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93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.13.1 Description | A cell site is composed of an outdoor cell tower and an indoor base station machine room, as shown in the figure below. A base station machine room (BSMR) includes the BBU cabinet, the power cabinet, the battery unit, the air conditioner and several cables. Unexpected network outages and electrical outages can be costly during base station operation.
Figure 5.13.1-1: BSMR Environmental Supervision
Leaky air conditioners, groundwater, water leakage from underground pipes and severe weather such as rainstorms may cause the entire BSMR to shut down. Therefore, water leakage monitoring is an important part of BSMR environmental supervision. In addition, the temperature, humidity and other environmental parameters of BSMR also need to be monitored. Any abnormality of parameters will affect normal operation of equipment, which will lead to the deterioration of the network service quality or even lead to disconnection.
Since Ambient IoT devices are low-cost and maintenance-free, these devices can be deployed in the internal and external locations where water is easily flooded to monitor water leakage in BSMR. Ambient IoT Devices can also be deployed inside the BBU cabinet to monitor the temperature and humidity parameters of BSMR in time, which can help to detect potential problems early and reduce the probability of network outage. Meanwhile, we can deploy Ambient IoT Devices on other equipments in BSMR, for example, a backup BBU (which has been placed in the machine room but has not been powered up) can achieve periodical equipment inventory to avoid being stolen. In addition, periodical equipment inventory can help to monitor whether these cabinets have enough empty grids to meet the requirement of base station expansion. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.13.2 Pre-conditions | 1. Ambient IoT devices are deployed inside the BBU cabinet, outside the bottom of the BBU cabinet, the power cabinet, the battery unit, and the air conditioner, which can interact with 5G system.
2. Ambient IoT devices can collect energy from the environment through radio waves, vibration, light or other ways to realize message transmission and power supply of temperature sensors, humidity sensors and water-logging sensors.
3. Ambient IoT devices can per-set a threshold (such as a 50 temperature threshold) based on the user’s requirements.
4. The 5G system equipment which can interact with Ambient IoT devices and send the collected information to the supervision platform is deployed in the machine room according to the needs of BSMR environmental supervision; |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.13.3 Service Flows | 1. The supervision platform starts a monitoring task request to 5G system.
2. The 5G system performs the monitoring task by transmitting signals periodically to activate Ambient IoT devices.
3. The Ambient IoT devices measure the environmental parameters and send the obtained information to the 5G system. For temperature and humidity monitoring, typically, the single packet size is 96bits and the sampling rate is 10Hz, therefore, the data generation per Ambient IoT device is about 960bits/s. For water-logging monitoring, data is generated only when water leaks occur and the data packet size is 96bits typically.
4. If the monitor data exceeds the per-set threshold, the Ambient IoT devices would report sensor information actively to the 5G system immediately.
5. The 5G system sends the acquired information to the supervision platform. The supervision platform analyzes this information to diagnoses the health status of all monitored equipment. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.13.4 Post-conditions | With the support of 5G network, BSMR environment can be monitored more efficiently to reduce the risk of network outages, electrical outages and other failures. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.13.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | In previous releases, SA1 has finished several studies about IoT topic to introduce SA1 requirements in TS 22.011, TS 22.278, TS 22.368 and TS 22.261 to address requirement for IoT business about device lifetime, power consumption, data transmission and communication mechanism. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.13.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [P.R.5.13.6-001] The 5G system shall be able to support communication with Ambient IoT devices.
[P.R.5.13.6-002] The 5G system shall be able to support suitable security mechanisms for Ambient IoT devices, including encryption and data integrity.
[P.R.5.13.6-003] The 5G system shall be able to support suitable mechanisms to authenticate and authorize Ambient IoT devices.
[P.R.5.13.6-004] The 5G system shall support energy efficient communication mechanisms for Ambient IoT devices (i.e., minimizing the device communication power consumption).
[P.R 5.13.6-005] The 5G system shall support transferring data collected from Ambient IoT devices to a trusted 3rd party.
[P.R 5.13.6-006] The 5G system shall be able to provide Ambient IoT service with following KPIs.
Table 5.13.6-1: KPI Table of Base Station Machine Room Environmental Supervision
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
BSMR environmental supervision
30s
99%
99.9%
<1kbit/s (Note 1)
96bits
1.5 (Note 2)
30m indoors
NA
Stationary
NA
NA
NA
NA
NOTE1: The data rate generated by temperature, humidity, water-logging monitoring is typically less than 1kbit/s.
NOTE2: The device density is calculated based on an individual BSMR, where typically about 20 Ambient IoT devices are required in one BSMR and the dimension of a typical BSMR is around 12 . |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.14 Use case on indoor positioning in shopping centre using Ambient IoT | |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.14.1 Description | Shopping has always been an important part of our daily life and many giant shopping centres have been established all over the world. A shopping centre offers a wide range of services and products, including large supermarkets, a collection of retail stores, restaurants, banks, theatres, fitness and leisure facilities, underground parking areas, professional offices and other establishments. While enjoying various services in a giant shopping centre, customers sometimes find it troublesome to locate the target store or restaurant or find their own cars in the parking area due to lack of accurate indoor positioning and navigation system.
Ambient IoT can provide a promising solution for accurate indoor positioning. Ambient devices use energy harvested from ambient power, e.g., light, heat or radio waves etc. Therefore, such devices can work with limited energy storage capability (e.g., using a capacitor) or without any battery for extremely long time, e.g., > 10 years. Ambient device has other desired characteristics such as maintenance-free, extremely-low complexity, light weight, and small size.
The technology of Ambient IoT will provide positioning and navigation service to the customers in a shopping centre, and help them find the target shops and information much more efficiently, thus significantly improving customer satisfaction.
A shopping centre can occupy an area of tens to hundreds of thousands m2, and it can be composed of one or multiple buildings, each of which has multiple storeys both over and underground. In the underground parking area, there can be hundreds to thousands of parking spots.
In order to fulfil the requirement, an indoor positioning accuracy of around [3] meters is required.
During weekends or holidays, Grace likes to go shopping. A big shopping centre near Grace’s home, with an area of 200 thousand m2, has opened recently. From the advertisement, Grace knows that the shopping centre has deployed a new indoor positioning and navigation system, which can help people quickly find the target places and items in the shopping centre. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.14.2 Pre-conditions | With the help of an operator, an Ambient IoT system consisting of 50 thousand individual devices has been deployed across the entire shopping centre. Such devices are evenly distributed with 2-meter intervals in every room to help customers of the shopping centre realize locate target shops via indoor positioning. The position of each tag is measured and recorded in advance.
Grace understands that without a navigation system, it would be time-consuming for her to do shopping in a new shopping centre. So, she would like to try the new positioning and navigation system. For that, Grace bought a mobile phone supporting Ambient IoT service and subscribed the indoor positioning services. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.14.3 Service Flows | 1. Grace’s mobile phones is authorized by the mobile operators to perform the Ambient IoT service. And the phone is allowed to send signal to Ambient IoT devices. Grace downloads the shopping Navigation APP and registers to the navigation service.
2. One day, Grace drives her car to the new shopping Centre for the first time. When the car arrives at the entrance of the parking area, the navigation APP in her cell phone reminds her that the indoor positioning and navigation system will provide service for her. After authorization, the mobile phone performs Ambient IoT communication service and Ambient IoT positioning service using Ambient IoT device(s), in order to get the Ambient IoT device’s ID and relative position (i.e., relative distance and/or relative angle). Specifically, the system starts to work and Grace’s smart phone begins to send triggering signals (the triggering signals may be sent continuously or intermittently) to the Ambient IoT devices that have been attached on the nearby walls or poles aside the road to the underground parking.
Figure 5.14.3-1: Positioning in Parking area using Ambient IoT
3. The device(s) near Grace’s car is/are activated by the triggering signals. Then, the Ambient IoT device(s) responds to Grace’s mobile phone. The device ID is sent to the phone, followed by a signal. Using the signal, the mobile phone device derives the relative distance and/or relative angle to the Ambient IoT Device. Using the ID and the derived relative distance and/or relative angle, the position of the car can be derived by the APP and be shown in the indoor navigation APP.
While the car moves forwards, other Ambient IoT device(s) will sequentially respond to Grace’s mobile phone and the position can be continuously updated.
The APP navigates Grace to an empty parking spot using the navigation information and the real-time position of Grace’s car. Finally, Grace parked her car in the target parking spot.
Note 1: At a moment, one or multiple Ambient IoT devices can be used for positioning. It will depend on further study in downstream groups.
Note 2: The Ambient IoT device(s) only respond to the UEs who have subscribed the indoor positioning services and authorized by the mobile operators.
4. Grace gets off her car. Today, she wants to shop for groceries and a new skirt. After checking the APP, she easily finds that the supermarket and the fashion shop are in the 1st floor the 3rd floor respectively. The APP further plans the route to the supermarket. With the help of Ambient IoT devices attached all over the parking area and the smart phone, she easily finds the elevator.
When steps out the elevator in the 1st floor, the Ambient IoT device attached on the door of the elevator is activated by Grace’s mobile phone and soon the mobile phone updates Grace’s location in the navigation APP. The navigation APP switches to the 1st floor and it indicates to Grace that the entrance of the supermarket is 20 meters to the right.
Figure 5.14.3-2: Positioning in Shopping centre using Ambient IoT
5. The supermarket is very big, with an area of 20000 m2. With the help of Ambient IoT devices, it only takes minutes for Grace to find the shelfs with the groceries that Grace wants to buy. In addition, when Grace walks near to the shelf and searches for the target items using the navigation APP, the Ambient IoT device attached on the shelf will respond to the smart phone the specific location of the target items: putting at which part of the shelf and at which layer.
6. After buying all the needed items in the supermarket, with the help of Ambient IoT devices, Grace also goes to the fashion shops and buy her preferred skirt. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.14.4 Post-conditions | Thanks to the indoor positioning service provided by 5G Ambient IoT system, Grace has a great shopping experience in the shopping center. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.14.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | Same as existing service requirements, both licensed and unlicensed spectrum are applicable to Ambient IoT device. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.14.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case of Positioning in shopping centre | [PR.5.14.6-001] The 5G system shall support be able to authorize a UE to perform Ambient IoT communication services with specific Ambient IoT devices.
[PR.5.14.6-002] The 5G system shall be able to support authorizing a UE to perform Ambient IoT positioning services with specific Ambient IoT devices.
[PR.5.14.6-003] Subject to user consent and operator’s policy, the 5G system shall be able to expose the identities and positions of Ambient IoT devices to a 3rd party.
[PR. 5.14.6-004] The 5G system shall be able to support an Ambient IoT device to authenticate a UE triggering Ambient IoT services.
[PR. 5.14.6-005] The 5G system shall be able to support a UE to verify an Ambient IoT device’s identity.
[PR.5.14.6-006] The 5G system shall be able to provide Ambient IoT service with following KPIs:
Table 5.14.6-1: Ambient IoT service KPI
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Parking area (e.g. in shopping centre)
0.5 s
99.9%
NA
<1 kbit/s
96 bits
(Note1)
2500/ 10000m2
10 m
NA
NA
NA
0.5 s
90%
3 m
(Note 2, Note3)
Shopping area (e.g. in shopping centre)
0.5 s
99.9%
NA
<1 kbit/s
96 bits
(Note1)
2500/ 10000m2
10m
NA
NA
NA
0.5 s
90%
3 m
(Note 2, Note 3)
NOTE 1: The payload includes Ambient IoT device information, e.g., Ambient IoT device ID[5].
NOTE 2: The positioning accuracy can be applied to horizontal
NOTE 3: This value depends partly on the actual communication range. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.15 Use Case on Ambient IoT enablement for smart laundry | |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.15.1 Description | Washing machines have been upgraded to enable automated washing process, freeing people from heavy laundry chores. Currently, washing machines are equipped with various functionalities and laundry modes, which targets to different types or materials of clothes. Therefore, there is increasing demand to determine an appropriate laundry mode based on the clothes to be washed by considering the colour, fabric, material, shape and stains in order to achieve intelligent laundry with water saving and electricity saving.
Ambient IoT service provided by 5G can be expected to meet the demanding needs of smart laundry. Ambient IoT devices installed with wireless sensors can be attached to clothes to monitor some parameter values such as temperature and humidity. Firstly, the Ambient IoT devices can store clothing information such as colour, fabric, materials and shape. Additionally, the parameter values can be used to detect sweat stains. The smart appliance application can request the 5G network to perform inventory of Ambient IoT devices to obtain this clothing information and recommend an appropriate laundry mode with suitable laundry parameters according to the clothing information. The recommended laundry mode with suitable laundry parameters will be transmitted to the washing machine so that the washing machine will wash the clothes with corresponding procedure, achieving better user experience and saving the water and electricity. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.15.2 Pre-conditions | Cindy is a big fan of Company X’s smart appliances and has bought various appliance from Company X. She downloads Company X’s smart home application, registers her user account and provide the information of the smart appliances such as appliances ID and/or name on the application as well.
Recently, Cindy has bought a smart washing machine from Company X. Cindy registers the brand new washing machine on the Company X’s smart home application. In order to using the intelligent function of the smart washing machine, Cindy bought clothes attached with Ambient IoT device that is installed with wireless sensors to detect the temperature and humidity of the clothes. When the clothes are produced, the Ambient IoT device attached on the clothes stores the clothing information such as colour, fabric, materials and shape. Cindy registers the clothes to the smart home application. During the registration, Cindy will provide the ID of the Ambient IoT device attached on the clothes to the application. Optionally, Cindy can also take a photo of the clothes and upload it to the application so that the application can display the clothes on the screen. Since the information of Cindy’s smart washing machine and the clothes are registered to her user account, the application platform can associate the Cindy’s clothes with the smart washing machines owned by Cindy.
Fig. 5.15.2-1: Ambient IoT in Smart Laundry |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.15.3 Service Flows | 1. Cindy is going to run in the park. Before leaving her home, she makes sure that information of the sportswear (i.e. the information of the Ambient IoT device attached on the sportswear) she wore has been registered to the application.
2. Cindy wore the sportswear to go for a run. After she finished running and went back home, she wanted to wash her sportswear.
3. Cindy opened the Company X’s smart home application and chose the intelligent washing function. Additionally, she selected the clothes to be washed (i.e. the sportswear she just wore) on the application.
4. The Company X’s IoT application platform can request the 5G network to inventory and report the Ambient IoT device attached to the sportswear based on the Ambient IoT device ID which has been registered on the application by Cindy. The Company X’s IoT application platform can negotiate with 5G network about the frequency of inventory and report of Ambient IoT devices attached on the clothes so that the parameter values from the sensor can be obtained by Company X’s IoT application platform with a certain frequency (e.g., every 5 minutes in a certain period or a single report). The negotiation between the Company X’s IoT application platform and the 5G network can be based on the request from a user. For example, when Cindy is going out for a run, she can set the report frequency as every 5 minutes. After she finished running, she can stop periodically report and request for a single report before she washes her clothes.
5. Based on the request from the Company X’s IoT application platform, the 5G network transmits signals intending to start inventory process. The Ambient IoT device harvests power from the environment. When detecting the signals from the 5G network, the Ambient IoT device can react by starting random access.
6. When the Ambient IoT device accesses to the 5G network successfully, the 5G network obtains the information of the Ambient IoT device (e.g., the color, fabric, material, shape and the detected parameter values such as temperature and humidity of the clothes) and send it to Company X’s IoT application platform.
7. Company X’s IoT application platform can obtain the Ambient IoT device information (e.g., the color, fabric, material, shape and the detected parameter values such as temperature and humidity of the clothes) via 5G network. Based on the analysis of the information reported by the Ambient IoT devices (e.g., the color, fabric, material, shape and the detected parameter values such as temperature and humidity of the clothes), the Company X’s IoT application platform will determine an appropriate laundry mode. The recommended laundry mode will be sent to Cindy’s smart washing machine, triggering the smart washing machine to wash the sportswear with a proper laundry procedure. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.15.4 Post-conditions | Thanks to the Ambient IoT service provided by the 5G system, Company X’s customers can enjoy smart washing machines and better user experience on laundry. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.15.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | SA1 has performed various studies on IoT in previous releases, where related normative stage 1 requirements are introduced in TS 22.011 [9], TS 22.278 [7], TS 22.368 [6], and TS 22.261 [8].
TS 22.011 introduces access control for MTC, examples of periodic network selection attempts are:
For UEs only supporting any of the following, or a combination of, NB-IoT, GERAN EC-GSM-IoT [18], and Category M1[13] of E-UTRAN enhanced-MTC, the UE shall interpret the interval value to be between 2 and 240 hours, with a step size of 2 hours between 2 and 80 hours and a step size of 4 hours between 80 and 240 hours.
In the absence of a permitted value in the SIM/USIM, or the SIM/USIM is phase 1 and therefore does not contain the datafield, then a default value of 60 minutes, shall be used by the UE except for those UEs only supporting any of the following, or a combination of: NB-IoT, GERAN EC-GSM-IoT [18], and Category M1 [17] of E-UTRAN enhanced-MTC. For those UEs a default value of 72 hours shall be used.
NOTE: Use of values less than 60 minutes may result in excessive UE battery drain.
TS 22.368 addresses features of MTC communication and service requirements related to MTC device triggering, addressing, identifiers, low mobility, small data transmission, infrequent MT communication, security, remote MTC device management, group-based MTC features including policing and addressing, etc. Example requirements are:
The system shall provide mechanisms to lower power consumption of MTC Devices.
The system shall provide mechanisms for the network operator to efficiently manage numbers and identifiers related to MTC Subscribers.
TS 22.261 captures some important service requirements for IoT, e.g.
The 5G system shall support a secure mechanism for a home operator to remotely provision the 3GPP credentials of a uniquely identifiable and verifiably secure IoT device.
The 5G system shall support a secure mechanism for the network operator of an NPN to remotely provision the non-3GPP identities and credentials of a uniquely identifiable and verifiably secure IoT device.
An IoT device which is able to access a 5G PLMN in direct network connection mode using a 3GPP RAT shall have a 3GPP subscription.
The 5G system shall allow the operator to identify a UE as an IoT device based on UE characteristics (e.g. identified by an equipment identifier or a range of equipment identifiers) or subscription or the combination of both.
An IoT device which is able to connect to a UE in direct device connection mode shall have a 3GPP subscription, if the IoT device needs to be identifiable by the core network (e.g. for IoT device management purposes or to use indirect network connection mode).
The 5G system shall support operator-controlled alternative authentication methods (i.e. alternative to AKA) with different types of credentials for network access for IoT devices in isolated deployment scenarios (e.g. for industrial automation).
The 5G system shall support a suitable framework (e.g. EAP) allowing alternative (e.g. to AKA) authentication methods with non-3GPP identities and credentials to be used for UE network access authentication in non-public networks.
NOTE: Non-public networks can use 3GPP authentication methods, identities, and credentials for a UE to access network. Non-public networks are also allowed to utilize non-AKA based authentication methods such as provided by the EAP framework, for which the credentials can be stored in the ME.
The 5G system shall enable an NPN to be able to request a third-party service provider to perform NPN access network authentication of a UE based on non-3GPP identities and credentials supplied by the third-party service provider.
In these specifications, albeit the service requirements addressing traits for IoT in terms of low device power consumption, small and infrequent data transmissions, long service lifetime, and resource efficiently, the IoT devices considered in 3GPP have been assumed to be powered by at least batteries up till now. To enable extremely small, light-weight, battery-less or even disposable Ambient IoT devices that engage in basic IoT data transaction and appropriate level of operator management and charging suitable for the target scenarios, new challenges to the 5G system are foreseen and need to be addressed. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.15.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR.5.15.6-001] The 5G system shall support energy efficient communication for Ambient IoT devices while meeting the communication performance requirements.
[PR 5.15.6-002] The 5G System shall provide the network connection to address the KPIs for the use of Ambient IoT devices for preventive care in smart laundry, see table 5.15.6-1.
Table 5.15.6-1: Potential key performance requirements for the use of Ambient IoT devices for smart laundry
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Ambient IoT devices for smart laundry
>10 s
NA
NA
<100bit/s
Typically
< 100 bytes
20 / 100m2
NA
several m2 up to 1000 m2
Up to 6 km/h outdoor
NA
NA
NA
NA |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.16 Use case on Ambient IoT service for automated supply chain distribution | |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.16.1 Description | Currently, there is an increasing demand for personalizing user requirements and customizing home appliance. Production enterprises customize products and achieve production-to-order according to different users’ requirements can bring benefits. It not only enhances user experience, but also reduces stock costs and the risk of overstock. Production-to-order has high requirements for flexible digital and intelligent manufacturing. At the beginning of the production, each product has been targeted to its customer. Therefore, how to achieve the efficient management of whole process including parts supply, manufacturing, stocktaking, logistics, transportation and delivery is critical and essential. This means the entire logistics management process involves identification of products from production to delivery, including transportation across public area. Therefore, for this use case the communication service availability with sufficient 5G network coverage are important. The automated supply distribution enables enterprises to reduce management cost and improve the competitiveness of products.
Ambient IoT service provided by 5G can meet the demanding needs of efficient management of the whole process. Firstly, 5G system enables the communication of Ambient IoT devices with needed performance. Secondly, with the Ambient IoT devices operating solely depending on harvested ambient energy, the Ambient IoT devices are maintenance-free, which also eliminates replaceable batteries being discarded into the environment. And the feature of extremely-low complexity, weight, and size make the Ambient IoT devices suitable to use in practice in an affordable way. Thirdly, the 5G system can provide Ambient IoT device positioning services, which enables enterprises to monitor and track the products attached with Ambient IoT device from manufacturing to delivery, ensuring that the customized product is delivered to the right customer with right route. Last but not least, the 5G system can enable the enterprise to perform authentication and authorization of the Ambient IoT devices, ensuring that the information stored in the Ambient IoT devices would not be accessed by untrusted third party. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.16.2 Pre-conditions | Company X is a well-known home appliance manufacturer. Apart from manufacturing various home appliances such as washing machine, television, intelligent wardrobe and so on, it also provides customized and personalized services to its customers such as sales agents. Different sales agents may order different types of home appliances with different quantities according to the demand of the region they sale to. Company X operates its own private warehouses to store manufactured goods until they are ordered. Owned by Company X, the private warehouses are customized according to its own needs, and they are typically located close to production plants. The warehouse management provides insight in inventory and by exchanging inventory information with other functional areas (e.g. logistics, trade) the overall business performance is improved. Compared with public warehousing, the typical storage area of a private warehouse is smaller, typically around 10000 square feet. This is representative according to known statistics of warehouse area dimensions [85]. Based on these typical dimensions, indoor communication range around 20m is sufficient to provide connectivity inside the warehouse storage area.
The southern regions in Country C have many economically developed cities, while western regions consist of some developing cities. Therefore, Company X has designed different types of washing machines to meet various demands. For example, type A washing machine is intelligent, equipped with several laundry modes according to the colour, texture, material and shape of the clothes. Type B washing machine is a power saving and water saving washing machine, which achieves washing clothes with high efficiency and low power and water consumption. Sale agent A from southern region may order 100 type A washing machines and 50 type B washing machines, while sale agent B from western region may order 30 type A washing machines and 90 type B washing machines. Based on the orders from different sale agents, Company X will package the corresponding types of washing machines with corresponding quantity together. Afterwards, different packages for different sale agents will be loaded to transportation vehicles accordingly for different destinations.
Company X has a service level agreement with service provider Y to deploy 5G network with sufficient coverage in the service area to enable the communication of Ambient IoT devices with the network.
Before the transportation vehicle enters the loading stack for product transportation, it is necessary to inventory the products to be transported in the warehouse in order to ensure that the products have been recorded. During the loading process, it is required to ensure that the products are loaded to the corresponding transportation vehicles. Moreover, during the transportation, Company X may also need to monitor the transportation route by tracking the products in order to ensure that the products are transported on the right route. Otherwise, the products will be transported to the wrong place which is time and cost consuming.
Fig. 5.16.2-1: Ambient IoT for automated supply chain distribution |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.16.3 Service Flows | 1. Company X generates in its logistics management system a list of unique IDs for Ambient IoT devices to be used for products such as washing machines. Since these washing machines are going to be distributed to different sales agents for product sales across public areas, Company X may require an authentication and authorization mechanism before Ambient IoT devices start to communication to ensure that certain level of security could then be enforced to prevent the washing machines information from being obtained by any other untrusted third-party companies. In this case, an authentication and authorization mechanism is needed for these Ambient IoT devices.
2. Ambient IoT devices are attached onto washing machines.
3. Before transporting the washing machines, Company X’s inventory system can request the 5G network to perform inventory and report the information of Ambient IoT devices which were attached on the washing machines in order to confirm that the types and the number of washing machines to be transported are accurate.
4. Ambient IoT devices harvest power from the environment. Based on the request from the Company X’s inventory system, the 5G network transmits signals intending to start inventory process. When detecting the signals from the 5G network the Ambient IoT devices can react by responding to connect to the 5G network.
5. When the Ambient IoT devices access to the 5G network successfully, the 5G network obtains the information of the Ambient IoT devices and send it to Company X’s inventory system.
6. Based on the orders from several sale agents, different types of washing machines will be packaged together.
7. When the washing machines are loaded to the transportation vehicle, the Company X’s inventory system can request the 5G network to perform positioning services. Since the transportation vehicles stop at fixed positions, with the positioning services, the Company X’s inventory system can monitor whether the package of the washing machines is loaded to the corresponding transportation vehicles. Since the size of the transportation vehicles is around 10m*3m, the position service should support around 3m to 5m accuracy to meet the demand for location.
8. When the packages of washing machines are in transit, Company X’s inventory system can request the 5G network to periodically perform inventory and location reporting (e.g. cell level granularity) of Ambient IoT devices which were attached onto the washing machines in order to make sure that the washing machines are still on the right route. As the transportation vehicles may go to different destinations via different highways, mobile network operator O can deploy Ambient IoT services at highway toll station to perform inventory and locate the route accordingly. Because of the request from the Company X’s inventory system, the Ambient IoT devices perform authentication and authorization mechanism before sending the information in order to ensure that it is the trusted inventory system that performs the inventory of the Ambient IoT devices.
9. Based on the request from Company X’s inventory system, the 5G network periodically transmits signals intending to start inventory process and record the relationship between the Ambient IoT devices and the location information. As the purpose of identifying the location during transportation is to crosscheck whether goods are on the correct routes, cell-level accuracy of location is sufficient. The 5G network reports the location information to the Company X’s inventory system.
10. According to the report from the 5G network, Company X’s inventory system can locate these washing machines with the location information. If the location information is not aligned with the right route, the Company X may confirm with the staff to check whether there are mistakes. In this way, Company X can find the mistakes as soon as possible in order to decrease the cost loss.
11. When the washing machines are transported to the corresponding sale agents, Company X’s inventory system can request the 5G network to perform inventory and report the information of Ambient IoT devices which were attached on the washing machines in order to confirm that the washing machines are transported to the right place. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.16.4 Post-conditions | Thanks to the Ambient IoT service provided by the 5G system, manufacturer Company X can distribute products with automatic management process, largely improve the product and service delivery efficiency. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.16.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | SA1 has performed various studies on IoT in previous releases, where related normative stage 1 requirements are introduced in TS 22.011 [9], TS 22.278 [7], TS 22.368 [6], and TS 22.261 [8].
TS 22.011 introduces access control for MTC, examples of periodic network selection attempts are:
For UEs only supporting any of the following, or a combination of, NB-IoT, GERAN EC-GSM-IoT [18], and Category M1[13] of E-UTRAN enhanced-MTC, the UE shall interpret the interval value to be between 2 and 240 hours, with a step size of 2 hours between 2 and 80 hours and a step size of 4 hours between 80 and 240 hours.
In the absence of a permitted value in the SIM/USIM, or the SIM/USIM is phase 1 and therefore does not contain the datafield, then a default value of 60 minutes, shall be used by the UE except for those UEs only supporting any of the following, or a combination of: NB-IoT, GERAN EC-GSM-IoT [18], and Category M1 [17] of E-UTRAN enhanced-MTC. For those UEs a default value of 72 hours shall be used.
NOTE: Use of values less than 60 minutes may result in excessive UE battery drain.
TS 22.368 addresses features of MTC communication and service requirements related to MTC device triggering, addressing, identifiers, low mobility, small data transmission, infrequent MT communication, security, remote MTC device management, group-based MTC features including policing and addressing, etc. Example requirements are:
The system shall provide mechanisms to lower power consumption of MTC Devices.
The system shall provide mechanisms for the network operator to efficiently manage numbers and identifiers related to MTC Subscribers.
TS 22.261 captures some important service requirements for IoT, e.g.
The 5G system shall support a secure mechanism for a home operator to remotely provision the 3GPP credentials of a uniquely identifiable and verifiably secure IoT device.
The 5G system shall support a secure mechanism for the network operator of an NPN to remotely provision the non-3GPP identities and credentials of a uniquely identifiable and verifiably secure IoT device.
An IoT device which is able to access a 5G PLMN in direct network connection mode using a 3GPP RAT shall have a 3GPP subscription.
The 5G system shall allow the operator to identify a UE as an IoT device based on UE characteristics (e.g. identified by an equipment identifier or a range of equipment identifiers) or subscription or the combination of both.
An IoT device which is able to connect to a UE in direct device connection mode shall have a 3GPP subscription, if the IoT device needs to be identifiable by the core network (e.g. for IoT device management purposes or to use indirect network connection mode).
The 5G system shall support operator-controlled alternative authentication methods (i.e. alternative to AKA) with different types of credentials for network access for IoT devices in isolated deployment scenarios (e.g. for industrial automation).
The 5G system shall support a suitable framework (e.g. EAP) allowing alternative (e.g. to AKA) authentication methods with non-3GPP identities and credentials to be used for UE network access authentication in non-public networks.
NOTE: Non-public networks can use 3GPP authentication methods, identities, and credentials for a UE to access network. Non-public networks are also allowed to utilize non-AKA based authentication methods such as provided by the EAP framework, for which the credentials can be stored in the ME.
The 5G system shall enable an NPN to be able to request a third-party service provider to perform NPN access network authentication of a UE based on non-3GPP identities and credentials supplied by the third-party service provider.
In these specifications, albeit the service requirements addressing traits for IoT in terms of low device power consumption, small and infrequent data transmissions, long service lifetime, and resource efficiently, the IoT devices considered in 3GPP have been assumed to be powered by at least batteries up till now. To enable extremely small, light-weight, battery-less or even disposable Ambient IoT devices that engage in basic IoT data transaction and appropriate level of operator management and charging suitable for the target scenarios, new challenges to the 5G system are foreseen and need to be addressed. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.16.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR 5.16.6-001] The 5G system shall be able to support a mechanism to authenticate and authorize Ambient IoT devices.
[PR 5.16.6-002] The 5G system shall optimize mobility management support for non-stationary Ambient IoT devices that are unable to initiate communication towards the network.
[PR 5.16.6-003] The 5G System shall allow an operator to manage (e.g. provision, authenticate, authorise, etc.) Ambient IoT devices that have limited or no power source.
[PR 5.16.6-004] The 5G System shall be able to provide suitable and secure means to report to an authorized third-party the location of Ambient IoT devices.
[PR 5.16.6-005] The 5G System shall provide the network connection to address the KPIs for the use of Ambient IoT devices for automated supply distribution, see table 5.16.6-1.
Table 5.16.6-1: Potential key performance requirements for the use of Ambient IoT devices for automated supply chain distribution
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Ambient IoT devices for automated supply distribution
>10 s
99%
NA
<100 bit/s
Typically, <100 bytes
<1,5 Million/km2
30m indoor (note 1),
400m outdoor
600 000 m2
NA
NA
NA
NA
[3] m
(Indoor, 90% confidence level and in horizontal)
, cell-level outdoor
NOTE 1: The storage area of a private warehouse is typically around 10000 square feet, which is smaller than that of a typical public warehouse. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.17 Use case on Device Activation and Deactivation | |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.17.1 Description | This use case illustrates the need to define capabilities that allows the end user or a third party to remotely manage the activation and deactivation of an Ambient IoT device.
The scenario describes an enterprise user who grows orchid plants for sale to end customers. The enterprise user utilises an Ambient IoT device with environmental sensors for each orchid plant to monitor its growing conditions. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.17.2 Pre-conditions | The enterprise user has several inactive Ambient IoT devices with environmental sensors in storage. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.17.3 Service Flows | Device activation
1. As new orchids are planted, the devices are taken out of storage and added to the new plants.
2. The enterprise user accesses an application that she uses to check the connectivity status of her Ambient IoT devices. Via this application, the enterprise user activates the devices to enable sensor data to be collected and the conditions of the new plants to be monitored.
Figure 5.17.3-1: Device activation
Device deactivation
3. The enterprise user sold several mature orchid plants and wants to deactivate the associated Ambient IoT devices as she no longer needs them.
4. The enterprise user accesses an application that she uses to check the connectivity status of her Ambient IoT devices. Via this application, the enterprise user deactivates the devices associated with the sold plants.
Figure 5.17.3-2: Device deactivation |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.17.4 Post-conditions | Device activation
The previously inactive Ambient IoT devices are activated and can transmit sensor data.
Device deactivation
The previously active Ambient IoT devices are deactivated and cannot transmit any RF signals. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.17.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | TS 22.261 clause 6.14.1 describe the following:
During their life cycle these IoT devices go through different stages, …, the activation of the IoT device by the preferred operator, a possible change of operators, etc. These stages need to be managed securely and efficiently.
Clause 6.14.2 defines the following requirement:
Based on operator policy, the 5G system shall provide means for authorised 3rd parties to request changes to UE subscription parameters for access to data networks, e.g., static IP address and configuration parameters for data network access.
The requirement above covers remote UE subscription activation and subscription suspension / deactivation.
If the subscription of an Ambient IoT device has been suspended or terminated, the device can still continually harvest energy and therefore may continue to attempt accessing the network. This can cause signalling overload as well as unwanted interference.
Therefore, there is a need to disable the device itself, and not only the subscription, so that the devices will not transmit any RF signals when suspended or terminated. Conversely, there is also a need to (re-)activate the devices. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.17.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR 5.17.6-1] Based on operator policy, the 5G system shall provide means for an authorised user or authorised third parties to request enable and disable an Ambient IoT device capability to transmit RF signals. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.18 Use case on Fresh Food Supply Chain | |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.18.1 Description | In the United States alone, food waste is estimated at between 30-40 percent of the food supply [26].
It is known that controlled environment for most of the fresh foods, like vegetables or meat, is critical for both the safety of the food [27] as well its shelf life expectancy [28-29].
In this use case, a large food supplier monitors its food supply chain by adding a simple and small form factor ambient IoT device (sticker) on to each of the Reusable Transport Item (RTIs) used for storing and transporting of the food. Example RTI can be seen in Figure 5.18.1-1. These RTIs are loaded with food at the post harvesting and packaging facilities. They are then transported to the fresh produce distribution center as seen in Figure 5.18.1-2. From there, the fresh products are routed to the local stores according to demand. After usage, these RTIs are either washed and sent back for more usage cycles or sent to a recycle center.
Figure 5.18.1-1: Example of an RTI with an ambient IoT sticker device
Figure 5.18.1-2: Distribution center facility for fresh food
At the harvester packaging facility, each RTI is attached with a simple, sticker form factor Ambient IoT device. The device ID is logged by the supplier using his internal records. The supplier can route the individual RTIs based on the combination of product expected longevity and real time demand from the stores. He can also use this data to alert transport company once temperature was compromised or once a specific RTI got mixed up.
This cycle can be seen on Figure 5.18.1-3
Figure 5.18.1-3: The use cycle of the RTI
The tags can operate based on intermittently harvested energy with energy storage like capacitor. This energy storage can be charged by an RF harvesting. For example, from a -30dBm received RF power with a 33% harvesting efficiency.
Since normal use is a reading once every 15 minutes, in order for the stored energy to last for 1 reading, each reading from the device should take less than 1uW*900*0.33 = 0.3 mjoules - in this use case. This number includes all energy consumed by the calculations done by the tag (like encryption/decryption), by reception, transmission, calibration and sensing.
The energy consumption of the tag in between readings is negligible.
The devices come in a sticker form factor, low complexity, and massive quantities. To be effective, they are distributed to the supplier in groups of hundreds, and the supplier expects to activate them all within few seconds from uploading them to the sticking gun. An example for their low complexity is to have their clock calibrated from the network, and in addition, this clock is less stable than larger form factor devices with higher cost.
Supplier is not interested in his devices’ readings outside of the defined regions of operation (packaging facility, distribution center, stores, recycle center and the roads connecting them).
Location information is added as a meta-data by the network to the polling response as part of the service to the third party – the ambient IoT device is agnostic to this service.
Devices are expected to operate maintenance free - at least for a few years, until recycling the RTI. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.18.2 Pre-conditions | • The ambient IoT devices are manufactured on a reel containing hundreds of stickers. The devices on the reel are configured during installation or manufacturing with a group ID configuration.
• The ambient IoT devices reel is registered at the supplier cloud server to enable secure connection through the network. The exact number of stickers per reel is not known in advance and can vary from reel to reel, as well as the order of the stickers on the reel. So all the stickers need to be accessible on the time of first use of any sticker from that reel.
• The group of ambient IoT devices are polled by the network once the server polls the network.
• Encryption and authentication of group of devices is used for the poll request and the replies. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.18.3 Service Flows | 1. Once in 15 minutes, the cloud server sends a polling request to the network with the group ID.
2. In this example, upon receiving the polling request, the network sends wakeup signals to allow calibrations by the ambient IoT devices.
3. Shortly after the wakeup signals, the network sends a polling request to the group of devices. It can either broadcast the request across its network or send it only to specific locations - based on operator policy.
4. Upon reception of the polling request, each ambient IoT device replies with its ID and temperature readings.
5. Upon reception of the replies, the network adds meta-data (e.g. which base station received the reply, what was the received power, or direction of arrival), and then forwards to the cloud server of the supplier.
6. The supplier accesses its cloud server and performs 3rd party processes on it, to optimize and control its supply chain.
7. Once RTI finished its usage, it is routed to the recycling center. In the recycling center, the ambient IoT devices are bulk deleted from the cloud server and logged out from the network. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.18.4 Post-conditions | By using the ambient IoT devices, the entire supply chain is monitored and controlled. The ambient IoT can be used to monitor the location of each RTI, but it can also monitor its temperature, humidity or even the ethylene levels. This way, food waste is reduced to the minimum and food safety is significantly improved. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.18.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | TS 22.261 in clauses 6.4.2.2, 6.4.2.3 and 6.4.2.4 adds requirement to manage control and operate bulk IoT devices in an efficient way, while minimizing signalling.
TS 22.368 in clauses 7.1.2 and 7.2.14 defines requirements for network triggering of MTC devices and also group based features such as policing and addressing. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.18.6 Potential new requirements needed to support the use case | [PR 5.18.6-1] Based on operator policy, the 5G system shall provide means for an authorised third party to poll a group of multiple ambient IoT devices.
[PR 5.18.6.-2] The 5G system shall be able to provide ambient IoT service with following KPIs
Table 5.18.6-1: Potential key performance requirements for the use of Ambient IoT devices for food supply chain
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Ambient IoT devices for food supply chain
>1 minute
NA
NA
<0.12 bit/s (Note 1)
Typically,
< 100 bits
(Note 2)
1.5 Million devices/ km2
(Note 3)
NA
30,000m2
1 m/s
15 min
(Note 1)
NA
NA
NA
NOTE 1: Based on sending 1 message of 100 bits once in 15 minutes
NOTE 2: If more sensors are used, like humidity or ethylene level, then longer message is required.
NOTE 3: This is the highest density inside the distribution center and is based on 50,000 RTIs inside a 30,000m2 distribution center facility. See Figure 5.18.1-2.
5.19 Use case on Forest Fire Monitoring using Ambient IoT devices |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.19.1 Description | Ambient IoT is an attractive technology to adapt due to its low or zero maintenance due to its usage of emerging technologies such as Energy Harvesting, Energy Efficient (EE) communication and zero energy IoT technologies but unfortunately suffers faulty and time bound unreliable communication. Ambient IoT devices are usually small in size and operate on small computing and memory usage due to power limitation harvested from energy harvesting techniques such as RF-based, heat energy, photovoltaic, vibration energy, solar etc., Due to its limitation on the memory size and uncertainty in the power, timely communication to the Ambient IoT devices is required to avoid loss of critical data. Further, Ambient IoT devices use zero-energy technologies such as ambient backscatter communication (AmBC), compressed sensing (CS)-based random access techniques etc., These EE communications are unreliable due to drop in signal strength, data rate and drop in connection caused by radio frequency, electrical interference and environmental conditions such as rain, dampness, indoor, outdoor, buildings etc., Though some of these interference are intermittent and Ambient IoT might resume reliable communication but timely communication to and from the Ambient IoT devices is a must for mission critical systems. Due to unreliable power and communication of Ambient IoT can result in faulty and time bound unreliable communication [30-33].
Many applications such as Industrial automation, healthcare monitoring, traffic signal monitoring alert system, home monitoring, forest fire alert systems require fault-tolerant and time bound reliable systems.
Forest fire alert system. Early detection of forest fire can save animals and nature, which is required for human existence. Ambient IoT devices with smoke detectors are deployed in the forest as fire alert system as shown in the Figure-1d. Large number of Ambient IoT based sensors are required to monitor forest fire, such deployment has space, power and communication issues. Under fire these Ambient IoT based sensors can function faulty due to fire and can face intermittent power shortages due to poor signal coverage. Forest fire alert systems is a classic application, which urges for fault-tolerant and timebound reliable communication [35].
Figure 5.19.1-1: Forest Fire Monitor using fault tolerant and Reliable Ambient IoT communication [36] |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.19.2 Pre-conditions | 1) California forest fire has endangered many animal and human lives, city council has decided to install Ambient IoT devices all across California forest to receive early detection.
2) The Ambient IoT devices are registered to the 5G system.
3) Forest fire monitoring using Ambient IoT devices are programmed to monitor forest fire and raise alarms to the subscribed authorities and users through 5G system. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.19.3 Service Flows | 1) On a hot summer in California, many areas in California forest have caught fire due to excessive heat.
2) Ambient IoT devices are installed in the forest and is able to detect forest fire and send a OnDemand communication to the 5G system.
3) Due to poor 5G signal coverage (bad weather conditions) and intermittent poor power harvesting, Ambient IoT devices are at the risk of faulty and jeopardize the fire monitoring capabilities.
4) Fault tolerant Ambient IoT communication helped Ambient IoT devices deployed all over forest to reliably detect forest fire and timely communicate with the 5G system so that forest fire could be putoff in a timely manner which saved lot of animal and human lives.
5) In case, if fault tolerant based Ambient IoT devices were not deployed then the forest fire monitoring system would have failed. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.19.4 Post-conditions | 1) Ambient IoT devices deployed for forest fire monitoring switches to normal mode, where it is programmed to send periodic status messages.
2) Ambient IoT devices deployed performs periodic built in tests to ensure it is able to communicate in a timely and faultless manner. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.19.5 Existing feature partly or fully covering use case functionality | 1) URLLC system design in clause 5.33 of 23.501 [6] has proposed dual redundant system to achieve ultrahigh reliability. Though - in this system design- there are dual RAN connections, PDU session established, SMF and UPF but it is designed for a UE with dual radios and not for Ambient IoT devices. URLLC system design is ultrareliable but not time bound ultra-reliable and fault tolerant. It also relies on the upper layer protocol such as IEEE 802.1 TSN (Time sensitive Network) FRER (Frame replication & elimination for reliability), to manage dual redundant systems such as replication and elimination of redundant packets or frames. Since Ambient IoT devices works on zero-power technologies, Ambient IoT devices cann’t depend on such upper layer protocol.
2) Redundant user plane paths based on multiple UEs per device has been proposed in Annex F of 23.501[6]. In this system design, the device is expected to have two UE(s) and they independently connect to their RAN and have their own PDU sessions with a common DN. This system is not End-to-End fault tolerant since it has a common DN – a single point of failure- and requires dual UE(s) to achieve ultrahigh reliability. This architecture too assumes that some upper layer protocol (e.g. FRER) is used for replication and frame elimination, thus doubling the resources used over the radio. This architecture is for UE, which is not power savvy and not for an Ambient IoT devices, a fault tolerent and time bound reliable architecture for Ambient IoT is yet to be explored.
3) As per Multimedia Priority Service (MPS), mentioned in clause 5.16.5 of TS 23.501[6], allows service users priority access to the system resources under congestion, creating the ability to deliver or complete session of a high priority nature. Service users are priority users such as government officials, authorized users etc., This priority access is for special users – whose requirements are quite different from time bound reliable and fault tolerant Ambient IoT communications. Priority access as applied to Ambient IoT devices can be explored for time bound reliable and fault tolerant Ambient IoT communication.
4) RRC controls the scheduling of user data in the uplink by associating each logical channel with a logical channel priority, a prioritised bit rate (PBR), and a buffer size duration (BSD), mentioned in clause 10.5 of TS 38.300 [7]. Though these requirements for UE, these logical channels priority can be extended to Ambient IoT devices.
5) Massive Machine type Communication (mMTC) in TS 22.368 [8], defines KPI and protocol to communicate with a large number of IoT devices connected typically transmitting low volume of non-delay sensitive data. It also requires that the devices have long lasting battery. Though large number of Ambient IoT connected device communication is applicable but Ambient IoT devices operates on Energy Efficient technologies where power is unreliable. Hence these KPI and protocol may not be applicable directly but some of them can be extended to Ambient IoT communication. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.19.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR 5.19.6-001] The 5G system shall support on-demand access to/from Ambient IoT device.
[PR 5.19.6-002] The 5G system shall meet the following KPI table:
Table 5.19.6-1: Potential key performance requirements for Forest Fire Monitoring using Ambient IoT devices
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Forest Fire Monitor
> 10sec
99.9%
NA
NA
NA
100 per km2
(NOTE 1)
[15-200] meters
[10000 – 400,000] km2
Stationary
1hour
NA
NA
NA
NOTE 1: A typical forest fire monitors can detect fire covering up to 60 – 150 Square meters |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.20 Use case on Smart Agriculture | |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.20.1 Description | Ambient power-enabled IoT devices can be used in smart agriculture to monitor the environment and control the facilities such as irrigation system and temperature control system.
Farm A built a smart greenhouse for tomato planting. Some sensing Ambient power-enabled IoT devices are placed in the smart greenhouse to monitor the air temperature and humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, light, soil temperature, humidity and PH. Some operation Ambient power-enabled IoT devices are placed in the smart greenhouse to control the window and irrigation system. A pico cell or a reader UE (with subscription of Operator O) is placed in the smart greenhouse to communicate with the Ambient IoT devices.
These Ambient IoT devices power themselves by harvesting energy from the environment (e.g. solar, RF energy). The maximum power consumption for Ambient IoT device could be limited (e.g. several hundred micro-watts) [81] [82] [83].
Considering the greenhouse environmental control, crop growth characteristics and economic benefits, the optimal scale of greenhouse construction is 8 ~10 meters span, 80~100 meters length. The size of the greenhouse could be very huge, it is reported recently that a single greenhouse area reaches nearly 70,000 square meters, equivalent to ten standard football field size.
Figure 5.20.1-1: a picture for huge greenhouse (https://www.holland.com/global/tourism/search.htm?keyword=greenhouse)
In charge of the technology is a team of eight people whose main task is to ensure that all the crops in the greenhouse grow well. To provide all-round technical support for a greenhouse of nearly 70,000 square meters, a "super brain" is needed. This computer monitors tens of thousands of sensors in the greenhouse, people can sit in front of the computer and know everything that's going on in the greenhouse. For example, the temperature and humidity in each area of the 70,000 square meters greenhouse, the temperature of the underground heating tube, the concentration of carbon dioxide are how much, whether the fan is opened, and whether the nutrition is enough for each tomato. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.20.2 Pre-conditions | The pico cell(s) placed in the smart greenhouse is configured by Operator O to support the 5GS Ambient IoT service. The UE(s) is capable to and authorized by Operator O to directly communicate with the 5GS Ambient IoT device. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.20.3 Service Flows | 1. Operator O’s 5GS authenticates Ambient IoT devices in farm A. The communication between the Ambient IoT device and 5GS are transferred through the pico cell. For example, the pico cell obtains Ambient IoT device ID and sends the ID to the 5GC for authentication.
2. Periodically, or upon request from the application server of farm A, the pico cell obtains the environmental monitoring information from the sensing Ambient IoT devices and sends the information to the application server of farm A.
3. Based on the received information and preconfigured logic, the application server requests 5GS to send control signaling to the operation Ambient IoT devices to control their operations, e.g. open or close the window of the greenhouse, start or close the irrigation system.
4. The 5GS transfers the control signalling from the application server to Ambient IoT devices through the pico cell. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.20.4 Post-conditions | Thanks to the Ambient IoT service provided by the 5G system, operation Ambient power-enabled IoT devices automatically take care of the plants. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.20.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | None. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.20.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR.5.20.6-001] The 5G system shall support communication with Ambient IoT device with 3rd party application server.
[PR.5.20.6-002] The 5G system shall be able to authenticate an Ambient IoT device.
[PR.5.20.6-003] The 5G system shall be able to provide Ambient IoT service with following KPIs:
Table 5.20.6-1: Ambient IoT KPI for Smart Agriculture
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Smart Agriculture
>1 s
99.9%
NA
<1 kbit/s
<1000 bits
1 per m2
30-100m
500-70000 m2 per greenhouse
Stationary
1 hour
NA
NA
NA
NOTE: There is no requirement for positioning of the Ambient IoT devices for this use case. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.21 Use Case on Ambient IoT for Museum Guide | |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.21.1 Description | Museums are a popular choice for people to spend their leisure time. With so many exhibits in museums, it is difficult for all visitors to know about the artistic value of each exhibit. A qualified museum guide can assist visitors in better understanding the information behind the exhibits.
Hiring a docent and renting an explanation device are two common methods for museum guides today. A docent usually serves multiple visitors at once, and it is difficult to provide personalized guidance based on each visitor's preferences. Moreover, for foreign visitors, docents who can speak their language are not always available. If visitors choose to rent an explanation device, they will need to manually enter the exhibit number each time they use the device, and the device usually only provides audio explanations, which is not very convenient for the visitors. Recently, some museums also offers other solutions, such as attaching the QR codes on the exhibit cases to provide the introduction information. By scanning the QR codes, visitors can also get information related to the exhibits. But for visitors, they still need to manually open the camera on their mobile phone and scan the QR code for each exhibit, which may be repeated lots of times during the visit.
Ambient IoT devices are a promising solution for museum guide. An exhibition hall in a museum can be thousands of square meters in size and have thousands of exhibits. Ambient IoT devices can work with limited energy storage capability or without any battery for an extremely long time, so the Ambient IoT devices are maintenance-free, lightweight, and small-size. In the museum, the Ambient IoT devices can be attached to the glass of the exhibit case or placed in the exhibit case with the exhibit. The introduction information of the exhibits corresponding to each Ambient IoT device is uploaded to the application server in advance.
Abby enjoys going to museums, and her mobile phone supports Ambient IoT service and is able to send signals to Ambient IoT devices. She also downloads the museum guide application and subscribes to the guide services.
The exhibit hall in the museum that Abby intends to visit covers 6,000 square meters and has 3,000 exhibits. Abby learned that this museum has deployed a museum guide system using ambient IoT devices to provide the corresponding introduction information of the exhibit that will help the visitors to have a deep understanding of each exhibit.
Figure 5.21.1-1: Ambient IoT for Museum Guide |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.21.2 Pre-conditions | In museums, the Ambient IoT devices are attached to the glass of the exhibit case or placed in the exhibit case with the exhibit. The introduction information of the exhibits corresponding to each Ambient IoT device is uploaded to the application server in advance.
Abby’s mobile phone supports Ambient IoT service and is able to send signals to Ambient IoT devices. She also downloads the museum guide application and subscribes to the guide services.
The museum has public or private 5G network coverage to provide Ambient IoT services with support for a large number of Ambient-IoT devices.
The Ambient IoT services could have interactions with the 5G network with necessary information. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.21.3 Service Flows | 1. Abby arrives at the museum and walks into the exhibition hall. She opens the guide application on her mobile phone to get more information. She also authorizes her mobile phone for the Ambient IoT communication service and Ambient IoT positioning service, to obtain the relative positioning results of Ambient IoT devices.
2. Abby taps the button on the application to get more information about nearby exhibits, and her mobile phone sends the signal (continuously or intermittently) to wake up and trigger the Ambient IoT devices, and the Ambient IoT devices are attached to the glass of the exhibit case or placed in the exhibit case with the exhibit in advance.
3. The Ambient IoT devices close to Abby receive the signal and are activated. The Ambient IoT devices respond to Abby’s mobile phone with their Ambient IoT device IDs.
4. Abby’s mobile phone receives the response signals from the Ambient IoT devices with their IDs. Abby's mobile phone can also derive the relative positioning results of each Ambient IoT device using the response signals.
Figure 5.21.3-1: Ambient IoT for Museum Guide
5. Abby's mobile phone sends the acquired relative positioning resultss and Ambient IoT IDs to the application server with the help of 5G network.
6. The application server transmits the introduction information corresponding to the Ambient IoT IDs to Abby's phone. With the relative positioning results derived in step 4, Abby's phone can give different priorities to the introduction information based on the relative positioning results. The information about the exhibit closest to her is displayed at the top of the screen.
7. As Abby moves, other Ambient IoT devices will be activated by the signal and respond with their Ambient IoT device IDs to Abby's mobile phone. With these new response signals, Abby’s mobile phone can derive a new list of relative positioning results, and the exhibit information on her mobile phone can be automatically updated. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.21.4 Post-conditions | Thanks to the Ambient IoT service provided by the 5G system, Abby can better enjoy her museum trip. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.21.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | None. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.21.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR.5.21.6-001] The 5G system shall support to authorize a UE to perform Ambient IoT communication services with specific Ambient IoT devices.
[PR.5.21.6-002] The 5G system shall be able to support to authorize a UE to perform relative positioning operations with specific Ambient IoT devices.
[PR.5.21.6-003] The 5G system shall support to authorize a UE to obtain device identity information of an Ambient IoT device.
[PR.5.21.6-004] The 5G system shall be able to expose the identities and relative positioning results of Ambient IoT devices to a trusted third party.
[PR. 5.21.6-005] The 5G system shall be able to support suitable security mechanisms for Ambient IoT devices, including encryption and data integrity.
[PR.5.21.6-006] The 5G system shall be able to provide Ambient IoT service with the following KPIs:
Table 5.21.6-1: Ambient IoT service KPI for museum guide
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Museum guide (indoor)
2 s
99.9%
NA
< 1 kbit/s UL (NOTE 1)
96 bits
<10,000 /km²
30m
20,000m² (NOTE 2)
3 km/h
NA
NA
90%
3 m
NOTE 1: The payload includes Ambient IoT device information, e.g., Ambient IoT device ID.
NOTE 2: For a relatively large-sized museum, the typical size is about 20,000 m². |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.22 Use case on smart grazing dairy farming enabled by Ambient IoT | |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.22.1 Description | The global sensor market is predicted to grow from $193.9 billion in 2020 to $332.8 billion in 2025 at a CAGR of 11.4% [40]. Globally, for tracking and monitoring the IoT market size is forecast to grow from US$ 8,575 million in 2021 to US$ 18,525.0 million at a CAGR of 8.01% in 2031 [41].
It is certainly not new that connected sensors and IoT can play a role in animal husbandry. Precision livestock farming (PLF) as a trendier term adopts an innovative production system approach [42] playing a key role in Industry 4.0 [43]. More efficient production of quality food at lower cost will be an important tool to improve sustainability and respond to the imminent energy crisis and food shortage we are facing today. Physical vitals of livestock such as temperature are monitored for farmers to take early actions before potential diseases cause severe economic loss. The body temperature of livestock is a precise health indicator and changes in body temperature are often the first sign of an acute illness. For these purposes, the target data acquisition process of animal body temperatures is not latency-sensitive. Also, the needed network coverage is usually local (e.g. outdoor dairy cow paddocks), which is different from existing NB-IoT/(e)MTC targeting at providing long-range communication while achieving long battery life time.
As the adoption of PLF continues, feedback is often received from livestock farmers at industry conferences. In EU the EU-PLF conference was held as early as 2016. Feedback includes that dairy cow farmers in countries like the Netherlands (one of the global top 5 dairy exports) have been considering replacement of active monitoring IoT devices (with battery-powered transponders) with cheaper ear tags. This is partly because of economical drawbacks with increasing herd sizes. More importantly, the thick and heavy neck- or leg-mounted devices can cause discomfort to livestock, so that they are often scraped off against walls (of the pen) or damaged by animals involuntarily.
A more recent GSMA publication [10] explicates disadvantages as battery drain rendering the loss of asset visibility in only a few months. For these technologies the frequency of data transmission would impact the battery life time. For smart livestock farming, animal’s physical vitals need to be monitored several times a day, and it is preferred to have the IoT device serve livestock’s lifespan. This additionally implies the energy storage component in the IoT device should operate autonomously over a long period comparable to the lifespan of the IoT device excluding this component. In the same GSMA paper, another drawback of high CAPEX in dense deployment of the “tag readers” is highlighted, primarily due to the poor communication range supported by these alternative technologies.
These above aspects in smart livestock farming can be better addressed by Ambient IoT, particularly in smart dairy farming. A publication in Dairy Science Journal explains pasturing benefit for milk yield and dairy cow udder health [44], compared with primary intake of silage or concentrate associated with keeping animals indoors. Figure 5.22.1-1 illustrates dairy cows grazing on pasture.
Figure 5.22.1-1: Dairy cows grazing on pasture
In fact, because of the per-country variations in pasture quantity and quality different dairy farms can achieve different grazing percentage [45]. Table 5.22.1-1 shows data related to percentage of grazing dairy cows in major dairy producing European counties (year 2015). Countries like the Netherlands have explicit ambition to further increase the percentage of dairy cow grazing [45].
Table 5.22.1-1: Grazing and automated milking in Europe, from members of European Grassland Federation (2015) [45]
As grazing is important for dairy production, various grazing methods are possible (e.g. continuous grazing, strip grazing, rotational grazing, etc.) [46]. For strip or rotational grazing, a large pasture is subdivided into a number of smaller paddocks, so that grazing is managed in a planned sequence. The dimension of paddocks could be calculated by multiplying the number of cows by their total daily intake by days in the paddock and then divided by the ideal pre-grazing yield (PGY). There is a physical limitation of the paddock dimension. For instance, for 80 cows assuming regular values for parameters previously mentioned, the paddock size comes to 1.54 hectares (around 124m by 124m) [47].
This use case primarily proposes to support data acquisition process of dairy cows’ physical vitals on grazing dairy farms. In terms of the total size of pasture on grazing dairy farms, data from the Netherlands by University of Wageningen [48] reveals the pasture area for grazing in practice. Table 5.1 in [48] demonstrates among the various Dutch dairy farms the pasture surface area for grazing ranges from 4.9 hectares (49000 m2) to 34.3 hectares (343000 m2).
Another publication summarizing Wisconsin dairy grazing practice [49] shows the farm count distribution versus herd size and distribution of average acres per cow versus herd size. Based on these statistics, it shows majority of Wisconsin farms have herd size ranging from 50 to 150, and respectively the average acres per cow ranges from 1.2 to 0.7. Therefore, the total pasture surface of the majority of farms ranges from 60 acres (around 250000 m2) to 105 acres (around 430000 m2).
Australian data additionally shows for grazing dairy farming, the total pasture size can be influenced by bay length. Publication by Rural Water Commission of Victoria [50] explains practice on designing paddocks for irrigated dairy farms. Per requirement on bay length for economic reasons (i.e. short bay lengths leading to more spending on crossings, outlets, and drains, and overly long bays resulting in cow access problems), the ideal length of bay is between 300m and 500m [50]. The resulted pasture size is within an area of 600m by 600m.
To efficiently connect dairy cows, attached to each of them is a small, thin and light-weight tag (a type of Ambient IoT device) that has limited power source and includes a basic temperature sensor. These Ambient IoT devices power themselves by harvesting energy from the environment (e.g. solar, movement). The dairy cow health management system collects cows’ temperature several times a day, usually once every 15 minutes.
The base stations provide to the tags random access and data transmission over the radio interface. The tags are capable of storing tags’ identifiers and small sized data captured by sensors. The 5G system provides base station capability (e.g., “tag reading” functionality), tag operation and management. The monitored data is collected remotely according to the health-analyzing applications.
In this use case, grazing dairy farm BIO-DuurzameBeweiding is modernizing their dairy cow health management process to improve efficiency and productivity. They attach to dairy cows are wireless temperature sensors (tags), a form of Ambient IoT device, for the remote livestock health management application to retrieve dairy cow temperature to detect early signs of ailment that could take days or weeks to develop. The remote livestock health management application analyses the collected sensor values to identify potential illness of certain animals prior to symptoms appearing. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.22.2 Pre-conditions | BIO-DuurzameBeweiding has a service level agreement with GroenTEL to deploy Ambient IoT service within 5G network coverage to enable the communication of Ambient IoT devices with the network. The communication service availability is achieved by providing seamless 5G network coverage. As part of the service level agreement, GroenTEL provides 5G coverage of the entire grazing pasture and efficient communication of Ambient IoT devices with the network. This includes:
• Interfacing with BIO-DuurzameBeweiding remote livestock health management system;
• Providing energy-efficient mechanisms for Ambient IoT devices’ network access
• Providing efficient communication between the network and Ambient IoT with the required communication performance
• Providing energy efficient security mechanisms for the communication between Ambient IoT devices and the network. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.22.3 Service Flows | 1. Upon the request from the livestock health management application, the 5G network starts inventory process via the selected gNB(s) This operation is associated with a certain area (e.g. grazing pasture of the dairy farm). Triggered by the 5G network, tags detect the signals from the gNB and respond to the command.
2. These Ambient IoT devices send the identification information to the 5G network and 5G core network complete the authentication procedure.
3. The Ambient IoT devices (wireless sensors) measure dairy cow physical vitals (i.e. body temperature). These temperature sensors are very simple, typical sampling rate is less than 10 Hz with sample size of 32 bits [39], thus the sensor data rate generated per tag is less than 320 bit/s. Assuming tag ID length is 96 bits, and it is transmitted together with sensor data, then the total throughput is < 500 bit/s.
4. The 5G network, based on the requests issued by the application function, performs operations (i.e. "inventory", "read", etc.) on tags correspondingly. "Inventory" operation is to read the tag identifier. "Read" operation is to read temperature sensor data.
5. The 5G core network then sends the results of the operations to the livestock health management application. The application function includes analytics functions that detect the anomaly and notifies the farmers of BIO-DuurzameBeweiding when necessary.
6. This data acquisition by the livestock health management application takes place once every 15 minutes.
7. In some additional situations, BIO-DuurzameBeweiding livestock management application requests the 5G network to perform sensor data read-out operation on specific tags attached to particular individual livestock (e.g. pregnant sows, lactating cows). The corresponding tags respond to the operation and report the temperature data. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.22.4 Post-conditions | The 5G network enables efficient communication for Ambient IoT devices, the livestock management application is enabled by the 5G system to retrieve temperature sensor data from Ambient IoT devices. Depending on the needs, the livestock management application is enabled by 5G system to obtain the sensor data from an entire herd, a subset of herd, or an individual dairy cow. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.22.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | SA1 has performed various studies on IoT in previous releases, where related normative stage 1 requirements are introduced in TS 22.011 [9], TS 22.278 [7], TS 22.368 [6], and TS 22.261 [8].
TS 22.011 introduces access control for MTC, examples of periodic network selection attempts are:
For UEs only supporting any of the following, or a combination of, NB-IoT, GERAN EC-GSM-IoT [18], and Category M1[13] of E-UTRAN enhanced-MTC, the UE shall interpret the interval value to be between 2 and 240 hours, with a step size of 2 hours between 2 and 80 hours and a step size of 4 hours between 80 and 240 hours.
In the absence of a permitted value in the SIM/USIM, or the SIM/USIM is phase 1 and therefore does not contain the datafield, then a default value of 60 minutes, shall be used by the UE except for those UEs only supporting any of the following, or a combination of: NB-IoT, GERAN EC-GSM-IoT [18], and Category M1 [17] of E-UTRAN enhanced-MTC. For those UEs a default value of 72 hours shall be used.
NOTE: Use of values less than 60 minutes may result in excessive UE battery drain.
TS 22.368 addresses features of MTC communication and service requirements related to MTC device triggering, addressing, identifiers, low mobility, small data transmission, infrequent MT communication, security, remote MTC device management, group-based MTC features including policing and addressing, etc. Example requirements are:
The system shall provide mechanisms to lower power consumption of MTC Devices.
The system shall provide mechanisms for the network operator to efficiently manage numbers and identifiers related to MTC Subscribers.
TS 22.261 captures some important service requirements for IoT, e.g.
The 5G system shall support a secure mechanism for a home operator to remotely provision the 3GPP credentials of a uniquely identifiable and verifiably secure IoT device.
The 5G system shall support a secure mechanism for the network operator of an NPN to remotely provision the non-3GPP identities and credentials of a uniquely identifiable and verifiably secure IoT device.
An IoT device which is able to access a 5G PLMN in direct network connection mode using a 3GPP RAT shall have a 3GPP subscription.
The 5G system shall allow the operator to identify a UE as an IoT device based on UE characteristics (e.g. identified by an equipment identifier or a range of equipment identifiers) or subscription or the combination of both.
An IoT device which is able to connect to a UE in direct device connection mode shall have a 3GPP subscription, if the IoT device needs to be identifiable by the core network (e.g. for IoT device management purposes or to use indirect network connection mode).
The 5G system shall support operator-controlled alternative authentication methods (i.e. alternative to AKA) with different types of credentials for network access for IoT devices in isolated deployment scenarios (e.g. for industrial automation).
In these specifications, albeit the service requirements addressing traits for IoT in terms of low device power consumption, small and infrequent data transmissions, long service lifetime, and resource efficiently, the IoT devices considered in 3GPP have been assumed to be powered by at least batteries up till now. To enable extremely small, light-weight, battery-less Ambient IoT devices that engage in basic IoT data transaction and appropriate level of operator management and charging suitable for the target scenarios, new challenges to the 5G system are foreseen and need to be addressed. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.22.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR 5.22.6-1] The 5G system shall support energy efficient communication mechanisms (i.e. minimizing the device communication power consumption) for Ambient IoT devices, while meeting the communication performance requirements.
[PR 5.22.6-2] The 5G system shall provide a mechanism for a 3rd party application to write user data to and to read user data from an Ambient IoT device.
[PR 5.22.6-3] The 5G system shall be able to collect charging information for a large group of closely located Ambient IoT devices in an efficient way.
NOTE: for example, the efficiency could be reduced total number of charging data related to a group of Ambient IoT devices, the reduction is compared with already specified 3GPP technologies.
[PR 5.22.6-4] The 5G system shall provide the network connection with the following KPIs for the use of Ambient IoT devices for smart dairy farms, see table 5.22.6-1.
Table 5.22.6-1: Potential key performance requirements for the use of Ambient IoT devices for smart grazing dairy farming
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Smart dairy farm
>1 s
(note 1)
99%
NA
<500 bit/s
Typically,
[< 100 bytes]
(note 2)
<5200 devices / km2
(note 4)
[300 m - 500 m]
outdoor
(note 6)
430000 m2
(note 5)
Up to 3 km/h outdoor
15 min
(note 3)
NA
NA
NA
NOTE 1: Latency is not critical.
NOTE 2: Electronic Product Code standard [5], this size is the payload size.
NOTE 3: The livestock health management application monitors dairy cow body temperature many times daily, typically two consecutive transfers of the application data have an interval of 15 minutes.
NOTE 4: Calculated from 80 dairy cows assuming regular values for parameters (e.g. daily intake, pre-grazing
yield) previously mentioned, the paddock size comes to 1.54 hectares [47] (about 124m by 124m).
NOTE 5: For a relatively large-sized industrialized smart dairy farm, the surface area of pasture for grazing is typically 430000 m2.
NOTE 6: Based on the statistics from the Netherlands [55], Wisconsin [49] and Australia [50], the total pasture is smaller than an area of 650 m by 650 m. Assuming the coverage by one base station, the communication range between the Ambient IoT device and the base station is smaller than 500m. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.23 Use case on smart pig farm enabled by Ambient IoT | |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.23.1 Description | The global sensor market is predicted to grow from $193.9 billion in 2020 to $332.8 billion in 2025 at a CAGR of 11.4% [40]. Globally, for tracking and monitoring the IoT market size is forecast to grow from US$ 8,575 million in 2021 to US$ 18,525.0 million at a CAGR of 8.01% in 2031 [41].
It is certainly not new that connected sensors and IoT can play a role in animal husbandry. Precision livestock farming (PLF) as a trendier term adopts an innovative production system approach [42] playing a key role in Industry 4.0 [43]. More efficient production of quality food at lower cost will be an important tool to improve sustainability and respond to the imminent energy crisis and food shortage we are facing today. Physical vitals of livestock such as temperature are monitored for farmers to take early actions before potential diseases cause severe economic loss. The body temperature of livestock is a precise health indicator and changes in body temperature are often the first sign of an acute illness. For these purposes, the target data acquisition process of animal body temperatures is not latency-sensitive, rarely an acquisition interval down to minute level is needed. Also, the needed network coverage is usually local. As this use case addresses industrialized smart pig farming, the difference from existing NB-IoT/(e)MTC (i.e. they target at providing long-range communication while achieving long battery life time) is coverage intended for pig barns is indoor.
As the adoption of PLF continues, feedback is often received from livestock farmers at industry conferences. In EU the EU-PLF conference was held as early as 2016. Feedback includes that livestock farmers have been considering replacement of monitoring IoT devices (with battery-powered transponders) with cheaper ear tags. This is partly because of economical drawbacks with increasing pig herd sizes e.g. observed in EU [51]. More importantly, the thick and heavy neck- or leg-mounted devices can cause discomfort, so that they are often rubbed off against enclosures or damaged by animals.
These above aspects in smart livestock farming can be better addressed by Ambient IoT. Figure 5.23.1-1 illustrates a typical pig farm consisting of a number of pig barns. For intensive piggeries the typical surface area of a pig barn is 4000 ~ 6000 m2 [52].
Figure 5.23.1-1: An example pig farm (upper) consisting of pig barns (lower)
Attached to each pig is a small, thin and light tag (a type of Ambient IoT device) that includes a basic temperature sensor. These devices power themselves by harvesting ambient energy (e.g. solar).
The base stations provide to the tags random access and data transmission over the radio interface. The tags are capable of storing tags’ identifiers and small sized-data captured by sensors. The 5G system provides base station capability (e.g., “tag reading” functionality), tag operation and management. The monitored data is collected remotely according to the health-analyzing applications. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.23.2 Pre-conditions | Pig farm BIO-Duurzaamheid is modernizing their hog health management process to improve efficiency and productivity. They attach to each pig a very light-weight wireless temperature sensor (tag), a form of Ambient IoT device, for the remote livestock health management application to retrieve pigs’ temperatures to detect early signs of ailment or infections that could take days or weeks to develop symptoms. The temperature rad-out takes places several times a day, interval time is in the order of tens of minutes. The remote livestock health management application analyses the collected sensor values to identify potential illness of certain animals before symptoms appear.
BIO-Duurzaamheid has a service level agreement with GroenTEL to deploy 5G network to enable the communication of Ambient IoT devices with the network. Inside each industrialized warehouse-like pig barn, a gNB is installed to provide the radio coverage. As part of the service level agreement, GroenTEL provides efficient 5G coverage and energy-efficient communication within each pig barn managed by BIO-Duurzaamheid. This includes:
• Interfacing with BIO-Duurzaamheid’s remote livestock health management system;
• Providing energy-efficient mechanisms for Ambient IoT devices’ network access
• Providing efficient communication between the network and Ambient IoT with the required communication performance
• Ensuring the long lifespan of Ambient IoT devices without human intervention of any energy storage component possibly used in Ambient IoT devices |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.23.3 Service Flows | 1. The tags (type of Ambient IoT devices with wireless sensors) measure pigs’ body temperatures. The type of temperature sensors are very simple, typical sampling rate is less than 10 Hz with sample size of 32 bits [39], thus the data generated per tag is less than 320 bit/s. Assuming tag ID length is 96 bits, and it is transmitted together with sensor data, then the total throughput is < 500 bit/s. BIP-Duurzaamheid obtain pigs’ body surface temperature daily with varying monitoring intervals depending on the needs, but the monitoring frequency is not higher than once per 15 minutes, or on half-hourly basis.
2. Upon the request from the livestock health management application, the 5G network starts inventory process via the selected gNB(s). By detecting the signals from the gNB, the tags respond to the command.
3. The 5G core network, based on the requests issued by the application function, performs operations (i.e. "inventory", "read", etc.) on tags correspondingly. "Inventory" operation is to read the tag identifier. "Read" operation is to read temperature sensor data.
4. The 5G core network then sends the results of the operations to the livestock health management application. The application function includes analytics functions that detect the anomaly and notifies the farmers of BIO-Duurzaamheid when necessary.
5. In some additional situations, BIO-Duurzaamheid’s livestock management application requests the 5G core network to perform sensor data read-out operation on specific tags attached to particular individual livestock (e.g. pregnant sows, recovering boars). The corresponding tags respond to the operation and report the temperature data. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.23.4 Post-conditions | The 5G network enables efficient communication for Ambient IoT devices, the livestock management application is enabled by the 5G system to retrieve temperature sensor data collected by sensors in the Ambient IoT devices. Depending on the needs, the livestock management application is enabled by 5G system to retrieve the sensor data for either certain individual pigs or an entire drove.
Owing to the thin and light-weight Ambient_IoT devices, livestock are more receptive of wearing them without feeling discomfort. This reduces asset damage and increases livestock welfare. As a result of data analysis done by the livestock management application, early signs of ailment of livestock are identified. This increases BIO-Duurzaamheid’s pig farm production. Thanks to the efficient Ambient_enabled IoT communication enabled by the 5G system, BIO-Duurzaamheid continue to use Ambient_enabled IoT for daily monitoring once per 15 minutes (or per half hour) without worrying about energy drain leading to replacement or manual recharging of Ambient_IoT devices throughout the planned production lifespan of their livestock. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.23.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | SA1 has performed various studies on IoT in previous releases, where related normative stage 1 requirements are introduced in TS 22.011 [9], TS 22.278 [7], TS 22.368 [6], and TS 22.261 [8].
TS 22.011 introduces access control for MTC, examples of periodic network selection attempts are:
For UEs only supporting any of the following, or a combination of, NB-IoT, GERAN EC-GSM-IoT [18], and Category M1[13] of E-UTRAN enhanced-MTC, the UE shall interpret the interval value to be between 2 and 240 hours, with a step size of 2 hours between 2 and 80 hours and a step size of 4 hours between 80 and 240 hours.
In the absence of a permitted value in the SIM/USIM, or the SIM/USIM is phase 1 and therefore does not contain the datafield, then a default value of 60 minutes, shall be used by the UE except for those UEs only supporting any of the following, or a combination of: NB-IoT, GERAN EC-GSM-IoT [18], and Category M1 [17] of E-UTRAN enhanced-MTC. For those UEs a default value of 72 hours shall be used.
NOTE: Use of values less than 60 minutes may result in excessive UE battery drain.
TS 22.368 addresses features of MTC communication and service requirements related to MTC device triggering, addressing, identifiers, low mobility, small data transmission, infrequent MT communication, security, remote MTC device management, group-based MTC features including policing and addressing, etc. Example requirements are:
The system shall provide mechanisms to lower power consumption of MTC Devices.
The system shall provide mechanisms for the network operator to efficiently manage numbers and identifiers related to MTC Subscribers.
TS 22.261 captures some important service requirements for IoT, e.g.
The 5G system shall support a secure mechanism for a home operator to remotely provision the 3GPP credentials of a uniquely identifiable and verifiably secure IoT device.
The 5G system shall support a secure mechanism for the network operator of an NPN to remotely provision the non-3GPP identities and credentials of a uniquely identifiable and verifiably secure IoT device.
An IoT device which is able to access a 5G PLMN in direct network connection mode using a 3GPP RAT shall have a 3GPP subscription.
The 5G system shall allow the operator to identify a UE as an IoT device based on UE characteristics (e.g. identified by an equipment identifier or a range of equipment identifiers) or subscription or the combination of both.
An IoT device which is able to connect to a UE in direct device connection mode shall have a 3GPP subscription, if the IoT device needs to be identifiable by the core network (e.g. for IoT device management purposes or to use indirect network connection mode).
The 5G system shall support operator-controlled alternative authentication methods (i.e. alternative to AKA) with different types of credentials for network access for IoT devices in isolated deployment scenarios (e.g. for industrial automation).
In these specifications, albeit the service requirements addressing traits for IoT in terms of low device power consumption, small and infrequent data transmissions, long service lifetime, and resource efficiently, the IoT devices considered in 3GPP have been assumed to be powered by at least batteries up till now. To enable extremely small, light-weight, battery-less Ambient IoT devices that engage in basic IoT data transaction and appropriate level of operator management and charging suitable for the target scenarios, new challenges to the 5G system are foreseen and need to be addressed. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.23.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR.5.23.6-1] The 5G system shall support energy efficient communication mechanisms (i.e. minimizing the device communication power consumption) for Ambient IoT devices, while meeting the communication performance requirements.
[PR 5.23.6-2] The 5G system shall provide a mechanism for a 3rd party application to write user data to and to read user data from an Ambient IoT device.
[PR 5.23.6-3] The 5G system shall be able to collect charging information for a large group of closely located Ambient IoT devices in an efficient way.
NOTE: for example, the efficiency could be reduced total number of charging data related to a group of Ambient IoT devices, the reduction is compared with already specified 3GPP technologies
[PR.5.23.6-4] The 5G system shall provide the network connection to address the following KPIs for the use of Ambient IoT devices on smart pig farms.
Table 5.23.6-1: Potential key performance requirements for the use of Ambient IoT devices industrialized smart pig farming
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Smart livestock farming
(pig barns)
>10 s
(Note 1)
NA
NA
<500 bit/s
Typically,
[< 100 bytes]
(note 2)
850 000 devices / km2
(note 4)
250 m
Indoor
6000 m2
(note 5)
Quasi-stationary
15 minutes to half an hour
(note 3)
NA
NA
NA
NOTE 1: Latency is not critical for this use case.
NOTE 2: Electronic Product Code standard [5], this size is the payload size.
NOTE 3: The livestock health management application monitors pigs’ temperature on a half-hourly basis, sometimes even down to once per 15 minutes [53].
NOTE 4: Stocking density of 1.2 m2/pig is considered high and 2.4 m2/pig considered low [54]. In [55] the stockinggrazing density range from 0.82 m2/pig and 2.46 m2/pig is studied and 1.23 m2/pig proofs suitable stocking density for growing pigs. The device density of 850000 is from a real farm and translates to stocking density of 1.17 m2/pig.
NOTE 5: For a relatively large-sized industrialized smart pig farm, the surface area of a barn is typically 6000 m2. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.24 Use case on smart manhole cover safety monitoring using Ambient IoT | |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.24.1 Description | Manholes date back to the mid-19th century. Sanitary sewer manholes are primarily used for joining or/and changing the direction of the sewer. As part of the underground infrastructure, manholes provide access for maintenance and for potentially installing additional sewer lines. Worldwide, there have been increasingly a large number of manholes in villages and cities (e.g. parks, sidewalks, parking lots, streets, etc.) as modern civilization grows. For example, U.S. EPA estimates the number of sewer manholes nationwide to be 12 million. Most coincide with the typical lengths of city and suburban blocks, about 100 to 500 feet apart [56]. The total count of utility manholes (adding onto sewer manholes) in the United States is approximately 20 million. A typical large Chinese city has around 1 million manholes. For example, more than 123 million manholes are in use in Wuhan alone [57], which the local government has plans to digitally identify and register each of them. Usually local authorities such as municipalities monitor and inspect assets of city infrastructure. At times manned manhole inspection is carried out with cameras underground to verify degrees of deterioration and provide rehabilitation recommendations. In that process, surface features such as manhole cover and pavement can be reported if restoration is needed [58].
However, manhole covers alone are rarely monitored frequently enough. Often gone unnoticed are they doing their job to keep traffic (e.g. motorist, cyclists) and pedestrians safe, until one falls. In and outside busy cities, falling into manholes causes potential danger of severe injuries or death is lurking, not only where poorly lit.
A recent incident in October 2022 downtown Saint-Nazaire (west coast France) concerns a 39-year-old man found dead early Saturday morning, drowned head down leaving lower legs hanging upright outside the manhole [59]. There are also many stories where children fall into manholes, parents desperately trying to pull them outside but often deadly tragedy prevails [60]. As a matter of fact, accidental fall due to damaged or missing manhole covers has become a silent killer around us. But this is preventable thanks to the use of Ambient IoT.
In Q1 2022, China published intelligent manhole cover national standard GB/T 41401 [61] for municipalities to digitally manage this important asset. The standard requires the manholes to be identifiable by the asset management application, displacement of manhole cover (due to e.g. accidental damage or theft) can be detected by tilt sensors. Additionally, underground water level sensors, vibration sensors (e.g. to detect shock events), and temperature sensors could be deployed.
Figure 5.24.1-1: Manhole where the fatal accident took place , incident as in [59]
In general, manhole use case depends on network deployment. This use case assumes relatively dense network deployment.
For the manhole cover use case, a large number of sensors (a type of Ambient IoT devices) need to be efficiently connected, particularly because they have very limited power source. The communication power consumption of such Ambient IoT devices are expected to be less than 1 mW [86] [87]. As manhole covers are stationary and deployed in outdoor public areas. And because this use case concerns road safety, the communication service availability with sufficient 5G network coverage is important. The data acquisition process of these sensor data is not latency critical. The sensor data (tilt, underground water level, shock) is needed once every 15 minutes. The acquisition of detected abnormality is required within 30 seconds [61]. All these sensors should be durable and maintenance free, as sending technicians to solely replace sensors at each manhole location would be an extra process adding to municipalities OPEX and environmental impact.
In this use case, the municipality M responds to a recent tragic incident similar to [59] by implementing the smart manhole cover management programme “La Bouche d'égout sans Souci”. M has service level agreement with La-Tel-Verte to provide 5G network coverage and enable communication of Ambient IoT devices with the 5G network. La-Tel-Verte per service level agreement provides energy-efficient communication and management services to the municipality M:
- interfacing with municipality M’s manhole cover management platform where application “La Bouche d'égout sans Souci” runs;
- providing energy efficient device management for the Ambient IoT devices based on the instructions from the manhole cover management platform;
- providing energy efficient operation (e.g. inventory, read) the Ambient IoT devices based on the instructions from the manhole cover management platform;
- providing energy efficient security mechanisms for the communication between Ambient IoT devices and the network. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.24.2 Pre-conditions | Municipality M has a service level agreement with La-Tel-Verte that ensures Ambient IoT communication service availability by providing sufficient 5G network coverage. This enables the communication of Ambient IoT devices with the 5G network. Municipality M’s manhole project team has installed wireless sensors, a form of Ambient IoT devices, onto all manhole covers within its responsible area to monitor the corresponding parameters (e.g. water level [62], tilt of manhole cover [63], vibration [64]). Water level sensor information can be used to forecast potential flooding. Based on data from tilt sensors and/or vibration sensors, displacing or missing manhole covers could be detected for safety intervention. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.24.3 Service Flows | 1. The 5G core network receives the request from the application function (“La Bouche d'égout sans Souci” in municipality M’s manhole cover management platform) to operate on the Ambient IoT devices in a certain area. The 5G network starts to operate on these devices accordingly. Once detecting the signals from the 5G network these Ambient IoT devices can respond to the command.
2. Since each of these Ambient IoT devices are uniquely identifiable, in response they send the identification information to the 5G core network and complete the authentication procedure.
3. The Ambient IoT devices (wireless sensors) measure the parameters, such as water level, tilt, and shock/vibration.
In this use case, sample size for water level sensor and tilt sensor is respectively 8 bits [62] and 32 bits [63]. With typical sampling rate being 10 Hz, the data generation is less than 400 bit/s. For vibration measurement, typical sampling rate is 10 Hz with sample size of max 48 bits [64] (e.g. 3-axis, 8 bit per axis; possibly per axis two measurement values to register acceleration). Thus, in total the data generation per Ambient IoT device is up to 880 bit/s.
4. The 5G core network, based on the requests issued by the application function, performs operations such as "inventory" and "read" on the Ambient IoT devices correspondingly. "Inventory" operation is to read the Ambient IoT device identifier. "Read" operation is to read sensor data.
5. The 5G core network then sends the results of the operations to the application function. The application function includes diagnostic functions that analyze the sensor data and detect the anomaly and trigger maintenance actions when necessary. Typically, the sensor data is collected once per 15 minutes.
6. When the application function “La Bouche d'égout sans Souci” receives sensor data that is considered by the application function to be related to potential problem of a specific manhole cover, the application function can request the information of the Ambient IoT device on that manhole cover more frequently. The max allowed latency is 30 seconds [61]. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.24.4 Post-conditions | The 5G network enables efficient communication for Ambient IoT devices. Thanks to that, municipality M’s intelligent manhole cover management application function “La Bouche d'égout sans Souci” is enabled by the 5G system to remotely monitor the large number of manholes in its responsible area for safety and maintenance reasons. Depending on the needs/logic of the application function, the application function is enabled by 5G system to retrieve the sensor data from a specific or a given group of Ambient IoT devices. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.24.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | SA1 has performed various studies on IoT in previous releases, where related normative stage 1 requirements are introduced in TS 22.011 [9], TS 22.278 [7], TS 22.368 [6], and TS 22.261 [8].
TS 22.011 introduces access control for MTC, examples of periodic network selection attempts are:
For UEs only supporting any of the following, or a combination of, NB-IoT, GERAN EC-GSM-IoT [18], and Category M1[13] of E-UTRAN enhanced-MTC, the UE shall interpret the interval value to be between 2 and 240 hours, with a step size of 2 hours between 2 and 80 hours and a step size of 4 hours between 80 and 240 hours.
In the absence of a permitted value in the SIM/USIM, or the SIM/USIM is phase 1 and therefore does not contain the datafield, then a default value of 60 minutes, shall be used by the UE except for those UEs only supporting any of the following, or a combination of: NB-IoT, GERAN EC-GSM-IoT [18], and Category M1 [17] of E-UTRAN enhanced-MTC. For those UEs a default value of 72 hours shall be used.
NOTE: Use of values less than 60 minutes may result in excessive UE battery drain.
TS 22.368 addresses features of MTC communication and service requirements related to MTC device triggering, addressing, identifiers, low mobility, small data transmission, infrequent MT communication, security, remote MTC device management, group-based MTC features including policing and addressing, etc. Example requirements are:
The system shall provide mechanisms to lower power consumption of MTC Devices.
The system shall provide mechanisms for the network operator to efficiently manage numbers and identifiers related to MTC Subscribers.
TS 22.261 captures some important service requirements for IoT, e.g.
The 5G system shall support a secure mechanism for a home operator to remotely provision the 3GPP credentials of a uniquely identifiable and verifiably secure IoT device.
The 5G system shall support a secure mechanism for the network operator of an NPN to remotely provision the non-3GPP identities and credentials of a uniquely identifiable and verifiably secure IoT device.
An IoT device which is able to access a 5G PLMN in direct network connection mode using a 3GPP RAT shall have a 3GPP subscription.
The 5G system shall allow the operator to identify a UE as an IoT device based on UE characteristics (e.g. identified by an equipment identifier or a range of equipment identifiers) or subscription or the combination of both.
An IoT device which is able to connect to a UE in direct device connection mode shall have a 3GPP subscription, if the IoT device needs to be identifiable by the core network (e.g. for IoT device management purposes or to use indirect network connection mode).
The 5G system shall support operator-controlled alternative authentication methods (i.e. alternative to AKA) with different types of credentials for network access for IoT devices in isolated deployment scenarios (e.g. for industrial automation).
Additional consideration needs to be given in support of Ambient IoT devices that are battery-less or with limited energy storage capability, which present new challenges to the 5G system. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.24.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR.5.24.6-1] The 5G system shall support energy efficient communication mechanisms (i.e. minimizing the device communication power consumption) for Ambient IoT devices, while meeting the communication performance requirements.
[PR 5.24.6-2] The 5G system shall provide a mechanism for a 3rd party application to write user data to and to read user data from an Ambient IoT device.
[PR 5.24.6-3] The 5G system shall be able to collect charging information for a large group of closely located Ambient IoT devices in an efficient way.
NOTE: for example, the efficiency could be reduced total number of charging data related to a group of Ambient IoT devices, the reduction is compared with already specified 3GPP technologies.
[PR.5.24.6-4] The 5G system shall provide the network connection to address the KPIs for the use of Ambient IoT devices for smart manhole cover monitoring, see table 5.24.6-1.
Table 5.24.6-1: Potential key performance requirements for the use of Ambient IoT devices for smart manhole cover monitoring
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Smart manhole cover remote monitoring
10 s - 30 s
(note 1)
99%
NA
<1 kbit/s
Typically,
[< 100 bytes]
(note 2)
<1000 devices / km2
(note 3)
300 m - 500 m
Outdoor(note 6, note 7)
City wide including rural areas
(note 4)
Stationary
15 min
(note 5)
NA
NA
NA
NOTE 1: Latency is not critical. Per GB/T 41401 [61], the max latency is smaller than 30 seconds.
NOTE 2: This size is the payload size, compatible with allowed business data length by Electronic Product Code standard [5]. Considering EPC for identification is 96 bits, the total message size is < 100 bytes.
NOTE 3: Assuming there is one manhole every 200 feet [56]. Referring to data from the United States [56], sewer manholes are about 100 to 500 feet apart, additionally there are other utility manholes present. According to Wuhan data [57], 123 million manholes are known per 8569 km2.
NOTE 4: As local authority is the customer, the service should be available for all the utility manholes within the responsible area of that municipality.
NOTE 5: For manhole cover remote monitoring, per 15-minutes data acquisition is sufficient to largely increase road traffic safety.
NOTE 6: The value is dependent on the actual network deployment.
NOTE 7: This communication range implies a relatively dense network deployment. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.25 Use case on smart bridge health monitoring using Ambient IoT | |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.25.1 Description | Bridges as public infrastructure characterize city formation. To facilitate transportation, more bridges are built as cities form and evolve. Apart from obvious roles bridges play in transortation of people and goods, its importance also lies in its being the social infrastructure and cutural assets [65]. As the number of bridges grow, longer and bigger bridges are put in use. Incidents of bridge collapsing usually lead to catastrophy. In the course of city expansion and population growth, numerous deaths due to bridge collapse have been recorded, such as recent events reported in [66], [67] and [68]. The most heart-breaking tragic to date is the Indian pedestrian bridge collapse in Guikarat in the midst of Diwali religious celebration, where death toll rises above 130 [69]. As awareness continues to rise, various actors including local governements are starting to take on a more active role in monitoring and maintenance of those vital infrastructure [70].
Ambient IoT can be used for smart bridge health monitoring to contribute to prevention of disasters. As bridges are parts of outdoor public infrastructure and the use case is about safety, the communication service availability with sufficient 5G network coverage are important. Additionally, as more health data of a bridge is collected, the corresponding actors (e.g. local governmement) have deeper knowledge in its health state to better control the maintenance work and eventually control the cost [71]. In 2022, China published national specification GB/T 39339.2 that hightlights safety monitoring of bridges as part of transit facilities in cities [72].
In this use case, local government of city Philario responds to a recent tragic incident by implementing the smart bridge health monitoring programme “SAFE”. Philario has service level agreement with O-Tel to provide 5G network coverage and enable communication of Ambient IoT devices with the 5G network O-Tel per service level agreement provides energy-efficient communication and management services to the local government of Philario:
- interfacing with local government Philario’s smart bridge health monitoring platform;
- providing energy efficient device management for the Ambient IoT devices based on the instructions from Philario’s smart bridge health monitoring platform;
- providing energy efficient operation (e.g. inventory, read) the Ambient IoT devices based on the instructions from Philario’s smart bridge health monitoring platform;
- providing energy efficient security mechanisms for the communication between Ambient IoT devices and the network.
The communication power consumption of such Ambient IoT devices are expected to be less than 1 mW [86] [87]. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.25.2 Pre-conditions | Philario’s local government’s bridge safety maintenance project team X has installed wireless sensors, a form of Ambient IoT devices, onto selected bridges within its responsible area to monitor the corresponding parameters (e.g. tilt sensors to monitor inclination of bridge deck or pier [73], vibration [74]). X has a service level agreement with service provider Y that deploys sufficient 5G network coverage to ensure communication service availability. This enables the communication of Ambient IoT devices with the 5G network, where needed. Based on per 15-minute data from tilt sensors and vibration sensors, health status of bridges is recorded and analyzed for safety intervention. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.25.3 Service Flows | 1. The 5G core network receives the request from the application function (request sent from Philario’s smart bridge health monitoring platform) to operate on the Ambient IoT devices installed on a given bridge or a given set of bridges. The 5G core network starts to operate on these devices accordingly. Once detecting the signals from the 5G network these Ambient IoT devices can respond to the command.
2. Since each of these Ambient IoT devices are uniquely identifiable, in response they send the identification information to the 5G core network and complete the authentication procedure.
3. The Ambient IoT devices (wireless sensors) measure the parameters, such as water level, tilt, and vibration.
The sample size for tilt sensor 32 bits [73]. With typical sampling rate being 10 Hz, the data generation is less than 400 bit/s. For vibration measurement, typical sampling rate is 10 Hz with sample size of max 48 bits [74] (e.g. 3-axis, 8 bit per axis; possibly per axis two measurement values to register acceleration). Thus, in total the data generation per Ambient IoT device is up to 880 bit/s.
4. The 5G core network, based on the requests issued by the application function, performs operations such as "inventory" and "read" on the Ambient IoT devices correspondingly. "Inventory" operation is to read the Ambient IoT device identifier. "Read" operation is to read sensor data.
5. The 5G core network then sends the results of the operations to the application function. The application function includes diagnostic functions that analyze the sensor data and detect the anomaly and trigger maintenance actions when necessary. Typically, the sensor data is collected once per 15 minutes.
6. When the bridge health monitoring application receives sensor data, by analysis it may decide to request the information of the Ambient IoT device associated with a specific bridge more frequently (e.g. per 10-minute) on-demand. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.25.4 Post-conditions | The 5G network enables efficient communication for Ambient IoT devices. Thanks to that, local government Philario’s bridge health monitoring application function is enabled by the 5G system to remotely monitor the large number of sensors (Ambient IoT devices) on the target bridges within Philario’s responsible area. Depending on the needs/logic of the application function, the application function is enabled by 5G system to retrieve the sensor data from a specific or a given group of Ambient IoT devices. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.25.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | SA1 has performed various studies on IoT in previous releases, where related normative stage 1 requirements are introduced in TS 22.011 [9], TS 22.278 [7], TS 22.368 [6], and TS 22.261 [8].
TS 22.011 introduces access control for MTC, examples of periodic network selection attempts are:
For UEs only supporting any of the following, or a combination of, NB-IoT, GERAN EC-GSM-IoT [18], and Category M1[13] of E-UTRAN enhanced-MTC, the UE shall interpret the interval value to be between 2 and 240 hours, with a step size of 2 hours between 2 and 80 hours and a step size of 4 hours between 80 and 240 hours.
In the absence of a permitted value in the SIM/USIM, or the SIM/USIM is phase 1 and therefore does not contain the datafield, then a default value of 60 minutes, shall be used by the UE except for those UEs only supporting any of the following, or a combination of: NB-IoT, GERAN EC-GSM-IoT [18], and Category M1 [17] of E-UTRAN enhanced-MTC. For those UEs a default value of 72 hours shall be used.
NOTE: Use of values less than 60 minutes may result in excessive UE battery drain.
TS 22.368 addresses features of MTC communication and service requirements related to MTC device triggering, addressing, identifiers, low mobility, small data transmission, infrequent MT communication, security, remote MTC device management, group-based MTC features including policing and addressing, etc. Example requirements are:
The system shall provide mechanisms to lower power consumption of MTC Devices.
The system shall provide mechanisms for the network operator to efficiently manage numbers and identifiers related to MTC Subscribers.
TS 22.261 captures some important service requirements for IoT, e.g.
The 5G system shall support a secure mechanism for a home operator to remotely provision the 3GPP credentials of a uniquely identifiable and verifiably secure IoT device.
The 5G system shall support a secure mechanism for the network operator of an NPN to remotely provision the non-3GPP identities and credentials of a uniquely identifiable and verifiably secure IoT device.
An IoT device which is able to access a 5G PLMN in direct network connection mode using a 3GPP RAT shall have a 3GPP subscription.
The 5G system shall allow the operator to identify a UE as an IoT device based on UE characteristics (e.g. identified by an equipment identifier or a range of equipment identifiers) or subscription or the combination of both.
An IoT device which is able to connect to a UE in direct device connection mode shall have a 3GPP subscription, if the IoT device needs to be identifiable by the core network (e.g. for IoT device management purposes or to use indirect network connection mode).
The 5G system shall support operator-controlled alternative authentication methods (i.e. alternative to AKA) with different types of credentials for network access for IoT devices in isolated deployment scenarios (e.g. for industrial automation).
Additional consideration needs to be given in support of Ambient IoT devices that are battery-less or with limited energy storage capability, which present new challenges to the 5G system. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.25.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR.5.25.6-1] The 5G system shall support energy efficient communication mechanisms (i.e. minimizing the device communication power consumption) for Ambient IoT devices, while meeting the communication performance requirements.
[PR 5.25.6-2] The 5G system shall provide a mechanism for a 3rd party application to write user data to and to read user data from an Ambient IoT device.
[PR 5.25.6-3] The 5G system shall be able to collect charging information for a large group of closely located Ambient IoT devices in an efficient way.
NOTE: for example, the efficiency could be reduced total number of charging data related to a group of Ambient IoT devices, the reduction is compared with already specified 3GPP technologies.
[PR.5.25.6-4] The 5G system shall provide the network connection to address the KPIs for the use of Ambient IoT devices for smart bridge health monitoring as in the table below.
Table 5.25.6-1: Potential key performance requirements for the use of Ambient IoT devices for smart bridge health monitoring
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Smart bridge health monitoring
10 s
(note 1)
99%
NA
<1 kbit/s
Typically,
[< 100 bytes]
(note 2)
<1000 devices / km2
(note 4)
300 m - 500 m
Outdoor(note 5)
Along the bridge
Stationary
15 min
(note 3)
NA
NA
NA
NOTE 1: Latency of smart bridge health monitoring is not critical, as the sensor information is needed by the monitoring application on a per-15 minutes basis.
NOTE 2: This size is the payload size, compatible with allowed business data length by Electronic Product Code standard [5]. Considering EPC for identification is 96 bits, the total message size is < 100 bytes.
NOTE 3: For bridge health monitoring, per 15-minutes data acquisition is sufficient.
NOTE 4: For bridge health monitoring applications, the distances among sensors are larger than 10 meters. Big data analysis-based bridge health monitoring deploys 369 sensors of various types on Changjiang bridge, in Shanghai [75]. In Beijing, around 150 sensors are deployed on Dongsha bridge of 1360 meter length [76]. In busy sections of mega cities, concentration of bridges can be considerate.
NOTE 5: The value is dependent on the actual deployment.
5.26 Use case on Elderly Health Care
5.26.1 Description
As elderly population is increasing, close, daily monitoring of their health is acquiring more relevance in health care systems. Chronic diseases that require continuous attention are common among this age group. Moreover, autonomy of the elderly has an important role in active aging, as it is strongly associated with longevity, good self-assessed health, and the prevention of depression and cognitive deterioration. Autonomy is an essential concept because it relates directly to dignity, regardless of health circumstances.
Due to extreme conditions, like local epidemics, pandemic or natural disasters, health care systems can be overwhelmed. Relying on technology such as automated assistance using mobile communications system infrastructure can lower pressure on the health system, as chronic diseases are appropriately followed up. This improves the overall health system, freeing resources for other critical, life-threatening situations.
This use case presents a scenario where an elder is aided to quickly locate medicines both indoors and outdoors using Ambient IoT devices (Ambient IoT tags). These Ambient IoT tags are very small, battery-less powered IoT devices that use an energy harvesting mechanism to produce a limited amount of power, at microwatts level. After some initial setup, we assume that the Ambient IoT device can harvest the energy necessary from RF signals to be able to operate.
This use case is about an elder, Scott. He is 85 and had heart attack at 80. Since then, he needs to take a variety of medicines daily prescribed by Rachel, his doctor. During his last check-up, his heart condition has worsened because he forgets sometimes to take his medicines. Scott’s memory is not what used to be. He remembers he must take medicines but forgets which ones.
To help Scott to be autonomous on his own, and improve his heart condition, Rachel decided to prescribe him medicines from a new supplier: DontForgetYourMed. DontForgetYourMed offers a personalised service that allows the patient’s doctor to set up the quantity and frequency of the medicines prescribed. Using medicines packets with Ambient IoT tags attached, DontForgetYourMed reaches the patient to take those medicines at specific times, making the availability of the service on demand.
In the case of Scott, his heart rate is monitored with his smartwatch, and it is notified regularly to DontForgetYourMed service. This way, Rachel can modify the frequency of some medicines depending on a configured threshold of Scott’s heart rate. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.26.2 Pre-conditions | The following pre-conditions and assumptions apply to this use case:
• A subscription to DontForgetYourMed service that establishes a communication with the UE of the elder to send alerts and request confirmations related to the medicines prescribed.
• A smart watch (UE) to receive and confirm alerts and monitor elder’s heart rate continuously.
• 5G network to support the communication with Ambient IoT devices.
• Medicine packets equipped with an Ambient IoT tag and a small led. When the medicine packet is received by the elder, some pre-settings will give energy to the Ambient IoT device, and it will also establish the location of the Ambient IoT device.
• Each Ambient IoT tag is connected to the 5G network, and the communication is enabled
• Communication will be established on demand, not continuously.
5.26.3 Service Flows
Indoors scenario is more focused in habit: medicine is taken daily at specific time of the day. Outdoors scenario is more focused as an exception of the normal routine: the service reacts to the elder’s heart rate. Both scenarios could be combined.
Indoors scenario
1. Each morning, Scott receives an alert in his smart watch where the medicine dose is displayed. This alert recommends him to take one pill from ‘packet Blue’ and one pill from ‘packet Pink’.
2. Scott confirms the reception of the message and then, DontForgetYourMed requests the 5G system to establish a downlink communication with the ambient IoT tag and switches on a small LED embedded within the same tag.
3. Scott walks to his medicine cabinet to retrieve the medicines. Inside, 2 packets are lit: ‘packet Blue’ and ‘packet Pink’. After taking both pills, he returns the packets to the medicine cabinet.
4. After a pre-configured timer expires, Scott receives another alert to confirm he has taken each of the requested medicines. He confirms them both, and starts a new, healthy day.
5. After the confirmation, DontForgetYourMed requests the 5G system to establish another downlink communication with the ambient IoT tag, and the small LED is switched off.
Outdoors scenario
1. Scott feels far better so he decides to go to play tennis with Oliver and informs Rachel. She prescribes an additional medicine to take during the game, depending on Scott’s heart rate. When the game is on, Scott’s heart rate is too high, so he receives an alert to take one pill from ‘packet Blue’.
2. Scott confirms the reception of the message and then, DontForgetYourMed requests the 5G system to establish a downlink communication with the ambient IoT tag and switches on a small LED embedded within the same tag.
3. He starts to feel bad but as the medicine packet is in his backpack, Oliver helps him to retrieve it. He looks for Scott’s backpack to see one medicine blue packet lit: ‘packet Blue’. He gets the packet to Scott and helps him to get his medicine.
4. After the pre-configured timer expires, Scott receives another alert to confirm he has taken the medicine. Oliver helps Scott to confirm it, and rests until he feels better.
5. After the confirmation, DontForgetYourMed requests the 5G system to establish another downlink communication with the ambient IoT tag, and the small LED is switched off.
5.26.4 Post-conditions
5G communication has been established to a UE to prescribe medicines, and request for confirmation of medicine intake.
Several downlink communications have been established from the gNB to one or several medicine packets. This downlink communication has been low power, and for a small period, and the amount of data sent has been minimal.
5.26.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality
None. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.26.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR.5.26.6-001] The 5G system shall be able to support mechanisms to communicate efficiently with Ambient IoT devices.
[PR.5.26.6-002] When setting up communication to an Ambient IoT device the 5G system shall be able to handle the unavailability of Ambient IoT devices either due to lack of power or due to power saving mechanisms of the Ambient IoT device.
[PR.5.26.6-003] The 5G system shall be able to provide an Ambient IoT service with following KPIs:
Table 5.26.6-1: Ambient IoT service KPI for elderly health care
Scenario
Max. allowed end-to-end latency
Communication Service Availability
Reliability
User-experienced data rate
Message Size
Device density
Communication Range
Service area dimension
Device speed
Transfer interval
Positioning service latency
Positioning service availability
Positioning Accuracy
Indoors elderly health care scenario
1 s
NA
NA
<1 kbit/s
<100 bits
<20 per 100 m2
20 m
<250 m2
(note 1)
Static
NA
NA
NA
NA
Outdoors elderly health care scenario
1 s
NA
NA
<1 kbit/s
<100 bits
<20 per 100 m2
(note 2)
200 m
City wide including rural areas
Static
NA
NA
NA
NA
NOTE 1: Average size of a big house.
NOTE 2: For the outdoor scenario the device density is expected to be generally lower than indoor[88]. For example, based on outdoor tennis court sizes (four players in a 23.77m x 10.97m doubles matches court), assuming one medicine box per elderly consumer, the device density is not higher than 5/100m2. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.27 Use case on end-to-end logistics | |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.27.1 Description | In a logistics scenario, Ambient IoT devices can be used to track specific goods (e.g. TVs) from the factory where they are made until delivery at the final end-customer. E.g. an Ambient IoT device could be attached to the packaging of a TV, which can then be used for tracking in the factory, in one or more warehouses on the way from factory to the customer and finally to the track the delivery at the end customer.
In this end-to-end logistics trajectory, an Ambient IoT device will encounter multiple different networks (NPNs, PLMNs) in different regions and countries. Each of these networks have to follow different frequency regulations and have different frequency licenses. The Ambient IoT device needs to be able to deal with these differences.
Limitations in range for Ambient IoT can imply that some additional infrastructure needs to be deployed. However, it is not assumed that a network needs to be deployed specifically for Ambient IoT support. It should be possible to integrate Ambient IoT communication in networks that are also used for other 5G communication.
The assumption in this use case is that the Ambient IoT devices need to be triggered to send their identification. When the Ambient IoT devices are not triggered they remain in a suspended state and cannot send or receive information.
The owner of a network (e.g. in a factory or warehouse) can decide which part of the network (e.g. which base stations) to use to trigger Ambient IoT devices. This way, e.g. Ambient IoT devices in only part of the factory are triggered. It should also be possible to trigger only a selected group of Ambient IoT devices (e.g. through broadcasting a group ID), or to trigger the Ambient IoT devices for specific actions (e.g. receive information instead of broadcasting an ID).
Figure 5.27.1-1: Tracking a cardboard box a TV is transported in by attaching an Ambient IoT Device to the box
Where the network itself does not have the support to trigger the Ambient IoT device (e.g. in the PLMN where the TV is delivered to the door of the customer), a handheld device can be used. This handheld device can, when needed, relay the communication from the Ambient IoT device towards the network. The handheld device can collect several messages from one or more Ambient IoT devices before forwarding these messages to the network. This ‘store-and-forward’ messaging also allows messaging from an Ambient IoT device when there is no end-to-end connectivity from Ambient IoT device to the network. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.27.2 Pre-Conditions | Factory A has deployed a standalone NPN.
TV_company has an agreement with the NPN in Factory A and with PLMN_X to use a third party interface to trigger Ambient IoT devices.
The Ambient IoT device has credentials with PLMN_X that can also be used for the standalone NPN in factory A. Furthermore, PLMN_X has roaming agreements with operators in other countries.
Warehouse B deploys a NPN implemented as a slice on PLMN_Y. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.27.3 Service Flows | 1. TV_company uses Factory A to manufacture its TVs. After manufacturing, the TVs are packaged in a cardboard box and the box is then equipped with an Ambient IoT device (in the form of a sticker) for tracking/tracing of the TV.
2. Within the Factory A, the TVs are stored for a while in internal storage. Tracking of the TVs in storage is possible through Ambient IoT. The TV_company instructs the NPN that is deployed in the Factory A to trigger the TVs in the internal storage only. TVs that are still in the production area do not need to be triggered. The Ambient IoT devices are triggered to send their ID. This way the TV_company can create an inventory of all TVs that are still in store at the factory. The Ambient IoT devices can also be triggered to receive information (e.g. instructions).
3. A shipment of TV is sent to a warehouse in a Country_X. The warehouse uses a NPN implemented as a slice on PLMN_Y. Because of roaming agreements between PLMN_Y and PLMN_X, the Ambient IoT devices can access the NPN network in the warehouse. Note for the NPN in Country_X different regulations apply than for the NPN in Factory A.
4. TV_company wants to create an inventory of the TVs that are stored in the warehouse. However, the warehouse also stores products from other companies. Therefore the TV_company instructs the NPN to trigger only the TVs from TV_company through the use of a group ID that identifies these TVs. Ambient IoT devices on other products will not be triggered to respond.
5. Finally the TV is delivered to the end-customer. The delivery driver uses a handheld device to trigger the Ambient IoT device on the box to send its ID to the network. If the network is within range, the Ambient IoT device can communicate directly to the network. Otherwise the handheld device can relay the communication. Even if the handheld device is not connected to the network either, the Ambient IoT devices can still send messages to the handheld device. The handheld device can forward these messages to the network when it connects to the network. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.27.4 Post-Conditions | TV_Company has full traceability of its products from the factory in one country, to the delivery at the end-customer in another country. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.27.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | 3GPP TS22.101 Clause 29.2 contains the following requirements:
Support of 3rd party requested broadcast
- The 3GPP Core Network shall enable a 3rd party service provider to request sending a broadcast message in a specified geographic area (as specified in TS 22.368 [52]) expecting to reach a group of devices that are served by the 3rd party service provider.
A 3rd party requested broadcast can be used to trigger a group of IoT devices in a specific geographic area. But this requirement does not include the feature of waking up Ambient IoT devices.
3GPP TS22.368 Clause 7.1.2 contains the following requirements on MTC Device triggering:
- The network shall be able to trigger MTC Devices to initiate communication with the MTC Server based on a trigger indication from the MTC Server.
- The system shall provide a mechanism such that only trigger indications received from authorized MTC Servers will lead to triggering of MTC Devices.
- Upon receiving a trigger indication from a source that is not an authorized MTC Server, the network shall be able to provide the details of the source (e.g. address) to the MTC User.
- The system shall provide a mechanism to the MTC User to provide a set of authorized MTC Server(s).
- Upon receiving a trigger indication, if the network is not able to trigger the MTC Device, the 3GPP system may send an indication to the MTC Server that triggering the MTC Device has been suppressed.
Note: Suppression of triggering could be due to system conditions such as network congestion.
- A MTC Device shall be able to receive trigger indications from the network and shall establish communication with the MTC Server when receiving the trigger indication. Possible options may include:
- Receiving trigger indication when the MTC Device is not attached to the network.
- Receiving trigger indication when the MTC Device is attached to the network, but has no data connection established.
- Receiving trigger indication when the MTC Device is attached to the network and has a data connection established.
Based on the requirements in 3GPP TS22.368, 3GPP TS23.682 Clause 4.5.1 contains the following description:
Device Triggering is the means by which a SCS sends information to the UE via the 3GPP network to trigger the UE to perform application specific actions that include initiating communication with the SCS for the indirect model or an AS in the network for the hybrid model. Device Triggering is required when an IP address for the UE is not available or reachable by the SCS/AS. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.27.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR.5.27-001] The 5G system shall be able to support an Ambient IoT device to function in different countries in accordance with local regulations.
[PR.5.27-002] The 5G system shall support Ambient IoT device triggering to get one or more Ambient IoT devices to perform specific actions including to initiate communication with the network.
[PR.5.27-003] The 5G network shall be able to trigger Ambient IoT devices. The 5G system shall enable an authorized 3rd party to instruct the 5G network in which area, which group of Ambient IoT devices needs to be triggered and which action the Ambient IoT devices need to perform when triggered (e.g. send ID, receive further information, send measurement value).
[PR.5.27-004] The 5G system shall support relaying communication from an Ambient IoT device to the network.
[PR.5.27-005] The 5G system shall support authenticated, encrypted and integrity protected store-and-forward communication from an Ambient IoT device to the network via a single UE when there is no end-to-end connection between the Ambient IoT device and the network
NOTE: It is assumed that the UE and the Ambient IoT device are authorized by the operator to communicate with each other. |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.28 Use case on pressure powered switch | |
93a47931cc679002202cfe56afd8b056 | 22.840 | 5.28.1 Description | A pressure powered switch can harvest energy from the kinetic energy of the pushing on the switch. Existing non-3GPP products can e.g. connect wirelessly to a controller over approximately 25 m indoor and 150 m outdoor. These products do not adhere to 3GPP protocols for signalling and user communication.
Figure 5.28.1-1: A pressure powered switch
The registration procedure for 5G according to TS 23.502 [77] shows 25 different steps which 8 involve the UE. Several of these steps involve multiple interactions. This registration procedure does not even include the actual data communication. Compared to the minimal information transfer requirement for a button switch (only its ID), it is clear that the registration involves far more information than the actual data transport. Furthermore, a registration procedure will likely take longer than the time the switch has power available. This runs the risk that the switch can start a registration (or other) signaling procedure, but cannot successfully complete it. Furthermore, it is important to note that some procedures are timer-driven. For example, the UE is configured with a periodic registration timer and can be implicitly de-registered if the UE is not able to perform a registration procedure when the timer expires. It cannot be assumed that switch will be pressed frequently enough to avoid an implicit de-registration.
The purpose of the use case is to propose a requirement to optimize Ambient IoT signaling to reduce the amount of signaling interactions and thus save power and time.
Note: The pressure powered switch is an example for other Ambient IoT devices that only have a very limited amount of energy for a very short amount of time (e.g. door/window sensors, vibration sensors). |
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