values of one or more sensor data. Sensor data can include, but is not limited to capacitance value, operational state (on or off), historical time values, such as time stamp of last ON event, time stamp of last OFF event. The saved sensor values can be used by computer system735to calculate movements by each of the user's feet. The saved sensor values can further be used to calculate, historically, the user's previous movements to aid in determining the user's actions, for example running, walking, walking backwards, jumping, forward jumping, strafing, and crouching. At blocks781, one or more sensors in an inner ring can change from off to on. A sensor in an inner ring can be activated to the “on” position by reading a sensor value greater than or equal to the threshold value, for example, one or more of a user's feet moving over a sensor located in an inner ring. At blocks782, the computer system can check the point-in-time sensor scan of all sensors located in one or more adjacent middle rings of platform170. At block783, if one or more sensors is activated “on” in one or more adjacent middle rings of a same section as the sensor in the inner ring, method750can generate “W” or forward in-game movement and method750can end. FIG.41andFIG.42are flow diagrams illustrating an example method800and method850for generating a velocity vector for representing a direction and speed of a user step. Method800and method850illustrated inFIG.41andFIG.42are provided by way of example, as there are a variety of ways to carry out the method. Additionally, while the example methods is illustrated with a particular order of steps, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate thatFIG.41andFIG.42and the steps illustrated therein can be executed in any order that accomplishes the technical advantages of the present disclosure and can include fewer or more steps than illustrated. Each block shown inFIG.41andFIG.42represents one or more processes, methods or subroutines, carried out in example method. The steps illustrated inFIG.41andFIG.42can be implemented in at least a system including a platform170. Each block shown inFIG.41andFIG.42can be carried out at least by a platform170. The rings described inFIGS.41and42are an example representation of three concentric circles for a sensor layout in platform170. There can be more or less rings depending on the designated sensor layout and therefore method800and method850can contain more or less branches keeping consistent with the number of rings in platform170. In another embodiment, the sensors can be located on a user or an accessory. Method800can begin at block802. At block802, one or more sensors changes can be detected, for example, a sensor can change from off to on and on to off, when the sensor has a value above a threshold value. In an embodiment, the value can be a capacitance or optical value. The threshold value can also function as a by-pass filter for sensor capacitances. Each sensor can have an independent threshold value. The threshold value can be adjustable. Threshold values can be adjusted based on a number of variables, for example, the position of sensors in a platform170, the number of sensors in a platform170, the size of the sensors in a platform170, and the size of the activating component activating and deactivating the sensors, for example a user's feet. In an embodiment, sensors615can include one or more capacitive sensors that register a default capacitance. In another embodiment, registered capacitive changes that occur in excess of the threshold can indicate that the respective sensor has changed state, for example from an “off” to an “on” state, indicating engagement in an associated position on the locomotion system platform170and providing a direction vector of approximately 22 degrees. In another embodiment, the threshold value as a by-pass filter, wherein only capacitances above the threshold are used in calculating the direction vector and speed vector of approximately 2 to 3 degrees. In block804, a save sensor scan operation is performed in which time data is saved for one or more or all sensor scan data. The sensor values can be point-in-time scan values of one or more sensor data. Sensor data can include, but is not limited to capacitance value, operational state (on or off), historical time values, such as time stamp of last ON event, time stamp of last OFF event. The saved sensor values can be used by computer system635to calculate movements by each of the user's feet. The saved sensor values can further be used to historically calculate the user's previous movements to aid in determining the user's actions, for example running, walking, walking backwards, jumping, forward jumping, strafing, and crouching. The time data associated with indications of sensor state changes can be used to calculate velocity vectors from sensor data. At blocks806to808, one or more sensors located in an outer ring can be changed from off to on or from on to off. A sensor in an outer ring can be activated to the “on” position by reading a sensor value greater than or equal to the threshold value or by a step direction vector method, for example, one or both of a user's feet moving over a sensor located in an outer ring. A sensor in an outer ring can be deactivated to the “off” position by reading a sensor value less than the threshold value or by a step direction vector method, for example, one or both of a user's feet moving away from a sensor located in an outer ring. At block810, method800can generate a velocity vector of an outer ring sensor and method800can end. At blocks812to814, one or more sensors located in a middle ring can be changed from off to on or from off to on. A sensor in a middle ring can be activated to the “on” position by reading a sensor value greater than or equal to the threshold value or by a step direction vector method, for example, one or both of a user's feet moving over a sensor located in a middle ring. A sensor in a middle ring can be deactivated to the “off” position by reading a sensor value less than the threshold value or by a step direction vector method, for example, one or both of a user's feet moving away from a sensor located in a middle ring. At block816, the computer system can check the point-in-time sensor scan804of all sensors located in one or more adjacent inner rings of platform170. At block818, if one or more sensors are activated, “on,” in one or more adjacent inner rings of the same section as the one or more sensors in the middle ring, method800can generate a velocity vector of the one or more activated middle ring sensors and method800can end. At block820to822, one or more sensors in an inner ring can change from off to on or from on to off. A sensor in an inner ring can be activated to the “on” position by reading a sensor value greater than or equal to the value or by a step direction vector method, for example, one or more of a user's feet moving over a sensor located in an inner ring. A sensor in an inner ring can be deactivated to the “off” position by reading a sensor value less than the threshold value or by a step direction vector method, for example, one or both of a user's feet moving away from a sensor located in an inner ring. At block824, the computer system can check the point-in-time sensor scan of all sensors located in one or more adjacent middle rings of platform170. At block826, if one or more sensors are activated “on” in one or more adjacent middle rings of a same section as the sensor in the inner ring, method800can generate a velocity vector of the one or more activated middle ring sensors and method800can end. Method850can begin at block852. At block852, one or more sensors can change from off to on when a sensor reads a value greater than a threshold value. Each sensor can have an independent threshold value. The threshold value can be adjustable. Threshold values can be adjusted based on a number of variables, for example, the position of sensors in a platform170, the number of sensors in a platform170, the size of the sensors in a platform170, and the size of the activating component activating and deactivating the sensors, for example a user's feet. In an embodiment, sensors615can include one or more capacitive sensors that register a default capacitance. In another embodiment, registered capacitive changes that occur in excess of the threshold can indicate that the respective sensor has changed state, for example from an “off” to an “on” state, indicating engagement in an associated position on the locomotion system platform170and providing a direction vector of approximately 22 degrees. In another embodiment, the threshold value as a by-pass filter, wherein only capacitances above the threshold are used in calculating the direction vector and speed vector of approximately 2 to 3 degrees. At block854, one or more sensors in an outer ring can change from off to on. A sensor in an outer ring can be activated to the “on” position by a reading over the threshold value or by a step direction vector, for example, one or both of a user's feet moving over a sensor located in an outer ring. In another embodiment, one or more outer ring sensors are activated only following an activation of one or more adjacent middle ring sensors in the same section. At block856, method850can generate a velocity vector of one or more outer ring sensors and method850can end. At block858, one or more sensors in a middle ring can change from off to on. A sensor in a middle ring can be activated to the “on” position by reading a sensor value greater than or equal to the threshold value or by a step direction vector, for example, one or more of a user's feet moving over a sensor located in a middle ring. At block860, method850can save sensor data and then method850can end. The sensor values can be point-in-time scan values of one or more sensor data. Sensor data can include, but is not limited to capacitance value, operational state (on or off), historical time values, such as time stamp of last ON event, time stamp of last OFF event. The saved sensor values can be used by computer system635to calculate movements by each of the user's feet. The saved sensor values can further be used to historically calculate the user's previous movements to aid in determining the user's actions, for example running, walking, walking backwards, jumping, forward jumping, strafing, and crouching. At block862, one or more sensors in an inner ring can change from off to on. A sensor in an inner ring can be activated to the “on” position by reading a sensor value greater than or equal to the threshold value or by a step direction vector, for example, one or more of a user's feet moving over a sensor located in an inner ring. At blocks864, the computer system can check the point-in-time sensor scan of one or more of the sensors located in one or more adjacent middle rings in the same section of platform170. At block866, if the time difference between the current time of activation of the inner ring sensor and the time of the last “OFF” time stamp of the one or more adjacent middle ring sensors is less than a variable time stamp threshold, for example 1 millisecond, method850can generate a velocity vector of one or more middle ring sensors at block868and method850can end. The velocity vector generated inFIGS.41and42can be used to calculate a variety of gaming metrics, for example, speed, direction, walking, running, jumping. The velocity vector output can be (X,Y) coordinates indicating direction and magnitude (speed) of the user's foot or feet. Velocity vectors can be generated using (X,Y) position coordinates of one or more sensors in which a change is registered, as shown inFIGS.41and42For example, XY sensor plane of the locomotion system platform170, can stretch from a designated −1 to 1 distance units in each quadrant of a two dimensional plane. The coordinates can be normalized to facilitate ease of future vector calculations. For example, by dividing the both the X and Y coordinates by normalization factor, in an embodiment (X2+Y2)1/2. Before velocity vectors are transmitted to computer system635, MCU625can translate the coordinates from a (−1, 1) range to a (0, 255) range. A vector speed representation can be calculated by multiplying normalized coordinates by a speed value, for example, a value between 0 and 1. The resulting vector “length” can represent the speed. In another embodiment, vector speed calculations can be performed based on a frequency of user steps. In another embodiment, a time interval between activation of consecutive or adjacent sensors can be used to determine the vector speed. For example, using the saved sensor time stamp data. In an embodiment, a velocity vector calculation can be used to calculate a user jump. For example, using the inner ring sensors and time stamp data of the center sensors to calculate activation and deactivation of the each foot. In another embodiment, the inner, middle and outer sensors can be used to calculate a forward, sideways, and backwards jump. FIG.43illustrates a flow chart of an example method900for performing velocity vector integration, with a third party system, for example, a third party gaming system.FIG.43is a flow diagram illustrating an example method900for velocity vector integration with a third party. Method900illustrated inFIG.43is provided by way of example, as there are a variety of ways to carry out the method. Additionally, while the example methods is illustrated with a particular order of steps, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate thatFIG.43and the steps illustrated therein can be executed in any order that accomplishes the technical advantages of the present disclosure and can include fewer or more steps than illustrated. Each block shown inFIG.43represents one or more processes, methods or subroutines, carried out in example method. The steps illustrated inFIG.43can be implemented in a system including at least platform170. Each block shown inFIG.43can be carried out by at least a platform170. In another embodiment, the sensors can be located on a user or an accessory. Method900begins at block902. At block902a relative velocity vector input can be received. Subsequently, an angle of the vector input is computed. The angle computed can be the angle measure between the velocity vector direction and absolute north, the front of platform170. At block904, if the angle of the velocity vector input is 0, then a previous vector quantity905is used. In an embodiment, if after receiving 0 vectors for 1/10thsecond, the vector is reset to 0. At block906, if the angle of the velocity vector input is less than 30 degrees, the forward motion direction at block907is used. At block908, if the angle of the velocity vector input is between 30 and 80 degrees, a 45 degree motion selection at block909is made, for example, in either the left or right direction. At block910, if the angle of velocity vector input is between 80 and 90 degrees, a 90 degree motion at block911selection is made, for example, in either the left or right direction. At block912, if the angle of the velocity vector input is greater than 90 degrees, a backstep motion at block913is made vector is reset to 0. Current video games use a relative orientation framework. Pushing a joystick to the right or pressing “D” on a keyboard can move a user's avatar 90 degrees to the right from a current viewpoint or camera position. In one embodiment, the current camera position can be obtained by measuring a direction of a head mounted display (e.g., a virtual reality headset). Thus in the relative orientation framework, movement can be relative to the current camera position. To further illustrate, pushing the joystick up or “W” on the keyboard can move the user's avatar in the forward in the current camera position. In an example embodiment, a game can use an absolute orientation framework (decoupled framework). When a game is played using platform170, the user's avatar can move independently from the current viewpoint or camera position. The user's avatar can move in an absolute manner relative to an in-game map. For example, if the user walks the direction north on platform170, the user's avatar can move north on the in-game map, regardless of the current camera position. In a related aspect, the head mounted display can include a magnetometer. The magnetometer can use an absolute orientation framework similar to platform170, wherein the current in-game camera position can be the direction the user is physically looking outside the game. In an embodiment, the direction “north” can be magnetic north or polar north. In another embodiment, the direction “north” can be a designated direction set or calibrated at a start of a game. For example, a user wearing a head mounted display, such as a virtual reality headset, can look forward relative to the user's body during calibration, which can calibrate the current forward looking direction with a forward walking orientation prior to decoupling the current camera position and the user's body position. In another embodiment, the halo or harness attached to platform170, can include sensors to calibrate the forward position of a user with the forward orientation in-game prior to decoupling the current camera position and the user's body position. In another embodiment, upon initiation of a game the current position of the user outside of the game, determined by the sensors in platform170, the harness, or the headset can be calibrated to the starting position of the game. For example, if an avatar is initiated facing east, then the direction the user is facing when the game is initiated can be calibrated east. In an example embodiment, decoupling can be implemented in existing games. Existing games are not set up for decoupling, however the decoupling effect can still be achieved by generating one or more keystrokes based on the user's current camera position. For example, if the user walks forward on the platform170while looking 90 degrees to the left, decoupling can be accomplished by generating the “D” key or left movement key. The absolute orientation framework can be converted to the relative orientation framework by taking into account the current camera direction. In another example, if the user walks forward on the platform170while looking 45 degrees to the right, achieving the decoupling effect can be accomplished by generating the “W” and “A” keys simultaneously or in an alternating manner. In yet another example, if the user walks forward on the platform170while looking 15 degrees to the right, achieving the decoupling effect can be accomplished by generating the more “W” keys than “A” keys. In an embodiment, the sensors can monitor directions of a user's left foot and right foot to determine the user's intended movement direction.FIG.44illustrates an example algorithm for determining a step direction. In an embodiment, four active sensors can be physically located on one or more slices of platform170, for example, the sensors are located in slice601and rings611and612. The four active sensors can represent all non-zero sensors in the outer two sensor rings. Each of the four active sensors can have a position vector value and a capacitance value. A threshold can be used to filter out sensor capacitance readings below pre-defined threshold value. This can reduce the noise in determining a single step is completed. For example, if the threshold value is specified as a capacitance value of 0.50, then only sensors having a reading of greater than 0.50 can be used is determining the step direction. In another embodiment, the active sensors can be physically located on a user's feet, hands, torso, head, or an accessory, for example a gun, sword, baton, paddle, or bat. FIG.44illustrates a flow chart of an example method1000for determining a user's intended movement direction.FIG.44is a flow diagram illustrating an example method1000for determining a user's intended movement direction. Method1000illustrated inFIG.44is provided by way of example, as there are a variety of ways to carry out the method. Additionally, while the example methods is illustrated with a particular order of steps, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate thatFIG.44and the steps illustrated therein can be executed in any order that accomplishes the technical advantages of the present disclosure and can include fewer or more steps than illustrated. Each block shown inFIG.44represents one or more processes, methods or subroutines, carried out in example method. The steps illustrated inFIG.44can be implemented in at least a system including a platform170. Each block shown inFIG.44can be carried out by at least a platform170. In another embodiment, the sensors can be located on the user or accessory. Method1000can begin at block1001. At block1001, one or more sensors can be activated by recording a measurement. In an embodiment, sensors on platform170can be activated by recording a capacitance measurement. For example, if a user steps forward to the outer two rings of slice601, the four sensors in rings611and612can have capacitance readings. If the capacitance readings of the sensors are greater than a predefined threshold, the capacitance readings can be used to calculate the step direction. In an embodiment all sensor readings greater than zero can be used in calculating the step direction. In another embodiment, sensors can be activated by recording an inertial measurement or optical measurement. When a sensor value has been recorded at one or more sensors, the method can proceed to block1002. At block1002, the active sensors with a recorded value greater than or equal to threshold can be normalized. During the normalization process, the position of one or more sensors can be converted to one or more direction vectors. For example, if the active sensors are in slice601, the normalized direction vectors can be in the direction of slice601. When the normalization of the sensor positions has completed, the method can proceed to block1003. At block1003, weighted vectors can be calculated for the normalized position vectors. In an embodiment, the weighted vectors by capacitance can be calculated. For example, sensors with a greater capacitance reading can be assigned a higher weight. In an embodiment the weight of each active sensor is calculated by multiplying the normalized position vectors by the sensor capacitance values. When the vectors have been weighted the method can move to block1003. At block1004, the weighted vectors can be accumulated to calculate an accumulated vector. For example, the directionally weighted vectors can be added together to calculate an accumulated vector. When an accumulated vector has been calculated the method can move to block1005. At block1005, the accumulated vector can be normalized. For example, normalizing the accumulated vector can determine the step direction vector. When the accumulated vectors have been normalized and the step direction vector created method1000can end. FIG.45is a flow diagram illustrating an example method1050for determining a user's intended movement direction. In another embodiment the method can track two-step direction vectors and calculate the velocity direction as the average of the two vectors. The method can determine a velocity for a user's character movement based on even and odd step direction vectors and step time stamps, for example, averaging direction vectors and monitoring step rate. The method can store a set of internal or global data structures, for example: Vector3, Float, Int, Bool, vStep[2], timeStep[2], nSteps, and is Step. Method1050illustrated inFIG.45is provided by way of example, as there are a variety of ways to carry out the method. Additionally, while the example methods is illustrated with a particular order of steps, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate thatFIG.45and the steps illustrated therein can be executed in any order that accomplishes the technical advantages of the present disclosure and can include fewer or more steps than illustrated. Each block shown inFIG.45represents one or more processes, methods or subroutines, carried out in example method. The steps illustrated inFIG.45can be implemented in at least a system including a platform170. Each block shown inFIG.45can be carried out by at least a platform170. In another embodiment, the sensors can be located on the user or accessory. Method1050can begin at block1052. At block1052an event can occur, for example, a current time, position an inertial, optical or capacitance measurement of one or more sensors. When an event has occurred, the method can proceed to block1054. At block1054, the sensors can be zeroed. In an embodiment, the sensors in a center zone of platform170can be zeroed. In an embodiment, the center zone can be the inner two rings of platform170. In another embodiment center zone can a geometric shape, a circle, hexagon or octagon. When the sensors have been set to zero, method1050can proceed to block1056. At block1056, a threshold can be used to filter active sensors. In an embodiment, a threshold can be used to filter active sensors based on capacitance, optical measurements, or inertial measurements. For example, if the capacitance readings of the active sensors are greater than a predefined threshold, the active sensor can be included in the velocity calculation. In an embodiment the threshold can be set to zero. When the active sensors with a capacitance reading greater than or equal to threshold value are determine, the method can proceed to block1058. At block1058, a step direction vector is calculated. For example, the step direction vector can be calculated using method1000. When the step direction vector is calculated method1050can proceed to block1060. At block1060, the length of the direction vector is determined. If the length of the direction vector is greater than zero, method1050can proceed to a block1062. At block1062, it is determined if a user has taken a step. For example, an active sensor reading outside of the center zone can be a confirmation of a step. If it is determined a step was taken, method1050can proceed to a block1080. At block1080the velocity can be calculated. In an embodiment, the velocity can be a vector which is the average of two-step direction vectors multiplied by the step rate or speed. In the same embodiment, the magnitude of the velocity vector is the user speed. A zero length vector can mean the user is stopped. A vector length between 0 and 1 can mean the user is walking or running. A vector length of 1 can mean the user is running. The velocity can be calculated, in an embodiment, using Equations (1)-(3). time=clamp(abs(timeStep[0]−timeStep[1]),minTime,maxTime) Equation (1) speed=1.0f−(time−speedRunning)/(speedSlow−speedrunning) Equation (2) vVelocity=normalize(vStep[0]+vStep[1])*speed Equation (3) Once the velocity is calculated at block1080, the method can proceed to block1082and end. If at block1062a step was not taken, the method can proceed to block1064. At block1064, a step is recorded. For example, the direction vector has a length greater than zero (block1060) and the sensors in center zone were zeroed out (block1054), therefore a foot has moved to the outer sensors. When a step is recorded, method1050can move to block1080to calculate a velocity. Once the velocity is calculated at block1080. If at block1060, the length of the direction vector is equal to or less than zero, method1050can proceed to a block1070. At block1070, it is determined if a user has taken a step. For example, an active sensor reading outside of the center zone, a step has been taken. If it is determined a step was taken, method1050can proceed to a block1072. At block1072, the number of steps is incremented and a step variable is set to false. For example, there was in a step (foot in outer sensors) and now there is no foot detected in the outer sensors, thus step is complete. After the step is completed, method1050can proceed to block1080. If at block1070, a step was not taken, the method can proceed to block1074. At block1074, it can be determined if step was too slow. In an embodiment, if a foot stayed in an outer zone of platform170. In an embodiment, a step being too slow can be determined by subtracting the current time from the previous step time and then determining if the calculated value is greater or less than a step threshold value. If the step is too slow then method1050can proceed to block1076. At block1076, the steps values are reset. For example, number of steps, step vector and step time can be set to zero. When the step values are set to zero method1050can proceed to block1080. If at block1074a step was not too slow, method1050can proceed to block1080. FIGS.46A,46B, and46Cillustrate an example industrial omnidirectional locomotion system. Industrial omnidirectional locomotion system1100can comprise vertical supports1101, horizontal struts1102, halo134, support members1103and1104, platform170, vertical poles1105, springs1106, ground supports1107and a linear ball bearing system (not shown). Vertical supports1101can enable vertical movement of halo134. In an embodiment, vertical supports1101can be hollow to enable entry of horizontal struts1102and coupling to vertical poles1105by a linear ball bearing system. Vertical supports1101can be of variable length. Vertical supports1101can also include a protective covering. The protective covering can prevent foreign materials from entering the hollow portion of Vertical supports1101and thus prevent foreign materials from interfering with linear ball bearing system, pole1105and springs1106. For example, the protective covering can be overlapping bristles. In an embodiment, the vertical supports1101are far enough away from the center support to prevent interference with a user and any industrial gear, for example a gun, sword, baton, paddle, racquet. Vertical supports1101can keep vertical poles1105, vertical for example, 90 degree angle, to enable consistent vertical movement from the user. Horizontal struts1102extend from halo134and attached to the vertical poles1105by a ball bearing system. The ball bearing system can enable vertical movement of halo134. In another embodiment, horizontal struts1102can also extend at an acute angle, for example, 75 degrees, 45 degrees, or any other angle less than 90 degrees, as shown inFIG.46C. A more acute angle can enable an industrial user unobstructed use of an industrial firearm, for example pointing the barrel on the gun towards the ground. In an embodiment, the ball bearing system can have greater than 5 inches of contact with the vertical poles. The linear ball bearing system can comprise a linear ball bearing block. The liner ball bearing system can enable a smoother movement of the struts1102along the vertical poles. Horizontal struts1102can extend from halo134in the same plane. Support members1103and1104can add stability to vertical supports1101. Ground support1107can support and stabilize industrial omnidirectional locomotion system1100. Springs1106can raise the halo134and struts150when a user is in the standing position. Springs1106can provide support during forward user movements. Springs1106can further compress enabling a user to crouch, and aid a user in standing, standing up from a crouch, or jumping by uncompressing. The spring constant can be calculated, in an embodiment, using Hooke's Law. The total force can be the weight of the halo can be added to the upward force needed to provide stability for a user. The stability can differ depending on the height of a user. The total force can be divided by the number of vertical supports. In an embodiment, the spring constant can be between 0.2 lb/in and 4.0 lb/in. In another embodiment, the spring constant can be between0.4lb/in and2.0lb/in. In an embodiment, vertical supports can include telescoping poles. In another embodiment vertical supports are telescoping poles. For example, the height of the vertical supports/telescoping poles will be the same height as halo. The telescoping pole can enable a user to move vertically by compressing and extending in response to the user's movements. In an embodiment, the vertical supports can be a bungee cord or suspended spring system. In this embodiment, a minimal resistance would be applied to the halo when a user is in the crouch position. Upon a user moving to the stand position from the crouch position, the resistance on the halo would subside. In another embodiment, vertical movement can be achieved by a pivot arm system. A pivot can be attached to the struts on either the vertical support or the halo. Upon a user moving to the crouch or stand position, the pivots can actuate enabling the vertical movement of the user. In another embodiment, vertical movement can be achieved by a magnetic levitation system. The struts can be attached to the vertical support by magnets. The magnetic field created by the magnetic polarization can enable vertical movement. In another embodiment, vertical movement can be achieved by hydraulic actuation. The horizontal struts can be attached to the vertical supports by hydraulics. Vertical movement of the user can be actuated by the hydraulics. In another embodiment, vertical movement can be achieved by compressed gas. Vertical movement can be achieved by actuating a regulator causing the release and restriction of the flow of compressed gas. FIG.47is a cross-sectional view illustrating a pulley braking system of an industrial omnidirectional locomotion system. A pulley system1120can connect a mass1122to a linear bearing system (not shown) by a cable1121. The mass1122can enable the linear bearing system to move vertically along a vertical pole1105. The mass can provide a constant upward horizontal force to the horizontal struts1102and halo (not shown). The constant upward horizontal force can counteract the constant downward force produced when a user is moving forward, for example walking or running. In the previous and subsequent embodiments, the forward force can also be a backward force, for example, a user walking for running backward. FIG.48is a cross-sectional view illustrating a counter weight system braking system of an industrial omnidirectional locomotion system. A counterweight system can aid in preventing a user from falling. In an embodiment, the counterweight system can comprise vertical supports1101, vertical poles1105, and one or more springs1106used to create a restorative force to resist horizontal force provided by the user. The springs1106can be placed underneath a linear bearing system (not shown). The springs1106can compress due to downward horizontal force, produced by a user forward movement, which can also produce a balancing upward force, for example if a user is walking or running. FIG.49is a top view illustrating a frictional force braking system of an industrial omnidirectional locomotion system. The forces produced by a forward movement of a user can be converted into a frictional force that can resist the vertical force of a falling user. The frictional force can counteract the constant downward force produced by a forward movement of a user, for example running. In an embodiment, the frictional force is created by a frictional material1123internal to the vertical supports1101and the bearing system (not shown). When a user moves forward the frictional material on the outside of the bearing system comes into contact with the frictional material internal to the hollow supports creating a frictional force. FIG.50is a top view illustrating a circumferential spring braking system of an industrial omnidirectional locomotion system. The linear ball bearing system can be attached to the vertical pole by one or more springs1124. In an embodiment, four springs1124are set equidistant and creating a 90 degrees with the vertical pole1105. When a forward movement is applied by the user to the horizontal strut1102, the horizontal force is transferred from the user through the horizontal strut1102and to the springs1124. When the springs compress, the frictional material on the outside of the linear ball bearing system and internal to the hollow support come into contact creating a frictional force. The frictional force can resist the downward force produced by the forward movement of the user, preventing a fall. In another embodiment, the frictional force can come from the contact of the strut and the linear bearing system. FIG.51illustrates a cable braking system of an industrial omnidirectional locomotion system. A cable braking system can be used to prevent a user from falling. The cable braking system can include brakes1127, brake cables1125that run along the horizontal struts1102, and a ball bearing sleeve1126which houses the bearing system. The forward movement of a user can create a horizontal force. The horizontal force can actuate and increase the tension on brake cables1125actuating the brakes1127. For example, the increased tension on the cable brake system can provide a frictional force along the vertical pole, resisting the downward force produced by a user's forward movement, for example walking or running. FIG.52illustrates a Pouch Attachment Ladder System (PALS) and a modular lightweight load-carrying equipment (MOLLE) harness connection. Standard industrial load bearing equipment can be integrated to the harness120. In an embodiment, MOLLE personal protective equipment with PALS1130can be integrated, as shown inFIG.52. In another example, a MOLLE patrol pack with PALS can be integrated. The PALS system consists of a webbing grid1129for connecting PALS compatible equipment. Any other industrial gear or attire, for example, improved load bearing equipment (ILBE), can also be integrated into the locomotion system harness. Harness120can have one or more PALS compatible straps1128for integration with industrial equipment, for example MOLLE or ILBE. Compatible straps1128can be attached to the MOLLE person protective equipment1130, the MOLLE patrol pack, the ILBE equipment by the PALS system. Embodiments described herein comprise a combination of features and advantages intended to address various shortcomings associated with certain prior devices, systems, and methods. The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. The various characteristics described above, as well as other features, will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the detailed description, and by referring to the accompanying drawings. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and the specific embodiments disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. Examples within the scope of the present disclosure can also include tangible and/or non-transitory computer-readable storage media for carrying or having computer-executable instructions or data structures stored thereon. Such non-transitory computer-readable storage media can be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer, including the functional design of any special purpose processor as discussed above. By way of example, and not limitation, such non-transitory computer-readable media can include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be utilized to carry or store desired program code means in the form of computer-executable instructions, data structures, or processor chip design. When information is transferred or provided over a network or another communications connection (either hardwired, wireless, or combination thereof) to a computer, the computer properly views the connection as a computer-readable medium. Thus, any such connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of the computer-readable media. Computer-executable instructions include, for example, instructions and data which cause a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or special purpose processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions. Computer-executable instructions also include program modules that are executed by computers in stand-alone or network environments. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, objects, and the functions inherent in the design of special-purpose processors, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Computer-executable instructions, associated data structures, and program modules represent examples of the program code means for executing steps of the methods disclosed herein. The particular sequence of such executable instructions or associated data structures represents examples of corresponding acts for implementing the functions described in such steps. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that other examples of the disclosure can be practiced in network computing environments with many types of computer system configurations, including personal computers, handheld devices, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. Examples can also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by local and remote processing devices that are linked (either by hardwired links, wireless links, or by a combination thereof) through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. The various examples described above are provided by way of illustration only and should not be construed to limit the scope of the disclosure. For example, the principles herein apply not only to a smartphone device but to other devices capable of detecting communications such as a laptop computer. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize various modifications and changes that can be made to the principles described herein without following the example embodiments and applications illustrated and described herein, and without departing from the scope of the disclosure. | 106,578 |
RE49773 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to hybrid felts composed of electrospun nanofibers used, for example, for chemical and biological separations. The hybrid nanofiber felts have a high separation capacity and provide reproducible performance over multiple cycles under both high flow and high pressure. Such nanofiber felts exhibit complex interconnected, three-dimensional porous structures and relatively large surface areas. In particular, the hybrid nanofiber felts are composed of more than one polymer type (i.e., they are “hybrid” felts.) The felts of the present invention are composed of more than one polymer type (i.e., they are “hybrid” felts.) This includes hybrid felts made from a combination of single component nanofibers and “composite” nanofibers (e.g., the nanofibers are made from a mixture of two or more materials) into the “hybrid” felt. For the “composite” nanofiber, the “backbone polymer” is a derivatized cellulose, and the first non-cellulosic polymer is capable of being removed from the fiber/felt by exposing it to an elevated temperature or chemical solvents, or both an elevated temperature and chemical solvents. In some embodiments, the removal of the first non-cellulosic polymer simultaneously converts the derivatized cellulose back to cellulose, i.e., the cellulose is “regenerated.” The nanofibers in the felts of the present invention are manufactured using an electrospinning technique. This refers to the manufacture of fibers based on exposure of an extruded polymer “spin dope” to an electrostatic field which results in elongation of the extruded polymer “jet” into a nanofiber. These and other exemplary aspects of the invention are explained in greater detail below. Definitions In the description that follows, a number of terms are extensively utilized. The following non-limiting definitions provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the exemplary scope to be given such terms. When the terms “one,” “a,” or “an” are used in this disclosure, they mean “at least one” or “one or more,” unless otherwise indicated. The terms “invention” or “present invention” as used herein are intended to be non-limiting and are not intended to refer to any single embodiment of the particular invention but encompass all possible embodiments as described in the specification and the claims. The term “permeance” as used herein refers to the flux of fluid passing through the nanofiber felt per unit thickness of the felt, per unit pressure drop. Permeance is considered to be “high” if it is above 500 L/(min m2105Pa). The term “flux” refers to the flow rate of fluid passing through the nanofiber felt per unit time, per unit of facial area exposed to the flow. The term “capacity” as used herein refers to the amount of product bound per unit of adsorbent. Capacity for protein adsorption is considered to be “high” if it is above 100 mg of protein/g adsorbent. The terms “membrane”, “felt”, and “mat” as used herein are interchangeable and refer to a non-woven or randomly overlaid collection of fibers. The term “nanofiber felt” as used herein refers to a collection of nanofibers in a substantially planar array, which may also include microfibers added for strength, enhancing flux, etc. The term “microfibers” as used herein refers to fibers with diameters larger than 1.0 micrometer, and generally between 1.0 micrometer and 1.0 millimeter. The term “nanofibers” as used herein refers to fibers with diameters smaller than of 1.0 micrometer, and generally between 10 nanometers and 1.0 micrometer, such as between 200 nm and 600 nm. The term “hybrid nanofiber felt” as used herein refers to a non-woven or randomly overlaid collection of fibers consisting of at least two types of polymers in a combination of single component fibers or composite fibers with either at least one other single component fiber or at least one other composite fiber. The term “single component nanofibers” as used herein refers to nanofibers produced from a single polymer. The term “single component nanofiber felt” as used herein refers to the accumulation of many single component nanofibers into a non-woven or randomly overlaid collection of fibers. The term “composite nanofibers” as used herein are nanofibers produced from at least two different polymers. The term “moderately elevated temperatures” as used herein refers to temperatures between 24 and 110° C. The term “differentially removable” as used herein that, when the hybrid nanofiber felt consists of at least two non-cellulose-based polymers, conditions can be selected (elevated temperature and/or solvent exposure) to remove one of the non-cellulose-based polymers to a greater degree (at least 10% different, and up to 100% vs. 0%) than the other non-cellulose-based polymer. The term “solvent” as used herein refers to any single component liquid or mixture of liquids capable of dissolving one or more components of the nanofiber felt. The term “spin dope” as used herein refers to the polymer solution that is used in the electrospinning process. The term “electrospinning” as used herein refers to the application of electric forces to the spin dope to form the nanofibers. The term “thermally stable” as used herein means that the polymer does not disintegrate in the temperature range from 50-110° C. The term “chemically stable” as used herein means that the polymer is not soluble in solvents such as water or common organic solvents (e.g., alcohols and hydrocarbons), and their mixtures. Derivatized Cellulose Cellulose is the structural component found in the cell walls of plants and algae. It is also secreted by some bacteria. As such, cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth. It is derived from D-glucose units linked together into a straight chain polymer via β(1-4) glycosidic bonds. For biological and industrial applications, it is purified from plants, wood pulp or cotton, and converted into many useful substances, such as paper, cellophane, rayon, biofuels, etc. The usefulness of cellulose can largely be attributed to its physical properties. It is odorless, hydrophilic, relatively insoluble, exhibits very low non-specific binding, and it is biodegradable. While cellulose-based separation media have many advantages, they unfortunately suffer from being chemically unstable (i.e., they degrade) in strong acids and bases. Additionally, the dissolution of cellulose requires the use of special solvent mixtures such as N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) and water, or lithium chloride and N,N-dimethylacetamide. This limits the use of cellulose-based media to operations that do not require harsh regeneration conditions, which are often required in the biopharmaceutical industry to meet strict cleaning regulations required by the FDA. Cellulose fibers are conventionally produced via wet spinning and involve derivatization of the cellulose beforehand, since it is very difficult to electrospin cellulose directly from solution or melt. In order to prepare cellulose nanofibers, research efforts have been dedicated to electrospinning cellulose derivatives, such as cellulose acetate. Unlike cellulose, cellulose acetate is soluble in many common solvents such as acetone. Cellulose acetate can be electrospun into nanofibers and regenerated cellulose nanofibers can be produced by subjecting the nanofibers to post-spinning treatment of hydrolysis/deacetylation. Accordingly, in the practice of the present invention, one of the polymers in the hybrid nanofiber felt is derivatized cellulose. Cellulose can easily be derivatized using well known methods by converting the —OH group of the individual glucose units into other moieties with more or less reactivity, varying charges, etc. Such derivatized cellulose species exhibit enhanced stability when exposed to solvents and other desirable physical properties. Many cellulose derivatives are readily commercially available. Exemplary derivatized cellulose species include, for example: organic esters (cellulose acetate, triacetate, propionate, acetate propionate, acetate butyrate); inorganic esters (cellulose nitrate, cellulose sulfate); and alkyl cellulose (hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose). The hybrid nanofiber felts of the present invention will usually have a majority by mass (i.e. 51% or greater) of derivatized cellulose, such as greater than 60% or 70%. Non-Cellulose-Based Polymers While the majority by mass in the hybrid nanofiber felt is derivatized cellulose, incorporation of additional types of fibers within the felts provide functionality needed for applications of the felts. Accordingly, it is desirable to have additional fibers within the felts because they can provide increased mechanical strength to the felt, allow for multiple functionalities to be incorporated into the felt, provide stability to the manufacturing process, and other aspects as explained elsewhere herein. Indeed, it was unexpectedly discovered by the present inventors that including even a small proportion of non-cellulosic-based polymers in the hybrid nanofiber felt improved the electrospinning process and also allowed for tailoring of the finished product for a variety of biological and industrial applications, especially when the hybrid nanofiber felt consisted of both a composite nanofiber and a single component nanofiber. Synthetic polymer nanofibers (e.g., those produced from vinyl polymers and acrylic polymers) offer a wide range of chemical functionalities for bioseparations and other applications. By combining different polymeric units, the surface chemistry of the resulting fiber can be controlled as part of the electrospinning process, providing direct functionality to the produced nanofiber. As an alternative, and similar to conventional micrometer scale fibers, the surface functionality of polymer nanofibers can be chemically modified post-electrospinning to accommodate specific functionality requirements for various bioseparation applications (discussed below). Functionalization chemistries are well known in the polymer arts. They also generally withstand harsh cleaning regimens associated with bioprocesses. Exemplary functionalization chemistries are also discussed in more detail elsewhere herein. Synthetic carbon-based adsorptive media and filtration membranes are often much more chemically robust than cellulose-based media, and thus can be used when strong acids and bases are required for cleaning the separation media between uses. Furthermore, hybrid nanofibers that include both cellulose-based and non-cellulose-based polymers (e.g., polyacrylonitrile and polyvinyl alcohol) exhibit even higher specific surface area and greater mechanical strength when compared to single component cellulose or single component synthetic polymer nanofibers. Accordingly, there is an observable synergy when composite nanofibers include both cellulose and non-cellulose-based polymers. Many polymers have been successfully electrospun into nanofibers, including (1) thermoplastic homopolymers such as vinyl polymers, acrylic polymers, polyamides, polyesters, polyethers, and polycarbonates, (2) thermoplastic copolymers such as vinyl-co-vinyl polymers, acrylic-co-acrylic copolymers and vinyl-coacrylic polymers, (3) elastomeric polymers such as triblock copolymer elastomers, polyurethane elastomers, and ethylene-propylene-diene-elastomers, (4) high performance polymers such as polyimides and aromatic polyamides, (5) liquid crystalline polymers such as poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) and polyaramid, (6) textile polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate and polyacrylonitrile, (7) electrically conductive polymers such as polyaniline, as well as (8) biocompatible polymers (i.e. “biopolymers”) like polycaprolactone, polylactide, chitosan and polyglycolide. As described, the polymer may also be a copolymer of two or more of the above-named polymer species. Examples of the additional polymers that can be added into the hybrid nanofiber felts are electrospun as single component nanofibers from polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyimides, polyamides (nylon 6, nylon 6,6, nylon 6,10, etc.), polyesters (polyethylene terephthalate, etc.), as well as copolymers thereof. Composite Nanofibers In one embodiment of the present invention, the hybrid nanofiber felt includes a composite nanofiber. This is partly due to the fact that the electrospinning process used to make nanofibers from single component derivatized cellulose solutions can be unstable and result in poor yields, low efficiency (long times and many interruptions), poor quality nanofibers (large size distribution, fragile, etc.) with only a single chemical functionality. Therefore, in order to efficiently make large quantities of high quality nanofiber felts with multiple functionalities, it may also be necessary to combine a cellulose derivative with a non-cellulose-based polymer that stabilizes the electrospinning process. The non-cellulose-based polymer of the composite nanofibers of the present invention may consist of synthetic carbon-based polymers that are removable from the nanofiber felt by exposing it to an elevated temperature and/or solvents. Exposure of the nanofiber felt to either a mixture of solvents or a combination of elevated temperature and solvents can occur simultaneously or sequentially. The presence of the non-cellulose-based polymer during the electrospinning process also enhances nanofiber stability and other aspects of the process, as explained elsewhere herein. Synthetic polymer nanofibers (e.g., those produced from vinyl polymers and acrylic polymers) offer a wide range of chemical functionalities for bioseparation applications. By combining different polymeric units, the surface chemistry of the resulting fiber can be controlled as part of the electrospinning process, providing direct functionality to the produced nanofiber. As an alternative, and similar to conventional micrometer scale fibers, the surface functionality of polymer nanofibers can be chemically modified post-electrospinning to accommodate specific functionality requirements for various bioseparation applications (discussed below). Synthetic polymer nanofibers offer a tremendous range of potential functionalization chemistries to serve a wide variety of uses. Such functionalization chemistries are well known in the polymer arts. They also generally withstand harsh cleaning regimens associated with bioprocesses. Many polymers have been successfully electrospun into nanofibers, including (1) thermoplastic homopolymers such as vinyl polymers, acrylic polymers, polyamides, polyesters, polyethers, and polycarbonates, (2) thermoplastic copolymers such as vinyl-co-vinyl polymers, acrylic-co-acrylic copolymers and vinyl-coacrylic polymers, (3) elastomeric polymers such as triblock copolymer elastomers, polyurethane elastomers, and ethylene-propylene-diene-elastomers, (4) high performance polymers such as polyimides and aromatic polyamides, (5) liquid crystalline polymers such as poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) and polyaramid, (6) textile polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate and polyacrylonitrile, (7) electrically conductive polymers such as polyaniline, as well as (8) biocompatible polymers like polycaprolactone, polylactide, and polyglycolide. Exemplary non-cellulose-based polymers for making composite nanofibers include, for example, polyethylene oxide, poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl alcohol), polysaccharides (chitin, starch, etc.), polystyrene, and poly(methyl methacrylate). The non-cellulose-based polymer is normally present in the composite nanofibers in an amount of 49% or less by mass, such as 30%, 25%, etc. Electrospinning Electrospinning is a technique that utilizes electric forces alone to drive the spinning process and to produce polymer fibers from solutions or melts. Unlike conventional spinning techniques (e.g. solution- and melt-spinning), which are capable of producing fibers with diameters in the micrometer range (approximately 5˜25 μm), electrospinning is capable of producing fibers with diameters in the nanometer range. Electrospun polymer nanofibers possess many extraordinary properties including the small fiber diameter and the concomitant large specific surface area, the high degree of macromolecular orientation and the resultant superior mechanical properties. Additionally, felts made of electrospun polymer nanofibers exhibit controlled pore sizes when compared to nanofibers that are made using other fabrication techniques. Unlike nanorods, nanotubes and nanowires that are produced mostly by synthetic methods, electrospun nanofibers are produced through a “nano-manufacturing process”, which results in low-cost nanofibers that are also relatively easy to assemble and process into applications. In general, the formation of nanofibers is a delicate and complicated balance of three major forces involved in the electrospinning process, including the electrical force, the surface tension, and the viscoelastic force. Among these three forces, the electrical force always favors the formation of the product with the highest surface areas. The surface tension always favors the formation of the product with the smallest surface areas. The viscoelastic force is a force which varies significantly with the evaporation of the solvent and is the main reason preventing the breakup of the electrospinning jet/filament into droplets. When the electrical force is dominant, viscoelastic force works against the electrical force. When surface tension is dominant, viscoelastic force works against surface tension. Theoretically, the smallest nanofibers are capable of being formed under two conditions: (1) when the excess charge density carried by the electrospinning jet is high, and (2) when the time period is long enough and the viscoelastic force is high enough to prevent the capillary breakup of the jet/filament but low enough to allow the electrical force to effectively stretch the jet. For condition (1), it has been found that the addition of soluble electrolytes to the spin dope (e.g., addition of strong electrolytes such as NaCl to polyethylene oxide aqueous solution) can significantly increase the excess charge density carried by the jet and cause the formation of smaller diameter nanofibers. This method, however, also creates negative effects such as (a) a smaller flow rate and the resulting decrease in nanofibers productivity, and (b) the contamination of the prepared nanofibers by the electrolytes. The removal of the electrolytes without sacrificing the properties of nanofibers may be difficult. For condition (2), further understanding of jet solidification is required. In general, the jet solidification is closely related to the volatility of solvent. If the solvent volatility is too high, the time period for effectively stretching the electrospinning jet/filament is short. Consequently, fibers with relatively large diameters will be obtained. If the solvent volatility is too low, the electrospinning jet/filament is likely to break up into droplets with the stretching. Consequently, beads and/or beaded fibers will be obtained. The electrospinning process generally includes three steps: (1) initiation of the electrospinning jet/filament and the extension of the jet along a straight trajectory; (2) growth of the bending instability and the further elongation of the jet, which allows the jet to become very long and thin while following a looping and spiraling path; and (3) the solidification of the jet through solvent evaporation or cooling, which leads to the formation of nanofibers.FIG.1schematically shows the process of electrospinning (Hao Fong, In Polymeric Nanostructures and Their Applications, Volume 2: Applications: Chapter 11, Electrospun Polymer, Ceramic, Carbon/Graphite Nanofibers and Their Applications, Hari S. Nalwa Editor, American Scientific Publishers, Los Angeles, Calif. (ISBN: 1-58883-070-5), 2007, pp. 451-474. An exemplary electrospinning process can generally be described as follows: Step 1: As shown inFIG.1, a spin dope (e.g., a polymer solution) is placed in a container with spinneret (1), and DC high voltage (2), usually in the range from 5-40 kilovolts, is applied to the solution through an electrode (e.g., a copper wire)(3). An electrically grounded collector (4) is placed at a certain distance (known as the gap distance)(5) away from the spinneret. The gap distance may range from a few centimeters up to one meter. When the electrostatic field reaches a critical value, and the electric force overcomes surface tension and viscoelastic forces, a jet/filament is ejected and travels straight for a certain distance (known as the jet length). Step 2: The jet then starts to bend, forming helical loops. This phenomenon is termed “bending (or whipping) instability.” Typically, the bending instability causes the length of a jet to elongate by more than 10,000 times in a very short time period (50 ms or less). Thus, the elongational rate during the bending instability is extremely high (up to 1,000,000 s−1). This extremely fast elongational rate can effectively stretch the chain of macromolecules and closely align them along the nanofiber axis. Step 3: The jet solidifies, either though evaporation of the solvent or when the melt cools below the solid-liquid transition temperature. The longer the solidification time, the more the jet can be lengthened. The solidification time is related to many factors such as solvent vapor pressure, solvent diffusivity, volumetric charge density carried by the jet, and strength of the applied electrostatic field. Optional Post-Electrospinning Processing After solidification of the collected nanofibers, there are certain additional steps that can be performed in order to “customize” the nanofibers for particular uses. Exemplary additional steps are discussed below: a. Removal of the First Non-Cellulosic Polymer In some cases, one or more of the polymers, and in particular the non-cellulose-based polymer present in a composite nanofiber, can be removed using elevated heat and/or solvent(s). Removal of the first non-cellulosic polymer provides additional surface area and improved porosity of the remaining cellulose-based polymer. This is because after removal of the non-cellulose-based polymer, the cellulose-based polymer has controlled-sized “pores” left behind where the non-cellulose-based polymer used to occupy space. This additional “void space” provides greater surface area on the resultant nanofiber felt that can, for example, increase adsorptive binding capacity for separations, improve selectivity of size-based separations, and improve throughput from additional porosity. Removing the non-cellulose-based polymer negates the opportunity for multiple functionalities (that had been present within the composite nanofiber) directly present on the remaining cellulose-based polymer nanofiber. b. Cellulose Regeneration Following preparation of the “as electrospun” nanofibers, the derivatized cellulose can be converted into cellulose through the process of regeneration. The regenerated cellulose will have the same properties as pure native cellulose described previously. The regeneration process is completed by contacting nanofibers containing derivatized cellulose with, for example, a strong base (e.g., sodium hydroxide), or other solvent. Following the regeneration reaction for conversion to cellulose, the nanofibers can be washed to remove any excess solvent used during the process. c. Surface Functionalization After the preparation of hybrid nanofiber felts, the fiber surfaces may be functionalized. Non-limiting examples of functionalization include the addition of ion-exchange groups such as weak or strong acids, and bases (e.g., carboxylic acids and amines), hydrophobic groups such as phenolic compounds, and affinity ligands such as antibodies or enzyme substrates. For use in bioseparation, the hybrid nanofiber felts of the present invention are ideally biologically inert, meaning that they should resist non-specific binding of insoluble solids such as cells and cellular debris, as well as unwanted interactions with proteins, sugars, nucleic acids, viruses, and other soluble components present in many biologically produced systems. In addition, nanofiber felts for use in bioseparation should exhibit several qualities: (1) small diameter fibers to allow for the largest amount of specific area (this criterion is most important for adsorption processes and less important for strictly size-based separations discussed below); (2) well controlled and narrow pore size distribution between fibers to allow for even flow distribution during adsorptive applications and for a tight size cutoff for size-based separations; (3) fibers should have excellent mechanical and chemical stability to withstand potentially high operating pressures and harsh cleaning conditions; and (4) fibers should have a well defined and spatially consistent size and chemical composition. For adsorption processes, where macromolecular products such as proteins, nucleic acids, and viruses are the predominant targets, the extremely large specific surface area associated with nanofiber felts provides an enormous number of potential binding sites for adsorptive bioseparations. Nanofibers can be modified to contain a tremendous number of binding sites and adsorption occurs almost exclusively on the surface of the fibers, which makes the binding sites immediately available without requiring the relatively large target molecule to diffuse internally. Internal diffusion can often limit the capacity for many adsorption processes of bioproducts when using traditional porous resin beads. In addition, because the nanofiber membranes can be made from many different chemistries, the adsorption ligand can be tailored to meet the needs of a particular separation (e.g., ionic, hydrophobic, and affinity). In some cases the ligand can be incorporated into the nanofiber from the source materials during electrospinning, or alternatively the surface can be chemically modified to provide the desired adsorbing agent after producing the nanofiber. Two of the most important characteristics of the separation operation are that, (1) flow is through micro- and macro-pores of the felt (as opposed to tightly packed resin beads), and (2) that adsorption takes place on the surface of the fibers, where no internal diffusion is required. These factors reduce concerns of high-pressure drops with elevated flow rates, and eliminate the slow intra-particle diffusion required for adsorption within resin beads. It has been shown that the binding capacity of biomolecules to currently available adsorptive felts is similar in magnitude to resin beads, but can operate at processing flow rates over 10 times faster than packed beds. These factors allow for much faster processing times and potentially higher binding levels for purifying valuable biological products. This is highly desirable, especially for large biomolecules (molecular weights greater than 250 kDa, and/or hydrodynamic diameters of 20-300 nm), because they are extremely difficult to purify using packed beds due to the severe mass transfer limitations within the small pores of resin beads. The surface of the nanofiber felts of the present invention can be modified to provide ion-exchange and hydrophobic interaction chemistry. Simple chemical modification such as sulfonation of polystyrene fibers with sulfuric acid has been used to produce a cation exchange medium. Grafting, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), and plasma treatments have been used to create ion-exchange surface functional groups as well as three-dimensional tethers from a variety of polymeric substrates including polypropylene, polyvinylidene difluoride, polysulphone, and others. Phenyl and butyl groups can also be introduced as hydrophobic interaction ligands. Often times, the surface of polymer membranes must be further modified for greater hydrophilicity to discourage non-specific binding. This has been accomplished by introduction of poly(ethylene glycol) and other polyols onto the surface. The ion exchange capacity of a hybrid nanofiber felt can also be enhanced by introducing, for example, diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) groups as a weak anion exchange ligand or carboxylic acid as a weak cation exchange ligand. d. Surface Functionalization with Antimicrobials In one embodiment of the present invention, the non-cellulose-based polymer is polyacrylonitrile (PAN). Fibrous membranes of PAN have been widely adopted in filtration due to thermal stability, high mechanical properties, and chemical resistivity. Electrospun PAN nanofiber felts have been of particular interest due to properties such as small fiber diameters and the concomitant large specific surface areas, as well as capabilities to control pore sizes among nanofibers and to incorporate antimicrobial agents at nanoscale. Felts consisting of nanofibers with antimicrobial functionality have attracted growing attentions due to the concerns about qualities of purified water and/or filtered air as well as the processing costs. Water and air filters (particularly those operating in the dark and damp conditions) are constantly subject to attacks from environmental microorganisms. The microorganisms (such as bacteria) that can be readily captured by the filters grow rapidly, resulting in the formation of biofilms. Consequently, the buildups of microorganisms on the filter surfaces deteriorate the qualities of purified water and/or filtered air; additionally, they also have the unfavorable effects on the flow of water and/or air. Moreover, the contaminated filters with biofilms are difficult to clean. Usually, high pressure is required during the operation. This in turn increases the costs. Reported methods incorporate antimicrobial agents (such as N-halamine and silver ions/nanoparticles) directly into spin dopes, thus the molecules/particles of antimicrobial agents are distributed throughout the nanofibers (Xinbo Sun, Lifeng Zhang, Zhengbing Cao, Ying Deng, Li Liu, Hao Fong, and Yuyu Sun. “Electrospun Composite Nanofiber Fabrics Containing Uniformly Dispersed Antimicrobial Agents as an Innovative Type of Polymeric Materials with Superior Anti-Infective Efficacy”. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 2(4), 952-956, 2010.) However, this often leads to process problems, primarily because the high content of antimicrobial agents can seriously affect the process of electrospinning and/or deteriorate the properties of the resulting nanofibers. A potential solution to these problems is to introduce antimicrobial functionality onto nanofiber surfaces after the nanofibers are produced (Lifeng Zhang, Jie Luo, Todd J. Menkhaus, Hemanthram Varadaraju, Yuyu Sun, and Hao Fong. “Antimicrobial Nano-fibrous Membranes Developed from Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers”. Journal of Membrane Science, 369, 499-505, 2011.) It is known that the nitrile (—C≡N) groups in PAN can be chemically converted into amidoxime (—C(NH2)═NOH) groups. The amidoxime groups can coordinate with a wide range of metal ions including silver ions, and the coordinated silver ions can be reduced into silver nanoparticles. Both silver ions and silver nanoparticles are antimicrobial agents with high antimicrobial efficacy. e. Other Examples A promising alternative to packed bed chromatography and other separation technologies is the use of the hybrid nanofiber felts of the present invention as selective adsorptive membranes. This style of adsorption utilizes the nanofiber felts as the support for ligands that are used during the selective adsorption process. Selective adsorption involves “active” surface functionalization of the hybrid nanofiber felt, which allows for direct capture (adsorption) of target substances. Such modification is simplified if the hybrid nanofiber felts include chemical moieties on their surfaces that are relatively simple to chemically modify to provide adsorption sites. Unlike modifying nanofiber surfaces for ion-exchange and hydrophobic interaction functionality, incorporating affinity ligands onto the nanofiber can be more challenging. Often, the process requires first modifying the surface to create coupling sites for immobilization of the ligand, followed by attachment of the ligand to the active site. Importantly, both the initial surface modification and the coupling of ligand should be robust as not to leach during processing. In some cases, simple carboxyl groups from grafting methacrylic acid onto the surface can act as the active coupling site by creating a covalent amide bond between the functionalized carboxyl group and an exposed amine group on a protein ligand. Similarly, strong oxidation of cellulose (if controlled properly) can provide aldehyde groups on the fiber surface that can form a covalent attachment to primary amines of a protein (including Protein A and Protein G); especially through the amino acid lysine. In other cases, surface functionalization with a general affinity dye (e.g., Cibacron Blue, capable of binding some proteins) can be coupled directly to a cellulose nanofiber. More elaborately, bio-active sites for protein ligand immobilization can be incorporated into the nanofiber backbone during nanofelt construction. One example of this is using poly ethylene glycol (PEG) with poly D,L lactide (PDLLA) as a block copolymer. The glycol can be coupled with biocytin (capable of affinity interaction with streptavidin fusion proteins) after electrospinning to create an affinity nanofiber. Similarly, a polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-b-PEG-NH2 (PLGA-b-PEF-NH2) diblock copolymer can be created containing surface aminated nanofibers for coupling with proteins using a homobifunctional coupling agent. Finally, in some cases it is possible to use intrinsic active sites associated with certain nanofiber matrices. For instance, coupling Concanavalin A (an affinity tag for lectin associated with glycol-proteins and/or other glycolconjugates) to a chitosan-based nanofiber has been successful. Other techniques for attaching specific ligands to cellulose-based compounds and/or synthetic polymers are known in the chemical arts. Size Based Separations As an orthogonal purification mechanism to adsorption, sized based separations are also routinely used in downstream bioprocessing. Depth filtration and microfiltration are common operations used for clarification of fermentation broth, where cells (approximately 1˜20 μm) and cellular debris (0.1˜1 μm) are removed from the bioreactor slurry. Nanofiltration with membranes is utilized for viral clearance and/or purification of 20˜200 nm virus particles, and ultrafiltration is commonly employed for concentration and purification of proteins. In all cases several characteristics of the separation medium are desirable. First, a well defined size cut off is desired to obtain tightly controlled separations. Second, a high porosity material is needed for high throughput processing without excessive pressure requirements to minimize operating time and/or membrane area requirements. And third, chemical and physical robustness is desirable for harsh cleaning conditions and operation under moderate pressures. Nanofiber felts, because they can be produced cheaply in large quantity from mechanically and chemically strong fibers, and with a well controlled pore size among fibers (or as hollow fibers), offer tremendous opportunity as an advanced size-based separation medium. Polymer nanofibers, in general, show the least amount of nonspecific binding, but may suffer from being less chemically robust than carbon and ceramic fibers. Ceramic fibers suffer from being brittle and have the potential for large amounts of nonspecific adsorption of biomass/bio-particles with concomitant fouling, but can withstand harsh regeneration conditions. To date, nanofiber meshes for size-based separations have primarily seen application for isolation of nanometer and micrometer scale bio-particles (or surrogates) by a depth filtration mechanism. The elevated specific surface area of the nanofibers within a filtration mat provides for a more tortuous path and greater chance to intercept a desired particle from solution while maintaining high porosity. Polymer, carbon, and ceramic nanofibers have all been evaluated and were all able to separate the desired particle size from a mixture while maintaining high fluxes. Specifically, electrospun nanofibers made from polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and Nylon 6 were capable of removing polystyrene particles between 0.5˜10 Ceramic nanofiber meshes have perhaps been used most extensively. One example shows that a combination of large titanate nanofibers with smaller boehmite nanofibers were capable of very high fluxes (1000 L/m2·h) with relatively low pressure driving force (20 kPa) and could remove virtually all particles larger than 60 nm from a solution. It should be noted that many applications of micro and nano depth filtration also rely on chemical adsorption of particles to the surface, which nanofibers are easily capable of and can be manufactured to specifically adsorb a desired impurity. Nanofelt Construction/Configuration By utilizing fibers with diameters in the sub-micron to nanometer range (1˜1000 nm, referred to as “nanofiber” felts), the available surface area within a given bed volume for potential binding will be greatly increased, by as much as two orders of magnitude. By controlling the pore size of nanofiber felts, the pressure drop and hydrodynamic flow characteristics can also be controlled and made to be as efficient as microfiber felts. Furthermore, the pore sizes among fibers in the felt normally have a tight pore size distribution (greater than 90% of the nanofibers fall within the range from 100 nm to 500 nm) to discourage channeling and retain only those species above a desired size cut-off for filtration operations. Finally, the nanofiber felts are usually mechanically strong enough to operate under conditions of potentially high pressure drops (up to 100 psi) and high flow rates (flux values over 30 L/(min·m2)) and chemically robust enough to withstand potentially harsh cleaning regimens (often including strong acids, bases, and organic solvents) without falling apart. In one embodiment, the nanofiber felts consist of a composite nanofiber (one derivatized cellulose polymer plus one non-cellulose polymer) and a single component nanofiber (non-cellulose based polymer). However, as described above, the hybrid nanofelts of the present invention may be formed from a variety of combinations of polymers and nanofibers. Examples of these include, for example:A composite nanofiber felt, wherein all of the nanofibers in the felt consist of a single species of composite nanofiber made from a coextruded mixture of a backbone polymer and a first non-cellulosic polymer.A nanofiber felt consisting of at least two different single component nanofibers.A nanofiber felt consisting of at least one single component nanofiber and at least one composite nanofiber. In addition to the above-described nanofelt configurations, the nanofelts of the present invention may also include microfibers for added stability, strength, and to tailor other physical characteristics of the felts for use in particular applications. When compared to single-component nanofiber felts, the hybrid nanofiber felts of the present invention exhibit the following exemplary improved properties: TABLE 1AttributePerformance IndicatorsQuantitative MeasuresDumbility/Stability/PermeanceRobust and reproducibleAdsorption capacity versus cycle # (lessperformance over multiplethan 10% loss of capacity after 50 cycles)cycles (with different cleaningAdsorption kinetics versus cycle # (lessagents) and aggressivethan 10% higher adsorption times after 50operating conditions (highcycles)flow and high pressure)Force withstood prior to mechanical failure(up to 100 psi pressure with liquid flow)Permeance of liquid flow (over 500 L/(min · m2· mm · 105PaImproved AdsorptionElevated protein adsorptionStatic adsorption isotherm model (capacityCharacteristicscapacity, more favorableand favorability) (for protein, over 0.2equilibrium adsorptionmg/mg mat)mechanisms, and faster proteinAdsorption kinetics(over 90% equilibriumadsorption kineticsachieved within 3 minutes).Higher surface area byBET surface area analysis (greater than 20introducing pores withinm2/g)nanofibersSeparation factors when purifying mixturesHigher adsorption selectivityof (bio)chemicals (at least 2-foldpurification)Uniform distribution of fiberImproved hydrodynamics andVisual SEM images(>90% of fiberdiameters and pore sizereproducible adsorptiondiameters fall within the range from 100 nmperformanceto 500 nm)Flow distribution analysis (binding andnon-binding conditions) (Peclet number over100 for non-binding solute) EXAMPLES Example 1 Preparation of Prior Art Cellulose Acetate Single Component Nanofiber Felt A cellulose acetate single component nanofiber felt was made as described in: Handbook of Membrane Research, Chapter 3, Applications of Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes for Bioseparations, Todd J. Menkhaus, et al, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., edited by Stephan V. Gorley. Cellulose acetate (average molecular weight of ˜30,000 g/mol), NaOH, NaCl, acetone, N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich Co. (Milwaukee, Wis.). 2-(diethylamino) ethyl chloride hydrochloride (DAECH) with the purity of 98% was purchased from the Alfa Aesar Co. (Ward Hill, Mass.). A solution of 15% (mass fraction) cellulose acetate in acetone/DMAc (mass ratio of 2/1) was prepared at room temperature. The solution was added to a syringe. The electrospinning setup included a high voltage power supply and a laboratory produced roller. During electrospinning, a positive high voltage of 15 kV was applied to the needle, and the flow rate of 1.0 mL/h was maintained using a syringe pump. Cellulose acetate nanofibers were collected as a randomly overlaid felt on the electrically grounded aluminum foil that covered the roller. A heating lamp was used to dry the nanofiber felt during electrospinning, and the felt was further dried in a vacuum oven after electrospinning. Overall, the electrospinning process was relatively unstable, with frequent interruptions at approximately 2 hour intervals. The collected cellulose acetate nanofiber felt had a thickness of approximately 225 μm and a mass per unit area of approximately 60 g/m2. The as-electrospun cellulose acetate nanofiber felts were first hydrolyzed/deacetylated by immersion in a 0.05M NaOH aqueous solution for 24 hours. The products, referred to as regenerated cellulose nanofiber felts, were then rinsed in distilled water three times and dried in a vacuum oven at 60° C. The samples were immersed in a 15% (mass fraction) DAECH aqueous solution for 10 minutes followed by drying at 60° C. The samples were then immersed in a 0.5M NaOH aqueous solution at 90° C. for 10 min. The samples were rinsed in distilled water three times and dried at 60° C. to yield the DEAE anion-exchange cellulose nanofiber felts. Example 2 Preparation of a Hybrid Nanofiber Felt of CA/PEO Composite Nanofibers and PAN Single Component Nanofibers Cellulose acetate (CA), polyethylene oxide (PEO), chloroform (CHCl3), dimethylformamide (DMF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and diethyl amino ethyl chloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (Milwaukee, Wis.). The spin dopes of PAN and CA+PEO were prepared separately. Briefly, for the preparation of PAN spin dope, the PAN was dissolved in DMF to make a solution. For the CA+PEO spin dope, CA plus PEO in CHCl3/DMF with diethyl amino ethyl chloride was prepared. During the electrospinning process two syringes loaded with spin dope of PAN or CA+PEO were placed in the opposite side of the laboratory produced roller. Overall, the electrospinning process was very stable and was sustainable for long periods (>48 hours), and the electrospun hybrid nanofibrous mats consisting of CA+PEO composite nanofibers and PAN nanofibers (either self-supporting or supported on medical-grade cotton gauze) was collected on the electrically grounded aluminum foil which covered the roller. The as-electrospun CA+PEO+PAN hybrid nanofibrous mats were then annealed for 24 h to complete the phase dispersion of CA and PEO. After that, the mats was hydrolyzed/deacetylated by immersion in a NaOH aqueous solution for 24 hrs. The resulting hybrid nanofibrous mats consisting of regenerated cellulose nanofibers and PAN nanofibers were rinsed with distilled water and dried. Table 4 below, summarizes results for the Pe number as determined for different numbers of hybrid and single component nanofiber mats and commercial regenerated cellulose felt/membrane layers. The results indicate that the nanofiber felts produced in this study had comparable hydrodynamics. TABLE 4System Dispersion ResultsPeclet (Pe)SingleCommercialNumber ofNumber Hybridcomponentregenerated celluloseLayersnanofiber feltnanofiber feltmembrane145.225.739.8381.743.462.3596.359.878.47112.074.192.79Not determined88.2102.2 Dynamic breakthrough analyses were completed to evaluate adsorption efficiency when being operated under flow conditions. Higher capacity at a low % breakthrough would indicate a more efficient adsorbent material. The dynamic breakthrough experiments were completed using a Pall Mustang coin holder according to manufacture's recommendations. Nine layers of either the nanofiber felts or the commercial membranes were used in the analyses. All experiments were operated with an AKTA Purifier (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, N.J.) with online measurement of UV-280-nm absorbance, pH, and conductivity, and controlled by Unicorn software version 5.01. Fractions were automatically collected by the system in 0.60 mL aliquots (approximately 2 bed volumes). A minimum of 10 bed volumes were used for equilibration. Step elution to 100% Buffer B (equilibration buffer with the addition of 1.0 M NaCl) was used for each experiment. For all dynamic breakthrough tests the flow rate was maintained at a value of 1.0 mL/min. Protein stock prepared at 1.5 mg/mL in buffer was loaded until 100% breakthrough was achieved. The felt was then washed with buffer for a minimum of 10 bed volumes before desorption. All eluent (flowthrough during load, wash, and elution) was collected, weighed to determine volume, and analyzed for protein concentration by UV-280-nm absorbance. Protein mass balance was then calculated based on volume loaded and all fractions collected during the process. The ultimate practical evaluation for any adsorption system is dynamic breakthrough analysis, a combination of equilibrium binding capacity, adsorption kinetics, and system dispersion. It is also a direct application of capacity for a flow through mode of operation where the bound molecule does not need to be selectively eluted from other impurities. Table 5 below, shows dynamic binding capacity of protein at 10% breakthrough on the nanofiber felts and the commercial regenerated cellulose adsorptive membranes. Dynamic capacity was substantially higher for the hybrid nanofiber mats compared to any other adsorption medium evaluated. In addition, elution results indicated that within experimental uncertainty, elution of protein was complete for each adsorption system, and overall mass balance showed no losses. TABLE 5Dynamic Binding Results10%BreakthroughSample Mediumcapacity (mg/g)Hybrid nanofiber felt122.Single component nanofiber felt26.9Commercial cellulose membrane20.9Regenerate cellulose microfiber feltNot DeterminedCotton ballNot Determined The examples set forth above are provided to give those of ordinary skill in the art a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use embodiments of the compositions, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Modifications of the above-described modes (for carrying out the invention that are obvious to persons of skill in the art) are intended to be within the scope of the following claims. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited in this specification are incorporated herein by reference as if each such publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. | 48,804 |
RE49774 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in connection with the present invention shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. The articles “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, “an element” means one element or more than one element. The present invention provides flexible solid phase binding assay formats that allow a user or manufacturer to configure an assay based on specific user requirements. The methods and kits described herein provide a flexible platform for creating a multiplexed binding assay for a plurality of target analytes. With a support including a plurality of binding domains bearing a series of generic targeting agent complements, it is possible to configure a multiplexed assay for any set of analytes. One only needs to select which analytes will be evaluated in which binding domain and pair the appropriate binding reagents and targeting agents with each selected binding domain. Using this platform, a user can build a personalized assay panel. Such flexible multiplexed assay formats can be achieved using the methods and products disclosed herein. For example, a method of conducting a multiplexed binding assay for a plurality of analytes of interest can be implemented using the following steps: (a) combining, in one or more steps, the following components:(i) a sample comprising a first analyte of interest and a second analyte of interest,(ii) a first targeting agent immobilized on a first binding domain,(iii) a first targeting agent complement connected to a linking agent, wherein the first targeting agent complement is a binding partner of the first targeting agent,(iv) a first binding reagent connected to a supplemental linking agent, wherein the first binding reagent is a binding partner of the first analyte,(v) a second targeting agent immobilized on a second binding domain,(vi) a second targeting agent complement connected to a linking agent, wherein the second targeting agent complement is a binding partner of the second targeting agent,(vii) a second binding reagent connected to a supplemental linking agent, wherein the second binding reagent is a binding partner of the second analyte, and(viii) optionally, at least two copies of a bridging agent,wherein, if the bridging agent is omitted, each linking agent is a binding partner of the supplemental linking agent, or if the bridging agent is included, the bridging agent has a first binding site for one of the linking agents and an additional binding site for one of the supplemental linking agents; (b) forming(i) a first binding complex on the first binding domain comprising the first targeting agent, the first targeting agent complement, the first binding reagent and the first analyte, and(ii) a second binding complex on the second binding domain comprising the second targeting agent, the second targeting agent complement, the second binding reagent and the second analyte, and (c) measuring the amount of the first and second analytes on the first and second binding domains, respectively. In one embodiment, if a bridging agent is not used, the method includes (a) combining components (i)-(vii) in one or more steps, (b) forming the first and second binding complexes on the first and second binding domains, respectively, and (c) measuring the amount of the first and second analytes on the first and second binding domains, respectively. For example, the first targeting agent complement and the first binding reagent can be provided as a pre-bound first targeting complex including the first targeting agent complement and the first binding reagent linked through a binding interaction between the linking agent and supplemental linking agent; and likewise, the second targeting agent complement and the second binding reagent can be provided as a pre-bound second targeting complex comprising the second targeting agent complement and the second binding reagent linked through a binding interaction between the linking agent and supplemental linking agent. In this embodiment, the first targeting complex can be provided pre-bound to the first targeting agent immobilized on the first binding domain; and likewise, the second targeting complex can be provided pre-bound to the second targeting agent immobilized on the second binding domain. When the first and second binding reagents are provided in pre-bound targeting complexes, the combining step may further includes combining the first and second targeting complexes with the sample to form a mixture thereof, binding the first analyte to the first binding reagent in the first targeting complex and binding the second analyte to the second binding reagent in the second targeting complex, contacting a mixture of the first and second targeting complexes bound to first and second analytes, respectively, with the first and second binding domains. The binding complexes on the first and second domains are thereby formed by binding the first targeting complex to the first targeting agent on the first binding domain and binding the second targeting complex to the second targeting agent on the second binding domain. Moreover, the combining step can further include combining the first and second targeting complexes with the sample; and binding the first analyte to the first binding reagent in the first targeting complex and binding the second analyte to the second binding reagent in the second targeting complex. In another alternative embodiment, the combining step (a) includes the steps of combining, in a first volume of liquid, said first targeting agent complement, said first binding reagent and, if used, said bridging reagent and linking said first targeting agent complement and said first binding reagent through their attached linking agents to form a first targeting complex; and combining, in a second volume of liquid, said second targeting agent complement, said second binding reagent and, if used, said bridging reagent and linking said second targeting agent complex complement and said second binding reagent through their attached linking agents to form a second targeting complex. In this embodiment, the combining step (a) can also include the steps of combining said first and second targeting complexes, contacting the combination of said first and second targeting complexes with said first and second binding domains, and binding said first targeting complex to said first targeting agent on said first binding domain and binding said second targeting complex to said second targeting agent on said second binding domain. In this embodiment, the combining step further includes combining the combination of the first and second targeting complexes with the sample and binding the first analyte to the first binding reagent in the first targeting complex and binding the second analyte to the second binding reagent in the second targeting complex. The first and second targeting complexes can be combined with the sample prior to contacting the first and second targeting complexes with the first and second binding domains; the first and second targeting complexes can be combined with the sample after contacting the first and second targeting complexes with the first and second binding domains; or the first and second targeting complexes can be combined with the sample and contacted with the first and second binding domains at the same time. If a bridging agent is included in the method, then the linking agent and supplemental linking agents each bind to the bridging agent, and the combining step therefore brings those elements attached to the linking agents and supplemental linking agents together. For example, the combining step (a) includes combining, in a first volume of liquid, (xi) the first targeting agent complement, the first binding reagent and the bridging reagent and further includes forming the first targeting complex by linking the first targeting agent complement and the first binding reagent through a bridging complex including the linking agent bound to the bridging agent to which the supplemental linking agent is bound. Combining step (a) also includes combining, in a second volume of liquid, (xii) the second targeting agent complement, the second binding reagent and the bridging reagent and further includes forming the second targeting complex by linking the second targeting agent complement and the second binding reagent through a bridging complex including the linking agent bound to the bridging agent to which the supplemental linking agent is bound. In this embodiment, the combining step (a) can also include combining (xiii) the first and second targeting complexes, and combining the combination of the first and second targeting complexes with the first and second binding domains, and binding the first targeting complex on the first binding domain and binding the second targeting complex on the second binding domain. In this embodiment, the combining step further includes combining (xiv) the first and second targeting complexes with the sample and binding the first analyte to the first binding reagent in the first targeting complex and binding the second analyte to the second binding reagent in the second targeting complex The first and second targeting complexes can be combined with the sample prior to contacting the first and second targeting complexes with the first and second binding domains; the first and second targeting complexes can be combined with the sample after contacting the first and second targeting complexes with the first and second binding domains; or the first and second targeting complexes can be combined with the sample and contacted with the first and second binding domains at the same time. The methods described herein can be used to multiplex a plurality of analytes of interest in a sample. In this regard, the sample contains one or more additional analytes of interest and for each additional analyte of interest, the combining step (a) further comprises combining, in one or more steps, (ix) an additional targeting agent immobilized on an additional binding domain, an additional targeting agent complement connected to a linking agent, and an additional binding reagent connected to a supplemental linking agent, and (x) an additional binding complex on the additional binding domain comprising the additional targeting agent, the additional targeting agent complement, the additional binding reagent and the additional analyte; the forming step (b) further comprises forming (iii) an additional binding complex on the additional binding domain comprising the additional targeting agent, the additional targeting agent complement, the additional binding reagent and the additional analyte; and the measurement in step (c) further comprises measuring the amount of the additional analyte on the additional binding domain. In a specific embodiment, the invention includes a method of conducting a binding assay for a plurality of analytes comprising (a) contacting a sample with two or more binding domains linked to at least a first and second binding reagent that each bind a first and second analyte, respectively, of the plurality of analytes to form complexes comprising the first analyte bound to the first binding reagent and the second analyte bound to the second binding reagent, wherein (x) the first binding domain comprises a first binding reagent complex comprising (i) a first targeting agent bound to the first binding domain and to a first targeting agent complement; and (ii) the first binding reagent bound to the first targeting agent complement via a linking complex; and (y) the second binding domain comprises a second binding reagent complex comprising (i) a second targeting agent bound to the second binding domain and to a second targeting agent complement; and (ii) the second binding reagent bound to the second targeting agent complement via a linking complex; (b) contacting the first and second binding reagent complexes with a plurality of detection reagents comprising a first detection reagent that binds the first analyte or a complex comprising the first analyte, and a second detection reagent that binds the second analyte or a complex comprising the second analyte; and (c) measuring the amount of the first and second analytes bound to the two or more binding domains. In another specific embodiment, the method includes: (a) forming a first binding reagent complex comprising a first binding reagent specific for a first analyte in the plurality of analytes and a first targeting agent, wherein the first binding reagent is bound to a linking agent and the first targeting agent is bound to a supplemental linking agent wherein the first binding reagent complex is formed by a reaction between the linking agent and the supplemental linking agent; (b) forming a second binding reagent complex comprising a second binding reagent specific for a second analyte in the plurality of analytes and a second targeting agent, wherein the second binding reagent is bound to a second linking agent and the second targeting agent is bound to a second linking agent complement wherein the second binding reagent complex is formed by a reaction between the second linking agent and the second linking agent complement; (c) mixing the first and second binding reagent complexes with two or more binding domains each linked to a first targeting agent complement and a second targeting agent complement, respectively, under conditions sufficient to bind the first targeting agent to the first targeting agent complement and the second targeting agent to the second targeting agent complement; (d) mixing a sample comprising the plurality of analytes to the mixture formed in step (c); (e) adding a plurality of additional binding reagents to the mixture formed in step (d), wherein the plurality of additional binding reagents includes (i) a first detection reagent specific for the first analyte and/or a first binding reagent-first analyte complex; and (ii) a second detection reagent specific for the second analyte and/or a second binding reagent-second analyte complex; and (f) measuring the amount of the first and second analytes bound to the binding domains. A further specific embodiment includes (a) forming a first binding reagent complex comprising a first binding reagent specific for a first analyte in the plurality of analytes and a first targeting agent, wherein the first binding reagent is bound to a linking agent and the first targeting agent is bound to a supplemental linking agent wherein the first binding reagent complex is formed by a reaction between the linking agent and the supplemental linking agent; (b) forming a second binding reagent complex comprising a second binding reagent specific for a second analyte in the plurality of analytes and a second targeting agent, wherein the second binding reagent is bound to a second linking agent and the second targeting agent is bound to a second linking agent complement wherein the second binding reagent complex is formed by a reaction between the second linking agent and the second linking agent complement; (c) mixing the first and second binding reagent complexes and the sample with two or more binding domains each linked to a first targeting agent complement and a second targeting agent complement, respectively, under conditions sufficient to bind the first targeting agent to the first targeting agent complement and the second targeting agent to the second targeting agent complement; (d) adding a plurality of additional binding reagents to the mixture formed in step (c), wherein the plurality of additional binding reagents includes (i) a first detection reagent specific for the first analyte and/or a first binding reagent-first analyte complex; and (ii) a second detection reagent specific for the second analyte and/or a second binding reagent-second analyte complex; and (e) measuring the amount of the first and second analytes bound to the binding domains. Specific embodiments of the method of the present invention are illustrated inFIGS.3-6.FIGS.1and2illustrate a direct assay method that does not involve a linking complex. These figures are provided for comparative purposes.FIG.1illustrates a direct multiplexed assay for analytes A, B, and C. Binding reagents specific for these analytes, A′, B′, and C′, respectively, are attached to targeting agents, A″, B″, and C″. A solution including these binding reagents attached to their corresponding targeting agents is mixed with a solid phase to which targeting agent complements A′″, B′″, and C′″, respectively are bound to a series of discrete binding domains. The binding reagents are adsorbed to the surface to form binding reagent complexes, ARC, BRC, and CRC, each binding reagent affixed via the targeting agent complements to a discrete binding domain on the surface. The surface is contacted with a sample comprising analytes A, B, and C, as well as detection binding reagents, A*, B*, and C*, which are capable of binding to analytes A, B, and C, respectively, and/or a complex comprising those analytes. The detection binding reagents include a detectable label. Alternatively, the surface is contacted with a sample comprising the plurality of analytes and subsequently contacted with a mixture of detection binding reagents. Once the detection binding reagents are bound to the surface, and optionally, the surface is washed to remove unbound reagents, the presence of each analyte is detected via the detection reagents bound to each discrete binding domain.FIG.2illustrates a specific embodiment ofFIG.1involving the use of antibodies as binding reagents and oligonucleotide-complementary oligonucleotide pairs as targeting agent/targeting agent complement pairs. It will be evident to the skilled artisan that the direct methods illustrated inFIGS.1and2are not configurable by the user. Each individual binding domain includes a predetermined targeting agent complement, such that only a single binding reagent-targeting agent can bind to a single binding domain in the array. FIGS.3-4illustrate particular embodiments of the instant invention that offer the user optimal flexibility in a user-defined assay configuration.FIG.3illustrates an indirect binding format for analytes A, B, and C, incorporating a series of linking complexes that allow the user to tailor the assay for his/her needs.FIG.3(a)-(b) illustrates a general approach for making the targeting complexes of the invention: a series of solutions are formed that include one of the binding reagents (A′, B′, and C′) bound to a linking agents (LA, LB, and LC, respectively). The solutions also include the corresponding targeting agents, (A″ for A′, B″ for B′, and C″ for C′), bound to a supplemental linking agent (LA′, LB′, and LC′, respectively). The solutions are mixed to form the mixture of binding reagent-linking complex-targeting agent complexes shown in panel (b). An advantage of this approach is that it does not require the linking reagents for each targeting complex to be non-cross reactive and, in fact, allows the linking agents to be used in each targeting complex (i.e., LA=LB=LCand LA′=LB′=LC′). In one embodiment illustrated inFIG.3(c)-(e) the mixture of binding reagent-linking complex-targeting agent complexes are mixed with a surface comprising a plurality of discrete binding domains to which targeting agent complements, A′″, B′″, and C′″ are bound. The binding reagent-linking complex-targeting agent complexes are adsorbed to form binding reagent complexes, ARC, BRC, and CRCas shown in panel (c). An expanded view of the binding reagent complexes is shown inFIG.3(e). The surface is contacted with a sample comprising analytes A, B, and C, as well as detection binding reagents, A*, B*, and C*, which are capable of binding to analytes A, B, and C, respectively, and/or a complex comprising those analytes. The detection binding reagents include a detectable label. Alternatively, the surface is contacted with a sample comprising the plurality of analytes and subsequently contacted with a mixture of detection binding reagents. Once the detection binding reagents are bound to the surface, and optionally, the surface is washed to remove unbound reagents, the presence of each analyte is detected via the detection reagents bound to each discrete binding domain (panel3(d)).FIG.4illustrates a specific embodiment ofFIG.3involving the use of antibodies as binding reagents and oligonucleotide-complementary oligonucleotide pairs as targeting agent/targeting agent complement pairs. As noted forFIG.3, the linking agents for each binding reagent may be the same and the linking agent complements for each targeting agent may be the same. The skilled artisan will readily appreciate that various permutations of the assay format depicted inFIGS.3-4are possible. Certain preferred embodiments are depicted inFIG.5(a)-(c). For example, all of the reagents, i.e., binding reagents modified by supplemental linking agents, targeting agent complements modified by linking agents, detection reagents and sample, can be mixed together with the surface bearing targeting agent-modified binding domains in a single step to form the complexes shown inFIGS.3(d) and4(d), optionally washed, and analyzed for the presence of analytes A, B, and C, bound to the surface (FIG.5(a)). Alternatively, binding reagents modified by supplemental linking agents, and targeting agents modified by linking agents can be mixed in a single step, added to the surface having targeting agent-modified binding domains in a subsequent step, sample and detection reagents are added, and analyzed in a final step (FIG.5(b)). In yet another embodiment, binding reagents modified by supplemental linking agents, and targeting agent complements modified by linking agents can be mixed, added to the surface bearing targeting agents in discrete binding domains, mixed with sample, and then detection reagents are added (FIG.5(c)). Individual analyte solutions can be added to each binding domain sequentially or simultaneously in a single mixture, and likewise, individual detection reagents can be added to each binding domain sequentially or simultaneously in a single mixture. Any surface binding step can optionally be followed by a washing step to remove any unbound components of the assay before proceeding to the next step. The invention also provides kits, components, and consumables that can be used to practice the methods described herein. The following materials/methods are used in the instant invention. (i) Samples/Analytes Examples of samples that may be analyzed by the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to food samples (including food extracts, food homogenates, beverages, etc.), environmental samples (e.g., soil samples, environmental sludges, collected environmental aerosols, environmental wipes, water filtrates, etc.), industrial samples (e.g., starting materials, products or intermediates from an industrial production process), human clinical samples, veterinary samples and other samples of biological origin. Biological samples that may be analyzed include, but are not limited to, feces, mucosal swabs, physiological fluids and/or samples containing suspensions of cells. Specific examples of biological samples include blood, serum, plasma, feces, mucosal swabs, tissue aspirates, tissue homogenates, cell cultures and cell culture supernatants (including cultures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells), urine, saliva, sputum, and cerebrospinal fluid. Analytes that may be measured using the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to proteins, toxins, nucleic acids, microorganisms, viruses, cells, fungi, spores, carbohydrates, lipids, glycoproteins, lipoproteins, polysaccharides, drugs, hormones, steroids, nutrients, metabolites and any modified derivative of the above molecules, or any complex comprising one or more of the above molecules or combinations thereof. The level of an analyte of interest in a sample may be indicative of a disease or disease condition or it may simply indicate whether the patient was exposed to that analyte. The assays of the present invention may be used to determine the concentration of one or more, e.g., two or more analytes in a sample. Thus, two or more analytes may be measured in the same sample. Panels of analytes that can be measured in the same sample include, for example, panels of assays for analytes or activities associated with a disease state or physiological conditions. Certain such panels include panels of cytokines and/or their receptors (e.g., one or more of TNF-alpha, TNF-beta, IL1-alpha, IL1-beta, IL2, IL4A, IL6, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-y, etc.), growth factors and/or their receptors (e.g., one or more of EGF, VGF, TGF, VEGF, etc.), drugs of abuse, therapeutic drugs, vitamins, pathogen specific antibodies, auto-antibodies (e.g., one or more antibodies directed against the Sm, RNP, SS-A, SS-alpha, J0-1, and Scl-70 antigens), allergen-specific antibodies, tumor markers (e.g., one or more of CEA, PSA, CA-125 II, CA 15-3, CA 19-9, CA 72-4, CYFRA 21-1, NSE, AFP, etc.), markers of cardiac disease including congestive heart disease and/or acute myocardial infarction (e.g., one or more of Troponin T, Troponin I, myoglobin, CKMB, myeloperoxidase, glutathione peroxidase, β-natriuretic protein (BNP), alpha-natriuretic protein (ANP), endothelin, aldosterone, C-reactive protein (CRP), etc.), markers associated with hemostasis (e.g., one or more of Fibrin monomer, D-dimer, thrombin-antithrombin complex, prothrombin fragments 1 & 2, anti-Factor Xa, etc.), markers of acute viral hepatitis infection (e.g., one or more of IgM antibody to hepatitis A virus, IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, hepatitis B surface antigen, antibody to hepatitis C virus, etc.), markers of Alzheimers Disease (alpha-amyloid, beta-amyloid, Aβ42, Aβ 40, Aβ 38, Aβ39, Aβ37, Aβ 34, tau-protein, etc.), markers of osteoporosis (e.g., one or more of cross-linked Nor C-telopeptides, total deoxypyridinoline, free deoxypyridinoline, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, C-terminal propeptide of type I collagen, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, etc.), markers of fertility state or fertility associated disorders (e.g., one or more of Estradiol, progesterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), lutenizing hormone (LH), prolactin, hCG, testosterone, etc.), markers of thyroid disorders (e.g., one or more of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Total T3, Free T3, Total T4, Free T4, and reverse T3), and markers of prostrate cancer (e.g., one or more of total PSA, free PSA, complexed PSA, prostatic acid phosphatase, creatine kinase, etc.). Certain embodiments of invention include measuring, e.g., one or more, two or more, four or more or 10 or more analytes associated with a specific disease state or physiological condition (e.g., analytes grouped together in a panel, such as those listed above; e.g., a panel useful for the diagnosis of thyroid disorders may include e.g., one or more of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Total T3, Free T3, Total T4, Free T4, and reverse T3). The methods of the present invention are designed to allow detection of a wide variety of biological and biochemical agents, as described above. In one embodiment, the methods may be used to detect pathogenic and/or potentially pathogenic virus, bacteria and toxins including biological warfare agents (“BWAs”) in a variety of relevant clinical and environmental matrices, including and without limitation, blood, sputum, stool, filters, swabs, etc. A non-limiting list of pathogens and toxins that may be analyzed (alone or in combination) using the methods of the present invention is Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), Yersinia pestis (plague), Vibrio cholerae (cholera), Francisella tularensis (tularemia), Brucella spp. (Brucellosis), Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), listeria, salmonella, shigella, V. cholera, Chlamydia trachomatis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, orthopox viruses including variola virus (smallpox), viral encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE), western equine encephalitis virus (WEE), eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEE), Alphavirus, viral hemorrhagic fevers, Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Ebola virus, staphylococcal enterotoxins, ricin, botulinum toxins (A, B, E), Clostridium botulinum, mycotoxin, Fusarium, Myrotecium, Cephalosporium, Trichoderma, Verticimonosporium, Stachybotrys, glanders, wheat fungus, Bacillus globigii, Serratia marcescens, yellow rain, trichothecene mycotoxins, Salmonella typhimurium, aflatoxin, Xenopsylla cheopis, Diamanus montanus, alastrim, monkeypox, Arenavirus, Hantavirus, Lassa fever, Argentine hemorrhagic fevers, Bolivian hemorrhagic fevers, Rift Valley fever virus, Crimean-Congo virus, Hanta virus, Marburg hemorrhagic fevers, yellow fever virus, dengue fever viruses, influenza (including human and animal strains including H5N1 avian influenza, influenza A, influenza A, H1 specific, influenza A, H3 specific, influenza A, H5 specific, influenza A, 2009-H1N1 specific, influenza B), RSV, human immunodeficiency viruses I and II (HIV I and II), hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis (non-A, B or C), Enterovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex viruses, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrheae, Trichomonas vaginalis, human papilloma virus, Treponema pallidum, Streptococcus pneumonia, Borellia burgdorferi, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus Enterotoxin B (SEB), Abrin, Shiga Toxin 1, Shiga Toxin 2, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Clostridium difficile, Neisseria meningitidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Group A streptococcus, E. Coli O157, coronavirus, Coxsackie A virus, rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), metapneumovirus, vaccinia, and adenovirus. (ii) Binding Reagents The skilled artisan in the field of binding assays will readily appreciate the scope of binding agents and companion binding partners that may be used in the present methods. A non-limiting list of such pairs include (in either order) oligonucleotides and complements, receptor/ligand pairs, antibodies/antigens, natural or synthetic receptor/ligand pairs, amines and carbonyl compounds (i.e., binding through the formation of a Schiff's base), hapten/antibody pairs, antigen/antibody pairs, epitope/antibody pairs, mimitope/antibody pairs, aptamer/target molecule pairs, hybridization partners, and intercalater/target molecule pairs. In a preferred embodiment, the binding assays of the methods of the present invention employ antibodies or other receptor proteins as binding reagents. The term “antibody” includes intact antibody molecules (including hybrid antibodies assembled by in vitro re-association of antibody subunits), antibody fragments and recombinant protein constructs comprising an antigen binding domain of an antibody (as described, e.g., in Porter, R. R. and Weir, R. C. J. Cell Physiol., 67 (Suppl); 51-64 (1966) and Hochman, 1. Inbar, D. and Givol, D. Biochemistry 12: 1130 (1973)), as well as antibody constructs that have been chemically modified, e.g., by the introduction of a detectable label. iii) Targeting Agents, Linking Agents & Bridging Agents Binding reagents are linked to components that enable their attachment to each other and/or to solid phases, directly or indirectly. These components are referred to herein as targeting agents and linking agents. As used herein, targeting agents and their complements are used to adhere a binding reagent to a surface or support, whereas linking agents and supplemental linking agents are used to attach a binding reagent to a targeting agent, directly or indirectly through a bridging agent, if one is used. In one embodiment, a targeting agent and its complement comprise a first oligonucleotide and a complementary oligonucleotide, a receptor-ligand pair, an antigen-antibody pair, a hapten-antibody pair, an epitope-antibody pair, a mimetope-antibody pair, an aptamer-target molecule pair, hybridization partners, or an intercalator-target molecule pair. The targeting agents and complements used in an assay are selected such that the targeting agents and complements associated with a binding reagent for an analyte (for example, a first analyte) measured by the assay are substantially non-cross-reactive with the targeting agents and complements associated with the binding reagents for the other analytes measured by the assay (for example, a second analyte). Accordingly, in an assay of the invention, the binding of a binding reagent to its associated binding domain (through its associated targeting agent and targeting agent complement) should be substantially greater than its binding to binding domains associated with other analytes (and presenting different targeting agent complements). Preferably the cross-reactivity for the binding of binding reagents for an analyte to binding domains associated with other analytes relative to the binding to the correct binding domain is <1%, more preferably <0.1% and more preferably <0.01%. In a preferred embodiment, the targeting agent/targeting agent complement comprise a pair of oligonucleotides including complementary sequences and the targeting agent and its complement are contacted under conditions sufficient to hybridize the targeting agent to its complement. The preferred length is approximately 5 to 100 bases, preferably, approximately, 10 to 50 bases, and more preferably approximately 10 to 25 bases. In addition, the targeting oligonucleotides sequences need not be identical in length and in certain embodiments it may be beneficial to provide one targeting oligonucleotide sequence that is longer than its binding partner, e.g., by up to 25 bases, or up to 15 bases, or up to 10 bases. Oligonucleotide sequences and their complements can be generated by techniques known in the art for generating pairs of complementary oligonucleotides with similar binding energies (or melting temperatures) and low inter-pair cross-reactivity (e.g., commercial or public software for selecting probes or primers for multiplexed nucleic acid assays). Oligonucleotide sequences can include naturally occurring nucleic acid bases as well as non-naturally occurring and/or modified bases. For example, the oligonucleotide sequences can include Iso-dC and/or Iso-dG, which are chemical variants of cytosine and guanine, respectively, available from EraGen Biosciences, Inc. (www.eragen.com). Incorporation of such modified bases into oligonucleotide sequences effectively expands the genetic alphabet and permits synthesis of oligonucleotides that have increased specificity and decreased mismatch hybridization potential. For example, an oligonucleotide containing Iso-dC can be designed so that it will hybridize to a complementary oligo containing Iso-dG but will be not hybridize to any naturally occurring nucleic acids sequence. In addition or alternatively, oligonucleotide sequences and their complements can include dimerized and/or dendritic oligonucleotide sequences. Moreover, the oligonucleotide sequences and their complements can be multi-functional, e.g., including (a) a first segment designed to bind to a capture reagent via a first segment complement (i.e., the capture reagent includes a targeting agent complement that is complementary to the first segment of the multi-functional targeting agent), and (b) a second segment designed to bind to an additional moiety present in the assay medium. In this regard, reference is made to copending application serial no. PCT/US15/30925, filed May 15, 2015. In one approach, a computer algorithm can be used to generate oligonucleotide sequence pairs based on one or more, and preferably all, of the following rules: (i) GC content between about 40-60%, e.g., 40-50%; (ii) a maximum string of base repeats in a sequence of no more than three; (iii) a maximum number of base pair matches of six between sequences in different pairs, with no more than four matches in a row; (iv) a rejection of sequences with predicted hairpin loop sizes between 2-5, oligonucleotides if they have four or more base-pair matches in the stem region (loop sizes of six or greater are retained); and (v) a higher free energy (ΔG°) of the specific interactions resulting from a 40-60% or 40-50% GC content (ΔG° is dependent on temperature and salt concentration, and at 23° C. and 200 mM of a monovalent cation, pH 7.0, ΔG° preferably exceeds −15 kcal/mol). In a particular embodiment, at least relative GC content and ΔG° are considered, along with one or more the rules identified above, in oligonucleotide selection. In one embodiment, it may be advantageous to design oligonucleotide sequences that minimize non-specific binding and this can be achieved by a variety of methods. For example, one can design oligonucleotide/oligonucleotide pairs that form no more than three consecutive G/C pairs with other oligonucleotides used in the assay. Alternatively or additionally, one or more of the following configurations can be avoided: formation of single nucleotide loops or single nucleotide mismatches positioned between G/C-rich sequences when paired with other oligonucleotides used in the assay. In one embodiment, the targeting agent and the targeting agent complement comprise a pair of oligonucleotides, wherein the pair is selected from one of the following sequence pairs in Table 1(a): pair #Sequence (5'-3')1Acatcggtagtt (SEQ ID NO: 1)Aactaccgatgt (SEQ ID NO: 2)2acgtcccagttg (SEQ ID NO: 3)caactgggacgt (SEQ ID NO: 4)3agaagaagatcc (SEQ ID NO: 5)ggatcttcttct (SEQ ID NO: 6)4aggttcagtgca (SEQ ID NO: 7)tgcactgaacct (SEQ ID NO: 8)5atcaggatacgc (SEQ ID NO: 9)gcgtatcctgat (SEQ ID NO: 10)6atcattaccacc (SEQ ID NO: 11)ggtggtaatgat (SEQ ID NO: 12)7attaacgggagc (SEQ ID NO: 13)gctcccgttaat (SEQ ID NO: 14)8cagaggtcttaa (SEQ ID NO: 15)ttaagacctctg (SEQ ID NO: 16)9caggtgtccatt (SEQ ID NO: 17)aatggacacctg (SEQ ID NO: 18)10catccaatccag (SEQ ID NO: 19)ctggattggatg (SEQ ID NO: 20)11cctacgatatac (SEQ ID NO: 21)gtatatcgtagg (SEQ ID NO: 22)12cgaatgtagagt (SEQ ID NO: 23)actctacattcg (SEQ ID NO: 24)13cggtttgagata (SEQ ID NO: 25)tatctcaaaccg (SEQ ID NO: 26)14cttacaacgcca (SEQ ID NO: 27)tggcgttgtaag (SEQ ID NO: 28)15ctttctcggcac (SEQ ID NO: 29)gtgccgagaaag (SEQ ID NO: 30)16gacataaagcga (SEQ ID NO: 31)tcgctttatgtc (SEQ ID NO: 32)17gccatagtctct (SEQ ID NO: 33)agagactatggc (SEQ ID NO: 34)18gctaattcacca (SEQ ID NO: 35)tggtgaattagc (SEQ ID NO: 36)19ggtcgtgtttca (SEQ ID NO: 37)tgaaacacgacc (SEQ ID NO: 38)20gttgattctgtc (SEQ ID NO: 39)gacagaatcaac (SEQ ID NO: 40)21tacccggaataa (SEQ ID NO: 41)ttattccgggta (SEQ ID NO: 42)22tgcttgacttgg (SEQ ID NO: 43)ccaagtcaagca (SEQ ID NO: 44)23ttccacttaggg (SEQ ID NO: 45)ccctaagtggaa (SEQ ID NO: 46)24ttgtctagcggc (SEQ ID NO: 47)gccgctagacaa (SEQ ID NO: 48)25tttcccttgcta (SEQ ID NO: 49)tagcaagggaaa (SEQ ID NO: 50) In a particular embodiment, the targeting agent and the targeting agent complement comprise a pair of oligonucleotides, wherein the pair is selected from one of the following sequence pairs in Table 1(b): PairNameModificationSequence13' Thiol Oligo 12b-13'-thiol C3 SSacatcggtagtt (SEQ ID NO: 1)3' Biotin Oligo 12b-13' biotinaactaccgatgt (SEQ ID NO: 2)33' Thiol Oligo 12b-53'-thiol C3 SSagaagaagatcc (SEQ ID NO: 5)3' Biotin Oligo 12b-53' biotinggatcttcttct (SEQ ID NO: 6)63' Thiol Oligo 12b-123'-thiol C3 SSatcattaccacc (SEQ ID NO: 11)3' Biotin Oligo12b-3' biotinggtggtaatgat (SEQ ID NO: 12)1273' Thiol Oligo 12b-143'-thiol C3 SSattaacgggagc (SEQ ID NO: 13)3' Biotin Oligo 12b-3' biotingctcccgttaat (SEQ ID NO: 14)1483' Thiol Oligo 12b-173'-thiol C3 SScagaggtcttaa (SEQ ID NO: 15)3' Biotin Oligo 12b-3' biotinttaagacctctg (SEQ ID NO: 16)1793' Thiol Oligo 12b-183'-thiol C3 SScaggtgtccatt (SEQ ID NO: 17)3' Biotin Oligo 12b-3' biotinaatggacacctg (SEQ ID NO: 18)18113' Thiol Oligo 12b-203'-thiol C3 SScctacgatatac (SEQ ID NO: 21)3' Biotin Oligo 12b-3' biotingtatatcgtagg (SEQ ID NO: 22)20123' Thiol Oligo 12b-213' thiol C3 SScgaatgtagagt (SEQ ID NO: 23)3' Biotin Oligo 12b-3' biotinactctacattcg (SEQ ID NO: 24)21133' Thiol Oligo 12b-223'-thiol C3 SScggtttgagata (SEQ ID NO: 25)3' Biotin Oligo 12b-3' biotintatctcaaaccg (SEQ ID NO: 26)22163' Thiol Oligo 12b-263'-thiol C3 SSgacataaagcga (SEQ ID NO: 31)3' Biotin Oligo 12b-3' biotintcgctttatgtc (SEQ ID NO: 32)26173' Thiol Oligo 12b-283'-thiol C3 SSgccatagtctct (SEQ ID NO: 33)3' Biotin Oligo 12b-3' biotinagagactatggc (SEQ ID NO: 34)28183' Thiol Oligo 12b-303'-thiol C3 SSgctaattcacca (SEQ ID NO: 35)3' Biotin Oligo 12b-3' biotintggtgaattagc (SEQ ID NO: 36)30203' Thiol Oligo 12b-333'-thiol C3 SSgttgattctgtc (SEQ ID NO: 39)3' Biotin Oligo 12b-3' biotingacagaatcaac (SEQ ID NO: 40)33233' Thiol Oligo 12b-413'-thiol C3 SSttccacttaggg (SEQ ID NO: 45)3' Biotin Oligo 12b-3' biotinccctaagtggaa (SEQ ID NO: 46)41253' Thiol Oligo 12b-433'-thiol C3 SStttcccttgcta (SEQ ID NO: 49)3' Biotin Oligo 12b-3' biotintagcaagggaaa (SEQ ID NO: 50)43 For example, the invention includes one of the sets of ten pair of targeting agent and the targeting agent complement shown in Table 1(c): 3' Thiol OligoCorresponding 3' Biotinylated OligoSet (1)5'-ATC ATT ACC ACC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GGT GGT AAT GAT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 11)(SEQ ID NO: 12)5'-CCT ACG ATA TAC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GTA TAT CGT AGG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 21)(SEQ ID NO: 22)5'-CGG TTT GAG ATA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TAT CTC AAA CCG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 25)(SEQ ID NO: 26)5'-GAC ATA AAG CGA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TCG CTT TAT GTC/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 31)(SEQ ID NO: 32)5'-GTT GAT TCT GTC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GAC AGA ATC AAC/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 39)(SEQ ID NO: 40)5'-GCT AAT TCA CCA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TGG TGA ATT AGC/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 35)(SEQ ID NO: 36)5'-TTT CCC TTG CTA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TAG CAA GGG AAA/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 49)(SEQ ID NO: 50)5'-AGA AGA AGA TCC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GGA TCT TCT TCT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 5)(SEQ ID NO: 6)5'-ACA TCG GTA GTT/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-AAC TAC CGA TGT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 1)(SEQ ID NO: 25'-GCC ATA GTC TCT/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-AGA GAC TAT GGC/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 33)(SEQ ID NO: 34)Set (2)5'-CGA ATG TAG AGT/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-ACT CTA CAT TCG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 23)(SEQ ID NO: 24)5'-TTC CAC TTA GGG/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-CCC TAA GTG GAA/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 45)(SEQ ID NO: 46)5'-CAG AGG TCT TAA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TTA AGA CCT CTG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 15)(SEQ ID NO: 16)5'-ACG TCC CAG TTG/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-CAA CTG GGA CGT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 3)(SEQ ID NO: 4)5'-AGG TTC AGT GCA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TGC ACT GAA CCT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 7)(SEQ ID NO: 8)5'-ATC AGG ATA CGC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GCG TAT CCT GAT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 9)(SEQ ID NO: 10)5'-CAT CCA ATC CAG/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-CTG GAT TGG ATG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 19)(SEQ ID NO: 20)5'-CTT ACA ACG CCA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TGG CGT TGT AAG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 27)(SEQ ID NO: 28)5'-CTT TCT CGG CAC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GTG CCG AGA AAG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 29)(SEQ ID NO: 30)5'-GGT CGT GTT TCA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TGA AAC ACG ACC/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 37)(SEQ ID NO: 38)Set (3)5'-ATT AAC GGG AGC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GCT CCC GTT AAT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 13)(SEQ ID NO: 14)5'-CAG GTG TCC ATT/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-AAT GGA CAC CTG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 17)(SEQ ID NO: 18)5'-CGA ATG TAG AGT/3ThioMC3-D/ -3 '5'-ACT CTA CAT TCG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 23)(SEQ ID NO: 24)5'-TTC CAC TTA GGG/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-CCC TAA GTG GAA/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 45)(SEQ ID NO: 46)5'-CAG AGG TCT TAA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TTA AGA CCT CTG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 15)(SEQ ID NO: 16)5'-ACG TCC CAG TTG/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-CAA CTG GGA CGT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 3)(SEQ ID NO: 4)5'-AGG TTC AGT GCA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'- TGC ACT GAA CCT/3Bio/ -3'(SEQ ID NO: 7)(SEQ ID NO: 8)5'-ATC AGG ATA CGC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GCG TAT CCT GAT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 9)(SEQ ID NO: 10)5'-CAT CCA ATC CAG/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-CTG GAT TGG ATG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 19)(SEQ ID NO: 20)5'-CTT ACA ACG CCA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TGG CGT TGT AAG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 27)(SEQ ID NO: 28)Set (4)5'-GCT AAT TCA CCA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TGG TGA ATT AGC/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 35)(SEQ ID NO: 36)5'-TTT CCC TTG CTA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TAG CAA GGG AAA/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 49)(SEQ ID NO: 50)5'-AGA AGA AGA TCC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GGA TCT TCT TCT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 5)(SEQ ID NO: 6)5'-ACA TCG GTA GTT/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-AAC TAC CGA TGT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 1)(SEQ ID NO: 25'-GCC ATA GTC TCT/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-AGA GAC TAT GGC/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 33)(SEQ ID NO: 34)5'-ATT AAC GGG AGC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GCT CCC GTT AAT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 13)(SEQ ID NO: 14)5'-CAG GTG TCC ATT/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-AAT GGA CAC CTG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 17)(SEQ ID NO: 18)5'-CGA ATG TAG AGT/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-ACT CTA CAT TCG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 23)(SEQ ID NO: 24)5'-TTC CAC TTA GGG/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-CCC TAA GTG GAA/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 45)(SEQ ID NO: 46)5'-CAG AGG TCT TAA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TTA AGA CCT CTG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 15)(SEQ ID NO: 16)Set (5)5'-ATC ATT ACC ACC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GGT GGT AAT GAT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 11)(SEQ ID NO: 12)5'-CCT ACG ATA TAC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GTA TAT CGT AGG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 21)(SEQ ID NO: 22)5'-CGG TTT GAG ATA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TAT CTC AAA CCG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 25)(SEQ ID NO: 26)5'-GAC ATA AAG CGA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'- TCG CTT TAT GTC/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 31)(SEQ ID NO: 32)5'-GTT GAT TCT GTC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GAC AGA ATC AAC/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 39)(SEQ ID NO: 40)5'-ATC AGG ATA CGC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GCG TAT CCT GAT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 9)(SEQ ID NO: 10)5'-CAT CCA ATC CAG/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-CTG GAT TGG ATG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO : 19)(SEQ ID NO: 20)5'-CTT ACA ACG CCA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TGG CGT TGT AAG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 27)(SEQ ID NO: 28)5'-CTT TCT CGG CAC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GTG CCG AGA AAG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 29)(SEQ ID NO: 30)5'-GGT CGT GTT TCA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TGA AAC ACG ACC/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 37)(SEQ ID NO: 38)Set (6)5'-ATC ATT ACC ACC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GGT GGT AAT GAT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 11)(SEQ ID NO : 12)5'-CCT ACG ATA TAC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GTA TAT CGT AGG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 21)(SEQ ID NO: 22)5'-GAC ATA AAG CGA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TCG CTT TAT GTC/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 31)(SEQ ID NO: 32)5'-GTT GAT TCT GTC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GAC AGA ATC AAC/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 39)(SEQ ID NO: 40)5'-AGA AGA AGA TCC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GGA TCT TCT TCT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 5)(SEQ ID NO: 6)5'-ACA TCG GTA GTT/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-AAC TAC CGA TGT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 1)(SEQ ID NO: 25'-CAG GTG TCC ATT/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-AAT GGA CAC CTG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 17)(SEQ ID NO: 18)5'-CGA ATG TAG AGT/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-ACT CTA CAT TCG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 23)(SEQ ID NO: 24)5'-ACG TCC CAG TTG/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-CAA CTG GGA CGT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 3)(SEQ ID NO: 4)5'-AGG TTC AGT GCA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TGC ACT GAA CCT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 7)(SEQ ID NO: 8)Set (7)5'-CGG TTT GAG ATA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TAT CTC AAA CCG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 25)(SEQ ID NO: 26)5'-GAC ATA AAG CGA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TCG CTT TAT GTC/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 31)(SEQ ID NO: 32)5'-TTT CCC TTG CTA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TAG CAA GGG AAA/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 49)(SEQ ID NO: 50)5'-AGA AGA AGA TCC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GGA TCT TCT TCT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 5)(SEQ ID NO: 6)5'-ATT AAC GGG AGC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GCT CCC GTT AAT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 13)(SEQ ID NO: 14)5'-CAG GTG TCC ATT/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-AAT GGA CAC CTG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 17)(SEQ ID NO: 18)5'-TTC CAC TTA GGG/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-CCC TAA GTG GAA/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 45)(SEQ ID NO: 46)5'-CAG AGG TCT TAA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TTA AGA CCT CTG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 15)(SEQ ID NO: 16)5'-ATC AGG ATA CGC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GCG TAT CCT GAT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 9)(SEQ ID NO: 10)5'-CAT CCA ATC CAG/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-CTG GAT TGG ATG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 19)(SEQ ID NO: 20)Set (8)5'-GCT AAT TCA CCA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TGG TGA ATT AGC/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 35)(SEQ ID NO: 36)5'-TTT CCC TTG CTA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TAG CAA GGG AAA/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 49)(SEQ ID NO: 50)5'-AGA AGA AGA TCC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GGA TCT TCT TCT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 5)(SEQ ID NO: 6)5'-ACA TCG GTA GTT/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-AAC TAC CGA TGT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 1)(SEQ ID NO: 25'-GCC ATA GTC TCT/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-AGA GAC TAT GGC/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 33)(SEQ ID NO: 34)5'-ACG TCC CAG TTG/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-CAA CTG GGA CGT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 3)(SEQ ID NO: 4)5'-AGG TTC AGT GCA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TGC ACT GAA CCT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 7)(SEQ ID NO: 8)5'-ATC AGG ATA CGC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GCG TAT CCT GAT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 9)(SEQ ID NO: 10)5'-CAT CCA ATC CAG/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-CTG GAT TGG ATG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 19)(SEQ ID NO: 20)5'-CTT ACA ACG CCA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TGG CGT TGT AAG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 27)(SEQ ID NO: 28)Set (9)5'-ATT AAC GGG AGC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GCT CCC GTT AAT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 13)(SEQ ID NO: 14)5'-CAG GTG TCC ATT/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-AAT GGA CAC CTG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 17)(SEQ ID NO: 18)5'-CGA ATG TAG AGT/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-ACT CTA CAT TCG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 23)(SEQ ID NO : 24)5'-TTC CAC TTA GGG/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-CCC TAA GTG GAA/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 45)(SEQ ID NO: 46)5'-CAG AGG TCT TAA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TTA AGA CCT CTG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 15)(SEQ ID NO: 16)5'-ATC AGG ATA CGC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GCG TAT CCT GAT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 9)(SEQ ID NO: 10)5'-CAT CCA ATC CAG/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-CTG GAT TGG ATG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 19)(SEQ ID NO: 20)5'-CTT ACA ACG CCA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TGG CGT TGT AAG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 27)(SEQ ID NO: 28)5'-CTT TCT CGG CAC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GTG CCG AGA AAG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 29)(SEQ ID NO: 30)5'-GGT CGT GTT TCA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TGA AAC ACG ACC/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 37)(SEQ ID NO: 38)Set (10)5'-GAC ATA AAG CGA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'- TCG CTT TAT GTC/3Bio/ -3'(SEQ ID NO: 31)(SEQ ID NO: 32)5'-GTT GAT TCT GTC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GAC AGA ATC AAC/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 39)(SEQ ID NO: 40)5'-GCT AAT TCA CCA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TGG TGA ATT AGC/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 35)(SEQ ID NO: 36)5'-TTT CCC TTG CTA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TAG CAA GGG AAA/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 49)(SEQ ID NO: 50)5'-AGA AGA AGA TCC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GGA TCT TCT TCT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 5)(SEQ ID NO: 6)5'-TTC CAC TTA GGG/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-CCC TAA GTG GAA/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 45)(SEQ ID NO: 46)5'-CAG AGG TCT TAA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TTA AGA CCT CTG/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 15)(SEQ ID NO: 16)5'-ACG TCC CAG TTG/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-CAA CTG GGA CGT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 3)(SEQ ID NO: 4)5'-AGG TTC AGT GCA/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-TGC ACT GAA CCT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 7)(SEQ ID NO: 8)5'-ATC AGG ATA CGC/3ThioMC3-D/-3'5'-GCG TAT CCT GAT/3Bio/-3'(SEQ ID NO: 9)(SEQ ID NO: 10) In a specific embodiment, the set comprises set 1 listed in Table 1(c). Alternatively, the set comprises set 2 from Table 1(c); the set can also comprise set 3 from Table 1(c); the set further comprises set 4 from Table 1(c); the set also includes set 5 from Table 1(c); the set includes set 6 from Table 1(c); the set further comprises set 7 from Table 1(c); the set can also include set 8 from Table 1(c); the set includes set 9 from Table 1(c); and/or the set includes set 10 from Table 1(c). The targeting agent and targeting agent complement may be present in a 1:1 ratio. Alternatively, the targeting agent may be present in an excess, e.g., in a 2:1 ratio of targeting agent to targeting agent complement, to increase the likelihood of binding the targeting agent to its complement. In one embodiment, suitable linking agents and supplemental linking agents include chemical moieties that react to form a linking complex. For example, the linking complex is formed by a binding interaction between chemical moieties present on the linking agent and supplemental linking agent, e.g., a thiol group and a maleimide or iodoacetamide groups; an aldehyde and a hydrazide; or an alkyne and an azide. Alternatively, a linking complex can be formed by a protein-protein binding reaction between a linking agent and a supplemental linking agent. For example, a protein-protein binding reaction can be formed via binding between a receptor/ligand pair, hapten/antibody pair, antigen/antibody pair, epitope/antibody pair, mimitope/antibody pair, aptamer/target molecule pair, hybridization partners, and intercalater/target molecule pair. In one embodiment, the linking agent is biotin and the supplemental linking agent is streptavidin or avidin (or vice versa); or the linking agent is a peptide and the supplemental linking agent is an antipeptide antibody (or vice versa). Certain embodiments described herein employ linking agents that bind directly to supplemental linking agents. In these and other such embodiments, the linking and supplemental linking agents that bind to each other can be replaced with linking and supplemental linking agents that can concurrently bind to a bridging agent. In these alternate embodiments, a bridging agent is included in the mixture of the linking agent and supplemental linking agent, when forming the targeting complex. Abridging agent, if one is used, binds to the linking agent and the supplemental linking agent. For example, the bridging agent includes a binding site for the linking agent and an additional binding site for the supplemental linking agent, and the combination of the three components, i.e., the bridging agent, the linking agent, and the supplemental linking agent, comprises a bridging complex. In one embodiment, the bridging agent is streptavidin or avidin (each of which are tetramers with four independent binding sites for biotin) and the linking agent and supplemental linking agent are each biotin, such that the bridging complex comprises (biotin-(streptavidin (or avidin))-biotin). In a preferred embodiment, a linking complex is formed by a binding reaction between a linking agent, LA, and a supplemental linking agent, LA′. A multiplex assay format may be configured to detect analytes A, B, and C, and therefore, the reagent complexes designed to interact with those individual analytes may include linking agents and supplemental linking agents selected from LAand LA′, LBand LB′, and LCand LC′. Each of the linking agent/supplemental linking agent pairs used to construct the binding complexes may be the same or different. In a preferred embodiment, each of the linking agent/supplemental linking agent pairs comprise the same set of reagents. In a particularly preferred embodiment, each of the linking agent/supplemental linking agent pairs comprise, e.g., a biotin molecule as the linking agent on a binding reagent and a streptavidin or avidin molecule on a targeting agent as the supplemental linking agent (or vice versa). In addition, a linking complex can also be formed by a binding reaction between a biotin molecule on a binding reagent and a streptavidin or avidin molecule on a targeting agent, wherein the streptavidin or avidin molecule is bound to the targeting agent via a reaction with a biotin molecule (acting as a bridging agent) on the targeting agent. In a preferred embodiment, once a linking complex is formed between a biotin and streptavidin molecule on a binding reagent and a targeting agent, respectively (or vice versa), excess free biotin molecule can be added to prevent cross-reactivity between additional binding reagents and targeting agents that may be combined in solution. (iv) Solid Phases A wide variety of solid phases are suitable for use in the methods of the present invention including conventional solid phases from the art of binding assays. Solid phases may be made from a variety of different materials including polymers (e.g., polystyrene and polypropylene), ceramics, glass, composite materials (e.g., carbon-polymer composites such as carbon-based inks). Suitable solid phases include the surfaces of macroscopic objects such as an interior surface of an assay container (e.g., test tubes, cuvettes, flow cells, cartridges, wells in a multi-well plate, etc.), slides, assay chips (such as those used in gene or protein chip measurements), pins or probes, beads, filtration media, lateral flow media (for example, filtration membranes used in lateral flow test strips), etc. Suitable solid phases also include particles (including but not limited to colloids or beads) commonly used in other types of particle-based assays e.g., magnetic, polypropylene, and latex particles, materials typically used in solid-phase synthesis e.g., polystyrene and polyacrylamide particles, and materials typically used in chromatographic applications e.g., silica, alumina, polyacrylamide, polystyrene. The materials may also be a fiber such as a carbon fibril. Microparticles may be inanimate or alternatively, may include animate biological entities such as cells, viruses, bacterium and the like. A particle used in the present method may be comprised of any material suitable for attachment to one or more binding reagents, and that may be collected via, e.g., centrifugation, gravity, filtration or magnetic collection. A wide variety of different types of particles that may be attached to binding reagents are sold commercially for use in binding assays. These include non-magnetic particles as well as particles comprising magnetizable materials which allow the particles to be collected with a magnetic field. In one embodiment, the particles are comprised of a conductive and/or semiconductive material, e.g., colloidal gold particles. The microparticles may have a wide variety of sizes and shapes. By way of example and not limitation, microparticles may be between 5 nanometers and 100 micrometers. Preferably microparticles have sizes between 20 nm and 10 micrometers. The particles may be spherical, oblong, rodlike, etc., or they may be irregular in shape. FIG.6(a)-(c) illustrates various set of particles that can be used in the present invention.FIG.6(a)shows a set of particles, provided in one or more vials, containers, or compartments, that are each modified with a distinct targeting agent. Alternatively, as shown inFIG.6(b), a set of particles can be provided in one or more vials, containers, or compartments, that are each modified with a distinct binding reagent, the binding reagent being attached to the particle in a targeting complex that comprises the binding reagent (through linking a supplemental linking agents) to a targeting agent complement that is bound to a targeting agent on the surface of the particle. Still further,FIG.6(c)shows yet another embodiment in which a mixed set of particles is provided, wherein a subset includes particles that are each modified with a distinct binding reagent (as inFIG.6(b)and a subset includes particles that are each modified with a distinct targeting agent (as inFIG.6(a)). The particles shown inFIG.6(c)include a subset of preconfigured particles with binding reagents for a pre-determined set of analytes and a subset of non-configured particles that can be modified by a user to attach an additional set of binding reagents for an additional set of analytes, i.e., by binding the particles to an additional set of targeting complexes comprising additional binding reagents. These additional reagents may be provided by the user thereby allowing the user to add a set of user-defined assays to a pre-defined set of assays. The particles used in the present method may be coded to allow for the identification of specific particles or subpopulations of particles in a mixture of particles. The use of such coded particles has been used to enable multiplexing of assays employing particles as solid phase supports for binding assays. In one approach, particles are manufactured to include one or more fluorescent dyes and specific populations of particles are identified based on the intensity and/or relative intensity of fluorescence emissions at one or more wave lengths. This approach has been used in the Luminex xMAP systems (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,939,720) and the Becton Dickinson Cytometric Bead Array systems. Alternatively, particles may be coded through differences in other physical properties such as size, shape, imbedded optical patterns and the like. As indicated by the cross-hatching of the particles inFIGS.6(a)-(c), one or more particles provided in a mixture or set of particles may be coded to be distinguishable from other particles in the mixture by virtue of particle optical properties, size, shape, imbedded optical patterns and the like. Alternatively or additionally, the binding reagents can be bound via binding reagent complexes to different discrete binding domains on one or more solid phases, e.g., as in a binding array, such that discrete assay signals are generated on each binding domain and therefore, the different analytes bound to those domains can be measured independently. In one example of such an embodiment, the binding domains are prepared by immobilizing, on one or more surfaces, discrete domains of targeting agents that, through a binding reagent complex built on the individual domains, are configured to bind analytes of interest. Optionally, the surface(s) may define, in part, one or more boundaries of a container (e.g., a flow cell, well, cuvette, etc.) which holds the sample or through which the sample is passed. In a preferred embodiment, individual binding domains are formed on electrodes for use in electrochemical or electrochemiluminescence assays. Multiplexed measurement of analytes on a surface comprising a plurality of binding domains using electrochemiluminescence has been used in the Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC, MULTI-ARRAY® and SECTOR® Imager line or products (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,842,246 and 6,977,722, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties). FIG.6(d)-(f) illustrate various alternative plate formats including distinct binding domains that can be used in the present invention.FIG.6(d)shows a surface bearing a plurality of binding domains that are each modified with a distinct targeting agent. Alternatively, as shown inFIG.6(e), a surface can be provided bearing a plurality of binding domains that are each modified with a distinct binding reagent, the binding reagent being attached to the binding domain in a targeting complex that comprises the binding reagent (through linking a supplemental linking agents) to a targeting agent complement that is bound to a targeting agent on the binding domain. Still further,FIG.6(f)shows yet another embodiment in which a mixed set of binding domains on a surface is provided, wherein a subset includes binding domains that are each modified with a distinct binding reagent (as inFIG.6e) and a subset includes binding domains that are each modified by a distinct targeting agent (as inFIG.6(d)). The binding domains shown inFIG.6(f)include a subset of preconfigured binding domains with binding reagents for a pre-determined set of analytes and a subset of non-configured binding domains that can be modified by a user to attach an additional set of binding reagents for an additional set of analytes, i.e., by binding these non-configured binding domains to an additional set of targeting complexes comprising additional binding reagents. These additional reagents may be provided by the user, thereby allowing the user to add a set of user-defined assays to a pre-defined set of assays. Reagents, i.e., targeting agents, can be bound to a surface by known methods, e.g., established methods for modifying particles or for forming arrays. One non-limiting example of a method of attaching a protein or oligonucleotide to a surface is illustrated inFIG.7. This method uses Sulfosuccinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (Sulfo-SMCC), a well-established heterobifunctional cross-linking agent. Reaction of the N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) group of SMCC with bovine serum albumin (BSA) labels the BSA with thiol-reactive maleimide groups. The maleimide groups are, in turn, reacted with thiol-modified oligonucleotides to form BSA-oligonucleotide conjugates that are linked through stable thioether bonds. Arrays of these reagents can be formed by printing patterns of the reagents on surfaces that adsorb or react with proteins (such as BSA), thereby generating patterned arrays of the associated oligonucleotides. In one specific example, arrays are formed by printing arrays of the BSA-oligonucleotide conjugates on graphitic carbon surfaces, preferably screen printed carbon ink electrodes. Surprisingly, we have found that thiol-modified reagents including thiol-modified oligonucleotides react irreversibly with graphitic carbon surfaces including screen-printed carbon ink electrodes (even when not conjugated to a protein such as BSA). Accordingly, thiol-modified reagents (including thiol modified oligonucleotides and peptides) can be immobilized on carbon surfaces by incubating the carbon surfaces with a solution containing the reagents and allowing the reagent to irreversibly react with the surface. Furthermore, arrays of such thiol-modified reagents (including arrays comprising thiol-modified oligonucleotides and/or peptides) can be formed by printing solutions containing these reagents on carbon surfaces, incubating the patterned solutions on the surface and allowing the reagents to irreversibly react with the surface. (v) Assay Devices and Supplementary Reagents The methods of the present invention may be used in a variety of assay devices and/or formats. The assay devices may include, e.g., assay modules, such as assay plates, cartridges, multi-well assay plates, reaction vessels, test tubes, cuvettes, flow cells, assay chips, lateral flow devices, etc., having assay reagents (which may include targeting agents or other binding reagents) added as the assay progresses or pre-loaded in the wells, chambers, or assay regions of the assay module. These devices may employ a variety of assay formats for specific binding assays, e.g., immunoassay or immunochromatographic assays. Illustrative assay devices and formats are described herein below. In certain embodiments, the methods of the present invention may employ assay reagents that are stored in a dry state and the assay devices/kits may further comprise or be supplied with desiccant materials for maintaining the assay reagents in a dry state. The assay devices preloaded with the assay reagents can greatly improve the speed and reduce the complexity of assay measurements while maintaining excellent stability during storage. The dried assay reagents may be any assay reagent that can be dried and then reconstituted prior to use in an assay. These include, but are not limited to, binding reagents useful in binding assays, enzymes, enzyme substrates, indicator dyes and other reactive compounds that may be used to detect an analyte of interest. The assay reagents may also include substances that are not directly involved in the mechanism of detection but play an auxiliary role in an assay including, but not limited to, blocking agents, stabilizing agents, detergents, salts, pH buffers, preservatives, etc. Reagents may be present in free form or supported on solid phases including the surfaces of compartments (e.g., chambers, channels, flow cells, wells, etc.) in the assay modules or the surfaces of colloids, beads, or other particulate supports. (vi) Measurement Methods The methods of the invention can be used with a variety of methods for measuring the amount of an analyte and, in particular, measuring the amount of an analyte bound to a solid phase. Techniques that may be used include, but are not limited to, techniques known in the art such as cell culture-based assays, binding assays (including agglutination tests, immunoassays, nucleic acid hybridization assays, etc.), enzymatic assays, colorometric assays, etc. Other suitable techniques will be readily apparent to one of average skill in the art. Some measurement techniques allow for measurements to be made by visual inspection, others may require or benefit from the use of an instrument to conduct the measurement. Methods for measuring the amount of an analyte include label free techniques, which include but are not limited to i) techniques that measure changes in mass or refractive index at a surface after binding of an analyte to a surface (e.g., surface acoustic wave techniques, surface plasmon resonance sensors, ellipsometric techniques, etc.), ii) mass spectrometric techniques (including techniques like MALDI, SELDI, etc. that can measure analytes on a surface), iii) chromatographic or electrophoretic techniques, iv) fluorescence techniques (which may be based on the inherent fluorescence of an analyte), etc. Methods for measuring the amount of an analyte also include techniques that measure analytes through the detection of labels which may be attached directly or indirectly (e.g., through the use of labeled binding partners of an analyte) to an analyte. Suitable labels include labels that can be directly visualized (e.g., particles that may be seen visually and labels that generate an measurable signal such as light scattering, optical absorbance, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, electrochemiluminescence, radioactivity, magnetic fields, etc). Labels that may be used also include enzymes or other chemically reactive species that have a chemical activity that leads to a measurable signal such as light scattering, absorbance, fluorescence, etc. The use of enzymes as labels has been well established in in Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assays, also called ELISAs, Enzyme ImmunoAssays or EIAs. In the ELISA format, an unknown amount of antigen is affixed to a surface and then a specific antibody is washed over the surface so that it can bind to the antigen. This antibody is linked to an enzyme, and in the final step a substance is added that the enzyme converts to a product that provides a change in a detectable signal. The formation of product may be detectable, e.g., due a difference, relative to the substrate, in a measurable property such as absorbance, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, light scattering, etc. Certain (but not all) measurement methods that may be used with solid phase binding methods according to the invention may benefit from or require a wash step to remove unbound components (e.g., labels) from the solid phase Accordingly, the methods of the invention may comprise such a wash step. In one embodiment, an analyte(s) of interest in the sample may be measured using electrochemiluminescence-based assay formats, e.g. electrochemiluminescence (ECL) based immunoassays. The high sensitivity, broad dynamic range and selectivity of ECL are important factors for medical diagnostics. Commercially available ECL instruments have demonstrated exceptional performance and they have become widely used for reasons including their excellent sensitivity, dynamic range, precision, and tolerance of complex sample matrices. Species that can be induced to emit ECL (ECL-active species) have been used as ECL labels, e.g., i) organometallic compounds where the metal is from, for example, the noble metals of group VIII, including Ru-containing and Os-containing organometallic compounds such as the tris-bipyridyl-ruthenium (RuBpy) moiety and ii) luminol and related compounds. Species that participate with the ECL label in the ECL process are referred to herein as ECL coreactants. Commonly used coreactants include tertiary amines (e.g., see U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,485), oxalate, and persulfate for ECL from RuBpy and hydrogen peroxide for ECL from luminol (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,863). The light generated by ECL labels can be used as a reporter signal in diagnostic procedures (Bard et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,238,808, herein incorporated by reference). For instance, an ECL label can be covalently coupled to a binding agent such as an antibody, nucleic acid probe, receptor or ligand; the participation of the binding reagent in a binding interaction can be monitored by measuring ECL emitted from the ECL label. Alternatively, the ECL signal from an ECL-active compound may be indicative of the chemical environment (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,623 which describes ECL assays that monitor the formation or destruction of ECL coreactants). For more background on ECL, ECL labels, ECL assays and instrumentation for conducting ECL assays see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,093,268; 5,147,806; 5,324,457; 5,591,581; 5,597,910; 5,641,623; 5,643,713; 5,679,519; 5,705,402; 5,846,485; 5,866,434; 5,786,141; 5,731,147; 6,066,448; 6,136,268; 5,776,672; 5,308,754; 5,240,863; 6,207,369; 6,214,552 and 5,589,136 and Published PCT Nos. W099/63347; WOOO/03233; W099/58962; W099/32662; W099/14599; W098/12539; W097/36931 and W098/57154, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. The methods of the invention may be applied to singleplex or multiplex formats where multiple assay measurements are performed on a single sample. Multiplex measurements that can be used with the invention include, but are not limited to, multiplex measurements i) that involve the use of multiple sensors; ii) that use discrete assay domains on a surface (e.g., an array) that are distinguishable based on location on the surface; iii) that involve the use of reagents coated on particles that are distinguishable based on a particle property such as size, shape, color, etc.; iv) that produce assay signals that are distinguishable based on optical properties (e.g., absorbance or emission spectrum) or v) that are based on temporal properties of assay signal (e.g., time, frequency or phase of a signal). (vii) Kits In one embodiment, the invention provides a kit including a surface, e.g., multi-well plate or plurality of particles, comprising a plurality of discrete binding domains each including a first and second targeting agent, e.g., a first and second oligonucleotide, and, in a separate vial, container, or compartment, a first oligonucleotide complement bound to a linking agent and a second oligonucleotide complement bound to a second linking agent. In a preferred embodiment, (i) the first targeting agent and the first targeting agent complement comprise a first pair of targeting agents, and (ii) the second targeting agent and the second targeting agent complement comprise a second pair of targeting agents. Preferably, the first and second pair of targeting agents comprise a first and second pair of oligonucleotides, respectively, selected from the pairs of sequences listed in Table 1. The kit further includes, in separate vials, containers, or compartments, at least 4 oligonucleotides comprising a different sequence selected from the sequences listed in Table 1(a) and/or Table 1(b). These sequences may include four sequences selected from different pairs or may include more than one member of a pair. The kit can include at least 7, 10, 16, or 25 surface bound oligonucleotides and corresponding oligonucleotide complements. The oligonucleotides configured for use as targeting agent complements can be provided pre-bound to a binding reagent such as an antibody or can be provided modified with a linking agent for attachment to a binding reagent by the user. Optionally, each oligonucleotide complement in the kit is coupled to a different binding reagent, e.g., antibody. The surface-bound oligonucleotides can be incorporated into an array comprising a plurality of at least 5 (7, 10, 16, or 25) oligonucleotides immobilized to each binding domain such that a different oligonucleotide sequence is immobilized to a discrete binding domain. In a specific embodiment, a multi-well plate can include one or more copies of an oligonucleotide array as described herein within at least one well of the plate, wherein the array is positioned on a plurality of binding domains. The plate can include at least 24, 96, or 384 wells and the array can include at least 7 oligonucleotides, or at least 10, 16, or 25 oligonucleotides. In a specific embodiment, the kit includes a multi-well plate having one or more copies of an oligonucleotide array within at least one well(s) of the plate, the array is positioned on a plurality of binding domains, wherein one or more and optionally, at least 4 of the binding domains have immobilized thereon a different oligonucleotide sequence selected from a different sequence pair from the set of sequence pairs listed in Table 1(a). In a specific embodiment, the kit includes a multi-well plate having one or more copies of an oligonucleotide array within at least one well(s) of the plate, the array is positioned on a plurality of binding domains, wherein one or more and optionally, at least 4 of the binding domains have immobilized thereon a different oligonucleotide sequence selected from a different sequence pair from the set of sequence pairs listed in Table 1(b). The kit may further comprise an additional set of oligonucleotides comprised of two or more oligonucleotides selected from the set of sequences in Table 1(a), and in a specific embodiment Table 1(b), wherein the additional oligonucleotides are complementary to the immobilized oligonucleotides. The kit may further include one or more additional containers, vessels or compartments comprising: (i) a first binding reagent comprising a first linking agent, wherein the first binding reagent is specific for a first analyte in the sample, (ii) a first targeting agent complement comprising a supplemental linking agent, provided in a separate container, vessel or compartment or as a component of (i), (iii) a second binding reagent comprising a second linking agent, wherein the second binding reagent is specific for a second analyte in the sample, and (iv) a second targeting agent complement comprising a second supplemental linking agent, provided in a separate container, vessel or compartment or as a component of (iii). Alternatively, the invention provides a kit for measuring a plurality of different analytes in a sample, the kit comprising: (a) a container, vessel or compartment comprising a solid support including a first targeting agent immobilized to a first region of the solid support and a second targeting agent immobilized to a second region of said solid support; and (b) one or more additional containers, vessels or compartments comprising: (i) a first binding reagent comprising a first linking agent, wherein said first binding reagent is specific for a first analyte in said sample, (ii) a first targeting agent complement comprising a supplemental linking agent, provided in a separate container, vessel or compartment or as a component of (b)(i), (iii) a second binding reagent comprising a second linking agent, wherein said second binding reagent is specific for a second analyte in said sample, and (iv) a second targeting agent complement comprising a second linking agent complement, provided in a separate container, vessel or compartment or as a component of (b)(iii). The invention also contemplates a kit for measuring a plurality of different analytes in a sample, the kit comprising: (a) a container, vessel or compartment comprising on a solid support a first targeting agent immobilized to a first region of said solid support and a second targeting agent immobilized to a second region of said solid support; and (b) four or more additional containers, vessels or compartments comprising: (i) a first container comprising a first binding reagent comprising a first linking agent, wherein said first binding reagent is specific for a first analyte in said sample, (ii) a second container comprising a first targeting agent complement comprising a supplemental linking agent, provided in a separate container, vessel or compartment, (iii) a third container comprising a second binding reagent comprising a second linking agent, wherein said second binding reagent is specific for a second analyte in said sample, and (iv) a fourth container comprising a second targeting agent complement comprising a second supplemental linking agent, provided in a separate container, vessel or compartment. Still further, the invention provides a kit for measuring a plurality of different analytes in a sample, the kit comprising: (a) a container, vessel or compartment comprising on a solid support a first targeting agent immobilized to a first region of said solid support and a second targeting agent immobilized to a second region of said solid support; and (b) two or more additional containers, vessels or compartments comprising: (i) a first container comprising a first binding reagent comprising a first linking agent, wherein said first binding reagent is specific for a first analyte in said sample, and a first targeting agent complement comprising a supplemental linking agent, and (ii) a second container comprising a second binding reagent comprising a second linking agent, wherein said second binding reagent is specific for a second analyte in said sample, and a second targeting agent complement comprising a second supplemental linking agent. In a specific embodiment, the invention provides a kit comprising: (a) a multi-well plate comprising a plurality of discrete binding domains each comprising a first and second oligonucleotide, respectively, each of said first and second oligonucleotides are selected from the group consisting of the sequences listed in Table 1(a) and/or (b). The kit can also include instructions for use of the multi-well plate in a method of conducting a binding assay for a plurality of analytes, said method comprising the steps of: (a) forming a first binding reagent complex comprising a first binding reagent specific for a first analyte in said plurality of analytes and said first oligonucleotide, wherein said first binding reagent is bound to a linking agent and said first oligonucleotide is bound to a supplemental linking agent wherein said first binding reagent complex is formed by a reaction between said linking agent and said supplemental linking agent; (b) forming a second binding reagent complex comprising a second binding reagent specific for a second analyte in said plurality of analytes and said second oligonucleotide, wherein said second binding reagent is bound to a second linking agent and said second oligonucleotide is bound to a second supplemental linking agent wherein said second binding reagent complex is formed by a reaction between said second linking agent and said second supplemental linking agent; (c) mixing said first and second binding reagent complexes with said two or more binding domains each linked to a first oligonucleotide complement and a second oligonucleotide complement, respectively, under conditions sufficient to bind said first oligonucleotide to said first oligonucleotide complement and said second oligonucleotide to said second oligonucleotide complement; (d) mixing a sample comprising said plurality of analytes to the mixture formed in step (c); (e) adding a plurality of additional binding reagents to the mixture formed in step (d), wherein said plurality of additional binding reagents includes (i) a first detection reagent specific for said first analyte and/or a first binding reagent-first analyte complex; and (ii) a second detection reagent specific for said second analyte and/or a second binding reagent-second analyte complex; and (f) measuring the amount of said first and second analytes bound to said binding domains. In one specific embodiment, a multi-well assay plate can be used to configure an end-user developed assay panel, i.e., an assay panel built by the end-user with his/her binding reagents to conduct an assay with the plate. In this embodiment, the end-user designates which binding reagent is bound to each binding domain. A multi-well assay plate is provided that includes a plurality of discrete binding domains including a first binding domain with a first targeting agent and a second binding domain with a second targeting agent and, optionally, additional binding domains with additional targeting agents. Each of the binding domains are functionalized by the user by selecting individual binding reagents that will be attached to each of the plurality of binding domains via a binding reagent complex, as described herein. In a separate vial, container, or compartment, a set of targeting reagents (each attached to a linking agent) is provided that includes a first targeting agent complement, a second targeting agent complement, and optionally additional targeting agent complements. The first targeting agent and first targeting agent complement and the second targeting agent and second targeting agent complement constitute a first and second pair of targeting agents, respectively. Similarly, any additional targeting agent complements form pairs with the different additional targeting agents on the binding domains. In one preferred embodiment, the targeting agents and targeting agent complements are oligonucleotides (i.e., an oligonucleotide and its complement). In this embodiment, the first and second pairs of targeting agents, and any additional pairs of targeting agents, are selected from the list of sequences provided in Table 1(a) and/or Table 1(b). Therefore, the user selects which targeting agent/targeting agent complement will be bound to each specific binding domain. The user also selects which binding reagent will be bound to each specific binding domain and forms a binding reagent complex that includes the targeting agent complement of the targeting agent attached to the designated binding domain. The kit may provide reagents for the users to attach the supplementary linking agent to the users' binding reagents. When biotin is the supplementary linking agent, the kit may include biotin modified with a reactive functional group such as an NHS ester or hydrazide or maleimide. The plate and/or set of targeting reagents can further include a labeling kit for attaching a detectable label to an assay component, such as a detection reagent. For example, if the multi-well assay plate is configured to conduct an electrochemiluminescence reaction, the labeling kit can include a SULFOTAG™ NHS ester, LC-biotin NHS ester, an optional spin column, and optional labeling buffer solution. Further provided can be ECL read buffer and optional assay and antibody diluents. The set of targeting reagents preferably includes a quantity of targeting reagents that matches the number of binding domains present in the multi-well plate. For example, if the multi-well plate includes ten discrete binding domains, a set of 10 targeting reagents are used with that multi-well plate. The targeting agents may be provided with a linking agent that directly binds to the supplementary linking agent, e.g., streptavidin or avidin when the supplementary linking agent is biontin. When the linking agent and supplementary linking agent are configured to be linked through a bridging agent (e.g., when both the linking and supplementary linking agents are biotin), the kit may also provide a bridging reagent solution (e.g., a solution of streptavidin or avidin) that can be used to attach the binding reagent to the targeting agent complement. The kit may also provide a reaction buffer that provides the appropriate conditions for the linking/bridging reactions and a reaction stop solution. When one or more of the linking reagents are biotin, the stop solution may include free biotin to block any unused biotin-binding sites in streptavidin or avidin that is present as a linking agent, supplemental linking agent or bridging agent. In this embodiment, the user supplies the binding reagents, e.g., capture and detection antibodies, and designates which binding reagent will be attached to each of the binding domains. The binding reagent, e.g., capture antibody, is labeled with a selected linking agent, e.g., biotin, and attached to a member of a targeting agent pair via a supplemental linking agent, e.g., streptavidin. Meanwhile, the plate is prepared by binding the targeting agent to the selected binding domain. The modified binding reagent contacts the surface to form a surface-bound binding reagent complex that can be used in a subsequent binding assay for an analyte recognized by the binding reagent. The analyte of interest is detected by contacting the binding domain with a labeled binding reagent and measuring the presence of the label present at that binding domain. Alternatively, a multi-well assay plate can be configured based on a user's specifications, e.g., from a catalog of available multiplexed assay panels and/or a user can select a set of analytes to configure a user-customized multiplexed assay for that set of analytes. A multiplexed assay panel should be selected and optimized such that individual assays function well together. For example, the sample may require dilution prior to being assayed. Sample dilutions for specific sample matrices of interest are optimized for a given panel to minimize sample matrix effects and to maximize the likelihood that all the analytes in the panel will be within the dynamic range of the assay. In a preferred embodiment, all of the analytes in the panel are analyzed with the same sample dilution in at least one sample type. In another preferred embodiment, all of the analytes in a panel are measured using the same dilution for most sample types. For a given immunoassay panel, the detection antibody concentration and the number of detectable labels per protein (L/P ratio) for the detection antibody are adjusted to bring the expected levels of all analytes into a quantifiable range at the same sample dilution. If one wants to increase the high end of the quantifiable range for a given analyte, then the UP can be decreased and/or the detection antibody concentration is decreased. On the other hand, if one wants to increase the lower end of the quantifiable range, the UP can be increased, the detection antibody concentration can be increased if it is not at the saturation level, and/or the background signal can be lowered. Calibration standards for use with an assay panel are selected to provide the appropriate quantifiable range with the recommended sample dilution for the panel. The calibration standards have known concentrations of one of more of the analytes in the panel. Concentrations of the analytes in unknown samples are determined by comparison to these standards. In one embodiment, calibration standards comprise mixtures of the different analytes measured by an assay panel. Preferably, the analyte levels in a combined calibrator are selected such that the assay signals for each analyte are comparable, e.g., within a factor of two, a factor of five or a factor of 10. In another embodiment, calibration standards include mixtures of analytes from multiple different assay panels. A calibration curve may be fit to the assay signals measured with calibration standards using, e.g., curve fits known in the art such as linear fits, 4-parameter logistic (4-PL) and 5-parameter (5-PL) fits. Using such fits, the concentration of analytes in an unknown sample may be determined by backfitting the measured assay signals to the calculated fits. Measurements with calibration standards may also be used to determine assay characteristics such as the limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), dynamic range, and limit of linearity (LOL). As part of a multiplexed panel development, assays are optimized to reduce calibrator and detection antibody non-specific binding. In sandwich immunoassays, specificity mainly comes from capture antibody binding. Some considerations for evaluating multiplexed panels include: (a) detection antibody non-specific binding to capture antibodies is reduced to lower background of assays in the panel, and this can be achieved by adjusting the concentrations and L/P of the detection antibodies; (b) non-specific binding of detection antibodies to other calibrators in the panel is also undesirable and should be minimized; (c) non-specific binding of other calibrators in the panel and other related analytes should be minimized; if there is calibrator non-specific binding, it can reduce the overall specificity of the assays in the panel and it can also yield unreliable results as there will be calibrator competition to bind the capture antibody. In one specific embodiment, the kit further includes one or more reagents to insure that the correct steps of the assay protocol were followed. In addition, the variability of the assay steps can be measured independent of the assay. In this embodiment, a series of complementary oligonucleotides diluted in diluents used to run an assay are provided in the kit. As the correct steps are performed, the oligonucleotides in the various diluents bind, extending the chain. The final diluent can include the final complementary oligonucleotide with a reporter or label to provide a detectable indicator of the successful processing of the assay. For example, a first binding domain of a multi-well plate is coated with a BSA-oligonucleotide having sequence A. the assay diluent includes an oligonucleotide sequence complementary to sequence A, A′, and an additional sequence, B. A and B do not interact with one another and specifically interact only with their complements. The final diluent contains a supplemental oligonucleotide comprising the complement of oligonucleotide B, B′, and a detectable label. Therefore, the detectable signal from the first binding domain can be used to verify that the sample was added or the detection moiety was added. The signal generated can also be used to detect if the correct volumes and concentrations of reagents were added, as well as whether there was variability in sample handling procedures and/or equipment. The oligonucleotide chain used in the process can include multiple overlapping sequences. Different assays in the panel may require different incubation times and sample handling requirements for optimal performance. Therefore, the goal is to select a protocol that's optimized for most assays in the panel. Optimization of the assay protocol includes, but is not limited to, adjusting one or more of the following protocol parameters: timing (incubation time of each step), preparation procedure (calibrators, samples, controls, etc.), and number of wash steps. In a further specific embodiment, the methods described inFIG.5(c)can be carried out using a kit configured for use in an instrument as described in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/844,440, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The apparatus described therein enables fully automated random access analysis of samples using array-based multiplexed multi-well plate consumables. The apparatus achieves enhanced sensitivity and high sample throughput. All the biological reagents required for an assay are added by the user and/or provided in the apparatus prior to processing, thereby minimizing the consumable and reagent requirements for the apparatus. Thus, the method illustrated inFIG.5(c)can be carried out in an apparatus as disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 12/844,440 by providing the reagents required for the method in a kit that includes a test plate, e.g., as illustrated inFIG.4(a)-(b) of U.S. Ser. No. 12/844,440, or as described herein as a multi-well assay plate, that includes the surface bearing targeting agent-modified binding domains, as well as (i) a set of one or more binding reagents modified by supplemental linking agents, (ii) a set of one or more targeting agent complements modified by linking agents; (iii) a set of detection reagents for the analytes of interest; and optionally (iv) a set of control reagents and/or (v) a set of calibrators. The test plate can be mixed with kit components (i) and (ii), mixed with sample, and then detection reagents are added. Alternatively, components (i) and (ii) can be provided pre-mixed and directly combined with the surface, or components (i) and (ii) can be provided in the kit as separate components that are mixed in solution by the instrument and then combined with the surface as described above. Any surface binding step can optionally be followed by a washing step to remove any unbound components of the assay before proceeding to the next step. In a specific example, components (i) and (ii) are provided pre-mixed and added to the test plate in the instrument. The test plate is incubated, washed, the sample is optionally pre-diluted, and then added to the test plate. The test plate is incubated again, washed, and detection reagents are added. The test plate is incubated once more, washed, read buffer is added, and signal is detected by the instrument indicating the relative presence and/or absence of analyte(s) in the sample. The reagents can be provided in any suitable container in the kit, including test tubes or Eppendorf tubes, or in dedicated sections of an auxiliary plate as described in U.S. Ser. No. 12/844,440. These and other embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the following non-limited examples. EXAMPLES Example 1—Direct Assay Format The procedure for the preparation and use of a multi-well plate for a direct assay is illustrated inFIG.2. The experimental layout, i.e., which oligonucleotide sequence was located in which binding domain of a multi-well assay plate, was noted. The multi-well assay plate was obtained from Meso Scale Discovery, a division of Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC (Rockville, Md.). A working solution of each individual oligonucleotide sequence complement (550 uL) was prepared by diluting a stock solution of sequence complement about 50 times in Diluent 100 (stock solutions of oligonucleotide sequence complement and Diluent 100 are available from Meso Scale Discovery). Each capture antibody was labeled with an oligonucleotide having a terminal thiol group using a bifunctional coupling reagent (sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(N-maléimidométhyl)-1-cyclohexane carboxylate (“SMCC”)) and conventional coupling protocols as shown inFIG.5(d), e.g., protein is reacted with the NHS-ester in SMCC to label the protein and the resulting complex is reacted with thiolated oligonucleotides which reacts with the maleimide group in SMCC. A pooled solution (50 uL) of a set of antibody-oligoconjugates was then added to each well of the multi-well plate in hybridization buffer for 1 hour at room temperature to hybridize the complementary oligonucleotide sequences and thereby immobilize the capture antibodies to the multi-well plate to form a plurality of binding reagent complexes. A solution including a plurality of analytes (25 uL of MSD Diluent 2, with 25 uL calibrator solution of MSD Diluent 2) was added to each well of the prepared plate, incubated for 1 hour at room temperature, washed 3×PBS, and a set of labeled detection antibodies (50 uL of MSD Diluent 3) was added to each well of the multi-well plate. The plate was incubated with shaking and the wells were washed with 3×PBS, filled with 150 uL of Read Buffer T (Meso Scale Discovery) and analyzed on a SECTOR® Imager instrument. This protocol was used to conduct an assay for a 7-plex chemokine panel and the result are shown inFIG.8(a)-(g). The analytes assayed in this experiment were Eotaxin, MIP-1b, TARC, IL-8, MCP-4, IP-10, and MCP-1 (all human analytes). In addition, this protocol was used to conduct an assay for a 10-plex TH1/TH2 panel including IFNg, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, and TNFa (all human analytes). The results for both assays were compared with a standard direct immunoassay absent oligonucleotides linkers. Example 2—Indirect Assay Format Using an Oligonucleotide-SA Conjugate The procedure for the preparation and use of a multi-well plate for an indirect assay using oligonucleotide-SA conjugates is illustrated inFIG.9(a)-(c). The experimental layout for the multi-well assay plate was noted as in Example 1. A working solution of each individual oligonucleotide sequence complement bound to streptavidin (SA) (550 uL) was prepared by diluting a stock solution of sequence complement about 50 times in Diluent 100 (stock solutions of oligonucleotide sequence complement and Diluent 100 are available from Meso Scale Discovery). A solution of biotinylated antibody was added to the desired working solution of oligonucleotide sequence complement to prepare a set of individual biotinylated capture antibody/oligonucleotide-SA mixtures. The concentration of biotinylated antibody in the mixture was in the range of about 5-30 ug/mL. The mixture was gently mixed for 30-45 minutes at room temperature. Fifty (50) uL of biotin solution (Meso Scale Discovery) (approximately a three-fold excess of biotin) was added to each individual biotinylated antibody/oligonucleotide complement mixture and this mixture was gently mixed for 10-15 minutes at room temperature. Equal volumes (550 uL) of individual biotinylated antibody/oligonucleotide complements were combined and the total volume of the solution was adjusted to 5500 uL with the addition of a Conjugation Buffer (PBS with 0.1 M EDTA at pH 7.4). The multi-well plate was allowed to warm to room temperature (approximately 10 minutes). Fifty (50) uL of biotinylated antibodies/oligonucleotide complements was added to each well of the plate. The plate was covered with an adhesive seal and incubated for 1 hour on a plate shaker at room temperature. Each well was washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS, 3×). A solution including a plurality of analytes (25 uL of MSD Diluent 2, with 25 uL calibrator solution of MSD Diluent 2) was added to each well of the prepared plate, incubated for 1 hour at room temperature, washed 3×PBS, and a set of labeled detection antibodies (50 uL of MSD Diluent 3) was added to each well of the multi-well plate. The plate was incubated with shaking and the wells were washed with 3×PBS, filled with 150 uL of Read Buffer T (Meso Scale Discovery) and analyzed on a SECTOR® Imager instrument. Example 3—Indirect Assay Format Using Neat SA/Biotinylated Oligonucleotides The procedure for the preparation and use of a multi-well plate for an indirect assay using biotinylated capture antibodies, neat streptavidin, and biotinylated oligonucleotides is illustrated inFIG.10(a)-(c). The experimental layout for the multi-well assay plate was noted as in Example 1. A working solution of an excess of each individual oligonucleotide sequence complement bound to streptavidin (SA) (550 uL) was prepared by diluting a stock solution of sequence complement about 50 times in Diluent 100 (stock solutions of oligonucleotide sequence complement and Diluent 100 are available from Meso Scale Discovery). A solution of biotinylated antibody was added to the desired working solution of oligonucleotide sequence complement to prepare a set of individual biotinylated capture antibody/oligonucleotide-SA mixtures. The concentration of biotinylated antibody in the mixture was in the range of about 5-30 ug/mL. The mixture was gently mixed for 30-45 minutes at room temperature. Fifty (50) uL of biotin solution (Meso Scale Discovery) (approximately a three-fold excess of biotin) was added to each individual biotinylated antibody/oligonucleotide complement mixture and this mixture was gently mixed for 10-15 minutes at room temperature. Equal volumes (550 uL) of individual biotinylated antibody/oligonucleotide complements were combined and the total volume of the solution was adjusted to 5500 uL with the addition of a Conjugation Buffer (NEED COMPOSITION; available from Meso Scale Discovery). The multi-well plate was allowed to warm to room temperature (approximately 10 minutes). Fifty (50) uL of biotinylated antibodies/oligonucleotide complements was added to each well of the plate. The plate was covered with an adhesive seal and incubated for 1 hour on a plate shaker at room temperature. Each well was washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS, 3×). A solution including a plurality of analytes (25 uL of MSD Diluent 2, with 25 uL calibrator solution of MSD Diluent 2) was added to each well of the prepared plate, incubated for 1 hour at room temperature, washed 3×PBS, and a set of labeled detection antibodies (50 uL of MSD Diluent 3) was added to each well of the multi-well plate. The plate was incubated with shaking and the wells were washed with 3×PBS, filled with 150 uL of Read Buffer T (Meso Scale Discovery) and analyzed on a SECTOR® Imager instrument. Example 4—Comparative Results of Three Assay Formats Using 7-Plex Cytokine B Panel A 7-plex cytokine B panel (IL-8, hTNF-a, hEotaxin-3, h-Eotaxin, hMCP-1, HIP-10 and hMIP-1a) was tested in the assay formats described in Examples 1, 2, and 3, i.e. direct, indirect with oligonucleotide-SA conjugate and indirect with neat SA/biotinylated oligonucleotides. LOD values for assays were estimated from an 8-point calibration curve assume 2.5 standard deviations. The results are shown inFIG.11(a)-(g). The LOD values for direct and indirect assay formats compare with LOD values observed for standard passive adsorption and immunoassay formats for all tested assays. The indirect approach with neat SA showed significant spread in LOD values: some assays, IL-8 and hIP-10, showed higher LOD values compared to the remaining assay formats, while Eotaxin and MIP-10 showed lower LOD values. The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the method in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the claims. Various publications are cited herein, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. | 106,015 |
RE49775 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention is a solid fuel grain for a hybrid rocket engine and a method for manufacturing same; and more particularly, a solid fuel grain manufactured using a fused deposition type additive manufacturing apparatus. FIGS.1-3are various views of an exemplary solid fuel grain section10suitable for use in a hybrid rocket engine and made in accordance with the present invention. The fuel grain section10has a generally cylindrical shape and defines a center port16. In this exemplary embodiment, the center port16has a substantially circular cross-section, but the center port16could have other geometries, such as a star, clover leaf, or polygon without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. More importantly, the solid fuel grain section10is formed as a fusion (bonded) stack of layers with each such layer formed as a series of abutting fused concentric ring-shaped beads of solidified material12arrayed around the center port16. In one embodiment, a heat gun with an ABS stick is used to bond the individual layers. The viscous ABS is applied between the sections before aligning and joining the layers. As is known by those skilled in the art, other adhesives can be used to join the layers. As is further described below, when incorporated into a hybrid rocket engine, an oxidizer is introduced into the solid fuel grain section10along a pathway defined by the center port16, with combustion occurring along the exposed surface area of the solid fuel grain section10port wall. Accordingly, each concentric ring-shaped structure possesses a geometric pattern14that serves to increase the surface area for combustion compared to a smooth concentric circular structure or smooth walls as consistent with cast-molded constructions. As each such concentric ring-shaped bead undergoes phase change from either solid to gas or solid to entrained liquid droplet, the abutting concentric bead is exposed to the flame sheet. This process continues and persists during the hybrid rocket engine's operation until either oxidizer flow is terminated or the solid fuel is exhausted. Unlike prior art constructions that improve regression rate by increasing the surface area exposed to the flame sheet using a multi-port architecture at the sacrifice of fuel loading, the solid fuel grain of the present invention presents increased surface area as a means to improve regression rate, but without the disadvantages associated with multi-port configurations. Although the fuel grain section10may be manufactured in various sizes or dimensions, in this exemplary embodiment, the fuel grain section10has an outer diameter, d2, of 19.0 inches. Although a wide range of diameters and fuel grain lengths (or sectional lengths) are possible, the center port16has an initial diameter, d1, of 4.0 inches in this exemplary embodiment (although a larger diameter is shown inFIG.3to enable a better view of the interior of the fuel grain section10). Although many different fuel grain diameters can be achieved with the additive manufacturing process of the present invention, traditionally a ratio of about 5:1 (outer diameter to inner diameter) is used for a hybrid rocket fuel grain. Each of the stacked fused layers in this exemplary embodiment would have an approximate thickness ranging from 0.005 inches to 0.015 inches depending upon the additive manufacturing machine layer setting or extrusion dye used, as is further described below. In this exemplary embodiment, each of the stacked layers12is formed by the deposition of viscous polymer which is extruded following a roughly circular tool path forming a plurality of solidified abutting ring-shaped beads of material. Viewed in cross section as depicted inFIG.11, each ring shaped bead of solidified material90is oval or elliptical in cross sectional shape, which flattens on its bottom under its own weight as the material cools and flattens on the top as the weight of the next extruded layer of abutting ring shaped beads of material is deposed above it. As for the concentric ring-shaped beaded structures thus fabricated, as stated above, the objective is to increase the surface area presented to the flame zone for combustion within the center port16in a manner which is persistent throughout the hybrid rocket engine's operation. In this exemplary embodiment, and as illustrated inFIGS.1-3, the surface pattern presented to the flame zone is characterized by a series of projections and depressions (according to other embodiments the surface pattern comprises a plurality of ribs, a plurality of undulations, a plurality of protrusions and recessions) extending radially into the center port in this case forming elongated undulations that extend axially through the center port. These undulations are present in each concentric circular ring-shaped beaded structure such that as one ring-shaped beaded structure is ablated, the next-presented ring-shaped structure is revealed, presenting the same geometric pattern, but with increased radii. InFIGS.1-3as well as inFIGS.11-14B, the individual undulations are identifiable and have a substantially cylindrical shape. However, in practice, depending upon the scale and layer thickness, such internal topology can take the form of a dimple pattern14as shown inFIGS.1-3, a corrugation pattern92as shown inFIG.11, a truncated pyramidal pattern110as shown inFIG.12, a truncated pyramidal pattern120as shown inFIG.13, and an irregular pattern131as shown inFIGS.14A and14B, all of which may or may not be perceptible to a viewer's unaided eye. Alternatively, the geometric pattern14,92,110,120,131of each ring-shaped concentric beaded structure may take other forms in order to achieve the objective of increasing the surface area available for combustion that persists throughout the hybrid rocket engine's operation. There are many manufacturers producing distinct models of fused deposition type additive manufacturing machines in use today capable of processing thermoplastic solid fuel and (with the modifications as described below) a compounded formulation of thermoplastic and nanocomposite aluminum additive to fabricate a hybrid rocket engine fuel grain consistent with the present invention. For the exemplary examples shown inFIGS.1-3, the fused stacked layers of the solid fuel grain section10may be formed on a fused deposition type additive manufacturing machine with sufficient build scale and capability to produce entire fuel grains or sections which can be joined during post-processing. The fused deposition method of 3D printing machine technology, originally developed by Stratasys, Inc., Eden Prairie, Minn., today is considered a generic form and can be found under other trademarked processes such as Fused Filament Fabrication or Plastic Jet Printing. Examples of manufacturers of fused deposition type machines, of sufficient scale, meeting these criteria include: Cincinnati, Inc. of Harrison, Ohio; Stratasys, Inc., of Eden Prairie, Minn.; Cosine Additive, Inc., Houston, Tex.; and Thurmwood Corp., Dale, Ind. In addition to fused deposition; there are a number of other additive manufacturing methods that can be employed to produce hybrid rocket fuel grains using a formulation of polymer and nanocomposite aluminum additive without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, including: Stereolithography, Selective Laser Sintering, Powder Bed Printing, and Inkjet Head Printing. For the examples shown in the various Figures described herein, the fuel grain is fabricated per the flow diagram shown inFIG.15in a formulation of 95% by mass Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), a thermoplastic possessing combustion characteristics desirable for hybrid rocket engine fuel and 5% nanocomposite aluminum. Such fuel having this structure are available from several sources, as known by those skilled in the art. With a Young's Modulus of 2.0-2.6 GPa, ABS is 460 times less elastic than HTPB and 38 times less elastic than paraffin wax, making it an ideal material for fabricating a hybrid rocket fuel grain and its combustion chamber center port. Ultra-high energetic nano particle size aluminum, especially aluminum powder produced without an aluminum oxide shell and passivated (by encapsulating or ‘capping’ the particle in a polymer shell) for safe handling and use, will increase fuel grain burning rate by as much as 50% using only a 5% concentration compared to a fuel grain fabricated in ABS with a 25% concentration of standard military grade 44 micron particle size aluminum. Referring now toFIG.4, in an exemplary method for manufacturing the solid fuel grain section10, the fused deposition additive manufacturing process is performed in an additive manufacturing machine10. The machine10comprises two cartridge mechanisms20and22. One cartridge20stores a spool of ABS thermoplastic, or a compounded formulation of ABS and nanocomposite aluminum additive, that is used for fabricating the solid fuel grain. The second cartridge22stores a spool of water-soluble disposable material that is used to separate the solid fuel grain section10from a support base and support any overhanging structures specified in the design. However, other types of additive manufacturing technologies that operate differently may be employed without departing from the spirit of the present invention. For example, the BAAM™, a giant-scale additive manufacturing system produced by Cincinnati, Inc., Harrison, Ohio does not feature a disposable support material. Instead, a solvent sprayer is used to enable easy separation of the fuel grain from its base as well as any overhanging structures that are formed. Once the additive manufacturing process has commenced, monofilament lines are spooled out from each cartridge20,22and are fed into liquefiers (not shown) housed in a module24, with the liquefiers heating the monofilament lines to their respective melting temperatures. The resulting liquefied ABS thermoplastic and support material is then forced through respective injection nozzles26,28housed in the same module24, so as to form small diameter concentric ring-shaped beads of material that are disposed upon the support base, in this example, a substantially flat plastic sheet30. In this regard, the module24housing the liquefiers and respective injection nozzles26,28is robotically-controlled to allow for movement along two axes (X, Y) in a plane substantially parallel to the underlying plastic sheet30. The plastic sheet30is mounted to a robotically-controlled elevator platform32that moves along an axis (Z) substantially perpendicular to the module24housing the liquefiers and respective injection nozzles26,28. Thus, the elevator platform32can drop a distance equal to the specified layer thickness after each successive layer has been formed. Thus, the ABS thermoplastic or compounded ABS-nanocomposite aluminum material is extruded and placed to form each successive layer of concentric fused ring-shaped beaded structures according to the chosen design of the solid fuel grain section10, with each successive layer being extruded and disposed upon the preceding layer. As each ring-shaped beaded structure cools and solidifies, a fusion bond develops between the concentric ring-shaped beaded structure, and as each plurality of such ring-shaped beaded structures forming layers cool and solidify, likewise a fusion bond develops between the layers. Once the solid fuel grain section10is additively manufactured in this manner, and removed from the fused deposition additive manufacturing machine, any build support materials34can be either physically removed, or depending on the specific system employed, the fuel grain section can also be submersed into a water solution to dissolve any build support material. The additively manufactured solid fuel grain section10has a substantially uniform fuel grain density and is substantially free of voids. Furthermore, hybrid rocket fuel grains produced in this manner will normally require only minimal post-processing surface treatment. It is important to note that many additive manufacturing systems capable of producing hybrid rocket fuel grains consistent with the spirit and scope of the present invention employ different means to additively manufacture solid articles. For example, instead of using line filament, the Cincinnati BAAM uses thermoplastic feedstock in pellet form, similar to those used in injection molding. Stereolithography employs a bath of liquid photo curable polymer and a UV laser to trace the tool path on its surface to cause the material to solidify. Other additive manufacturing systems such as Selective Laser Sintering use a powder bed approach in which a fine layer of polymer powder is laid down to which a hot laser traces the tool path to solidify the material. Referring now toFIGS.5A-5B, the individual fuel grain sections10a,10b,10c, and10d can be assembled and joined together from multiple separately fabricated sections to form a complete solid fuel grain40. In this exemplary embodiment, each solid fuel grain section10has a height, h1, of 23 inches, such that the overall height, h2, of the complete solid fuel grain40is 92 inches. Furthermore, in this exemplary embodiment, to ensure proper alignment, the topmost solid fuel grain10a has at least one connecting member100a extending from its lower surface and at least one cavity102a defined in its lower surface for receiving a mating connecting member104b. Similarly, the intermediate solid fuel grain sections10b,10c, each have at least one connecting member100b and100c, extending from their respective lower surfaces and one connecting member104b,104c, extending from their respective upper surfaces, and further each have at least one cavity102b,102c defined in their respective lower surfaces and at least one cavity106b,106c defined in their respective upper surfaces. Finally, the lowermost solid fuel grain section10d has at least one connecting member104b extending from its upper surface and at least one cavity106d defined in its upper surface for receiving a mating connecting member100c in the fuel grain section10c. Accordingly, when heated above its glass transition temperature but below the nanocomposite aluminum's ignition temperature, viscous ABS can be spread or sprayed on the upper and lower surfaces to create a strong fusion bond between the sections10a,10b,10c,10d during assembly. In this way, solid fuel grain sections10a,10b,10c,10d can be readily stacked, aligned, and mated to one another to form the complete solid fuel grain40. Referring now toFIG.6, after the solid fuel grain sections10a,10b,10c,10d are assembled, the solid fuel grain sections10a,10b,10c,10d collectively define a center port46through the solid fuel grain40. The solid fuel grain40is preferably wrapped in a film50made of phenol or other suitable thermally resistant material. Placed between the inner wall of a fuel motor case (not shown inFIG.6) and the outer surface of the solid fuel grain, the film50acts as an insulation layer to reflect heat and prevent damage to fuel motor cases made from either metal or non-metallic materials such as carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite. Once wrapped in the film50, the solid fuel grain40can be placed into a motor case of a rocket. FIG.7is a sectional view of an exemplary hybrid rocket engine70housed within an aeroshell72to form a complete hybrid rocket powered vehicle70incorporating the solid fuel grain40as described above with respect toFIGS.5A,5B, and6. The exemplary hybrid rocket powered vehicle70generally comprises an aeroshell body72, a nozzle82at one distal end of said aeroshell body72, and a payload section74at an opposite distal end of said aeroshell body72. Enclosed within the aeroshell body72of the hybrid rocket powered vehicle70is a hybrid rocket engine including an oxidizer tank76, a valve78, a motor case60, and an oxidizer injector80housed typically within a forward cap (not shown) that also houses the ignition system (not shown). The motor case60houses a pre-combustion chamber (not shown), a post-combustion chamber64, and the solid fuel grain40, which as described above is wrapped in insulating film50. The solid fuel grain40wrapped in insulating film50can be “cartridge loaded” into the motor case60of the hybrid rocket engine. Alternatively, the exemplary solid fuel grain40wrapped in insulating film50could be wound with a fiber-reinforced polymer composite to form the motor case without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. In another exemplary embodiment, the solid fuel grain40can be inserted into a thermal protection cylinder fabricated from insulating material such as phenolic or cork without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. In yet another exemplary embodiment, the fuel grain40can be formed to embody either or both the pre-combustion chamber and the post-combustion chamber64without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. FIG.8is an enlarged sectional view of the motor case60of the hybrid rocket powered vehicle70ofFIG.7, showing the flame zone within the fuel grain center port46. As shown, an oxidizer94(either a liquid or a gas) is injected into the motor case60along a pathway defined by the center port46of the solid fuel grain40and flows within the center port46, forming a boundary layer65bordered by the center port46wall. The boundary layer65is usually turbulent throughout a large portion of the length of the center port46. Within the boundary layer65is a turbulent diffusion flame zone66that extends throughout the entire length of the center port46and depending upon the characteristics of the solid fuel selected, either causing a phase change to a gas or entrained liquid droplets of fuel to form. Evaporation from the oxidizer/fuel gas/entrained liquid droplet interface produces a continuous flow of fuel gas that mixes with oxidizer gas at the flame zone66to maintain combustion along the exposed surface area of the center port46wall. At steady state, the regression rate of the melt surface and the gas-gas or gas-entrained liquid droplet interface is the same, and the thickness of the gaseous or entrained liquid layer is constant. Because the additively manufactured port wall surface pattern14,91exposed to the flame zone66possesses increased surface area compared to cast-molded constructions, the exemplary solid fuel grain40causes increased regression rate and corresponding increased thrust impulse without the decreased fuel volumes associated with multiport designs. Also, unlike the prior art constructions that increase the surface area through a multi-port architecture at the sacrifice of fuel loading, the solid fuel grain40of the present invention allows a smooth burning process whereby, as each concentric ring-shaped beaded structure forming each layer of the fusion stacked layer center port46wall is ablated, a new concentric ring-shaped beaded structure, the plurality of which forms the expanded center port46wall is presented to the flame zone66, as shown inFIGS.9A-9C, illustrating ablation of the center port wall at three different stages. This burning process continues until either oxidizer flow is terminated or the solid fuel grain40material is exhausted. FIG.15is a schematic drawing depicting the production steps and equipment involved in the additive manufacture of hybrid rocket fuel grains40made from a compounded formulation of ABS thermoplastic and highly-energetic polymer-capped nanocomposite aluminum. Generally, energetic materials are a class of material with high amount of stored chemical energy that can be released. Highly energetic materials include ultrafine aluminum powder, the particle size of which is in nanoscale. As shown in this exemplary example, ABS thermoplastic91is compounded with polymer capped nanocomposite aluminum particles92to a desired mixture ratio. As known by those skilled in the art, generally a nanocomposite is a material comprising two or more constituent solids, the size of which measures 100 nanometers (nm) or less. Even though the nano-scale aluminum particle cores92a are completely encapsulated in a polymer based oligomer coating92b, and thus passivated, there remains the possibility that this highly energetic pyrophoric material can still be reactive with oxygen or water vapor. As a safety precaution, the nanocomposite aluminum, the ABS thermoplastic, and the compounded ABS-nanocomposite materials (i.e., the feedstock to the additive manufacturing apparatus90) are stored in containers designed to store flammable material94, preferably infilled with a non-reactive noble gas at all times prior to their use as feedstock in an additive manufacturing process. In one application, the compounded feedstock is stored within a climate controlled environment near the additive manufacturing apparatus90. According to one embodiment of the invention, during the fabrication process a heavier-than-air shielding gas is used to prevent trapping of atmospheric air within the fuel gain during 3D printing. Air trapped in the voids between beaded extrusions and between layers (can range from 5% to 15% depending upon the additive manufacturing apparatus used) is not a problem for fuel grains made from thermoplastic or even when non-pyrophoric micron scale particle size aluminum is added to the formulation. However, atmospheric air (containing approximately 20% oxygen and varying amounts of water vapor, both of which are highly reactive with uncapped nanoscale aluminum particles) entrapped in a fuel grain containing nanocomposite aluminum could present a fire hazard due to the pyrophoric nature of the material should the polymer caps insulating the elemental aluminum core become compromised during production. Thus, a pure heavier-than-air gas, such as argon, carbon dioxide, or nitrogen dioxide that is non-reactive to nanoscale elemental aluminum particle cores is used to cover the print bed and extruder during 3D printing as an added safety measure, particularly when the shielding gas is kept at a lower temperature to aide in the solidification process. Given that the gas trapped in the voids will react when combusted within the rocket engine, the shielding gas should ideally contribute to combustion, or at minimum, be inert. For example, carbon dioxide will contribute oxygen to the combustion reaction whereas, argon being an inert noble gas will not. According to another embodiment, a heavier-than-air inert or non-nanocomposite aluminum reactive gas covers a print bed and an extruder of the additive manufacturing apparatus during fabrication. In yet another embodiment, the printer is configured such that the print bed is fully enclosed and sealed, and an inert non-heavier-than-air gas, such as nitrogen, infills the print bed chamber. As a further safety measure, each 3D printed fuel grain or fuel grain section is shrink-wrapped to encase the fuel grain or fuel grain sections in a thin plastic film to prevent atmospheric exposure prior to its use in a hybrid rocket engine. In another embodiment the fuel grain is spray coated with a polymeric material or paint that serves to prevent atmospheric exposure. According to another embodiment the fuel grain or grain segment is inserted into an air-tight packaging cylinder and a vacuum drawn to remove all air. The packaging cylinder is sealed before it is removed from the print bed chamber. In one embodiment a gantry-type fused deposition additive manufacturing system like the Cincinnati BAAM is used to 3D print hybrid rocket fuel grains40on the print bed90a as shown. The ABS/nAl feedstock94is batch-fed into the argon gas filled dryer unit95to remove any remaining water vapor from the feedstock. The now completely dried ABS/nAl feedstock94is manually poured into the argon filled Gaylord box95a within the dryer95, which in turn through piping, pneumatically feeds the material into the additive manufacturing apparatus's extruder90b which is mounted on a moveable gantry90c over the print bed90a. The ABS/nAl feedstock94is pneumatically urged into and through the extruder90b which contains a screw-drive unit which grinds the material, and using the friction heat created, elevates the material's temperature to achieve the desired viscosity. The viscous ABS/nAl feedstock is then urged into and through a die which deposes a bead of semi-solid material upon either the print bed90a or the proceeding layer of the fuel grain being 3D printed, whichever is the case. As depicted, multiple fuel grains40of two different dimensions are being 3D printed simultaneously on the print bed90a. Care must be taken to ensure that during compounding as well as during additive manufacturing that the polymer capping material which encapsulates the nanocomposite aluminum is not subjected temperatures elevated above its heat deflection or melting temperature, nor the ignition temperature of the nano-scale aluminum particle core. FIG.10depicts the coordinate system and orientation of the fuel grain for use withFIGS.11-14and depicts a preferred build orientation within the FDM additive manufacturing machine for fuel grains93(FIG.11),112(FIG.12),122(FIGS.13), and133(FIG.14). FIG.11is a quarter sectional view of the fuel grain section ofFIG.1featuring a concentric ring-shaped corrugation build pattern or fuel grain92, a port wall surface pattern91, and several layers of fused concentric beads in cross section90. FIG.12is a quarter sectional view of the fuel grain section ofFIG.1featuring a concentric ring-shaped truncated pyramidal build pattern or fuel grain113, a port wall surface pattern110, and several layers of fused concentric beads in cross section111. FIG.13is a quarter sectional view of the fuel grain section ofFIG.1featuring a concentric ring-shaped rifled truncated pyramidal build pattern or fuel grain123, a port wall surface pattern120with the build and surface patterns staggered layer by layer to form in its plurality a persistent rifling pattern. FIG.14Adepicts a top view andFIG.14Ba perspective view showing the port wall surface pattern131of the fuel grain section ofFIG.1.FIGS.14A and14Bfeature a concentric ring-shaped rifled polygonal build pattern or fuel grain132with each such polygonal build pattern staggered and twisted (i.e., rifled) layer-by-layer to form in its plurality a persistent rifling pattern. The embodiments ofFIGS.12-14Bdepict exemplary constructions of a hybrid rocket fuel grain engineered and additively manufactured to both increase the amount of surface area available for combustion as a means to improve regression rate, to improve specific impulse, to generate an oxidizer vortex flow, and to reduce fuel waste by inducing oxidizer axial flow within the center port46(seeFIG.8) to allow more time for oxidizer and fuel gases (or oxidizer and entrained liquid droplets) to mix and combust more thoroughly. Any surface area pattern or topology that furthers one or more of these objectives, and is sustainable throughout the fuel grain cross-section (i.e., as one fuel grain layer ablates the next fuel grain layer presents a desirable surface area pattern) is considered within the scope of the present invention. The embodiments ofFIGS.13and14A/14B present a persistent rifling pattern to the oxidizer flowing through the center port46to induce axial flow. A person of art in the field will recognize that the fused deposition type additive manufacturing apparatuses currently commercially produced and distributed are designed to employ material feedstock in two basic forms: line filament or pellet. Those like the Cincinnati BAAM designed to process feedstock in pellet form are also capable of processing feedstock material in granule form, provided, the granules are of a small enough size to flow like sand under gravity into the machine's extruder. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that additional embodiments are also possible without departing from the teachings of the present invention or the scope of the claims which follow. This detailed description, and particularly the specific details of the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein, is given primarily for clarity of understanding, and no unnecessary limitations are to be understood therefrom, for modifications will become obvious to those skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure and may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the claimed invention. | 28,608 |
RE49776 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail. However, the following exemplary embodiments do not limit the scope of the claimed invention. Features of the following exemplary embodiments and combinations of the features described below are not necessarily essential to the present invention. FIG.1is a schematic vertical sectional view of the internal structure of a vehicle lamp system according to an first exemplary embodiment of the invention. A vehicle lamp system200according to this exemplary embodiment is a light distribution variable headlamp system including a pair of right and left symmetrically configured headlamps disposed apiece on the right and left of a vehicle in the vehicle width direction. Since the right and left headlamps are substantially the same in structure except that they are arranged symmetrically right and left, description will be given herein below of the structure of the right headlamp210R and thus the description of the left headlamp will be partially omitted. When describing the components of the left headlamp that are the same or similar to those of the right headlamp, for convenience of description, they are given the same reference signs. The headlamp210R includes a lamp body212having a front opening and a transparent cover214for covering the opening. The lamp body212includes removable cover212a on its rear side, which is removed when, for example, replacing a light source14. The lamp body212and transparent cover214together form a lamp chamber216. In the lamp chamber216, a lamp unit10(an example of a vehicle lamp) is accommodated to irradiate light forward from a vehicle. The lamp unit10has a lamp bracket218having a pivot mechanism218a serving as the pivot center of the lamp unit10in the vertical and horizontal directions. The lamp bracket218is threadedly engaged with an aiming adjustment screw220rotatably supported on the wall surface of the lamp body212. Therefore, the lamp unit10can be fixed at such a given position within the lamp chamber216as can be determined according to the adjusted state of the aiming adjustment screw22( ) and,220 andwith such position as the reference, the attitude of the lamp unit10can be changed between a forwardly inclined attitude and a backwardly inclined attitude about the pivot mechanism218a. Also, to the lower surface of the lamp unit10, there is fixed the rotation shaft222a of a swivel actuator222used to form a curved road light distribution variable headlamp or the like for illuminating the vehicle advancing direction when the vehicle is moving along the curved road. The swivel actuator222is fixed to a unit bracket224. To the unit bracket224, there is connected a leveling actuator226disposed outside the lamp body212. The leveling actuator226includes, for example, a motor capable of expanding and contracting a rod226a in the directions M, N shown inFIG.1. When the rod226a is expanded in the direction M, the lamp unit10is swung about the pivot mechanism218a to take the backward inclined attitude. Oppositely, when the rod226a is contracted in the direction N, the lamp unit10is swung about the pivot mechanism218a to take the forward inclined attitude. When the lamp unit10takes the backward inclined attitude, there can be made a leveling adjustment which directs the pitch angle of an optical axis O, that is, the vertical direction angle of the optical axis O upwardly. Also, when the lamp unit10takes the backward inclined attitude, there can be made a leveling adjustment which directs the pitch angle of the optical axis O downwardly. On the inner wall surface of the lamp chamber216existing downwardly of the lamp unit10, there is provided a irradiation controller228(controller, control unit)for carrying out the on/off control, light distribution pattern formation control, optical axis adjustment and the like of the lamp unit10. In the case ofFIG.1, there is disposed a irradiation controller228R for controlling the headlamp210R. This irradiation controller228R also controls the swivel actuator222, leveling actuator226and the like. The irradiation controller228R may also be disposed outside the headlamp210R. The lamp unit10may also include an aiming adjustment mechanism. For example, in the connecting portion between the rod226a of the leveling actuator226and unit bracket224, there may be disposed an aiming pivot mechanism (not shown) which serves as the center of oscillation in the aiming adjustment. Also, in the lamp bracket218, there may be disposed two aiming adjustment screws220of the above type spaced from each other in the vehicle width direction. By rotating the two aiming adjustment screws220, the lamp unit10can be swung vertically and horizontally about the aiming pivot mechanism to thereby be able to adjust the optical axis O vertically and horizontally. This aiming adjustment is carried out, for example, in the vehicle shipping time, in the vehicle safety check time, and in the replacement of the headlamp210R. The headlamp210R is adjusted to the attitude that is decided in design and, with this attitude as the reference, the light distribution pattern formation control and the optical axis position adjustment control are carried out. The lamp unit10includes a shade mechanism18including a rotation shade12, a light source14, a lamp housing17with a reflector16supported on the inner wall thereof, and a projection lens20. The light source14may be, for example, an incandescent lamp, a halogen lamp, a discharge lamp and an LED. In this exemplary embodiment, the light source14is a halogen lamp. The reflector16reflects light emitted from the light source14. The light emitted from the light source14and the light reflected by the reflector16are in part guided through the rotation shade12to the projection lens20. The rotation shade12is a cylindrical member rotatable about a rotation shaft12a, while it includes a cutout portion cut out therefrom in the axial direction and multiple shade plates (not shown). When the cutout portion or shade plates are moved onto the optical axis O, a given light distribution pattern is formed. At least a portion of the reflector16is formed to have an elliptic spherical surface shape, and this elliptic spherical surface is set such that the section shape including the optical axis O of the lamp unit10can provide at least a portion of the elliptic shape. The elliptic spherical surface portion of the reflector16has a first focus substantially in the center of the light source14and a second focus on the rear focal plane of the projection lens20. The projection lens20is disposed on the optical axis O extending in the vehicle longitudinal direction. The light source14is disposed more backwardly of a rear focal plane which is a focal plane including the rear focus of the projection lens20. The projection lens20is a planoconvex aspherical surface having a convex front surface and a flat rear surface, and projects a light source image formed on the rear focal plane, as a reversed image, on a virtual vertical screen ahead of the vehicle lamp system200. Here, the lamp unit10is not limited to this structure. For example, the lamp unit10may be a reflector type lamp unit that does not have the projection lens20. FIG.2is a function block diagram of the irradiation controller of the above-structured headlamp and a vehicle controller provided on a vehicle. As described above, since the right headlamp210R and left headlamp210L are basically the same in structure, only the headlamp210R will be described here, while omitting the description of the headlamp210L. The irradiation controller228R of the headlamp210R includes a receiver228R1, acontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2, a transmitter228R3and a memory228R4. The irradiation controller228R controls a power circuit230according to information obtained from a vehicle controller302carried on a vehicle300, thereby carrying out the turn-on control of the light source14. Also, the irradiation controller228R controls a shade controller232, a swivel controller234and a leveling controller236(aanexample of an optical axis adjusting portion) according to information obtained from the vehicle controller302. Various kinds of information transmitted from the vehicle controller302are received by the receiver228R1, while thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2generates various control signals from this information,as the arises,together with information stored in a memory228R4. These control signals are transmitted by the transmitter228R3to the power circuit230of the lamp unit10, shade controller232, swivel controller234, leveling controller236and the like. The memory228R4may be, for example, a nonvolatile memory. The shade controller232rotationally controls a motor238connected to the rotation shaft12a of the rotation shade12to thereby move a desired shade plate or the cutout portion onto the optical axis O. The swivel controller234controls the swivel actuator222to adjust the angle of the optical axis O of the lamp unit10with respect to a vehicle width direction (right and left directions). Specifically, when the vehicle makes a turn, for example, when going along a curve, or when turning to the right or left, the controller232directs the optical axis O of the lamp unit10in a direction where the vehicle is going to move from now. The leveling controller236controls the leveling actuator226to adjust the optical axis O of the lamp unit10with respect to the vehicle vertical direction (a pitch angle direction). For example, it adjusts the attitude of the lamp unit10according to the forwardly or backwardly inclined attitude of the vehicle when increasing or decreasing a carrying load or when increasing or decreasing the number of occupants, thereby adjusting the arrival distance of the forward irradiation light to the optimum distance. The vehicle controller302supplies similar information to the headlamp210L as well, while the irradiation controller228L(controller, control unit)provided in the headlamp210L executes similar control to the irradiation controller228R. Light distribution patterns to be formed by the headlamps210L,210R can be switched according to the operation contents of the light switch304by a driver. In this case, according to the operation of the light switch304, the irradiationcontrollerscontrollers/control units228L and228R control the motor238through the shade controller232to determine the light distribution pattern to be formed by the lamp unit10. Or, the headlamps210L,210R may not be controlled by the operation of the light switch304but may be automatically controlled such that they can detect the state of the vehicle300or vehicle peripheral conditions using various sensors to thereby form the optimum light distribution pattern. This light distribution pattern automatic formation control may be carried out, for example, when the light distribution pattern automatic formation control is instructed by the light switch304. In order to detect a target object such as a vehicle ahead or an oncoming vehicle, a camera306such as a stereo camera is connected to the vehicle controller302. The image processor308executes a given image process such as a target object recognition process on image frame data pictured by the camera306, and the recognition results are supplied to the vehicle controller302. Also, the vehicle controller302is also capable of obtaining information supplied from a steering sensor310, a vehicle speed sensor312, a navigation system314, an acceleration sensor316and the like respectively carried on the vehicle300. Thus, according to the moving state and attitude of the vehicle300, the irradiationcontrollerscontrollers/control units228L,228R can select the light distribution pattern to be formed and can change the direction of the optical axis O. Next, description will be given below specifically of the auto-leveling control that is carried out by the above structured vehicle lamp system200.FIGS.3A and3Bare diagrams illustrating the relationship between a direction of a vehicle motion acceleration vector and a vehicle attitude angle.FIG.3Ashows a state where a vehicle attitude angle θv (which will be discussed later) remains unchanged, whereasFIG.3Bshows a state where the vehicle attitude angle θv has changed. InFIGS.3A and3B, a motion acceleration vectoraαand a resultant acceleration vector β (which are generated when the vehicle300advances) are respectively shown by solid line arrows, whereas a motion acceleration vectoraαand a resultant acceleration vector β (which are generated when the vehicle300decelerates or backs) are respectively shown by broken line arrows.FIG.4is a graph of the relationship between the vehicle longitudinal direction acceleration and vehicle vertical direction acceleration. For example, when a baggage is carried in the baggage room of the rear portion of the vehicle or when an occupant sits on the rear seat, the vehicle takes the backward inclined attitude; and, when the baggage has been removed or when the occupant has got off the vehicle, the vehicle inclines forward from the backward inclined attitude. The irradiation direction of the lamp unit10also varies according to the change of the attitude of the vehicle300and thus the forward irradiation distance increases or decreases accordingly. The irradiationcontrol unitcontroller228L,228R receive the values detected by the acceleration sensor316through the vehicle controller302, controls the leveling actuator226through the leveling controller236to determine the pitch angle of the optical axis O as an angle corresponding to the vehicle attitude. Thus, by carrying out the auto-leveling control which makes the leveling adjustment of the lamp unit10real time according to the vehicle attitude, even when the vehicle attitude changes according to the state of use of the vehicle300, the arrival distance of the forward irradiation can be adjusted to the optimum. The acceleration sensor316is, for example, a three-axis acceleration sensor having an X axis, a Y axis and a Z axis which are perpendicular to each other. The acceleration sensor316is mounted on the vehicle300such that the X axis extends along the longitudinal axis of the vehicle300, Y axis extends along the right and left axis of the vehicle300and Z axis extends along the vertical axis of the vehicle300respectively. The acceleration sensor316detects the inclination of the vehicle300with respect to the gravity acceleration vector G and outputs the numerical values of the respective axis components of the gravity acceleration vector G in the three axis directions. That is, the acceleration sensor316can detect, as a vector, the inclination angle of a vehicle with respect to a horizontal plane, i.e. a summed angle θ including a road surface angle θr (a first angle), namely, the inclination angle of a road surface with respect to the horizontal plane and a vehicle attitude angle θv (a second angle), namely, the inclination angle of the vehicle with respect to the road surface. Also, the acceleration sensor316, while the vehicle is moving, detects a resultant acceleration vector β in which the gravity acceleration vector G and a motion acceleration vectoraαgenerated due to the motion of the vehicle300are combined together, and outputs the numerical values of the respective axis components of the resultant acceleration vector β in the three axis directions. Here, the road surface angle θr, vehicle attitude angle θv and summed angle θ are respectively angles in the vertical direction of the X axis, in other words, the pitch direction angles of the vehicle300. Here, in the following description, the component of the acceleration sensor316in the Y axis direction, that is, the rolling direction angle of the vehicle300is not taken into consideration. The acceleration sensor316may also be mounted on the vehicle300in any other orientation. In this case, the numerical values of the respective components of the X axis, Y axis and X axis output from the acceleration sensor316are respectively converted to the components of the longitudinal axis, lateral axis and vertical axis of the vehicle by the irradiation controller228R. The object of the auto-leveling control is to absorb variations in the forward irradiation distance of the vehicle lamp caused by variations in the vehicle pitch direction inclination angle to thereby keep the forward arrival distance of the irradiation light to the optimum distance. Therefore, the inclination angle of the vehicle necessary for the auto-leveling control is the vehicle attitude angle θv. That is, it is desirable that the optical axis position of the lamp unit10be adjusted when the vehicle attitude angle θv changes, and that the optical axis position of the lamp unit10be maintained when the road surface angle θr changes. In order to realize this, the vehicle attitude angle θv is extracted from the summed angle θ obtained from the acceleration sensor316. The vehicle300moves parallel to the road surface. Therefore, the motion acceleration vector a provides a vector parallel to the road surface regardless of the vehicle attitude angle θv. Also, shown inFIG.3A, when the vehicle attitude angle θv of the vehicle300is 0°, theoretically, the X axis of the acceleration sensor316(or the longitudinal axis of the vehicle300) is parallel to the road surface and, therefore, the motion acceleration vector α provides a vector parallel to the X axis of the acceleration sensor316. Thus, when the magnitude of the motion acceleration vector α is varied due to the acceleration or deceleration of the vehicle, the locus of the leading end of the resultant acceleration vector β to be detected by the acceleration sensor316provides a straight line parallel to the X axis. On the other hand, as shown inFIG.3B, when the vehicle attitude angle θv of the vehicle300is not 0°, the X axis of the acceleration sensor316is shifted obliquely with respect to the road surface and thus the motion acceleration vector α provides a vector extending obliquely with respect to the X axis of the acceleration sensor316. Therefore, when the magnitude of the motion acceleration vector α is varied due to the acceleration or deceleration of the vehicle, the locus of the leading end of the resultant acceleration vector β provides a straight line inclined with respect to the X axis. In this case, the irradiation controller228R receives through the receiver228R1the vehicle longitudinal direction acceleration and the vehicle vertical direction acceleration from the acceleration sensor316. Thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2calculates a ratio between the temporal change amount of the vehicle longitudinal direction acceleration and the temporal change amount of the vehicle vertical direction acceleration at least in one of the acceleration and deceleration of the vehicle300. For example, the irradiation controller228R, as shown inFIG.4, plots points corresponding to the values detected by the acceleration sensor316over a time during at least one of the acceleration and a deceleration of the vehicle on a coordinate system having a first axis (x axis) representing the vehicle longitudinal direction acceleration and a second axis (z axis) representing the vehicle vertical acceleration. Points tA1, tA2, . . . , tAndenote the values detected by the acceleration sensor316at timings t1, t2, . . . , tnin a state shown inFIG.3A. Points tB1, tB2, . . . , tBndenote the values detected by the acceleration sensor316at timings t1, t2, . . . , tnin a state shown inFIG.3B. The irradiation controller228R calculates the slope of a straight line or a vector obtained from at least two of the points as the ratio described above. In this exemplary embodiment, the irradiation controller228R obtains a linear approximation A, B with respect to the plotted points tA1, tA2, . . . , tAn, tB1, tB2, . . . , tBnusing the method of least squares or the like, and calculates the slope of the linear approximation A, B as the ratio. When the vehicle attitude angle θv is 0°, a linear approximation A parallel to the x axis is obtained from the values detected by the acceleration sensor316. That is, the slope of the linear approximation A is 0. When the vehicle attitude angle θv is not 0°, a linear approximation B having a slope corresponding to the vehicle attitude angle θv is obtained. Therefore, by measuring a variation in the ratio between the temporal change amounts of the vehicle longitudinal direction acceleration and the vehicle vertical direction acceleration during the acceleration or the deceleration of the vehicle300, from the values detected by the acceleration sensor316, a variation in the vehicle attitude angle θv can be obtained. By using this information on the variation in the vehicle attitude angle θv, an auto-leveling control can be realized with high accuracy. The vehicle lamp system200according to this exemplary embodiment, using the information about the vehicle attitude angle θv that can be obtained by detecting the above ratio variation, carries out the following auto-leveling control. That is, firstly, the vehicle300is set in a basic condition in which the vehicle300is placed on a horizontal plane, for example, in the manufacturing factory of a vehicle manufacturer or in the repair shop of a dealer. The basic condition is also a condition in which only one person is in the vehicle300, sitting on the driver's seat of the vehicle300, or a condition in which the vehicle300is vacant. Through the switch operation of the initialization processing apparatus of the factory or through the communication of a CAN (Controller Area Network) for connecting together the irradiationcontroller228Fcontroller/control unit 228Rand acceleration sensor316through the vehicle controller302, an initialization signal is transmitted to the irradiationcontrollercontroller/control unit228R. The initialization signal transmitted to the irradiationcontrollercontroller/control unit228R is received by the receiver228R1and is then transmitted to thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2. Thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2,onuponreceiving the initialization signal, uses the values output from the acceleration sensor316and received by the receiver228R1as reference inclination angles,andcarries out an initial aiming adjustment. Also, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2records the values output from the acceleration sensor316as the reference value of the road surface angle θr (θr=0′) and the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv (θv=0°) into the memory228R4to thereby store these reference values. While a vehicle is moving, the vehicle attitude angle θv is rarely varied due to an increase or a decrease in the loading on the vehicle or in the number of occupants in the vehicle. Thus, a variation in the summed angle θ while the vehicle is moving can be regarded as a variation in the road surface angle θr. Accordingly, when the summed angle θ varies while the vehicle is moving, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2prevents the generation of a control signal for instructing the optical axis adjustment. Alternatively, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2may generate a control signal for instruction to maintain of the optical axis position in response to a variation in the summed angle θ while the vehicle is moving, and the transmitter228R3may transmit it to the leveling controller236. Whether the vehicle300is moving or not can be determined by, for example, a vehicle speed obtained from the vehicle speed sensor312. “While the vehicle is moving” can be defined as, for example, from the time when the vehicle speed obtained from the vehicle speed sensor312exceeds 0 to the time when the vehicle speed obtained from the vehicle speed sensor312becomes 0. “While the vehicle is moving” can optionally be defined based on an experiment or simulation by a designer. When the vehicle is stopped, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2subtracts the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv read out from the memory228R4from the current summed angle θ detected by the acceleration sensor316to calculate the road surface angle θr. The road surface angle θr is recorded into the memory228R4as the new reference value of the road surface angle θr. “When the vehicle is stopped” is, for example, the time when the value detected by the acceleration sensor316becomes stable after the vehicle speed obtained by the vehicle speed sensor312became 0. The reason why it is the time when the value detected by the acceleration sensor316becomes stable is that it takes a little time for the attitude of the vehicle300to become stable after the vehicle300stops and thus, in a state where the vehicle attitude is not stable, it is difficult to detect the accurate summed angle θ. The “the time when the value becomes stable” may be defined as the time when the variations in the values detected by the acceleration sensor316per unit time becomes equal to or less than a threshold, or as the time when a given period of time has elapsed after the vehicle speed detected by the vehicle speed sensor312became 0. The time “when the vehicle is stopped”, the “threshold” and the “given period of time” can optionally be set based on an experiment or simulation by a designer. While the vehicle is stopped, it is rare that the vehicle300moves and the road surface angle θr changes. Thus, a variation in the summed angle θ while the vehicle is stopped can be regarded as a variation in the vehicle attitude angle θv. Thus, when the summed angle θ varies while the vehicle is stopped, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2, using the vehicle attitude angle θv obtained from the values detected by the acceleration sensor316and the reference value of the road surface angle θr read out from the memory228R4, generates a control signal for instructing the optical axis adjustment. More specifically, while the vehicle is stopped, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2calculates the vehicle attitude angle θv repetitively at given timings. The vehicle attitude angle θv can be obtained by subtracting the road surface angle θr stored in the memory228R4from the current summed angle θ received from the acceleration sensor316. When the difference between the calculated vehicle attitude angle θv and the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv stored in the memory228R4is equal to or more than a threshold, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2generates a control signal according to the newly obtained vehicle attitude angle θv. This can avoid frequent optical axis adjustments and, as a result, the control burden of thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2can be reduced and the life of the leveling actuator226can be extended. The thus generated control signal is transmitted to the leveling controller236by the transmitter228R3, whereby an optical axis adjustment according to the control signal can be carried out. The calculated vehicle attitude angle θv is recorded into the memory228R4as a new reference value. “While the vehicle is stopped” means, for example, a period from the time when the value detected by the acceleration sensor316becomes stable to the time when the vehicle starts moving. The “time when the vehicle starts moving” means, for example, the time when the vehicle speed detected by theaccelerationvehicle speedsensor312exceeds 0. “While the vehicle is stopped” can optionally be defined based on an experiment or simulation by a designer. During at least one of the acceleration and deceleration of the vehicle, for example, for a given time when the vehicle starts or stops, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2records the values output from the acceleration sensor316. Thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2plots the recorded output values on a coordinate system having a first axis representing the vehicle longitudinal direction acceleration and a second axis representing the vehicle vertical direction acceleration, and using the method of least square, calculates linear approximations continuously or at every given time. Thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2generates a control signal for instructing the optical axis adjustment of the lamp unit10according to a variation in the slope of the obtained linear approximations, thereby correcting the optical axis position. Thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2also corrects the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv stored in the memory228R4. For example, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2compares the currently obtained slope of the linear approximation with the previously obtained slope of the linear approximation and, when there is a variation in the slope of the linear approximation, carries out a correction process according to this slope variation. For example, where the vehicle attitude angle θv stored in the memory228R4is p°andthe accumulated value of variations in the slope of the linear approximation from the first calculation is q°, or where the variation amount of the vehicle attitude angle θv while the vehicle is stopped,(that is, a difference between the vehicle attitude angle θv stored when the vehicle is stopped and the vehicle attitude angle θv stored when the vehicle starts moving)is p°, and a slope difference between a linear approximation calculated when the vehicle previously started moving and a linear approximation calculated when the vehicle starts moving is q°, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2generates a control signal for adjusting the optical axis position only by an error (p−q)° of the vehicle attitude angle θv, and the transmitter228R3transmits this control signal. Also, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2corrects the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv stored in the memory228R4only by (p−q)°. Thus, as described above, by rewriting the reference values of the road surface angle θr and vehicle attitude angle θv repetitively, there can be prevented a possibility that the detection errors or the like of the acceleration sensor316can be accumulated to thereby deteriorate the accuracy of the auto-leveling control. Or, the accuracy deterioration of the auto-leveling control can be reduced. The method for correcting the optical axis position and the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv may also be as follows. That is, when there cannot be avoided disturbances such as the inclination of the vehicle attitude due to the acceleration or deceleration of the vehicle300and the inclination of the vehicle attitude due to the turning of the vehicle300, there is a possibility that the amount of variations in the slope of the linear approximation can deviate greatly from the amount of variations in the vehicle attitude angle θv. In this case, even when the optical axis position and the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv are corrected by the variation amount of the slope of the linear approximation, they deviate from the actual vehicle attitude angle θv. Also, since the varied slope of the linear approximation raises a high possibility that the actual vehicle attitude angle θv deviates from the reference value stored, there is a possibility that, even when the optical axis is adjusted using the reference value stored, the auto-leveling control cannot be carried out with high accuracy. Therefore, when a variation in the above-mentioned ratio or in the slope of the linear approximation is detected, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2, as the correction control of the optical axis position according to this slope variation, moves the optical axis position nearer to the horizontal direction or to the initial position to thereby draw the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv nearer to 0°. Due to this, even when the optical axis position of the lamp unit10cannot be made to follow a variation in the vehicle attitude angle θv with high accuracy, there can be realized a failsafe function which moves the optical axis position nearer to the horizontal direction or to the initial position to thereby secure the visibility of a driver. Here, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2may also be structured such that, when a difference between the calculated vehicle attitude angle θv and the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv stored in the memory228R4is equal to or more than a threshold, it stores the calculated vehicle attitude angle θv into the memory228R4as a new reference value. Similarly, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2may also be structured such that, when a difference between the calculated road surface angle θr and the reference value of the road surface angle θr stored in the memory228R4is equal to or more than a threshold, it stores the calculated road surface angle θr into the memory228R4as a new reference value. This can prevent the reference value of the road surface angle θr or vehicle attitude angle θv from being rewritten frequently. Also, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2may also calculate the road surface angle θr when the summed angles θ in the start and stop times of the vehicle300differ from each other. This can reduce the control burden of thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2. Also, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2may also previously store the values detected by the acceleration sensor316in the acceleration and deceleration times of the vehicle300from one-time start to stop thereof and, in the vehicle stop time or the like, may calculate a linear approximation to thereby perform the above-mentioned correction process. FIG.5is a flow chart of the auto-leveling control of the vehicle lamp system according to the first exemplary embodiment. In the flow chart ofFIG.5, the processing procedures of the respective parts are designated using combinations of S (STEP) and numerals. Also, in a process designated by a combination of S and a numeral, there is carried out some check process. When the check result thereof is positive, Y (YES) is added to designate, for example, (S101; Y) and, oppositely, when the check result is negative, N (NO) is added to designate, for example, (S101; N). For example, in a state where an instruction for execution of an auto-leveling control mode is given by the light switch304, when the ignition is turned on, this flow is carried out repetitively at a given timing by the irradiation controller228R (controlcontroller/controlunit228R2) and, when the ignition is turned off, it is ended. Firstly, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2determines whether a vehicle is moving (S101). If it is determined that the vehicle is moving (S101; Y), thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2determines whether the vehicle is in an accelerating or decelerating mode or not (S102). The acceleration or deceleration of the vehicle can be detected, for example, from the value detected by the acceleration sensor316, or from whether an accelerator pedal or a brake pedal (neither of them are shown) is pressed down. If it is determined that the vehicle is in the accelerating or decelerating mode (S102; Y), thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2calculates a linear approximation from the multiple values output from the acceleration sensor316and compares the slope of the currently calculated linear approximation with the slope of the previously calculated linear approximation (S103). Thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2determines whether there is a variation in the slope of the linear approximation (S104). If it is determined that there is a variation in the slope of the linear approximation (S104; Y), thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2generates a control signal for instructing the optical axis adjustment to thereby correct the optical axis position and the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv (S105). After that, even when a summed angle θ detected by the acceleration sensor316has varied, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2does not generate a control signal for instructing the optical axis adjustment but avoids the optical axis adjustment, ending this routine. If it is determined that the vehicle is not in an accelerating or decelerating mode (S102; N)andorthat there is no variation in the slope of the linear approximation (S104; N), thecontrolcontroller/controlunit22882228R2also avoids the optical axis adjustment (S106) and ends this routine. If it is determined that the vehicle is not moving (S101; N), thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2determines whetherit is whenthe vehicle is stopped (S107). If it is determined thatit is whenthe vehicle is stopped (S107; Y), thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2subtracts the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv from the current summed angle θ to calculate the road surface angle θr (S108) and stores the calculated road surface angle θr into the memory228R4as a new reference value (S109). Thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2then avoids the optical axis adjustment (S106) and ends this routine. If it is determined thatit is not whenthe vehicle isnotstopped (S107; N),because the vehicle is actually not moving,andthecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2subtracts the reference value of the road surface angle θr from the current summed angle θ to calculate the vehicle attitude angle θv (S110). Next, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2determines whether a difference between the calculated vehicle attitude angle θv and the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv is equal to or more than a threshold (S111). If it is determined that the difference is less than the threshold (S111; N), thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2avoids the optical axis adjustment (S106) and ends this routine. If it is determined that the difference is equal to or more than the threshold (S111; Y), thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2adjusts the optical axis position according to the calculated vehicle attitude angle θv (S112). Thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2then stores the calculated vehicle attitude angle θv into the memory228R4as a reference value (S113) and ends this routine. Here, in the left headlamp210L, the irradiation controller228L, more specifically, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228L2, carries out similar control. Alternatively, one of the irradiationportionscontrollers/control units228L and228R may calculate the vehicle attitude angle θv and road surface angle θr, while the other may obtain the calculated vehicle attitude angle θv and road surface angle θr to adjust the optical axis O. While the vehicle is moving, generally, the period during which the vehicle300maintains its speed constant is short. Thus, it can be presumed that, most of the time during its movement, the vehicle is accelerating or decelerating. Therefore, it is possible to omit Step S102for checking whether the vehicle300is accelerating or decelerating. As described above, the vehicle lamp system200according to this exemplary embodiment receives an acceleration information from the acceleration sensor316in such a form that a vehicle longitudinal direction acceleration and a vehicle vertical direction acceleration aredrivablederivablefrom the acceleration information, and adjusts the optical axis of the lamp unit10based on a variation in the ratio between the temporal change amount of the acceleration in the vehicle longitudinal direction and the temporal change amount of the acceleration in the vehicle vertical direction during at least one of the acceleration and deceleration of the vehicle300. Thus, the vehicle lamp system200according to this exemplary embodiment obtains information about the vehicle attitude angle θv using a new extraction method which obtains a variation in the vehicle attitude angle θv from a variation in the ratio between the temporal change amount of the acceleration in the vehicle longitudinal direction and the temporal change amount of the acceleration in the vehicle vertical direction during the acceleration or deceleration of the vehicle. That is, the vehicle lamp system200according to this exemplary embodiment obtains information about the vehicle attitude angle θv from the plot characteristic of the acceleration sensor316. Therefore, with use of the vehicle lamp system200according to this exemplary embodiment, there can be provided a new technology which extracts information about the vehicle attitude angle θv from the summed angle θ detected by the acceleration sensor316. Further, according to the vehicle lamp system200described above,whenthe summed angle θ varies while the vehicle is moving, adue to a road surface situation. Aroad surface angle θr is derived from the varied summed angle θat a time when the vehicle is stoppedand the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θvandthe stored reference value of the road surface angle θr is rewritten, and when the summed angle θ varies while the vehicle is stopped, a vehicle attitude angle θv is derived from the varied summed angle θ and the reference value of the road surface angle θr and the stored reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv is rewritten. During the acceleration or the deceleration of the vehicle300, and using information about the vehicle attitude angle θv extracted by the above method, the vehicle lamp system200corrects the optical axis position of the lamp unit10and the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv stored in the memory 228R4. Therefore, the vehicle lamp system200can carry out auto-leveling control using an acceleration sensor with high accuracy. A vehicle lamp system200according to a second exemplary embodiment is a system which derives a vehicle attitude angle θv from a ratio between the temporal change amount of the acceleration in the vehicle longitudinal direction and the temporal change amount of the acceleration in the vehicle vertical direction and, using the derived vehicle attitude angle θv, carries out an optical axis adjustment. Now, description will be given below of this exemplary embodiment. The components of this vehicle lamp system200according to the second exemplary embodiment, that are similar to those of the first exemplary embodiment, are given the same reference signs, and the description thereof will be omitted. The vehicle lamp system200according to this exemplary embodiment, using information about the vehicle attitude angle θv to be obtained by detecting the above-mentioned variation in the ratio, carries out the following auto-leveling control. That is, firstly, the vehicle300set in a basic condition in which the vehicle300moves on a horizontal plane, for example, in the manufacturing factory of a vehicle manufacturer or in the repair shop of a dealer. In this basic condition, the vehicle300is accelerated or decelerated. As an initialization process, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2receives acceleration information from the acceleration sensor316and calculates a ratio between the temporal change amount of the acceleration in the vehicle longitudinal direction and the temporal change amount of the acceleration in the vehicle vertical direction during at least one of the acceleration and deceleration of the vehicle300. Thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2stores the calculated ratio into the memory228R4as a reference value of the ratio. When the vehicle300is actually in use, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2calculates a ratio between the temporal change amount of the acceleration in the vehicle longitudinal direction and the temporal change amount of the acceleration in the vehicle vertical direction during at least one of the acceleration and deceleration of the vehicle300. Thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2obtains a vehicle attitude angle θv from the reference value of the ratio previously stored in the initialization process and the current ratio, and carries out an optical axis adjustment using the obtained vehicle attitude angle θv. For example, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2, in the initialization process, plots points corresponding to the values detected by the acceleration sensor316on a coordinate system having a first axis representing the vehicle longitudinal direction acceleration and a second axis representing the vehicle vertical direction acceleration, obtains a reference linear approximation from the plotted points, and calculates the slope of this reference linear approximation as the reference value of the ratio. When the vehicle is in actual use, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2records, for example, for a given period of time when the vehicleisstarting to move orisstoppingto movemovement, the values output from the acceleration sensor316, plots the recorded output values on the coordinate system to find a linear approximation and calculates the slope of the linear approximation as the ratio. Here, an angle (θABinFIG.4) formed between the reference linear approximation and the linear approximation calculated under the vehicle actual use state corresponds to the vehicle attitude angle θv. Therefore, by comparing the slopes of the two linear approximations or the above-mentioned ratios, the vehicle attitude angle θv can be obtained. As described above, the vehicle lamp system200according to this exemplary embodiment obtains the vehicle attitude angle θv from the reference value of the ratio, that is obtained while the vehicle300is on the horizontal plane, and the current ratio to thereby make the optical axis adjustment. According totheanauto-leveling control system configured such that the reference value of the road surface angle θr is rewritten when the summed angle θ varies while the vehicle is moving, and such that the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv is rewritten when the summed angle θ varies while the vehicle is stopped, the repetitive rewriting of the reference values can increase the error of the adjustment. On the other hand, in the auto-leveling control according to this exemplary embodiment, the optical axis position can be adjusted without increasing such adjustment error. A vehicle lamp system200according to an third exemplary embodiment calculates a linear approximation using a set of values output from the sensor during the acceleration of the vehicle and values output from the sensor during the deceleration of the vehicle. Now, description will be given below of this exemplary embodiment. The components of the vehicle lamp system200according to the third exemplary embodiment, that are similar to those of the first exemplary embodiment, are given the same reference sings, and the description thereof will be omitted. FIG.6is a diagram to explain the auto-leveling control of the vehicle lamp system of the third exemplary embodiment. As shown inFIG.6, in the vehicle lamp system200according to this exemplary embodiment, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2stores a first acceleration range P1(+) and a second acceleration range P2(+) of the acceleration of the vehicle300as well as a first deceleration range P1(−) and a second deceleration range P2(−) of the deceleration (negative acceleration) of the vehicle300as information onaanacceleration range in which plotting is carried out to calculate a linear approximation (this information is hereinafter referred to as plot range information). This plot range information has a set of an acceleration side range and a deceleration side range. In this exemplary embodiment, the plot range information has two sets, one set including the first acceleration range P1(+) and first deceleration range P1(−), and the other set including the second acceleration range P2(+) and second deceleration range P2(−). The acceleration range and deceleration range can be set based on the amount of time variations in the vehicle speeds to be detected by the vehicle speed sensor312or the magnitude of the vehicle longitudinal direction components that can be obtained from the values detected by the acceleration sensor316. The plot range information is stored in, for example, the memory228R4. For example, during the time from the start of the vehicle300to the stop thereof, when the acceleration of the vehicle300is within the first acceleration range P1(+) or within the second acceleration range P2(+), or when the deceleration is within the first deceleration range P1(−) or within the second deceleration range P2(−), thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2records the values detected by the acceleration sensor316. Thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2plots points corresponding to the recorded detection values on a coordinate system having a first axis representing the vehicle longitudinal direction acceleration and a second axis representing the vehicle vertical direction, thereby calculating a linear approximation. Thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2calculates the linear approximation, for example, at the time when, while the vehicle300is moving, the values detected by the acceleration sensor316or the plotted values thereof in the first acceleration range P1(+), first deceleration range P1(−), the second acceleration range P2(+) and second deceleration range P2(−) are arranged. Thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2corrects the optical axis O and the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv based a variation in the slope of the calculated linear approximation at a given timing while the vehicle is moving. More specifically, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2calculates an error component Δθe, which is a difference between the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv and a vehicle attitude angle θv obtained from the slope of the linear approximation (a ratio between the temporal change amount of acceleration in the vehicle longitudinal direction and the temporal change amount of acceleration in the vehicle vertical direction). For example, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2calculates the accumulated value of variations in the slope of the linear approximation from the first time to the current time calculations to derive the vehicle attitude angle θv, and finds the error component Δθe from this vehicle attitude angle θv and the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv stored in the memory228R4. Or, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2, similarly to the second exemplary embodiment, may obtain a vehicle attitude angle θv from the slopes of the previously stored reference linear approximation and the calculated linear approximation, and may find an error component Δθe from this vehicle attitude angle θv and the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv stored in the memory228R4. Thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2corrects the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv such that the error component Δθe is reduced. In this case, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2, when the absolute value of the obtained the error component Δθe exceeds a threshold value θth (|Δθe|>θth), corrects the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv by a correction value θc. Also, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2generates a control signal for adjusting the optical axis position by the correction value θc, thereby correcting the optical axis position. Here, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2may also carry out the above-mentioned correction process, for example, just after the stop of the vehicle300. The “threshold value θth” and the “correction value θc” can be set in accordance with the resolution of the optical axis control, the detection accuracy of the error component Δθe, or the detection resolution of the vehicle attitude angle θv using a variation in the slope of the linear approximation. The threshold value θth is set within the range of the error that provides no obstacle to the optical axis control. The correction value θc is set, for example, based on the error that is caused by, of error main factors, an error factor having the smallest generation error value. Such error factor includes, for example, variations in the vehicle attitude under the same load condition, that is, variations in the suspension of the vehicle. The correction value θc is smaller than the threshold value θth. Due to this, even when the detection accuracy of the error component Δθe is low, the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv can be made to approximate gradually to a correct value. For example, the resolution of the angle detection using variations in the slope of the linear approximation is 0.04°, while the threshold value θth is set for 0.1° and the correction value θc is set for 0.03° respectively. The “threshold value θth” and “correction value θc” can be set based on an experiment or simulation by a designer. As described above, the plot range information has a set of the acceleration side range and deceleration side range. Due to such combination of the acceleration side range and deceleration side range, the error component of the vehicle attitude variations to be caused by acceleration and the error component of the vehicle attitude variations caused by deceleration can cancel each other. This makes it possible to calculate a linear approximation with higher accuracy. Also, the first acceleration range P1(+) and first deceleration range P1(−) as well as the second acceleration range P2(+) and second deceleration range P2(−) are set respectively such that the ranges of the magnitude (absolute values) of the acceleration and deceleration are equal to each other. Due to such setting, the error component of the vehicle attitude variations to be caused by acceleration and the error component of the vehicle attitude variations caused by deceleration can cancel each other. This makes it possible to calculate a linear approximation with further higher accuracy. In this exemplary embodiment, the first acceleration range P1(+) and first deceleration range P1(−) are set such that they respectively provide a range of given gentle acceleration or deceleration. Also, the second acceleration range P2(+) and second deceleration range P2(−) are set respectively such that they respectively provide a range of given rapid acceleration or deceleration which is larger when compared with the first acceleration range P1(+) and first deceleration range P1(−). In this exemplary embodiment, since the plot range information has a set of gentle and rapid acceleration and deceleration ranges, when compared with a case employing only a set of gentle acceleration and deceleration or only a set of rapid acceleration and deceleration, a linear approximation can be calculated with higher accuracy. Here, for the first acceleration range P1(+) and first deceleration range P1(−) as well as the second acceleration range P2(+) and second deceleration range P2(−), there may also be calculated linear approximations independently of each other and the respective correction processes may be carried out according to the slopes of the respective linear approximations. In this case, according to the calculation frequency or calculation accuracy of the set of the first acceleration range P1(+) and first deceleration range P1(−) as well as the set of the second acceleration range P2(+) and second deceleration range P2(−), the weight of correction may be different from each other, for example, the magnitude of the correction value θc may be varied. Or, the correction process may be carried out according to the average of the slopes of the linear approximations calculated respectively independently. Further, when, in the set of the first acceleration range P1(+) and first deceleration range P1(−) as well as the set of the second acceleration range P2(+) and second deceleration range P2(−), plots are arranged, a linear approximation may be calculated using these plots; and, when the plots are not ready in both sets within a given time, a linear approximation may be calculated using the plots of the set in which the plots are ready at the that time. The plot range information may have only the set of the first acceleration range P1(+) and first deceleration range P1(−) or only the set of the second acceleration range P2(+) and second deceleration range P2(−). For example, the set of the first acceleration range P1(+) and first deceleration range P1(−) set in the gentle acceleration and deceleration range, when compared with the set of the second acceleration range P2(+) and second deceleration range P2(−) set in the rapid acceleration and deceleration range, has higher frequency that the values detected by the acceleration sensor316are included in this range while the vehicle is moving, thereby being able to increase the number of times of correction processes. The number of sets of the acceleration range and deceleration range contained in the plot range information may be three or more. The first acceleration range P1(+) and first deceleration range P1(−) as well as the second acceleration range P2(+) and second deceleration range P2(−) may also be set such that the ranges of the magnitude of the acceleration or deceleration are equal to each other and also the ranges of the vehicle speed are equal to each other. In this case, since an error component caused by acceleration and an error component caused by deceleration can cancel each other, a linear approximation can be calculated with further higher accuracy. The range width of the acceleration and deceleration ranges, the magnitude of the acceleration and deceleration and the like can be set based on an experiment or simulation by a designer. FIG.7is a flow chart of the auto-leveling control of the vehicle lamp system according to the third exemplary embodiment. This flow is executed repeatedly at a given timing by the irradiation controller228R, more specifically, by thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2, when an ignition is switched on, for example, in a state where an instruction for execution of the auto-leveling control mode is given by the light switch304; and, when the ignition is turned off, this flow is ended. Thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2determines whether the vehicle is moving (S201). If it is determined that the vehicle is moving(S201; Y), the control unit228R2determines whether the plots of the values detected by the acceleration sensor316in the set of first acceleration range P1(+) and first deceleration range P1(−) as well as the set of second acceleration range P2(+) and second deceleration range P2(−) are ready (S202). When the plots are not ready (S202; N), thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2avoids the optical axis adjustment (S203) and ends this routine. When the plots are ready (S202; Y), thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2calculates a linear approximation (S204), and calculates an error component Δθe which is a difference between a vehicle attitude angle θv derived from the slope of the linear approximation and the reference value of a vehicle attitude angle θv stored in the memory228R4(S205). Thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2determines whether the absolute value of the error component Δθe exceeds the threshold value θth (S206). If it is determined that the absolute value of the error component Δθe exceeds the threshold value θth (S206; Y), the control unit228R2corrects the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv and optical axis position by the correction value θc (S207). After then, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2avoids the optical axis adjustment with respect to a variation in the summed angle θ obtained from the value detected by the acceleration sensor316(S203) and ends this routine. If it is determined that the absolute value of the error component Δθe is equal to or less than the threshold value θth (S206; N), thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2avoids the optical axis adjustment without executing the correction process (S203) and ends this routine. If it is determined that the vehicle is not moving (S201; N), thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2determines whetherit is whenthe vehicle is stopped (S208). If it is determined thatit is whenthe vehicle is stopped (S208; Y), thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2calculates the road surface angle θr (S209) and stores the calculated road surface angle θr as a new reference value (S210), avoids the optical axis adjustment (S203) and ends this routine. If it is determined thatit is not whenthe vehicle is not stopped (S208; N), thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2calculates the vehicle attitude angle θv (S211) and determines whether a difference between the calculated vehicle attitude angle θv and the reference value of the vehicle attitude angle θv is equal to or more than a threshold (S212). If the difference is less than the threshold (S212; N), thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2avoids the optical axis adjustment (S203) and ends this routine. If the difference equal to or more than the threshold (S212; Y), thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2adjusts the optical axis position according to the calculated vehicle attitude angle θv (S213), stores the calculated vehicle attitude angle θv as a reference value (S214) and ends this routine. As described above, in the vehicle lamp system200according to this exemplary embodiment, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2calculates a linear approximation from the plots of the values detected by the acceleration sensor316when the acceleration of the vehicle300is within a given range and from the plots of the values detected by the acceleration sensor316when the deceleration of the vehicle300is within a given range. Therefore, an error component such as a vehicle attitude variation caused by the acceleration and an error component such as a vehicle attitude variation caused by the deceleration can cancel each other, thereby being able to calculate a linear approximation having a slope that is closer to the vehicle attitude angle θv. Also, thecontrolcontroller/controlunit228R2carries out a correction process at the time when plots are obtained in the given acceleration range and deceleration range. In a control system configured such that a correction is carried out immediately after the vehicle stops by calculating a linear approximation from the values detected by the acceleration sensor316and recorded from the moving start to stop of the vehicle300, if. Ifthere is an error in the calculation of the vehicle attitude angle θv and optical axis adjustment while the vehicle is stopped after the correction, the vehicle300will move while containing such error. However, this exemplary embodiment can avoid such trouble. Here, the vehicle lamp system200according to the above respective exemplary embodiments is a mode of the invention. This vehicle lamp system200includes the lamp unit10capable of adjusting its optical axis, acceleration sensor316, and irradiation controllers228L,228R for controlling the lamp unit10, while it carries out the above-mentioned auto-leveling control using the irradiation controllers228L,228R. The other mode of the invention includes the irradiation controllers228L,228R respectively serving as control apparatus. The irradiation controllers228L,228R respectively include receivers228L1,228R1for receiving vehicle longitudinal direction and vertical direction acceleration from the acceleration sensor316,controlcontrollers/controlunits228L2,228R2for carrying out the above auto-leveling control, and transmitters228L3,228R3for transmitting control signals generated by thecontrolcontrollers/controlunits228L2,228R2to a leveling controller236. The irradiation controller228in the vehicle lamp system200corresponds to a controller in a broad sense, while thecontrolcontrollers/controlunits228L2,228R2in the irradiation controller228correspond to a controller in a narrow sense. A further mode of the invention includes a method for controlling a vehicle lamp. This control method adjusts the optical axis of the lamp unit10based on a variation in the ratio between the temporal change amount of the vehicle longitudinal direction acceleration and the temporal change amount of the vehicle vertical direction acceleration during at least one of the acceleration and deceleration of the vehicle300. While the present invention has been described with reference to certain exemplary embodiments thereof, the scope of the present invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments described above, and it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications, including combinations of features of different exemplary embodiments described above, may be made therein without departing from the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims. For example, in the respective exemplary embodiments, the irradiation controller228may directly control the leveling actuator226serving as an optical axis adjusting portion, without a separate leveling controller236. That is, the irradiation controller228may function as the leveling controller236. The generation of a control signal for instruction of the optical axis adjustment in the above respective exemplary embodiments may also be carried out by the vehicle controller302. That is, the vehicle controller302may serve as a controller for carrying out the auto-leveling control. In this case, the irradiation controller228controls the drive of the leveling actuator226according to an instruction from the vehicle controller302. In the first exemplary embodiment as well, similarly to the third exemplary embodiment, a correction process using a threshold value θth and a correction value θc may be carried out. | 65,555 |
RE49777 | DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Embodiment A braking force control system according to an embodiment of the present invention calculates a suitable target braking force on the basis of a vehicle speed, etc., in a coasting state of a vehicle, collectively performs cooperative control of a plurality of actuators such as a brake and a transmission, and causes each actuator to generate a braking force within a range where a braking force is generable by the actuator, thereby achieving a target braking force. Hereinafter, the embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. <Configuration> FIG.1shows a functional block diagram of a braking force control system10according to the present embodiment, and a peripheral portion thereof. The braking force control system10includes a braking force control device100and a plurality of actuators400(400-1 to 400-N). The actuators400are a brake, an alternator, an engine, a transmission, etc., which can generate a braking force in a vehicle that is running. The braking force control device100includes a coasting state detection unit11, a target braking force calculation unit12, and a braking force distribution control unit13. The braking force control system10is provided in the vehicle and connected to a brake pedal sensor201, an accelerator position sensor202, and a sensor/ECU group203including other various sensors and a control unit called an ECU. The braking force control device100acquires information representing various states of the vehicle and the vehicle periphery that are detected or controlled by the brake pedal sensor201, the accelerator position sensor202, and the sensor/ECU group203, and controls the actuators400on the basis of the acquired information. <Process> Hereinafter, a process executed by each component of the braking force control system10will be described.FIG.2is a sequence diagram illustrating the process. In addition,FIGS.3,4, and5are each a diagram showing an example of a map used for calculating a target braking force. The process is started when a user performs coasting driving in which the user does not perform an accelerator operation and does not perform a brake operation. (Step S101): The coasting state detection unit11acquires information representing that a brake depression amount and an accelerator position are 0, from the brake pedal sensor201and the accelerator position sensor202, respectively, and detects that a coasting state has been established. (Step S102): The target braking force calculation unit12acquires a running state, a control state, and the ambient environment of the vehicle, as a state of the vehicle, from the sensor/ECU group203. For example, as a state of the vehicle, the target braking force calculation unit12acquires a vehicle speed from a vehicle speed sensor or the like, acquires a drive mode representing a running characteristic designated by the user, from an ECU that manages various driving characteristics of the vehicle, or acquires the gradient of a road surface from an acceleration sensor or the like. Alternatively, the target braking force calculation unit12may acquire map information from a car navigation system, or acquire information about another vehicle or an obstacle around the vehicle, etc., from a camera or a radar. (Step S103): The target braking force calculation unit12calculates a target braking force, as a suitable braking force estimated to be expected by the user, on the basis of the vehicle state. Examples of a method for calculating a target braking force will be described with reference toFIGS.3,4, and5. In each of the examples shown in these drawings, a map that determines a target braking force with respect to a vehicle speed in advance is used. In each example, settings are made such that a braking force is generated when a vehicle speed exceeds a predetermined value V0, and is increased as the vehicle speed increases. In the example shown inFIG.4, in consideration of a drive mode representing a running characteristic designated by the user, settings are made such that, when the drive mode is an eco mode that designates running with low fuel consumption, a braking force is lower than that in the case of a normal mode that is a drive mode other than the eco mode. For example, a map shown inFIG.3is used as a map for the case of the normal mode, and a map for the eco mode shown inFIG.4can be generated by using a value obtained by multiplying a value in the map shown inFIG.3by a coefficient β that is lower than 1. In the example shown inFIG.5, in further consideration of a road surface gradient, settings are made such that, when a road surface is downhill, a braking force is made larger than that in the case of a flat road. For example, the map shown inFIG.3is used as a map for the case of a flat road, and a map for a downhill road shown inFIG.5can be generated by using a value obtained by multiplying a value in the map shown inFIG.3by a coefficient β that is higher than 1. In addition, settings may be made such that, when a road surface is uphill, a braking force is made smaller than that in the case of a flat road. For example, the map shown inFIG.3is used as a map for the case of a flat road, and a map for an uphill road can be generated by using a value obtained by multiplying a value in the map shown inFIG.3by a coefficient γ that is lower than 1. In addition, a target braking force may be calculated on the basis of both the drive mode and the road surface gradient. For example, the map shown inFIG.3is used as a map for the case of a flat road and the normal mode, and a map for a downhill road and the eco mode can be generated by using a value obtained by multiplying a value in the map shown inFIG.3by the coefficient α and the coefficient β. Similarly, a map for an uphill road and the eco mode can be generated by using a value obtained by multiplying a value in the map shown inFIG.3by the coefficient α and the coefficient γ. In addition to or instead of these, another state may be used. For example, when presence of another vehicle within a predetermined distance in front of the vehicle is detected by a camera or a radar, a larger target braking force may be calculated than when such a vehicle is not present. According to these examples, a particularly suitable target braking force that fulfills a user's expectation can be calculated in accordance with various states of the vehicle. The above description is merely illustrative, and the method for calculating a target braking force is not particularly limited. As described above, a target braking force may be calculated by using different coefficients in accordance with the state of the vehicle, or a map that is individually generated in advance for each state may be used. (Step S104): Each actuator400includes a calculation unit that calculates a generable braking force. In the case where the actuator400is, for example, a brake, the generable braking force can be calculated on the basis of one or a combination of a rating, an estimated friction material temperature based on latest use history within a predetermined period, a braking torque request value from another control system, etc. In addition, in the case where the actuator400is, for example, an alternator, the generable braking force can be calculated on the basis of one or a combination of a rating, a battery temperature, a battery charge amount (SOC), a charge/discharge request value from another control system, etc. Moreover, in the case where the actuator400is, for example, an engine, the generable braking force can be calculated on the basis of one or a combination of a catalyst warm-up state, a fuel cut request from another control system, etc. Furthermore, in the case where the actuator400is, for example, a transmission, the generable braking force can be calculated with constant accuracy on the basis of one or a combination of the level of noise generated in accordance with an engine speed and assumed at the time of downshifting, a gear shift request from another control system, etc. Each actuator400is not limited to these devices, and may be another device, or the generable braking force may be calculated on the basis of factors other than the above-described factors. The calculation unit of each actuator400notifies the braking force control device100of the calculated generable braking force. The calculation unit of each actuator400may perform such calculation and notification of the generable braking force at all times or in response to a request from the braking force control device100. As described above, the calculation unit of each actuator400calculates the generable braking force on the basis of the characteristics, the state, etc., of the actuator400, and thus the generable braking force of each actuator400can be accurately calculated. (Step S105): The braking force distribution control unit13allocates a distribution braking force to each actuator400on the basis of the generable braking force calculated by the calculation unit of each actuator400and the target braking force calculated by the target braking force calculation unit12. The distribution braking force to be allocated to each actuator400is, for example, determined such that the distribution braking force is equal to or less than the braking force generable by the actuator400and the sum of the respective distribution braking forces is equal to the target braking force. That is, each distribution braking force is determined so as to satisfy a restrictive formula of Expression (1) below and also satisfy Expression (2). Distributionbrakingforceofactuator400-1≤brakingforcegenerablebyactuator400-1,Distributionbrakingforceofactuator400-2≤brakingforcegenerablebyactuator400-2,…,Distributionbrakingforceofactuator400-N≤brakingforcegenerablebyactuator400-NExpression(1)Distributionbrakingforceofactuator400-1+distributionbrakingforceofactuator400-2+…,+distributionbrakingforceoftuaactuator400-N=targetbrakingforceExpression(2) In Expression (1), for the distribution braking force of each actuator400, an upper limit is provided as a restriction, and a lower limit is assumed to be 0. However, for each actuator400, a restriction that the lower limit of a braking force is larger than 0 can occur in accordance with a request from another control system. For example, in some cases, in an alternator, a request for generating power at high priority is received from a control system for a power supply when the amount of power stored in a battery is reduced, and power is generated in response to the request, whereby a braking force is generated. The braking force distribution control unit13may also acquire such a lower limit as a generable braking force calculated by the calculation unit of each actuator400, and determine each distribution braking force such that the above-described Expressions (1) and (2) are satisfied and Expression (3) below is further satisfied. Lowerlimitofbrakingforceofactuator400-1≤distributionbrakingforceofactuator400-1,Lowerlimitofbrakingforceofactuator400-2≤distributionbrakingforceofactuator400-2,…,Lowerlimitofbrakingforceofactuator400-N≤distributionbrakingforceofactuator400-NExpression(3) Priority may be provided for each actuator400on the basis of a predetermined control policy, and actuators400to which distribution braking forces is to be allocated and values of the distribution braking forces may be determined in order of the priority. That is, a distribution braking force that is as large as possible such that each expression described above is satisfied may be allocated in order starting from the actuator400with highest priority, and a distribution braking force that is as small as possible may be allocated to the actuator400with lowest priority. For example, the priority can be determined such that the priority is increased when durability is higher, fuel consumption is lower, or a period when a braking force can be continuously generated is longer. Regarding the actuators400, among the transmission, the engine, the alternator, and the brake, the engine and the transmission, which constantly operate and generate or transmit a large force during running, generally have particularly high durability. As an example, when the transmission (gear shift down), the engine (fuel cut), the alternator (power generation), and the brake are higher in durability in this order, the transmission, the engine, the alternator, and the brake can be also set to be higher in priority in this order. Some of the actuators400have a characteristic that it is temporarily hard to generate a braking force. In order to obtain certainty of generation of a braking force, the above-described priority may be increased for the actuator400having a higher possibility of being caused to generate a braking force at arbitrary timing. For example, among the transmission, the engine, the alternator, and the brake, the brake, which is designed to generate a braking force as a main purpose and has no factor that should inhibit generation of a braking force, generally has a highest possibility of being caused to generate a braking force at arbitrary timing. As an example, when the brake, the transmission, the engine, and the alternator are higher, in this order, in possibility of being caused to generate a braking force at arbitrary timing, the brake, the transmission, the engine, and the alternator can be also set to be higher in priority in this order. In order to effectively obtain a braking force, the above-described priority may be increased for the actuator400having a larger generable braking force (braking torque amount). For example, among the transmission, the engine, the alternator, and the brake, the brake, which is designed to generate a braking force as a main purpose, is generally caused to generate a largest braking force. In addition, the transmission and the engine have higher mechanical resistance of internal components than the alternator, and can generate a larger braking force than the alternator. As an example, when the brake, the transmission, the engine, and the alternator are higher, in this order, in possibility of being caused to generate a large braking force, the brake, the transmission, the engine, and the alternator can be also set to be higher in priority in this order. In order to accurately obtain a braking force, the above-described priority may be increased for the actuator400of which a braking force is easily controlled. For example, among the transmission, the engine, the alternator, and the brake, the brake, which is designed to generate a braking force as a main purpose, generally has a high possibility of being caused to accurately generate a desired braking force. In addition, the transmission and the alternator can control a braking force stepwise by changing a gear ratio and an amount of power generated, respectively, stepwise, as compared to fuel cut of the engine. As an example, when the brake, the transmission, the alternator, and the engine are higher, in this order, in possibility of being caused to accurately generate a braking force, the brake, the transmission, the alternator, and the engine can be also set to be higher in priority in this order. In order to stably obtain a braking force, the above-described priority may be increased for the actuator400that is less susceptible to influence of disturbance and have more stable characteristics. For example, among the transmission, the engine, the brake, and the alternator, generally, a braking force of the transmission is determined in accordance with the gear ratio and is relatively less susceptible to influence of other factors. In addition, the operating characteristics of the alternator easily change depending on a difference in charge/discharge ability due to the temperature of the battery, etc. As an example, when the transmission, the engine, the brake, and the alternator are higher, in this order, in possibility of being less susceptible to influence of disturbance and having stable characteristics, the transmission, the engine, the brake, and the alternator can be also set to be higher in priority in this order. In order to improve fuel economy or inhibit deterioration of fuel economy, the above-described priority may be increased for the actuator400that less adversely influences fuel economy. For example, among the transmission, the engine, the brake, and the alternator, generally, fuel cut in the engine and regenerative power generation by the alternator contribute to improvement of fuel economy. As an example, when the engine, the alternator, the transmission, and the brake are lower, in this order, in possibility of adversely influencing fuel economy, the engine, the alternator, the transmission, and the brake can be also set to be higher in priority in this order. The above-described orders of priority are merely examples, and the methods for determining an order of priority and distribution braking forces are not limited to those described above. For example, the engine, the transmission, the alternator, and the brake can be set to be higher in priority in this order. According to this order of priority, for example, the engine and the transmission are preferentially used, so that deterioration of fuel economy can be inhibited by fuel cut of the engine and a braking force can be stably and effectively generated by the transmission. In addition, the order of priority may be set in accordance with the vehicle type, the drive mode, or the like. For example, in a fuel-efficient mode, priority may be set in order of the engine, the alternator, the transmission, and the brake, starting from one having a smaller adverse effect on fuel economy, and, in another mode, priority may be set in order of the transmission, the engine, the alternator, and the brake, starting from one having higher durability. (Step S106): The braking force distribution control unit13instructs each actuator400to generate the allocated distribution braking force. (Step S107): Each actuator400generates the distribution braking force in response to the instruction. The above sequence is ended, for example, by the user performing an accelerator operation or a brake operation to cancel the coasting state. Until the sequence is ended, the processes from step S102to step S106are repeated, and braking force control corresponding to the speed of the vehicle or the like is continued. In addition, when coasting driving is performed again after the coasting state is cancelled, the process steps from step S101are executed again. Moreover, in the case where the vehicle is an electric vehicle, a motor only needs to be used instead of the engine, etc., as an actuator. Furthermore, the configuration of each component of the braking force control system according to the present invention is not limited to that in the present embodiment, and can be variously modified as long as the functions of: the plurality of actuators capable of generating a braking force for the vehicle; the target braking force calculation unit, which calculates a target braking force on the basis of the state of the vehicle; and the braking force distribution control unit, which determines a distribution braking force to be allocated to each actuator, such that the sum of the distribution braking forces is equal to the target braking force, and performs control of causing each actuator to generate the distribution braking force, when an accelerator operation is not performed and a brake operation is not performed during running of the vehicle, can be achieved. In addition, the plurality of actuators400may be actuators other than the brake, the alternator, the engine, and the transmission described as examples, as long as the actuators are functional units that are provided in the vehicle and capable of generating a braking force, and a combination of actuators is not limited as long as the number of the actuators is two or more. In the case where the vehicle includes, as an external device for the braking force control system10, an in-vehicle device called a movement manager that integrally manages and controls movement of the vehicle, the braking force control system10may receive a target braking force, in the form of a braking force (N) or the like, from the movement manager. In this case, the braking force control system10does not have to calculate a target braking force, and thus does not have to include the coasting state detection unit11and the target braking force calculation unit12. In addition, the braking force control system10does not have to acquire information from the brake pedal sensor201, the accelerator position sensor202, the sensor/ECU group203, etc. In this configuration, the braking force distribution control unit13notifies the movement manager of the range (availability) of the present generable braking force (N). For example, the movement manager receives an acceleration/deceleration request, in the form of acceleration (m/s2) or the like, from at least still another in-vehicle device having a function to determine acceleration/deceleration or the like of the vehicle on the basis of information of various sensors or the like for driving assistance, and determines a target braking force within the range of the availability on the basis of the request and at least the availability. The braking force distribution control unit13acquires a target braking force from the movement manager as described above. With such a configuration, the braking force control system10can receive a target braking force that matches with an acceleration/deceleration request from another in-vehicle device for performing various types of driving assistance, without independently calculating a target braking force. Accordingly, overlap of processes can be eliminated, and designing and mounting can be made easy, so that extension of a driving assistance function in the future can be easily handled. As described above, the braking force control system10may be mounted as a part of an integral driving assistance system that assumes use of a movement manager. Advantageous Effects According to the present invention, in a coasting state of the vehicle, a suitable target braking force expected by the user can be estimated on the basis of various states of the vehicle, and cooperative control of the plurality of actuators can be performed to generate a braking force such that the target braking force is achieved. Thus, suitable braking force control can be performed. The present invention can be taken not only as a braking force control system including a braking force control device and actuators, but also as a method or a program to be executed by the braking force control device and a computer thereof, a computer-readable non-transitory storage medium having the program stored therein, or a vehicle including the braking force control system. The present invention is useful for a braking force control system for a vehicle or the like. | 23,242 |
RE49778 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention is a solid fuel grain for a hybrid rocket engine. The solid fuel grain can be manufactured65using a fused deposition type additive manufacturing apparatus as described and claimed in the commonly-owned application Ser. No. 15/818,381 and the issued U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,453,479 and 9,822,045, as referenced above. FIGS.1-3illustrate various views of an exemplary solid fuel grain section10suitable for use in a hybrid rocket engine. Additional details of fuel grains, including their fabrication, are described and claimed in one or more of the following commonly-owned and related applications, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference: U.S. Pat. No. 9,453,479 issued on Sep. 27, 2016 U.S. Pat. No. 9,822,045 issued on Nov. 21, 2017 patent application Ser. No. 15/818,381 filed on Nov. 20, 2017 patent application Ser. No. 15/262,661 filed on Sep. 12, 2016 With reference toFIGS.1-3, the fuel grain section10has a generally cylindrical shape and defines a center port16. In this exemplary embodiment, the center port16has a substantially circular cross-section, but the center port16could have other geometries, such as a star, clover leaf, or polygon without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. The solid fuel grain section10is formed as a fusion (bonded) stack of layers with each such layer formed as a series of abutting fused concentric ring-shaped beads of solidified material12arrayed around the center port16. In one embodiment, a heat gun with an ABS stick is used to bond the individual layers. Viscous ABS is applied to the sectional end caps before aligning and joining the grain sections. As is known by those skilled in the art, other adhesives can be used to join the grain sections. As is further described below, when incorporated into a hybrid rocket engine, an oxidizer is introduced into the solid fuel grain section10along a pathway defined by the center port16, with combustion occurring along the exposed surfaces (also referred to as the boundary wall or combustion port wall) of the solid fuel grain section10port wall. Accordingly, each concentric ring-shaped structure possesses a geometric pattern14that serves to increase the surface area for combustion, compared to a smooth concentric circular structure or smooth walls as consistent with cast-molded constructions. As each such concentric ring-shaped bead ablates or undergoes phase change from either solid to gas or solid to entrained liquid droplet, the abutting concentric bead is exposed to the flame sheet. This process continues and persists during the hybrid rocket engine's operation until either oxidizer flow is terminated or the solid fuel is exhausted. Unlike prior art constructions that improve regression rate by increasing the surface area exposed to the flame sheet using a multi-port architecture at the sacrifice of fuel loading, the solid fuel grain of the present invention presents increased surface area as a means to improve regression rate, but without the disadvantages associated with multi-port configurations. Although the fuel grain section10may be manufactured in various sizes or dimensions, in an exemplary embodiment, the fuel grain section10has an outer diameter, d2, of 19.0 inches. Although a wide range of diameters and fuel grain lengths (or sectional lengths) are possible, the center port16has an initial diameter, d1, (i.e., before combustion) of 4.0 inches in this exemplary embodiment (although a larger diameter is shown inFIG.3to enable a better view of the interior of the fuel grain section10). Although a fuel grain with any grain diameter can be fabricated, traditionally a ratio of about 5:1 (outer diameter to inner diameter) is used for a hybrid rocket fuel grain. Each of the stacked fused layers in this exemplary embodiment would have an approximate thickness ranging from 0.005 inches to 0.015 inches depending upon the fabrication technique employed. In one fabrication technique, each of the stacked layers12is formed by the deposition of viscous polymer which is extruded following a roughly circular tool path forming a plurality of solidified abutting ring-shaped beads of material. Viewed in cross section as depicted inFIG.11, each ring-shaped bead of solidified material90is oval or elliptical in cross sectional shape, which flattens on its bottom under its own weight as the material cools and flattens on the top as the weight of the next extruded layer of abutting ring-shaped beads of material is deposed above it. As for the concentric ring-shaped beaded structures, the objective is to increase the surface area presented to the flame zone for combustion within the center port16in a manner that is persistent throughout the hybrid rocket engine operation. In this exemplary embodiment, and as illustrated inFIGS.1-3, the surface pattern presented to the flame zone is characterized by a series of projections and depressions (according to other embodiments the surface pattern comprises a plurality of ribs, a plurality of undulations, a plurality of protrusions and recesses) extending radially into the center port and in this case forming elongated undulations that extend axially through the center port. These undulations are present in each concentric circular ring-shaped beaded structure such that as one ring-shaped beaded structure is ablated, the next-presented ring-shaped structure is revealed, presenting the same geometric pattern, but with an increased radius. InFIGS.1-3as well as inFIGS.10-13B, the individual undulations are identifiable and have a substantially cylindrical shape. However, in practice, depending upon the scale and layer thickness, such internal topology can take the form of a dimple pattern14as shown inFIGS.1-3, a corrugation pattern92as shown inFIG.10, a truncated pyramidal pattern110as shown inFIG.11, a truncated pyramidal pattern120as shown inFIG.12, and an irregular pattern131as shown inFIGS.13A and13B, all of which may or may not be perceptible to a viewer's unaided eye. Alternatively, the geometric pattern14,92,110,120,131of each ring-shaped concentric beaded structure may take other forms (e.g., an irregular surface) in order to achieve the objective of increasing the surface area available for combustion and to ensure that increased surface area persists throughout operation of the hybrid rocket engine. Any surface features that create the irregular surface and increase the surface area of the combustion port (also referred to as the port wall or the flame wall) are considered within the scope of the present invention. In one exemplary embodiment, each fused stacked layer is formed from a series of fused concentric ring-shaped beads of solidified material featuring a pattern designed to increase surface area of the boundary wall or flame wall, as compared to a smooth construction, and to present grooved, protrusion, or contoured patterns. In one embodiment the center port wall (also referred to as the boundary wall or flame wall) features a rifling pattern designed to induce oxidizer vortex flow persisting throughout the hybrid rocket engine's operation as the fuel is consumed. In addition to the fused deposition techniques of additive fabrication, as referred to in the cited commonly-owned patent references, there are a number of other additive manufacturing methods that can be employed to produce hybrid rocket fuel grains according to the present invention and using a formulation of polymer and nanocomposite aluminum additive, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, including: Stereolithography, Selective Laser Sintering, Powder Bed Printing, and Inkjet Head Printing. For the examples shown in the various Figures described herein, a composition of the fuel grain is about 95% by mass Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), a thermoplastic possessing combustion characteristics desirable for hybrid rocket engine fuel, and about 5% nanocomposite aluminum. Fuel having this structure is available from several sources, as known by those skilled in the art. With a Young's Modulus of 2.0-2.6 GPa, ABS is 460 times less elastic than HTPB and 38 times less elastic than paraffin wax, making it an ideal material for fabricating a hybrid rocket fuel grain and its combustion chamber center port. Ultra-high energetic nano-particle sized aluminum, especially aluminum powder produced without an aluminum oxide shell and passivated (by encapsulating or ‘capping’ the particle in a polymer shell) for safe handling and use, increases the fuel grain burning rate by as much as 50% using only a 5% concentration, compared to a fuel grain fabricated in ABS with a 25% concentration of standard military grade 44-micron particle size aluminum. Referring now toFIGS.4A-4B, the individual fuel grain sections10a,10b,10c, and10d can be assembled and joined together from multiple separately fabricated sections to form a complete solid fuel grain40. In this exemplary embodiment, each solid fuel grain section10has a height, h1, of 23 inches, such that the overall height, h2, of the complete solid fuel grain40is 92 inches. Furthermore, in this exemplary embodiment, to ensure proper alignment, the topmost solid fuel grain10a has at least one connecting member100a extending from its lower surface and at least one cavity102a defined in its lower surface for receiving a mating connecting member104b. Similarly, the intermediate solid fuel grain sections10b,10c, each have at least one connecting member100b and100c, extending from their respective lower surfaces and one connecting member104b,104c, extending from their respective upper surfaces, and further each have at least one cavity102b,102c defined in their respective lower surfaces and at least one cavity106b,106c defined in their respective upper surfaces. Finally, the lowermost solid fuel grain section10d has at least one connecting member104b extending from its upper surface and at least one cavity106d defined in its upper surface for receiving a mating connecting member100c in the fuel grain section10c. Accordingly, when heated above its glass transition temperature but below the aluminum powder's ignition temperature, viscous ABS can be spread or sprayed on the upper and lower surfaces to create a strong fusion bond between the sections10a,10b,10c,10d during assembly. In this way, solid fuel grain sections10a,10b,10c,10d can be readily stacked, aligned, and mated to one another to form the complete solid fuel grain40. Referring now toFIG.5, after the solid fuel grain sections10a,10b,10c,10d are assembled, the solid fuel grain sections10a,10b,10c,10d collectively define a center port46through the solid fuel grain40. The solid fuel grain40is preferably wrapped in a film50made of phenol or other suitable thermally resistant material. Placed between the inner wall of a fuel motor case (not shown inFIG.6) and the outer surface of the solid fuel grain, the film50acts as an insulation layer to reflect heat and prevent damage to fuel motor cases made from either metal or non-metallic materials such as carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite. Once wrapped in the film50, the solid fuel grain40can be placed into a motor case of a rocket. FIG.6is a sectional view of an exemplary hybrid rocket engine70housed within an aeroshell72to form a complete hybrid rocket powered vehicle70incorporating the solid fuel grain40as described above with respect toFIGS.4A,4B, and5. The exemplary hybrid rocket powered vehicle70generally comprises an aeroshell body72, a nozzle82at one distal end of said aeroshell body72, and a payload section74at an opposite distal end of said aeroshell body72. Enclosed within the aero shell body72of the hybrid rocket powered vehicle70is a hybrid rocket engine including an oxidizer tank76, a valve78, a motor case60, and an oxidizer injector80housed typically within a forward cap (not shown) that also houses the ignition system (not shown). The motor case60houses a pre-combustion chamber (not shown), a post-combustion chamber64, and the solid fuel grain40, which as described above is wrapped in insulating film50. The solid fuel grain40wrapped in a thermal insulating film50can be “cartridge loaded” into the motor case60of the hybrid rocket engine. Alternatively, the exemplary solid fuel grain40wrapped in thermal insulating film50could be wound with a fiber-reinforced polymer composite to form the motor case without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. In another exemplary embodiment, the solid fuel grain40can be inserted into a thermal protection cylinder fabricated from insulating material such as phenolic or cork without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. In yet another exemplary embodiment, the fuel grain40can be formed to embody either or both the pre-combustion chamber and the post-combustion chamber64without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. FIG.7is an enlarged sectional view of the motor case60of the hybrid rocket powered vehicle70ofFIG.6, showing the flame zone within the fuel grain center port46. As shown, an oxidizer94(either a liquid or a gas) is injected into the motor case60along a pathway defined by the center port46of the solid fuel grain40and flows within the center port46, forming a boundary layer65bordered by the center port46wall. The boundary layer65is usually turbulent throughout a large portion of the length of the center port46. Within the boundary layer65is a turbulent diffusion flame zone66that extends throughout the entire length of the center port46and depending upon the characteristics of the solid fuel selected, either causing a phase change to a gas or entrained liquid droplets of fuel to form. Evaporation from the oxidizer/fuel gas/entrained liquid droplet interface produces a continuous flow of fuel gas that mixes with oxidizer gas at the flame zone66to maintain combustion along the exposed surface area of the center port46wall. At steady state, the regression rate of the melt surface and the gas-gas or gas-entrained liquid droplet interface is the same, and the thickness of the gaseous or entrained liquid layer is constant. Because the port wall surface pattern14,91,110,120,131exposed to the flame zone66possesses increased surface area compared to cast-molded constructions, the exemplary solid fuel grain40causes increased regression rate and corresponding increased thrust impulse without the decreased fuel volumes associated with multi-port designs. Additionally, the undulating wall surface pattern that runs the length of the fuel grain port also causes the mixture of fuel gas (or entrained fuel droplets) and atomized or gaseous oxidizer to continually trip, creating a consistent circular eddy current flow which contributes to more thorough combustion and a higher Isp. The continual trip referred to above is a mechanism of motion of oxidizer and fuel gas through the port. Due to the rough, semi-circular ribbed pattern along the port wall (as described elsewhere herein), the oxidizer/fuel gas mixture, as it flows along the boundary with the port wall, will “trip” over the ribs, and create an eddy current. This tripping mechanism causes the port wall to regress more rapidly, requiring a longer time for the fuel gas mixture to clear the port into the nozzle; thus contributing to improved combustion and less propellant waste. This mechanism, together with the much higher surface area that is created by a ribbed pattern, results in a significantly higher than typical regression rate as well as higher specific impulse that obtained with prior art designs. Also, unlike the prior art constructions that increase the surface area using a multi-port architecture (which sacrifices fuel loading), the solid fuel grain40of the present invention allows a smooth burning process whereby, as each concentric ring-shaped beaded structure forming each layer of the fusion stacked layer center port46wall is ablated, a new concentric ring-shaped beaded structure, the plurality of which forms the expanded center port46wall, is presented to the flame zone66, as shown inFIGS.8A-8C, illustrating ablation of the center port wall at three different stages. This burning process continues until either oxidizer flow is terminated or the solid fuel grain40material is exhausted. Generally, energetic materials suitable for use in the present invention are a class of material with high amount of stored chemical energy that can be released. Highly energetic materials include ultrafine aluminum powder, the particle size of which can vary from micron to nanoscale, including particles that are a composite of aluminum and polymer in nanoscale. As known by those skilled in the art, generally a nanocomposite is a material comprising two or more constituent solids, the size of which measures 100 nanometers (nm) or less. Even though the nano-scale aluminum particle cores are completely encapsulated in a polymer based oligomer coating and thus passivated, there remains the possibility that this highly energetic pyrophoric material can still be reactive with oxygen or water vapor. As a safety precaution, the nanocomposite aluminum, the ABS thermoplastic, and the compounded ABS-nanocomposite materials are stored in containers designed to store flammable material, preferably infilled with a non-reactive noble gas at all times prior to their use as feedstock in an additive manufacturing process. In one application, the compounded material is stored within a climate controlled environment. As a further safety measure, after fabrication each fuel grain or fuel grain section is shrink-wrapped to encase the fuel grain or fuel grain section in a thin plastic film to prevent atmospheric exposure prior to its use in a hybrid rocket engine. In another embodiment the fuel grain is spray coated with a polymeric material or paint that serves to prevent atmospheric exposure. According to another embodiment the fuel grain or grain segment is inserted into an air-tight packaging cylinder and a vacuum drawn to remove all air. The packaging cylinder is sealed before it is removed from the print bed chamber. FIG.9depicts the coordinate system and orientation of the fuel grain for use withFIGS.10-13B FIG.10is a quarter sectional view of the fuel grain section ofFIG.1featuring a concentric ring-shaped corrugation build pattern or fuel grain92, a port wall surface pattern91, and several layers of fused concentric beads in cross section90. FIG.11is a quarter sectional view of the fuel grain section ofFIG.1featuring a concentric ring-shaped truncated pyramidal build pattern or fuel grain113, a port wall surface pattern110, and several layers of fused concentric beads in cross section111. FIG.12is a quarter sectional view of the fuel grain section ofFIG.1featuring a concentric ring-shaped rifled truncated pyramidal build pattern or fuel grain123, a port wall surface pattern120with the build and surface patterns staggered layer by layer to form in its plurality a persistent rifling pattern. FIG.13Adepicts a top view andFIG.13Ba perspective view showing the port wall surface pattern131of the fuel grain section ofFIG.1.FIGS.13A and13Bfeature a concentric ring-shaped rifled polygonal pattern for fuel grain132with each such polygonal build pattern staggered and twisted (i.e., rifled) layer-by-layer to form in its plurality a persistent rifling pattern. The embodiments ofFIGS.12and13A/13B present a persistent rifling pattern to the oxidizer flowing through the center port46to induce axial flow. The embodiments ofFIGS.11-13Bdepict exemplary constructions of a hybrid rocket fuel grain engineered to both increase the amount of surface area available for combustion as a means to improve regression rate, to improve specific impulse, to generate an oxidizer vortex flow, and to reduce fuel waste by inducing oxidizer axial flow within the center port46(seeFIG.7) to allow more time for oxidizer and fuel gases (or oxidizer and entrained liquid droplets) to mix and combust more thoroughly. Any surface area pattern or topology that furthers one or more of these objectives, and is sustainable throughout the fuel grain cross-section (i.e., as one fuel grain layer ablates the next fuel gran layer presents a desirable surface area pattern) is considered within the scope of the present invention. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that additional embodiments are also possible without departing from the teachings of the present invention or the scope of the claims which follow. This detailed description, and particularly the specific details of the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein, is given primarily for clarity of understanding, and no unnecessary limitations are to be understood therefrom, for modifications will become obvious to those skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure and may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the claimed invention. | 21,085 |
RE49779 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG.1illustrates an embodiment of a lighting apparatus100comprising a blanket-like body102that is adapted to be suspended from a structure (e.g., a frame). Body102is constructed of a flexible, yet durable, material and may be comprised of a plurality of apertures105along its periphery to permit a variety of suspension positions. Various dimensions of body102may be provided, as illustrated inFIG.2, to service different lighting applications. Body102is further comprised of a plurality of pockets106adapted to receive a plurality of LED arrangements108therein. An LED arrangement108may be, for example, a flexible LED ribbon or a rigid LED strip having a plurality of LED lighting elements affixed thereon. A rigid LED strip, for example, may be a color corrected lighting strip made for film, television or broadcast purposes, wherein the LED lighting elements affixed thereon may have, for example, an alternating tungsten/daylight color to allow for complete control of color temperature. It is envisioned that a plurality of lighting mixtures and color variations may be used including, but certainly not limited to, tungsten, daylight, RGB, RGBA, RGBW, hybrids or any other suitable combinations thereof. Pockets106may be constructed from a rigid, clear plastic formed in the shape of a tubular conduit having an opening107at its end, as illustrated inFIGS.4A and4B. An LED arrangement108may be slidably affixed and encased within a pocket106via opening107. By allowing for LED arrangements108to be individually encased in each of pockets106, any one LED arrangement108may be easily removed, replaced or interchanged. Lighting apparatus100further comprises a wiring harness110that may be electrically coupled to the plurality of LED arrangements108provided in pockets106of body102. Wiring harness110may form part of body102or be provided as a separate component part appended to body102. Wiring harness110may be constructed of a durable material, similar to that used in the construction of body102, and may also comprise a plurality of apertures along its outer periphery to aid in suspension of lighting apparatus100. A power supply (not shown) is electrically coupled to wiring harness110at another end to power the plurality of LED arrangements108. Referring toFIGS.3A and3B, wiring harness110may be comprised of three (3) braided wires130A-C (braided wire130A exposed). Wire openings132A-C may be provided along the length of wiring harness110to allow electrical access points to each of braided wires130A-C. Lead wires134A-C may be coupled at one terminating end to braided wires130A-C via wire openings132A-C. As illustrated inFIGS.4A and4B, a three-prong connector140may be provided at the opposing terminating end of lead wires134A-C. Each three-prong connector140is adapted to plug-in to three-prong leads142provided at the end of each LED arrangement108encased in pockets106of body102. It should be noted that the three braided wires130A-C and three-prong connectors140described herein are provided by way of example, and not by way of limitation, and more or less electrically conductive wires (e.g., in solid core, stranded or braided form) and varying multi-pin connectors may be used to accommodate a particular LED arrangement envisioned for use in body102. As illustrated inFIG.4B, adequate spacing is provided between each of pockets106, thereby permitting body102to be folded or rolled up for ease of storage and transport. Having the same spacing corresponding to the spacing between each of pockets106, as well as the use of braided wires130A-C in the manner previously described, permits wiring harness110to be rolled up along with body102. A partially and fully rolled up version of body102is illustrated, respectively, inFIGS.5A and5B. Whereas many alterations and modifications of the present invention will no doubt become apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art after having read the foregoing description, it is to be understood that any particular embodiment described and shown by way of illustration is in no way intended to be limiting. Therefore, references to details of various embodiments do not limit the scope of the claims, which in themselves recite only those features regarded as the invention. | 4,281 |
RE49780 | It should be noted that these figures are intended to illustrate the general characteristics of methods, structure and/or materials utilized in certain examples and to supplement the written description provided below. These drawings are not, however, to scale and may not precisely reflect the precise structural or performance characteristics of any given example, and should not be interpreted as defining or limiting the range of values or properties encompassed by the inventive concept. For example, the relative thicknesses and positioning of molecules, layers, regions and/or structural elements may be reduced or exaggerated for clarity. The use of similar or identical reference numbers in the various drawings is intended to indicate the presence of a similar or identical element or feature. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The inventive concepts will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which examples of the inventive concepts are shown. The inventive concept may, however, be embodied in different forms and should not be constructed as limited to the examples set forth herein. Rather, these examples are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the inventive concept to those skilled in the art. As used herein, the singular terms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” to another element, it may be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may be present. Similarly, it will be understood that when an element such as a layer, region or substrate is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may be present. The same is true for similar terms such as “interposed between”. In contrast, the term “directly” means that there are no intervening elements. Additionally, the example in the detailed description will be described with sectional views as ideal exemplary views of the inventive concepts. Accordingly, shapes of the exemplary views may be modified according to manufacturing techniques and/or allowable errors. Therefore, the examples of the inventive concepts are not limited to the specific shapes illustrated in the exemplary views, but may include other shapes that may be created according to manufacturing processes. Other terminology used herein for the purpose of describing particular examples or embodiments of the inventive concept is to be taken in context. For example, the terms “comprises” or “comprising” when used in this specification specifies the presence of stated features or processes or steps but does not preclude the presence or additional features or processes or steps. Other terms are to be taken in context. For example, the term “size” of a region or pattern will generally be understood from the context as referring to the area of the region or pattern as viewed in plan, i.e., it's footprint, and may refer to the length of the region or pattern when comparing two regions or patterns of similar widths. The term “position” may refer to the relative location of, for example, a region or pattern in a layout. Further in this respect, although at times terms such as “connecting” or “connected to” may be used in describing a method of producing or designing a layout, it will be understood that these terms are being used to refer to connections in a virtual sense seeing that the layout process does not entail any physical or electrical connecting of actual elements and/or regions. Aspects of the present inventive concepts explained and illustrated herein include their complementary counterparts. The same reference numerals or the same reference designators denote the same elements throughout the drawings. FIG.1is a block diagram illustrating a computer system for performing examples of a semiconductor design process, according to the inventive concept. Referring toFIG.1, a computer system may include a central processing unit (CPU)10, a working memory30, an input-output device50, and a storage device70. In some examples, the computer system may be a customized system for performing a layout design process according to the inventive concept. Furthermore, the computer system may include a computing system configured to execute various design and check simulation programs. The CPU10may be configured to run a variety of software, such as application programs, operating systems, and device drivers. For example, the CPU10may be configured to run an operating system (not shown) loaded onto the working memory30. Furthermore, the CPU10may be configured to run various application programs on the operating system. For example, the CPU10may be configured to run a layout design tool32loaded onto the working memory30. The operating system or application programs may be loaded in the working memory30. For example, when the computer system starts a booting operation, an OS image (not shown) stored in the storage device70may be loaded onto the working memory30according to a booting sequence. In the computer system, overall input/output operations may be managed by the operating system. Similarly, some application programs, which may be selected by a user or be provided for basic services, may be loaded onto the working memory30. According to some examples of the inventive concept, the layout design tool32prepared for a layout design process may be loaded onto the working memory30from the storage device70. The layout design tool32may provide a function for changing biasing data for specific layout patterns; for example, the layout design tool32may be configured to allow the specific layout patterns to have shapes and positions different from those defined by a design rule. The layout design tool32may be configured to perform a design rule check (DRC) under the changed condition of the biasing data. The working memory30may comprise a volatile memory device (e.g., a static random access memory (SRAM) or dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device) or nonvolatile memory device (e.g., a PRAM, MRAM, ReRAM, FRAM, or NOR FLASH memory device). In addition, a simulation tool34may be loaded onto the working memory30to perform an optical proximity correction (OPC) operation on the designed layout data. The input-output device50may be configured to control user input and output operations of user interface devices. For example, the input-output device50may include a keyboard or a monitor, allowing a designer to input relevant information. By using the input-output device50, the designer may receive information on several regions or data paths, to which adjusted operating characteristics will be applied, of a semiconductor device. The input-output device50may be configured to display a progress status or a process result of the simulation tool34. The storage device70may serve as a storage medium for the computer system. The storage device70may be configured to store application programs, an OS image, and various data. The storage device70may comprise a memory card (e.g., an MMC, eMMC, SD, MicroSD, or the like) or a hard disk drive (HDD). The storage device70may include a NAND FLASH memory device with a large memory capacity. Alternatively, the storage device70may include at least one next-generation nonvolatile memory device (e.g., a PRAM, MRAM, ReRAM, or FRAM) or NOR FLASH memory device. A system interconnector90may serve as a system bus for allowing a network to be created in the computer system. The CPU10, the working memory30, the input-output device50, and the storage device70may be electrically connected to each other through the system interconnector90, and thus, data may be exchanged therebetween. However, the system interconnector90may not be limited to consisting of merely a bus; rather, it may include an additional element for increasing efficiency in data communication. FIG.2is a flow chart illustrating a method of designing and manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to some examples of the inventive concept. Referring toFIG.2, a high-level design process for a semiconductor integrated circuit may be performed using the computer system described with reference toFIG.1(S110). For example, in the high-level design process, an integrated circuit to be designed may be described in terms of high-level computer language (e.g., C language). Circuits designed by the high-level design process may be more concretely described by a register transfer level (RTL) coding or a simulation. Furthermore, codes generated by the RTL coding may be converted into a netlist, and the results may be combined with each other to produce a schematic of all of the circuitry of a semiconductor device. The (operability or practicality of the semiconductor device represented by the) schematic may be verified by a simulation tool. In certain examples, an adjusting step may be further performed, in consideration of a result of the verification step. A layout design process may be performed to realize a logically complete form of the semiconductor integrated circuit on a silicon wafer (S120). For example, the layout design process may be performed, based on the schematic circuit prepared in the high-level design process or the corresponding netlist. The layout design process may include a routing step of laying out and connecting various standard cells that are provided from a cell library, based on a predetermined design rule. In the layout design process according to some examples of the inventive concept, pin patterns may be formed in each of the standard cells, based on hitting information obtained after the routing step. The cell library may contain information on operation, speed, and power consumption of cells. In certain examples, a cell library of representations of a layout of a circuit in a gate level may be provided in or defined by the layout design tool. Here, the layout may be prepared to define or describe shapes, positions, or dimensions of patterns constituting transistors and metal lines, which will actually be formed on a silicon wafer. For example, in order to actually form an inverter circuit on a silicon wafer, it may be necessary to prepare or draw a layout of certain patterns (e.g., those of a PMOS, NMOS, N-WELL, gate electrodes, and metal lines thereon). For this, at least one of inverters in the cell library may be selected. Thereafter, a routing step of connecting the selected cells to each other may be performed. These steps may be automatically or manually performed in the layout design tool. In certain examples, a step of laying out the standard cells and establishing routing structures thereto may be automatically performed by a Place & Routing tool. After the routing step, a verification step may be performed on the layout to check whether any portion of the schematic circuit violates the given design rule. In some examples, the verification step may include evaluating verification items, such as a design rule check (DRC), an electrical rule check (ERC), and a layout vs. schematic (LVS). The evaluating of the DRC item may be performed to evaluate whether the layout meets the given design rule. The evaluating of the ERC item may be performed to evaluate whether there is an issue of electrical disconnection in the layout. The evaluating of the LVS item may be performed to evaluate whether the layout is prepared to coincide with the gate-level netlist. An optical proximity correction (OPC) step may be performed (S130). The OPC step may be performed to correct optical proximity effects, which may occur when a photolithography process is performed on a silicon wafer using a photomask manufactured based on the layout. The optical proximity effect may be an unintended optical effect (such as refraction or diffraction) which may occur in the exposure process using the photomask manufactured based on the layout. In the OPC step, the layout may be modified to have a reduced difference in shape between designed patterns and actually-formed patterns, which difference would otherwise be caused by the optical proximity effects. As a result of the optical proximity correction step, the designed shapes and positions of the layout patterns may be slightly changed. A photomask may be manufactured, based on the layout modified by the OPC step (S140). In general, the photomask may be manufactured by patterning a chromium layer provided on a glass substrate, using the layout pattern data. The photomask may be used to manufacture a semiconductor device (S150). In the actual manufacturing process, the exposure and etching steps may be repeatedly performed, and thus, patterns defined in the layout design process may be sequentially formed on a semiconductor substrate. FIG.3is a flow chart illustrating some steps of the layout design process of the method ofFIG.2.FIGS.4A,4B,5A, and5B are plan views illustrating a method of laying out a standard cell and establishing a routing structure therefor. Referring toFIGS.3and4A, an original standard cell layout may be provided using a layout design tool (S121). The standard cell layout may include a logic layout representative of a layout of logic transistors and an interconnection layout. For example, the interconnection layout ofFIG.4Amay correspond to a first metal layer to be provided on a semiconductor substrate. In more detail, the providing of the logic layout may include providing a layout of active regions. The active regions may include a PMOSFET region PR and an NMOSFET region NR. The PMOSFET region PR and the NMOSFET region NR may be spaced apart from each other in a first direction D1. The providing of the logic layout may also include providing a layout of gate patterns GP crossing the PMOSFET region PR and the NMOSFET region NR and extending in the first direction D1. The gate patterns GP may be spaced apart from each other in the second direction D2crossing the first direction D1. The PMOSFET region PR, the NMOSFET region NR, and the gate patterns GP may constitute the logic transistors to be provided on the semiconductor substrate. The providing of the interconnection layout may include providing first and second power patterns PL1and PL2and first and second pin patterns M11and M12. Each of the first and second power patterns PL1and PL2may be a line-shaped pattern extending parallel to the second direction D2, and each of the first and second pin patterns M11and M12may be a line-shaped pattern extending parallel to the first direction D1. The first and second pin patterns M11and M12may be spaced apart from each other in the second direction D2. Each of the first and second pin patterns M11and M12may include pin regions PI for routing with a high-level interconnection layout, which will be described below. For example, each of the first and second pin patterns M11and M12may include five pin regions PI. The standard cell layout may be saved in the cell library described with reference toFIG.2. Next, multiple ones of the standard cell layout saved in the cell library may be set in place (S122). Although a single standard cell layout is illustrated inFIG.4A, a plurality of standard cell layouts may be set in place as aligned with each other in the second direction D2(e.g., seeFIG.11A). Referring toFIGS.3and4B, a routing step may be performed on the standard cell layout to connect the standard cell to the high-level interconnection layout (S123). Firstly, the high-level interconnection layout may be provided. The high-level interconnection layout may correspond to a second metal layer to be formed on the semiconductor substrate. In certain examples, although not shown, the high-level interconnection layout may correspond to a plurality of metal layers that will be sequentially stacked on the semiconductor substrate. The providing of the high-level interconnection layout may include laying out first and second interconnection patterns M21and M22and laying out first and second upper via patterns V21and V22. The first and second interconnection patterns M21and M22may be automatically set in place in consideration of their connection to other standard cell layouts, and in certain examples, this step may be performed using the layout design tool and/or the Place & Routing tool. Each of the first and second interconnection patterns M21and M22may be a line-shaped pattern extending parallel to the second direction D2. The laying out of the first and second upper via patterns V21and V22may be performed at the same time as or after the first and second interconnection patterns M21and M22are laid out. The first upper via pattern V21may be provided on one of the pin regions PI of the first pin pattern M11overlapped with the first interconnection pattern M21. The second upper via pattern V22may be provided on one of the pin regions PI of the second pin pattern M12overlapped with the second interconnection pattern M22. In other words, the interconnection layout of the standard cell layout may be connected to the interconnection patterns of the high-level interconnection layout through the first and second upper via patterns V21and V22. Since the routing of the standard cell layout described with reference toFIGS.4A and4Bis performed using the first and second pin patterns M11and M12, each of which includes the plurality of pin regions PI, it is possible to increase a degree of freedom in the routing step. For example, regardless of its position, each of the first and second interconnection patterns M21and M22may be overlapped with at least one of the pin regions PI, and thus, each of the first and second interconnection patterns M21and M22may be easily connected to the first and second pin patterns M11and M12. The routing for a standard cell layout, in which pin patterns with other shapes are provided, will be described in below. Referring toFIGS.3and5A, in a different example, an original standard cell layout may be provided using the layout design tool (in S121). In more detail, an interconnection layout may be provided, and the providing of the interconnection layout may include laying out the first and second power patterns PL1and PL2and laying out the first and second pin patterns M11and M12. In this example, each of the first and second pin patterns M11and M12may have two pin regions PI, unlike that described with reference toFIGS.4A and4B. In other words, each of the first and second pin patterns M11and M12may be smaller than that described with reference toFIGS.4A and4B. Next, multiple ones of the standard cell layout saved in the cell library may be set in place relative to each other (S122). Referring toFIGS.3and5B, a routing step may be performed on the standard cell layout to connect the standard cell to the high-level interconnection layout (S123). The providing of the high-level interconnection layout may include laying out the first interconnection pattern M21and laying out the first upper via pattern V21. Unlike that described with reference toFIG.4B, the second interconnection pattern M22is not be provided. This is because the relatively small size of the second pin pattern M12may make it difficult to overlap the second pin pattern M12with the second interconnection pattern M22and consequently, in connecting the second pin pattern M12to the second interconnection pattern M22. The routing of the standard cell layout described with reference toFIGS.5A and5Bhas a lower degree of freedom, compared with that shown in and described with reference toFIGS.4A and4B. This is because the first and second pin patterns M11and M12are smaller than those shown in and describedFIGS.4A and4B. Because the first and second pin patterns M11and M12are relatively small, though, they may have low parasitic capacitance, and this makes it possible to realize a semiconductor device that has high operation speed and low power consumption characteristics. By contrast, the relatively large first and second pin patterns M11and M12described with reference toFIGS.4A and4Bhave high parasitic capacitance, and this is an impediment to increasing the operation speed and reducing the power consumption of a semiconductor device. FIGS.6A to6Care plan views illustrating a method of laying out a standard cell and establishing a routing structure therefor, according to some examples of the inventive concept. In the following description, an element or step previously described with reference toFIGS.4A,4B,5A, and5Bmay be identified by a similar or identical reference number so as to avoid the necessity of duplicating a description thereof. Referring toFIGS.3and6A, an original standard cell layout may be provided using the layout design tool (S121). In more detail, an interconnection layout may be provided, and the providing of the interconnection layout may include laying out the first and second power patterns PL1and PL2and laying out first and second preliminary pin patterns PM11and PM12. Furthermore, the providing of the interconnection layout may include laying out first and second lower via patterns V11and V12for connecting the logic layout to the first and second preliminary pin patterns PM11and PM12, respectively. Each of the first and second preliminary pin patterns PM11and PM12may include a first ghost pattern MA1and a second ghost pattern MA2. The first and second ghost patterns MA1and MA2may be used to define positions of pin patterns, which will be established in a subsequent step; that is, the first and second ghost patterns MA1and MA2may serve as markers. The first and second ghost patterns MA1and MA2may be in direct contact with each other and may constitute the preliminary pin patterns PM11and PM12. The first and second ghost patterns MA1and MA2may be different from, or equal to, each other in terms of size. In some examples, the first ghost pattern MA1may be smaller than the second ghost pattern MA2. Here, the first ghost pattern MA1may have a process margin or a minimum feature size that is determined by technical limitations in subsequent photolithography and etching processes. The standard cell layout may be saved in the cell library described with reference toFIG.2. Next, multiple ones of the standard cell layout saved in the cell library may be set in place (S122). Although a single standard cell layout is illustrated inFIG.6A, a plurality of standard cell layouts may be set in place as aligned in the second direction D2and parallel to each other (e.g., seeFIG.11A). Referring toFIGS.3and6B, a routing step may be performed on the standard cell layout to connect the standard cell to the high-level interconnection layout (S123). The providing of the high-level interconnection layout may include laying out the first and second interconnection patterns M21and M22and laying out the first and second upper via patterns V21and V22. The first and second interconnection patterns M21and M22and the first and second upper via patterns V21and V22may be automatically laid out in consideration of the interconnection between them and another standard cell layout. Each of the first and second upper via patterns V21and V22may be placed on a corresponding one of overlapping regions of the first and second preliminary pin patterns PM11and PM12and the first and second interconnection patterns M21and M22, respectively. In more detail, the first upper via pattern V21may be placed on the second ghost pattern MA2of the first preliminary pin pattern PM11, and the second upper via pattern V22may be placed on the first ghost pattern MA1of the second preliminary pin pattern PM12. Positions of the first and second upper via patterns V21and V22may be contained in hitting information generated at the completion of the routing step. Referring toFIGS.3and6C, the first and second pin patterns M11and M12may be provided or generated in the interconnection layout, based on the hitting information (in S124). In more detail, the second ghost pattern MA2of the first preliminary pin pattern PM11may be converted into the first pin pattern M11, and the first ghost pattern MA1of the second preliminary pin pattern PM12may be converted into the second pin pattern M12. In other words, one of the ghost patterns MA1and MA2may be converted into the pin pattern, and the other of the ghost patterns MA1and MA2may be removed. The first and second lower via patterns V11and V12may be connected to the first and second upper via patterns V21and V22, respectively, through the first and second pin patterns M11and M12. In other words, the first and second pin patterns M11and M12may allow an input or output signal to be applied to the logic layout therethrough. Although not shown, in another example according to the inventive concept, the second lower via pattern V12is placed below the second ghost pattern MA2of the second preliminary pin pattern PM12, and both of the first and second ghost patterns MA1and MA2are converted into the second pin pattern M12so as to connect the second lower via pattern V12to the second upper via pattern V22. According to the above-described routing of the standard cell layout, it is possible to maximize the degree of freedom in the routing step, as described with reference toFIGS.4A and4B, and to minimize the size of the pin pattern, as described with reference toFIGS.5A and5B. This may make it possible to improve performance and power consumption characteristics of a semiconductor device. FIGS.7A to7Cillustrate a semiconductor device manufactured according to the inventive concept. For example, the standard cell layout previously described with reference toFIG.6Cmay be used to fabricate semiconductor devices, andFIGS.7A to7Cillustrate an example of such a semiconductor device. In the following description ofFIGS.7A to7C, elements corresponding to those of the above-described standard cell layout will be designated by the same numerals. However, such elements constituting a semiconductor device may be formed on a semiconductor substrate using a photolithography process, and thus, they may not be identical to corresponding patterns constituting the standard cell layout. In some examples, the semiconductor device is provided in the form of a system-on-chip. Referring toFIGS.6C and7A to7C, second device isolation layers ST2may be provided on a substrate100to define PMOSFET and NMOSFET regions PR and NR. The second device isolation layers ST2may be formed in a top portion of the substrate100. The substrate100may be a silicon substrate, a germanium substrate, or a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. The PMOSFET and NMOSFET regions PR and NR may be spaced apart from each other, in the first direction D1parallel to a top surface of the substrate100, by the second device isolation layers ST2interposed therebetween. In some examples, each of the PMOSFET and NMOSFET regions PR and NR is a single (contiguous) region, but each of the PMOSFET and NMOSFET regions PR and NR may instead include a plurality of regions spaced apart from each other by the second device isolation layers ST2. A plurality of active patterns FN may be provided at the upper part of the PMOSFET and NMOSFET regions PR and NR as extending linearly in the second direction D2crossing the first direction D1. The active patterns FN may be parts of or patterns protruding from the substrate100. The active patterns FN may be spaced from each other along the first direction D1. First device isolation layers ST1may be provided at both sides of each of the active patterns FN as extending in the second direction D2. In some examples, each of the active patterns FN has a fin-shaped portion at an uppermost part thereof. As an example, the fin-shaped portion may be that part of the pattern FN protruding in an upward direction above the level of the first device isolation layers ST1. The first and second device isolation layers ST1and ST2may be connected to each other in a substantially continuous manner, thereby forming a single insulating layer. In some examples, the second device isolation layers ST2may have a thickness greater than that of the first device isolation layers ST1. In this case, the first device isolation layers ST1may be formed by a process different from that for the second device isolation layers ST2. In certain examples, the first device isolation layers ST1may be simultaneously formed using the same process as that for the second device isolation layers ST2, thereby having substantially the same thickness as that of the second device isolation layers ST2. The first and second device isolation layers ST1and ST2may be formed in the upper portion of the substrate100. The first and second device isolation layers ST1and ST2may be constituted by, for example, a silicon oxide layer. Gate patterns GP may be provided on the active patterns FN as extending across the active patterns FN in the first direction D1and parallel to each other. The gate patterns GP may be spaced apart from each other in the second direction D2. More specifically, each of the gate patterns GP may extend parallel to the first direction D1across the PMOSFET region PR, the second device isolation layers ST2, and the NMOSFET region NR. A gate insulating pattern GI may be provided below each of the gate patterns GP, and gate spacers GS may be provided at both sides of each of the gate patterns GP. Furthermore, a capping pattern CP may be provided to cover a top surface of each of the gate patterns GP. However, in certain examples, the capping pattern CP may be removed from a portion of the top surface of the gate pattern GP connected to a gate contact CB. First to fifth interlayer insulating layers110-150may be provided to cover the gate patterns GP. The gate patterns GP may be formed of or include at least one material selected from the group consisting of doped semiconductors, metals, and conductive metal nitrides. The gate insulating pattern GI may include at least one of a silicon oxide layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, and a high-k dielectric layer whose dielectric constant is higher than that of a silicon oxide layer. Each of the capping pattern CP and the gate spacers GS may include at least one of a silicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride layer, and a silicon oxynitride layer. Each of the first to fifth interlayer insulating layers110-150may be a silicon oxide layer or a silicon oxynitride layer. Source/drain regions SD may be provided in portions of the active patterns FN positioned at both sides of each of the gate patterns GP. The source/drain regions SD in the PMOSFET region PR may be p-type impurity regions, and the source/drain regions SD in the NMOSFET region NR may be n-type impurity regions. The fin-shaped portions, which are positioned below and overlapped by the gate patterns GP, may serve as channel regions AF of transistors. The source/drain regions SD may be epitaxial patterns formed by a selective epitaxial growth process. Accordingly, the source/drain regions SD may have top surfaces positioned at a higher level than those of the fin-shaped portions. The source/drain regions SD may include a semiconductor element different from those of the substrate100. As an example, the source/drain regions SD may be formed of or include a semiconductor material having a lattice constant different from (for example, greater or smaller than) the substrate100. Accordingly, the source/drain regions SD may exert a compressive stress or a tensile stress on the channel regions AF. The gate patterns GP and the active patterns FN may constitute a plurality of logic transistors. For example, they may correspond to the logic layout described with reference toFIG.6A. Source/drain contacts CA may be provided between the gate patterns GP. The source/drain contacts CA may be arranged along the active patterns FN and in the second direction D2. As an example, the source/drain contacts CA may be respectively provided between the gate patterns GP on the PMOSFET and NMOSFET regions PR and NR and may be arranged in the first direction D1(e.g., seeFIG.7C). The source/drain contacts CA may be directly coupled to and electrically connected to the source/drain regions SD. The source/drain contacts CA may be provided in the first interlayer insulating layer110. The gate contact CB may be provided on at least one of the gate patterns GP. First and second lower vias V11and V12may be provided on the first interlayer insulating layer110and in the second interlayer insulating layer120. A first metal layer may be provided on the second interlayer insulating layer120and in the third interlayer insulating layer130. The first metal layer may include first and second power lines PL1and PL2and first and second lower metal lines M11and M12. The first and second power lines PL1and PL2may correspond to the first and second power patterns PL1and PL2described with reference toFIG.6C, and the first and second lower metal lines M11and M12may correspond to the first and second pin patterns M11and M12described with reference toFIG.6C. As an example, the first lower metal line M11may be electrically connected to one of the source/drain contacts CA through the first lower via V11. The second lower metal line M12may be electrically connected to the gate contact CB through the second lower via V12. The first and second power lines PL1and PL2may be provided outside and adjacent to the PMOSFET and NMOSFET regions PR and NR, respectively. The first power line PL1may be connected to the source/drain contact CA through a lower via to allow a drain voltage (Vdd) (e.g., a power voltage) to be applied to the PMOSFET region PR. The second power line PL2may be connected to the source/drain contact CA through the lower via to allow a source voltage (Vss) (e.g., a ground voltage) to be applied to the NMOSFET region NR. First and second upper vias V21and V22may be provided on the third interlayer insulating layer130and in the fourth interlayer insulating layer140. A second metal layer may be provided on the fourth interlayer insulating layer140and in the fifth interlayer insulating layer150. The second metal layer may include first and second upper metal lines M21and M22. The first and second upper metal lines M21and M22may correspond to the first and second interconnection patterns M21and M22described with reference toFIG.6C. As an example, the first upper metal line M21may be electrically connected to the first lower metal line M11through the first upper via V21. The second upper metal line M22may be electrically connected to the second lower metal line M12through the second upper via V22. The first and second metal layers may be formed using a method of designing and fabricating a semiconductor device as described with reference toFIG.2. For example, a high-level design process and a layout design process for a semiconductor integrated circuit may be performed to prepare the standard cell layout described with reference toFIG.6C. Subsequently, an optical proximity correction may be performed to prepare modified metal layouts, and photomasks may be manufactured, based on the modified metal layouts. The formation of the first metal layer may include forming a photoresist pattern, whose pattern is defined by the interconnection layout, on the third interlayer insulating layer130. For example, a photoresist layer may be formed on the third interlayer insulating layer130. Next, an exposure process may be performed on the photoresist layer using a photomask, which is manufactured based on the interconnection layout, and then a development process may be performed on the photoresist layer to form the photoresist pattern. In some examples, the photoresist pattern may be formed to have openings defining metal line holes. Next, the third interlayer insulating layer130may be etched using the photoresist pattern as an etch mask, thereby forming interconnection holes. The first and second power lines PL1and PL2and the first and second lower metal lines M11and M12may be formed by filling the interconnection holes with conductive material. The conductive material may be formed of or include a metallic material (e.g., copper). The second metal layer may be formed by a method similar to that for forming the first metal layer. FIGS.8A to8Care plan views illustrating a method of laying out a standard cell and establishing a routing structure therefor, according to some examples of the inventive concept. In the following description of the present example, an element or step previously described with reference toFIGS.6A to6Cmay be designated by a similar or identical reference number to avoid the necessity of duplicating a detailed description thereof. Referring toFIGS.3and8A, an original standard cell layout may be prepared using the layout design tool (S121). In more detail, an interconnection layout may be provided, and the providing of the interconnection layout may include laying out the first and second power patterns PL1and PL2, laying out the first and second preliminary pin patterns PM11and PM12, and laying out the first and second lower via patterns V11and V12. Each of the first and second preliminary pin patterns PM11and PM12may be substantially the same as a corresponding one of the first and second pin patterns M11and M12described with reference toFIG.4Ain terms of their shape and disposition. The standard cell layout may be saved in the cell library described with reference toFIG.2. Next, multiple ones of the standard cell layout saved in the cell library may be set in place (S122). Referring toFIGS.3and8B, a routing step may be performed on the standard cell layout to connect the standard cell to the high-level interconnection layout (S123). The providing of the high-level interconnection layout may include laying out the first and second interconnection patterns M21and M22and laying out the first and second upper via patterns V21and V22. Each of the first and second upper via patterns V21and V22may be placed on a corresponding one of overlapping regions of the first and second preliminary pin patterns PM11and PM12and the first and second interconnection patterns M21and M22, respectively. For example, the first upper via pattern V21may be placed on a first region RG1of the first preliminary pin pattern PM11. A region of the first region RG1, on which the first upper via pattern V21is placed, may be designated a first hitting region. The first lower via pattern V11may be placed below the first region RG1. Another region of the first region RG1, on which the first lower via pattern V11is placed, may be designated a second hitting region. The first preliminary pin pattern PM11may be placed on a second region RG2that does not overlap the first region RG1. Referring toFIGS.3and8C, the first and second pin patterns M11and M12may be placed in the interconnection layout, based on hitting information that may be obtained at the completion of the routing step (S124). In more detail, the first preliminary pin pattern PM11may be processed to preserve the first region RG1including the first and second hitting regions but remove the second region RG2. The remaining portion (e.g., the first region RG1) of the first preliminary pin pattern PM11may serve as the first pin pattern M11. The second pin pattern M12may be formed by processing the second preliminary pin pattern PM12in the same manner as that for the first preliminary pin pattern PM11. FIGS.9A,9C, and9Dare plan views illustrating a method of laying out a standard cell and establishing a routing structure therefor, according to some examples of the inventive concept.FIG.9Bis a plan view illustrating some examples of standard cell layouts whose interconnection layouts are different from each other. In the following description of the present example, an element or step previously described with reference toFIGS.6A to6Cmay be identified by a similar or identical reference number so as to avoid the necessity of duplicating the detailed description thereof. Referring toFIGS.3and9A, an original standard cell layout may be provided using the layout design tool (in S121). In more detail, an interconnection layout may be provided, and the providing of the interconnection layout may include laying out the first and second power patterns PL1and PL2, laying out the first and second preliminary pin patterns PM11and PM12, and laying out the first and second lower via patterns V11and V12. Each of the first and second preliminary pin patterns PM11and PM12may be substantially the same as a corresponding one of the first and second pin patterns M11and M12described with reference toFIG.4Ain terms of their shape and disposition. Referring toFIG.9B, the original standard cell layout illustrated inFIG.9Amay be modified to produce first to fourth standard cell layouts A, B, C, and D, whose interconnection layouts are different from each other. For example, each of the standard cell layouts A, B, C, and D illustrated inFIG.9Bmay have the same logic layout as the original standard cell layout ofFIG.9Abut may have an interconnection layout different from the original standard cell layout ofFIG.9A. For example, each of the first to fourth standard cell layouts A, B, C, and D may include the first and second pin patterns M11and M12. In this example, the first and second pin patterns M11and M12are different from each other in terms of their sizes; that is, there may be a difference in the numbers of the pin regions PI provided in the first and second pin patterns M11and M12. In addition, the first and second pin patterns M11and M12may be different from each other in terms of their relative positions. Note, the first to fourth standard cell layouts A, B, C, and D are just examples of possible modifications of the standard cell layout, i.e., the standard cell layout may be modified, based on the numbers of the pin regions PI provided in the first and second preliminary pin patterns PM11and PM12, to provide a different set of standard layouts. For example, in the case in which each of the first and second preliminary pin patterns PM11and PM12has five pin regions PI, the standard cell layout may be modified to produce a set of up to 5×5 (i.e.,25) standard cell layouts that are different from each other. The original standard cell layout and the first to fourth standard cell layouts A, B, C, and D provided by the above process may be saved in the cell library described with reference toFIG.2. Subsequently, multiple ones of the original standard cell layouts saved in the cell library may be set in place (S122). Referring toFIGS.3and9C, a routing step may be performed on the original standard cell layout to connect the original standard cell layout to the high-level interconnection layout (in S123). The providing of the high-level interconnection layout may include laying out the first and second interconnection patterns M21and M22and laying out the first and second upper via patterns V21and V22. Each of the first and second upper via patterns V21and V22may be placed on a corresponding one of overlapping regions of the first and second preliminary pin patterns PM11and PM12and the first and second interconnection patterns M21and M22, respectively. Positions at which the first and second upper via patterns V21and V22will be provided may constitute a part of the hitting information. For example, when viewed in the first direction D1, the first upper via pattern V21may be provided in the third pin region of the first preliminary pin pattern PM11and the second upper via pattern V22may be provided in the second pin region of the second preliminary pin pattern PM12. Referring toFIGS.3and9D, the first and second pin patterns M11and M12may be placed in the interconnection layout, based on the hitting information (S124). In more detail, based on the hitting information, any original standard cell layout may be replaced with one of the first to fourth standard cell layouts A, B, C, and D. For example, an interconnection layout including three pin region of the first pin pattern M11and two pin regions of the second pin pattern M12may be suitable for meeting the technical requirements imposed by the hitting information. In this case, referring toFIG.9B, the second to fourth standard cell layouts B, C, and D are suitable to meet such requirements. However, among these second to fourth standard cell layouts B, C, and D the second standard cell layout B may be most desirable due to its smallest pin patterns M11and M12and because a device made based on this layout will exhibit the lowest parasitic capacitance among the devices made based on the second to fourth standard cell layouts B, C, and D. Accordingly, the original standard cell layout may be replaced by the second standard cell layout B. FIGS.10A to10Care plan views illustrating a method of laying out a standard cell and establishing a routing structure therefor, according to some examples of the inventive concept. In the following description of the present example, an element or step previously described with reference toFIGS.6A to6Cmay be identified by a similar or identical reference number to avoid the necessity of duplicating a detailed description thereof. Referring toFIGS.3and10A, an original standard cell layout may be provided using the layout design tool (S121). The providing of the standard cell layout may include providing first and second interconnection layouts. In some examples, the first interconnection layout may correspond to a first metal layer to be formed on the semiconductor substrate, and the second interconnection layout may correspond to a second metal layer to be formed on the semiconductor substrate. In other words, unlike the example illustrated inFIG.6A, the standard cell layout may include a plurality of interconnection layouts, and the interconnection layouts may be changed depending on the type of circuits constituting the standard cell layout. The providing of the first interconnection layout may include laying out the first and second power patterns PL1and PL2and laying out the first to third lower interconnection line patterns M11, M12, and M13. Although not shown, the first to third lower interconnection line patterns M11, M12, and M13may be connected to the logic layout through the lower via patterns. The preparation of the second interconnection layout may include laying out the first to third preliminary pin patterns PM21, PM22, and PM23and laying out the first to third via patterns V21, V22, and V23. Each of the first to third via patterns V21, V22, and V23may be disposed between a corresponding pair of the first to third lower interconnection line patterns M11, M12, and M13and the first to third preliminary pin patterns PM21, PM22, and PM23to connect the corresponding pair to each other. The standard cell layout may be saved in the cell library described with reference toFIG.2. Next, multiple ones of the standard cell layouts saved in the cell library may be set in place (S122). Referring toFIGS.3and10B, a routing step may be performed on the standard cell layout to connect the standard cell to the high-level interconnection layout (S123). The providing of the high-level interconnection layout may include laying out the first to third upper interconnection line patterns M31, M32, and M33and laying out the first to third upper via patterns V31, V32, and V33. Each of the first to third upper via patterns V31, V32, and V33may be placed on a corresponding one of overlapping regions of the first to third preliminary pin patterns PM21, PM22, and PM23and the first to third upper interconnection line patterns M31, M32, and M33, respectively. At the completion of the routing step, hitting information may be obtained. Referring toFIGS.3and10C, first to third pin patterns M21, M22, and M23may be provided or generated in the second interconnection layout, based on the hitting information (S124). The formation of the first to third pin patterns M21, M22, and M23may be performed using one of the methods previously described with reference toFIGS.6C,8C, and9D. As a result, the size of each of the first to third pin patterns M21, M22, and M23may be decreased, compared to that of a corresponding one of the first to third preliminary pin patterns PM21, PM22, and PM23. Unlike the example shown in and described with reference toFIGS.6A to6CandFIGS.10A to10C, the pin patterns of the standard cell layout are not be limited to being provided in the first metal layer and/or the second metal layer (above the substrate). Rather, as described above, the pin patterns may be laid out in the high-level metal layer (e.g., a third metal layer). Furthermore, the pin patterns may be provided in different metal layers; for example, a plurality of pin patterns may be laid out in each of the first and second metal layers. FIGS.11A and11Bare plan views illustrating a method of laying out a standard cell and establishing a routing structure therefor, according to some examples of the inventive concept. In the following description of the present example, an element or step previously described with reference toFIGS.6A to6Cmay be identified by a similar or identical reference number so as to avoid the necessity of duplicating a detailed description thereof. Referring toFIGS.3and11A, the standard cell layout described with reference toFIG.6A,8A, or9A may be provided (S121). The standard cell layout may be saved in the cell library described with reference toFIG.2. Subsequently, multiple ones of the standard cell layout saved in the cell library may be set in place as aligned in the second direction D2and parallel to each other (S122). A plurality of the same standard cell layouts may be set in place to form a first standard cell layout STD1and a second standard cell layout STD2each including the same logic layout with the same circuit. As an example, the first and second standard cell layouts STD1and STD2may represent an inverter. The first standard cell layout STD1may have a first interconnection layout including the first and second preliminary pin patterns PM11and PM12, and the second standard cell layout STD2may have a second interconnection layout including third and fourth preliminary pin patterns PM13and PM14. The first and second preliminary pin patterns PM11and PM12and the third and fourth preliminary pin patterns PM13and PM14may be the same as each other in terms of their size and position. Although not illustrated, additional standard cell layouts may be additionally interposed between the first and second standard cell layouts STD1and STD2. Referring toFIGS.3and11B, a routing step may be performed on the first and second standard cell layouts STD1and STD2to connect the first and second standard cell layouts STD1and STD2to the high-level interconnection layout (S123). Although the first and second standard cell layouts STD1and STD2are the same, the first and second standard cell layouts STD1and STD2may be connected to standard cells different from each other in the routing step, and thus, the first and second standard cell layouts STD1and STD2may have different hitting information associated therewith. As an example, the first standard cell layout STD1may be connected to first and second interconnection patterns M21and M22constituting the high-level interconnection layout. The second standard cell layout STD2may be connected to third and fourth interconnection patterns M23and M24constituting the high-level interconnection layout. Based on the hitting information, the first and second pin patterns M11and M12may be provided or generated in the first interconnection layout and the third and fourth pin patterns M13and M14may be provided or generated in the second interconnection layout (in S124). The first and second pin patterns M11and M12and/or the third and fourth pin patterns M13and M14may be formed using one of the methods previously described with reference toFIGS.6C,8C, and9D. Accordingly, it is possible to provide the first and second pin patterns M11and M12and the third and fourth pin patterns M13and M14, whose sizes and dispositions are different from each other, in the same standard cell layouts (e.g., the first and second standard cell layouts STD1and STD2). On the contrary, if the pin patterns were newly generated after the step of laying out the standard cell layout and establishing a routing structure therefor (e.g., seeFIG.4BorFIG.5B), the same standard cell layouts may have the same pin patterns (e.g., having the same size and the same arrangement), regardless of whether there is a difference in the routing step. By contrast, in the layout design method according to some examples of the inventive concept, although the standard cell layouts are the same, it is possible to realize pin patterns for the standard cell layouts, respectively, that are different from each other in terms of their size and relative position. This makes it possible to realize a semiconductor device with optimized characteristics. According to some examples of the inventive concept, a method of designing a layout of a semiconductor device may include laying out pin patterns in an interconnection layout of a standard cell layout, based on hitting information obtained after a routing step. Accordingly, it is possible to maximize the degree of freedom in the routing and realize a semiconductor device with high operation speed and low power consumption characteristics. Finally, although examples of the inventive concepts have been particularly shown and described, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that variations in form and detail may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventive concept as defined by the attached claims. | 54,073 |
RE49781 | DETAILED DESCRIPTION The illustrative embodiments provide an information handling system (IHS), a multi-core processor and a method performed within the information handling system for (1) reducing execution jitter in multi-core processors, (2) enabling one or more processor cores within a multi-core processor to operate at a pre-determined frequency and (3) providing consistent execution times for threads running on multiple cores within a multi-core processor. In the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the disclosure, specific exemplary embodiments in which the disclosure may be practiced are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the disclosed embodiments. For example, specific details such as specific method orders, structures, elements, and connections have been presented herein. However, it is to be understood that the specific details presented need not be utilized to practice embodiments of the present disclosure. It is also to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and that logical, architectural, programmatic, mechanical, electrical and other changes may be made without departing from general scope of the disclosure. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present disclosure is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof. References within the specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “embodiments”, or “one or more embodiments” are intended to indicate that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. The appearance of such phrases in various places within the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments. Further, various features are described which may be exhibited by some embodiments and not by others. Similarly, various requirements are described which may be requirements for some embodiments but not other embodiments. It is understood that the use of specific component, device and/or parameter names and/or corresponding acronyms thereof, such as those of the executing utility, logic, and/or firmware described herein, are for example only and not meant to imply any limitations on the described embodiments. The embodiments may thus be described with different nomenclature and/or terminology utilized to describe the components, devices, parameters, methods and/or functions herein, without limitation. References to any specific protocol or proprietary name in describing one or more elements, features or concepts of the embodiments are provided solely as examples of one implementation, and such references do not limit the extension of the claimed embodiments to embodiments in which different element, feature, protocol, or concept names are utilized. Thus, each term utilized herein is to be given its broadest interpretation given the context in which that terms is utilized. FIG.1illustrates a block diagram representation of an example information handling system (IHS)100, within which one or more of the described features of the various embodiments of the disclosure can be implemented. For purposes of this disclosure, an information handling system, such as IHS100, may include any instrumentality or aggregate of instrumentalities operable to compute, classify, process, transmit, receive, retrieve, originate, switch, store, display, manifest, detect, record, reproduce, handle, or utilize any form of information, intelligence, or data for business, scientific, control, or other purposes. For example, an information handling system may be a handheld device, personal computer, a server, a network storage device, or any other suitable device and may vary in size, shape, performance, functionality, and price. The information handling system may include random access memory (RAM), one or more processing resources such as a central processing unit (CPU) or hardware or software control logic, ROM, and/or other types of nonvolatile memory. Additional components of the information handling system may include one or more disk drives, one or more network ports for communicating with external devices as well as various input and output (I/O) devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, and a video display. The information handling system may also include one or more buses operable to transmit communications between the various hardware components. Referring specifically toFIG.1, example IHS100includes one or more processor(s)102coupled to system memory130via system interconnect115. System interconnect115can be interchangeably referred to as a system bus, in one or more embodiments. System memory130can include therein a plurality of software and/or firmware modules including firmware (F/W)132, basic input/output system (BIOS)134, operating system (O/S)136, and application(s)138. The one or more software and/or firmware modules within system memory130can be loaded into processor(s)102during operation of IHS100. Processor(s)102include several processor cores, including core0104, core1106, core2108, core3110, core4112, core5114, core6116and core7118. Cores104-118can communicate with each other and with control logic120. Control logic120can control the operation of cores104-118. According to one aspect of the described embodiments, control logic120can control the operating frequency and voltage or operating state of cores104-118. Control logic120can also receive software and/or firmware modules from system memory130during the operation of processor(s)102. In one embodiment, clock121is provided on processor(s)102and enables the generation of several different periodic frequency signals that can be applied to one or more of the cores104-118within processor(s)102. IHS100further includes one or more input/output (I/O) controllers140which support connection by, and processing of signals from, one or more connected input device(s)142, such as a keyboard, mouse, touch screen, or microphone. I/O controllers140also support connection to and forwarding of output signals to one or more connected output devices144, such as a monitor or display device or audio speaker(s). Additionally, in one or more embodiments, one or more device interfaces146, such as an optical reader, a universal serial bus (USB), a card reader, Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) slot, and/or a high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI), can be associated with IHS100. Device interface(s)146can be utilized to enable data to be read from or stored to corresponding removable storage device(s)148, such as a compact disk (CD), digital video disk (DVD), flash drive, or flash memory card. Device interfaces146can further include General Purpose I/O interfaces such as I2C, SMBus, and peripheral component interconnect (PCI) buses. IHS100comprises a network interface device (NID)150. NID150enables IHS100to communicate and/or interface with other devices, services, and components that are located external to IHS100. These devices, services, and components can interface with IHS100via an external network, such as example network160, using one or more communication protocols. Network160can be a local area network, wide area network, personal area network, and the like, and the connection to and/or between network and IHS100can be wired or wireless or a combination thereof. For purposes of discussion, network160is indicated as a single collective component for simplicity. However, it is appreciated that network160can comprise one or more direct connections to other devices as well as a more complex set of interconnections as can exist within a wide area network, such as the Internet. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the hardware components and basic configuration depicted inFIG.1and described herein may vary. For example, the illustrative components within IHS100are not intended to be exhaustive, but rather are representative to highlight components that can be utilized to implement aspects of the present disclosure. For example, other devices/components may be used in addition to or in place of the hardware depicted. The depicted example does not convey or imply any architectural or other limitations with respect to the presently described embodiments and/or the general disclosure. With reference now toFIG.2, there is illustrated one embodiment of core configuration parameters210being transmitted from the basic input output system (BIOS)134to the processor control logic120. In the discussion ofFIG.2, reference is also made to components illustrated inFIG.1. During the initial startup of IHS100and processor(s)102, core configuration parameters210are transmitted from the BIOS134to the processor control logic120. The core configuration parameters210include operating states212for the cores104-118. According to one aspect of the disclosure, examples of these operating states212include (a) identification of one or more cores selected to be enabled for operation at frequencies equal to or higher than the minimum clock frequency or core operating frequency and (b) an identification of specific cores selected to be disabled, such that the disabled cores are not operational. The operating states212identifies which of the one or more of cores104-118are to be selected to be disabled and/or enabled and identifies which of the one or more cores104-118are to be controlled for execution jitter. Operating frequencies that are higher than the minimum core operating frequency are referred to as turbo states. For example, if the normal or minimum core operating frequency is 2.0 GHz, operating states212can be set or pre-determined by a user such that one or more cores104-118operate at higher core frequencies such as 2.5 GHz, 3.0 GHz, 3.5 GHz, 4.0 GHz or other frequencies. The maximum core frequency is subject to on-chip limits in temperature, current, and power consumption. In one or more embodiments, the core configuration parameters210also include an ordered lookup table214of the cores, in which the cores are ordered by the maximum physical distance separating each core on the chip or die. For example, as shown inFIG.1, core0104is physically located further away from core7118than from core4112. Ordered lookup table214is used to select one or more cores104-118for operation. The core configuration parameters210can be pre-determined by a user and stored in (BIOS)134. For example, operating states212can direct four of the cores104-118(e.g., core0-core3) to be disabled from operating and another (i.e., different) four of the cores104-118(e.g., core4-core7) to be enabled for operation and thus operate at a higher core operating frequency. FIG.3illustrates a flowchart of exemplary methods by which cores are (a) disabled and enabled for operation and by which (b) cores are controlled for reducing execution jitter. Generally, method300represents a computer-implemented method to reduce execution jitter in multi-core processors and to enable cores to be operated at higher operating frequencies. In the discussion ofFIG.3, reference is also made to components illustrated inFIG.1andFIG.2. According to one aspect of the disclosure, disabled cores do not perform execution of instructions and do not generate heat, while enabled cores operate at a higher frequency that is variable depending upon processor workloads and other factors that are internal to and based on the design of the processors. Jitter controlled cores are set to a pre-determined clock frequency as can be specified by a user. And, different jitter controlled cores can have different clock frequencies. Method300begins at the start block and proceeds to block302at which control logic120determines if any of the cores104-118are to be disabled from operation. Disabled cores are identified through the use of core configuration parameters210received from BIOS134. Disabled cores do not operate and thus do not execute any instructions. According to one embodiment, the minimum core operating frequency is the default or reference operating frequency for the cores. In response to none of the cores104-118being selected to be disabled, control logic120determines if any of cores104-118are to be jitter controlled (block308). In response to none of the cores104-118being selected to be jitter controlled, method300ends. In response to one or more of the cores104-118being selected to be jitter controlled, the one or more cores selected for jitter control are set by control logic120to operate at a maximum operating frequency that is dependent on the number of cores in operation (312). In one embodiment, control logic120sets the maximum operating frequency based upon the pre-determined operating states212. In another embodiment, control logic120sets the maximum operating frequency of the jitter controlled cores to the reference frequency or minimum core operating frequency. Method300then terminates at the end block. In response to one or more of the cores104-118being requested or selected to be disabled in block302, control logic120disables the selected cores from operating at block304and determines the core operating frequency or turbo states for the enabled cores (306). Control logic120determines if any of the enabled cores are to be jitter controlled (310). In response to none of the enabled cores being selected to be jitter controlled, method300ends. At block314, in response to one or more of the enabled cores being selected to be jitter controlled, control logic120sets or locks the cores selected for jitter control to operate at a maximum operating frequency or turbo state previously determined at block306. Method300then terminates at the end block. Method300allows a set of instructions or threads to execute across multiple cores that provide both fast execution times and consistent execution times (i.e., no jitter). Execution jitter is defined as the difference in execution time for a given program or thread between the predicted execution time and the actual execution time at a given frequency. With a set of one or more cores104-118(e.g., core4-core7) fixed to operate at a pre-determined operating frequency, the predicted execution time and the actual execution time will be the same, resulting in no execution jitter. For example, if the highest clock frequency that a set of instructions or threads executing with consistent execution times (no jitter) on multiple cores is 3.5 GHz, method300can set or restrict two or more of the cores104-118to operate at 3.5 GHz. Turning now toFIG.4, a flow chart of a method400by which cores are enabled is shown. In the discussion ofFIG.4, reference is also made to components illustrated inFIG.1andFIG.2. Method400begins at the start block and proceeds to block402where the lookup table214is loaded into control logic120. Lookup table214contains an ordered table of the cores104-118ordered by the maximum physical distance or spacing on the chip or die (see, for example, maximum separation distance between core0104and core7118within processor(s)102ofFIG.1). Control logic120enables a first one of cores104-118(e.g., core0104) for operation in the order defined by lookup table214(block404). At block406, control logic120determines if the requested or selected number of cores have been enabled for operation. According to one aspect of the disclosure, the number of cores selected to be enabled for operation are determined by core configuration parameters210received from BIOS134. In response to the selected number of cores being enabled, method400ends. In response to the selected number of cores not being enabled, method400returns to block404where control logic120enables the next core for turbo state operation in the order defined by lookup table214. FIG.5illustrates a flow chart of a method500for generating an ordered lookup table214. In the discussion ofFIG.5, reference is also made to components illustrated inFIG.1andFIG.2. Method500begins at the start block and proceeds to block502where one of the cores104-118is selected by control logic120. The selected core is placed into the lookup table214(block504). At decision block506, control logic120determines if all of the required cores104-118have been placed into the lookup table214. In response to all of the cores being placed into the lookup table214, method500terminates. In response to there being other cores remaining to be placed into the lookup table214, control logic120selects (at block508) the next core with maximum physical spacing distance from the previously selected core(s) in the processor (e.g., processor(s)102,FIG.1), and control logic120places the selected next core into the lookup table214(block504). According to one aspect, the next core with maximum physical spacing distance is selected from among the other non-selected cores (i.e., cores that are not yet placed in the lookup table). Referring toFIG.6, one embodiment of an ordered lookup table214presenting an increasing number of enabled cores and the corresponding enabled cores (at maximum physical spacing distance) generated by method500ofFIG.5is shown. Ordered lookup table214is based on the cores with maximum physical spacing from each other. In the discussion ofFIG.6, reference is also made to components illustrated inFIG.1andFIG.2. Lookup table214includes a first column, number of enabled cores602, indicating the different number of cores than can be enabled, and a second column, enabled core(s)604, identifying the specific core(s) that is enabled as the number of cores that are enabled increases. For example, if one core is to be enabled for operation at a frequency higher than the regular or minimum core operating frequency, then the only core enabled can be core0104. If three cores are to be enabled for operation at a frequency higher than the default or minimum core operating frequency, then the cores enabled are the cores with the maximum separation distance beginning with core0104(e.g., core0104, core7118and core1106inFIG.1). If five cores are to be enabled for operation at a frequency higher than the regular or minimum core operating frequency, then the cores and sequence of cores that are enabled within processor102ofFIG.1are core0104, core7118, core1106, core6116, and core3110. In the above described flow chart, one or more of the methods may be embodied in a computer readable medium containing computer readable code such that a series of functional processes are performed when the computer readable code is executed on a computing device. In some implementations, certain steps of the methods are combined, performed simultaneously or in a different order, or perhaps omitted, without deviating from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, while the method blocks are described and illustrated in a particular sequence, use of a specific sequence of functional processes represented by the blocks is not meant to imply any limitations on the disclosure. Changes may be made with regards to the sequence of processes without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Use of a particular sequence is therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present disclosure is defined only by the appended claims. With the above described systems, computer program products and methods, aspects of the disclosure provide the functionality of reducing execution jitter in multi-core processors within an information handling system and to selectively enabling one or more processor cores to operate at a pre-determined frequency. Aspects of the present disclosure are described above with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the disclosure. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language, without limitation. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, such as a service processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, performs the method for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. As will be further appreciated, the processes in embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented using any combination of software, firmware or hardware. Accordingly, aspects of the present disclosure may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment or an embodiment combining software (including firmware, resident software, microcode, etc.) and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module,” or “system.” Furthermore, aspects of the present disclosure may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable storage device(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon. Any combination of one or more computer readable storage device(s) may be utilized. The computer readable storage device may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable storage device would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storage device may be any tangible medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. While the disclosure has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the disclosure. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular system, device or component thereof to the teachings of the disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the disclosure not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed for carrying out this disclosure, but that the disclosure will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, the use of the terms first, second, etc. do not denote any order or importance, but rather the terms first, second, etc. are used to distinguish one element from another. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. The description of the present disclosure has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the disclosure in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope of the disclosure. The described embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the disclosure and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the disclosure for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. | 24,819 |
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