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bx5vym
|
how does "nuclear power" power a submarine?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bx5vym/eli5_how_does_nuclear_power_power_a_submarine/
|
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"text": [
"nuclear power in its essence, is really just steam power.\n\nNuclear reactions create heat, that heat is then used to heat up some water, and that water is turned to steam which turns a turbine.\n\nnuclear fuel just provides the heat, its the steam turbine that provides the electricity.",
"Great minds think alike. I've sailed far and returned ta port with this booty. Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained:\n\n1. [ELI5: Nuclear powered submarines. How do they work and manage the nuclear waste and why don't we have more nuclear \"stuff\" like nuclear trains or nuclear Google headquarters? ](_URL_0_) ^(_ > 100 comments_)\n1. [ELI5 Nuclear submarine engines. ](_URL_1_) ^(_11 comments_)\n1. [ELI5:How does a Nuclear Submarine operate for decades using nuclear material that is the size of a human fist according to the Captain of a Nuclear Submarine? ](_URL_5_) ^(_21 comments_)\n1. [ElI5 how do nuclear submarines and nuclear marine engines such as pressurised water reactors prevent or treat the radioactive waste going into the ocean? ](_URL_4_) ^(_18 comments_)\n1. [ELI5:how do nuclear powered vehicles (subs, aircraft carriers) go? ](_URL_2_) ^(_10 comments_)\n1. [ELI5: Nuclear submarines ](_URL_3_) ^(_6 comments_)",
"Its a nuclear reactor that generates electricity the electricity powers the sub and the electric motors hooked up to the propellers. It generates electricty using steam, but im not 100% sure of how that process works",
"Nuclear submarines have small nuclear reactors on board for main power instead of combustion engines. The nuclear reactors produce electricity more or less the same as a ground-based nuclear power plant, which in turn powers the propellors and other onboard systems."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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"https://np.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3dxt5o/eli5_nuclear_powered_submarines_how_do_they_work/",
"https://np.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3cl71e/eli5_nuclear_submarine_engines/",
"https://np.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6h2cx4/eli5how_do_nuclear_powered_vehicles_subs_aircraft/",
"https://np.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jyseu/eli5_nuclear_submarines/",
"https://np.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8gvwkb/eli5_how_do_nuclear_submarines_and_nuclear_marine/",
"https://np.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ygnrj/eli5how_does_a_nuclear_submarine_operate_for/"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
1w2wjr
|
why do we use chapstick on dry lips but not on dry skin? what's the difference between lotion and chapstick?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1w2wjr/eli5_why_do_we_use_chapstick_on_dry_lips_but_not/
|
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"You can use chapstick on dry skin. There are products called lotion bars that are essentially the same thing as a lip balm. They are just solid lotions. ",
"Lotion absorbs more quickly to moisturize, while Chapstick is formulated to seal in moisture (it's waxier). It'd be kind of gross to put pants on after applying Chapstick to your legs. "
]
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[] |
[] |
[
[],
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3r2arj
|
why don't planes have some sort of parachutes or other slowing mechanisms to stop a crash from being deadly? (parachutes attached to the exterior of the plane, i mean. and/or some extending plates to slow it down.)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3r2arj/eli5_why_dont_planes_have_some_sort_of_parachutes/
|
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"This very innovation is available for light aircraft - only last month it saved the life (and plane) of a forward-looking human being.",
"The size and weight of parachute would be prohibitive (trying to stop something weighing 300 tons or more) and the timing of the deployment would also be problematic. The problems with a large jet in flight can be many and varied if the parachute is deployed automatically in a crisis then it could interfere with the pilots trying to re-establish control if it isn't automatic then the pilots may be dead or unconscious when it is needed",
"Most crashes of commercial jets occur at takeoff or landing. Parachutes would not be of value in such a position, because they wouldn't have time to slow you down.",
"The landing is the dangerous part in a flight. Nearly all accidents involve problems there: the plane misses the runway, comes down too hard of the like. If you are only a few meters above the ground and notice that things are going awry, deploying a parachute won't help.\n\nThe same is true for accidents where planes crash into mountains which they didn't see coming in bad weather.\n\nPlanes don't drop out of the sky. It hardly ever happens (except in contrived Hollywood movies) that a plane is high up, that there are some troubles, and the plane falls down and crashes. (Only counter example I can think of was the AirFrance flight that vanished over the ocean a few years ago, where the plane stalled (lost its grip to the air) due to a very bad pilot error).",
"Some already do: _URL_0_\n\nSource: friend is a pilot, have flown in a Cirrus with him, FAA regulations require he instruct me on operations of CAPS system (parachute), he gets very mad when I tease him all flight long about pulling the CAPS handle",
"Something like that?\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
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]
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||
2t7nwd
|
how does a sniper rifle shoot where the scope points even if its mounted above the rifle.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2t7nwd/eli5_how_does_a_sniper_rifle_shoot_where_the/
|
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"You tune that scope to be slightly angled down. Thus a scope is only truly accurate at a set distance. Most scopes allow you to adjust for different distances however.",
"Because the scope and the barrel aren't perfectly parallel. \n\nThe scope gets zeroed based on how far the target is, the angle of the shot, the environmental conditions, etc., which can actually have the scope pointing to the side of the barrel, above the barrel, below the barrel, or a combination thereof.",
"The scope or sights on a gun are calibrated for a certain distance; it's up to the soldier to re-calibrate if their in different circumstances, to aim a bit high if they just need one shot on a further target, or use a scope with multiple marks or whatever else. ",
"It doesn't automatically. The shooter has to adjust the parallax manually. This is compensating for elevation. The scope follows a straight line of sight. The bullet follows an arc. You have to adjust the scope so the crosshair line of sight meets the bullet trajectory arc at the impact distance.",
"it has to be aligned for a certain # of meters. the barrel and scope are basically just pointing in straight lines off in a distance. at some distance they will intersect. and that is what the scope is calibrated for on the center dot. now, aside from the center dot in a scope, there will be lines above and below for different distances. so you have to know what the distance to target is, and what each marker on your scope is aligned for. \n\n\nso like if this is your scope view. _URL_0_\n\nthe center point could be calibrated for 100 meters. anything closer than 100 meters you'll need to use markers below the center point. and anything higher than 100 you'll need to use markers above the center point.\n\nof course, this is assuming that gravity, wind, curvature of the earth, etc aren't in play. factor in those things and it can get pretty complicated. ",
"Guns are typically sighted in so that when you aim the bullet intersects the point of aim at that range. It basically [looks like this (exaggerated)](_URL_0_) At other ranges, you adjust, either using the sights by setting the range, or simply guessing/instinct/practice. ",
"Answered, thank you! and Upvotes for all!!",
"As the bullet rises and falls it intersects the crosshair on the way up and the way down. You set the gun up at a known distance and then adjust the aimpoint up or down according to the distance of a given target (or just \"aim-off to compensate).",
"Went to Air Force sniper school. You constantly have to change the two dials on the scope. 1 is for wind age left to right. The elevation knob is for up and down. When you change these dials you don't see the cross hairs move. You have to determine where the bullet is hitting by having a spotter. The spotter has a big spotting scope and focuses it so that it is a bit blurry. What this does is so when the sniper fires he sees the trace of the bullet. The trace looks like that blurry waves you see in the desert or when you pour gas. Where that trace ends is where the bullet hit. When you go to take your first shoot there is something called cold bore. That is because your first shot will be off compared to the rest of your shots due to the barrel heating up. To figure out how to be accurate in those types of weather conditions and with cold bore we use a book called a dope book. A dope book keeps track of the weather conditions you fire in. Along with the conditions it has the number of clicks of the dials you had for the shots. Ex. If you are in a desert environment and you've trained there you will already know what clicks you need to set to be accurate at that distance. Finally when viewing through the scope the tick marks are for us to determine how far away you are from us. It's really accurate once you know the math formula.\n\nEdit: \n-Yes the Air Force has a very intense sniper school that is called CPEC- Close Precision Engagement Course.\n\n\n-In order to go to the school you have to be Security Forces Military Police qualify expert on the M4.\n\n\n-When you are in the school the range has metal targets that our the outline of a person from the shoulders up. That is how you know that you hit the target because it makes a ping noise. Also during the course you have a spotter that is looking through the scope watching for the trace to see if you hit the target and he is the one that gives you adjustments for windage and elevation.\n\n",
"They're calibrated to line up. \n\nThis is why with precise, long distance shots the sniper/shooter will actually change the angle of the scope to account for bullet drop over distance, head/tail or side winds, whether s/he is above the target aiming down or below aiming up, etc. \n\nBeing a sniper means you got to be good at mental math and distance judging, or have a spotter who is. ",
"Line of sight and line of bore... You have to understand that the bullet flies like a football, just really long and really fast. Bullets do not provide any lift. A rifle is a machine with which to throw metal balls, as I believe Mr. Colt put it. So the elevation adjustments on the scope change the range at which the line of sight and line of bore meet. ",
"For my .270, this is my ballistics chart for different ranges:\n\nDistance (yds) |\tBullet speed (f/s) |\tVert. Holdover (inch)\t\n:-:|:-:|:-:\n100.0 |\t2649.9 |\t-1.50\n200.0 |\t2510.2 |\t0.00\n300.0 |\t2375.3 |\t7.01\n400.0 |\t2245.1\t| 20.20\n500.0 |\t2119.1\t| 40.28\n600.0 |\t1998.0 |\t68.11\n700.0\t| 1881.2\t |104.65\n800.0 |\t1768.7 |\t151.02\n\nYou can see that I have it zeroed at 200 yards. Because of the arc of the bullet, I have to aim low at 100 yards. You can also see how high I have to aim at further distances. My scope has an elevation knob I can turn to dial my cross hair exactly to where the hold over nerds to be, and windage (left to right), but I omitted it from the table. ",
"Gun barrels are \"zeroed\" to distances. The shooter sees a straight line, but barrels shoot in an arc. And magically, that arc drops to the zero distance... at the crosshairs! ",
"The rifle shoots where it shoots, the scope is just an optic that you can see through and adjust so the impact of the round lands on your cross hairs.",
"there is a very slight difference between where the scope is pointing at and where the barrel is.\n\nthis basically makes no difference unless it's like a mile away.",
"To add in what others have said. A typical rifleman in the Marine Corps will sight his rifle at 36 yards and it will be on point at 300 also. \n\nAny rounds before 300 will hit a few inches above the sight, and anything after will hit below the sight. You adjust your sights according to the range of your target. \n\n\nShooting is a science. Snipers take that science to the nth degree ",
"Not reading though all this but here is how simple it is. \n\nGo put a scope on a rifle. Put the rifle in a rest that secures it in place (this ensures the barrel will remain steady regardless of what you do). \n\nNow fire a bullet. \n\nWhere is the hole??? where is the hole? Find the hole ....Since the rifle is in a fixed position ...you adjust the scope until the cross hairs are on the impact point. \n\nSimple right? \n\nAnd this is why shooting takes a lot of skill Sights and scopes can only be zeroed for a specific range because bullets follow an arc so the shooter has to be aware of this and either know how to adjust their scope on the fly, OR change their point of aim \n\nTHIS picture shows a laser sight mounted on a pistol, and shows the axis of the barrel, and the laser sight. Where the two lines converge = the ZERO \n\nTo change the zero you simply adjust the axis of the Sight. \n\n_URL_0_",
"He sniper adjusts the scope, it almost never points parallel to the barrel. If there is a cross wind that goes right to left then he adjusts the scope to point to the left, so that the barrel points into the wind, and when he shoots the wind blows the bullet to where the snipe wants it to go. He has to take into acount range, wind, angle, up drafts, and all sorts of stuff.",
"Most gun scopes are angled so that there's a slight intersect. \n\nBut in the case of sniper rifles, you actually almost NEVER have the target in your scope when you make the actual shot. Because at the kind of ranges where snipers are used, by the time the bullet gets there it's veered off course due to wind, rotation, all kinds of other factors. Sometimes even the Coriolis effect comes into play. (That being the rotation of the earth affects the path of the bullet)"
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||
4vabua
|
why does our government use email?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4vabua/eli5_why_does_our_government_use_email/
|
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"Because email is faster than sending a memo or letter, and it allows for disjointed communications so that people do not have to have free time at the same time like phone calls do. No there is not a better way. \n\nAlso e-mails do not \"bounce\" places as you seem to think. Particularly when they are secured private e-mail systems like the government is suppose to use. ",
" > why the government doesn't use something more proprietary to communicate with people inside and outside of the organization?\n\nIt does. It's called... e-mail. Before the Internet was the Internet, it was the ARPNET, a state-of-the-art communications network used by the government. Most of the protocols we use today (including e-mail, which is based on SMTP) were developed them.\n\nOver time, ARPANET expanded and it (and all of its protocols) became open for use by the public."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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||
3uboo0
|
why are russia and america still enemies (or at least adversaries) 25 years after the cold war supposedly ended?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3uboo0/eli5_why_are_russia_and_america_still_enemies_or/
|
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"text": [
"Because it did not really end. \n\nRussia is still our primary rival economically and militarily and we still have conflicting interests internationally. ",
"(Russians) Besides the obvious personal ambitions of the politicians, even the general people thrive on the whole \"we are the strongest, best, most powerful\" attitude. They thrive on this every moment of the day even though things are crumbling around them. They truly believe that they are the rightful emperors of the world. Is it good/bad? That's not the point. They'll see anybody as a rival until they feel they are at the top. (Source: Been around Russian friends in college) (I have never seen any Russians trying to pull any sort of macho-me-superior-you-inferior-bs)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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||
2x1edl
|
saw this pic on r/pics. what would cause the water to freeze in this pyramid shape?
|
_URL_0_
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2x1edl/eli5_saw_this_pic_on_rpics_what_would_cause_the/
|
{
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"text": [
"Those are ice crystals. The atomic structure of water defines the angles of the crystals which form, depending on the repeating pattern which is stable at that temperature and pressure."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://i.imgur.com/WwudSfM.jpg"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
3g7vmd
|
what does fluoride actually do to our bodies in small and large amounts?
|
The studies of older times that showed cancer rate hikes seem to only apply to people living in areas with fluoridated water, which seems like high intakes compared to what we intake through toothpaste use. [There are also recent studies](_URL_0_) showing differences in IQ in children when comparing fluoridated water areas.
But I'm interested in the chemical reactions that happen inside the body. What does fluoride do? Can it pass straight through the body? If it remains in the body, what can happen to it?
If there is any other relevant information that someone believes fits the current context, I'd love to have that explained on a simple level too! Thanks in advance! :D
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3g7vmd/eli5what_does_fluoride_actually_do_to_our_bodies/
|
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"text": [
"Just a clarification: the study that you linked to is looking at areas with high fluoride content in their water supply such occurs naturally, not fluoridated city water supplies."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-mercola/fluoride_b_2479833.html"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
3kgnqv
|
why do so many vegetables taste sweeter when uncooked?
|
So many vegetables like bell peppers, peas, corn, beans taste so much sweeter and more full of flavor when raw and when they become cooked they seem to lose that sweetness. Is this only something I notice? If it is true why is it happening?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3kgnqv/eli5why_do_so_many_vegetables_taste_sweeter_when/
|
{
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"text": [
"Sometimes certain flavor chemicals change composition during cooking, but most of the time it's just that cooking makes most flavors dissolve in to water.\n\nBy using broth that is already full of dissolved molecules, a lot more flavors can stay inside the vegetables thereby retaining some of the original flavor. The scientific description for this is using a cooking agent that has a high osmolality."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
5pzlo5
|
school vouchers, school choice, and possible effects on public and private education.
|
Who gets a voucher? How is this decided? Do the vouchers cover the entire cost of school for all children in a family? How are we going to cover the cost of these vouchers? What do vouchers mean for public education? What do they mean for private education?
All I keep hearing are the words "school voucher" and "school choice", but I have not heard anything of how they will be implemented.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5pzlo5/eli5_school_vouchers_school_choice_and_possible/
|
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"text": [
"Some places already do it, but generally what happens is the town/your locality is already running public schools, and they just take the cost of public school and divide it by the the students to get a dollar figure per student, if your child is eligible to go to public school (right age) then they would be spending that money to fund the school to teach your child, vouchers is just the town giving you the option of paying a private school of your choice that money instead of the public school. The benefit for you is if you want to send your kid to private school, that $30k/yr school, well public school is probably $10k/yr, so you get to subtract $10k/yr from what you owe.\n\nThe downside is that $10k/yr is coming out of the public schools budget, due to economies of scale it's probably not right to say your share of the cost is what you get, and in the end that $10k/yr which is paid for by local taxes is most likely getting spent on Catholic school, should your tax dollars go to a religious institution? What about if it's a crappy school (think of all the stuff with the for-profit colleges and how many take money for a crappy education).\n\nIn the end, vouchers is mostly taking money from public schools, reducing the quality of education so the rich can get a discount on their private school. The poor can't use them to send their kids to private school because it private school is just so much more than public school they'd have a bill they can't afford with or without vouchers, so it's not a legitimate choice they get from it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3ix0z9
|
why do tv channels often show feature films twice in a row?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ix0z9/eli5_why_do_tv_channels_often_show_feature_films/
|
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"People will come in partway though the movie, watch it to the end, and then want to watch the beginning to see what they missed.\n\nThis honestly sounds like one of the things I'm going to be asked about by my grandchildren when they ask me questions about the ancient days of the 20th century...",
"To accommodate viewers in different time zones. ",
"Unlike your local broadcast channels (ABC, CBS, NBC, etc.) which are tied to your local timezone, the national cable channels show the same thing to the entire country at the same time. For example, a show that starts at 8:00pm on the East coast is simultaneously starting at 5:00pm on the West coast. They repeat the show so viewers on the West coast can see it during their prime time."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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||
p1fwo
|
new google terms of service.
|
Google has been spamming my e-mail and such about some new terms of service that apparently very important. Can someone take all the smoke and mirrors out of this and tell me what it really means for us?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/p1fwo/eli5_new_google_terms_of_service/
|
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"text": [
"60 TOS -- > 1 TOS\n\nedited for elaboration.",
"It's simple. They took ~60 Terms of Services (each with it's own nuances) and combined them into a single Terms of Service. What it means for a user is that instead of not reading 60 things, they'll not read 1 thing.",
"The only significant change is that your use of any Google service is now centrally mined. Previously, you had the option to disconnect your various service accounts from your main profile; that's now been removed."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
25q6gl
|
how many wars are the us currently in, with whom and why?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/25q6gl/eli5_how_many_wars_are_the_us_currently_in_with/
|
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"It really depends on how you define \"war\".\n\nIf you want to go by locations where troops are stationed and receive imminent danger pay and combat-zone tax relief, here is a list as of 2013:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nThere were several changes made in 2014 but this is a pretty good list to give an idea of where the US military is stationed.",
"My count is 4. Others will differ and it can definitely be debated. Korea was never ended just a ceasefire so technically that is still ongoing. We have an ongoing conflict in Colombia that is alternatively referred to as a Drug War and such but is definitely a war imo. There is the LRA in Africa with Kony that we are technically a part of that is an ongoing war.\n\nAnd then there is the GWOT or Global War on Terror. This includes Iraq & Afghanistan as well as operations in northern Pakistan other parts of the world. It basically is a PC term for \"military operations against Islamic Extremists on planet Earth.\"",
"One\n\nThe Global War on Terror which was authorized by S.J. Res. 23 on September 14, 2001\n\n(a) IN GENERAL- **That the President is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons.**\n\n(b) War Powers Resolution Requirements-\n\n(1) SPECIFIC STATUTORY AUTHORIZATION- Consistent with section 8(a)(1) of the War Powers Resolution, the Congress declares that this section is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution.\n\n(2) APPLICABILITY OF OTHER REQUIREMENTS- Nothing in this resolution supersedes any requirement of the War Powers Resolution."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://projects.militarytimes.com/pay-charts/2013/imminent-danger/"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
1snd00
|
how diesel/gas generators create electricity.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1snd00/eli5_how_dieselgas_generators_create_electricity/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cdzabso",
"cdzal7g"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"So electricity can be generated in many ways. The most popular method is by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. So in essence, converting motion into electricity, such as turning a crank or spinning a turbine.\n\nA diesel generator is basically a diesel engine combined with an electrical generator, like a dynamo or alternator. The diesel engine converts diesel fuel into mechanical energy, and that mechanical energy is then converted into electrical energy by the dynamo or alternator.",
"They burn the fuel to turn a shaft, just like a car engine. The shaft turns an elective generator which converts the rotation into electricity"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3ru4w8
|
what does "good posture" actually do, if anything?
|
And what defines good posture, or what posture is good?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ru4w8/eli5_what_does_good_posture_actually_do_if/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cwrcz2g",
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],
"score": [
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10,
2,
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41,
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"text": [
"Good posture can actually increase self esteem significantly, and is good for the back. (E.g. the superman pose which helps boost confidence when nervous)",
"Prevents strain on your neck and back which is easier to get the older you get. Good posture will train your body to maintain that posture and help you in the long run. Also good posture while standing or sitting shows confidence in yourself even if you're not trying to. ",
"it is more about what bad posture does. bad posture puts pressure on areas that are not really designed for it. There has been a massive increase in teens going to neck and spine specialists with 'text neck' that causes chronic pain and lack of movement. \n\ngood posture simply places the load on the areas designed to carry it and keeps you pain free",
"Good posture lessens the strain on your back and improves lung volume. It also relaxes you and helps you feel more at ease. ",
"In regards to physical posture, it's hugely important for the development of your spine as you grow up and how it fares later on in life.\n\nI suffer from scoliosis (an s-like twist in my spine that I got from awful posture and growth spurts) and it's had an incredibly detrimental effect on my competitive swimming and my everyday life.\n\nI developed it because my posture when playing video games and just normally sitting was akin to the Hunchback of Notre Dame. \n\nI'm 18 and simply walking for too long can prove to disrupt my spinal cord and send me stumbling all over the place. Over exertion in swimming practice has caused me to pass out out of the blue without feeling any tiredness thanks to the interruptions and I frequently loose feeling in my legs. \n\nI hope I've given you a sense of just how important good posture really is! Don't make my mistakes and develop the back of an eighty year old this early on.",
"Generally, bad posture affects your spine usually as a result of how it changes your muscles. \n\nWhen you're constantly hunched over, like when you're playing video games on the computer, you shorten your pec muscles (pectoralis major and minor), as well as some of your neck extensor muscles. On the flip-side, you also lengthen some of the muscles on your back, like your rhomboid muscles and middle trapezius muscle, as well as your neck flexor muscles.\n\nThese changes in muscle length can facilitate a change in their efficiency during contractions. For most muscles, there's generally a specific length at which the force of contraction for a muscle is most efficient. It's easier to think of this force of contraction idea by using your bicep as an example. At 90 degrees of bicep flexion (like this letter L), your bicep has the greatest potential to generate the most torque. The capacity to generate torque is reduced if the biceps is either further lengthened or shortened from this 90 degree position. \n\nThe same idea applies to the muscles I mentioned earlier. Placing those muscles in a lengthened or shortened state away from their neutral position will make them weaker because you're taking away the position from where they can maximize their contraction efficiency. \n\nSo, all-in-all, having good posture can maintain the efficiency of those muscles!\n\n\n",
"Basically, you have a skeletal system. This goes up from your feet to your pelvis, spine, and skull. If you line them all up perfectly, so that the skull rests precisely above the spine, the spine directly above the pelvis, the pelvis on the feet, then the whole weight of your body will be borne by the ground, in the same way the steel beams of a skyscraper keep it from collapsing into the ground without any effort or exhaustion on the part of the skyscraper. This is the most efficient and least tiring way to stand/sit/whatever. \n\nHowever, your bones, and especially your spine, are *not* rigid, because if they were that wouldn't be very useful, would it? So as efficient as this directly-stacked skeletal configuration is, you do still need muscles to give it a little push to keep it still. The \"core\" muscles around your spine are especially important. The problem some people have is that their core muscles aren't even strong enough to keep their spines lined up, or at least not for very long. So they move from the \"good\" posture (the one where the skeleton supports all the weight of the body) to a bad posture, where they are slouched over in a way that doesn't require the core muscles to keep the spine straight, but puts huge forces on specific muscles/joints/tendons that aren't meant to bear that kind of stress. The result is sore tendons and muscles. (Imagine you were having trouble holding a really heavy box, and you were worried you were so tired you were going to drop it, so you passed it to someone else... and the only one to pass it to was a toddler. He is going to get even more tired and is even more likely to hurt himself!) But these sorts of positions become habitual as nerves grow/adapt to try to make that position more comfortable and \"natural\", which means that it makes the healthier positions harder to get into. That tires your back out even more while letting your core muscles get weak. So you feel awful, you have low endurance for all sorts of tasks, and you begin to habitually walk and seat in an unnatural way that looks unattractive simply because healthy people normally adopt the \"good\" posture. But if you work to strengthen your core muscles it will become easier and easier to adopt the good posture, and it will become habitual again.\n\nMake sense?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3148fn
|
why do vitamin pills smell so awful?
|
Most tubs of supposedly healthy vitamins or other supplements stink when you take the lid off. Why?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3148fn/eli5_why_do_vitamin_pills_smell_so_awful/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpya70t",
"cpyh722",
"cpyhogx",
"cpylgm7"
],
"score": [
11,
4,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"What all is on the label?\n\nMost vitamins don't smell too bad by themselves. Some things, like Choline or L-Carnitine have a pungent fishy smell. As do any omega 3/6/9 products, even plant derived ones. Any fruit/vegetable powders in it?",
"I take multi vitamins and it makes my pee smell funny. I'm not the only one am I?",
"Biotin, thiamin (B1), and selenium are usually in multivitamins. Sulphur compounds are rank even in tiny amounts.",
"Because a lot of the compounds you're taking smell, or have to be stabilized or accompanied by compounds that smell.\n\nFor instance, thiamine (vitamin B1) smells like sweat socks. Some multivitamins have hydrogen sulfide, which is a bit skunky or like a rotten egg.\n\nTo contain the smells most multivitamins have a thin coating, but it's not going to be completely impermeable, it's only designed to shield you from the smell long enough to swallow. Sitting in the jar for a long time, however, the smells will permeate and collect until you open it and vent it. Also, as the pills get knocked around the coating can get chipped off."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
kkl9e
|
fingerprints
|
How are they formed? Why are they all different? Why dont they change? Anything else on the matter is great.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/kkl9e/eli5_fingerprints/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c2l0e4x",
"c2l0e4x"
],
"score": [
5,
5
],
"text": [
"Fingerprints are formed during foetal development, when the skin of your fingers are just starting to grow. The fingers grow _volar pads_, which assert pressure on the developing skin. As a result, you get these contours that follow the pressure gradients. Since pressure is a function of foetal environment (both within the body and outside), genetically identical people can have different finger prints.\n\nUltimately the friction ridges that make up your fingerprint pattern is dictated by the dermal papillae - these are ridges between your epidermis (the outermost layer of skin) and the dermis (the layer below). Your skin divides in the _basal layer_ (the lowest layer of the epidermis), so skin cell reproduction is above the dermal ridges, so they follow the pattern laid out already. Damages to your skin deep enough to hurt the dermis can lead to scarring and permanent changes to your fingerprint.\n\nThis is how one can recover fingerprints from dead bodies that are damaged (by fire, or by being in water too long) - you can remove the epidermis layer entirely and take a fingerprint of the ridges in the dermis.",
"Fingerprints are formed during foetal development, when the skin of your fingers are just starting to grow. The fingers grow _volar pads_, which assert pressure on the developing skin. As a result, you get these contours that follow the pressure gradients. Since pressure is a function of foetal environment (both within the body and outside), genetically identical people can have different finger prints.\n\nUltimately the friction ridges that make up your fingerprint pattern is dictated by the dermal papillae - these are ridges between your epidermis (the outermost layer of skin) and the dermis (the layer below). Your skin divides in the _basal layer_ (the lowest layer of the epidermis), so skin cell reproduction is above the dermal ridges, so they follow the pattern laid out already. Damages to your skin deep enough to hurt the dermis can lead to scarring and permanent changes to your fingerprint.\n\nThis is how one can recover fingerprints from dead bodies that are damaged (by fire, or by being in water too long) - you can remove the epidermis layer entirely and take a fingerprint of the ridges in the dermis."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
daa3mn
|
why does cycling, as a sport, and russia, as a country, have such a big issue with doping?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/daa3mn/eli5_why_does_cycling_as_a_sport_and_russia_as_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f1oc205"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"The real reason is that they do a lot of testing. (talking about cycling, not russia). Most major sports (soccer, football, hockey etc) have comparatively minimal testing, which is fairly easy to beat if you know what you're doing. Cycling appears to have a doping problem because they choose to expose it, rather than turning a blind eye. A good example would be the UFC, which used to use in competition testing only. Once they began using USADA, dozens of fighters tested positive of saw reduced performance."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
4fpp5g
|
why have some civilizations developed into modern societies while others haven't?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4fpp5g/eli5_why_have_some_civilizations_developed_into/
|
{
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"d2ax6ss",
"d2axj65",
"d2ay7pb"
],
"score": [
5,
3,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Most people copy ideas. If the tribe A comes up with a good idea, then tribe B next door will copy it. Or tribe A's good idea may make it powerful enough to conquer tribe B and force them to adopt their idea.\n\nIsolated communities may not be exposed to outsiders' ideas (like modern technology) so they don't copy them like most other groups.\n\nSecondly, some areas aren't well-suited to a modern lifestyle. Some areas aren't suitable for agriculture (like the Arctic) so hunting and gathering is the most viable way to survive.",
"You need to watch \"Guns,Germs and Steel\". It's a National Geographic documentary that explains your question.\n_URL_0_",
"few things:\n\n- agriculture\n\n- avaiability of farm animals [cgp video about it](_URL_1_)\n\n- \"luck\"\n\nwatch [viedeos by Crash curse](_URL_0_)",
"I would say it fundamentally comes down to farming and safe water supply. \n\nThere could be a brain greater than Einstein's somewhere out there; but if that person happens to live in a society which does not have a surplus of food/water then that person is going to be spending their day trying to feed themselves/family rather than working on a Grand Unified Theory."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwZ4s8Fsv94&list=PLhzqSO983AmHwWvGwccC46gs0SNObwnZX"
],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNjasccl-WajpONGX3zoY4M",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wOmjnioNulo"
],
[]
] |
||
9sab1j
|
at what point in history did business cycle start happening and can we permanently stop this cycle
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9sab1j/eli5_at_what_point_in_history_did_business_cycle/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e8nd0jk"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The business cycle was official recognized as a term in 1946. It's existence in modern form stems to the dawn of modern economic theory, to which there's no good start date. Adam Smith is one possible landmark, or you can go back further to the dawn of the industrial age or even just the banking revolutions in Holland.\n\n---\n\nThe best way to permanently stop this cycle would be to stop modern economic activity. Causing mass destruction of the world via nuclear bombs, for instance, would be a good way to stop it.\n\nWith no functioning modern economies, the cycle wouldn't exist. You don't have to kill all humans, just cause enough destruction to disrupt economic activity."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
28o7r7
|
why are there so many 3rd party amazon sellers that charge far too much that anyone would ever buy it?
|
Is it a front, bad algorithms or something else?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/28o7r7/eli5_why_are_there_so_many_3rd_party_amazon/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cicszj8"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"I've seen this, too. My best guess is that they're using Amazon to launder money or something illicit like that."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
6nf46x
|
how does my sugar free peanut butter tastes exactly the same , compared to the one with sugar content in it
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6nf46x/eli5how_does_my_sugar_free_peanut_butter_tastes/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dk8zhdv"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Because it's probably full of artificial sweeteners instead of sugar. Since peanuts have a strong flavour (compared to sugar especially), it's likely that you wouldn't be able to discern the difference between sugar and sweeteners in your peanut butter, and just get the sweetness from each. So the two likely taste very similar. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
58esp7
|
why can't the government impose a fixed income tax percentage?
|
I know I'm paying a fairly high percentage. Why do the people with the most money end up paying so little income tax? Or is this just a media misconception?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/58esp7/eli5_why_cant_the_government_impose_a_fixed/
|
{
"a_id": [
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"d90n3s7"
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"score": [
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5,
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2,
2,
2,
2,
2
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"text": [
"Because they are able to take advantage of tax breaks and also split up their income into smaller amounts and either get taxed less on those amounts, or not at all. \n\nNormally, higher income individuals will pay their high rate of tax. Super wealthy people can hire specialists to oversee their finances and take advantage of breaks and loopholes that normal high earners wouldn't have access to",
"Poor people spend most to all their money on the economy and even 40 percent of their wage doesn't do anything for tax revenue. While many wealthier people don't even make a substantial income because their wealth is based off of capital gains(your money makes money for you). You can do it but it's unfairly taxing the poor and lowering the tax revenue. It makes more sense to have a tiered system of income tax and have it top at no more than 50 as that is by most people's definition too much. \n",
"Sometimes people with wealth may not have much income, so there is little tax to pay. Also, capital gains tax is paid on investment income and is usually paid at a lower percentage. There are also tax free investments, like some bonds, which obviously reduce the amount.\n\nTo say that those that are in the higher percentages of earners pay less is not correct. The top 1% pay approximately 20% of income tax and the bottom 47% pay none.",
"The simple answer is that if the government imposed a flat tax, the taxes of the poor and middle-class would rise substantially.\n\nDespite all the tax breaks and schemes that are used to avoid taxes, the rich actually do pay most of the taxes in the current progressive system.",
"The government could do so - and some members have advocated a flat tax - but has not been convinced to do so.\n\nanongamerjack correctly highlighted the issue of capital gains. Warren Buffet is a prominent rich person who has pointed out that his secretary is taxed at a higher rate than he is because it is her salaried income that is taxed while his wealth is generated in other ways. He doesn't think that's fair and - though it would mean he keeps less money - advocates raising taxes on folks like him.\n\nBeyond this, many people find a flat tax regressive. That is to say that it harms the poor more than it harms the rich. Let's say that the flat tax rate is 10%. If you make $1,000 a month, you're down to $900 to cover all of your expenses, put something away for a rainy day, and maybe have a little fun - good luck. If you make $100,000 a month, you're down to $90,000 for the same purposes - no problem whatsoever. Total gain to the government = $10,100. But if you don't bother taxing the poor person while taxing the rich person at a rate of 20%, the poor person has a little better chance at getting out of poverty and the rich person is down to $80,000. Which is still no problem. And the government has got $20,000 it can use (hopefully to spend on programs that benefit poor and rich alike - though that might be a pipe dream).",
"You seem to be under the illusion that you'll pay a lower tax rate with a flat tax. You won't. The idea that people aren't paying taxes above or below your personal tax bracket is laughable.\n\n1. Poor people are spending a larger ratio of their Total Net Value on taxes than richer people. A flat tax would make that disparity even greater.\n\n2. Rich people are paying a bunch of taxes too, but setting a flat tax would result in less taxes paid. They may pay a smaller percentage concerning capital gains, etc, but the total value per person is much higher.\n\n3. In the United States the highest marginal rate was about 40%. That is only if you make $400k+. This is low compared to more socialist countries, but in return we don't cover healthcare, or various other benefits. If you make $50k your rate is roughly 25%. At $25k it is 15%.",
"The US taxes income and not wealth (mostly). If you control a large amount of wealth you have a lot of options on when and how to have income. If you are working for wages you have almost no options for how and when to recognize income, and therefore have few options in avoiding tax.\n\nIt is a misconception that high wage earners do not pay a lot in taxes. They pay the most in taxes, but they are not the .1% who really own most of the wealth. They are the doctors, lawyers, and successful business owners who may make $400k - $1M per year but probably have less than $10M in assets.",
"It depends. Those with extremely high incomes often have revenue streams from liquidating some stock options, or bonds, capital gains, investments and so on. Which are all taxes lower than high income. \n\nA standard six figure earner is still going to be paying a hell of a lot in taxes. \n\nIt's the ultra rich who either have a different type of income, or can hire accountants that know all of the legal tax loopholes that can be used to avoid paying as many taxes as possible. \n\nPersonally I think the overall tax rates should be significantly lowered for everyone, **however** I think the tax system should be completely overhauled to be simple and straightforward, with absolutely no loopholes. No credits, no deductions. No filing types. No income types (besides gifts and inheritance which wouldn't be taxed). \n\nThis way, the burdened is lowered for everyone, but no one can wiggle out of it unfairly. ",
"It is definitely possible. In fact, that's what the [Buffett Rule](_URL_0_) is. Normal income is taxed at ~30%, while capital gains and carried interest are taxed ~15%.\n\nSo if a wealthy person made all their money in salary, then they would be taxed like anyone else on a salary. But most wealthy people are paid that way. CEO's are paid in a combination of salary and stock/options which are taxed at capital gains, and private equity/hedge fund guys make the bulk of their money through carried interest, which is when they take a percentage of the returns they make.\n\nAlso should note that capital gains applies to the gain made on the sale of something, such as stocks, real estate, etc. So if I buy $100k of stocks, and sell them for $120k, capital gains tax would apply for $20k.\n\nThey will argue that these lower rates are necessary to \"incentivize\" them to invest, otherwise they will exit the market and companies and entrepreneurs won't be able to access the capital they need to start and expand businesses. Critics say that investing is already a lucrative business and an increase in the tax rate will have a minimal impact on investment decisions as long as it's at a \"reasonable\" rate.\n\nAlso, there's an argument that capital gains tax is appropriately low because the money is \"taxed twice.\" Income is considered an operating expense, so a company can use its revenue to pay for it before taxes. However, if the company pays out a dividend, that comes out of its after-tax profit. So if a company makes $100 profit, and it's taxed at 30% so it now has $70 after tax profit. To pay a dividend, it would then need to pay another 15% tax on that. Now whether this low tax on dividends has any economic value is hotly debated, but this is the double tax argument.\n\nThere's also lots of deductions, like charitable giving, etc. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffett_Rule"
]
] |
|
2rt9pg
|
how do aux cords work?
|
How does an aux cord get music from my phone to my headphones/earbuds?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rt9pg/eli5_how_do_aux_cords_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnj1syl",
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],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Your phone converts the digital files to analog, those signals connect to the headphone jack, travel up the cable, and the magnets in the speakers play the music accordingly.",
"Your phone stores the music in memory as a stream of binary information which describes the sound waves in the given music (or indeed any noise stored on a phone). \n\nThese digital bits are then converted into variations in an electric current that gets sent through the headphone set (or are tranmitted (e.g via bluetooth) as digital bits, and then the headphone set itself does the work in converting, for the case of wireless headphones).\n\nThis varying current will cause the electromagnets in your headphones to move the speakers back and forth in order to mimic the sound waves which were originally captured in the recording, thereby recreating the music."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1smmw0
|
dual core , quad core , octa core , what does it really mean ?
|
What do cores indicate basically ? And how does having a more - 'cored' CPU affect a computers performace ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1smmw0/eli5dual_core_quad_core_octa_core_what_does_it/
|
{
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"cdz2lq9",
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3,
18,
2
],
"text": [
"The higher the performance of your CPU, the more heat it will generate.\nBecause of this we hit a bump a few years back at around 4 gHz where things were jsut getting to hot if we increase the performance.\nTherefor we started making dual core CPU's which basicaly functions as 2 CPU's at 3 gHz or whatever. so you can have an effectivness upwards of 6 gHz depending on the program you ran.\n\nAgain a Quad core means you have 4x the performance of your CPU's gHz.\nThe downside to this is that far from all programs support Dual, Quad and etc. so say you have a Quad core with 3 gHz performance, but your program only support a single core. That way you will never be able to perform higher then 3 gHz even though you have the potential of 12. However you will be able to let a different core handle all the background stuff like your OS and that\n\nTL:DR more cores more power",
"Your computer's CPU (central processing unit) can only do one thing at a time. Before multicore processors, when your computer was performing several tasks at the same time, it would actually alternate between them - let one program run for 1 millisecond (or some other interval), pause it, switch to another program, let it run for 1 millisecond, pause it, switch to another program, and so on. Because everything is done very quickly, you hardly notice it and it seems like everything is happening at the same time.\n\nOver the years processors became faster and faster. The problem is that it's getting harder and harder to make them faster, and also they generate more heat that way. So the solution is to simply have more than one CPU. If you have two CPUs in your computer, it could perform two tasks at once - for real, instead of having to alternate between them.\n\nA multi-core processor is just that. It's a processor which contains several cores, each of them can perform tasks independently from the others. So if you have a Quad-Core processor, you can perform 4 tasks at the same time, potentially multiplying your computer's speed by 4.\n\nWhy potentially? Suppose your computer is performing one, very heavy calculation. Unless there is a way to split this calculation into 4 independent tasks which will be assigned to each of the cores, your computer will have to execute it on one core, and you won't get the benefit of having a multicore processor (except that the 3 other cores will be free to perform other tasks in your computer).",
"A CPU is nothing more than an extremely powerful and fast calculator.\n\nThe \"brain\" of a CPU is something called an arithmetic logic unit, or ALU. This is essentially a binary adding machine constructed of transistors; pass in some binary numbers as electrical signals, and a signal representing their sum (or difference/product/etc) emerges from the other side.\n\nA modern CPU will usually contain multiple ALUs, since some operations require nonstop streams of operations in order to work correctly, and tying up the only ALU on the chip would slow things down. In addition to the ALU, plenty of circuitry is needed to keep a steady stream of numbers flowing into the ALU and to redirect the answer into a useful place. Together, this network of circuitry is called a processing core; it can read in simple instructions described with binary numbers in a specific format and produce the desired result.\n\nOne thing about the ALU is that, like most physical machines, it can do only one thing at a time. Let's say I have a list of 4000 random numbers stored in memory and I'd like to add 3 to all of them. How can my processor do this? It can grab each one out of memory, add 3 to it, and then put it back where it was. That's really about the only choice it has. This takes 12000 steps; 4000 loads (reading from memory), 4000 adds, and 4000 stores (replacing the result in memory).\n\nWhat if I had *four* processor cores instead of one? While ultimately all 12000 of those steps still have to happen somehow, I can squeeze each group of 4 steps into one \"meta-step\": each core operates more or less independently (I'll talk about why they're not fully independent) so I effectively can do four load-add-store blocks at one time. So even though I do 12000 steps, it takes the time of just 3000 steps.\n\nAs I said above, the cores are not totally independent; namely they must be able to decide which core will handle which tasks. There is some thinking that goes on between the cores, and this takes some time. The example I gave has a pretty obvious division of labor among the cores, but definitely not every task is like that. So in practice, a four core machine is not four times faster than a one core machine. If the instructions being sent into the machine have no meaningful way to use more than one core (or if they were written by a programmer to only take advantage of one core), it may not be faster at all."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
kcm0a
|
moral relativism
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/kcm0a/eli5_moral_relativism/
|
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"How do we best answer the question 'what is moral?' Many people would say that religious belief determines correct action. But since this religious belief is based on faith or subjective feelings many people find this claim unsatisfying. Further, almost everyone would object to this if it is someone else' religion that is determinative of morality. \n\nSome people think that moral truths can be determined like truths in physics or chemistry, by examining some kind of evidence. Maybe the universe we live in has a moral component that we can know about through observation or logical reasoning. Then we could know moral laws in the same way we know scientific truths. This is the basic idea of 'natural law.'\n\nMany people, though, would be critical of the concept of natural law. As far as can be observed, it seems that nature itself is indifferent to any conception of morality. The successes and failures of individuals are not contingent on their adherence to any moral belief; often people who might seem to us to be good suffer and wicked individuals prosper. But then again, it seems that the wicked often suffer as well, and in all cases these results are explicable without regard to any moral force in nature. There is really no positive evidence to suggest that nature has any moral component.\n\nWe know that ideas about morality exist though, so how can we explain that? Moral ideas don't seem to exist beyond human thought and society, and groups of people have had highly diverse and conflicting ideas about what morality is. This being the case, perhaps it is best understood as a product of human thought and social interaction. If this is the case though, no morality is intrinsically 'better' or 'worse' than any other. We might have preferences as individuals, and others might have conflicting preferences, but we can't determine who is 'right' because moral concepts have no natural validity. There is no universal standard outside of those proposed by people. \n\nSo we cannot say that any given act is, in itself, moral or immoral, only that it will be judged in some way by alternate moral systems that humans have devised. If some person or group acts in ways we find abhorrent, say they commit human sacrifices or child molestation, then we cannot 'prove' the superiority of our moral judgments. Then again, this imagined group might believe these actions are correct, and that our choices are immoral, and they would be no more able to demonstrate an external basis for these claims than we were.\n\nTLDR; morality doesn't exist outside of people's ideas about what is right/wrong, and these ideas are naturalistically unjustifiable.",
"There are some things, like murder, that just about everyone believes are wrong.\n\nThere are others, like abortion or homosexuality, that people disagree on.\n\nSome people believe in absolute morality, that something is either right or it is wrong, because that is they way the universe works. Usually they say morality comes from religion.\n\nOther people believe in relative morality. They say morality depends on the culture and society you are in, and what was right for nomadic wanderers 3000 years ago might not be right for the rich and technologically advanced society of today.",
"How do we best answer the question 'what is moral?' Many people would say that religious belief determines correct action. But since this religious belief is based on faith or subjective feelings many people find this claim unsatisfying. Further, almost everyone would object to this if it is someone else' religion that is determinative of morality. \n\nSome people think that moral truths can be determined like truths in physics or chemistry, by examining some kind of evidence. Maybe the universe we live in has a moral component that we can know about through observation or logical reasoning. Then we could know moral laws in the same way we know scientific truths. This is the basic idea of 'natural law.'\n\nMany people, though, would be critical of the concept of natural law. As far as can be observed, it seems that nature itself is indifferent to any conception of morality. The successes and failures of individuals are not contingent on their adherence to any moral belief; often people who might seem to us to be good suffer and wicked individuals prosper. But then again, it seems that the wicked often suffer as well, and in all cases these results are explicable without regard to any moral force in nature. There is really no positive evidence to suggest that nature has any moral component.\n\nWe know that ideas about morality exist though, so how can we explain that? Moral ideas don't seem to exist beyond human thought and society, and groups of people have had highly diverse and conflicting ideas about what morality is. This being the case, perhaps it is best understood as a product of human thought and social interaction. If this is the case though, no morality is intrinsically 'better' or 'worse' than any other. We might have preferences as individuals, and others might have conflicting preferences, but we can't determine who is 'right' because moral concepts have no natural validity. There is no universal standard outside of those proposed by people. \n\nSo we cannot say that any given act is, in itself, moral or immoral, only that it will be judged in some way by alternate moral systems that humans have devised. If some person or group acts in ways we find abhorrent, say they commit human sacrifices or child molestation, then we cannot 'prove' the superiority of our moral judgments. Then again, this imagined group might believe these actions are correct, and that our choices are immoral, and they would be no more able to demonstrate an external basis for these claims than we were.\n\nTLDR; morality doesn't exist outside of people's ideas about what is right/wrong, and these ideas are naturalistically unjustifiable.",
"There are some things, like murder, that just about everyone believes are wrong.\n\nThere are others, like abortion or homosexuality, that people disagree on.\n\nSome people believe in absolute morality, that something is either right or it is wrong, because that is they way the universe works. Usually they say morality comes from religion.\n\nOther people believe in relative morality. They say morality depends on the culture and society you are in, and what was right for nomadic wanderers 3000 years ago might not be right for the rich and technologically advanced society of today."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2dgnp3
|
what is happening physiologically when i wake up from being startled in a dream?
|
Had a dream last night in which I was lying in bed, and someone woke me up by grabbing my foot. I yelled in the dream, and woke up for real (no one was actually there, thankfully!). What causes this? Is it adrenaline?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dgnp3/eli5_what_is_happening_physiologically_when_i/
|
{
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"I remember reading about this once upon a time. It's something about how when you fall asleep, your body regulates your heart rate to fall drastically, and sometimes it happens when you're not fully asleep, so your body gives you a shot of adrenaline, to keep you alive, jolting you awake.",
"For a split second your body thinks the threat is real. One shot of epinephrine later and you wake up ready to kick ass ( or run ) \n\nAlthough you pretty quickly realize that the threat isn't real so you don't stay worked up of long "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
6kwgal
|
why do airlines serve drinks in such spill-prone cups?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6kwgal/eli5_why_do_airlines_serve_drinks_in_such/
|
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"It isn't terribly spillable. The only alternative design would be straight-up edges, which is harder and more expensive to produce, or a wide bottom narrow top, which is hard to drink from. Also in my experience the attendants don't fill the cup much beyond the halfway mark. You can always ask the attendant to fill yours a little less. ",
"Especially since most of the drinks are poured out of a can. Would it really cut into their profit margin that much if they just gave me the whole bottle of water or can of soda? And wouldn't they make at least some of that back in reduced labor costs/ plasic supplies, etc."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3w7vrn
|
why are gambling odds for things like boxing matches considered to be accurate?
|
You can't exactly quantify odds in boxing or whatnot like you can with a game of cards, and it would be in the bookmaker's favor to give shorter odds on the more unlikely fighter, or longer odds on the better fighter.
So, when looking at odds for things that can't be mathematically calculated, why are they considered to be accurate?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3w7vrn/eli5_why_are_gambling_odds_for_things_like_boxing/
|
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"The bookmaker doesn't care that they have accurate odds, they care that they make money no matter who wins the fight. The odds are set so that the side with more money wagered on it has shorter odds, such that no matter which fighter wins, the bookmaker takes in more money from the losing side than they pay out to the winning side.",
"The odds are **not** accurate in the sense that someone has \"X%\" of winning. The odds only reflect the amount of money taken in on a certain proposition.\n\nFor example, Back to the Future II contains a joke about betting on the Cubs to win the World Series and making a fortune. I can tell you as a Cubs fan and a regular Vegas gambler that those odds are never worth it; before the season starts and the when the bets come in, people drive the odds down. A \"bad\" season where the Cubs aren't expected to win, can easily be anywhere from 12 to 1 - 20 to 1, which doesn't show \"true odds\". A good season, like last year, they opened at 8 to 1 and went down from there. \n\nThe odds of bookmakers are designed so they don't loose money and reflect the bets that have been made. As an event comes closer, whether it is a single game, race, or even a championship after the season, those odds continue to shift downward to reflect the money taken in. \n\nNFL spreads ussually set points, then a price, ussually bet $110 to win $100. If too many people are betting one side, those prices change. The strong side might be -120 (bet $120 to win $100) or the weak side might be Even (bet $100 to win $100) or even +110 (bet $100 to win $110). Those odds shift to entice gamblers to cover that side of the action to minimize losses. The points can also move to get gamblers in on a side. Starting at -3 is a common line, but to entice betting onto another side, it may shift to -3.5, -4, or -2. It's all about getting people to respond in a beneficial way as to cover all bets."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
6d9m2p
|
how do 'most wanted terrorist/poi' rewards work or get redeemed?
|
We always see those wanted posters for terrorist ring leaders that offer millions in rewards money for any '[Information leading directly to arrest](_URL_0_)'.
My question is: who do you call? How will they take you seriously? How is this not obviously a trap for accomplices who aren't particularly loyal? Is this a no questions asked affair, meaning that you will get the money as soon as an arrest is made? Are there any examples in the past where someone claimed a reward?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6d9m2p/eli5_how_do_most_wanted_terroristpoi_rewards_work/
|
{
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"The phone number to call is the police agency that has jurisdiction. In big cases that's usually the field office of the FBI, DEA or other big 3 letter agency. Besides...news agencies don't publish that unless they get it from a federal source. Unless you're in a TV show and you have Tom Cruise pose as a FBI agent to get into the newsroom.\n\nA conspirator betrayal is the best scenario. Insider information in exchange for immunity deal. Most likely scenario would be someone saw him getting a snack at gas station."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/05/25/09/40C4C27700000578-0-image-a-11_1495699413087.jpg"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
4n90ln
|
is there a psychological disorder that protects the mind that cancels out bad memories for the well-being of the individual?
|
I apologies if this isn't the right place, in /r/psychology infinite knowledge, i can't ask there.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4n90ln/eli5_is_there_a_psychological_disorder_that/
|
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"A big idea in psychology is the idea of repression, a term coined by Freud. Basically, the belief is that when we experiences a traumatic event, or sometimes even just something that makes us upset or uncomfortable to think about, we will push it out of our conscious (the thoughts, memories, motivations, etc. that we're aware of) into the unconscious (thoughts, memories, motivations, etc. that we're not aware of). \n It is indeed considered a defense mechanism, so that we do not have to think about whatever deeply troubles us. ",
"Might you be thinking of dissociation? That's when people disengage from what is happening around them because it is too traumatic. If they have a severe case, they might have dissociative amnesia in which they might temporarily forget who they are, or they might make no new memories for a period of time. They might repress the memories."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
1jvlb2
|
how is it that many companies "operate at a loss"? why continue to operate if the company is simply losing money?
|
One of the reddit admin's made a post about dispellling common reddit myths and rumors, and [posted this screenshot:](_URL_0_)
Why would reddit continue to function, even though they are losing money? Where does the money come from?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jvlb2/eli5_how_is_it_that_many_companies_operate_at_a/
|
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"text": [
"Lots of companies in their infancy lose money. However, the founders/owners may think that eventually they will be profitable. Facebook was a good example. It lost money for almost a decade but in recent years has become a profitable company. If Mark Zuckerberg had shut facebook down because it was losing money for a few years he wouldn't be a billionaire today.\n\nThe money usually comes from investors. Investors give the company capital in exchange for equity usually, which means they get an ownership stake in the company. They are willing to take a chance by financing the company's losses now, because if it ever turns profitable they will be entitled to part of the company's profits.",
"I own a company. The company makes $50,000 per year. Operating costs are $10,000, my salary is $40,000. The company makes 0 net profit, but I have a job and lots of write-offs.",
"If you are thinking of the recent reports on Bezos/Washington Post then the reason given is that Amazon is taking a long view,and looking at the present time merely for 'market share' and investors are happy because the value of their shares increases as long as no new effective competitors come along and disturb their near-monopoly position Same holds true for Reddit- as long as profitability is achieved at s-o-m-e time in the not too distant future",
"I think a lot of people hit the nail on the head, but just to add to it, yes this operating loss is after all the employees and executives have been paid (so those people are seeing money, including the execs who are also usually the owners), but there's also another huge factor in depreciation write offs. \n\nThis varies depending on the company, but any asset that has a \"useful life\", meaning over time it wears down, has a write down that isn't a true loss. These include computers, machinery, vehicles, and real estate. \n\nSo you might have a company, that after paying all its employees and other expenses, earns a tidy profit of $10,000. But thanks to tax law, you can write off depreciation on your computers, your trucks, equipment, etc, which may be a -$20k write down. Now suddenly, you are reporting a $10k loss, but you aren't really losing money. Of course, the argument for the depreciation write down is that eventually you have to replace certain equipment, but on paper right now, this company isn't really losing money.\n\nHope this helps.",
"Another possibility, the company in question may operate under a parent company and only be one in a number of subsidiaries. Consider that a famous steak restaurant may not make any money directly from their amazing steaks. However, those premium steaks are not discontinued and allowed to \"operate at a loss\" because they drive the business and bring in the customers (who buy secondary items like drinks where the profit margin could be substantial).",
"The old saying is \"you've got to spend money to make money\". It's hard to open a business and start making profit the first day. It takes time to build/procure product, get the word out, build a reputation, build a user base, gain economy of scale, etc. \n\nYou invest money into the company knowing that they'll lose money for a while, with the hope that once they get all the pieces in place, they'll make enough more than enough money to make up for what they lost at the beginning. ",
"Our company currently operates at a loss. We're owned by a corporation and we're the only CMRO under their name within the USA. As a jet manufacturer, they have to have some sort of maintenance program thus they need to keep us open. They'd LOVE for us to be profitable but it's not necessary. We are the cost of doing business. \n\ntl;dr: what we lose is considered \"worth it\" so that they can say they have their own maintenance facility. ",
"I interned at a steel mill a steel mill a while back that was losing an average of X dollars per roll of steel sold. Seems like a good case for shutting down until prices go back up, but the cost of paying workers, property taxes, keeping all the furnaces going (you do NOT shut down furnaces; they take 3 months or so to get fired back up), and general upkeep were so large, that not putting them to work would have greatly multiplied how much money they were losing\n\nAnother way to think of this is if you're bleeding, it's possible to stop the heart to stop the bleeding, but that would only make the situation worse"
]
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[] |
[
"http://imgur.com/gmFGUVD"
] |
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|
3sui4y
|
what is islamic state's endgame?
|
I get the terror part. I get they want to anger us into a war that accidentally kills some innocent Muslims. I get that it would make some moderate Muslims mad at us. Then what? What's the middle part that happens before them taking over the world and either killing us or making us their slaves? What can they possibly hope to accomplish from bombings and shootings?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3sui4y/eli5_what_is_islamic_states_endgame/
|
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"Theyve gone from this small time group to an organization that is hitting countries on a national scale.\nRussia, France, Lebanon all hit within a scale of a week. They only see themselves getting stronger and obviously at this point they aren't even scared of the world superpowers liks usa/russia/china. They believe that they are doing gods work and so they think they have god on their side. Because of this theyll continue until either we're completely disappeared or until theyre wiped off the face of this earth. They arent afraid to fight and die; its a win/win situation for them. Theyre doing gods work while being alive and once they die its a one way ticket to heaven. I know that the world dislikes warfare altogether but the faster that the main isis chain throughout the middle east is eradicated then the less we'll have these planned bombings going off throughout europe.",
"From what I've read it appears to be global adoption of Islam. They will invade countries and have as many children as they can.\n\nOf course most of my knowledge is coming from biased sources, and I have to trust subtitles of the Isis speeches, but it seems like a legit strategy. \n\nIf instead of each naitive family having 3-4 children per household, you get 1 Muslim man with 3-4 wife's, and 20 children.\n\nDon't take what I am saying as fact, read around a little on your own. This is just what I know.\n",
"Some people say they're trying to bring about the end times by provoking a massive war in the middle east.\n\nOr they're just a bunch of nihilistic sociopaths.",
"There main **religious** goal is to found a Sunni* Islamic State, or at least be the rulers of one. Then they believe a supreme leader will come forth [who they believe already has in the form of their current leader: al-Baghdadi] - the caliph* - who is believed to be the successor to the Prophet Muhammed. They even published a document showing how their current leaders lineage goes back to Muhammed! \nThe goal of this 'Islamic State' is that it will expand outwards to conquer the whole world. Many of the fighters believe this underlying belief and also have a great hatred for western idealism, \"any religions who agree with democracy have to die.\"\n\nTranslated to ELI5 from: [Wikipedia::ISIS#Goals](_URL_2_)\nAll sources are from such and are referenced in the article.\n\nThese terrorist attacks could be because: \n\n* They believed the attacks would demoralise the 'West' so much they will pull out of the middle east\n* It was a retaliatory action from all the raids and bombings throughout [November 2015](_URL_0_)\n* They believed it would make people so demoralised that they won't go out into society, thereby western culture would collapse - perhaps with their industry, which will lead easy conquering of it.\n* They believed the population would spend so much time arguing among themselves about why this is happening (as they believe democracy is ineffective) it would halt military action in the middle east. \n* They believed it showed the power of ISIS to the 'West' which raises the morale of their soldiers - among other bonuses\n* They believed it would make us retaliate and kill defenceless Muslims rallying more Muslims to their ranks (like you said)\n\nThere could be many more reasons, I am just going from what I think could be their reasoning - I have no idea what they are thinking and there could be many more reasons for the terrorist attacks.\n\n \n*: \n[Sunni] - denomination of Islam [[Sunni Islam](_URL_1_)] \n[Caliph ]- leader of a [calpihate](_URL_3_) (Islamic Government run by a leader who will be a successor Muhammed) \n\nEdit: Fixed factual errors, thanks /u/GTFErinyes",
"Eventually complete global domination and a world wide caliphate. Every one else must convert or die. \n_URL_0_",
"The Islamic State is a state whose laws are the Sharia law outlined in the Qur'an. ISIS's end game is to impose these laws on all nations in the world and therefore fulfilling a task metted upon them by Allah. \n\nOn the other hand, the ISIS we know now may be motivated by a lot more than that. This uprising could be political, economic or even social more than it is religious. It is a possibility that these are political uprisings whose masterminds realize the power of religious jargon/language. That is, coining their agenda in terms of religion. This is a startegy employed by politicians and lobbyists all over the world.",
"To trigger the apocalypse or their version of it at least. It's one of their biggest motivations. They've conquered Dabiq and celebrated it as a major victory for a strategically unimportant farming city and now wait for the \"Army of Rome\" to be defeated there after setting up camp and initiate the countdown to the end of the world. ",
"They want to conquer the world for Islam and, if you don't do what they say, they want to kill you.",
"From what Ive heard (which is probably limited because I havent been listening too closely to the news recently) their ultimate goal is a caliphate (which is sort of like an empire under sharia law) and to eliminate Israel and the western way of life. ",
"How do we fight a regime? Can't we pretend to be ISIS recruitees and then back stab them? Like a drug bust?",
"ISIS's endgoal is the same as Islam's - a global Caliphate. \n\n[They just disagree on how to get there.](_URL_0_)\n\nAfter all, the above list of terrorist attacks weren't only committed by ISIS, but by other Islamic groups as well. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant#November_2015",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant#Goals",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate"
],
[
"https://www.quora.com/What-is-ISIS-and-what-they-want"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/index.html#Attacks"
]
] |
|
5t2gnk
|
why do most of the 4-leg robots (see: boston dynamics) have their knees look backwards?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5t2gnk/eli5_why_do_most_of_the_4leg_robots_see_boston/
|
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"text": [
"\"Backwards\" is in the eye of the beholder. A horse has two sets of knees and the front ones operate the opposite of the back ones. Which one is \"backwards?\".",
"Because they are not knee, they are Ankles.\n\nThe robot reproduce the articulation of a 4 legged animal. Human are bipedal so we use our heel and toes to walk and run. 4 legged animal usually only use their toes to walk and the ankle is higher and help to run. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1xjko2
|
how does steam power work? how does it compare with other methods in terms of efficiency/environmental cost?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xjko2/eli5_how_does_steam_power_work_how_does_it/
|
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"When water is heated, it turns to steam. But steam is much, much bigger than water, and it expands with a huge amount of force. This force can be used to do useful things. In a typical steam engine, it drives a piston, and the piston can then do work.\n\nTo generate steam, you typically have to burn a fossil fuel to hear water. A lot of energy is lost in this process, so they're not efficient by modern standards. But I'd imagine (I don't have any figures to hand) that it depends a lot on what fuel is being burned.",
"What do you mean by steam power exactly?\n\nSteam is used to power many different kinds of engines, but the steam can be created in a lot of different ways. Technically your **nuclear** power plant is \"steam power\" because steam spins a turbine which generates electricity. So is your coal plant. Your hydro plant is not steam power though, neither is wind power, and solar power is sometimes \"steam power\".",
"The relationship between pressure and temperature of water is unique. When water boils, it expands, creating pressure. Pressure seeks to find equilibrium by moving to low pressure areas. Channeling this movement with a turbine creates energy, which can be converted into electricity if desired."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
d67o5u
|
how does infinity work with regards to decimals?
|
If I start at 1 and my goal is to get to 2, I could move to 1.1 and be a little bit closer to 2. Then move to 1.11, and be even closer. Then 1.111, so on and so forth. I understand that with each move, the step forward is smaller than the previous one. But it's moving forward nonetheless. How is it that I can forever move forward, but never get there?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d67o5u/eli5_how_does_infinity_work_with_regards_to/
|
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"text": [
"Because each step is smaller. your first step is 0.1, then 0.01, then 0.001 and so on, eventually the step is infinitely small. This is a good example of the key difference between pure math and something like engineering or physics. Theoretically, you never approach 2. In reality, the steps will get so small that you can't actually measure them. You won't be able to accurately take the step, or determine if you've actually stepped. You'll get to the point where you don't know if you're at 1.111, 1.113, or 1.105.",
"This is a common idea in mathematics, and the basis of quite a lot of mathematical paradoxes. The only answer I can think to give you're question is that yes, you are right, there is an infinite amount of numbers between 1 and 2, or between 0.1 and 0.2, or between 0.000004 and 0.000005 etc etc.\n\nThere are a lot of mathematical concepts related to this idea such as the asymptotic curve or convergent series.\n\nI'm sure I'm going to get many of the details about this story wrong, but I was once told about an ancient Greek philosopher who posed the following paradox:\n\nAn old man and a strong Spartan warrior have a race. The Spartan can run twice as fast as the old man so, being the honourable warrior he is, he gives the man a 100m head start. The race begins, and since the Spartan moves twice as fast as the man, when the man reaches the 150m mark, the Spartan is at the 100m mark. When the man reaches 175m, the Spartan is at 150m. Every time the man moves forward, the distance is halved, but logically, this means the Spartan will not ever overtake him despite the fact that he is running faster. \n\nIt took hundreds of years for someone to come up with a mathematical proof that explains the paradox.",
"If you reframe your question to begin: \"If I start at 1, and my goal is to get to 10/9\", then you'll perfectly describe [Zeno's paradox](_URL_0_). (10/9 is 1.11111111...)\n\nThe more usual form of that paradox discusses starting at 0, goal is 1, and moving forward by 50% of the remaining distance every time, eg terms ending on 1/2, 3/4, 7/8, 15/16, 31/32, and so on. This describes an infinite series that is said to \"converge to 1\", and yours converges instead to 10/9.\n\nThere are a number of infinite series that converge to a number: despite always increasing, they'll never increase enough. There's also series that converge to a number despite alternating increasing and decreasing, such as the [alternating harmonic series](_URL_1_).",
"Another way to think about it is, in order to reach 2 from some lower number x, you eventually have to take a step that's at least as large as the distance from x to 2, which is 2-x. With the procedure you described it's like you're actively avoiding taking a large enough step: if you're at x = 1.1, you're 0.9 away, but taking a step that's too small to even get to 1.2, which is only 0.1 away. And so on; the next step is lower than 1.12, then the next one is like you're trying to stay lower than 1.112, etc.\n\nYou'll never reach a destination if you're always taking steps that are chosen specifically to be smaller than the remaining distance."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno%27s_paradoxes",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_sum#Alternating_harmonic_series"
],
[]
] |
|
nlnrc
|
how do you go about homebrewing beer?
|
Inspired by the explanation of the different types of beer... _URL_0_ ...
I am a beer snob who lives in Ecuador. Ecuador has terrible beer so a group of gringo expats here has decided to homebrew. The problem is that I did this a few times when I was in my early 20s, and it never turned out well. And, I am one of the "experts." I am looking for a refresher on the basics (I will ask for crazier details in another subreddit) and am looking for a good, brief explanation that I can share with people here. Basic techniques, equipment, anything is welcome.
Reddit, treat me like I'm five and help me look good! Thanks! :)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/nlnrc/eli5_how_do_you_go_about_homebrewing_beer/
|
{
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"c3a2857",
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],
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"text": [
"If you're looking for a very brief and quick example for 1 gallon all grain brewing [this](_URL_0_) is a great example. That is all grain though, and if you are looking to start with a simpler version, you will use malt extract as opposed to all grain, which pretty much starts the brewing process at the wort. \nThe definite best way to go about starting is to buy a kit. Could be the one above or [Midwest Supplies](_URL_1_) has a lot of great ones also. Being in Ecuador, I'm not sure how easy it will be to order anything online from the states though. \nBest thing to do is read as much as you can, seriously, a lot. \nAlso check out [/r/Homebrewing](/r/Homebrewing), you will find lots of great reading and be able to ask some more advanced questions. \nBest of luck, it's an awesome hobby and very rewarding.",
"If you're looking for a very brief and quick example for 1 gallon all grain brewing [this](_URL_0_) is a great example. That is all grain though, and if you are looking to start with a simpler version, you will use malt extract as opposed to all grain, which pretty much starts the brewing process at the wort. \nThe definite best way to go about starting is to buy a kit. Could be the one above or [Midwest Supplies](_URL_1_) has a lot of great ones also. Being in Ecuador, I'm not sure how easy it will be to order anything online from the states though. \nBest thing to do is read as much as you can, seriously, a lot. \nAlso check out [/r/Homebrewing](/r/Homebrewing), you will find lots of great reading and be able to ask some more advanced questions. \nBest of luck, it's an awesome hobby and very rewarding."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://redd.it/nlex7"
] |
[
[
"http://brooklynbrewshop.com/instructions",
"http://www.midwestsupplies.com/"
],
[
"http://brooklynbrewshop.com/instructions",
"http://www.midwestsupplies.com/"
]
] |
|
4genzs
|
noam comsky and edward herman's propaganda model.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4genzs/eli5_noam_comsky_and_edward_hermans_propaganda/
|
{
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"text": [
"The Propaganda Model is a model explaining the behavior of mass media organizations in liberal capitalist states. It essentially proposes that despite not having explicit government restrictions on the media, societies with \"freedom of the press\" can and do still use mass media to create and perpetuate propaganda through back-end control of official information, access to sources, and through private control of the corporations that own the media. This control over mass media can then be utilized by elites to shape the boundaries of public discourse, and thereby ultimately control public perception.\n\nIt's essentially an observation that the news media delineates the \"contours of public debate\" by creating two official truths, and allowing free discourse among proponents of either truth, while at the same time dismissing and suppressing all viewpoints that fall outside of them. In societies where the media is privately held, this allows private corporations and their owners to shape the viewpoint of the public, which serves a propagandistic role. Just like the more obvious propaganda that comes out of more authoritarian societies.\n\nFor example, the media in an imaginary state might present two official positions that are \"acceptable\" for people to hold. \"The War is justified because they're monsters who need to die,\" and \"The War is being fought for noble ends, but is a pointless waste of resources that could be better spent elsewhere.\" By presenting these two seemingly opposed positions, people in that society will spend their effort and energy learning to accept one of those two truths as their own. Yet neither of those positions questions the fundamental basis of the War in question--neither of them presents a position equivalent to, say, \"The War is immoral and unjustified on humanitarian and ethical grounds.\" This would serve to guide the population towards one of the two officially acceptable positions.",
"The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in democratic society. Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government which is the true ruling power of our country. ...We are governed, our minds are molded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested, largely by men we have never heard of. This is a logical result of the way in which our democratic society is organized. Vast numbers of human beings must cooperate in this manner if they are to live together as a smoothly functioning society. ...In almost every act of our daily lives, whether in the sphere of politics or business, in our social conduct or our ethical thinking, we are dominated by the relatively small number of persons...who understand the mental processes and social patterns of the masses. It is they who pull the wires which control the public mind.”\n\n― Edward L. Bernays, Propaganda\n\nBernays is your man if you want know propaganda. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1erqm6
|
why do some languages need to be compiled in order for a computer to run it while others don't?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1erqm6/eli5_why_do_some_languages_need_to_be_compiled_in/
|
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"text": [
"Let's do this ELI5 style:\n\nSome languages need a compiler. Think of this as a professional translator. I (the machine) only understands one language. You write a book in another language, and a professional translator goes through it and translate.\n\nNow, sometimes that takes to much time. So instead you just hands me a phrase book. Now when I get the book, I can just look up each phrase in the book. But of course, it won't be a perfect translation, since some phrases doesn't really translate well (or they can be expressed better if you have a context). In computer terms that means that you won't get quite as good optimization as you get with a compiled language. ",
"Computers execute what is known as native code or machine code; lists of numbers that correspond to instructions and memory addresses that are meaningful in their particular architecture. However, machine code is not very natural or productive for humans to work in. \n\nEnter programming languages, which are instruction sets that humans can more easily work in, and that we can then either transform automatically into machine code (compilation) or use as input for a program called an interpreter, which is written in machine code. The interpreter reads and analyzes the human-readable code and then performs the requested computation.\n\nIn general, compiled languages can achieve performance gains because they reduce overhead (don't have to do the translation every time they run). Interpreted languages tend to be more portable, because they can run anywhere an interpreter exists. ",
"The languages that don't use an interpreter, which does the compilation (to byte code, which is then run by a machine code virtual machine of some kind) at runtime (that is, every time the program is run). So it wastes a lot of cycles, but for trivial activities modern computers have an awful lot of cycles to waste.",
"I see a few other answers explaining the difference between compiled and interpreted languages.\n\nBut you wanted to know *why*. So here's the reason: they each have advantages and disadvantages.\n\nThe main advantages are that compiled code normally runs faster but only runs on specific hardware. Interpreted languages run slower, but usually can be run on any hardware.\n\nThe reason we have the two different types of language is so that software engineers have a choice. The one they chose will depend on the specific requirements of each system."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
dow13x
|
how do we know so much about historical temperature data when we’ve only had very accurate weather equipment for the last 100 years or so?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dow13x/eli5_how_do_we_know_so_much_about_historical/
|
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"Some reserchers take giant drilling probes from ice/sediment and analyse them in labs, with ice for example there's a bunch of tiny layers, large ones for cold years smal ones for warm years, somtimes there is a layer of ach from a vulcano and plenty of other things.... Same thing can ve done with rocks or ocean floors...",
"Ice core samples, tree ring data all provide detailed evidence of ancient weather, however temperature data records are available from the 1650's.",
"Climate scientists have [climate and atmospheric data](_URL_0_) going back hundreds of millions of years based on rock and sedimentary data. We also have very solid data going back 800,000 years using [ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica](_URL_7_). As a result, we know that in the past the Earth was much warmer, and sometimes much cooler. We also know that these changes often take millennia to proceed. These past climate change events have been caused by a number of different events like [the great oxygenation event](_URL_2_), the [PETM](_URL_1_), or the [Deccan Traps](_URL_6_). This [video](_URL_4_) \"is an ice age coming?\" reviews some of the factors that affect long-term natural climate change.\n\nNobody is refuting that the Earth has been warmer in the past (or colder). However, what is important to not is that when *rapid* changes in the climate occurred in the past there have been catastrophic changes in biodiversity. **In other words, not all change is good.** There have been [5 major extinctions in the Earth's past where the Earth experienced between 70-95% species loss](_URL_3_), which were caused by a myriad of different things from major volcanic events to asteroids. Today human activity is causing this rapid degree of change as we add greenhouse gasses (GHGs) to our atmosphere. We refer to [climate change](_URL_5_) that is driven by human activities as **anthropogenic climate change.** Since we are the cause, we need to be the solution."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/news/how-do-scientists-study-ancient-climates",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocene%E2%80%93Eocene_Thermal_Maximum",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_event",
"https://youtu.be/ztninkgZ0ws",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Traps#Effect_on_mass_extinctions_and_climate",
"http://www.antarcticglaciers.org/glaciers-and-climate/ice-cores/ice-core-basics/"
]
] |
||
8whrob
|
how did those guys get stuck in the cave in thailand in the first place?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8whrob/eli5_how_did_those_guys_get_stuck_in_the_cave_in/
|
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"text": [
"They ventured deep in the cave, it rained, long parts of the cave flooded and trapped them 2 miles in",
"Walked deep underground past all the signs warning of flooding just before forecast monsoonal rains. Then it rained sealing them in",
"Ok, so the group has traveled into that cave system a few times in the past. Decided to go again this time round. Usually it's safe to visit before the rainy season arrives but unfortunately a rainstorm came early and flooded the entrance of the cave, trapping the group inside. More rain, more water, so the group had to move deeper into the cave to find higher ground or risk drowning. ",
"Could they drill an air hole from the top?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2drtrc
|
why is it that when i drive through iowa and i see a stand of windmills, only half (or so) of them are spinning?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2drtrc/eli5why_is_it_that_when_i_drive_through_iowa_and/
|
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"I think its because air currents aren't big uniform things blowing across big swaths of land...but then again I thought windmills had to continuously spin to be effective even if it means using electricity to keep the momentum going.",
"Several reasons, but usually the first one based on the units we have in operation:\n\nThe grid is receiving the desired output of energy, so the additional wear is avoided. \n\nThe wind is too strong in that area.\n\nThe wind is too weak in that area.\n\nThe windmill requires maintenance.\n\nIt is too cold.",
"Windmill blades can \"feather\" to prevent them from spinning. Personally, I think they were feathered because the electricity demands were low enough that they were not needed. Check again in the early evening when dinners are being cooked, televisions and/or Nintendos are being played. That is the peak demand time. I would wager that they all will be spinning, weather permitting."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
4z95tf
|
while being in a coma where you are perceptive but not responsive, are you able to sleep?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4z95tf/eli5while_being_in_a_coma_where_you_are/
|
{
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"text": [
"I don't have a cool scientific answer, but your question made me think of this cool video of a girl explaining her experiences in a medically induced coma and I just thought I'd put it here for you too.\n\n_URL_0_",
"Often coma is not an absolute in or out thing. Brain functions can vary wildly based on the cause of said coma. Think injuries. if someone is in a somewhat perceptive state then sleep or dreams are possible. Medically induced coma is a different thing. No sleep or dreams."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://youtu.be/xrT9XRyDDaE"
],
[]
] |
||
3xjeg4
|
how does composing work? after watching sw episode vii a couple times i'm once again madly in love with john williams. do composers score the music at the beginning? the end? how much do they work with the cast and directors?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3xjeg4/eli5_how_does_composing_work_after_watching_sw/
|
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"Usually a composer starts working on the music as soon as they're hired. Eventually arranging it to fit the visuals better. Often, placeholder music will be used to guide the composer/ help the editor figure out the tone of the scene. Sometimes, the placeholder music will actually be used, like in 2001.",
"In cases like Star War VII, a lot of the old stuff would be reused with additions/variations/changes, because of the similarity between the new movie and the old ones. With Interstellar, Nolan just told Zimmer to write a theme about family/love without watching the movie. It happens differently with lots of movies. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2xeo56
|
how was jihadi john identified?
|
From what I've seen the only parts of him you can actually see in the videos are his eyes and hands and you can hear his voice so how can they have found out who it was with such a small amount of information?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2xeo56/eli5_how_was_jihadi_john_identified/
|
{
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"Friends and family who identified him. \n\n > “I have no doubt that Mohammed is Jihadi John,” said one of Emwazi’s close friends who identified him in an interview with The Washington Post. “He was like a brother to me. . . . I am sure it is him.”\n\nI pulled this from an article, here is the link:\n\n-\n\n[Killer Behind the Mask: Jihadi John](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/jihadi-john-the-islamic-state-killer-behind-the-mask-is-a-young-londoner/2015/02/25/d6dbab16-bc43-11e4-bdfa-b8e8f594e6ee_story.html"
]
] |
|
3gg9dx
|
most of my money is a number in a bank database. what is there to stop a bank artificially inflating someone's number?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3gg9dx/eli5_most_of_my_money_is_a_number_in_a_bank/
|
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"text": [
"That would mean the bank was giving away its own money to that person. Why would they want to do that?\n\n",
"It is not just 1 number, it's the sum of a transaction history that is cross-referenced to the various accounts that put money in or took it out of your account. If you just made one number bigger, the whole thing wouldn't balance and that would be picked up by the auditors/accountants.\n\n",
"I think OP is asking what would be stopping a bank from just changing the numbers in the database. This would seem possible from a technical standpoint.\n\nHowever, note that all transaction and changes are subject to auditing. A bank needs to be able to clearly state where what money came from and where it went. They also need to hold a small percentage of their 'virtual' money in reserves, either deposited with the central bank or as actual physical cash. So the amount of virtual worth they can handle depends on their actual reserve.",
"The fact that it would be the bank giving away their money to someone. There is absolutely no benefit to the bank to do so. ",
"Think of your money as real, like coins. If the pile you have has ten coins, and the bank has a pile that has 100 coins, if they give you 25 coins, then they have less coins in their pile. Someone has to account for those coins, and where your balance goes up, theirs goes down, equally. It's always about balancing the transactions, and the money had to come from somewhere to be given to you. The bank has to explain why they have less coins, and where they went. Online accounts must be easier to track, but the money is real.",
"Work at a CU, so here's some insight from my side of things, I mean yea technically we could \"create\" a fee reversal and would put money in your account but, it comes off the CU's general ledger (our bottom line) and I imagine gets pulled in a report, plus every transaction is registered to a person, so therefore, the paper trail would come back to someone, so unless this person has some serious system tampering abilities, like over multiple companies, very doubtful this could happen without someone getting screwed.",
"Used to work for a bank. All you'd need is someone to remote into the mainframe and change the value. Absolutely no problem",
"Another way to think about it is like a cash register.\n\nIf there's $100 in the till, then the register should say $100. It doesn't matter if you inflate the number on the register, there is still only $100 in the till.\n\nEvery bank works the same way, every number is backed by something. In the old days this meant vaults of cash, but today holding an account with the Federal Reserve is enough.\n\nThe Reserve is like one big vault of cash, but it doesn't actually hold it as they can print and destroy notes as they desire.\n\nSince the Reserve prints money, it's the only institution allowed to make up numbers electronically and turn them into USD. Printing press or computer money, it's the same thing.\n\nPeople are saying the debit/credit system, that definitely helps maintain the integrity of the system, my explanation connects the system to the physical value, or cash."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
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||
3cyt71
|
what's the mechanics behind shaving with foam, why is it better than just layer of liquid soap?
|
6 upvotes and no hypothesis? Aparently someone else was thinking about that too.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3cyt71/eli5_whats_the_mechanics_behind_shaving_with_foam/
|
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],
"text": [
"I'm not sure if this would be true for others, but I've been using moisturizing bar soap to shave my legs for the past few years and it's works better than shaving cream or conditioner and it lasts longer, costs less and is easier to apply. I think the whole shaving cream thing might be a marketing ploy. I can't explain why liquid soap doesn't work as well, but my only guess is that whatever ingredient makes it more liquid would be the culprit. \n\nEdit: I'm a woman; Bruno is my dog.\n\nEdit 2: My original point was supposed to be that I don't think there's something special necessarily about the foam. I think that there's something in the liquid soap that makes it less than ideal. ",
"The foam is light so it doesn't drip, yet it is able to hold the cut hairs in suspension. As you shave you remove a thick layer of foam with a bunch of hair mixed in it. For some, including myself, this is preferable to a slimy mess of liquid hair that runs down my face. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
cnbi4e
|
how does electric current applied to a motor make the motor spin?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cnbi4e/eli5_how_does_electric_current_applied_to_a_motor/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ew8md8f",
"ew8r8h0",
"ew8uzs7"
],
"score": [
4,
6,
3
],
"text": [
"I don't really know how you call it in English, but I thinks it's the Lorenz force. When you apply current the electrons inside the cable start moving, so you have moving charges. A moving charge always comes pared with a magnetic field. This is why electromagnets work. So basically you're turning the cable into a temporary magnet. When you have two magnets near each other, they start applying forces to each other. That's why you can make a motor spin.",
"An electric current creates a magnetic field. This field can push or pull on other magnets, as well as generating other electric currents with their own fields. Different electric motors apply this in different ways. The simplest motor is merely a magnet and a coil of wire. The coil runs electricity in one direction, and the magnet rotates to align with the magnetic field it creates; then the electricity goes in the other direction and the magnet flips the other way. This keeps happening and the magnet spins.",
"[Stare at this for awhile](_URL_0_)\n\nBasically, one half of the motor has a permenant magnet, and the other half is an electromagnet that can be switched to North, South, or Off. \n\nNorth repels North and attracts South right? \n\nSo, you turn one of the electromagnets to South via electric current, and it will spin towards the North permanent magnet. Once it's there, you flip the current in the Electromagnet to North, so it's repelled from the North and attracted to the South Permanent Magnet.\n\nYou get more power with more magnets and more electricity."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://thumbs.gfycat.com/ObeseBountifulCaecilian-max-1mb.gif"
]
] |
||
dv4w2q
|
how can doctors not know what is causing an infection?
|
ELI5: My elderly neighbor (around 70) developed an infection on a cut on her finger. She was kept in the hospital for three days while doctors tried to cure her. Yesterday they sent her home, a bandage around her finger, which had turned dark purple/black, and the redness of the infection could be seen moving up her wrist. The hospital/doctor said they couldn't figure out what was causing the infection. I was surprised when they sent her home with the infection uncured. It is the 21st century, how can doctors not know what is causing an infection?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dv4w2q/eli5_how_can_doctors_not_know_what_is_causing_an/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f7amh4k",
"f7amo0x",
"f7amu0a"
],
"score": [
8,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Bacteria are microscopic, and you're covered in them. It takes time and testing to figure out which ones are hurting you.",
"I think that they can test for common bacteria, but if the results don’t come back as one of those then they don’t just keep testing and testing for random bacteria. They just give antibiotics to help it clear up. That’s my understanding anyways.",
"There are lots of different things that cause infections, and if it isn't obvious, it tends to be difficult.\n\nIn addition to the many things that can cause an infection, even things that we thought were wiped out can make a comeback, or sometimes different strains develop, or worse, we cause some kinds of things to become stronger by wiping out the lesser versions of them.\n\nThere isn't a simple swab that identifies everything. Not yet."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2w47qq
|
how comes games for consoles lack mod support that their pc versions have?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2w47qq/eli5_how_comes_games_for_consoles_lack_mod/
|
{
"a_id": [
"conf8zq",
"confaya"
],
"score": [
5,
7
],
"text": [
"Consoles lack the ability to directly access the files on the hard drive. That however is a crucial part of modding as that essentially isn't anything but adding/altering game files.",
"Modding a game generally goes against the policies that developers have to agree to to get their games on the console. Making a game moddable generally opens up possibilities for exploits that enable piracy and unwanted use of the system.\n\nOn top of that, games for consoles are very streamlined and made to be perfect on that system. They have to be like this since consoles lack the raw power of a PC. They need to cut corners, compress, optimize in order to run right. If you add in all of these mods that aren't made to run perfectly on one console, you're going to end up with a very sluggish and broken game very quickly."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
5805ac
|
centuries ago, how did people write so straight on letters without lines?
|
[for example] (_URL_0_)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5805ac/eli5_centuries_ago_how_did_people_write_so/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d8wde9m"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"There was a lot of effort put on good penmanship, it's what separated an affluent gentleman from a commoner. Going to school, quills, ink, and paper were all expensive things, if a commoner could write, it would be chicken scratch at best. \n\nPlus a fountain pen or quill pretty much encouraged good penmanship, they weren't as forgiving to sloppy writing as a modern ballpoint pen. "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://www.google.com/search?q=old+letters&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwipkJOF6-LPAhUHq1QKHfHIDpEQ_AUICCgB"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
4b20di
|
do animals play/have fun or do they just focus on survival?
|
Humans have the luxury of being able to watch tv and play sports or a million other things aside from finding food, shelter, or procreating.
Animals, insects, reptiles, amphibians, etc. don't have such luxuries, especially things lower in the food chain.
Do they have time to socialize or have fun or even the intelligence capacity to do so?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4b20di/eli5_do_animals_playhave_fun_or_do_they_just/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d15gsos",
"d15hl71",
"d15ibj7"
],
"score": [
8,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"There are definitely cases of animals doing things that can most likely be explained by \"fun\".\n\nFirst off, most animal babies play to practice, and we can reasonably assume they like it, or else they wouldn't do it.\n\nMonkeys can be seen pulling the tails of tigers and such, just because they can. They enjoy trolling other animals, so that could be seen as a kind of fun.\n\nDolphins engage in recreational sex, being one of the few, if not the only, non-human species who do at all. They also share toxic pufferfish to chew on, which could also count as human \"fun\".",
"I've watched birds playing sport. It was on a windy day, and they had to cross a paddock while other birds watch them. They crossed by tacking in the wind, or whatever it's called when sailboats do it. No flapping. Once they have to flap to stay flying, they turned around and returned to the group, which let out a roar of chirping. Once that died down, another would try. \nI can't really think of any explanation other than fun for that behavior. \n\nIf you watch any group animals, you'll see behaviour that isn't associated with eating, mating or surviving. I have guinea pigs and a rabbit that live wild in my garden, and I've seen behaviour that can only be empathy, concern, friendship and playing etc in them. And they're hardly the pinnacle of intelligent life on earth. ",
"Animals with advanced cognitive capacities -- e.g., elephants, parrots, corvids, etc. -- have certainly been observed \"playing\" apparently just for the fun of it. \n\nJust look at these videos of wild crows sliding down snowy roofs over and over again. There's no survival-related reason to do so. They just seem to enjoy it.\n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LpsDWFei9Z4",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dWw9GLcOeA"
]
] |
|
5ged70
|
if mars was able to sustain an atmosphere what sort of temperatures would we expect?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5ged70/eli5_if_mars_was_able_to_sustain_an_atmosphere/
|
{
"a_id": [
"darlbxa"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Depends on the composition of the atmosphere more than anything else. Under some conditions it wouldn't even necessarily be colder than Earth. In fact with the right amount of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere can trap heat and warm the planet to 'Earth' temperatures. Sort of like a 'positive' global warming. That being said Mars is too small to sustain this kind of atmosphere for long periods, it will bleed away into space."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
4xpswy
|
when someone is sleeping and you open their eyelid , what does that person see ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4xpswy/eli5_when_someone_is_sleeping_and_you_open_their/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d6hfdy7",
"d6hgihm"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Since they are asleep and their ocular sense is being ignored, they probably continue to just dream, if they don't wake up because of you touching them. ",
"Your eyes don't actually see. Your eyes just transmit info to your brain. You brain actually does all your seeing. So most likely they won't see anything, because there brain will keep on dreaming. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
5bitu6
|
why does sand scratch glass, something that metal doesn't?
|
I'm talking keys on phone here.
Pressure (small area)
Structure (atomic)
Hardness (Glass harder than metal, but not harder than sand)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5bitu6/eli5_why_does_sand_scratch_glass_something_that/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d9otm8g",
"d9otrdb"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Sand is primarily silica dioxide. Glass is also, typically, silica dioxide. They are the same hardness, which is harder than metal. ",
"Glass *is* sand. \n\nCool, right? So sand can scratch glass because it's the same hardness. \n\nPressure would make glass *crack*. You can definitely do that with metal!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1oghp1
|
why do consumer prices not go down (groceries, products, etc), when gas prices go down, but always go up when gas prices go up?
|
I don't understand why companies say they must pass their costs on to consumers when gas prices go up (due to shipping costs) however, when the gas prices drop, companies don't lower their prices. Example: It costs a fortune to buy groceries, regardless of the price of gasoline. So, it seems the companies are using gas prices as an excuse to raise their prices on merchandise, and then keep the prices high, to increase their profit.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1oghp1/eli5_why_do_consumer_prices_not_go_down_groceries/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ccrscae"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It is probably just that you notice the increase in price more than the reduction. Taking milk as an example the bureau of labor and statistics data shows that price drops in gas are reflected in the price of milk. You can compare historic prices for a variety of products here:\n\n_URL_0_\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ap"
]
] |
|
26gux2
|
why does everything temporarily look gray after i lay out in the sun?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/26gux2/eli5why_does_everything_temporarily_look_gray/
|
{
"a_id": [
"chqxe9y"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Probably best to close your eyes when facing the sun for long periods of time, but this happens because the cones that see colour get tired faster than the rods that just see light. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
9832yd
|
why do stressful thoughts often seem more severe or stressful when they wake you up at 3am, than when you think about them when you’re fully awake?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9832yd/eli5_why_do_stressful_thoughts_often_seem_more/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e4cvtxb"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"Your body and mind are usually much more at rest, with external distractions at a minimum, upon waking - especially in the middle of the night if it is also quiet and dark outside. When your external stimuli is minimized your thoughts appear \"louder.\"\n\nThe thoughts aren't actually louder, you just don't have the usual clutter and noise to take your attention away from them.\n\nIf you've ever tried meditation, you'll notice the same thing happen (it's awful in the beginning if you're especially stressed 😂).\n\nOne trick, when this waking natter (as I call it) dominates your mind, is to put your attention on something else. E.G. if you're in bed and trying to sleep, put your attention on your toes, imagine them warming and melting like lava. Allow that idea to spread slowly up to the soles of the feet, the heels, ankles, shins, calves, taking your time moving up and up through the body to the crown of the head. You'll notice your mind will snap back to those stressor thoughts. That's totally normal. Just bring your attention back to the warming and melting. I usually pass out before I get to my head...\n\nTL/DR: There are less distractions to take our minds away from our thoughts."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2ladvt
|
how come a feather and a coin/bowling ball fall at exactly the same speed in a vacuum?
|
Curious after reading this article _URL_0_
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ladvt/eli5_how_come_a_feather_and_a_coinbowling_ball/
|
{
"a_id": [
"clsw8ii",
"clsw9so",
"clswtag"
],
"score": [
4,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"The more mass something has, the more force it feels from gravity (i.e. the more it weighs). However, the object's *inertia* (its resistance to being moved) increases with mass, as well. When an object is dropped, the increased force of gravity from its mass is exactly canceled out by the increased resistance to movement from its mass, and, all other things being equal (i.e. with no air resistance), all objects will fall at the same speed).\n\n*****\n\nHere, have some math:\n\nEquation for gravitational force: F = (G \\* m*_1_* \\* m*_2_*) / r^(2)\n\nEquation for force from acceleration: F = m \\* a\n\nLet's mark which mass is the earth, and which is the object:\n\n F = (G \\* m*_object_* \\* m*_earth_*) / r^(2) \nF = m*_object_* \\* a\n\nNow let's substitute the second equation into the first:\n\nm*_object_* \\* a = (G \\* m*_object_* \\* m*_earth_*) / r^(2) \n\nDivide both sides by m*_object_*:\n\n(m*_object_* \\* a) / m*_object_* = (G \\* m*_object_* \\* m*_earth_*) / ( r^(2) \\* m*_object_*)\n\nCancel out m*_object_* on each side:\n\n(~~m*_object_*~~ \\* a) / ~~m*_object_*~~ = (G \\* ~~m*_object_*~~ \\* m*_earth_*) / ( r^(2) \\* ~~m*_object_*~~)\n\nAnd we're left with:\n\n a = (G \\* m*_earth_*) / r^(2)\n\nSo the acceleration of an object on Earth (ignoring drag) depends only on the mass of the Earth, its distance from the Earth, and the gravitational constant, G. The mass of the object itself has no impact on its acceleration.\n\n*****\n\nBonus points if you noticed that I could just as have easily have written my second equation as:\n\nF = m*_earth_* \\* a\n\nRemember Newton's laws, and the whole \"for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction\" thing? Well, not only is your object falling down toward the Earth, but *the Earth is also falling up toward the object*. This effect is so miniscule as to be effectively non-existant for objects with masses in the order of magnitude that you're used to interacting with, but if you want to be super technical, a more massive object will *technically* hit the ground first, because the ground will rise up to meet it faster.",
"It's more sensible to ask why they wouldn't? \n\nThe only reason that a feather falls slowly in normal human experience, is because it's not heavy enough to push air out of the way - the air delays its descent. \n\nIn a vaccum, there is no air so it falls at the normal standard speed of any object.",
"It's actually pretty simple, just counter-intuitive. The more mass something has, the stronger the Earth's gravity pulls on it. But the more mass something has, the more resistant it also is to changes in motion. The two balance out. So everything gets the same acceleration when dropped (if there's no air resistance). "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2014/11/04/bowlingbal-of-veren-wat-valt-er-sneller-in-een-vacuum/"
] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3w1jmr
|
how the hell does someone get credit card information and make a purchase on that credit card before it has even been activated?
|
Cuz...yeah, just had to cancel a credit card while calling to activate.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3w1jmr/eli5_how_the_hell_does_someone_get_credit_card/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cxslppu"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The only way in that case is that someone at your credit card company leaked the information, your company was hacked, or you without knowing let some see your card, left it somewhere, etc."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
5h3mu1
|
how do voice operated systems like siri and alexa know when they're activated? are they always "listening"?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5h3mu1/eli5_how_do_voice_operated_systems_like_siri_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dax59di",
"day8dij"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Yes - for all of the convenience they provide, they also do a major disservice to our privacy.\n\n",
"I'm in the middle of an Alexa project now, yes it's always listening waiting to hear that key wake word. Alexa also saves all interactions (both audio and text) indefinitely. \n\nSiri doesn't start listening until invoked by the user unless the \"Hey Siri\" feature is turned on. Then it behaves like Alexa."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
34g2sw
|
why do cars crackle after you've been driving for awhile?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34g2sw/eli5_why_do_cars_crackle_after_youve_been_driving/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cquao3j"
],
"score": [
9
],
"text": [
"Metal (and many other materials) expands when it warms up and contracts when it cools. The components rub together a little bit as they change size. The noisiest bits are usually the exhaust system."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
a6q51y
|
what is beginner’s luck?
|
Could it be something like the following?
Nobody performs exactly on average, but will structurally over- and underperform their expectations. However, it could be that we tend to remember the occurances where a ‘beginner’ performed better than expected more than when a beginner underperforms or when a more experienced player overperforms. Hence believing in beginners’ luck even though it does not (statistically) exists.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a6q51y/eli5_what_is_beginners_luck/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ebwzvd0",
"ebx2bk9",
"ebxcvor",
"ebxdkzg"
],
"score": [
10,
2,
4,
2
],
"text": [
"Yes, works for me. The expectations are set too low for what beginners are likely to actually do. They are expected to fail but law of averages says that they only will half the time.\n\nBeginners luck means : beginners tend to do better than people expect them to. it isn't really about the beginners though, it is an error in expectation. The bar is set too low so lots of beginners seem to beat it. More than half will do better than an expectation that is below the average. So they seem lucky (they do better than expected so it must be luck, right? It can't be that we set too low an expectation, of course not).",
"Another reason for this is that if you are a beginner, you will break convention.\n\nFor example, imagine if you were told to just lead an army. How? Figure it out. You strategies may be more successful than the current standard.",
"Beginners tend to receive more help and encouragement, and are also not judged as severely. \nThey are also not as clouded with any pre-conceived ideas, past failures in the task, and tend to put in more effort into something as a newbie. ",
"you're right on with the \"we tend to remember...\" part. When events match expectation, we don't pay much attention, and we certainly don't discuss it much (if at all). How boring would the news be if they had headlines like \"1000 people drive down road without incident\", or \"20,000 people not victims of crime this year\"?\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
bvkoqo
|
i know humans can't digest corn cellulose but how exactly corn survives hydrochloric acid?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bvkoqo/eli5_i_know_humans_cant_digest_corn_cellulose_but/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eppzama",
"eprkwnh"
],
"score": [
8,
2
],
"text": [
"So typically the issue is not the exposure to acid. The corn is immersed in as much digestive acids as anything else you eat, however different food substances will be affected and digested and broken down at different rates of speed, your digestive track however is pretty much always working at about the same speed unless you're sick or something, so the corn typically doesn't have enough time to fully break down.",
"Actually, the acid is there just to help the enzymes work and it’s diluted in water. Since our body just can’t produce the correct enzyme to digest cellulose, it just doesn’t get digested."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2s05x3
|
how can the playstation 2 still play games once the disk has been removed?
|
For instance, if you are in the middle of playing a game and remove the disk you could still play as long as the game didn't have to load a new level.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2s05x3/eli5how_can_the_playstation_2_still_play_games/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnkvum1",
"cnkvvd5",
"cnkx16w",
"cnkydfc",
"cnl7c6v",
"cnlbtk0"
],
"score": [
3,
14,
2,
2,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"The level is temporarily copied into RAM memory from the disc. \n\nRemoving the disc leaves the RAM intact.",
"The game doesn't play straight from the disc. Instead, the game files are copied to the console's RAM, and are played from there. The game will stop when it needs to load more data from the disc, for example when you need to load a new level.",
"Loading means loading the next part of the game on the ram so it can keep up with you. \n\nYou can play it until you get to the next loading point ",
"It loads it into its memmory so when u remove the disc it's still got at least the first few feet pre loaded.\nI personally loved the fact you could do that so if a game bugged out you opened it up cleaned the disk and 8/10 times it will work again that's why a ps3 annoys me so much I'm sure cleaning the disk would help in some situations but no pressing eject makes it reset to the home screen.",
"If you take a DVD out of a DVD player, it will stop immediately because the video is being streamed from the disc.\n\nA PS2 is a tiny computer. It loads programs off the disc into memory & then runs the program it read to play the game. It's not streaming the content to the screen - it's actually generating all the imagery & sounds in real time.",
"Since your question has been answered I will go a bit further. Modern systems will immediatly pause the game if you take out the disk. This is essential as many games today can stream less important data off the disc while you are playing, GTA5 is an example where it streams from the disc and hard drive at the same time. Since so many games do this every manufacturer included in their operating system.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
7bljg6
|
why the inuit and the eskimos aren't white since they live so far from the equator?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7bljg6/eli5_why_the_inuit_and_the_eskimos_arent_white/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpix9un",
"dpixs1c"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Could it be because they get enough vitamin D from eating so much fish? So their skin doesn’t need to be lighter in order to absorb more vitamin D",
"Snow is very reflective and as such less ultraviolet light is absorbed by the ground. Also for half of the year they have very long daylight hours. This means that they are exposed to high levels of said radiation and increased pigment (i.e. darker skin) provides them with protection. \n\nThis obviously affects Vitamin D production in the winter months but as u/Newredheadit said, its assumed their diet compensates for this.\n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
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[] |
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"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5502412/",
"https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/questions/why-are-inuit-people-dark-skinned"
]
] |
||
6632xd
|
what is a thesis statement/thesis?
|
Google failed me, Tutors failed me, my Instructor failed me.
This is for an argumentive essay.
In high school, I remember doing Intros and stating a claim then giving reasons and restating the claim.
But I'm being told I'm missing the point.
Here is an example of a thesis I wrote.
Fake news is hard to identify. It’s becoming more difficult to spot something false, than it is for something true. However, there are resources we can use to ensure quality journalism is upheld.
Checking and double checking sources from online articles and social media posts will help in the long run, although without the cooperation of our trusted mainstream media, I fear it will only slow down the deterioration of good journalism.
What exactly makes this not a thesis?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6632xd/eli5_what_is_a_thesis_statementthesis/
|
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"In this comment, I will explain to you what a thesis statement is. I will do so by using an example, and by detailing the process of crafting a thesis statement, by explaining what a hypothesis is, what a thesis is, and in total, by critiquing the sample you've provided.\n\nThe opening ~~sentence~~ paragraph of this comment is an example of a thesis statement. The first sentence is the hypothesis, the statement to be examined – and the second the thesis sentence, where I summarise how I will do so.\n\nThe process of crafting a thesis statement starts out with crafting a hypothesis. A hypothesis is literally \"Before The Thesis / Underlying The Thesis\" — it is the question or consideration your thesis is meant to address, the subject of your statement. \"Fake News is difficult to identify\" is an excellent hypothesis.\n\nAn excellent thesis from this hypothesis would be \"Depite the difficulty, science has produced numerous groundbreaking methods to aid in the identification of fake news.\" \n Another excellent thesis from this hypothesis would be \"The difficulty of identifying fake news has turned many people from online news sources back to traditional vetted journalism.\", and still another would be \"The inability of the average reader to distinguish fake news from real news demonstrates that powerful forces are using the media to manipulate the population.\". \n One more example would be \"Alex Jones has exploited this phenomenon to make himself filthy rich by playing his audience for rubes.\". \nThese are all positions that can be taken, theses presented, stemming from the hypothesis that \"Fake news is difficult to identify\".\n\nFor your statement, you seem to be taking the thesis position that \"Vetting news is a skill that anyone can learn and practice, that will curb our collective vulnerability to disinformation and increase critical evaluation and reasoning skills in the general public.\". Your first two sentences are your hypothesis, stated twice, and your third is your thesis statement. What follows after that is your supporting arguments and methods, which should be moved to their own paragraphs, where they can be fleshed out.\n\nI have now explained to you what a thesis statement is, by: \n\n* using an example, \n* detailing the process of crafting a thesis statement, and \n* by critiquing the sample you've provided.\n\nThis concludes our explanation like you're five.\n\nAny questions?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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|
4z97zt
|
is letting wounds 'breathe' a thing, if so, what purpose does it serve?
|
I recently put a plaster (band-aid) on a cut and a few people said I should 'let it breathe'.
Edit: RIP my inbox.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4z97zt/eli5_is_letting_wounds_breathe_a_thing_if_so_what/
|
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"There's a long running debate about moist vs dry wound care. Moist wounds heal faster and have less scaring, but they are more painful ad more likely to open back up. Basically you have to decide between the 2. \n\n\nIf you have say, road rash, you might want to opt for a loose dry bandage and airing it out in order to scab so you have protection.\n\n\nIf you have a cut on your face you may prefer a moist wound care with triple antibiotic cream. \n\n\nDoctors are split, so you should go with the one you prefer. Also the skin under tight bandages like band aids get clammy. ",
"I'm a nurse and have taken a number of courses on wound dressing and healing. Here's what I can quickly write out for you. \n\nThe goal of wound care is *moist* wound healing. If wounds are draining plenty of blood/pus/serous drainage and it isn't being removed from the wound by an absorbent dressing, the tissue can become macerated and will appear white. It's too wet, the tissue is swollen with water. This is bad for wound healing. This is maybe where people got the idea of letting a wound \"breathe\" to dry up some of the excess moisture. \n\nHowever, letting it dry out completely is not ideal either.\n\nNatural healing involves developing a scab, a dry cover for the wound. However, if the wound were instead moist (not wet), you would have faster migration of immune cells, new cells, growth factors, etc. as they can move through a moist environment easier. This is what topicals like polysporin (besides the Abx) help to achieve. Petroleum products will moisturize without macerating. \n\nAnd the other question everyone asks: should I use peroxide to clean it? no. maybe. Here's the thing. You can clean a wound very well with water or saline (although who has saline at home). Many wounds wash themselves out by bleeding! Peroxide will kill bacteria, but it also hurts exposed skin cells/other tissue, and that can slow healing. The surface of your skin is mostly keratin and peroxide won't affect intact skin, but when it's cut, the deeper layers can be affected. Basically, don't peroxide every wound, but something like a cat bite, go for it. \n\n*edit: I'm aware now of how many people have saline. I pour like half a litre over new wounds, so I'm not sure people have that much contact solution. I have 25/20 vision privilege so am unaware. Yes, you should see a doctor quickly for cat bites. I've seen people need strong antibiotics 4x a day to avoid death from cat bites. Go to ER NOW if your wound starts streaking red up your limb. Helpful to outline areas of redness with a pen and the time you marked it to show how it's progressing. Also, I seriously can't answer all your questions, RIP my inbox. I'm reading them though! ",
"If the wound is on an area of the body that isn't highly mobile, it's better to let it dry out. If on a mobile area, like a knee, letting it dry out will crack the scab with nearly every movement and increase chance of infection.\n\nWhen I scraped my knee pretty badly, I used a light coating of raw honey and covered with a waterproof bandage. Healed pretty good.",
"I work for a large dermatology practice, and we always recommend washing biopsy wounds with mild soap and water, and keeping covered with plain Vaseline and a bandage until healed. We advise against using antibiotic ointments like Neosporin, because it's actually common to have an allergic reaction to it. I can't tell you how many patients have returned to the office for what they think is an infected biopsy site- and we find out they've been applying Neosporin to the area.",
"I've only seen the top several replies, and it seems people are picking sides as if the is one bandage to rule them all (heh). [Edit: and it seems that I was mistaken or people edited in, I honestly don't recall, but leaving it as is because \"seems\" works there.]\n\nLook at it as pros and cons.\n\nMoist(covered) heals faster. Debris has a barrier so it can be easier to ward off infection from outside.\n\nDry(scabbed over) is sometimes just plainly more convenient or even durable. \n\nThat is the short of it, I'll list some comparative statements below where the pro-con should be obvious given context, but I'll dwell on some of the positives of letting it have air just because there are so many seemingly totally against it having listed quite a bit.\n\nA scab can act like stitches and allow a bit of use and is mostly a liquid tight barrier, at least in the short term. Dust and dirt won't stick to a scab it as opposed to say, if your bandage has fallen off and you can't replace it immediately. You can get it wet to, say, wash your hands, take a shower. You can chop up peppers for gumbo or chili without the bandage soaking up hot pepper juices and allowing said juices access to a nice soft and moist skin area. Moist skin all around the wound can be problematic-itchy or become soft or even prune up and make things hella more sensitive because it's all squishy and mobile, being dry allows most of the skin to act as it would if there were no wound, be a protective barrier with a bit of toughness. The wound is visible, so inflammation and infection can be easier to detect.\n\nA scab can also catch on a string, like say a hand in and out of a pocket and rip off entirely or just pull the wound open. A bandage can keep you mindful of the wound so such things don't happen, or if it does, a bandage, if properly tended, can be easily replaced, unlike a naturally grown scab. A bandage can look a lot less disgusting(though it can also look a lot more gross).\n\nA lot of choice will come down to not only the above daily living stuff, but heavily on what sort of wound it is. If it's gaping and oozing clear stuff, it can sometimes be good to let that drain, and other times let it dry and scab and nature take it's course.\n\nOptimally, something like a somewhat minor cut on the pad of your thumb, I'd say super glue it shut. Don't shoot it down in there, but there's a lot of mostly dead skin on the outside to anchor to for most people as there's going to be *some* amount of thickened skin on the working surface, if not outright callous...but some people's mileage may vary on this one. This acts like a super scab and can get you almost instantly back to work with a minimum of fuss or muss. The speed differential at which it heals isn't really a large factor for a lot of such wounds.\n\nNow, a deep gash across your palm? That probably would be best with a bandage. High flex area, you may even be wise to bandage the whole hand closed in a loose fist after a proper cleaning of course. \n\nTL;DR\n\nIt is an as-needed basis to trim down-time. Does it really need swaddled in bandages, or can you do something less and get back to life?\n\nHad wide variety of cuts and wounds to hands and a few elsewhere. There really is no overall \"best\" scenario. There are always some mitigating factors that will help you along till it heals, or alternatively, something that *must* be done to avoid further damage/infection, the time differential of healing with either way is usually the least important factor.",
"I work with negative pressure wound therapy, and can tell you from first hand experience a moist clean wound is always a better healing wound. It promotes granulation in the wound bed and allows healthy cells to move through the wound bed easier. ",
"google \"hydrocolloid dressing\". popular brands are duoderm and johnson & johnson's tough pads.\n\nAs a cyclist I've had my fair share of road rash, and this stuff is *amazing* - basically an entirely adhesive pad that you cover the road rash with. yeah, adhesive even over the wound. the fluids that drain from the wound cause a couple of things to happen: 1) adhesive stops sticking there, and 2) the bandage swells up adding padding to the spot where the wound is. You slap it on after initially cleaning/drying, and leave it on .. as long as you can. I've worn them for ~a week and taken them off to reveal pink, unbroken skin.\n\nbreathable, can wear it in the shower, keeps the wound moist, healing time substantially reduced, comfortable.. I can't think of anything negative about them. Their price maybe for some folks, but I'd pay a lot more for them.\n\n",
"Wounds heal faster if they are moist (Vaseline + bandage), they will be more fragile for few days since there is little to no scab protecting them, but they will have reduced chance of scarring. \nOn the other hand, if you are active and irritate the wounds often, and do not afraid of higher chance of scarring, its best to let them scab over.\n",
"Well, taking the question literally, it depends on the type of wound.\n\nThere is a form of wound care called [hyperbaric oxygen therapy](_URL_0_) (HBO) where you are placed in a pressurized tank with 100% oxygen. This is a common treatment for diabetic ulcers, especially on the feet. Basically often times diabetics have poor circulation that makes it difficult for the body to get enough blood to the area to promote good healing via extra oxygen to the site. \n\ntl:eli5 \nyes, letting cuta breath is a good thing depending on the type of cut. You have lots of blood in your body, but if part of your body doesnt get enough blood, it can cause a cut to not heal. Some people need to sit in a tank with extra oxygen to help heal faster. ",
"General surgeon here, we and plastics deal with big nasty sounds so just wanted to say most these are correct, for small wounds confined to the dermis (not into the fat) AND if you are healthy (not on the toe of a patient who has bad vascular disease) then you literally can almost do anything and it will heal. And for the most part the other answers here are accurate. Keep it clean, keeping it covered with a dry dressing is more so you don't get fluid all over your clothes. We don't spend much time in the acute surgery world talking about that stuff because it's sort of trivial and you can't really go wrong IN GENERAL.\n\n\nOnce you get deeper, exposed fat and beyond (note that I've seen wounds with exposed spinal dura and spinal column hardware left open) then you have to keep it moist and an antibiotic ointment is used, with the standard being silvadene or bacitracin. If the tissue dries out the superficial tissue will die and becomes bacteria food. They can at a later point often be closed, or can be allowed to heal on their own with or without the assistance of a vacuum called a wound vac. This is called secondary intention (primary is closure with suture or staples or whatever). Of note complex wound care can be very difficult to take care of, and this is just an idea of what goes into it. \n\nIn terms of minimizing scar, there are some\nVitamin ointments and lotions that claim to\nHelp with questionable benefit. Some say that it's just the mechanical running of the scar that causes it to remodel and become less obvious. \n\nMy rule for superficial wounds is keep it clean, keep\nDry bandage over it, and once it's scabbed you can put a bandage over it as needed. Getting it wet in the shower is almost universally, pat dry and cover with bandage. But obviously follow your providers advice for any specific wound as again, I'm speaking in generalities. Typed on phone so sorry if typos ",
"Let it bleed first. The bleeding helps the wound clean itself. Washing it afterwards is good as well; soap and water is fine or diluted salt water.\n\nThen it needs to be covered with something that will keep it clean while it forms a scab. However, you should not keep it constantly covered. Give it some air at times when you know it will not be exposed to any significant dirt or infectious agents. The scab will form quicker if exposed to air.\n\nOnce a scab is formed, it needs less covering if any at all, but it will heal quicker and with less scarring if it is kept moist.\n\nWhen it is almost done healing, the scab should naturally come off.\n\nNot sure why everyone is talking about cat bites, but both catch scratches and bites can become serious. There is something in their saliva that can be very harmful to humans. If this was from a cat monitor it closely. Any signs that it is getting worse get to a doctor. If you see your veins/artieries becoming more pronounced and travelling from the wound up or down the limb or body, get to a doctor asap and explain you were injured by a cat.",
"Once the scab is secure, letting it breathe is for the skin around it. I hate having wrinkly, sweaty skin surrounding a scab because it's been stuck under a bandage all day.",
"As one who has endured hundreds of wounds from large incisions to bad skin grazes, once the bleeding has stopped, it's off with the covers. Stitches to hold the deep ones, and scabs on the grazes.",
"The feedback in this thread is helpful, even though there seems to be different sides on covering a wound with a bandage. I have had a dozen skin procedures, including eight skin surgeries. The dermatologists have instructed me each time not to use a bandage but to put Vaseline on the incision. However, none of these places had bleeding or pus after the procedure. Thanks again.",
"Think about waste leaving and nutrients moving in a wounded area. Let the area dry out and it makes it harder for things to move. Keep it moist and it's easier to heal. There is no such thing as letting it breathe since nutrient and waste movement is not coming from the air",
"Here's my take as a scout leader after having spoken to a few nurses about wound care (since it's a necessary skill for me)\nMind you I live in Denmark where a visit to the ER is complete free and we are quite likely to take this route\n\n## First of\nIf the wound is more than 5mm deep, 2-3cm long, is gaping visibly or is located on the face: it's off to the ER, you may need stitches.\n\n## Cleaning\nStart of by cleansing the wound with water and _mild_ soap if you have any. \nGet **any and all** dirt out of the wound, use a soft brush and soak for some time it you must. If the dirt is not coming out or it is difficult without using force: Go to the ER.\n__ And for the love of God **do not** use any \"chemicals\" like alcohol or peroxide to clean the wound. It hurts like a bitch for no discernible benefit and may even cause harm. That stuff is for healthcare professionals and you are most likely not a nurse/doctor\"__\n\n## Dressing \nI deal with kids that will go out and play in the dirt immediately after treatment. So it's *always* time for a bandage. Even a small wound will become infected if you play in the dirt with no bandage...\nLet the skin around the wound dry in the air or by dabbing with a clean cloth, to make sure the adhesive sticks.\nMake sure to seal in the wound with tape if the dressing does not stick on all four sides. Dirt will find a way...\n\n## redressing \nMy impression is that people change Dressing way too often. Unless the bandage has become soaked or dirty I question the benefit of redressing. Wound generally rinse themselves by giving off pus, blood and other fluids. \nAs a rule of thumb i generally redress every 2 days unless there is acute need.\n\nWhen redressing take off the bandage gently (you can let it soak in lukewarm water to make this easier)\nAnd rinse with water (there should be no reason for using soap or anything other than pure water). When all pus has been rinsed away, let the wound air dry.\nBut get a new dressing on when the skin around it has dried. Your wound does not need any more air than what you just gave it. \nLetting it dry even more, dries out the wound (bad) and is an open invitation to all the dust, fibers and bacteria that is floating around in most people's homes (very bad).\n\nPut on bandage as described above.\n\n## look out for\nRedness and itching around the wound. This is the first sign of an infection. Go to the doctor if on doubt.\n\nRed streaks from the wound and fever. Maybe a blood infection. Doctor or ER asap!\n\n\n",
"It depends on the severity of the wound. Minor cuts and scrapes are fine to leave exposed. However, larger wounds will heal better if it is kept clean and covered if it. A scab that big and thick will hinder epithelial cell migration. The “let it breathe\" approach is considered obsolete in modern medicine. But again - for your average cuts and scrapes, it really doesn't matter either way. ",
"Gross story: my college roomate's appendix burst (after he had gone to the hospital three times and been sent home each time); anyway, the cleaned up all the gunk as best they could, but left the surgical wound open to heal on its own--something to do with all the crap in his appendix. It looked like he had a stab wound in his abdomen. ",
"I compulsively pick my wounds, which has, if nothing else, given me some practical experience in regards to wound healing. Simply put, and the advice of several doctors, the best way for a wound to heal is to leave it alone. If you excessively wash it, you're washing things that would have otherwise made a scab. If you're covering it, it may risk getting infected. Unless it's in a place where it might rub against your clothes, the fastest a wound will heal is being washed once with sterilised water and then left uncovered to breathe. You have to give our bodies some credit, our ancestors were idiots when it came to proper wound treatment, our bodies can heal through quite a lot. ",
"I find that if i put super glue over a cut by the time the super glue falls of its healed. Work in resturants so cutting urself happens and to get back to work fast u use superglue to make the fasted scab posibble to stop bleeding.",
"There is research currently underway in the US that applies in increased oxygen concentration near the wound. I was informed at a lecture by a cambridge university professor. He had designed a device that used electrolysis to separate water from oxygen and this was then delivered via a small plastic tube and attached to the area over the wound. A girl with a diabetic sore that for weeks had not improved saw a vast improvement over several days. \n\nBasically the thought is that increased oxygen on a wound can significantly increase healing rates and as most bandages or coverings reduce airflow significantly, then 'allowing the wound to breathe' may just increase healing rates. However, bandages also protect from infection so there's a balance.",
"I'm a surgeon. It's a balance, wounds actually heal faster if they are kept moist and clean. In most circumstances though, they aren't that clean and keeping the wound/dressed and covered just provides an ideal warm and wet environment for infection to develop. I usually recommend a dressing for 48 hours, then once the ball is rolling healing-wise, take the dressing off and let the air get to it. ",
"Many people believe you should take a Band-Aid off periodically in order to give it air. In fact, this slows healing, so if you wish to have your cut heal as quickly as possible, **keep it bandaged**.\n\n\nThe primary benefit of a bandage is to help seal the wound and stop or slow bleeding and prevent re-injury and infection. Where people start to differ in opinion is once the wound has been cleaned and placed in a sterile environment. At this point, the primary benefit of bandages are to keep the wound moist, which your well-meaning friend might not realize provides optimal conditions for healing.\n\n > [dressings] are designed to create a moist wound healing environment which allows the wound fluids and growth factors to remain in contact with wound, thus promoting autolytic debridement and accelerating wound healing. [[1]](_URL_0_) \n\nBecause of this, airing out the wound is counterproductive.\n\n > Exposing a wound to the air so it can breathe is a [mistake], because it creates a dry environment that promotes cell death. [[2]](_URL_1_)\n\nThe moist environment has the bonus of sustaining a provisional extra-cellular matrix throughout the healing process, facilitating cell migration and ultimately, epithelialization. This results in less visible scarring once the wound is healed.[[3]](_URL_2_)\n\n[1] [Update on wound dressings: Indications and best use](_URL_0_)\n\n[2] [NYT Health](_URL_1_)\n\n[3] [Medscape - Surgical Dressings](_URL_2_)",
"Not a doctor or a nurse, but I spent the last couple of weeks treating my wife's knee after she fell while running and got a pretty bad road rash.\n\nAfter cleaning the would with mild soap and water (which, according to her, \"stung like a bitch\"), we applied antibiotic ointment and covered it with 3M Nexcare Transparent Film Dressing to the area. For the first several days, her would would weep to the point where it would fill up the dressing (and occasionally leak), but the ointment and the Nexcare dressing really sped up healing time. We basically would wash the would, apply ointment and new dressing every day (or as often as she needed them), and it really did make a difference. No scabs have formed, and the would seems to be healing up very nicely.",
"Want to see the importance of keeping a wound moist? \n\nI suffered a brutal burn about two weeks ago (spilled a pot of boiling water), that I had no choice but to keep covered because the skin was simply so raw and sensitive. To give you reference, when I walked into urgent care the morning after it happened, the receptionist said \"Oh my God,\" when she saw it. The doctor warned me that it might end up being an ugly scar. \n\nSo, if you wanna see something gruesome, here's the progression of second-degree burn healing (8/8-today): _URL_0_ Up until a week ago, it was kept covered and dressed basically constantly.",
"I know it's been answered already but as someone who has recently had lengthy debates about this as well as practical testing and results... the idea of airing it out or \"dry healing\" is a thing of the past. Both my parents swear by it and told me I was crazy to try and cover my thumb that was just chunked out by a mandolin(cooking) with Vaseline and a bandage. It took a few weeks of changing the bandage every day and applying new Vaseline but it healed up perfect. Same thing with my wife who scaled herself very badly with a burning(autocorrect, leaving it) iron. \n\nMoist healing keeps the skin happy for healing and helps with infection. Don't air it out. ",
"I recently had 5 stitches and a severe contusion as well as bone marrow swelling of my left knee. After the stitches were out my doctor made me unwrap it and use isopropyl alcohol to clean it. He said the wound was so deep it needed to heal from the inside out.",
"I was once told by Dr.s (veterinary and human medical) that you are better off being bitten by the filthiest sewer rat then you are a common house cat. Just something about the bacteria in their mouths. I never knew how serious that could be. Found it out the hard way when my sister's cat bit my Iguana. Poor guy didn't make it even with multiple antibiotic injections over several weeks. Damn cat is still around though, 15 years later. ",
"As a wound care specialist my answer is short.\n\nThat wounds need air is the biggest and most annoying myth we have to deal with on a daily basis. Some people will even ad \"sun\". Great! No.\n\nNo - wounds need proper moisture control. Some wounds need to be very dry (gangrenous) but most need a good balance to keep the chemical and mechanical exchanges flowing nicely.\n\nDon´t let it breathe in any other way than through a proper bandage. The downside of open air breathing is exposure to surrounding contaminants, plus the dryness you achieve through poor control of moisture.\n"
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9t1gmw
|
for the ip 68 water resistance on phones why can they not make the 3.5 mm headphone jack water resistant?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9t1gmw/eli5_for_the_ip_68_water_resistance_on_phones_why/
|
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"They absolutely can. I'm typing this on a Galaxy S9 which is IP68 rated and has a 3.5mm headphone jack\n\nIt's a sealed plastic part anyway, it shouldn't be hard to waterproof. The big push is due to it's minimum thickness and $$$. As with all things, it really just comes down to $$$"
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[] |
[
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||
8981oc
|
when there's a cut or a break in a power line or cable, how do technicians find out where it happened without visually inspecting every mile?
|
[Related search here.](_URL_0_)
Say an underground cable carrying service over a long distance gets chewed through by a burrowing critter. Everyone will know, based on the interruption of service, that something's been cut. And based on who loses service, they'll be able to deduce approximately where along the line the break occurred. But that still leaves a huge distance in a lot of cases - how do the technicians find the break to repair it?
Same question goes for power lines, although visual inspections are easier if those are above ground.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8981oc/eli5_when_theres_a_cut_or_a_break_in_a_power_line/
|
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"For undersea cables (both electrical and optical fiber) they can send a signal and measure the time it takes to reflect back. That will tell them where the defect is. ",
"There are sensors along the power line which let the power company know everything is working alright. If the power line breaks they stop receiving signals from the sensor and will know which section is broken",
"Protection relays located in substations detect a voltage change on the line and trigger, either opening a breaker or simply sending an alarm out. Operators in a control room see the opening breaker or alarm and dispatch line workers to investigate.",
"I have been working with power cables, mainly fixing these types of faults for about a decade.\n\nThere are a handful of ways you can identify a broken power cable.\n\n- visual feedback (someone calls and says \"there is a strange blue light in the woods. I saw it when eating breakfast\", and if that time frame sits well with when the fault occurs, you go out there and have a look first.)\n\n- someone calls in and admits that they damaged the cable. While this is technically something that they need to provide insurance details for, it causes a lot more trouble if they don't admit their mistake and just fill in their newly dug hole with the broken cable still in it than if we already know where to look, so unless they have been more ignorant than usual we usually just thank them for calling and get at it.\n\n- fuses randomly burn out in a feeder cabinet somewhere. Fuses burn out by natural causes too, like thunderstorms. And age. So the first time it happens, it's not really something that you put much thought into. You just replace the fuses. But...if you have to return there again the day after, then you know something is going on. In this case, you have to identify which cable is actually broken before you can identify the actual fault. This is the true scope of your question, but in my experience it's only half the faults that fall in this category.\n\nPower grid, and lamp post grids alike, have a lot of connection points. The cabinet outside your house that your service line is connected to is getting it's feed from another cabinet. And often those cabinets share the same fuses in the sub station. I.e, when the fuses burn out, you don't know better than to look on the cables that run in a specific direction because feeder cable don't technically have to have their own fuses every time they leave a cabinet if the cable type and size is maintained in the entire grid and the fuses in the substation are calculated to suit the grid characteristics.\n\nLamp posts have a connection junction in each post. In every post, a cable can run off in another direction.\n\nYou'll have to start with establishing which cable it is that has the fault by disconnecting them one by one and measure the conductors impedance. In a healthy cable, there is no connection between the conductors - the impedance is indefinite or at least very, very high. Once you find your damaged cable, you have three options.\n\n- look for obvious signs of excavations along the cable. Could be a newly erected fence. A new driveway. a patch of the road that has new pavement despite that the rest of the road was last paved in the 80's. A patch of wood that has been timbered recently right next to the road. A lawn that has recently been resowed in a corner. Something that tells a tale of something been going on.\n\n- connect a *pulse echometer* to the cable. The result is a graph where joints, potential future faults and whatnot will be shown with a distance estimation. The short circuit is often the marking on the graph where the markings hit the roof worst. It will tell you, within a yard or so, where the potential short circuit is in the cable. Start digging.\n\n- connect a surge generator to the cable. The surge generator knocks a surge into the cable, ranging from 2000 volts (with equipment you can carry short distances if you are reasonably fit) up to near 60000 volts (with equipment that comes with it's own bus and has its own power source) depending on cable type and cable length. The idea is that the surge will create a spark in the cable. The spark can be heard^1 . If you up the voltage, it creates a distinct pounding in the ground that you can go looking for. If it's difficult to hear, you bring out a geo microphone and look for the place where you hear it loudest in the headset. Start digging.",
"Not exactly what you asked, but for communications cable there are a few ways. My work involves cables up to 1000ft, not miles long cables, but some techniques will work for either. \n\n1. A time domain reflectometer will give you a display of the distance to the fault. You have to know the velocity factor of the cable. It is usually 66% to 90% of the speed of light. \n\n2. Measure the capacitance and use the data sheet for the cable to find the capacitance per foot, or measure capacitance from both ends and do a ratio calculation. \n\n3. Inject a tone into the cable and use an inductive probe to find where the tone disappears. \n\n4. Frequency domain reflectometry uses an RF signal generator, a TEE connector, and an RF meter like a spectrum analyzer, oscilloscope, or RF power meter. The signal will be reflected at the open end of the cable and return. At certain frequencies the signal returning will cancel out the signal being sent. With some simple math the distance can be calculated. "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Awww.reddit.com%2Fr%2Fexplainlikeimfive+power+line&oq=site%3Awww.reddit.com%2Fr%2Fexplainlikeimfive+power+line&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i58.8097j0j7&client=ubuntu&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8"
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
7a36jr
|
how is sound generated from music files?
|
From my understanding, human hearing is limited to 20-20,000Hz. If this is the case, how are songs different? Are different frequencies played at a very high rate of speed or are they combined somehow?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7a36jr/eli5how_is_sound_generated_from_music_files/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dp6pean",
"dp6ye3x"
],
"score": [
5,
10
],
"text": [
"They’re played over the top of one another. In all your daily life longitudinal sound waves are overlapping each other, and when they do they basically add to each other (if a compression of the wave crosses a rarefaction (low pressure) then they will cancel out, if two compression cross they will create a very strong compression at that point, etc) [like this](_URL_0_) . With lots of different frequencies doing this all at once the wave forms become pretty weird in shape. You microphone then takes all these weird patterns and turns them into and electrical signal. The opposite then happens when they’re played: your file is played as a mix of all the waves added together. \n\nSoz pretty bad explanation but happy to answer further. ",
"Many sounds at once is not a problem at all. Sound is a wave and when you have multiple waves you can simply add them together to get the result. [Here is a gif example](_URL_3_) where green and blue wave together form the red wave. The red wave alone is enough to perfectly describe how green ad blue wave act together.\n\nSound is a simple wave. You can see the wave of a sound file with any sound editing program. [Audacity](_URL_2_) is popular free one.\n\n[Here](_URL_0_) is an example of the wave of a bass playing some notes alone. The selected area is three seconds long.\n\nNow how is this stored on the file? You simply store the value of the wave at certain sample points. With enough zooming in you can see them [here](_URL_1_), each point is single data point.\n\nThe data points are usually taken with sample rate of 44100 kHz so one sample every 0.022 ms. This is twice the frequency of human hearing and due to some math reasons you need twice the sample rate of your signal (sound).\n\nSo you take the recorded wave and store the value of the wave very frequently. This would be a simple .waw file with no compression. Mp3 and others add compression and that complicates things.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.google.com.au/search?q=wave+superposition&rlz=1CDGOYI_enAU696AU696&hl=en-GB&prmd=ivsn&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiWmdWRsJ3XAhWJE5QKHYASBw0Q_AUIEigB&biw=375&bih=591"
],
[
"https://i.imgur.com/EY19rjb.png",
"https://i.imgur.com/1kX7jPD.png",
"http://www.audacityteam.org/",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Waventerference.gif"
]
] |
|
1lx4jq
|
why do i see the monster logo on people's cars, and displayed so prominently?
|
When I was growing up, I don't remember ever seeing a Pepsi or Coca-Cola sticker on a car. What's the deal?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1lx4jq/eli5_why_do_i_see_the_monster_logo_on_peoples/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cc3lpwy",
"cc3lv6j",
"cc3ohzp",
"cc3opsk"
],
"score": [
11,
3,
3,
4
],
"text": [
"The Monster logo is closely associated with the X-sports like Motorcross, Skateboarding and Off Road Racing. (Monster Energy Supercross). I believe that people place these logos on their cars as a Fan of those sports and the lifestyle associated with it.",
"when I was growing up I did. not coca-cola, but a chewinggum brand. a friend of a friend had it on his car. asked him about it once, and he said he got paid $50 a month to keep it on there. he didnt have anything to do with the brand apart from that.",
"Like the other guy said, they're part of some vehicle sports. But otherwise it's just a case of great branding. People just like how the green M looks I guess, I see people wear it all the time even if they're not into the sports. ",
"The [Monster logo](_URL_1_) is an M that consists of three \"claw marks\" which are in the shape of the [Hebrew number 6.](_URL_0_) \n\nThe Monster energy drink logo is actually the number 666.\n\nThe creators of the drink and the people who display the logo are Satanists who use the stickers to secretly identify each other. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.av1611.org/666/images/hebrewy.gif",
"http://www.hdwallpapersinn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/MonsterLogo11.jpg"
]
] |
|
5xm3ou
|
how do they get statistics like "80% of people who suffer from this disease are not diagnosed yet"
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5xm3ou/eli5_how_do_they_get_statistics_like_80_of_people/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dej5z4e"
],
"score": [
8
],
"text": [
"Most of the time it's going to be a completely made up bullshit statistic\n\nBut sometime it can be accurate (or a relatively accurate guess)\n\nFor example:-\n\n- They might find from autopsy studies that 80% of people had a disease but had never been diagnosed\n\n- They might claim this by studying how people actually get diagnosed. e.g. they might find that 80% of people diagnosed with heart disease were diagnosed incidental to another health complaint, not because they were being specifically tested for any symptoms of the disease. \n\n- They might just do a study where they sample a random population and test them for the disease, and find that 80% of the people who test positive hadn't been diagnosed.\n\nBut most of the time it's going to be bullshit. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1q1fam
|
how do i trade a stock?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1q1fam/eli5_how_do_i_trade_a_stock/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cd86qe4",
"cd86ren",
"cd87d04",
"cd89892"
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"score": [
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"sign up with a stock broker. such as scotttrade, etrade, \n\nhand the broker $1000. tell him to buy Apple. he'll buy apple and put it on your account sheet, take a $10 transaction fee.\n\ntomm, tell him to sell apple. he'll sell apple, take a $10 transaction fee and put the rest into your account as cash \n",
"To buy or sell stock, you'll need to do so via a brokerage. Essentially, you open an account with a brokerage with cash (not unlike a savings account). You then send your broker orders to buy and sell, and the broker takes care of the rest.\n\nThis is commonly done via online brokerages, e.g., E*Trade, Scott Trade, Fidelity, et al. Though there are still plenty of brick-and-mortar brokerages around.\n\nIn any case, your broker will charge you a relatively small fee for each individual order executed.",
"There are a few types of companies: the main categorisation is between public companies and private companies. Public companies are those whose stock is traded on stock exchanges and available to the general public to buy, and that is what you are probably referring to. Private companies also have stock, and you could buy or sell stock in them, but that would be due to your personal connections and not stemming from a general invitation.\n\nSo what happens when you buy or sell a stock? The company has a record of its stockholders, called the \"Register of Members\". This record has to change. If the agreement to trade is made on a stock exchange (registered and licensed by your country's financial regulation body), there are two stages: one is the order made on the stock exchange, and the second is clearing, which can happen a few days later, when the actual legal transfer of money and stock (updating the Register of Members) takes place. Changes to the Register of Members may be communicated to the government in the company's annual return.\n\nThere are also \"street-name securites\", where you do not actually own the stock, it just looks as if you do.\n\n(PS I'd be very interested if I got any of the above wrong!)",
"To actually buy or sell a stock, you need to open an investment account with a brokerage firm. This firm will hold stocks and execute trades in the market on your behalf. All you need to do is fund an account and then make a trade. Within trading, there are several different types of orders - market and limit are the two simplest. A market order buys at the current price, whereas limit lets you specify which price.\n\nSo what stock should you buy? There are two types of analysis typically performed - technical and fundamental. Fundamental analysis involves looking at company financials and performance to determine the value of a company. Technical analysis involves looking at historical price data.\n\nA great program to use is [Samurai Investments](_URL_1_), which has a simple fundamental and technical screen. I also use the software my broker (TDAmeritrade) provides. Other great resources include _URL_0_ for charts and Google/Yahoo for financial data and screeners.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"freestockcharts.com",
"http://samurai-investments.com/"
]
] |
||
7nt6xx
|
if one episode of an animated television series takes months to create. how is an animated television series such as family guy or the simpsons able to give us a complete season every single year? but others take at minimum two years eg the boondocks or rick and morty?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7nt6xx/eli5if_one_episode_of_an_animated_television/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ds4bt1j",
"ds4c1dk"
],
"score": [
4,
2
],
"text": [
"The Simpsons and Family Guy can afford to have much larger staffs, meaning that multiple episodes are being worked on simultaneously. ",
"Some South Park episodes take about 6 days. They do this by keeping things in house and with lots of stress. See the documentary \"6 Days to Air.\" Other shows may use Korean animators which saves money but takes longer, or uses guest stars or non-local voice talent."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
4y78vt
|
psychologically, what is the appeal of bdsm? i know people enjoy it, but how specifically? through what emotions?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4y78vt/eli5_psychologically_what_is_the_appeal_of_bdsm_i/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d6lhu4p"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"* your neurological response to pleasure and pain are similar, and feeling both at the same time can enhance pleasure...even \"normal\" people are likely to engage in hair pulling, scratching, biting, and spanking during sex\n* having no control can be liberating, as you have no burden of making choices\n* similarly, having someone trust you enough to give up control can be arousing\n* people with a history of abuse can use it to relieve the abuse, but but with a better outcome...or sometimes they are just messed up and tie the two together"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1rklx8
|
why is it that regular porn is uncensored but hentai/doujinshi are generally censored?
|
Not something I'm overly concerned about. It's just something I have noticed and was curious.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rklx8/eli5_why_is_it_that_regular_porn_is_uncensored/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cdo60kv"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"All porn released in Japan is censored by law. [This Wikipedia article](_URL_0_) has the specifics. Basically, they have to blur all pubic hair and genitalia. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan"
]
] |
|
aan6vf
|
why is the sound quality of a song so much better when it’s played during a movie vs just listening to the song regularly?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aan6vf/eli5why_is_the_sound_quality_of_a_song_so_much/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ectbazp",
"ectbnp9",
"ectdnfn",
"ectdrny"
],
"score": [
6,
7,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Movie editing is magic, you have nooo idea how much time a **team** of people spent on that 15 sec clip",
"I have not experienced this. Maybe it is something subjective to yourself? I listen to music on the same HiFi system that I use for movies. Both sound equally great. Can you provide a specific example of a song in a movie? I'll stream the movie then play it via Spotify or Tidal and listen closely.\n",
"Biggest factor on this is speakers. Let's say you're listening to The Piña Colada Song on you're headphones or earbuds (or even worse, your laptop speakers) and then you go out to watch Guardians of the Galaxy with your friends in AVX, the song you were just listening to on your earbuds is going to sound inferior to the 7.1 surround sound system of the movie theater - plus they also have much better sound equipment.\n\nBut let's say you have an impressive sound system at home and you play the same song from a CD or mp3 (or vinyl if that's your thing) and it still sounds bad then it comes down to the actual song (or file whether with CD or mp3). Record companies had a nasty habit of releasing songs during the mid 80s and early 90s in a fold down, compressed audio to sell 2 versions of the album: a high fidelity one (at a price premium), and a cheap one (with the compression) - and most of the time record companies released compressed track for (what I believe was) combating the emergence of piracy.\n\nAnd compression is even worse on YouTube because you really don't know where the audio source is coming from.\n\nIn special cases, movies like Apocalypse Now were accidentally given the master track to use in the movie, so of course this is going to be vastly superior to anything we can commercially buy",
"Movie theaters have a calibrated sound system making the audio quality decent compared to nearly all car sound systems or home speakers (of course this excludes those who buy sound systems and set it up with the appropriate spacing and receiver). \n\nAlso, the song played during a movie scene is mostly shorter than the full song. When you also hear it for the first time in a theater while watching a new movie, it's going to naturally feel better as it's new. It's like when you first drive fast vs after the 10th time of driving fast, it loses the excitement factor a bit because you're already familiar with that specific feeling. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2104ih
|
why pirated movies are usually distributed as multi file rar archives?
|
I understand that sharing movies in parts is easier in case one of the files is corrupted - then you only download that part... but why are these archives COMPRESSED?
I have a 94 files, nearly 100 MB each as RAR. It takes about 7 minutes on my computer to unpack it. But if you pack the same file with no compression, just splitting it to multi files... it will weight the same as compressed, but it unpacks literally within seconds!! So why the piracy groups do that? MP4, MKV is already compressed video, RAR doesnt compress it further, only make it more difficult to unpack..
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2104ih/eli5_why_pirated_movies_are_usually_distributed/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cg8c010",
"cg8cebs"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"You're right that for video, RAR files don't actually compress significantly, because the video is already extremely compressed. It's not the compression that takes time, it's the archiving. If you made one giant archive of 9GB for the film it would take just as long to unpack. using an archive wrapper protects file integrity - when something unpacks successfully, you know you are getting the same file as the original.\n\nRAR files date back quite a ways, and were mainly used initially on Usenet, when sending large files (in excess of 100 MB) was much more difficult. You could request and be sent just a single file which got corrupted instead of needing to have the entire file resent. Later, recovery programs like Mirror, PAR and PAR2 arose, which made this process even more foolproof. \n\nThe reason RAR files are used instead of ZIPs is because RAR files handle splitting into multiple archives better. Most of the piracy groups still post primarily to Usenet, and RAR files are still the 'lingua franca' of that domain. If you want to find a reservoir of piracy bigger than anything you can imagine, check out some premium Usenet servers like Easynews. Not that I would ever condone such an activity.\n\nArchives are also good for hiding file contents from certain search engines, especially when they are split. Often times you'll find zip files contained within RAR sets, which is a big fat PITA. If you ever unpack a RAR set and find a single RAR inside, chances are it's bogus. It will claim to be password-protected and require you to join a certain site to get the password, but those are 99.999% scams. The archive actually contains dummy data.",
"if they're following generally accepted scene standards, rars for movies are not compressed, and the rars are only used as \"containers\".\n\n[source](_URL_0_)\n\ni haven't been involved in a long time, but this still seems about right. if you're getting it from a non-scene source, ie; p2p or usenet, then who knows how they archive it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_\\(warez\\)#Packaging"
]
] |
|
2kcib8
|
why can i bite into something lava hot and it doesn't bother my teeth, but if i bite into something freezing my teeth hurt like hell?
|
Bit into some very hot pizza earlier no prob. Later bit into an ice cream sandwich and nearly died.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2kcib8/eli5_why_can_i_bite_into_something_lava_hot_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cljz9b3"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"Cold causes your teeth to contract, pinching the nerves inside. Hot causes teeth to expand, no pinching."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
64ekbv
|
pleading not guilty and then being found guilty.
|
If someone's pleads not guilty to a crime (trial-worthy) and then through the court proceedings they're found guilty (no plea deal), shouldn't they also then be convicted of obstruction of justice or Perjury, or some other serious offense....? Assuredly this can then be overturned if the ruling is repealed...
Let's assume this is a clear-cut, non-circumstantial case. e.g. They're caught on tape + DNA evidence + credible eye witness.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/64ekbv/eli5_pleading_not_guilty_and_then_being_found/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dg1iei2",
"dg1ijgj"
],
"score": [
38,
3
],
"text": [
"A guilty plea is not under oath and is not testimony. It's also not a factual claim; in the context of a trial, it's really a statement that you're going to require the government to meet its obligation to convict you. So it's not perjury, which is false testimony.",
"No.\n\nAt least in the US, you are presumed innocent until proven guilty. Saying \"not guilty\" is more like saying \"prove it\" than \"I didn't do it,\" although it can sometimes mean the latter.\n\nAt that same time, one can forego the proving and trial by saying \"guilty\" when asked.\n\nThree things to always remember: cooperate but don't talk to police without an attorney if you're accused, always get an attorney if you're accused, and try to not do anything where you might be the accused..."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
f4oxbm
|
where/how do retailers buy in bulk?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f4oxbm/eli5_wherehow_do_retailers_buy_in_bulk/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fhs1he8",
"fhs1kme"
],
"score": [
2,
21
],
"text": [
"Either straight from the manufacturer or from a wholesaler. There is often a minimum order quantity for products ie. chocolate bars could be sold in boxes of 48, so you must buy in multiples of 48. And the minimum spend for example could be £500. It’s different from wholesaler to wholesaler.",
"It might be possible to buy directly from the distributor, but usually it is not practical for you to do so. \n\nFrequently distributors only offer freight delivery to a place with a trailer dock and the minimum order size is ridiculously large. Like 48 boxes, each containing 72 Hershey bars large or 300 2-liter bottles of Coca-Cola on a pallet. Fine if you are running a supermarket or a couple of gas stations, unwieldy and unusable if your family is trying to save a few bucks buying direct.\n\nIf you go one layer down, you get warehouse stores like Costco. Their business model is to buy the pallets direct and then put them out with minimal merchandising for you to pick through.\n\nIf you go two layers down, you get traditional supermarket chains. They buy the pallets, ship them to central warehouse, break them into smaller shipments, combine them with other shipments and transport those to neighborhood stores. The stores further break down these shipments into individual items on shelves or racks."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
b7kgei
|
how can scientists detect that they have synthesised a new element if they only last for a few milliseconds?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b7kgei/eli5_how_can_scientists_detect_that_they_have/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ejseybe"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"You detect the radiation that they emit when they decay. the specific energy and type radiation they emit is unique for each element. What new element they becom can be determine from the radiation they emit and you can detect the presence of that. So when you put all that together you can show that a new element was created \n\nYou create a super heavy element buy forcing two lighter together so for example Pu-244 with 94 protons and calcium-48 with 20 protons will create Flerovium-292 with 114 protons. The combinations will be a sum of them, so you can see that 244+48=292 and 94+20=114 . The result it win the collision of those two element you only have one possible super heavy element that could be created.\n\n [_URL_0_](_URL_0_) "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-scientists-detect/"
]
] |
||
53kbg3
|
international debt
|
A few days ago I saw a post that was commenting on how much hard currency existed in the world (billions) and how much debt there was in the world (TRILLIONS). How does this work? Where does the debt come from? Can countries ever ask other countries to pay back significant parts of the debt? If that were to happen between economically giant countries what would happen to the world economy? Pretty much, can someone please ELI5 all of worldwide debt? Thanks :)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/53kbg3/eli5_international_debt/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d7tu920",
"d7tuo5p"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"The debt is mostly in the form of treasury securities they're bonds by the treasury department and they mature after a specific amount of time when they pay back the original cost called the principal plus the interest. They aren't some IOU that gets randomly called in. \n\nWhat's more not that much is owned by other countries as you might think. The US federal reserve owns about 12%, that's mainly part of issuing new money there is a difference between the cost of printing money and the face value and to handle the accounting essentially the federal reserve gives that value to the treasury which creates a debt to balance. Social security, which needs to hold a lot of money very safe to be you know secure, holds about 16% of the debt and another 13% belong to other federal government organizations. With state and local governments holding about 3%. So that there is actually 44% of the debt that is just our government owing itself. \n\nAbout 34% is held in foreign nations and the largest of which are China and Japan with 8 and 7 percent. \n\nBeyond that there's a lot of private debt holders in the US, insurance companies often need to hold US debt because of how safe it is and the need to be assured they can pay out on claims and not get wiped out in the stock market. Banks have similar needs, there are pension funds, and mutual funds and people who own savings bonds that hold us debt. \n\nSo its the debt can't really be called in ahead of schedule, there is always some market for the debt, and I suspect not is much is held by foreigners as you might think. ",
"Bob has $100 and Alice has nothing, Bob puts his money in the bank, Alice gets a loan for $90 from the bank (and they set aside $10 because they use [fractional reserve banking](_URL_0_) requiring 10% of money is not loaned out), and she buys a widget from Bob for $90, Bob puts that into his bank account then takes out a loan for $81 and buys some cookies from Alice, she puts it in the bank and takes out a loan for $72, and buys more widgets from Bob.\n\nThe bank has $28 dollars in cash, Bob has $72 dollars in cash, Alice is in debt to the bank for $162 and Bob is in debt for $90, making $100 in cash and $252 worth the debt on the books. Bob also has $162 in the bank and Alice has $90 in the bank, so while the debt is outstanding the money exists in various accounts, but the cash does not exist, the Bank could wire the money to pay off the accounts, but they can't handle a cash withdrawal that large."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional-reserve_banking"
]
] |
|
9ib0ea
|
why are we naturally able to swim in the womb as babies but not after we're born?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9ib0ea/eli5_why_are_we_naturally_able_to_swim_in_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e6i8636",
"e6i8mvn",
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],
"score": [
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2,
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],
"text": [
"Have you not seen the videos of babies swimming?",
"We don’t use our lungs til we’re born we get our oxygenated red blood cells through our placenta. So bobbing around in fluid is second nature til we have the need to breathe. ",
"Aren't they really just floating, not swimming?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
99gc1f
|
how is law enforcement using geneology site's information to track down and arrest suspects in cold cases?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/99gc1f/eli5_how_is_law_enforcement_using_geneology_sites/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e4neq7a",
"e4nf3nj"
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"score": [
6,
3
],
"text": [
"Usually, it's because they still have evidence for those cases that DNA can be or has been obtained from. \n\nThey can then use that against the records voluntarily supplied to them by people who use the Genealogy sites to find either the suspect or a familial/DNA link to the suspect.",
"In some cases, such as the Golden State killer's, police had a DNA sample but never had the correct suspect to match it with. What they did in that case was compare the DNA sample they had with geneology's database, and were able to find people that were likely related to the killer. Using that information, the authorities basically put together a family tree and were able to deduce likely suspects based on age, location, and similar factors. They then staked out the suspect's home and were able to obtain a DNA sample by sifting through his trash, matched it with DNA from an old crime scene, and were able to make an arrest."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
13hvym
|
the difference between paint and car paint, why cant i paint a car a different color?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/13hvym/eli5_the_difference_between_paint_and_car_paint/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c743h3f"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Paint is paint. But certain kinds of paint stick better to things than others. \n\nLatex or oil-based paint is good for painting walls of houses (inside or outside). But it doesn't stick well to metal. The water-based formula will actually start rusting the metal. Car paint is usually something strong and has no water, like an enamel paint. And then it's baked on to get it to stay there.\n\nYou can buy car paint anywhere and do it yourself. People do it all the time when repairing dents and replacing body panels. Could you do it with latex house paint and a roller? Why not.\n\nOnly thing is that the car will be hard, if not impossible, to sell when the title says the car is black and you've painted it bright blue. So you need to take care of that."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2nsdun
|
do deaf people have any sort of understanding of music?
|
Do deaf people (particularly those who have been deaf from birth) understand the concept of music? How?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2nsdun/eli5do_deaf_people_have_any_sort_of_understanding/
|
{
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"text": [
"There are varying degrees of deafness, but even the totally deaf can feel the vibrations of sound waves. They may not be able to distinguish between notes, but they can determine the beat.",
"When I was little, our next-door neighbors had a deaf daughter. She occasionally liked to turn the music **way** up so she could feel the beat. I remember her parents came over and talked to my parents about it, to let us know what was going on and ask if it bothered us.\n\nI thought that was pretty cool.\n\nThinking back, I'm pretty sure that she must have had a sense of at least some parts of music.",
"My uncle has been completely deaf since birth. He's actually a huge music fan. He loves 80's rock and heavy metal. He can \"feel\" it. He goes to concerts all the time."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
81ywlf
|
machine learning
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/81ywlf/eli5_machine_learning/
|
{
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"score": [
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],
"text": [
"Machine learning is simply using data in a computer to teach the machine learning model how everything works.\n\nIn a ML model, you pass in data known as training data. It’s the data that you want to work on, say to classify or predict the values. The model contains values called weights which are used by equations to do the task.\n\nNow either it can be right or wrong. So slowly over time using different optimisation methods, the model is made to change its weights which changes its decisions. So eventually, the predictions start becoming increasingly correct. \n\nNow this model which was trained is used to predict the results that you need. Some different models have their own ‘quirks’ that are handy at different applications.",
"Instead of telling the computer what to do to win a game, you tell it the rules and what the winning conditions are.\n\nThen you let the computer run thousands of games, each time it learns something from the games and starts working out the best way to win.\n\nSay for a first person shooter game you might tell current standard AI to find cover if it's being shot and shoot back.\n\nMachine learning you would tell the AI that the win condition is to kill the player.\nThe rules are that it can move, shoot and use cover.\n\nThe first few thousand runs it will probably just run out and get shot, that's a loss so it will start trying other things within the rules.\n\nA few more thousand runs and it's shooting back with great accuracy but still not winning 100% of the time, so time to try new things within the rules.\n\nEventually after thousands more runs the Machine Learning AI will learn to take cover, learned to hide from the player for an ambush, maybe even learned to flank the player.\n\n\n",
"Supervised learning - Any technique that fits a function to labeled data, ie a bunch of images that have human written descriptions of what they are. For example using data to train a statistical model that accurately guesses the subject of an image.\n\nUnsupervised learning - Any technique that identifies patterns in unlabeled data, like a bunch of images. For example using statistics to categorize animal photos by the type of animal present, without being told what animals they were in the first place.\n",
"please watch the documentary \"AlphaGo\" short, interesting, and very relevant to the question",
"I tell you, a 5 year old, \"price of letter T is 2$\".\nThen, if I ask you \"how much is an H\", your best bet will be $2.\n\nThen, I tell you \"A is $3\". Now, you know that not all letters are the same price. Your best bet for H would be between $2-$3, say $2.5. \n\nThen, I tell you the following:\n\nR is $3\n\nY is $3\n \nW is $4 \n\nO is $0\n\nQ is $1\n\nK is $3\n\nYou may not be able to tell exactly if there is a rule. But you can tell some letters may be free, but this happens rarely. You may also notice a lot of letters are $3. Also, you notice that the dollar amount is always an integer. Now, you may want to revise your estimate to $3.\n\nThere may or there may not be a rule that definitely identifies the price (in this case, I made up a rule). Regardless of an exact rule, if there are some underlying patterns (e.g. $3 appears a lot, $0 and $4 are rare but possible), you are more likely to see them, as I give you more example. \n\nComputers can process lots and lots of these examples very quickly. Just like you, they start to see patterns between the inputs (letter) and the output (price). \n\nMachine Learning is a set of techniques to write computer programs that can look at lots of examples (inputs and outputs), and find patterns that relate inputs to outputs. What the computer program calculates is called a machine learning model. \n\nHaving these models is very useful, if they really can predict an output from an input. For example, if you are in the business of selling words, you can use these machine learning models to estimate a good price for your words. \n\nHow much you do you think I would be willing to pay for the word \"HETDOK\" ?\n\n\n\n\n\n",
"Scientific American described a \"machine learning\" algorithm involving matchboxes and beans to play a game called \"hexpawns\". (Hexpawns is an extremely simple game, like tic-tac-toe, but there's always a winner, never a draw.)\n\nIn the algorithm, every time it's the computer's turn to play, if the board is in a layout the computer has never seen before, it takes an empty matchbox, draws the board layout on it, and fills it with beans, each one representing a possible move. If there's already a matchbox with the drawing of the board on it, the computer just uses that.\n\nThe computer then draws a bean at random, makes that move, returns the bean to the matchbox and returns the matchbox to the pool.\n\nIf the computer loses the game, it takes the last bean it played, and throws it away. If the computer pulls a matchbox with no more beans in it, it resigns the game and throws the last bean away.\n\nIn this way, the computer starts out playing a terrible game of hexpawn, but over time, accumulates a collection of matchboxes and beans that lead to a win every time.",
"ML is a rather complicated rabbit hole to fall into, but here goes.\n\nBroadly, there are two types of learning a machine can do: supervised and unsupervised. Without going too far into specifics, the difference between the two boils down to whether or not there's a definable success condition or a known answer set. \n\nFor example, an algorithm that might translate speech to text will use supervised learning. A programmer will use a set of speech samples and corresponding writing samples to train the algorithm. Like a human, at first, the algorithm will probably be very wrong. Each time it gives an answer, the ML process will evaluate if it was right or wrong and nudge variables in the algorithm towards the correct answer. Over time the ML process will optimise towards a minimum of incorrect answers, and a maximum of correct ones. Note that this is not an absolute min or max though, and is usually imperfect even when fully trained. As well, the specific optimization is not something any programmer can really understand - this is what they mean when they say even the programmers don't know how the answers are chosen.\n\nThe majority of the compute power goes into the training process, and when it's complete the algorithm is an efficient way of determining an approximate answer to the given problem. What's more, if the training data set is adequate, the algorithm will now be equipped to infer appropriate answers for data it's never seen!\n\nIn unsupervised learning, there is no answer set. Instead, it's raw data. Because of this it can be said that this is really a categorization or pattern recognition algorithm that simply groups data together. This also relies on a similar training and optimization process to supervised learning, but instead of optimizing towards a known answer it optimizes towards valid and useful patterns in the data set. Because of this, the usefulness of the algorithm's output is not guaranteed, and it tends to be a much more involved process to create an unsupervised algorithm. A typical application of unsupervised learning is in fraud detection for the financial industry.\n\nThe specific methods of 'nudging' towards the desired answers are the key to ML, but also far more complicated than would be reasonable to explain in ELI5. As well, there are statistical issues with the data sets that are similarly hard to quickly explain. Suffice it to say, all ML really does is effectively 'nudge' a set of variables in the algorithm so that it eventually gives us the outputs we want for the given inputs, especially for inputs it hasn't seen yet.",
"In machine learning, you have some model about how the world works, with some parameters that are free. Parameter being free is best illustrated by an example. Lets say we try to tell if the world is cold, and we only get the outside temperature as input. Our simple model the could be, above certain temperature, it's not cold, and below that temperature, it is cold. We ignore things like wind speed and clothing. The place we put the threshold of coldness is our free parameter. We can move it around freely.\n\nTo learn when it's cold, we the could use data of temperatures, which are tagged with either \"cold\" or \"not cold\". The free parameters are then adjusted to fit this data as well as possible.\n\nThe trick is, data may be contradictory, some data point may say +10C is cold, and some that +5C is not cold. But you still have to place the threshold somewhere. One might say our model is not good enough, but most of the world is too complicated to use a perfect model, you just use model that's good enough."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
76ukbh
|
how does eyesight work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/76ukbh/eli5_how_does_eyesight_work/
|
{
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"doh5h0e"
],
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2
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"text": [
"The first thing you eyes do is collect light. \n\nThe light enters your eye through the pupil in the middle. Your eye can change the size of the pupil to let in more or less light, giving it an adaptability to local conditions.\n\nAs light goes through your eye, its also focused by the lens. The job of the lens is to take the light coming in though the pupil, and focus it clearly on the back of your eye. The lens, like the pupil, can also change shape to adapt to looking at different things. This is because looking at something close needs to be treated differently to something far away. \n\nSo now you have light focused clearly on the back of you eye. On the back there, are thousands of cells which are receptive to light. These are your rods and cone cells. They contain proteins called pigments. The pigments absorb light waves. When a pigment does this, it knows, and sends a chemical signal to the cell saying 'We've got light here'. The cell then shoots a nerve impulse to the brain to inform it of the light its caught. \n\nWhen your eyes are in use, the cells are constantly getting bombarded with light, and shoot a continuous steam of impulses to the brain. Now, as I said, there are thousands of light sensitive rod and cone cells. Some are sensitive to light, others are sensitive to light of a specific colour. All these cells send thousands upon thousands of nerve impulses to the brain every second, telling the brain if they saw light or not. The brain then does the utterly unfathomable task of reading these endless impulses and turning them into the image we see in our minds. This last part is the hardest to understand. We know it takes place in the occiptial lobe at the back of your brain, but we don't understand the mechanism by which these impulses are turned into an image. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
19lfz2
|
where do they come up with the 4 letter code for radio and tv stations (i.e kwfx)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/19lfz2/eli5_where_do_they_come_up_with_the_4_letter_code/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c8p3see"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"I [answered that](_URL_0_) a few days ago."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/19br7b/eli5_why_do_radio_and_tv_station_call_letters/"
]
] |
||
17okcp
|
- why do creams like bengay or ruba535 make my skin feel hot, but not on the hand that rubs it in?
|
I strained a muscle in my arm today so I put some Rub-A535 on. As I rubbed it in i could feel it work on my shoulder quite quickly, but my hand felt more or less the same. What's going on? Thanks!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/17okcp/eli5_why_do_creams_like_bengay_or_ruba535_make_my/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c87f9ih"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Your fingers have less nerve endings than other body parts. That's because they are used to grab pretty much anything. If they were too sensitive to touch, then more things would hurt, you'd touch fewer things and be less likely to do anything -- meaning our evolution would have been less likely."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1ilnro
|
when registering to vote in the us, why are you asked what party affiliation you would like to be associated with and does it matter?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ilnro/eli5_when_registering_to_vote_in_the_us_why_are/
|
{
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"text": [
"Membership in a political party allows you to do things like vote in primaries. Election boards need this information to determine who can vote in what primaries. \n\nI would imagine it's also done at the request of political parties to ensure membership. ",
"There are primary elections for each part. These are elections for candidates only in that party. You pick one to represent the party in the general election, which is the election in which any registered voter can vote as well as the election in which a candidate is officially elected to a position. If you are registered as a democrat, you can still vote republican in the GENERAL election and vice versa.",
"The answer to this varies by state. Some states will only allow you to vote in the primary of the party affiliation you declare. If you declare yourself as independent, you might not be able to vote in any primary.",
"they dont want all the republicans screwing up the democratic primary by voting for the worst candidate or vice versa",
"I always just put \"Independent\" for the sole reason of trying to avoid having people contact me for political stuff..."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
296lnb
|
how come when i turn on loud music my dogs don't react at all, but when i sing along it gets their attention straight away?
|
It's like they don't even hear the music at all, not a muscle moves. But when it's my voice they whip their heads around to look at me.
Do they have some kind of selective hearing?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/296lnb/eli5_how_come_when_i_turn_on_loud_music_my_dogs/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cihx5xl"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"No, but they recognize you as their pack leader. If music plays, whatever. If the pack leader is doing something, best pay attention ."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
7l2m0h
|
how dual-clutch transmissions and continuously variable transmissions use clutches but do not stall.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7l2m0h/eli5_how_dualclutch_transmissions_and/
|
{
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"text": [
"Dual clutch transmissions are basically a sequential manual transmission controlled by computers and therefore automated and programmed not to stall. If you are able to override the computer, then yes, it can be stalled.\n\nCVTs are like automatics and use a torque converter and will not stall as if it were an automatic. However it is not strictly true that CVTs cannot be stalled as nothing prohibits you from installing a foot-operated clutch to the CVT(same with automatics), in that case, it can still be stalled",
"standard manual transmissions leave the operation of the clutch to the driver. dual clutch tranmissions have a computer thats controls the clutch thru vacuum and hydraulic systems. the computer doesn't make the mistake of misengaging the clutch .",
"some CVTs and DCTs use electronically controlled clutches (or similar tech), which automatically engage the clutch when the engine revs above a certain limit. these cars are notable, because they do not inch forward when you release the brakes while the engine is idling in drive gear.\n\nsome CVTs and DCTs use torque converters, similar to how traditional automatic transmission vehicles.\n\nin both cases, the system actively prevents the engine from stalling.",
"First, DCT:\nThese transmissions use two clutches - one for even gears and one for odd gears. This is what helps make them so fast. As you are about the upshift or downshift, the computer \"readies\" the other clutch's gear by selecting the higher or lower gear depending on whether you want to go up or down a gear. When the next gear is connected, and the computer is ready to shift, it can very quickly release one clutch and engage the other. Then it can select the next gear again on the disengaged clutch. You save the \"gear change\" time consumed by a normal manual transmission. If we had more legs, we could do the same thing with 2 clutch pedals.\n\nThat answers why they are fast and desirable, but why don't they stall? Well, the computer-controlled clutches do the same thing humans do while driving. When you come to a stop, the car selects first gear, but disengages the clutch. It can hold it's position using the brake (even if you aren't pressing it enough, like on a hill), or by slipping the clutch like a human might do. This can cause extra wear on a clutch, but it's pretty much the same way humans drive a manual transmission. The computer decides when you want to stay still, creep forward slightly, or move forward and continue accelerating. Then the computer modulates the clutch appropriately just like a human so that the car does this. This technology is still improving, and many people complain of \"jerky\" driving behavior especially in parking lots or with a cold car because the computer isn't as smooth with the clutch release as a human might be.\n\nCVTs:\nThese actually use a torque converter typically. The ones that don't (like a motorcycle) use a clutch to follow the same principles as a normal manual transmission. CVT is all about the gears (not the clutch engagement of those gears).\n\nTo understand how CVTs work, picture a typical multi-speed bicycle where you have front and rear gears. You know that by moving the derailleur in or out on the front or rear gear sets you can adjust for high power and fast acceleration with a low top speed, or low power with low acceleration but a much higher top speed. The whole time though the chain on the bike remains the same length (I know that fixed gear sizes actually mean the derailleur needs to pick up some slack, but I am simplifying the explanation).\n\nA CVT works on the same principle. Instead of using a chain, it uses a kind of belt that always stays in the same place. Both of the \"gears\" the belt rides on are actually like cones where one end is very small and the other end is very wide. Picture them like the small gear and the large gear on the back of the bicycle. By moving the cones towards or away from the belt, we can change the diameter of the front gear to be larger at the same time the rear gear is smaller (the belt stays in the same place). This would be like going to a large gear on the front of the bicycle, and a small gear on the back of the bicycle, except because they are cones the change is \"continuous\" instead of in steps like a bicycle. The result of all this is that we change the gear ratio in the transmission continuously, so as the car accelerates (higher MPH) we can adjust the gear ratio to keep the engine at the same speed (RPM). This is more fuel efficient and produces more power across the MPH range.\n\nEDIT: Added some paragraph separation so it doesn't look like a 5 year old typed this.",
"It's a little disconcerting that I can't find a single use of the word \"solenoid\" in a CTRL+F search.\n\nI work as a technician for American Honda. \n\nA few of our off-road units use variations on DCT and hybrid DCT-style transmissions. Our primary means of eliminating \"creep\" when you're idling is the use of a \"Dual Clutch PC Solenoid\". Since DCT clutches run off of oil pressure and not spring pressure, any time the engine is turning and generating oil pressure, you have drag on a clutch. Using only the brakes may cause clutch wear over time. \n\nI can't speak for automotive applications, but for our Motorcycles, we use this solenoid to divert oil pressure away to the drive clutch (Clutch 1, connected to the odd-numbered gears) when at idle in gear. The ECU will look for a change in throttle position sensor input, engine speed change above idle range, or a vehicle speed reading in one of the front/rear or transmission vehicle speed sensors. \n\nOnce the ECU detects one of the above, thie DCT PC Solenoid will begin to open up, allowing oil pressure to flow to the clutch pack.\n\nWe have a built-in emergency valve you operate with a screw driver to bypass this system and applying direct oil pressure to the second clutch, in the event of an electrical failure. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
aw6i4m
|
why does everybody lean forward while gaming(espescially competitive).
|
Like everybody i know does thatafter loading screen for games like madden, fifa etc.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aw6i4m/eli5_why_does_everybody_lean_forward_while/
|
{
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"text": [
"Stress causes people to hunch forward. Games, particularly competitive ones, can be stressful, causing us to adopt a tense position.\n\nAfter just a few games, you become used to playing games in that position, and just automatically adopt it once the game loads - even if you aren't in a stressful gameplay situation yet.",
"Because if you lean forward, your brain has to track your tensioned body muscles in the background, preventing relaxation and zoning out of focus in the boring moments of a round. Also, if you lean forward, your lungs can't expand fully, which means you breathe faster, and by this, increase heart rate faster, when needed. It's a neat way of your body going into \"focus mode\"\n\nAnd ofcourse, for being a little closer to the screen and seeing a bit better, or for other obscure reasons. But these came to my mind now."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
31dly7
|
why are terrorist organizations so active in the middle east (iraq and syria), but not in the one country almost everyone in the middle east hates, israel?
|
I mean, it is the perfect target for terror groups, right?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/31dly7/eli5_why_are_terrorist_organizations_so_active_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cq0l0sq",
"cq0m5be"
],
"score": [
13,
4
],
"text": [
"Israel gets hit by attacks all the time, but the Israelis take defense very seriously and have a relatively small country with well-guarded borders. They're also willing to use somewhat less-than-kosher tactics with respect to counterterrorism.",
"I don't know if this post is a joke or not, but here was the first link I found with data about terrorism attacks in Israel: _URL_2_\n\nYou can click through the links to lists that give detailed information about each terror attack. For instance, this was just the years 2014-15: _URL_1_\n\nTwo examples:\n\n > Two attackers threw a Molotov cocktail at a passing car, severely burning an 11-year-old girl and injuring her father\n\n > Antitank missile fired from Lebanon struck and destroyed a military vehicle on the Israeli side of the border, killing 2 soldiers and injuring 4\n\netc.\n\nEdit -- And here's more detailed information for the years 1993-Present: _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Terrorism/victims.html",
"http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/terrorism/terrisrael-12.html",
"http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/terrorism/terrisraelsum.html"
]
] |
|
42vs8r
|
why doesn't the poliovirus evolve as rapidly as the flu virus does?
|
Why don't we need yearly shots against polio like we do for the flu?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/42vs8r/eli5_why_doesnt_the_poliovirus_evolve_as_rapidly/
|
{
"a_id": [
"czdkeaj"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Part of the reason that flu can be really dangerous is that it infects so many species. Swine, birds, humans etc. Not every strain can infect every animal. But some animals can be infected with many types of strains, and when infected with more than one type at a time they act as a mixing basin, allowing new combinations of flu parts."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1q4qhv
|
what is the base of people that is enabling rob ford and keeping him in power, and why do they want him to stay?
|
Really, I don't understand how this guy hasn't lost his job yet.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1q4qhv/eli5_what_is_the_base_of_people_that_is_enabling/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cd96zoz"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"As I understand it, there's no established *process* for removing the mayor from his post. If he doesn't resign, there's no mechanism for removing him. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
319of0
|
what is the difference between meth, crack cocaine,crack and cocaine?
|
The terms are so vivid so i don't know the correct one. Thanks in advance!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/319of0/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_meth_crack/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpzlucs",
"cpzlwb8"
],
"score": [
3,
7
],
"text": [
"* crack = crack cocaine = freebase cocaine, suitable for smoking. \n* cocaine usually refers to the HCL salt, which can't be smoked, but is water soluble and can be easily injected. \n* meth = methamphetamine (or N-methyl amphetamine), which is a different drug altogether.\n\nMeth is more addictive than any form of cocaine. None of these drugs are good news.",
"Meth - methamphetamine - a powerful stimulant that is cooked up in a laboratory. Popular for its low cost and easy manufacturing process.\n\nCocaine - powerful stimulant derived from the cocoa plant in south america. Very expensive, and often seen in a white powdered form.\n\nCrack - crystalized cocaine that has been cut with other substances to make it less potent and cheaper. Very popular in the bad parts of big cities."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
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