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This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 841fa263-7535-4d40-ae25-cddb831b5254 | [{'content': 'A 22 years old gravida 3 para 2 lady delivers a normal child followed by delivery of an intact placenta. Following delivery, the lady develops severe per vaginal bleeding after 30 minutes. On table sonogram revealed retained placental tissue. What is the suspected type of placenta? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Membranous placenta, B. Placenta fenestrae, C. Placenta accreta, D. Placenta succenturiata', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Placenta succenturiataSuccenturiate lobeSmall accessory lobes develop at a small distance from the main placentadeg.These lobes have vessels that course through the membranesdeg.If these vessels overlie the cervix to create a vasa pre, they can cause dangerous fetal hemorrhage if torndeg.An accessory lobe may be retained in uterus after delivery & cause postpaum uterine', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | f2c94aa9-36ec-4b01-9a6c-11624e14ffed | [{'content': 'In ALL patient; at which stage can the orthodontic treatment be done: \nSelect and explain. \nA. During chemotherapy, B. Before chemotherapy, C. 2 years after remission, D. Any time as not affected by ALL', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | e4281c68-9e8b-4802-9c1d-edf0de6c7195 | [{'content': 'Which diseases are infectious but not communicable? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Measles, B. Mumps, C. Scarlet fever, D. Tetanus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 70c81c38-0fc8-44d3-9677-4b9845e39a50 | [{'content': 'Deepening the pulpal floor during cavity preparation\nprovides for \nSelect and explain. \nA. Outline form, B. Retention form, C. convenience form, D. Resistance form', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 65d2a97a-75ed-4658-860f-9acab69d88d1 | [{'content': 'Clinically acceptable limit of run out: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 0.012, B. 0.023, C. 0.15, D. 0.032.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | b3f181b1-dcd4-44d6-a008-628ed7b39cdc | [{'content': "A 30-year-old gentleman has exce' cep at work attributed to sleep discomfo at night. He also has recent history of falling while paying with friends. What are the other features that can be seenassociated with his condition? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Paralysis during sleep-wake transition with hallucinations, B. Snoring with witnessed sleep apnea, C. Pain in the legs before going to sleep, D. Generalized seizures in the wake state", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer: a. Paralysis during sleep-wake transition with hallucinations (Ref. Harrivon 19/c p189, 18/e p265History of fall is highly suggestive of atonia/paralysis and may be due to Narcolepsy.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 15d397c9-5a33-4c5e-b48e-a1625e079630 | [{'content': 'Improved Drinking water source protect from \nSelect and explain. \nA. Fecal matter, B. Teratogenic, C. Inorganic, D. Not Recalled', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | c138ad82-08de-476f-b7cc-037bb25ef376 | [{'content': 'Most constant and valuable trait to differentiate among maxillary 1st , 2nd and 3rd molars is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Relative position of DL groove, B. Relative position of ML groove, C. ML cusp size, D. Oblique ridge size', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Relative position of DL groove is most constant and valuable trait. As DL cusp becomes smaller as we move distally from 1st molar to 3rd molar.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | f6cf71c5-7ca4-43a2-893a-f459548c5132 | [{'content': 'The odontoblasts killed during cavity preparation are derived from: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Unaffected odontoblasts from the pulp, B. Undifferentiated cells, C. Histocytes, D. Osteoblasts', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 883b1e5a-141b-4b1c-bdd2-3126554f9624 | [{'content': "All are true about aneuploidy except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 30% of trisomy 21 fetus die in utero, B. 80% of trisomy 18 fetus die in uero, C. Occurrence of aneuploidy has no relation with the progression of mother's age, D. The recurrence risk for nondysjunctional aneuploidy is 1% higher", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Aneuploidy\n\nEach human cell consists of 23 pair of chromosomes i.e., the normal chromosome number is 46\nAneuploidy is a deviation from the normal number of 46 chromosome. Which could be be 47 or 45 chromosomes or it can be defined as state of having chromosome number that is not multiple of 23.\n\nNondisjunction\n\nNondisjunction is failure of paired homologus chromosomes to separate during the first meiotic division that leads to the production of gametes (ova and spermatozoa).\nThus, some gametes receive two and other receive none of the involved pair. After the second meiotic division the resulting gametes will have 24 and 22 chromosomes respectively. Such gametes are aneuploid.\n\nAnaphase lag\n\nIn anaphase lag, one homologus chromosome in meiosis or one chromatid in mitosis lags behind and is left out of the cell nucleus. This results in one normal cell and one cell with monosomy.\n\nSurvival of Aneuploidy\n\nMonosomy or trisomy involving the sex chromosome are compatible with life and are usually associated with variable degree of phenotypic abnormalities.\nMonosomy involving an autosome generally represents loss of too much genetic information to permit live births or\xa0 even embryogenesis.\nWith the exception of trisomy 21 all others will produce severely handicapped infants who almost invariably die at an early age.\n\nEstimated abortion rate in early pregnancy', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | cb22bfd6-e7d0-4944-8677-45b1a3d35c21 | [{'content': 'The following is the ovum of a helminth. What is true about the helminth? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Transmission is through ingestion of infected pork, B. Both adult and larval stages are seen in humans, C. The helminth causes a transient self-resolving infection in humans, D. Drug of choice for this condition is albendazole', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: b. Both adult and larval stages are seen in humans(Ref: Paniker's 7/e p135, 6/e p156)The given image is the egg of Hymenolepis nano showing characteristic polar filaments, polar knobs, yolk granules and,6 hooklets (hexacanth) in the oncosphere (embryo).Both adult and larval stages of this species are seen in humans.It causes a transient infection in humans but does not resolve on its own and has to be treated.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 00eaa1c4-c041-4172-ab04-51205c84410f | [{'content': 'Progenitor hematopoietic stem cells originate in \nSelect and explain. \nA. Bone marrow, B. Thymus, C. Lymph Node, D. Spleen', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 21be2f06-388b-47cb-8264-b03a82a65839 | [{'content': 'Long face syndrome patient with increased lower facial height, the palatal plane will be: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Posteriorly downward, B. Upward posteriorly, C. Downward anteriorly, D. No change', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Vertical type 1 is suggestive of ‘long face syndrome’ or ‘steep mandibular plane angle’ type of class II. The functional occlusal plane is also steep associated with a palatal plane that is tipped downward.\nIn long face individuals, who have excessive lower anterior face height, the palatal plane rotates down posteriorly, often creating a negative rather than the normal positive inclination to the true horizontal. The mandible shows an opposite, backward rotation, with an increase in the mandibular plane angle.\nRef: Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Management of Malocclusion and Dentofacial Deformities, 3e, Om P. Kharbanda pdf no 2526', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anaesthesia | 52e0bdf3-57a4-4dd6-ba5c-e9facb82e61f | [{'content': 'Which of these is most commonly used as pre-anesthetic medication? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Atropine, B. Promethazine, C. Scopolamine, D. Glycopyrrolate', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Glycopyrrolate(Ref: Miller 7/e p293; KDT 366, 117)Glycopyrrolate is most commonly used as pre-anesthetic medication.An anlicholinergic drug used for reducing secretions in the mouth, throat, airway, and stomach before surgery.Used before and during surgery to block ceain reflexes and to protect against ceain side effects of some medicines.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 24116727-d6db-412a-8568-8f9818ecf2b6 | [{'content': 'If a permanent first molar is lost, the permanent second molar drifts to the: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Buccal side, B. Distal side, C. Mesial side, D. Lingual side', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 574f8c1a-3c90-4c56-b5ef-6d0a965ab942 | [{'content': 'The best marker for neural tube defect is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Acetyl glucosonidase, B. Acetyl cholinesterase, C. Alpha fetoprotein, D. Chorionic gonadotrophin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Microbiology | db465e84-d92a-49f2-a5f9-3c0c771aa507 | [{'content': 'Transmits which disease \nSelect and explain. \nA. Kyasanur forest disease, B. Scrub typhus, C. Japanese encephalitis, D. Leptospirosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Trombiculid mite is a vector of chiggerosis or Scrub typhus which is caused by Orientia Tsutsugamushi. Scrub typhus causes fever, myalgia and black Eschar. Kyasanur forest disease is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected hard ticks. Japanese encephalitisvirus is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Culex species mosquitoes, paicularlyCulex tritaeniorhynchus. Leptospirosis transmitted through rodents', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 50d62af7-c4dc-4ea7-93fa-c235c4bb6b2f | [{'content': 'A female come to gynaeoPD for preconceptual counseling, with history of two second trimester aboions. What is the next investigation you will advice \nSelect and explain. \nA. TVS, B. hysteroscopy, C. Endometrial biopsy, D. chromosomal abnormalities', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. TVSRef: Williams Obstetrics 24h ed"Most common cause of second trimester aboion is cervicouterine abnormalities.Next step would be to do an ultrasound and look for any structural uterine anomaly.Chromosomal abnormalities are common cause of aboftions in first trimester.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 395fe24f-c2bc-4138-ae4e-6ca00e1ab0fd | [{'content': 'The pattern of change of disease of mortality and morbidity where the pandemics of infection are replaced by degenerative and manmade disorders as the main cause of morbidity and mortality is known as? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Epidemiological transition, B. Demographic transition, C. Paradoxical transition, D. Reversal of transition', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 77997eca-fce9-4840-916d-b373c61c411d | [{'content': 'IV loading dose of MgSo4 prophylaxis in pre-eclampsia? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 8ml MgSo4+10ml of NS, B. 10ml MgSo4+10ml of NS, C. 8ml MgSo4+12ml of NS, D. 12ml MgSo4+8 ml of NS', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. C.8ml MgSo4+12ml of NSDose: 4-5 g (diluted in 250 mL NS/D5W) IV in combination with either :Up to 10 g (10 mL of undiluted 50% solution) divided and administered IM into each buttock orAfter initial IV dose, 1-3 g/hr IV.MgSO4 is continued 24 hours after delivery to prevent postpaum eclampsia', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 46888949-6478-4384-acdb-344f246616ba | [{'content': 'Bond found in GIC is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Covalent bond, B. Ionic bond, C. Hydrogen bond, D. Metallic bond', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Biochemistry | 7f8086d8-e91b-40fc-8d8c-55cc74f84d6c | [{'content': 'An adolescent male patient came with pain in calf muscles on exercise. On biopsy excessive amount of glycogen present was found to be present in the muscle. What is the most likely enzyme deficiency? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Muscle debranching enzyme, B. Phosphofructokinase I, C. Glucose 6 phosphatase, D. Phosphorylase enzyme', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Muscle cramps on exercise is a diagnostic feature of McArdle's disease. In this disease, due to deficiency of muscle glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen stored in muscle cannot be utilized for glucose production causing Muscle cramps and pain on doing strenuous work or exercise. Refer to the table for other symptoms. Type Name Enzyme deficiency Organ Clinical features I Von Gierke's disease Glucose 6-phosphatase Liver , Kidney Glycogen accumulation in liver and kidney Hypoglycemia lactic acidemia ketosis Hyperlipidemia II Pompe's disease Lysosomal alpha-1,4 glucosidase (acid maltase) All organs glycogen accumulation in lysosome in all organ hea is mostly affected* death occur at early age due to hea failure III Cori's disease Amylo alpha-1,6-glucosidase (debranching enzyme) Liver muscles and Hea fasting hypoglycemia hepatomegaly in infancy accumulation of characteristics branched polysaccharides (limit dextrin) muscles weakness IV Anderson's disease Glucosyl 4-6 transferase(branching enzyme) Most tissue A rare disease, glycogen with only few branches accumulate; cirrhosis of liver Death before 5 years of age dur to hea failure or liver failure V McArdle's disease Muscle glycogen phosphorylase Skeletal tissue Muscles glycogen is very high but cannot be used during exercise Cannot perform strenuous exercise Muscles cramps Blood lactate and pyruvate do not increase after exercise VI Her's disease Liver glycogen phosphorylase Liver Liver is increased in size because liver glycogen cannot conve to glucose Mild hypoglycemia and ketosis Good prognosis VII Tarui's disease Phosphofructokinase Skeletal muscles and RBC Muscles cramps due to exercise Blood lactate is elevated Hemolysis occur", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 395a115c-ac63-49db-8cca-eaef6396794a | [{'content': 'A 20-year-old male presents with hard painless testicular swellingon investigation AFP is 3080. No paraaoic or iliac nodes as well as no mediastinal lymph nodes found. usG shows uniform echotexture and small areas of necrosis surrounding structures are normal.What is the next best steP: \nSelect and explain. \nA. FNAC, B. Trucut bioPsY, C. High inguinal orchidectomy, D. PET-CT', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. C. High inguinal orchidectomyRe.f: Sabiston textbook of surgery,2AI' ed., ch-72, pg. 2102-2104Initial treatment of suspected testicular tumour is radical inguinal orchiectomy, which involves removal of the testicle and sperrnatic cord at the level of the inguinal ring.Because of the characteristic and well-described lymph drainage of the testicle there is no role or trans-scrotal biopsy or orchiectomy.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 21d61ebe-1fce-4629-b499-37b681908cc0 | [{'content': 'What would be the ideal management of a woman with infeilty who is detected to have bilateral cornual block on hysterosalpingography? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Tuboplasty, B. In-vitro feilization, C. Hydrotubation, D. Hysteroscopy and laparoscopy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. d. Hysteroscopy and laparoscopy (Ref The Infeility Manual/p266-267; Practical approach to infeility management by aiilr Rcensal/p33:Hysteroscopy and laparoscopy would be the ideal management of a woman with infeility who is detected to have bilateral cornual block on hysterosalpingography.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | de803c1d-d6b5-49b1-ba45-ed4abe3ec0ef | [{'content': 'Following renal disorder is associated with worst pregnancy outcome: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Systemic lupus erythromatosus, B. IgA nephropathy, C. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, D. Scleroderma', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Prognostic indicators in renal disease and pregnancy:\n\nMost reliable prognostic indicator of the outcome of pregnancy is the presence of hypertension. The fetal prognosis for women with chronic renal disease is favorable as long as they do not develop superimposed preeclampsia.\nSecond to hypertension, the most valuable prognostic index for patients with chronic renal disease during pregnancy is the degree of renal function impairment:\n\n– In patients with normal or only midly impaired renal function, pregnancy does not accelerate renal damage\n– In patients with moderate renal insufficiency (serum creatinine of 1.4 mg/dL or greater before pregnancy or creatinine clearance <30 ml/min. there is a decline in renal function during pregnancy).\n\nAnother important prognostic sign is the presence or absence of proteinuria. As a general rule, if the patient has 2+ or more protein in qualitative tests or 3 g or more in 24 hours urine collections at the beginning of pregnancy, the tendency will be toward increased protein losses and development of nephritic syndrome during pregnancy.\nThe histologic characteristics of the renal lesion also have prognostic value.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 66fd611c-468f-409d-b6b2-c2952511f4a0 | [{'content': 'Shape of 1st Maxillary molar \nSelect and explain. \nA. Rhomboid, B. Rounded triangular, C. Trapezoid, D. Square', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Dental | 01dc74dc-0e66-44a9-a4c2-7594d49b8c88 | [{'content': 'Topical steroids is most effective in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Dermal atrophy, B. Eczematous dermatitis, C. Bullous lesions due to HSV, D. Herpes Zoster', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Acute Phase of Eczematous dermatitis - Spongiosis (oozing out lesion) - Coicosteroids ( Topical+systemic) Chronic phase of Eczematous dermatitis - Lichenification Rx - Coicosteroids & topical calcineurin inhibitor Systemic : Azathioprine', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | e342fc89-9875-4188-9009-b9065fdf5b9c | [{'content': 'Stable element in Ti6Al4V in alpha phase is? \nSelect and explain. \nA. V, B. Al, C. Ti, D. Al, V', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Alpha titanium wires are manufactured from grade V titanium alloy containing 6% aluminum and 4% vanadium. These wires have good formability and stiffness equal to that of stainless steel. These wires possess poor spring back, and hence their use in orthodontics is limited for applying torque at the finishing stage. Aluminum is used to stabilize the alloy in alpha phase.\nGRADE V TITANIUM ALLOY (Ti6Al4V, OR Ti6-4)\xa0\n6% Aluminum\n4% Vanadium\n0.25% Iron\n0.2% Oxygen\xa0\nTextbook of ORTHODONTICS Sridhar Premkumar', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | d239a8a4-bc54-453e-805f-068d00381a1b | [{'content': 'All of the following carry proprioception from head and neck except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Facial nerve, B. Trigeminal nerve, C. Glossopharyngeal nerve, D. Cranial accessory nerve', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 00b083b3-b213-4b45-bbc4-301c4156576c | [{'content': 'Which of the following is not true about latent phase of labour? \nSelect and explain. \nA. According to ACOG it stas after 3-4 cm cervical dilatation but they are planning to increase it to 5 cm, B. Begins at the end of active phase and is a pa of 1st stage of labour, C. Patient may present with false labour due to mild cramps, D. Stas with contractions of the uterus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C. Patient may present with false labour due to mild crampsIt stas at the point at which mother perceives true labour pains and ends when cervix is 3cm dilated and 1.5 cm/hour for parous cervix.Duration in nulliparous is 6-8 hours and 5.3 hours in multiparous (average 4-6 hours).Mainly concerned with cervical effacement', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | c11f2ef3-043b-4b7a-856e-1bd527cb4d7a | [{'content': 'A patient with a history of fall after hypoglycemic episode presents with pain in bilateral preauricular region and deviation of the mandible to right side on mouth opening, probable diagnosis will be \nSelect and explain. \nA. Fracture of right condyle, B. Fracture of left condyle, C. Dislocation of left condyle, D. Dislocation of both condyles', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 25883737-550d-4264-ad32-bc1a320ca9a7 | [{'content': 'The instrument shown in fig is used for \nSelect and explain. \nA. Rapid separation, B. Slow separation, C. Not used for separation, D. Depends on force for separation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: The image shows Orthodontic brass ligature wire which brings about slow separation of teeth not more than 0.5mm.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 1cb974a5-a714-4590-8ba8-9989c6620e23 | [{'content': 'Tongue develops from all of the following except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Tuberculum impar, B. Hypobranchial eminence, C. Lingual swellings, D. Arytenoid swellings', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 01c50678-d06f-4894-b7b7-0562a413164e | [{'content': 'Polishing of composite is problematic due to \nSelect and explain. \nA. Soft matrix and hard filler particles, B. Hard filler particles, C. Hardness of matrix and filler particles, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 889673c1-cf2a-44a3-a0db-7e4f0a5a52de | [{'content': 'Lithium should be stopped how many days before anaesthesia \nSelect and explain. \nA. 1 day, B. 2 days, C. 3 days, D. 4 days', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 772be35c-73b9-43c4-8fc6-9ee4efb8dd27 | [{'content': 'A 10 year old boy presents with midline swelling arising from cerebellum the diagnosis is – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Astrocytoma, B. Glioblastoma multiforme, C. Ependymoma, D. Medulloblastoma', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Midline swelling arising from cerebellum in a child favour the diagnosis of medulloblastoma.\nRobbin\'s states\n\n\n"In children medulloblastomas are located in midline but in adults they are found in lateral locations".\n\nNote -\n\nAstrocytoma is also a posterior fossa tumor, but it does not commonly present as midline mass.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 21ee7c81-f9b4-444a-a545-3f9d2b2d4fea | [{'content': 'Mast cells are \nSelect and explain. \nA. Absent in both inflamed and normal pulp., B. Present in normal pulp, C. Present in inflamed pulp only., D. Absent in inflamed pulp only.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 2709dce6-0e84-4d28-a531-630df39e7298 | [{'content': "Which\tof\tthe\tfollowing\tis\tassociated\twith\ta\tlow\nconcentration of ionized calcium in the serum? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hypothyroidism, B. Osteogenesis imperfecta, C. Paget's disease of the bone, D. Tetany", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | bcc3680a-8167-4c75-ba0c-b7c94cb440b6 | [{'content': 'All of the following are done to remove Confounding except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Randomization, B. Random Selection, C. Matching, D. Blinding', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Confounding factor - related to both the exposure and the outcome It leads to mistaken outcomes in the study, which leads to error in the study. Endemic Goitre is usually found in high altitudes, showing thereby an association between the two. However, we know that the goiter is not because of altitude but because of environmental deficiency of Iodine. Methods used to control confounding: Methods used to control confounding: METHOD UTILITY IN CONTROLLING CONFOUNDING 1. Randomization Most ideal method 2. Restriction Limiting study to people who have paicular characteristics 3. Matching Mostly useful in case control studies 4. Stratification Useful for larger studies 5. Statistical Modeling When many confounding variables exist simultaneously 6. Blinding Bias is also a type of confounding', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | a9b0fecd-41ee-4e52-87a9-12e7048e6615 | [{'content': 'Asseion: In a patient admitted to hospital for community acquired pneumonia, combination therapy of beta lactams and azithromycin is given.Reason : This combination covers gram positive organisms and anaerobes. \nSelect and explain. \nA. Both reason and asseion are true, B. Asseion is true but reason is false., C. Asseion is true but reason is paially true for asseion, D. Both asseion & reason are not true.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. B. Asseion is true but reason is false.* Combination is given to cover atypical bacteria.* The CDC and others recommend outpatient oral empirical antibiotics with a macrolide, doxycycline, or an oral betalactam (amoxicillin, cefuroxime , or amoxicillin/clavulanate ) or inpatient treatment with an intravenous betalactam (cefuroxime, ceftriaxone , cefotaxime ) or a combination of ampicillin/sulbactam (Unasyn) with a macrolide', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 791f4a8a-a060-4a91-9810-7bdd4f4d500e | [{'content': 'Heart of controlled trial? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Blinding, B. Experiment, C. Randomization, D. Intervention', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 1c5c10da-6c39-43e4-92f7-cf01b0c894c5 | [{'content': 'Definitive treatment for the condition shown in radiograph below is? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Apexogenesis, B. Revascularisation, C. Calcium Hydroxide apexification, D. MTA barrier formation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Ophthalmology | da529e73-61fe-4b52-81b1-8686b6a62ffd | [{'content': 'A patient is taking drugs for rheumatoid ahritis and has a history of cataract surgery 1 year back, the patient presented with sudden painless loss of vision, probable diagnosis is? \nSelect and explain. \nA. CME, B. Macularhole, C. Chloroquine toxicity, D. Chronic choroiditis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Patient of rheumatoid ahritis are given hydroxychloroquine which cause painless loss of vision due to bull's eye maculopathy characterized by a foveolar island of pigment surrounded by a depigmented zone of RPE atrophy, which is itself encircled by a hyperpigmented ring (A). There is moderate to severe reduction in VA (6/36-6/60). A more substantial macular lesion follows, with widespread RPE atrophy surrounding the fovea (B). Later retinal aerioles may become attenuated, and pigment clumps can form in the peripheral retina.(C)", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Pathology | 40013980-4b7a-4cc7-8c38-f2f45215bcbf | [{'content': 'Tumor cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphoblastic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) arisefrom which of the following? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mature B cell, B. Naive B cell, C. Centrocytes of germinal center, D. Progenitor B-cell', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: DNA sequencing has revealed that the Ig genes of some CLL/SLL are somatically hypermutated whereas others are not, suggesting that the cell of origin may be either a post germinal center memory B cell or a naive B cell. For unclear reasons, tumors with unmutated Ig segments (those putatively of naive B-cell origin) pursue a more aggressive course. Impoant points about CLL: CLL is the most common leukemia of adults in the Western world. CLL is the cancer which is associated with presence of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia. CLL is the cancer which is not associated with Radiation exposure. CLL patient blood sample contains large numbers of small round lymphocytes with scant cytoplasm. Some of these cells are usually disrupted in the process of making smears, producing so-called Smudge cells. These patients are best identified with the help of Tumor cells exhibiting specific type of CD markers paicularly -CD19, CD20, CD23, CD5.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Orthopaedics | cef58dc3-f340-4f76-909d-8f9fb4866e29 | [{'content': 'Positive pivot shift test in knee is because of injury to - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Posterior cruciate ligament, B. Anterior cruciate ligament, C. Medial meniscus, D. Lateral meniscus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: COLLATERAL LIGAMENT INJURY\n\nThe most common mechanism of ligament disruption of knee\xa0is abduction (valgus), flexion and internal rotation of femur on\xa0tibia which usually occur in sports in which the foot is planted\xa0solidly on the ground and leg is twisted by rotating body.\nThe medial structures medial (tibial) collateral ligament (MCL)\xa0and medial capsular ligament are first to fail, followed by ACL\xa0tear, if the force is of sufficient magnitude. The medial meniscus\xa0may be trapped between condyles and have a peripheral tear,\xa0thus producing unhappy triad of 0’ Donoghue.\nMain test for MCL (medial collateral ligament) is valgus\xa0(abduction) stress in 30° of knee flexion. (Because in full\xa0extension it is indicative of combined MCL, posterior oblique\xa0ligament injury and posterior cruciate ligament injury).\nVarus (Adduction) stress test in 30° flexion (removes the lateral\xa0stabilizing effect of iliotibial band so that the lateral collateral\xa0ligament can exclusively be examined).\nApleys distraction test is used for collateral ligaments.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 41e1a56c-4471-4566-9902-e54861939e72 | [{'content': 'An apical radiolucent area present in central incisor\nafter 4 months of RCT is due to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Inadequate obturation & leakage from main canal, B. Leakage from accessory canal, C. Leakage from gingival crevice, D. Leakage from access opening', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pharmacology | 1d405e6b-5cd9-4ff7-ba6d-f7f748ad6050 | [{'content': 'Low apparent volume of distribution of drug indicates that: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Drug has low half life, B. Drug has low bioavailability, C. Drug has low efficacy, D. Drug is not extensively distributed to tissue', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Vd means "the plasma volume that would accommodate all the drug in the body, if the concentration throughout was same as in plasma". Drugs with high volume of distribution are more distributed in body and vice-versa. Low volume of distribution tells that most of the drug is retained in plasma.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anaesthesia | 69a34f1e-09bd-4364-b763-f28c6ddf772a | [{'content': 'All of the following are true about lumbar puncture except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Level of needle inseion should be L I -L2 veebral junction, B. The bevel end of needle should face up, C. Needle should be inseed in a slightly cephalad direction, D. Legs should be straightened for CSF pressure measurement', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Level of needle inseion should be L I -L2 veebral junction(Ref: Harrison 19Ie p443-e2)The spinal cord ends at L3 veebrae in children and L1 in adults.With a safe margin, lumbar puncture should be performed at L3-L4 or L4-L5 interspace.A useful anatomic guide is a line drawn between the posterior superior iliac crests, which corresponds closely to the level of the L3--L4 interspace.The interspace is chosen following gentle palpation to identify the spinous processes at each lumbar level.The LP needle (typically 20- to 22-gauge) is inseed in the midline, midway between two spinous processes, and slowly advanced.The bevel of the needle should be maintained in a horizontal position, parallel to the direction of the dural fibers and with the flat poion of the bevel pointed upward; this minimizes injury to the fibers as the dura is penetrated.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 4e9c6e74-1604-4599-91c2-02d22adcb765 | [{'content': 'Hormone Replacement therapy is not indicated in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hot flashes, B. Prevention of CAD, C. Osteoporosis, D. Vaginal atrophy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: H indicated in menopausal women to overcome the sho term and long term consequences of estrogen deficiency. Indications of hormone replacement therapy in a menopausal woman Relief of vasomotor symptoms: hot flushes Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis Urogenital atrophy Premature Menopause Hormone Replacement Therapy is NOT indicated for prevention or treatment of cardiovascular disease. Natural estrogens produced in the body till menopause are cardioprotective, however Hormone Replacement Therapy (containing exogenous estrogens and progesterones)is not cardioprotective, n fact it is detrimental to hea when used for long term.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 7837431a-55a0-4471-8810-6ca014c03a35 | [{'content': 'If sodium channel inactivation is prolonged then which property of nerve conduction is hampered? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Decreased relative refractory period, B. Increased conduction blockade, C. Increased upward stroke velocity, D. Decreased downward stroke velocity of refractory period.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | b3c55a62-5e13-402f-a6d4-6d8feb954d95 | [{'content': 'Largest cusp is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mesiolingual cusp of upper 1st molar, B. Mesiolingual cusp of Upper 2nd molar, C. Buccolingual cusp of Upper 1st molar, D. Buccolingual cusp of lower 2nd molar', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 8604f600-1e0e-432d-8113-0bea0db44951 | [{'content': 'Which of following causes lysis of clot : \nSelect and explain. \nA. Fibrin, B. Plasmin, C. Hyaluronidase, D. Coagulase', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | b8e55476-5037-418e-afe3-2d7ca5174a31 | [{'content': "The oral findings in erythroblastosis fetal's include \nSelect and explain. \nA. Dentinal dysplasia, B. Hypoplastic teeth, C. Pigmented teeth, D. All of the above", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 822d5c68-39fe-40e8-97ef-f50d7af91ebb | [{'content': 'A neonate develops encephalitis without any skin lesions. Most probable causative organisms is – \nSelect and explain. \nA. HSV I, B. HSV II, C. Meningococci, D. Streptococci', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Herpes simplex viruses\n\n\nHerpes simplex is an important cause of encephalitis in the neonate, the infection acquired during delivery from the vaginal tract.\nBut it cause vesicular, ulcerative skin lesions\nEven though it causes skin lesions, its our best option, as Nelson writes -\n" The hallmark of neonatal HSV infection- the vescicular ulcerative skin lesions are presnt in only 30 to 43% of children at presentation; one third will never manifest skin lesions."\nOut of the.two types of Herpes; Neonatal herpes is mainly caused by type II IISV (75 to 80%).\n\nAbout other options\nMeningpcocci\n\nIts a rare cause of infection in neonates as neonates have antibodies (from mother) against meningiococcus\xa0which protects them for the initial 3 to 6 months of life.\n\nStreptococci\n\nThough streptococcus B is a common infection of neonates, it does not cause encephalitis.\n\nRAIN TUMORS \nYou will frequently read the terms --> Infratentorial, supratentorial, Posterior cronial fossa in relation of Brain tumours, so I am giving very brief introduction\n\nSupratentorial region of the brain is located above the tentorium cerebelli; and contains the cerebrum.\nThe infratentorial region of the brain is located below the tentorium cerebelli and contains the cerebellum and brainstem.\nBrain stem and cerebellum are contained in the posterior cranial fossil.\nAs brain stem and cerebellum are infratentorial in location and contained in posterior cranial fossa -› Their tumors are infratentorial posterior fossa tumors, e.g., cerebellar astrocytoma, brainstem glioma, medulloblastoma (cerebeller).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 24e4fee0-172f-4eac-87e5-030f3b409318 | [{'content': 'Which one of the following is most elastic? \nSelect and explain. \nA. α titanium, B. β titanium, C. Chrome-cobalt-nickel, D. Nickel titanium', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | a0e568c4-2af5-479e-8c61-abffa1ffa11f | [{'content': 'Latent period of distraction osteogenesis in 8 months old child is \nSelect and explain. \nA. 0-2 days, B. 5-7 days, C. 4-6 weeks, D. 31-40 days', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 75037cd8-82e0-4544-b8b4-39b0c3c894e8 | [{'content': "Which of the following methods is used for calculation of anatomical dead space? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Xenon dilution technique, B. Bohler's method, C. Spirometry, D. Single breath nitrogen test", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Single breath nitrogen test(Ref: Ganong 25/e p633, 634, 24/e p633, 634)Anatomical dead space - Calculation:By Bohr's equation - Uses single breath nitrogen inhalation technique.Xenon/Helium dilution technique:Used to measure functional residual capacity of lung.Spirometry:Cannot measure residual or dead space volumes.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | e4927cf9-d5c2-4d7e-ab5b-7429e206275e | [{'content': 'The virulence factors of Neisseria gonorrhea include all of the following except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Outer membrane proteins, B. IgA Protease, C. M-Proteins, D. Pili', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 12b43c0e-c864-4257-90ea-4641077d19ba | [{'content': "Hard swelling at the angle of mandible with numerous draining sinuses is most likely: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Actinomycosis, B. Ludwig's angina, C. Mucormycosis, D. Cellulitis", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Orthopaedics | 3d3d18de-8e78-4d58-90f4-2c9257c76a5e | [{'content': 'Which fracture results in the given deformity? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Supracondylar fracture of humerus, B. Lateral condylar fracture, C. Olecranon fracture, D. Radial head fracture', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: The image shows cubitus varus. Supracondylar fracture of humerus causes cubitus varus and Gunstock deformity. Lateral condylar fracture causes cubitus valgus', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | ba4a3d15-f1cf-4072-b836-ecf2785657e3 | [{'content': 'Which does not cross placenta: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Heparin, B. Morphine, C. Naloxone, D. Warfarin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Heparin does not cross placenta and is safe during pregnancy.\nIt is the drug of choice for the management and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | ec6114a9-5426-4d90-bdde-2511889a20ec | [{'content': 'A middle aged female presents with slowly progressive weakness of lower limbs, spasticity and recent onset hesitancy of Micturition. On neurological examination there is evidence of dorsal myelopathy. MRI scan of spine reveals middorsal intradural contrast enhancing mass lesion. Diagnosis is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Intradural lipoma, B. Dermoid cyst, C. Meningioma, D. Epidermoid cyst', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. c. Meningioma (Ref. Harrison 19/e p602, I 8/e p3388; Chapman 4/e p431; Sahicton /9/e p 1888- 1889; Schwa/17 9/e p1540- I 541: Bailey 26/e p614, 25/e p633)Diagnosis in a middle aged female with slowly progressive weakness of lower limbs, spasticity and recent onset hesitancy of micturition with evidence of dorsal myelopathy and middorsal intradural contrast enhancing mass lesion on MRI is meningioma.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 3fce14e2-4c78-4633-9345-b7f73336dea7 | [{'content': 'Sodium bicarbonate when given with local anaesthetics has which of the following effect? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Increases speed and quality of anaesthesia, B. Decreases diffusion of the anaesthetic drug, C. Causes rapid elimination of the Local anesthetic, D. Decreases speed and quality of anaesthesia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 2cde59aa-666b-4fa6-802b-74ecdd525bfb | [{'content': "12 years old Shyam presented with gross hematuria with 80% dysmorphic RBC's 2 days after a attack of upper respiratory tract infection diagnosis is – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Microangiopathic thrombotic anaemia, B. IgA Nephropathy, C. PSGN, D. H.S. purpura", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: The patient is having glomerulo nephritis (gross hematuria and dysmorphic RBC's) 2 days after upper respiratory tract infection.\nThree conditions can manifest like this —> IgA nephropathy, Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis, H.S. Purpura.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 39af86fb-6d6a-4d2f-b1cc-670989ca78b8 | [{'content': 'Metapex is a combination of which of these? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Calcium hydroxide +ZoE, B. ZoE + Iodoform, C. Calcium hydroxide + iodoform, D. Calcium hydroxide + GIC', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 4a1231e6-deb4-4c50-9dcd-d71fcd9021a2 | [{'content': "Fibres of periodontal ligament embedded in the bone are \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sharpey's fibres, B. Tomes fibres, C. Elastic fibres, D. Ray's fibres", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pathology | 9698b531-5c6a-41f5-ad09-9eaa05779681 | [{'content': "A patient presented with intermittent fever, no weight loss, no anorexia, but with a retroperitoneal mass. Peripheral smear findings were normal. Microscopy of the mass is given. What's the diagnosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. NHL, B. Castleman disease, C. Angiolymphoid hyperplasia, D. Ig G4 disease", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Onion skin appearance of lymph node is characteristic for Castleman disease It is alympho proliferative disorder. It has 2 variants: Unicentric Has 2 variants: 1)Highly vasculara More common , patients are asymptomatic Histology: -Twinning- Presence of two germinal centers -Onion skin pattern-Lymphocytes causes thickening of mantle zone -Lollipop lesions- Sclerosed blood vessel that infiltrate lymph node germinal center Multicentric ?Associated with immune suppression ?Presents as : Hepatomegaly Splenomegaly Night sweats Fever 2)Plasma cell varianta Less common, patients are symptomatic: - Weight loss -Night sweats -Fever Histology: Plasma cells in interfollicular areas causing hyperplasia of germinal center Lymph node architecture is distoed but LN is preserved in unicentric variant', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | e6189f82-de06-4469-b26b-1fab6e72fab8 | [{'content': "A healthy middle-aged man was arguing with his brother and got emotionally upset due to the arguments with his brother, he suddenly developed chest pain and collapsed. When brought to the hospital' hewas declared dead.What is the diagnosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, B. Dilated cardiomyopathy, C. Arhmogenic right ventricle dysplasia, D. Chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Takotsubo cardiomyopathyRef Harrison, 18\'t\' ed., pg, 1964* Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, also known as stress cardiomyopathy, is a type of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy in which there is a sudden temporary weakening of the muscular poion of the hea.* This weakening may be triggered by emotional stress, such as the death of a loved one, a break-up, rejection from a paner or constant anxiety. - "Broken hea syndrome".* Stress cardiomyopathy is now a well-recognized cause of acute hea failure, lethal ventricular arrhythmias, and ventricular rupture.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 73828c81-172b-4aec-b517-c0d345c4749d | [{'content': "Out of Syphilitic glossitis, Plummer Vinson syndrome, Mikulicis syndrome and hepatitis A; which of these predispose to squamous cell carcinoma \nSelect and explain. \nA. Syphilitic glossitis and plummer Vinson syndrome, B. Syphilitic glossitis and Mikulicz's syndrome, C. Plummer Vinson disease and hepatitis A, D. hepatitis A and Mikulicz's Syndrome", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 0c51b741-85ed-462a-ad9f-fbb731df845d | [{'content': 'Calcification of third molar begins at: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 8 months, B. 18 months, C. 8 years, D. 16 years', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anaesthesia | 9138af01-4f96-4301-9817-8662fc2a0012 | [{'content': 'Allergy in immediate perioperative period is due to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Opioids, B. LA agents, C. Induction agents, D. Neuromuscular blockers', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Neuromuscular blockers(Ref: Miller 7/e p884)Most common cause of perioperative anaphylaxis is muscle relaxants and antibiotics followed by opioids and intravenous anesthesia.Most Common Drugs Involved in Perioperative AnaphylaxisSubstanceMost commonly associatedMuscle relaxantsSuccinylcholine, rocuronium,atracuriumdegNatural rubber latexLatex gloves, tourniquets, Foley cathetersAntibioticsPenicillin & other beta-lactamsdegHypnoticsPropofol, thiopentaldegColloidsDextran, gelatindegOpioidsMorphine, meperidinedegOther substancesParacetamol, aprotinin,chymopapain, protamine,bupivacaine', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2020, Subject name: Pediatrics | 53ba17a3-bd10-4e5f-bf50-95306abb21b7 | [{'content': 'A child transfers objects from one hand to other. What does it imply? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Visual motor co-ordination, B. Explores small object, C. Object release, D. Comparison of objects', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: GROSS MOTOR MILESTONE DEVELOPMENTAL IMPLICATION Holds head steady while sitting Allows more visual interaction Sits without suppo Increasing exploration Walks alone Exploration, controls proximity to parents FINE MOTOR MILESTONE DEVELOPMENTAL IMPLICATION Hand regard Self discovery of hands Reaches for objects Visuomotor coordination Palmar grasp gone Voluntary release Transfers object hand to hand Comparison of others Thumb -finger grasp Able to explore small objects Scribbles Visuomotor coordination Builds tower of 2 cubes Uses objects in combination SOCIAL MILESTONE DEVELOPMENTAL IMPLICATION Social smile More active social paicipation Follows 1 step command with gestures Non -verbal communication Points to objects Interactive communication Uncovers toy(after seeing it hidden) object permanence Pretends to drink from cup Symbolic thought Uses stick to reach toy Links actions to solve problems LANGUAGE MILESTONE DEVELOPMENTAL IMPLICATION Monosyllabic babble Experimentation with sound 1-step command without gesture Verbal receptive language Says "mama "or "dada" Expressive language Speaks first real world Beginning of labelling Speaks 4-6 words Acquisition of object and personal names Speaks 2-word sentences Beginning grammatization', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 9013e6c6-35da-4df1-a83a-a907ae206135 | [{'content': 'Heparin acts which of the following adjuvants? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Antithrombin III, B. Protein C, C. Protein S, D. Thrombomodulin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Antithrombin IIIRef: Goodman & Gilman, 13th ed, pg. 588Heparin binds to antithrombin III (AT-lll) and accelerate the rate at which it inhibits various coagulation proteases.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 80d3c4e2-26a3-46c1-9e01-9f898b93708b | [{'content': 'In submandibular surgery incision is given 2 cm below the border of mandible to preserve which nerve? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Marginal mandibular nerve, B. Mental Nerve, C. Long buccal nerve branch of facial, D. Inferior alveolar nerve', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: The mandibular branches of the facial nerve run parallel to the lower border of the mandible, mostly below it. Of them, the marginal mandibular nerve follows almost exactly the lower border. Hence, to avoid sectioning of this nerve and causing loss of motor supply to lower lip and mentalis, we give the submandibular incision at lest 2 cm of 2-finger width below the lower border of mandible.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 2880abd7-1ec6-4456-823e-e5d00159dfec | [{'content': 'What drug is used for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis jirovecii in patients on chemotherapy? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cotrimoxazole, B. Amoxicillin, C. Dexamethasone, D. Cephalosporin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. CotrimoxazoleDrug of choice for prophylaxis and treatment of pneumocystis infection in both immunocompetent as well as immunocompromised is cotrimoxazole.Cyclospora, Isospora & Pneumocystis jiroveci - Cotrimoxazole', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | e3b61d23-b64b-4b3e-86a8-5b0c08cfd375 | [{'content': 'Which disease affects neurons only \nSelect and explain. \nA. Spinocerebellar ataxia, B. Supranuclear palsy, C. Corticobasillar degeneration, D. Multiple system atrophy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 4a531e44-3ced-400a-8b2b-fa451d885dde | [{'content': 'Electrical conductivity speed of A α fibres ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 70-120, B. 50-70, C. 30-51, D. 20-Oct', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | aa84299f-e4a1-4123-bb64-e280c6a06f23 | [{'content': 'Raised serum alkaline phosphatase is seen in all except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pagets disease, B. Multiple myeloma, C. Osteomalacia, D. Hyperthyroidism', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 1fd04b32-9f12-4f3a-9df0-425c967704af | [{'content': 'A 24 years old female presented with amenorrhea for 3 months. LH and FSH levels are elevated three times the normal value. What is the next best step? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Urinary HCG level, B. Check serum estradiol levels, C. Progesterone challenge test and look for withdrawal bleeding, D. Ultrasound of abdomen and pelvis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. Check serum estradiol levelsLH and FSH levels by the third montlt of pregnancy are steady st a low level. HCG takes over tlte function of LH after feilization and inhibils production on LH . Inhibin A produced by fetal trophoblasts suppresses maternal FSH secretion. Hence, 3 times elevation of LH and FSH points towards premature ovariun failure. Serum estradiol levels should be measured to confirm the diognosis', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | d5d4cd74-e0f0-4e39-bc84-cc7551c627bd | [{'content': 'A patient with tubercular meningitis was taking ATT regularly. At end of 1 month of regular intake of drugs deterioration in sensorium is noted in condition of the patient. Which of the following investions is not required on emergency evaluation ?. \nSelect and explain. \nA. MRI, B. NCCT, C. CSF examination, D. Liver function tests', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. D (Ref Harrison 19/e pi 111, ThIe p3414)When bacterial meningitis is suspected, blood cultures should be immediately obtained and empirical antimicrobial and adjunctive dexamethasone therapy initiated without delay.The diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is made by examination of the CSF. The need to obtain neuroimaging studies (CT or MRI) prior to LP requires clinical judgment.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | f13fe47a-739d-40b0-8616-09dc24d83ff7 | [{'content': 'A 10-year old boy was presented with a mass in abdomen. On imaging, the para-aoic lymph nodes were enlarged. On biopsy, starry sky appearance was seen. What is the underlying abnormality? \nSelect and explain. \nA. p53 gene mutation, B. Rb gene mutation, C. Translocation involving BCR-ABL gene, D. Translocation involving Myc gene', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Translocation involving Myc geneStarry eye pattern on biopsy - Highly suggestive of Burkitt lymphoma.All forms of Burkitt lymphoma associated with translocations of c-MYC gene on chromosome 8.Burkitt lymphoma:Tumor exhibiting high mitotic index & contains numerous apoptotic cells.Nuclear remnants of apoptopic cells are phagocytosed by interspersed benign macrophages.These phagocytes with abundant clear cytoplasm, creating a characteristic "starry sky" pattern."Etiology:All forms of Burkitt lymphoma are associated with translocations of c-MYC gene on chromosome S.Genetic mutation & associated conditions:TranslocationGene (Chromosome)Malignancy(9;22) (q34;q11)ABL-BCRChronic myeloid leukemia(11;14)(q13;q32)BCL1-IgHMantle cell lymphoma(8;21)RUNX1-RUNX1T1 (15;17)PML-RARAAcute myeloid leukemia(16;16)CBFB-MYH11 (11;22)(q24;q12)FLII-EWSEwing\'s sarcoma(8;14)(q24;q32)MYC-IgHBurkitt\'s lymphoma B cell acute lymphocytic leukemiaInv (2p13;p11.2-14)REL-NRGNon-Hodgkin\'s lymphoma(1;3)(p34;p21)TAL1-TCTAQAcute T cell leukemia(Ref: Robbins 9/e p597)', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 48dacd47-50fa-488e-9ab1-e36dd7e661f2 | [{'content': 'A child is brought to the clinic with complaint of irregular teeth. The maxillary central incisor is rotated in an otherwise normal occlusion. What should the next step be? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Check for supernumerary teeth, B. Resection of supracrestal fibers, C. Exert a couple on tooth, D. Fixed orthodontic appliances given', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 9468ca2d-bf9d-4819-8e72-15c5d9c6df2f | [{'content': 'A pregnant female presents with fever. On lab investigation her Hb was decreased (7 mg%), TLC was normal and platelet count was also decreased. Peripheral smear shows fragmented RBCs. Which is least probable diagnosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. DIC, B. TTP, C. HELLP syndrome, D. Evans syndrome', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: The clinical scenario of the patient shows the following signs and symptoms:\n\nFever\nAnemia\nThrombocytopenia\nNormal total leukocyte count\nFragmented RBCs (Schistocytes) on peripheral smear.\n\nNow let us review each option one by one\nOption (a): DIC \nHarrison 20/e, p 979\n\nDIC may present with sudden onset of fever (as the M/c cause of D/c is sepsis)\nExcessive bleeding may lead to anemia\nPlatelet consumption may lead to thrombocytopenia\nLeukocyte count is not affected\nIntravascular microangiopathic hemolysis can lead to schistocytes on peripheral smear.\n\nWilliams Obs 23/e, p 786\nOption (b): TTP i.e Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.\nTTP presents with a pentad of:\n\nFever\nMicroangiopathic haemolytic anemia, leading to anemia and fragmentation of RBCs\nThrombocytopenia\nNeurologic symptoms\nRenal failure.\n\nOption (c): HELLP syndrome\nHELLP syndrome presents with the combination of:\n\nHemolysis because of which fragmented RBC’s may be seen\nElevated liver enzymes and\nLow platelet count\nFever may or may not be present.\n\nOprion (d): Evans syndrome\nHoffman: Hematology: Basic Principle and Practice, 5/e\n\nEvans syndrome is an autoimmune disease in which an individual’s antibodies attack their own red blood cells and platelets.\nIts overall pathology resembles a combination of autoimmune haemolytic anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.\nAutoimmune hemolysis leads to the formation of spherocytes and not schistocytes.\nSchistocytes are fragmented RBCs that are the result of microangiopathic hemolysis.\nAutoiminune destruction of RBCs leads to the formation of spherocytes.\n\nHence, Evans syndrome is the least likely possibility in this clinical scenario.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 2a585c66-7605-44fb-a4fe-63ce327a3b59 | [{'content': 'Coefficient of thermal expansion of which of following is most similar to that of tooth? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Gold inlay, B. Acrylic resin, C. Silicate cement, D. Gold foil', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 5029ecd7-0f3f-495a-b662-b45589a2f9d7 | [{'content': 'A baby is born with meconium stained liquor which of the following is taken account of in terming a baby vigorous except – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Tone, B. Colour, C. HR, D. Respiration', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Resuscitation of neonate born through meconium-stained liquer (MSL) \n\nWhen baby passes meconium in utero, there is a chance that the mecomium will be aspirated into infant's mouth and potentially into the trachea and lungs.\nAppropriate steps must be taken immediately after delivery to reduce the risk of serious consequences resulting from aspiration of meconium.\nIntrapartum nasopharyngeal suctioning just after the delivery of head is no longer recommended as it does not reduce the risk of meconium aspiration syndrome and, on rare occasions, may cause nasophagngeal trauma or a cardiac arrhythmia.\n\nThe first step after delivery is to identify whether the newborn is vigrous or non-vigrous : -\nA) Vigrous newborn\n\nA newborn is classified as vigrous, if he has all the three signs are present : -\n\n\nStrong respiratory effort\nGood muscle tone\nHeart rate greater than 100\n\n\nThe vigrous child does not require any tracheal suctioning and the usual initial steps of resuscitation are provided, i.e., provide warniith, positioning, suctioning of mouth and nose (not tracheal suctioning); Dry, stimulate and 02 if necessary.\n\nB) Non-vigrous newborn\n\nIf any of the above three signs is present, the newborn is classified as non-vigrous.\nFor non-vigrous child, the initial steps are modified : -\n\n\nPlace the baby under radiant wanner and postpone suctioning to prevent stimulation of posterior pharyngeal wall that can cause bradycardia.\nResidual meconium in the mouth and posterior pharynx should be removed by suctioning under direct vision using a laryngoscope.\nThe trachea should then be intubated and mechonium suctioned from the lower airway. Tracheal suctioning is best done by applying suction directly to the endotracheal tube.\n\n\nAfter providing initial steps, the further management is same as with resucitation for other conditions.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | fc14ffd0-c656-43ae-85a4-369a07cb8465 | [{'content': 'Guiding planes help in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. For better clasp prediction, B. Vertical to occlusal plane, C. Balanced occlusion, D. Avoid precision attachment', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | fd2aca85-4353-4ac2-9eac-0a043f681685 | [{'content': 'Which of the following arteries does not supply the circle of Willis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Anterior cerebral, B. Middle cerebral, C. Posterior-inferior cerebral, D. Posterior communicating', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Anatomy | 2975d2c6-d494-4adf-ba6e-97df6cd7f341 | [{'content': 'Which of the following muscle do NOT work for inversion of foot? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Extensor hallucis longus, B. Tibialis anterior, C. Tibialis posterior, D. Peroneus longus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Movement Muscle Accessory muscle INVERSION Tibialis anterior Tibialis posterior Extensor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus EVERSION Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis Peroneus teius', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | ae3d3724-3fd3-433f-9f38-53dfc516e32f | [{'content': 'X,Y,Z are the ee ions pet meaule..\\\\ and V=-30. If at resting membrane potential (RMP), when there is no net electro genic transfer, what is the value of Z? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 20, B. -20, C. 80, D. -80', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. c. +80 Resting membrane potential (RMP) is the static state of a membrane, where the net transmembrane electric flux is zero. Non-electrogenic transfer at RMP means X+Y+Z = 0 . Since X = -50 and Y= -30, then Z must be +80 since (-80 +80 = 0)', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Pediatrics | 218972be-3960-421c-bdc4-8a7627c5e548 | [{'content': 'A child presented at 18 months of age who has never been vaccinated before. Which vaccines will you administer? \nSelect and explain. \nA. DPT, OPV and MMR, B. Pentavalent vaccine alone, C. BCG and OPV, D. MMR, OPV, Rotavirus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Age Vaccine At bih BCG, bOPV-0, Hep B-0 6 weeks bOPV-1, Pentavalent-1, Rotavirus-1*, fIPV-1, PCV-1* 10 weeks bOPV-2, Pentavalent-2, Rotavirus-2* 14 weeks bOPV-3, Pentavalent-3, Rotavirus-3*, fIPV-2, PCV-2* 9 months MR-1*, JE-1*, PCV-3* 16-24 months DPT-B1, bOPV-B, JE-2*, MR-2* 5-6 years DPT-B2 11-13 yrs HPV-1*, HPV-2* BCG and Pentavalent can be given only up to 1st yr. of age, as per national immunization schedule', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 5e4ed012-82d6-41c4-840f-6301167cf8f4 | [{'content': 'For propofol all are true except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Has a rapid recovery rate, B. Used for induction & maintenance of anesthesia, C. Causes vomiting after use, D. Causes sedation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 5aee6779-b362-43fd-acd1-10790f873db9 | [{'content': 'Following a blunt trauma abdomen, a patient had renal laceration and urinoma. Even after 12 days, urinoma persisted, but the patient was stable and there was no fever. Next step in management would be: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Percutaneous exploration and repair, B. Wait and watch, C. J-shaped urinary stent, D. Percutaneous nephrostomy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. c. J-shaped urinary stentManagement of urinoma is by endoscopic intervention, with cystoscopy, retrograde pyelography, placement of a ureteral stent, urethral catheter drainage, and intravenous antibiotics."Although most post-traumatic urinomas are asymptomatic and have a spontaneous resolution rate approaching 85%, urinomas will occasionally persist.A small amount of urinary extravasation is usually not significant as long as they do not become infected.Initially, we treat the trauma by ureteric stentingOnly for large urinoma, we drain by percutaneous drainage.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 30bbcf29-59e9-4d70-9616-e37190efe906 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is unlikely to cause enamel hypoplasia? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Rickets, B. Fluoride, C. Congenital syphilis, D. Cleidocranial dysostosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 2be4ec28-ff65-4ba0-9a8f-346a819c99f1 | [{'content': 'Thiamine deficiency decreases cellular metabolism because: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Thiamine is a coenzyme for pyruvate dehydrogenase and alfa-ketoglutarate dehydrogenases, B. Activity of transketolase is inhibited, C. It is required for the process of transamination, D. It is a cofactor in oxidative reduction', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Thiamine deficiency results in decreased energy production because TPP interferes with its coenzyme for pyruvate and alphaketoglutarate dehydrogenase.Chronic peripheral Neuritis, Beriberi & Wemicke Encephalopathy with Korsakoff's Psychosis.Thiamin requirements increase in excess intake of carbohydrates and its deficiency leads to decreased energy production", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 7085009a-0a8d-4282-ab69-0aec3ef446ad | [{'content': 'In a bus accident, which patient is given more priority to\nshift to the hospital? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Severe haemorrhage with leg fracture, B. Head injury, C. Circulation shock, D. Airway obstruction', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | a7372237-057a-44b5-8821-51c14b52b8ee | [{'content': 'Excessive bleeding during oral surgery can be decreased in which position? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Head up, B. Head down, C. Prone, D. Supine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 1ffbf5bf-f16b-4263-b979-73eccca481db | [{'content': 'Incidence of 2 canals in mandibular incisors is \nSelect and explain. \nA. 3 - 12%, B. 12 - 20%, C. 20 - 41%, D. Less than 3%', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Orthopaedics | f3fac8a7-d3e8-4d02-b4eb-4ac18da8e7c0 | [{'content': 'What is the use of the given instrument: \nSelect and explain. \nA. To hold bone and plate, B. To hold bone fragments with traction, C. To cut the bone, D. For creating a gap in wound', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: For creating a gap in wound Bone Cutter Bone Nibbler Double Action Bone Holding Forceps Bone Plate Holding Forceps Fergusson Bone Holding Forceps Lane Bone Holding Forceps Dynamic Compression Plate (DCP) Locking Compression Plate (LCP) Limited Contact Dynamic CompressionPlate (LCDCP) Screws Osteotome Bone Curette', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | bf0eabec-95a0-46e1-a9b7-dae6c29dadde | [{'content': 'Asphyxial injury in a term baby is characterized by all except – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Seizures, B. Differential hypotonia (lower limbs > upper limbs), C. Altered sensorium, D. Difficulty in clearing oral secretions', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Effects ofAsphaxia :\nCentral nervous system-\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 Cardiovascular\n\nHypoxic ischemic encephalopathy\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o Myocardial ischemia\nInfarction\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o Poor contractility\nIntracranial hemorrhage\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o Tricuspid insufficiency\n\nSeizures\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o Hypotension\nCerebral edema\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o Pulmonary\n\nHypotonia\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o Pulmonary hypertension\nHypertonia\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0o Pulmonary hemorrhage\n\n\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o Respiratory distress syndrome\n\xa0\n\nRenal\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 —> Acute tubular or cortical necrosis\nAdrenal\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 —> Adrenal hemorrhage\nMetabolic\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 --> SIADH, Hyponatremia, Hypoglycemia, Hypocalcemia, Myoglobinuria\nIntegument\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 -+ Subcutaneous fat necrosis\nHematology\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 -p DIC\nGastrointestinal\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 —> Perforation, Ulceration with hemorrhage, Necrosis\nDuring asphyxia the infant may remain hypotonic or change from hypotonia to extreme hypertonia or their tone may appear normal. These changes are seen simultaneously and the change in muscle tone is also of the same degree in both the limbs.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | ff42704e-3996-4abe-a5b6-574344e7aaf0 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is not an etiological factor for pancreatitis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Abdominal trauma, B. Hyperlipidemia, C. Islet cell hyperplasia, D. Germline mutations in the cationic trypsinogen gene', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. c. Islet cell hyperplasiaGallstones including microlithiasis (MC). Alcohol (2"d MC). Hyperiglyceridemia. ERCPO. Blunt abdominal trauma', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
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