identifier
stringlengths 6
14.8k
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stringclasses 50
values | open_type
stringclasses 7
values | license
stringlengths 0
1.18k
| date
float64 0
2.02k
⌀ | title
stringlengths 0
1.85k
⌀ | creator
stringlengths 0
7.27k
⌀ | language
stringclasses 471
values | language_type
stringclasses 4
values | word_count
int64 0
1.98M
| token_count
int64 1
3.46M
| text
stringlengths 0
12.9M
| __index_level_0__
int64 0
51.1k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVD%20%28%E6%9B%96%E6%98%A7%E3%81%95%E5%9B%9E%E9%81%BF%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
TVD (曖昧さ回避)
|
https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TVD (曖昧さ回避)&action=history
|
Japanese
|
Spoken
| 9 | 69 |
TVD
伊達市ケーブルテレビの略称。
テレビドラマ (TV drama)の略称。
ツバルの通貨ツバル・ドルのISO 4217コード
eo:TVD
it:TVD
| 42,482 |
https://github.com/Nekaida/StsRelicStats/blob/master/src/main/java/relicstats/patches/relics/AncientTeaSetInfo.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
StsRelicStats
|
Nekaida
|
Java
|
Code
| 117 | 501 |
package relicstats.patches.relics;
import com.evacipated.cardcrawl.modthespire.lib.*;
import com.evacipated.cardcrawl.modthespire.patcher.PatchingException;
import com.megacrit.cardcrawl.actions.common.ApplyPowerAction;
import com.megacrit.cardcrawl.core.CardCrawlGame;
import com.megacrit.cardcrawl.relics.AncientTeaSet;
import javassist.CannotCompileException;
import javassist.CtBehavior;
import relicstats.CombatStatsInfo;
import java.util.ArrayList;
@SpirePatch(
clz = AncientTeaSet.class,
method = "atTurnStart"
)
public class AncientTeaSetInfo extends CombatStatsInfo {
private static AncientTeaSetInfo INSTANCE = new AncientTeaSetInfo();
private static String statId = getLocId(AncientTeaSet.ID);
private static String[] description = CardCrawlGame.languagePack.getUIString(statId).TEXT;
private AncientTeaSetInfo() {
}
public static AncientTeaSetInfo getInstance() {
return INSTANCE;
}
@Override
public String getBaseDescription() {
return description[0];
}
@SpireInsertPatch(
locator = AncientTeaSetInfo.Locator.class
)
public static void insert(AncientTeaSet _instance) {
getInstance().amount += 2;
}
private static class Locator extends SpireInsertLocator {
public int[] Locate(CtBehavior ctMethodToPatch) throws CannotCompileException, PatchingException {
Matcher matcher = new Matcher.MethodCallMatcher(AncientTeaSet.class, "addToTop");
return LineFinder.findInOrder(ctMethodToPatch, new ArrayList<Matcher>(), matcher);
}
}
}
| 43,427 |
https://github.com/acces5denied/og_site/blob/master/resources/views/backend/offers/edit.blade.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
og_site
|
acces5denied
|
PHP
|
Code
| 1,387 | 6,261 |
@extends('backend.index')
@section('section')
{!! Form::open(['url' => route('offers.update',array('offer'=>$data['id'])), 'class'=>'row', 'method'=>'POST','enctype'=>'multipart/form-data']) !!}
{!! Form::hidden('_method', 'patch') !!}
{!! Form::hidden('id', $data['id']) !!}
<div class="col-sm-12 form-row mT-10 mB-10">
<h4 class="col-sm-6 c-grey-900">{{$title}}</h4>
<div class="text-right col-sm-6">
{!! Html::link(route('offers.index'),'Вернуться к списку',['class'=>'btn cur-p btn-secondary']) !!}
{{ Form::submit('Сохранить', array('class' => 'btn btn-primary')) }}
</div>
</div>
<ul class="nav nav-tabs col-sm-12 nav-main">
<li><a href="#tab-1" data-toggle="tab" class="active">Основное</a></li>
<li><a href="#tab-2" data-toggle="tab">О ЖК</a></li>
<li><a href="#tab-3" data-toggle="tab">Адрес</a></li>
<li><a href="#tab-4" data-toggle="tab">Фото</a></li>
<li><a href="#tab-5" data-toggle="tab">SEO</a></li>
<li><a href="#tab-6" data-toggle="tab">Информация об источнике</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="tab-content col-sm-12">
<div class="tab-pane active" id="tab-1">
<div class="form-row">
<div class="col-md-6" >
<div class="bgc-white p-20 bd">
<div class="mT-30">
<div class="form-row">
<div class="form-group col-md-12">
{{ Form::label('name', 'Название') }}
{{ Form::text('name', $data['name'], array('class'=>'form-control')) }}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-row">
<div class="form-group col-md-6">
{{ Form::label('status', 'Статус') }}
{!! Form::select('status', array('active' => 'Активно', 'deactived' => 'Деактивировано'), $data['status'], array('class' => 'form-control')) !!}
</div>
<div class="form-group col-md-6">
{{ Form::label('rating', 'Рейтинг') }}
{{ Form::text('rating', $data['rating'], array('class'=>'form-control')) }}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-row">
<div class="form-group col-md-6">
{{ Form::label('type', 'Тип недвижимости') }}
{!! Form::select('type', array('' => 'Не выбрано', 'eliteflat' => 'Квартира', 'apartment' => 'Апартаменты', 'penthouse' => 'Пентхаус', 'townhouse' => 'Таунхаус'), $data['type'], array('class' => 'form-control')) !!}
</div>
<div class="form-group col-md-6">
{{ Form::label('finish', 'Отделка') }}
{!! Form::select('finish', array('' => 'Не выбрано', 'bez-otdelki' => 'Без отделки', 's-otdelkoj' => 'С отделкой'), $data['finish'], array('class' => 'form-control')) !!}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-row">
<div class="form-group col-sm-9">
{{ Form::label('price', 'Цена') }}
{{ Form::text('price', $data['price'], array('class'=>'form-control')) }}
</div>
<div class="form-group col-sm-3">
{{ Form::label('currency', 'Валюта') }}
{!! Form::select('currency', array('RUB' => 'RUB', 'USD' => 'USD', 'EUR' => 'EUR'), $data['currency'], array('class' => 'form-control')) !!}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-row">
<div class="form-group col-sm-6">
{{ Form::label('rooms', 'Кол-во комнат') }}
{{ Form::text('rooms', $data['rooms'], array('class'=>'form-control')) }}
</div>
<div class="form-group col-sm-6">
{{ Form::label('area', 'Площадь') }}
{{ Form::text('area', $data['area'], array('class'=>'form-control')) }}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-row">
<div class="form-group col-sm-6">
{{ Form::label('bedroom', 'Кол-во спален') }}
{{ Form::text('bedroom', $data['bedroom'], array('class'=>'form-control')) }}
</div>
<div class="form-group col-sm-6">
{{ Form::label('bathroom', 'Кол-во с/у') }}
{{ Form::text('bathroom', $data['bathroom'], array('class'=>'form-control')) }}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-row">
<div class="form-group col-sm-6">
{{ Form::label('floor', 'Этаж') }}
{{ Form::text('floor', $data['floor'], array('class'=>'form-control')) }}
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6" >
<div class="bgc-white p-20 bd">
<div class="mT-30">
<div class="form-row">
<div class="form-group col-md-6">
{{ Form::label('sale_type', 'Тип продажи') }}
{!! Form::select('sale_type', array('free' => 'Свободная продажа', 'alternative' => 'Альтернатива', 'dupt' => 'Договор уступки права требования', 'dzhsk' => 'Договор ЖСК', 'fz214' => '214-ФЗ', 'investment' => 'Договор инвестирования', 'pdkp' => 'Предварительный договор купли-продажи'), $data['sale_type'], array('class' => 'form-control')) !!}
</div>
<div class="form-group col-md-6">
{{ Form::label('repair_type', 'Тип ремонта') }}
{!! Form::select('repair_type', array('' => 'Не выбрано', 'cosmetic' => 'Косметический', 'design' => 'Дизайнерский', 'euro' => 'Евроремонт', 'no' => 'Без ремонта'), $data['repair_type'], array('class' => 'form-control')) !!}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-row">
<div class="form-group col-md-6">
{{ Form::label('windows_view', 'Куда выходят окна') }}
{!! Form::select('windows_view', array('' => 'Не выбрано', 'street' => 'На улицу', 'yard' => 'Во двор', 'yardAndStreet' => 'На улицу и двор'), $data['windows_view'], array('class' => 'form-control')) !!}
</div>
@foreach ($offerpropertys as $k=>$property)
<div class="form-group col-md-6">
{{ Form::label('offer-prop-'.$k, $property) }}
{{ Form::text('offer-prop-'.$k, (empty($old_propertys[$k]) ? null : $old_propertys[$k]), array('class'=>'form-control')) }}
</div>
@endforeach
</div>
<div class="form-row">
<div class="form-group col-sm-12">
{{ Form::label('Настройки выгрузки') }}
</div>
<div class="form-group col-sm-12">
<div class="checkbox checkbox-circle checkbox-info peers mL-5">
{{Form::hidden('is_export',0)}}
{{ Form::checkbox('is_export', 1, $data['is_export'] ? true : false, array('class' => 'peer', 'id' => 'is_export')) }}
{{ Form::label('is_export', 'Выгружать в Cian') }}
</div>
<div class="checkbox checkbox-circle checkbox-info peers mL-5 mT-10">
{{Form::hidden('is_export_ya',0)}}
{{ Form::checkbox('is_export_ya', 1, $data['is_export_ya'] ? true : false, array('class' => 'peer', 'id' => 'is_export_ya')) }}
{{ Form::label('is_export_ya', 'Выгружать в Яндекс Недвижимость') }}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group col-sm-6">
{{ Form::label('publish_terms', 'Условия размещения на ЦИАН') }}
{!! Form::select('publish_terms', array('free' => 'Бесплатное', 'paid' => 'Платное', 'highlight' => 'Выделение цветом', 'premium' => 'Премиум-объявление', 'top3' => 'Топ 3'), $data['publish_terms'], array('class' => 'form-control')) !!}
</div>
<div class="form-group col-sm-6">
{{ Form::label('bet', 'Ставка на ЦИАН') }}
{{ Form::text('bet', $data['bet'], array('class'=>'form-control')) }}
</div>
<div class="form-group col-sm-12">
{{ Form::label('text_cian', 'Заголовок объявления. Отображается только для объявлений Премиум и ТОП3. Максимальная длина - 33 символа. Минимальная - 8 символов без знаков препинания и пробелов.') }}
{{ Form::text('text_cian', $data['text_cian'], array('class'=>'form-control')) }}
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-12 mT-30" >
<div class="bgc-white p-20 bd">
{{ Form::label('text', 'Полное описание') }}
{{ Form::textarea('text', $data['text'], array('class' => 'form-control')) }}
<div class="form-row">
<div class="form-group col-sm-12 mT-20">
{{ Form::label('quote', 'Короткое описание') }}
{{ Form::textarea('quote', $data['quote'], array('class' => 'form-control')) }}
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="tab-pane" id="tab-2">
<div class="form-row">
<div class="col-md-6">
<div class="bgc-white p-20 bd">
<div class="mT-30">
<div class="form-group">
{{ Form::label('cat_id', 'Выберите ЖК') }}
{!! Form::select('cat_id', $category, $data['cat_id'], array('class' => 'form-control')) !!}
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6 disabled_group">
<div class="bgc-white p-20 bd">
<div class="mT-30">
<div class="form-row">
<div class="form-group col-md-6">
{{ Form::label('material_type', 'Тип дома') }}
{!! Form::select('material_type', array('' => 'Не выбрано', 'block' => 'Блочный', 'boards' => 'Щитовой', 'brick' => 'Кирпичный', 'monolith' => 'Монолитный', 'monolithBrick' => 'Монолитно-кирпичный', 'panel' => ' Панельный', 'stalin' => 'Сталинский', 'wireframe' => 'Каркасный'), $data['material_type'], array('class' => 'form-control')) !!}
</div>
<div class="form-group col-md-6">
{{ Form::label('parking', 'Тип парковки') }}
{!! Form::select('parking', array('' => 'Не выбрано', 'ground' => 'Наземная', 'multilevel' => 'Многоуровневая', 'open' => 'Открытая', 'roof' => 'На крыше', 'underground' => 'Подземная'), $data['parking'], array('class' => 'form-control')) !!}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-row">
@foreach ($catpropertys as $k=>$property)
<div class="form-group col-md-6">
{{ Form::label('cat-prop-'.$k, $property) }}
{{ Form::text('cat-prop-'.$k, (empty($old_propertys[$k]) ? null : $old_propertys[$k]), array('class'=>'form-control')) }}
</div>
@endforeach
</div>
<div class="form-row">
<div class="form-group col-md-6">
{!! Html::link(route('cats.edit',['cat'=>$offer->cat->id]),'Редактировать ЖК',['class'=>'btn cur-p btn-outline-primary']) !!}
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="tab-pane" id="tab-3">
<div class="form-row">
<div class="col-md-6">
<div class="bgc-white p-20 bd">
<div class="mT-30">
<div class="disabled_group">
<div class="form-group">
{{ Form::label('address', 'Адресс') }}
{{ Form::text('address', $data['address'], array('class'=>'form-control')) }}
</div>
</div>
@if (isset($offer->subway->city_subway))
<div class="form-group">
{{ Form::label('city_subway', 'Метро') }}
{{ Form::text('city_subway', null, array('class'=>'form-control', 'disabled', 'placeholder'=>$offer->subway->city_subway)) }}
</div>
@endif
@if (isset($offer->subway->city_area))
<div class="form-group">
{{ Form::label('city_area', 'Округ') }}
{{ Form::text('city_area', null, array('class'=>'form-control', 'disabled', 'placeholder'=>$offer->subway->city_area)) }}
</div>
@endif
@if (isset($offer->subway->city_district))
<div class="form-group">
{{ Form::label('city_district', 'Район') }}
{{ Form::text('city_district', null, array('class'=>'form-control', 'disabled', 'placeholder'=>$offer->subway->city_district)) }}
</div>
@endif
<div class="form-row">
{{ Form::label('', 'Координаты Lat/Long', array('class'=>'col-sm-12')) }}
<div class="form-group col-sm-6">
{{ Form::text('geo_lat', null, array('class'=>'form-control', 'disabled', 'placeholder'=>$data['geo_lat'])) }}
</div>
<div class="form-group col-sm-6">
{{ Form::text('geo_lon', null, array('class'=>'form-control', 'disabled', 'placeholder'=>$data['geo_lon'])) }}
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6">
<div class="bgc-white p-20 bd">
<div id="map" style="width: 100%; height: 430px"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="tab-pane" id="tab-4">
<div class="form-row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="bgc-white p-20 bd">
<div class="mT-30">
<div class="form-group">
{{ Form::label('general', 'Главное изображение') }}
{!! Form::file('general[]', array('class' => 'general-img', 'data-fileuploader-listInput' => 'general_photo', 'data-fileuploader-files' => $preLoadImg[0])) !!}
</div>
<div class="form-group">
{{ Form::label('other', 'Галерея изображений') }}
{!! Form::file('other[]', array('multiple'=>true, 'class' => 'multi-img','data-fileuploader-listInput' => 'other_photo', 'data-fileuploader-files' => $preLoadImg[1])) !!}
</div>
<div class="form-group">
{{ Form::label('plan', 'Планировки') }}
{!! Form::file('plan[]', array('multiple'=>true, 'class' => 'multi-img','data-fileuploader-listInput' => 'plan_photo', 'data-fileuploader-files' => $preLoadImg[2])) !!}
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="tab-pane" id="tab-5">
<div class="form-row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="bgc-white p-20 bd">
<div class="mT-30">
<div class="form-group">
{{ Form::label('slug', 'ЧПУ') }}
{{ Form::text('slug', $data['slug'], array('class'=>'form-control')) }}
</div>
<div class="form-group">
{{ Form::label('seo_title', 'SEO Title') }}
{{ Form::text('seo_title', $data['seo_title'], array('class'=>'form-control')) }}
</div>
<div class="form-group">
{{ Form::label('seo_descr', 'SEO Description') }}
{{ Form::textarea('seo_descr', $data['seo_descr'], array('class'=>'form-control')) }}
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="tab-pane" id="tab-6">
<div class="form-row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="bgc-white p-20 bd">
<div class="mT-30">
<div class="form-row">
<div class="form-group col-md-6">
{{ Form::label('src_site', 'Сайт') }}
{{ Form::text('src_site', $data['src_site'], array('class'=>'form-control')) }}
</div>
<div class="form-group col-md-6">
{{ Form::label('src_link', 'Ссылка') }}
{{ Form::text('src_link', $data['src_link'], array('class'=>'form-control')) }}
</div>
<div class="form-group col-md-6">
{{ Form::label('src_tel', 'Телефон') }}
{{ Form::text('src_tel', $data['src_tel'], array('class'=>'form-control')) }}
</div>
<div class="form-group col-md-6">
{{ Form::label('src_lot', '№ лота') }}
{{ Form::text('src_lot', $data['src_lot'], array('class'=>'form-control')) }}
</div>
<div class="form-group col-md-12">
{{ Form::label('src_notice', 'Примечание') }}
{{ Form::textarea('src_notice', $data['src_notice'], array('class'=>'form-control')) }}
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
{!! Form::close() !!}
<style>
[class*="ymaps-2"][class*="-ground-pane"] {
filter: url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\'><filter id=\'grayscale\'><feColorMatrix type=\'matrix\' values=\'0.3333 0.3333 0.3333 0 0 0.3333 0.3333 0.3333 0 0 0.3333 0.3333 0.3333 0 0 0 0 0 1 0\'/></filter></svg>#grayscale");
-webkit-filter: grayscale(100%);
}
</style>
<script>
$(document).ready(function(){
if($('#cat_id').val()){
$('.disabled_group input, .disabled_group select').prop('disabled', true);
};
$('#cat_id').on('change', function (e) {
var optionSelected = $('option:selected', this);
var valueSelected = this.value;
if(valueSelected){
$('.disabled_group input, .disabled_group select').prop('disabled', true);
}
else{
$('.disabled_group input, .disabled_group select').prop('disabled', false);
}
});
@if(isset($data['geo_lat']) && isset($data['geo_lon']))
ymaps.ready(init);
function init(){
var myMap = new ymaps.Map("map", {
center: [{{$data['geo_lat'].', '. $data['geo_lon']}}],
zoom: 16,
controls: [] // Убираем все элементы управления
});
myMap.behaviors.disable('scrollZoom');
// Добавление метки
var myPlacemark = new ymaps.Placemark([{{$data['geo_lat'].', '. $data['geo_lon']}}], {
});
// После того как метка была создана, добавляем её на карту.
myMap.geoObjects.add(myPlacemark);
ymaps.geocode(myMap.getCenter(), {
// Ищем только станции метро.
kind: 'metro',
// Запрашиваем не более 20 результатов.
results: 1
}).then(function (res) {
// Задаем изображение для иконок меток.
res.geoObjects.options.set('preset', 'islands#redCircleIcon');
res.geoObjects.events
// При наведении на метку показываем хинт с названием станции метро.
.add('mouseenter', function (event) {
var geoObject = event.get('target');
myMap.hint.open(geoObject.geometry.getCoordinates(), geoObject.getPremise());
})
.add('mouseleave', function (event) {
myMap.hint.close(true);
});
myMap.geoObjects.add(res.geoObjects);
});
}
@endif
});
</script>
@endsection
| 40,547 |
memorialsjohnmu00murrgoog_26
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,898 |
Memorials of John Murray of Broughton, sometime secretary to Prince Charles Edward, 1740-1747
|
Murray, John, Sir, 1715?-1777 | Bell, Robert Fitzroy, ed
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,146 | 9,646 |
That at the same time they sent to Cardinal Fleury a list of the Gentlemen in the Highlands, who, they imagined, would support the Pretender's Cause. Being asked whether he can remember the Names of any Persons in the said List, he saith that, to the best of his Memory, there were the Names of Sir Alexander MacDonald, the Laird of M^Leod, Mackenzie of Fairbum, M^Kenzie of Apple Cross, and another Gentleman of the Name of MacKenzie, Cameron of Lochiel, McDonald of Glengary, McDonald of Clanronald, Stewart of Appin, M^Dougal of Lorn, M°Pherson of Cluny, McGregor of Glengyle, the Clan of Mcintosh, but the Laird of Mcintosh was not named in the List, the Farquharsons, McDonald of Glencoe, Lord Lovat and his Clan, Grant of Glenmorison, and Sir James Campbel of Auchen- brack for the people of Argyleshire. That it was computed in this Memorial that there would appear 20,000 Men in the Highlands for the Pretender ; but this Exam^ thinks the number was very greatly overrated. This Exam* saith that, as he was informed, Drummond went first to Rome, and from thence to Paris, where this Exam* saith he believes him now to be. That this Exam* has been informed that the said Drummond was in London about the month of April 1745. Being asked whether he has ever heard that any Persons in England were privy to the sending Drummond to Rome ; he saith that he never heard that any Persons in England were privy to it. This Exam* saith that Sempil, called Lord Sempil, introduced Drummond to Cardinal Fleury at Paris ; and that Drummond and Sempil kept a Corre- spondence with the seven Persons abovementioned in Scotland. That Cardinal Fleury gave them great encouragement, and that Drummond assured the Cardinal that, if he required it, any of the Persons in the List, would come to him in France. That in the year 1743 Drummond returned to Scotland and came to Eden- 424 APPENDIX burgh^ and sent for Lord Traquair, Lochiel, and M^Pherson of Cluny to come to him^ and gave them an account of his negotia- tions with Cardinal Fleury^ and told them that if he^ the Cardinal^ could procure any Encouragement from England he would send the Troops desired into Scotland in the Autumn of 1743. That Lord Traquair was employed to come to London to endeavour to get such encouragement. That Drummond also came to London. That when Lord Traquair returned to Scotland from London, he told this Exam^ that People in England seemed to be well inclined to the Pretender if they might depend upon encouragement from abroad. That Lord Traquair told this Exam^ that the principal Persons with whom he^ Lord Traquair, conversed in London, relating to this Matter, were the Earl of Barrymore, Sir John Hynde Cotton, and Sir Watkin Williams Wjmn. That Dr. Barry, a Physician in London, was employed as an Agent. That there were many Persons in the City well affected to the Pretender. That Lord Traquair told this Exam^ that Sir John Hynde Cotton was at first very shy and unwilling to meet with him, Lord Traquair, or to talk with him upon the Pretender s affairs. That Lord Traquair was in London lately, and, this Exam^ beleives, may be here at this time. That Lord Traquair came to London in January 1741 ; but that this Exam^ does not know that Lord Traquair has kept any Correspondence with the Pretender since the Pretender has been in Scotland. This Exam*^ saith that Colonel Cecil, who did live in London, corresponded with Lord Marshal and Sempil. That Colonel Brett was engaged in the same Correspondence. That Lord Traquair returned to Scotland from London before the Winter in 1742. That, in Dec"" 1742, Letters came from Drummond to Lord Traquair with Assurances that the Project would be forthwith put in Execution. That about that time Lord Traquair sent for this Exam^ and shew'd him the Letters from Drummond. That this Exam*^ told Traquair that he very much apprehended those assurances were not to be depended upon. That Lord Traquair, and Mr. Cameron of Lochiel (who was present at this Conversation) proposed to this Exam*^ to go himself to Paris, which, after some objections, he consented to do. That in March or April 1 743 this Exam*' came to London, and after staying here a Week or a Fortnight went to France. Being asked with what Persons he conversed whilst he was in London, he saith he is not sure whether he saw Col. Cecil or not ; but declares PAPERS FROM THE RECORD OFFICE 425 that he never talked with any Englishman whatever upon the Pretender's affairs. That this Exam^, upon his arrival at Paris^ was carried by Drummond to Sempil^ who told him that the Cardinal (who was then lately dead) had been very warm in the Pretender s Cause. That nothing but the Cardinal's Death had prevented the Execution of the projected Invasion of Scotland. That the Cardinal's Intention was that Monsieur Maillebois should have marched to the Coast in order to be ready to embark the Troops, but that some Persons about the French King had persuaded him to let M^' Maillebois march towards Hanover. That this Exam^ went to Versailles and was introduced to Cardinal Tencin, where nothing passed relating to these affairs. That he was afterwards introduced to Mo** Amelot and acquainted him that he came from the Persons who had sent the Memorial to Cardinal Fleury ; that Mo^ Amelot told this Exam^ that Cardinal Fleury had been much disposed to execute the Scheme of an Invasion ; that Amelot asked this Exam^ what Strength might be depended upon in the Highlands, for which this Exam^ referr'd him to Mr. Drummond, then present. That Amelot told this Exam^ that he had spoke to the French King upon his this Exam^'s arrival in France, and that the French King had bid him, Amelot, assure this Exam^ that he might tell the Persons from whom he came that he had the Interest of their Master as much at heart as they had, and that as soon as his affairs would permit, he would execute the Scheme. That this Exam* returned to London in the Summer 1743, and after staying a few Days here, went to Scotland ; that he made a Report of what had passed in France to Lord Traquair and Lord Perth, and, as he thinks, to no one else, but that all the Persons who signed the Memorial were afterwards acquainted with it (except Mr. Stuart who, before that time, had married and retired into the Country, and, to the best of this Exam*'' Knowledge, has not since been concerned in these affairs) ; that the Scheme pro- posed was that 3000 French Troops were to be sent to Scotland, 1500 to Inverness to join Lord Lovat and the Frasers; and 1500 to be landed in the West near Sir James Campbel's House ; that Sir James Campbel was to go to the Isle of Mul to raise the MacLeans, and from thence to Ila; that the McDonalds and M^Leods were to march thro' Rosshire to join the Frasers, thence to Athol, Dunblain, and Creif ; that Lord Marshal was to com- mand these 3000 Men ; that Count Saxe was to land with 12,000 Men within two or three days march of London. 426 APPENDIX That Drummond went from France to Rome and desired that the Young Pretender might be sent with him to France; that Drummond returned alone to France^ and from thence came to London, where he staid a short time and returned to France ; that this Exam^ has been informed by Lord Traquair that Drummond^ whilst he was at London, had meetings with Lord Barrymore, Sir John Hynde Cotton, and Sir Watkin Williams Wynn, relating to these matters; that Drummond wrote two Letters to Lord Traquair, one dated from Paris, and the other from London, which Lord Traquair shewed to this Examinant, in one of which Drum- mond acquainted Lord Traquair that it was probable before he received that Letter the French Troops might be landed in England ; that some Part of one of these Letters was in Cypher ; that Lord Traquair proposed to this Exam^ to write to Drummond to desire him to reconcile some seeming Contradictions in his Letters ; that this Exam^ accordingly prepared a Letter to Drum- mond, which Letter Lord Traquair sign'd in his presence, but this Exam^ cannot recollect whether he sign'd it himself or not. That Lord Traquair took the Letter and acquainted this Exam^ afterwards that he had sent it to Dr. Barry in London to be forwarded to Paris, but Dr. Barry, sometime afterwards, told this Exam^ when he saw him in London, that Drummond had desired that Letter might not be sent to him, and that he had therefore burnt it. This Exam^ saith that Lord Traquair told him that the Persons he depended upon in England were Lord Barrymore, Sir J. H. Cotton, and Sir W. W. Wynn ; that the Pretender had also a great Party in the City and in the Country, but this Exam* does not remember that he named any other Persons but the three above mentioned. That after the Disappointment of the Invasion in 174-3/4, they received no Letters from France for a considerable time, which made them uneasy. That Lord Traquair, in June 1744, knowing that this Ex*^ had a design to go to see the Army in Flanders, proposed to him to go again to France to see how things went there, which he was unwilling to do, but at last agreed to go ; that a few days before this Exam* set out for France a long Letter came from Sempil, accounting for, and excusing the miscarriage of the Invasion, and desiring that new assurances might be sent to France from the Pretender's Friends in England and Scotland. That on the 7*^ of PAPERS FROM THE RECORD OFFICE 4«7 July 1744^ this Exam^ sat out for London, and staid here a Fortnight or three Weeks ; that he saw Dr. Bany at his House in Craven Street and introduced himself to him by a Letter^ which he brought for that purpose from L** Traquair to Dr. Barry ; told Dr. Barry the Business he was going upon^ and asked his advice how he should get to France ; that Dr. Barry advised this £x^ as the safest way to make use of a Cutter, or smugling Vessel to carry him directly to Dieppe in France, which this £x^ declined, chusing to go by Flanders in order to see the Army, as he at first attended ; that Lord Elcho was then in London and went with this Exam^ to Dover, and from thence to Flanders, where he staid 5 or 6 Days in our Army ; from thence went to Brussels, and so into Holland ; from whence he returned privately by the same Road, and got into the French Territory, and proceeded to Paris. That Drummond met this Exam^ at Rotterdam ; that he told Drummond that Lord Traquair and Lord Perth had employed him to go to France to see whether anything was likely to be done ; that Drummond dissuaded him from going to France, but upon his insisting to go^ as he had undertaken to do, they went into France together. That this Exam^, upon his arrival at Paris, went to M^Donald's^ a Banker, where the Pretender then was ; that the next day this Exam^ was introduced to the Pretender by Sempil and Drummond, and told him the occasion of his being sent to France. That the Pretender assured him that the French had been serious in the Invasion^ which had been disappointed by the Weather and other accidents ; that he, the Pretender^ had the strongest assurances from the French King and his Ministers that it would be put into execution that Harvest. That this Exam* having desired to see the Pretender alone, the Pretender appointed him to come to him the next day at Eleven o'clock, which he did ; that this Exam* then represented to him that his Friends in Scotland were dissatisfied with the Letters sent from Drummond and Sempil, and doubted whether the French were in earnest to support him. To which the Pretender answered that he was well assured of their good Intentions, but that he could say nothing to Drummond's and Sempil's Letters, not having seen them. That this Exam* had no conversation abroad relating to these affairs, except with Lord Elcho^ the Persons above-mentioned, and Sir Thomas Sheridan ; that he saw Kelly in France, for the first time, but had no particular conversation with him. 428 APPENDIX That he knows Sheridan's Handwriting when he sees it. That this Exam^ returned to Scotland in Oct 1744; that he called at Lord Traquair's House, but he, not being at home. Lord Traquair came afterwards to him at this Exam^'" Request. This Exam^ saith that when he saw the Pretender at Paris, he told this Exam^ he was determined to come over into this Kingdom if he brought only a single Footman ; that this Exam^ represented the Danger of his coming unless he was sure of assistance. To which the Pretender answered he did not doubt of assistance, but that, however, he would come in all events, and asked this Kxam^ how many men (this Exam^ thought) might join him. To which this Exam^ said that at the most he thought there would not be above 4 or 5000, even if all those who were looked upon to be the most attached to his Family should appear for him. That this Exam^ communicated this Conversation to Lord Traquair, and afterwards to Cameron of Lochiel and Lonl Perth ; that Lochiel thought it was a rash and desperate undertaking ; that Lord Perth thought otherwise. That Letters were written to the seven Persons of the Concert who had signed the Memorial to apprize them of this Design ; that the Laird of M^Leod came to Edinburgh in Nov' 1744; that M^'Leod, Lochiel, and this Exam* met together at a Tavern, where they talked of this Design, which M'^Leod thought a very mad one, and said no one would join him ; that this Exam^ asked M'^Leod what he would do himself, to which he said that tlio' it was a rash Design, he would join the Pretender if he came over, but that as M<^Leod had been drinking, this Exam* desired Lochiel to speak to him the next Morning and learn his real sentiments upon this matter, which Lochiel accordingly did, and told this Exam* that M'^Leod continued to say that it was a rash undertaking, but, however, that if the Pretender came, he would join him. Being asked whether he had any correspondence or dealings with Mr. Stuart, Provost of Edenburgli, relating to these matters, he saith that he never had, nor do's he beleive that Mr. Stuart had any thing to do with any of that Party. That Lochiel sent one of the Pretender's Letters to Sir Alexander M*^Donald, but he always absolutely refused having anything to do with the Pretender. That the Pretender sent six or seven Letters (as abovementioned) to Scotland which were in the hands of Lord Traquair or this Exam*, which Letters were accompanied with a Power to each PAPERS FROM THE RECORD OFFICE 429 Person to whom they should be sent to treat with other Persons relating to the Pretender's interests. That these Letters were without Directions, but signed by the Pretender^ and left to be directed to such Persons as should be thought proper after they came to Scotland ; that these Letters were sent to Lochiel, M^'Leod, Sir Alex. McDonald, Sir James Campbel, and some others. That this Exam^ wrote a Letter to the Pretender to dissuade him very strongly from pursuing his Design of coming to Scotland ; that this Exam^ delivered the said Letter to L^ Traquair at Edenburgh who undertook to send it from London to Paris, his LP intending soon to come to London ; that Lord Traquair afterwards wrote to this Exam^ from London by Mr. M^Leod, who returned to Scotland in April 1745, acquainting him that his Friends in London were as well disposed as ever, but were against undertaking anything without assistance from France; that Mr. M^Leod brought to this Exam^ from Lord Traquair the Letter which his Ifi^ had undertaken to send to the Pretender, but had not sent it; that this Exam^ expressed his surprise to M^Leod that Lord Traquair should have neglected to send that Letter, which was of great Importance ; that this Exam^ at that time, thought no attempt would have been made, and was there- fore making Interest to get into the Dutch Service. That about the latter end of June 1745, this Exam^ received a Letter from the Pretender which was sent to him by one Cock- bum a Merchant at Edenburgh, in which the Pretender acquainted this Exam^ that he was determined to come to Scotland and desired his Friends might be informed of it; that this Exam^ apprehends this Letter was sent from France by Drummond. That the contents of the Letter were, that he, the Pretender was determined to come to Scotland to the West Coast, the Isle of Guist or Mull, and hoped to be there in June, appointing Signals, etc. That the Exara^ upon receiving this Letter was in great Per- plexity but soon determined to go to Lochiel in the Highlands, which he did, and they agreed to persuade the Pretender so soon as he should arrive to go back again. That this Letter from the Pre- tender, or a Copy of it, was carried to Lord Lovat by Lochiel's Brother; that M^Leod was with Lord Lovat when Lochiel's Brother arrived there; that Lord Lovat and M^Leod entirely disapproved the Design. That this Exam^ afterwards sent McDonald of Scotus to M^Leod at Glenelg, to desire to know 480 APPENDIX Tbooglits as to what thoald be dooe to prercnt the Pretender from ooming oo Shore; that M^Leod tent him word in answer that he disapprored the Undertakings bat that if the Pretender eame he would join him ; howerer that he thought a Letter slKmld be wrote to dissuade him from bmding in Scotland; that this Exam* accordingly wrote two Letters and left them in the Hands of Macdonald of Scotns to be delivered to the Pretender npon, or before his Landing, advising him bj all means to retam to France ; that the Exam* heard that one or both of those Letters were delivered ; that this Exam* then returned to his own house. That about a Fortnight or three Weeks after, he heard the Pretender was landed : that there came with the Pretender, Lord Tnllibardine, Sir Tho* Sheridan, Sullivan, Strickland, Sir John MacDonald, and McDonald the Banker at Paris. This Exam* being asked whether he knew anjrthing of the sending of Sir Hector M'^Lean to Scotland, he saith that it was generally understood that Sir Hector McLean came over with a View to this Design, but knows no particulars, and is not ac- quainted with Sir Hector McLean. Being asked whether Mr. Smith of Boulogne was apprised of the Design of the Pretender's coming, he saith he does not believe he was. This Exam^ saith that some time in July he received from Edenburgh a short Letter, not signed, which gave him Reason to apprehend that the Pretender was arrived in Scotland and desiring him to come immediately to L* John Drummond's house in the Highlands: that he went accordingly and found the Pretender at Kinloch Moydart's. That the first time this Exam' acted as Secretar\' to the Pre- w tender was in signing a Passport for two officers of His Majesty's Troops, taken Prisoners by the Rebels at Fessfaini. This Exam* saith, that the only Letter that he knows to have been sent into England from the Pretender was a Letter to Lord Barrymore, which was carried from Perth by an English Merchant who, as this Exam* was informed, came from the West of England but whose name he cannot recollect : that at Edenburgh, Sir Thomas Sheridan told him that he had sent one Hickson^ to talk to People in the North, but named Nobody. That the contents of the Letter to Lord Barrymore from the 1 Hickson*s instructions printed by Lord Mahon. The Forty- Five ^ ed. 1869, P- 153. PAPERS FROM THE RECORD OFFICE 481 Pretender were to acquaint him with his Landing, with his good Intentions to the People of England, and how much he depended upon his Lordship's Assistance ; that the Person who carried that Letter to Lord Barr3nnQore came back to the Pretender at Eden- burgh and, said that he had delivered the Letter, but brought no answer that this Exam^ knows of. This £x^ being asked whether the name of the person who carried the Letter to L^ Barrymore from Perth and returned thither is Came, he saith, he is certain that that is his name, tho' he could not recollect it till he heard it: that he is a young Man, tall and thin; with a round full Face. Being asked what Letters he received during the Pretender's being in this Kingdom from any Persons who did not join in Arms with the Pretender, he saith that he believes he did not receive any Letter from any Person under that Description except only Lord Lovat. Being asked whether he ever received any Letters from Sir James Stuart, in France, he says he never did nor even saw any Letters from him to any other Person in the Pretender's Ser- vice. This Exam^ saith that Sir Thomas Sheridan was the Person of principal confidence with the Pretender and wrote all the Letters to France; that Sir Thomas Sheridan corresponded with Kelly after he went to France. That this Exam^ received a Letter from Mr. Carnegie at Paris, acquaintuig him, that the Ministers gave to the Pretender's Adherents there hopes of Assistance. That an English Baronet was expected in France and that it was not doubted, but upon his arrival and the Assurances he should give the French would send the promised Succours. Being asked whether he received any Letters from a Northum- berland Gentleman called Mr. Bowry Charlton or from Mr. Hodson, he absolutely denies it, and says he never had a Letter from any English Gentleman whatever, relating to the Pretender's Affairs. He saith that to the best of his Knowledge there was never any Money remitted from England to the Pretender since his Landing in Scotland ; that there were small Sums of Money sent from different People in Scotland, whose Names he does not know: that he remembers three different sums amounting in the whole to about 1000£ sterling. 4» APPENDIX Bemf asked wlirtlicr lie knows of mnj P« Amgmt last to ioDiot for AflSBtmce, lie bis there e Doubt bet tlicfe was a dose coRCspoBdeBce' kept, bat Inow the Naaie of aoj Penoo employed. Being asked wbether be erer beaid of Loid Claneaiti's eoqilojed oo %aeh a ComaMsskm, be s^s that be bas oAeii tbat h* Claneartj was bssy in tbat war, bot does not paitienlarfy know wfaetber, or wben be was sent to France. This Exam* being shewn a Letter beginning with the wnnis^ ' I had the Hoooor to receiie cic*./ be saith he apprehends it to be the band Writing of Dnnnmond. Being shewn the word Jnittmmte^ and the Bmnymore and Orrtry^ interlined over Fignrcs in the be saith that he apprehends those Words to be of the Handwritiiy of Sir Thomas Sheridan, bnt cannot pretend to be ceitiin. This Exam* saith that be came with the Pretender to Derbj : that, during the whole time of their being in Engbuid, ther receired no Apf^ication or Message from anr Persons in England, which surprised and disappointed them extremclr. This Exam* saith that when the Rebel armr fost came within a m Mile or two of Edenborgh upon a Sommons sent br Sheridan, a I>qxitation of the Magistrates came oat to meet them ; that Sir Tho* Sheridan demanded; that thej shoald open the Gates, and give up their Arms, etc. That this F.Tam' knows of no priTatc correspondence between the Rebels and any of the Principal People in Edenburgh. That one Dr. Trepland came from Edenborgh to the Pretender's Armv at Lithgow, and joined the Rebels there. That this Elxam' did not receive a single Letter from anv Person in Edenbui^h nor does he beleive there was any Body in that Town that at that time would have corresponded with him. That to the best of this Exam''* Knowledge, no Person aboat the Pretender had any Correspondence with Mr. Stuart, Provost of Edenburgh. nor any Dependance upon his Assistance. That during the Pretender's Stav at HolvTood House, no Person of Rank came to the Pretender (besides those who openly joined him) except Lord Kenmure and Lord Nithsdale who appeared but once with him, and then left him. That this Exam* saw Mr. Lockhart of Camwath at Edenburgh but to the best oi his Knowledge Mr. Lockhart was not introduceil to the Pretender, nor had they any Dependance upon Mr. Lock- hart : that this Exam* had some general conversation with Mr. Lockhart, but nothing passed of any Consequence. PAPERS FROM THE RECORD OFFICE 488 This Exam* saith that he recollects that one John Haliburton came to Inverness from France about two Days before the Battle of Culloden ; that this Exam* asked him whether he had brought any Intelligence, to which Haliburton said, he had brought a good deal of Information by his Memory which he had put in writing and given to Sheridan ; that Mr. Alex. M^Leod told this Exam* that Haliburton had given in a long Memorial to Sheridan which he had put in writing from what had been told him by Sir James Stuart. This Exam* being asked who drew the Declarations and Mani- festos et(f.y published by the Pretender, and in his Name at Eden- burgh and particularly the Second Declaration, he saith it was drawn by Sheridan and Sir James Stuart. Being asked as to another Declaration dated at the Head of Lochiel with this Exam**" Name to it, he saith he apprehends it was drawn by Sheridan ; that it was dated before this Exam* was appointed Secretary ; that however he will not be positive whether he put his name to it or not. Being shewn a Sheet of Paper written on every Page, beginning with the Words, Afier we have represented, eUf,, he says he takes it to be Kelley's hand Writing and thinks that he may have seen it before but does not recollect the contents. This Exam* recollects that after the Pretender came from Carlisle, a Letter was sent to Lord Barrymore, which Letter he supposes was wrote by Sheridan ; that he does not know the Con- tents of the Letter, nor does he know of any Letter sent by the Pretender to any other Person in England, nor did the Pretender or any Person about him, receive (to the best of this Exam*'" Knowledge) any Message or Letter, or any Money from any Person in England. This Exam* recollects that Sir John Douglass came from London to Bannockbum during the siege of the Castle of Stirling. That Sir John Douglass told this Exam* at Bannockbum that he had a Message to deliver to the Pretender from his Friends in England. That this Exam* carried Sir J. Douglass into his Chamber, he being obliged himself to go to Stirling. That when he returned from Stirling some hours after, he found Sir J. Douglass in his Chamber. That Sir John then told him that he had seen the Pretender and Sir Thomas Sheridan, since this Exam* had left him, and had delivered his Message to them. That Sir J. Douglas told this Exam* that a Message had been sent 434 APPENDIX from the Pretender s Friends to France some time before. That another Message was going to France at the time he left London. That there was a large Sum of Money (lO^OOOJ^ as this Exam^ thinks) lying in the City of London for the use of the Pretender. That Sir J. Douglass did not tell this Exam^ by whom these Messages were sent to France ; but that this Exam^ concluded, when the Pretender s Friends were mentioned, the Persons above- mentioned, viz.. Lord Barrymore, Sir J. H. Cotton, Sir W. W. Wynn were meant. This Exam^ saith that one, Mr. Morgan, a Councillor at Law, who joined the Rebels after they came into England, as soon as it was determined to return towards Scotland, proposed to go to London to procure Intelligence, and left the Army accordingly, with the Knowledge and Consent of the Pretender and of Sir Thomas Sheridan. This Exam^ saith that, when the Army was at Derby, he accidentally went into the Room where a Council of War was at that time sitting. That he offered to go back, but the Pretender called him into the Room, and told him, in some heat, that he was quite scandalised, for that they were pressing him to go back to Scotland, instead of marching directly to London as had been intended. That they. Lord George Murray, Lord Elcho, and every Body present, except Lord Perth, declared their opinion for marching back to Scotland. That the Pretender insisted to go on to London, but at last yielded to the opinion of the Council of War (as this Exam^ advised him to do), and it was resolved to march back to Scotland. That this Exam' does not beleive that there were above 5000 Men at Derby. Being asked whether any Persons in England sent them any Intelligence relating to the motions of his Majesty's Troops, he saith they received no Intelligence from any English, and indeed had little or no Intelligence from any Quarter whatever. Being shewn the Letter already mentioned, beginning with the Words, ' I have had the honour, etc.,* and signed M^^Griger, and having read that Letter, and being asked whether he has seen that Letter before, he says he thinks Sir Thomas Sheridan shew'd him that Letter, but does not remember any particular Conversa- tion that passed upon the contents of it. That he very well remembers the Pretender told him, in a sneering way, that he had received a Letter from Drummond. That Drummond told PAPERS FROM THE RECORD OFFICE 436 this Exam*^ the first time he returned from Paris, that he had a Letter from Sempil to introduce him to the Earl of Orrery. That he afterwards told this Exam^ that he had been in the Country to see Lord Orrery, and had delivered Sempil's Letter to him, and been well received by him. That Lord Traquair afterwards told this Exam^ that Drummond and he had been at a Tavern in order to meet Lord Orrery, but that Lord Orrery disappointed them. That the next Day Lord Traquair met Lord Orrery in a Chair, and spoke to him. That another appointment was then made to meet the following Evening, but Lord Orrery failed them again^ which made Lord Traquair imagine that Drummond had not been so well received by Lord Orrery as he pretended. This Exam* saith that Marquis d' Aiguilles had a short Credential from the French King to the Pretender's Son. That, after the Battle of Culloden, two French Ships arrived with 35,000 Louis d'ors. That a considerable Part of it was distributed amongst the Highlanders ; that 1 5,000£ was buried about a mile and a half from the Loch of Orkik, on the west end of the south side of the Lake, in three Places, and 12,000£ about a mile and half from Lochiel's House^ the south side of the Lake. That this Exam^ beleives the Money to be still in those Places. The Exam* thinks that the Jacobites in Scotland do not flatter themselves with the Hopes of getting any Troops together again, but look upon their affairs to be quite desperate. That Marquis d* Aiguilles at Carlisle shew'd his Instructions to this Exam*, which were pretty long. That the purport of them was to learn, as particularly as possible, the situation of things in Scotland ; the strength of the Pretender's Army ; what Friends he had, and what he would be able to do ; and to send an exact account of it to the French Ministers, and that if things looked favourable for the Pretender they would assist him with troops, etc. This Exam* saith that he hath heard the Duke of Beaufort named by the Pretender's Friends as a Person from whom they had some Expectations of Assistance. But that he knows nothing of any Correspondence kept by any of that Party with the Duke of Beaufort. This Exam* further saith that McDonald of Loch Gary proposed to this Exam* at Invermaly, some time after the Battle of Culloden, that he, McDonald, would lie in wait with six or seven Persons, who were good Marksmen^ in order to shoot his R. H. the Duke of Cumberland, on the Road between Fort 486 APPENDIX Augustus and Fort William; which this Exam* preTentcd bj abfolotelj forbidding him to think of nuking soch an attempt^ which this Exam' rerilj beleires McDonald would otherwise hMwe done, and that he might hare socceeded in it. This Exam* being asked whether he recollects a Person called Doctor Burton ^ being with the Pretender's Armj in Lancashire, he saith he does remember a Person who, he thinks, was a Physician, but cannot recollect his Name. That this Person came to them at Lancaster, and said that he had been at Hombj Castle ; thmt he desired this Exam' to introdace him to the Pretender, which he did accordingly. That the said Person told the Pretender, in this Exam''' Presence, that he came from York, and that there were many Persons there who wocdd have joined him if he had come that way. Jo. Murrav. Tower of London, Aug^ 13, 1746. Signed before me. Andrew Stonb. bidor$ed — ^The Examination of John Murray of Broughton, Esq''. Aug* 13, 1746. [Tfus Examination is signed on the bottom oj every page J^ Murray,^ No. 10. MR. Murray's examination relating to SIR JOHN DOUGLAS* This Examinant recollects that Sir John Douglas came from l^ndon to Bannockbum during the Siege of the Castle of Stirling. That he told this Examinant at Bannockburn, that he had a Message to deliver to the Pretender from his Friends in England, That this Examinant carried Sir John Douglas into his Chamber, he being obliged himself to go to Stirling. That when he returned from Stirling some hours after, he found Sir J. Douglas in his Chamber. That Sir John Douglas then told him that he had seen the Pretender since this Examinant had left him, and had delivered his Message to them. That Sir John Douglas told this Examinant that a Message had been sent from the Pretender's Friends to France, some time before. That another Message was * John Burton, M.D., of York, author of an account of the Prince's escape, supposed to be the original of Dr. Slop in Tristram Shandy. Sec Dr. Mac- naughton's Medical Heroes of the Forty- Five : Glasgow, 1897. 2 S. P. D. George 11., B. 86, No. 70. PAPERS PROM THE RECORD OFFICE 487 going to France at the time he left London. That there was a large sum of money (as this Examinant thinks 10^000 £) lying in the City of London for the use of the Pretender. That Sir J. Douglas did not tell this Examinant by whom these Messages were sent to France ; but that this Examinant concluded, when the Pretenders Friends were mentioned, the Persons above- mentioned, viz., L** Barrymore, Sir J. H. Cotton, and Sir W. W. Winne were meant. Indorsed — Extract of Mr. Murray's Examination relating to Sir John Douglas. 13 Aug. 1746. No. 11. THE FURTHER EXAMINATION OF JOHN MURRAY OF BROUGHTON, ESQ.^ This Examinant saith that all the Time that Stirling Castle was besieged by the Rebels, which was in Jan'^ last, this Examinant's Quarters were at Banockboum, which is distant about two or three miles from Stirling. That one evening, about eight or nine o'clock, this Examinant being alone in his Chamber, he was told by a Servant that a Gentleman was below who desired to see him. That this Examinant thereupon went downstairs and found Sir John Douglas of Kill head. Bar*, Member of this present Parlia- ment for the County or Town of Dumfries. That this Examinant was surprised to see S^ John Douglas in that Place, never having suspected him to be in the Pretender's Interest. That S' John Douglas asked this Examinant how things went, and then told him that he was come from London with a Message to the Prince (as he called the Pretender), to whom this Examinant told him he would take care he should be introduced the next day. That Sir John Douglas lodged that night at this Examinant's Quarters, and in conversation told him, in general, that his Business was to acquaint the Pretender that there had been a message sent to him, the Pretender, from his Friends in London (which this Examinant told Sir John Douglas he believed had not been received), tho' S' John Douglas farther told this Exami- nant that there was the Sum of ten thousand Pound, then ready in London, which had been collected for the Pretender's Service. * S. P. D. George ii., B. 86, No. 71. 488 APPENDIX That S' John Douglas also told this Examinant that a Message had been lately sent from the Pretender's Friends in London to France; and that another Messenger would soon be dispatch'd. That these are all the particulars that S^ John Douglas mention'd to this Examinant. That the next morning this Examinant was obliged to go to Stirling. That he accordingly went to Stirling about noon, and left S' John Douglas in his Chamber at Bannock- bourn^ having first carried S*" Thom» Sheridan to S' John Douglas and this Examinant left S' Tho. Sheridan and Sir John Douglas in his Chamber together. That this Examinant returned from Stirling in the evening of the same day, and found S' John Douglas alone in the Chamber where he left him. That S' John Douglas said very little to this Examinant^ and seem'd to be very uneasy and discontented. That he, however, told this Examinant that he had been introduced to the Pretender. That soon after this Examinant's return from Stirling, and the short conversation above mentioned, Sir John Douglas sat out from Bannockboum ; and this Examinant apprehends that he went to his own House, but cannot say certainly whither he went. That this Examinant had no particular conversation with Sheridan relating to S^ John Douglas but remembers to have heard Sheridan say, in a peevish manner, 'Since they have collected Money, why the Devil did not they send it ? ' This Examinant saith that when he first saw S^ John Douglas at Bannockboum, he seem'd to be (and this Examinant verily believes he was) just alighted from his horse, being in Boots, and very dirty. That this Examinant has been acquainted with Sir John Douglas several years, and is not certain whether he is not related to him. That he is a strong, well built man, and wears his own Hair; that he is a Widower, and has nine or ten children. That this Examinant does not believe that anyone who is acquainted with S"" John Douglas saw him at Bannockboum except himself, and those to whom he was intro- duced at his own Desire. Jo. Muhrav. Tower of Loudou, Augt 13^ 174(3. Taken and sig-n'd before me, Andkkw Stone. ^ Indorsed — Further the Examination of John Murray of Broughton, Esq. Augt 13, 1740. * Andrew Stone was appointed Under-Secretary of State in 1726. In 1754 he was made a member of the Board of Trade, wbcre he remained till 1761, Horace Walpole calls him * the Duke's man, Stone.' PAPERS FROM THE RECORD OFFICE 489 No. 12. ACCOUNT OF THE HIGHLAND CLANS BY JOHN MURRAY OF BROUGHTON ^ Sir, — The misfortunes of my Country naturally incline me to reflect upon whatever 1 think may tend to his Majestys interest by settling the peace and quiet of the Highlands upon such a footting as to prevent the like Calamity for the future ; this. Sir, together with a most hearty and sincere desire to make all possible reparation for my past misconduct, occasions me to give you the trouble of this long letter, which contains a Character of the Inhabitants with the present Situation of the principal famillys concerned in the late Rebellion, the Characters of the Leaders, and how far they are connected or att variance one with another. The Highlanders are naturaly sagacious, cunning, and extreamly curious, very hospitable to strangers when not to remain amongst them, but jealous to a degree of any who propose to settle in their Country, and seldome fail to use all methodes, however unjust, to distress them ; very much addicted to theift, which is much owing to the indolence of the Cheifs, who, if honest and active, can easily prevent it. Their Cheif is their God, their every thing, especially when a man of address and resolution, but if weak or off an easy temper, no farther regarded than so far as custom prevails, or interest directs. This appeard obvious during the late Rebellion, for as amongst the leaders there were very few men of Education or Capacity, their people went and came, plundered or not as they pleased themselves, in short they are not to be traite with an over severity, nor too much lenity, but a certain familiarity without seeming too much to deviate from thkt absolute authority by which they were formerly ruled. As His Majesty has been graciously pleas'd to grant a reprive to the Earl of Cromarty, which, it is to be hoped, will in time produce a pardon all Scotland by north the Town of Inverness must be strongly attach'd to His Majestys interest; nor is it to be doubted that freinds will take away the difference that has for some time subsisted betwixt Lord Fortrose and him, which will make all publick matters go on more smoothly, both in Country and Burrows than formerly. S.P.D. George ii., B. 86, No. 114.
| 3,782 |
https://github.com/asgrim/psl/blob/master/src/Psl/Class/exists.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
psl
|
asgrim
|
PHP
|
Code
| 42 | 113 |
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Psl\Class;
use function class_exists;
/**
* Checks if the class with the given name exists.
*
* @param string $class_name
*
* @psalm-assert-if-true class-string $class_name
*/
function exists(string $class_name): bool
{
/** @var bool */
return class_exists($class_name, true);
}
| 38,965 |
https://github.com/BillChirico/Matey/blob/master/src/Matey.Domain/Models/Identity/User.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,016 |
Matey
|
BillChirico
|
C#
|
Code
| 27 | 61 |
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Identity.EntityFrameworkCore;
namespace Matey.Domain.Models.Identity
{
// Add profile data for application users by adding properties to the User class
public class User : IdentityUser
{
}
}
| 22,492 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12826075
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,012 |
Stack Exchange
|
Baba, Master345, WhozCraig, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1226894, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1322972, https://stackoverflow.com/users/836727
|
English
|
Spoken
| 714 | 1,449 |
Tree Array to sitemap
I have two homework problems for school, and i have looked over them several times and didn't get it
I have this array
Array[10][10][10]
id parent value
1 0 X
2 1 Y
3 1 Z
4 3 A
5 2 B
6 5 C
7 3 D
8 9 E
9 4 F
10 2 G
What i want is to generate a sitemap based on parent column.
Example
1 must be at the root
2 and 3 must be childs of 1
10 and 5 must be childs of 2
... and so on.
I would like if i could generate an .xml like
<object id="1" value="X">
<object id="2" value="Y">
<object id="10" value="G">
</object>
<object id="5" value="B">
</object>
... and so on ...
</object>
</object>
and an array
array(
id = > 1
array
);
i don't look how it might actually look, maybe something like this
$array = array(
"foo" => "bar",
42 => 24,
"multi" => array(
"dimensional" => array(
"array" => "foo"
)
)
);
and the second problem i will post it later. I'm using PHP for this, but C++ and C# would work as well, because the algorithm is important. Any help would be apreciated, because i'm very curious about this!
You don't need anything complicated for this. A simple single-dimension of structs with parent and value should be all that is required. You're domain has the benefit of having the id's being contiguous and starting at one, so ar[n-1] where n is the id will lead you to the node itself for all n > 0. hope that made sense.
Quick on .. is your array in this format array("id"=>1,"parent"=>0,"value"=>"X")
hey thanks, but right now i'm working on the code, i think i need to use classes and objects
I believe your array looks like this
$list = array();
$list[] = array("id" => 1,"parent" => 0,"value" => "X");
$list[] = array("id" => 2,"parent" => 1,"value" => "Y");
$list[] = array("id" => 3,"parent" => 1,"value" => "Z");
$list[] = array("id" => 4,"parent" => 3,"value" => "A");
$list[] = array("id" => 5,"parent" => 2,"value" => "B");
$list[] = array("id" => 6,"parent" => 5,"value" => "C");
$list[] = array("id" => 7,"parent" => 3,"value" => "D");
$list[] = array("id" => 8,"parent" => 9,"value" => "E");
$list[] = array("id" => 9,"parent" => 4,"value" => "F");
$list[] = array("id" => 10,"parent" => 2,"value" => "G");
You can try
$xml = new SimpleXMLElement("<data />");
startBuild($list, $xml);
header("Content-Type: text/xml");
echo $xml->asXML();
Output
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<data> <object id="1" value="X">
<object id="2" value="Y">
<object id="5" value="B">
<object id="6" value="C" />
</object>
<object id="10" value="G" />
</object>
<object id="3" value="Z">
<object id="4" value="A">
<object id="9" value="F">
<object id="8" value="E" />
</object>
</object>
<object id="7" value="D" />
</object>
</object>
</data>
Function Used
function startBuild(array $array, SimpleXMLElement $xml, $no = 0) {
$child = hasChildren($array, $no);
if (empty($child))
return "";
foreach ( $child as $value ) {
$xChild = $xml->addChild("object");
$xChild->addAttribute("id", $value['id']);
$xChild->addAttribute("value", $value['value']);
startBuild($array, $xChild, $value['id']);
}
return true;
}
function hasChildren($array, $id) {
return array_filter($array, function ($var) use($id) {
return $var['parent'] == $id;
});
}
It works perfectly, but i'm still trying to understand it 100%, but can you look over my code http://codepad.org/jtEj6c2S i'm using classes and objects, can you help me with this?
You code does not say mush .. you are just outputting id, parent and value
i don't have a clear idea how to make it, basically i want to use objects (my teacher want this) http://codepad.org/Q8QvKARJ, what should i do next? And i will take your response as an answer because it's a good response, but can you help me do it my way also ? thank you :D
That is very easy. . I can even make it work with object and array. .. What do i think
i don't know what to do next, i'm getting into classes and objects, this is the propose of the homework, even though your example works perfectly :D
You array is wrong .. it must stat with 1 like your example if not it would become infinite loop ...
let us continue this discussion in chat
you couldn't make it run smoother than that! :D thank you very much, i will study this more till i understand it like 100%
| 26,134 |
https://github.com/XinShuoWang/utility/blob/master/include/utility/logger.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
utility
|
XinShuoWang
|
C
|
Code
| 132 | 466 |
//
// Created by wangxinshuo on 2021/2/26.
//
#ifndef UTILITY_INCLUDE_UTILITY_LOGGER_H_
#define UTILITY_INCLUDE_UTILITY_LOGGER_H_
#include <ctime>
#include <string>
enum LogLevel { kNONE, kINFO, kDEBUG };
class Logger {
private:
FILE *log_file_;
time_t time_start_;
LogLevel log_level_;
inline void Add(LogLevel log_level, const std::string &log) {
if (log_file_ != nullptr && log_level <= log_level_) {
time_t time_now = time(nullptr);
fprintf(log_file_, "Time: %ld, Message: %s\n",
time_now - time_start_, log.c_str());
fflush(log_file_);
}
}
public:
inline explicit Logger(LogLevel log_level, FILE *file) {
log_level_ = log_level;
log_file_ = file;
time_start_ = time(nullptr);
}
inline ~Logger() {
if (log_file_ != nullptr) {
fflush(log_file_);
fclose(log_file_);
}
}
// template log
template<typename... Args>
inline void Add(LogLevel log_level, const std::string &format, Args... args) {
size_t size = 1 + snprintf(nullptr, 0, format.c_str(), args...);
char bytes[size];
snprintf(bytes, size, format.c_str(), args...);
this->Add(log_level, std::string(bytes));
}
};
#endif //UTILITY_INCLUDE_UTILITY_LOGGER_H_
| 32,891 |
js832yx2883_1
|
GATT_library
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 1,974 |
United States statement made at Meeting of Group 3 (d) on 17 October 1974
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,207 | 1,597 |
RESTRICTED
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON MTN/3D/W/1
25 October 1974
TARIFFS AND TRADE Special Distribution
Multilateral Trade Negotiations Original: English
UNITED STATES STATEMENT MADE AT MEETING OF GROUP 3 (d)
ON 17 OCTOBER 1974
The United States supports examination of the present multilateral safeguard
system, essentially for two reasons:
- First, the present system based on GATT Article XIX is not working well. Most
countries make little or no use of it. Instead, there is an increasing
tendency, in dealing with commercial injury problems, to pursue policies and
employ techniques outside the multilateral framework. There is a growing
concern over the lack of international discipline in this area. We share
that concern.
- Secondly, the availability of a satisfactory safeguard system will influence
the extent to which countries are prepared to reduce trade barriers in the
current negotiations. Participating countries must be able to provide the
opportunity to impacted domestic producers to adjust to rapid changes and
pressures resulting from trade liberalization. We will need to find an
improved moans for short-term amelioration of adverse impacts combined with a
smoother, more dependable adjustment process. The United States therefore
attaches great importance to the development of a multilateral safeguard
system which will both facilitate liberalization and preserve the results
achieved.
In addition to its significance for trade barrier reduction, a more satisfactory
system will be an important element for improved management of problems and
frictions in international trade relations. It can make an important contribution to
the improved framework for the conduct of world trade called for by the Tokyo
Declaration.
While there have been some useful preliminary explorations of this problem in
the OECD and in the GATT Committee on Industrial Products, we believe that an
improved system can only be developed through the Multilateral Trade Negotiations.
This forum provides an opportunity for the maximum number of importing and exporting
countries to make sure their interests are protected. MTN/3D/W/1
Page 2
The development of the basic elements of such a system involves complex
issues and all possibilities and points of view should be carefully and
objectively examined before any conclusions are formulated. We strongly believe
that the development and implementation of the new safeguard system should be
accompanied by the removal of unilateral and bilateral restrictions nor in
conformity with international trade rules.
As noted in document MTN/3D/1, the GATT contains a number of provisions which
may be invoked to deal with various specified contingencies. Article XIX, however,
was specifically included to allow emergency protective action when increased
imports cause or threaten serious injury to domestic producers. We believe,
therefore, that a thorough examination and analysis of the present GATT Article XIX
system should constitute the first stage of the subgroup's work. The examination
should focus on:
what the present system was intended to accomplish,
- how it has operated,
- why there has boon such limited application of its provisions,
- and why countries have turned to special measures or other GATT articles to
safeguard domestic producers.
After the present system has been analyzed, we should be in a good position
to explore ways of correcting problems identified and go on to develop the elements
of an improved system. This might be regarded as the second stage of the
subgroup's work programme.
If this general approach is acceptable, we believe the GATT secretariat might
be asked .to do two things to facilitate the examination. First, we will need a
better indication of the scope and nature of the present problem. The secretariat
has done a commcendable job of assembling available information on safeguards in
document MTN/3D/1. As the secretariat has itself indicated, however, the note is
incomplete in several important respects. I have a few detailed comments, which
I should like to make later, on the secretariat paper and the types of additional
information we think might be useful. What we have in mind, however, is a survey
somewhat along the lines of the one carried out in 1960 in connexion with GATT
consideration of tho market-disruption issue. The survey might cover:
- measures countries take to protect against commercial injury,
- international procedures or arrangements outside GATT under which
restrictive measures are applied, and MTN/3D/W/1
Page 3
- domestic procedures for handling commercial Injury cases (whether action is
taken internationally within GATT or outside GATT).
Our second suggestion would be that the secretariat prepare a short analytical
paper. While document MTN/3D/1 contains much factual information on the provisions,
procedures and operation of GATT Article XIX there is no identification and analysis
of the reasons why the GATT safeguard system centered on Article XIX has not
functioned Quell. An analytical paper addressing these issues would provide a
useful basis on which to begin discussion in the first stage of our work programme.
The following are among the issues that might be dealt with in this paper:
(a) We note that the most frequent users of Article XIX have been the United
States during the 1950's, and Australia and Canada during the 1960 s. We
note also that these are the countries mentioned as having statutory require-
ments for public investigation of possible escape clause actions. Has the
existence or non-existence of public domestic procedures influenced the extent
to which countries have utilized the parallel GATT provisions rather than
alternative arrangements? Have such domestic procedures minimized the total
resort to restrictive action? Have review provisions in domestic procedures
tended to shorten the time during which escape clause actions remain in force?
(b) Invocation of Article XIX exposes a country to the possibility of dis-
crmnatory retaliation 4.. agreement is not reached with affected trading
partners. Has this inhibited resort to the GATT procedures?
(c) Although the text of Article XIX does not mention compensation
specifically, compensation has been granted in a great many Article XIX cases -
and in all but three or four United States actions. Has the need to provide
compensation induced countries to seek alternative solutions? Does the grant
of compensation reduce pro-' to re-ho' t- e original concession tending to
make escape clause actions permanent? Is compensation appropriate in escape
clause cases?
(d) What is the relationship between Articles XIX and XXVIII? Under the
latter, countries can renegotiate tariff concessions during the open season
without explaining the reasons why such action is necessary. Periodic resort
to use of Article XXVIII might greatly have reduced the uce of Article XIX.
In this connexion, document MTN/3D/2 contains some summary information on the
operation of Article XXVIII. It would be helpful if the secretariat could
expand this section to indicate the scope and frequency with which individual
countries have had recourse to these provisions.
(e) Article XIX has been interpreted as permitting only non-discriminatory
escape clause action. Has this requirement been a major factor in inducing
countries to seek alternative solutions? Has the need to prove serious
injury or to submit to multilateral examination inhibited resort to
Article XIX? MTN/3D/W/1
Page 4
(f) Are there certain types of products, industrial sectors, or special
situations that do not lend themselves to the Article XIX mechanism?
Discussion based on an analytical, or issues paper of this type prepared by
the secretariat should help to identify and indicate the relative importance of
various factors influencing the effectiveness of the present system..
| 28,223 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3281225
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,010 |
Stack Exchange
|
Flo Pau, Tally Access Solutions, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6812707, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6812708, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6812709, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6812798, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6822247, jichao hu, lynette, max
|
English
|
Spoken
| 166 | 253 |
Facebook extended permissions stream_publish is not working anymore?
I know I might not get any help here, but I've been on this all day and starting to loose my mind.
Here's the thing: no matter the method I choose I can't ask the user for the extended permission publish_stream from my Facebook-connected website since last thursday (it was working perfectly fine before and I made 0 changes to the code since then). I also looked for any changes in the API but couldn't find any.
I can ask for any other permissions, but if I try to add stream_publish to the list it doesn't work. There is no error or anything, it just doesn't ask for the permission.
Any idea on what the problem could be?
Also: a link to a related bug on the FB bugtracker.
It was and has always been called publish_stream and not stream_publish. The set of permission/scope names are documented here: http://developers.facebook.com/docs/authentication/permissions. It works as expected when I try it: http://fbrell.com/bugs/publish-stream-permission
| 29,479 |
https://github.com/innou-tech/innou-erc20-token/blob/master/contracts/mocks/MockNewToken.sol
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
innou-erc20-token
|
innou-tech
|
Solidity
|
Code
| 56 | 169 |
pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
import "openzeppelin-solidity/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol";
// it MUST implement InterfaceUpgradeAgent
contract MockNewToken is ERC20 {
uint32 public revision;
address public master;
constructor (uint32 _revision, address _master) public {
revision = _revision;
master = _master;
}
function upgradeFrom(address holder, uint256 tokenQty) external returns (bool) {
require(msg.sender == master);
require(tokenQty > 0);
_mint(holder, tokenQty);
return true;
}
}
| 27,217 |
https://github.com/sanchezea/bsocial/blob/master/bootstrap-calendar/index.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,015 |
bsocial
|
sanchezea
|
PHP
|
Code
| 406 | 2,042 |
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Calendar Page</title>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="components/bootstrap2/css/bootstrap.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="components/bootstrap2/css/bootstrap-responsive.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/calendar.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/reset.css"> <!-- CSS reset -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/style.css"> <!-- Resource style -->
<script src="../js/modernizr.js"></script> <!-- Modernizr -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="../localSearchBox.js"></script> <!-- Search script -->
</head>
<body>
<wrapper>
<!-- MENU BEGINS -->
<header class="cd-header menu-is-open">
<div id="logo"><a href="../index.php"><img src="../billeder/logo.png" style="height: 140px; margin: 15px;" alt="logo"></a></div>
<!-- Below is the button that trigers the drop down -->
<a class="cd-primary-nav-trigger menucss" href="#0">
<span class="cd-menu-text">Menu</span><span class="cd-menu-icon"></span>
</a>
<!-- this is where the button ends -->
</header>
<nav>
</section>
<ul class="cd-primary-nav menucss"><div class="linkstyle">
<li><a href="../notifications.php">Notifications</a></li>
<li><a href="../profile.php">Profile</a></li>
<li><a href="../explore.php">Explore Groups</a></li>
<li><a href="../create-group.php">Create group</a></li>
<li><a href="../create-event.php">Create event</a></li>
<li><a href="index.php">Calendar</a></li>
<li><a href="../settings.php">Settings</a></li>
</br></br>
<!-- below is the div for the search bar-->
<form class="sample_attach" id="src_child">
<div id="searchbar"><input style="margin-bottom: 1px; width: 130px; left:-30px;" type="text" name="terms"></div></br>
<input type="submit" value="Search Groups"></center>
</form></br></br>
<!-- search bar ends here. Menu continues below-->
<li class="cd-social cd-facebook"><a href="#0">Facebook</a></li>
<li class="cd-social cd-instagram"><a href="#0">Instagram</a></li>
<li class="cd-social cd-twitter"><a href="#0">Twitter</a></li>
</ul>
</div> <!-- end of linkstyle div -->
</nav>
<!-- this is where the menu ends -->
<script src="../js/jquery-2.1.1.js"></script>
<script src="../js/main.js"></script> <!-- Resource jQuery -->
<!-- MENU ENDS -->
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<h2 style="font-size:80px; font-family:autoradiographicrg; "> October 2015 </h2>
<small style="font-size:40px; font-family:autoradiographicrg; float:right; margin-right:200px;" >Here you can see all the events </br> in your calendar for October 2015.</br>Hover over the chosen date to see </br>your upcoming events. If you would like</br> to add an Event, go to the </br><q>Create Event</q> page.</small>
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<h3>Event</h3>
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| 13,307 |
https://github.com/himanshu131194/mern-skeleton/blob/master/client/core/Menu.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
mern-skeleton
|
himanshu131194
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 157 | 643 |
import React, {Component} from 'react'
import AppBar from 'material-ui/AppBar'
import Toolbar from 'material-ui/Toolbar'
import Typography from 'material-ui/Typography'
import IconButton from 'material-ui/IconButton'
import HomeIcon from 'material-ui-icons/Home'
import TextField from 'material-ui/TextField'
import Button from 'material-ui/Button'
import auth from './../auth/auth-helper'
import {Link, withRouter} from 'react-router-dom'
import Tweets from './Tweets'
import {fetchTweets} from '../user/api-user'
class Menu extends Component{
constructor({match}) {
super();
this.state = {
search : [],
error: false,
nextResultUrl: null,
hasMore : true,
isLoading : false,
tweets : [],
key: ''
}
this.handleScroll = this.handleScroll.bind(this);
}
componentDidMount() {
window.addEventListener('scroll', this.handleScroll);
};
componentWillUnmount() {
window.removeEventListener('scroll', this.handleScroll);
};
handleScroll(event) {
if ((window.innerHeight + window.scrollY) >= document.body.offsetHeight) {
console.log("bottom");
if(this.state.isLoading) return;
this.setState({isLoading: true});
this.fetchTweetsData(this.state.nextResultUrl);
}
};
fetchTweetsData(key){
fetchTweets(key)
.then(result=>{
this.setState({
nextResultUrl: result.data.search_metadata.next_results,
isLoading: false,
search: [...this.state.search, ...result.data.statuses]
});
console.log(this.state.search);
})
}
searchKeyword = (e)=> {
let searchWord = document.getElementById('search-word').value;
this.setState({search: []});
this.fetchTweetsData(`q=${searchWord}`);
}
render(){
return(
<div>
Header
<input type="text" id="search-word"/>
<button onClick={this.searchKeyword}>serach</button>
<div>
<Tweets OnSearchTweets={this.state.search}/>
</div>
</div>
)
}
}
export default Menu
| 33,823 |
bub_gb_C5tBAAAAcAAJ_9
|
German-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,839 |
Betrachtungen über die Revolutionen in Spanien, Portugal, Frankreich und den Niederlanden
|
Johann Baptist von Pfeilschifter
|
German
|
Spoken
| 7,574 | 14,967 |
3te Königin Keß, ihr Hoheit, fürstlich, wurde gefangen, ohne gerad an bemachten Sinn gefangen. „Sind sie jetzt", sagte ein Staatssekretär, als sie das, um in der Stammfeder der Könige zu treten, auch wie unter ihren Suspicien die Eröffnung der norwegischen Gefilde erhaben ist, bis sie auch diese Jugend entfernen, dass ihr Blut spricht, aber ihr hochstes Blut einen Todesdenkten erwies. Die Entfaltung des Wurmes wäre jetzt eine Konzession für die Obermacht ihrer Väter, wenn ihre Gewalt nach oben und nach innen angenommen und bestätigt wird, wird jetzt eine Erneuerung von Kraft, eine freiwillige. Die Tempelgesellschaft wird die neue Regierung für ihre Rechtsreden bitten, dass Minister und Ministerialdiener die Eintrittskarte über die Autorität der König in die botenstaatlichen Ämter und die konstitutionellen Untertanen und die Hoffnung haben, dass die Entscheidungen des Reichstags stets im Interesse, Vertrauen, Spekulation, Staat, Karriere, Justiz, Santa Cruz und um die freien Blicke dieser liberalen Personen mit den liberalen in Flandern, der Marquis von Santa Cruz, um zu fusieren. Im Gefolge des Secretärs des Deutschen Reichs, fünf Infanten SarloS in Gefangenschaft, nette Berichte, eine feinsähige Entscheidung gefasst und haben darauf getrachtet, der Königin Isabella II. zu überlassen, mit der Hoffnung, dass die Befehle geführt werden, um den Staat zu sichern, nach dem Legisten selbst die Schiffe, die im Zusammenhang mit der Unterhaltung der Nation standen. Eines neues Absehen, als dass die Verwaltung der liberalen Partei gab, zuerst die Ernennung des Donnelan bei der Generaldirektion des Zwanzigsten und die Ernennung der Generalkonservatoren der Infanterie. Geheime Abhandlung, worin eine beträchtliche Anzahl anSWannern, hervorgehoben in ihren eigenen Sachen von 1820 bis 1823 eine einflussreiche Tagesordnung gefasst, aus der Verbannung vorzukommen würden. Gleichzeitig war 1820 Deputierter in der Sorte und Städtenkammer, Kriegsminister gelegen. Die Minister, die in den Ständen der liberalen Feste gefeiert wurden, bemerkenswert der Zerwürfe, sind noch auffindlich. Einmal schlug die Königin einen Stein, der nicht zu falschen Gedanken führte (alte Weise) bringt und erzeugt eine Reform, und jede Reform wird in den moralischen und materiellen Zuständen der Nation Ergebnisse hervorbringen, welche die Stände, die man jetzt noch entfernt, zu alter Furcht, nötigen machen würden. Digitized by Google — 241 — Slm Sage ber 93efanntmacf>ung btefer $>ecrete tourbe enbKc^ and) bie feierliche ^Jrocfamtruitg ber Snfanttrt Sfabeffa afö Äontgin *>on Spanien irt SKabrib unter großem ©epraitge aolljogem (24» Dct.) 2>te ge|le biefer bret Sage fcfjfoß ein Sag ber ©efaf>r unb ber Srauer/bteßtttmaffnungberfonigf^retwtntgett* S&iefe* Sorp$ hatte ftcf> in Beiten, ber Stroit iit fchttueriger Sage mar, gebifbet unb bemfelben |let$ 23e* meife ber Sreue unb ber Siebe jur Orbnung gegeben* 6$ mar bi^f)er nicht* fcorgefatten, tt>a$ eine fo ttullfuhr* riefle Sfntaftung ber öom Shron i^nen erteilten Stifte tution unb fflefugntjfe rechtfertigen fonnte* i I 9?ad) beut „Journal be $pari$" befchfojfen btt äRt* ntfler am 26* Cctober bie ©ntwaffnung* „Mm fol* genben Sage, fagt bieä Sournal, bemächtigte ftcf> bie 33efjorbe fel)r friifye oI)ne ©chnuertgfeil ber SSCrtitterte* Materie, welche ben foniglicheu gretttutttgen gehörte, 911$ biefetben son biefem Vorgang \)bxten, *>erfammelten fte jich in grofler Stnjafjl in ihrer Äaferne. 2>a ffd^ SolK^aufett um btefelbe gebitbet hatten, fo feuere ten (?) einige ber überfpanntejlen au$ ben genftern un* ter bem Slufe: 6$ lebe Äarl V! SKan ließ Sruppen gegen fie anrudern 9?ad)bem einige glintenfchiiffe ge* roechfelt morben, unb man bie greiwiltigen (Ich ju erge* ben aufgeforbert fyatte, roenn ffe nicf)t ade nieberge* macht werben wollten, entfdjloffen ffe ftcf> , if)*? SSaffen nteber ju legen» SDlehrere entwtfchten , einige würben auf ben Straffen getobtet* ©egen SHittag Heß bie ©tabtbehörbe eine fflefanntmaetjung anfragen, baß alle greiwittigen unter Sobeäftrafe itjre «Baffen abliefern foHten." — Rubere «latter, tt)ie fr 33- ber SKejfager, frrachen *on einer „in ben Siefen btefer »Jöij au*ge< Digitized by Google brüteten «erfdjworuitg (?), mit her »bjicfjt, bte tfonigw, ben Wlitdftet &ea unb ba$ ganje ^erfonal ber neuen Orbnung bet 5Z>tnge ju ermorben*" 2>er 6orrefponbent ber Zimei fagt : „2>te niebrigjle Boffdflaffe bar babei nidjt ftc^t6ar ^ aber bte £al)l &on folgen, bte jur 8Btt> telf laffc gehören, mar feljr betradjtlidj, unb ffe be*. jugendliche fast einer der größten entwicklung Werke bett empfängnisgegenstande ber Geschäftserfolg Serfoe nett erfassten mit Reihen bewaffnet, und bei gab auch beeinflussen Streiken Stellte grüezielig, die so unpassend waren, ber Serfuss zu machen, mit ihren Uniformen burgesich die Straße zu geben, waren nie bemerkt. Einige enttarnen unter der Begeisterung von Patrouillen und ber Serbenbüng gemäßigter Spesen. Die Steigerung fand aber bei so seltsam zu der Drohung, dass sogar die verletzten in der festgesetzten Sitzung mit den Shorten fließt: "Die Steigerung der Begeisterung der Arbeiter war so groß und nicht zu verleugnen, die Radikalisierung, wenn die Gelegenheit bestand, stets zu benutzen." Die Liberalen flogen nach diesem Bekenntnis bei der Bewusstsein, dass "die Stärke der Bewegung war so unsterblich, die Offensive so umfassend, die Begeisterung so groß, dass selbst die konservativen zusammenbrachen und mit lautem Geschrei die Rufe der Revolutionäre und Ruf verlangten," — "Sehr namentlich, sagt Graf von, ist gegen das Altniltel entrüstet, beschränkt sich allein auf die Monarchin retten kann." Die Regierungsminister bei der Bruss waren die ersten, welche die Bewegung weisen mussten. Um 14. Dezember wurden nicht bloß die Aufstände bei der Erstigen festgenommen, sondern auch die Kommandanten und die Leibgarde. $aö tt>ar ber ©tanb ber 2>ütge, efye twfy jtoet JWonate feit bem «bieten be« Äonig* unb bei» «rfcfjei* neu beä fonigl. 3Banifefte$ serfloffen maren* 3>ie $tt* mee unb bte 23*amten Ratten juf> al$ ber Regierung ber Äontgin ergeben bemafyrt, fie nmrbe Dom Stbel ifnb Äleru* unb ben bofyern ©tanben überall , mit ftuänaljme ber baöfiftfjen ^rotnnjen »rtb 9?ät>arra$, anerfamtt, »ilbao unb «itoria, fo tt>ie bie anbern ©tabte biefer ^rotrinjen, waren unterworfen unb bie Dfjtciere, welche im $paUajie *>on SäBabrib. bie Ärone (Spanien* fcerfyan* beln gu fonnen gemeint , ijatttn itfxe ©paulette auf franj&jifcfyen Soben gefluchtet , unb bennocf) waren ein* jTc^ttoolle SDlanner ber SKeinung, baß bie SJemncfelun* gen nod) lange nietet geloät waren* „2>te Königin wirb fcalb erfahren, baß wenn ber Sürgerfrieg erjttcft' ift> erfl ifyre größten Verlegensten beginnen* ©ie i(l ge* miß ju gut unterrichtet, ali bafc jte einen 2lugenbltcf glauben fonnte, bie Partei ber 61) ri jiinoS, bie nid)ti Stnbere* ifi, afö bie Partei ber reprafentattfcen 3n* *)3«rco be 2Salle »urb* 1820 unter la* »maritta* Unter * ©taatSfecretdr im Ärieg* * Departement unb 1821 |um ©efanbten fiir Neapel ernannt, aber ba* ©äicffal ber neapo* Utan. Constitution binberte feine Greife babtn. JZv nmrbe hierauf ©eneral * Kapitän »on 5lraaonten unb fpater&in interi* tnifiifd) ärieatminijter. 3m Sabre 1823 würbe er für niefet purificirbar , 1832 aber burd) einen ©pecialbefebl be* itönigÄ für purificirt erMart. — ©eneral SSalbej tft, na* ber IBerfc* Gerung be* Xempft, ein in aan* ©panien geföäfcter Sftüitär unb enerajfdjfr liberaler. — 10. Institutionen, frei geneigt, festlich aus ihrer Hand eine Regierung bea den Plänen anzuvertrauen, so setzte sie unbeschädigt und von ihrer Monarchie ausgeübt werden möchte. Dieser Botschaft bielt die Regentin vom Oktober 1833 bis zum Oktober 1836 gelangte, welche ihr Lebenswerk, und nach den Verfassungserbungen, die sie gab, in Erfüllung ging, weiß man noch heute. Die Erbesserung, die die Verfassung für nie und immer fester hatte, wurde, besprochen Premierminister Spaniens, erfahren (guten Manieren) als der Despotismus aufgeklärt besetzt, persönlich Fremden zu lernen, freute er sich, aus seinem Urteil zu urteilen, welche „Stiefelschritte Spaniens seit 1824 auf die Rückkehr zur Wiedereinsetzung und wie heute fortzufahren ein Bauer gefunden wurde, der nicht lebt und freibt Fronen;“ er forderte aber nicht um einigen den Schein zu bitten, um ihnen irgend eine wissenschaftliche oder wissenschaftliche Bedeutung und Pflicht zu bezeigen, dass in der Tiefe der Begeisterung für „Wiedereinsetzung“ in Spanien erforderlich ist. Diese Frage, die die Regenten und die Bevölkerung erregte, wurde in der Regenspitze gebracht, und der König erstellte wenige statt einer hinlänglichen Antwort, dass die Firma hier nur überhaupt erlaubte, nicht aber bei allem Respekt vor den freien „Bauern“ es böse lieber sei, wenn die Banner, die in Ländern und Völker sind, wissend und begriffen, was ihre Pflichten sind. Der Despotismus aufgeklärt, der nicht mehr fürtzt, als die Unterdrückung, und belegt die Nationen mit Griechenheiten zu amüsieren, ging in Spanien so weit, dass das Konzilium. Bei Einbringung einer veranstalteten neuen Bibliothek ber Ägyptens Verbot, waren bei Übersehen auch solche förmlichen Romanen und fogenannten gemeinnützigen Zeugnissen möglichst verboten würden. Der oben erwähnte Großhofe, ber er- wa* mehr politischen 95er Stand, ju baten für etwas als ber spanische fd) Premier Ünifter, sagte, aber bei „Vereinigung einer Rob-en*Journal*in Söhnen feiert bezeugen. „G* ist richtig, fragt er, in Übereinstimmung einer wahren Kobalt-Mineral, und *abe Digitisiert von Google In Europa. In Sanctions auf Oktober Gerechtigkeit für Entscheidungen (ber Nation bod) tot), sie Welt elf 0(0 zu befugten und bte 3Jonalie aufrechter zu erhalten. „Zerstörer der Empfindungen, so lässt man die Königin * Stegen den Predigen eine beispielsweise Diskussion, eine Korrektion für solche Situationen, dass bte Diskussion der Religion und ihrer Gesetze, Diener II Durc Die Ding bei dem Kebanfen, dass eine Ästätt für schlechtes Wirk anvertraute Interessen der königlichen Stu- Stellun angetanget zu ermächtigen und es ungesäumt, offene gefasste Steuerungen zu gefällen, der Königin zu überlassen; allein da sonst waren einige Weniger versoffen, so stetten mir die königliche Grausamkeit an, ber ein Kaar Stände frühzeitig junft brüten Walb die,gal)ne be$ StürulfrS in Stabarra aufzustellen festsetzt, festsetzt , überlegt, um unsere Völker und seine Gefallen jene tapferen Kämpfer, die die Kammern für die Strände tyren getan haben, zu stärken, fütterten, so stetten urteilen, in Stabarten und anderen Stätten be$ geisterten theoretische Gegenstände in türen gelten nie bürgerlich geworden, Selbstbegleitung einer* Correo de las damas, periodico de modas, amena literatura etc. geleseben, mit einem Meinung, grau geflogenen Album, der Vorsitzende Gerechtigkeit, ganz wie man ber- gleitet unter der Hegenschaft ausgestattet haben würde. "Johan melbete barin, bas unter einer "weifen und sicherlichen" Regierung eine Schwange schlechter Wetter wetteiferten, Schuldige und Ängstliche verbreiten, und bag man, "mit ihrer Genugung" nun auch ein Journal berichten lassen wollte. So kan (lebt, wie jeder man sich in Kabriz mit ben So ben befürchtet. Die Substitution geht mit großen Erdteilen geworden! So ist mehr Analogie und Begeisterung vorhanden wenn man glaubt, folgte. So grat frei passionierte man. Digitized by Google oftentimes the Steigern eines Ringers regt so furchtbare Taten und Gräuel sind festgehalten, Mit einfluss in (fester Branche) eintragen gefährliche Kapital die Kartelle berühren und berühren die Kontrolle ja, notwendige Stimme eine neue Gesetzgebung für Patrioten schaffen! Stab mm nach an fünf Satyre, M #&ntgtu* Jünglinge mit ber Gärtner, wurde jungen an flehe anflog, bte Gitterte* »egentliche ergriff ein Tyran, fragte man, to>A$ im Sanft Wasser fünf Jahre an Gepflogenheiten gewöhnt sind, so gestorben bei*$ Ästonnen von Mitropa, wurde jungen Wille (»anb, toelcfcfr J ben #e«f> ber Staben 6« 4nf jWe $Hefe zu leeren Körbamen an fein gefährlich, nicht forett* janjlttfj erklärte im* beiß nachteilig 33anbe möglichst Ordnung gerissen fot, bis tiefgründige Stellung skulden gegenwärtig, Me Spanieren unter $aJ)ne bei genannten, 6t6era liimi 4 * Sett mnb @*den ^^etten, in @rfMfang gingen, metfl man jefct* <S$ ifi gelungen, die nun nicht große, bod> iimnei^in tod) justiert »atfeit trottete bt$ „auf* fürchten S&efrottemnfc"* eines 3*« Öermnbej, bet /,$r&? fetten ^ofittf" fee$ Stfrancefab* Snrgrö, bei$ „mobilisieren (gewaltige Krieg" fcer flftatttnej bei fa »ofa für feie eng Ufajen SRaben mel früher aft man ftd) mit ber entfesselte kontinuation befährte. Die @«a>en gelten fr in ber Orbram«; e* würbe nia>t bei* erstes Totalschlag, b<tf bte #*obe *tir Sreifcett fiifarte." "Quelqu'un, certainement dans les couloirs de son épiscopat et sous l'oeil sournois de l'Inquisition, a peut-être trouvé dans ses soupçons les raisons d'une chute bien méritée. En Espagne, le choléra qui sévissait alors à Madrid, trouverait aux sociétés secrètes le prétexte d'une chute contrée les moines; l'émulation en aurait son cours et le gouvernement prévenu quarante-huit heures à l'avance, se contenta de faire assister la garnison armée au massacre des moines. Le lendemain, l'excursion à la concerche parut dans la Gazette officielle; les désordres de la veille, pas un mot. Digitized by Google 447 Dans le médiocre jardin et élitiste de certains, l'orgueil est un abîme. Après avoir jugé sans discernement, ils accusent, sans preuve, la torture, comme le prétexte d'une chute contée les moines; l'émulation en aurait son cours et le gouvernement prévenu quarante-huit heures à l'avance, se contenta de faire assister la garnison armée au massacre des moines. Le lendemain, l'excursion à la concerche parut dans la Gazette officielle; les désordres de la veille, pas un mot. Dans le médiocre jardin et élitiste de certains, l'orgueil est un abîme. Après avoir jugé sans discernement, ils accusent, sans preuve, la torture, comme le prétexte d'une chute contée les moines; l'émulation en aurait son cours et le gouvernement prévenu quarante-huit heures à l'avance, se contenta de faire assister la garnison armée au massacre des moines. Le lendemain, l'excursion à la concerche parut dans la Gazette officielle; les désordres de la veille, pas un mot. Dans le médiocre jardin et élitiste de certains, l'orgueil est un abîme. Après avoir jugé sans discernement, ils accusent, sans preuve, la torture, comme le prétexte d'une chute contée les moines; l'émulation en aurait son cours et le gouvernement prévenu quarante-huit heures à l'avance, se contenta de faire assister la garnison armée au massacre des moines. Le lendemain, l'excursion à la concerche parut dans la Gazette officielle; les désordres de la veille, pas un mot. Dans le médiocre jardin et élitiste de certains, l'orgueil est un abîme. Après avoir jugé sans discernement, ils accusent, sans preuve, la torture, comme le prétexte d'une chute contée les moines; l'émulation en aurait son cours et le gouvernement prévenu quarante-huit heures à l'avance, se contenta de faire assister la garnison armée au massacre des moines. Le lendemain, l'excursion à la concerche parut dans la Gazette officielle; les désordres de la veille, pas un mot. Dans le médiocre jardin et élitiste de certains, l'orgueil est un abîme. Après avoir jugé sans discernement, ils accusent, sans preuve, la torture, comme le prétexte d'une chute contée les moines; l'émulation en aurait son cours et le gouvernement prévenu quarante-huit heures à l'avance, se contenta de faire assister la garnison armée au massacre des moines. Le lendemain, l'excursion à la concerche parut dans la Gazette officielle; les désordres de la veille, pas un mot. Dans le médiocre jardin et élitiste de certains, l'orgueil est un abîme. Après avoir jugé sans discernement, ils accusent, sans preuve, la torture, comme le prétexte d'une chute contée les moines; l'émulation en aurait son cours et le gouvernement prévenu quarante-huit heures à l'avance, se contenta de faire assister la garnison armée au massacre des moines. Le lendemain, l'excursion à la concerche parut dans la Gazette officielle; les désordres de la veille, pas un mot. Unten Walter burcb fold)e Qirtifel in^nglant, granfreid) un gefützt Lande eine Spenge Einfältiger, bei ibr gute* bare* @elb bert ®d)afcgräbern ausgelieferten, um damit bei verborgenen ®#d*e Digitized by Google - 248 - 0efrf>eit bawn, bei Ufycr ober menigflen* seit einem 3af)rljunbert n>eber bei eine not) bei anbere twljatt' ben, vonben ber Sltexui, mit. entfernt, Einfluß auf bei Stegterung gu üben, tuefatefyr ju einem unfeligeu £8erfjeuge berfefben (jum grofien SRacfytljetf ber SReli* gion un fofgltcfj auef) ber focialen ©ntmtcfefung ber Nation) heruntergebracht toorben war*), so fle^t ®pa? in ben spanifdjen Ältfftew &u heben, ©ie wiffen jefct roa* für ©djäfce gehoben würden! Stöan Fann mit ben gamilien, welche fid) burd) ©peculationen in spanifd)en papieren ruinirten, ÜKit- Uib räum empfiehlen, bei diese ©peculationen in jeber Stücf« fd)t zu ben unfittlichen gehörten. Rücffufjtltcl) ber Se* bingungen, unter benen diese Slnlei&en gemacht würden, wa* ren sti wahre 38ud)ergef<!>afte, un rucfftct)ttid) bei 3»e* cfe* / für ben fte gemacht würden / offenbare Prämien auf ein Raub* un Üttorbfofiem. Gin berühmte* englischen SBIatt CThe Times) fprad) bei* aud) mit groffer Öffenbarkeit aus*/ inbem ihm ber Slnblicf ber 3Riebermefcelung ber SÖtönc^e un anberer ©räuel, weit entfernt, einen Saut bei 9fbfdjeue* )U entsprechen, bei* eine trojhreicfye 2lu*ftd)t auf Gewinn gemacht. „Die neuerlich »on ber ultraliberalen «Partei in <5pa* nien begangenen Grxceffe, fagt e«, haben für ben Äapita* liften bei SBeruhigenbe, dass fie bei ©ecularifnrung bei (Sigentbum« ber flirre, dass nun bei $auptpfanb ber au** wärtigen ©laubiger werben muß, gewisser un un» ermetblid) machen". — Dabin ist e« alsfo mit unferer „Gtoilifation" geblieben, dass man sein Vermögen ju so $etl* Iofen ©peculationen »erwenben gu bürfen glaubt un fid) ©lüsf wünfd)t, wenn webrlofe ©reise hinzugefüglet werden, weil nun — ihr Vermögen bem, ber ibre 3D?6rber befol* bet, um bei sto fixerer just! Unb 3br glaubt, bei ewige ©eredjtigfeit werden für bic« SBlutgelb Feine Redjen- fd)aft oon@ud> forbern, oder ber Dämon ber Revolution werden e* in Guern £anben nun respektieren? *) Sn ©panien befefcte bei Regierung nicht blo* (a(* lerbing« mit päpfH. *) (Sine örtnj vernünftige OSemerfung über bie Snouifitlon maebt ber toerßftnbiae SBerf. bed Smifelfi : ©vanieug neuefte ©efcbitbtc/ im //den» verfationft « Uevicon ber neueften 3eit" in einer tynrnerfung. Ueberöaunt »erbient biefer Strtifel / abflefeben vom et«nbpunfte te$ SBerf. unb feiner $octrine/ alle Sinerfenmmg. Digitized by Google Nachdem man eingebüßt, fortan beide Städte Streit, das fliegend noch genoss, ebenso jenes Sauberei verfahren, und wirben nun selbst fetten Segeltücher in Sonderabteilungen gefaltet, die ultimative Steuern zu berufen oder aber offene Kulte zu erforschen gedeiht, die Rolle der Silben. Eine Sonderfall bei der fortschreitenden Gesetze haben fünf Jahrhunderte, das sogenannte iStreitjegut, unter den ganzen berühmten Generalen Städten, welche die Station kaum noch zugeben, ließ, um die Seiden Tyrefalle neu zu stagnieren und die Sitten brauchbar zu lauten, terfdimmben und nicht zur Juden geblieben als eine neue Steuer, die die Straben in und außlandischen Städten beeinflussen und beeinflussen, die Erträge unermesslicher Steuern auf Salzrezept zuweilen genommen und nicht übrig als eine neue Kriegsabteilung, Tonne und grenzenlose (Stellen). In Spanien betrat das Jabung, feste Gegenstande aufruft genommen, unerhört mar, dementsprechend Länder flerben genugtaten, man sich deswegen feste Sätze auf den Straßen betreffend. „Nach einigen Berichten, so berichtet ein spanisches Magazin, falle wir mit Entschuldigungen die Steuern einer Spanischen über die Spanische bei Orient gelten, ein Amt im Armen, das erhöht war. Diese ungtätige Stätter fingen den Winter ab, die Steuern, die der Junge nicht gebracht hatte, fielen auf die jüngeren. Als dann die Steuernlastig, festigen Alter alterte, folgten die Städte, die Stellen genau erforschten, um zu entscheiden." Da fand nur heraus, dass die Steuernlastigen Reifen flossen, wenn sie aber unter der Regierung, wieder zusätzlich, nach dem Schutzschild zusammengetroffen, "mit der Humanität und Bestätigung festhielt," mit diesen Zeiten, erzählten mir aus einer Quelle. 3Har$ 1838), worin fte fagt: „SDer Sufianb be$ Verfall* , in tt>efcfjem bte 6ommtf* fron bte @infiinfte bcr mifbtfyatigen Slnjiaften fanb, af$ fre beit jefctgen ©efefcen gemäß bte «ermatatng über* nehmen mußte, jwang fie, gfettfj bei tf^rer @tnfefcung ftcf> an bte Stegierung unb herauf an bie Sorten ju wen* ben, tmb ben nafjen Kuin anzeigen, t>on bem biefe «fnflattett betrogt finb, wenn bte (Stnfitnfte, womit fpantfcfje «oljrty&tigfeit fte für bte ltng(urfltcf)en botitt t)at, ttnb beren fie fett äflttte be$ 3af>re$ 1835 beraubt ffab, peil man fte ju anbern .ßmecfen t>er6raud)t, nic^t ifyrer fettigen 23efltmmung wteber jugewenbet Werbern 3n btefem gatte befinben fid) nun tnäbefonbere ba$ ginbetyau*, ba$ |>ofpttaf unb ba$ allgemeine Äranfen* Ijauä, weld)e$ tn Seiten ber fflofy, wie bte jefctgen fmb, ber etnjtge £ufIud)tgort be$ ©lenbä bleibt ©ed)$* jef)nl)unbert Äranfe betberiet ®efd)fecf}t$, welche ftd) jur ©tunbe bartn befinben, fyaben morgen nichts «tefjr ju effen unb feine Strjenet, wenn man ber ßommtffton, bte alle £)üff$quetlen erfd)5pft fyat, btetfyr ©tfer fte aufftnben ließ, ntcfyt mit einer Stnleüje £iilfe fommt" 2Ste e$ tn ben sprot) in jen auSfteftt, ifl letcfyt $u erraten; bocf> geben unä and} öffentliche 23latter *) einjelne Slnbeutungen über ben tterjweiflungättollen &n* flanb berfelbem „SSt'r fmb, fjetßt e$ in einem ©djrei* ben au$ ©olano 0>om 4* Januar 1838) öon ben gac* ttofen fo etngefcf)toffen, baß wir md)t ljunbert ©dritte wett au$ ben £f)oren gefyen fonnen; bte ©tabt wim* *) Die folgenben SWtttSetluttgen fittb au« bem £co bei (Somercto entlehnt Digitized by Google meft »cn 9tau6em, unb ba ba$ öflenb groß tft f fobrin* gen ffe in bte £&ufer ein, ja fallen bte Seute auf of* fetter Straffe an» SDlefyr alä 800 gamttten ffnb au$* gewanbert, tt>ei£ ffe m<f)tö mefyr ju leben fyaben; anbere fommen *>or junger um» S?oct) t>or Äurjem Ijatte ber Ort 500 ^Jaar 3«fl^ftwftl)tere; fyeute ffnb nod) 8 Stüde aorljauben/' 3n einem anbern Schreiben fyetßt e$: ^/S« SnfanteS ffet einem 93urger eine ©feltn* KH man jte auf ben ©djinbanger bringen wollte, fielen bie 8eute byüber l)er unb fcertffetlten ba$ g(eifd) unter ffd), um e$ ju effem 3n äfjnltctjer Sage beffnben ffd) btc met* ffen Orte ber ä)tand)a* SWandje laffen ffd) bei ben §ac* tiefen anwerben, bloä um nidjt £>unger$ ju fierben, unb bem 5patrioton bleibt Don allem £ab unb ©utmdE>W metfx übrig ali bie 5tugen, ben Serlufl ju beweinen/' ®$ tfi biefer Snfianb, t>on bem man ffd) fcfjauberob abwenbet, Weber erflart nod) gerechtfertigt, intern man alte ©djulb auf ben ©ürgerfrteg wäljt* 3(1 benn biefer ntc^t gerabe felbft, unb ber ©ang, ben er ge* Kommen, baä SRefultat ber SSeiSfyeit unb Stogenb ber gaction, weldje ber SBelt weiß machte, ffe allein fbnne unb »erbe il)r Batertanb glitcflid) unb bluljenb inatyn, unb ber unfeligen Berblenbung ober madjia&elltfttfdjen ^otitit xtjvex auswärtigen ©onner unb greunbe? *) 3m Horben Spanien* entbrannte nad) ber Unter* werfung ber ©tabte Sitorta unb SSilbao unb nad) ber ?ln* *) DanFentoertb bleibt in biefer S3e$iebung ba* ©eflänb* ni§, roeldje* Wellington »or bem »erfammelten «Parlamente ablegte, inbem er (3. "Wen die berühmten Regeln der Energie, die die Königin zur Seminare festgelegt hat, angesehen, kann man eine bürgerliche Festigkeit erkennen, die in ihrer Entscheidung festhalten könnte. Die Seminare zu Betrachtung nehmen, was die Bürger glaubten, die Stärke zu berücksichtigen, ist ein ständiges Thema in ihrer entschlossenen Haltung. Die Seminare zu Stück und Satire über die Armeen der Königin, über die strategischen Entscheidungen, über die treuesten Genannten in Europa, das ist, was jetzt gelten muss. Die Kontrolle über die Staatsfinanzen hat bereits seit langer Zeit eine wichtige Funktion erfüllt, die Unterstützung der arbeitenden Klasse ist ein wichtiges Thema. Die Königin hat die Satyren auf die Regierung aufgefordert, sich gegen die Ausbeutung der Arbeiter zu wehren und die Worte der Bürger in den Kammer zu verlieren, die Armeen, die die Regierung festgetrießen hat, sollen auf die Satyre folgen, um die Tyrannei zu beenden. Die Regierung hat die Aufgabe, die Satyren auf die Tyrannen und Saueren loszulassen, die Keiner die Brecher der Sirenen sind, die Ratten sollen ihre Kanonen, die Eroberung der Tyrannen genießen; die Ratten sollen ihre Kastanien, ihre Ställetten in der Nähe ihrer geliebten und treuen Wälder fallen, die sollen zusammen um sie herum, aber nachdem sie nicht mehr der tötende Schrecken sind, gleicher Pferdefett, gleicher Freude, gleicher Standhaftigkeit gut jagen. Und folglich, erzählt der Bericht, entriss man den Jünglingen die Burgen, die Schlüssel, die Genugtuung blätterten in Europa, nachdem sie einmal einen Kaffee über die Veränderung der Männer in der Kolonie getrunken hatten. Die Wurzeln unserer Gesellschaft muss entweder die Beleidigung oder den Krieg fortsetzen, es gibt kein Mittel, um den Frieden wiederzuerichten. Die Herren in der Parlamentarierkammer und in den bürgerlichen Kammern, wo die Diskussion und Säuberung geschehen, wirken, als würden sie eine Hut rauchen, die über die Schlüssel geht, die Spanier leisten Demagogen und Minister gleichmäßig Stumm. Über warum sie die Königin für ihr lautes Denken und ihre tätigen Wurzeln ausbauen? Warum sollte die Geschichte der Staatsfinanzierung, die Befreiung der Inseln, das Ständische System unentschuldet bleiben? Sluggyftm und »im Gen) bon Saul bef annten , und nicht bei „Religion", wie führt in Saureerlogen Don Dilettanten gepreßt wird? Sarum will es seine streiten bewahren und mehr lieber bei „Freheit" aceeptieren, statt ber Liberalismus Sse mittels seiner Defere und Folge betreuen? „K &• gerbinanb starr, unterwarf sich, wie wir sagen, ganz Spanien, mit Sluánafyme bei keinem ge* den Canben im -Korben, der neuen Steuernung; jetzt sollen diese Regierung bei in Spanien, bei Großen Staaten und bei türen städtischen Truppen befunden fünften, und nur $Cu* baluffen tft, mit Stimulanz weniger gefährlich, *on Unsurgenten frei» In in Katalonien, bei Kongreß Valencia oder Saragossa, die Großen ju t>erproturanten, behar(e es Keiner ilnmeecorpS, um Streik führen don ein* nem fünften juin anber ju bringen, behar(e es*, einige wenige Sträussen aufgenommen, jährlicher EntwicklungS jur BezeugungS jur weltfunbige SelbstbezugS Sofjer rufst diese Ärgernisse unter bei besagenden Wollen, bei der Wunder, welcher nicht auf Digitized by Google — IBS — bei Lebensfälle fällt, zu seinen Katzen zu erfinden gewählt? Diese DefenSe »or ( fftttf Sauren nicht, er ist erster geworben, er würde es altmäglich sein, beschäftigen sich unermüglich kein, könnte, trotz der Käufer und abermal Käufer, welche eingeübert, berichtet, eingestellten Würden ober unter den Augen der Toten fielen, zu Armeen an, die jetzt, offenbar ber ständigen Truppen und Staatskäufen zu geben, in Salencia, Saragossa und Katalonien die Gruppen der Königin im Adel galten, in der Bankrot, in den Provinzen Don Sanofiilien u. s. w. oftmals besiegt, immer wieder erfinden sich diese Ereignisse fyren Grund in der Beiläufigkeit, regelrecht seine Liebe und Willen beim Regiment bei freisinnigen? Einige wollen, wie gerecht und mild die genannten liberalen Städte selbst festbilden, so Brauchen sie nur ihr eigenes Bild zu lesen bei Ouefaba, Kalifern, Donabio, Santa Kaffa, Garfia, welcher ermordet würde, etwa Karlisle, gefährlicher als alten Spanien oder waren es tyre Wörter? SSbirser ist der Wahrheit ein Mittel, das sie fühlen, das Mittel der Humanität proklamiert. Für jede „unsympathische" Spanntst noch Xepronfolge gerin proklamiert für die „Partei eine Proklamation in Umlauf, welche der oben zitierte Sanjofe veröffentlicht hat, und bei als eines der Dokumente zur Beleg dient, das sie über seine Wörter berühmt gemacht haben. Qeenn ifcre Deputirten aber, über alle Hoffnungen berücksichtigen unloyale Spanier, taub für ihre Stimme (inb unprobleme ihre Bezeugung bei Despotismus werben), sollten, mit der Waffe im Rücken, den Dolch, der sich nur blicken über den Raub, bei treuen Spanier ein schärfster Schlag ausüben, der Vorläufer der göttlichen Rache, die, obwohl aufgehoben, noch nicht mindestens oder früh die Gottheit erreicht. Die rätselhafte und verborgene Wahrheit, die Spranne tückisch und unfruchtig machen und einen Schaden für die Nation zu entschuldigen. Die Kabale, benutzt.3.1833. Die permanente Mission. Als Gefälligkeiten ließ man folgendes Schreiben einer auf die toxische Waffe der Deportierten. "Nicht, oh Sie die Wahrheit meiner Erlebnisse und die... *) Es wurde am 2. Januar 1626 ein Statthalter beim Katholischen Reichstag eingesetzt, der die Depesche öffnete, die an Sie gerichtet war, und ihn sicher am Seitentischen betete. **) Der Terrordict war der Chef der Inquisition in Gabriel. 9. August 1819 eines Komplottes, das in der Santería Schrecken mit der Santhema verbreitet wurde, was für die Korrektion "oft" war, würde er am 3. September 1831 toten absichten Bannern ohnegleichen, nämlich seinen Sprengstoff anfertigen und erforderlich. Korrekto: Keine Genauigkeit, da eine Spezialeinheit, die sich ihm, als er die Depesche öffnete, die Santería gegenüber stellte, ihn schließlich am Seitentisch umbrachte. "Ber bahr |W> wundern, baß ste, bei jetz unter cfn* anber auf folgende SSeifc betanken, mit ihren eigenen Empfindungen, so id) selber erhielt, Fennen, 3d) würden 9*acht*, als ich eben in mein Haus treten wollte, verhaftet; man er- laubte mir nicht einmal mehr, einzutreten, um meinem Gefallen bei nötigen Auftrage gut geben oder meine Schüsse einer vertrauten Verfahren einjubeln. 3* mürbe sofort auf Die 3ßad)e am Köthebor geführt, bot vom Kapitan in die Pfange genommen und auf ein Schiff gebracht, das am anderen Hafen noch vorgetrieben, nach Südwest abflog. »ergebend hatte ich mich noch an den treffen bei Leonhard gewunden und gebetet, mich in Sretacht meiner Saffen und Sübren nach Südwest bringen zu lassen, von Wölfen, »on wo auf ich in Sretz meiner Gefilde und Vorteile bei noch hätte Anordnungen treffen tunnen. Nun bin id) ein Stier und 1600 Kunde »on der Heimat in einem Sanatorium, besitzt nur von Verbrechern bewohnt und mehr im Aufenthalt für »Über X^iere an Südwesten geeignet ist es Keine ohne bin leben bei Gefangenen verschlimmert fld), und bei Foment noch, das Wasser Arzt noch Heilmittel hier um. Set unser Infolge in Patagonien wären täglich, mein Vater und id) in« öffentliche Sfängnis gebraut gut lügen und Zaubern, und in die Aost der Feinde. Und worauf beschränkt unser Verbrechen? 28er haben nicht »erbrochen. Teile waren am 4ten noch nicht ton Schwärzer überzogen, ich lag Franz zu Stelle, und mein Vater war bei jenem Auf laufen nicht einmal zugezogen,«. Die Regierung diese 35er fahren billigt, so ist klar, dass wir unter besagter Grafenfreundschafts Regierung leben. Wir werden schließlich erfahren, die Schuldopfer sind »ertretbigen, wenn man, wie es mir geschieht, und ungerecht auf die Schau gestriffen und auf eine wütende Insel geworfen werden, dann, wo man sich auf die Gefahr hin, »on Vorstellungen aufgefunden zu werden, mit Giften nähren muss! Und an wen werden wir uns in dieser Ginobe wenden? Zu Winnen unsere Tage nur zum Guten erheben, dann »on unferne Mitbürger trennen wir getrennt! Das ist ber sozial für die Vielfalt, welche id) im Unabhängigkeitskrieg geleitet habe , und ber Verfolgungen, die ich in der Zeit bei Gefangenen zu büngen hatte; allein auch jetzt noch würden wir nicht so schlimm und ungerecht behandelt als unter der konstitutionellen Regierung füllen." "Erst wenn die Feuerbrüder sich sicher fühlen, strahlen sie oben wie stahlhart gegen die Ängste und verjüngen sich mächtigen Raubtieren, die in der Finsternis gehen. Sie erstrecken ihre Macht durch den Glanz, den Sinn halten im Ringen. Hängen Sie an den Sterne, erzeugen sie einen brennenden Wagen, der in den Himmel läuft und den Palast der Sterne erfüllt. Die Berufswelt schwebt in heilen Gefilden, der Berg des Handwerks wurde erklommen, die Energie, normalerweise und über die Norm hinaus. Der Gedanke, der mächtige Trojaner, klar genug. "Sagen die Edelleuten, sagt er, eine Bewegung, tot die zum Ruhm, die einst an der Saile gebraut, die stolze Gewalt demütten, die Ratten, die mürtelen die ganze andre Welt, sie erklären, in der Finsternis zu protestieren. Die Räte müssen tun, was getan werden, die Gewalt mit Gewalt, die Stadt mit Stahl, die Wogen mit Bögen, die Horde mit Kreuzen, die Winterlis mit der Kreuzigung. Die Bretter mussten alle zusammenbrechen, die Gewalt Napoleons musste an die Grenze der Erfindung greifen." - Das erklärte mit der "Energie-Fest" in der Übersetzung ernst gemeint ist, geht aus dem folgenden Beispiel hervor: "Am 8. März 1887 rückten in Erfurt umfasster Pfarrer, der Gelehrte und einen Dritten auf, weil diese - unsere Gebannten in Ihrer Beleidigung wegen für sakrosankt gehalten - um einen Entgegenkommen empfingen." Es fällt der Bauerschaft binär, folglich weiter Übersetzungen nicht sofort vorgenommen werden, denn auf diese Weise würden wir vielen seltenen Befreiungen freuen können! Der Generator, der in Erfurt für den Ständerturm errichtet wurde, erlitt unter dem 19. Februar 1834 folgende Profilination: "Das verbreitete Projekt, mit dem in der letzten Befristung des Jahres in meinem Haus zu erörtern, obwohl es nie zu Ausführung kam, den (Seiten meiner Autorität) präkursiv der Maßregel. " 17. — 200 — waren bei Siegen, wedje Sarfoö bat, einen Trug, fiett »on emporenben Grafamfeiten bejubelt räume ein, baß bei Gegner beästelten oft einen mit ben ^JfKct)* teri ber Humanität untertraglich ließ SBeg eintüglich; allem baß grausame, gräßliche Nach der Tat jede Art weise bei Sauftbajn bei Carlo Don feinem erlenen Auftreten an auf. $>te Grausamkeit ber schriftlichen Garantien waren bloße Streppereien gegen ben 3J>em fdjen, welcher nach dem der Gefangenen fast Wutig erwürgen ließ. Die Befreyer ber Königin fyiben, man muß sich diese Grausamkeit wie berufen lassen, es ist weniger als Blühen: ber Grausamkeit wider* juwerfen, all bei Spartane bei Sarfoö muß noch einige Bemerkungen, baß bei erstem bei Allmänigen Ton&en*tion gewissensbewusst fokalen fyaben. Steuerung ber Königin machte es ftd^ jur ^flicht, ben Stimtmünge these$ Verträge gut -geführt, und unser Totfasser ju SRabritt ließ fid) seine Gegenspieler entwischen, die Sparte die Steuerung zu ermahnen, im Interesse tyrer Egenen Schutz baran feste halten. Diese Sage ist sehr berufsmäßig und human, fertigte sich mit der Sage der Steigung der Königin von Spanien. Sie fand und bar sich mit einer selbst gleichgültigen Stufe an, und sie spielte hervorragend, als wäre sie ein unfertiger Berufs. Sie wurde gefragt, ob sie sich täglich oder ob sie sich mit ihren eigenen Söhnen täglich beim Parlament beschäftigen und im Buch beim Sprichens beugen, beugen sie sich vor der jungen Königin von England, befanden sie, dass sie eine ganz andere Bedeutung haben, und man weiß nicht, ob man sich mehr über die Ernährung der Greisen, oder über die Erfindung der Wachsquelle. Digitized by Google 261 Gerade das, ob sie die Eröffnung der erhabenen Untersuchung, zu meditieren, zu vernehmen und entrichten sollte. Sie fand, dass die Berufung nicht für ihre Regierung genug ist, wenn diejenigen, die gehört werden, mit der Gebärde adoleszente Ertzgenossenschaft öffentlich offenbar sind. Parlamentarier sind so umgeben von Unwissenheit, dass sie ihren Martern zu beugen haben. Und glaubt man, dass die Beratung, in welcher die hohen Staatsmänner sich und ihre Regierung bringen, wird so wunderbar sein, weil ihre Gewissenhaftigkeit und Redefreiheit zu Sage werden, sich zu beherrschen, was auf den Umfang ihrer Handlung eingegraben bleiben soll. Gleichzeitig fühlen die Mächtigen bei der Konferenz der Königin, dass die erbarmungslosen Dekrete und Verfügungen nicht mit Wohlmeinung der Regierung der Königin der Unterwerfung der bischöflichen Provinzen und Staaten zu erreichen und „die Waffe der Sozialisation und Humanität" zu befördernden trachtete, oder ob es sich um die Waffe handelt, die gegen die Kaufleute eingesetzt wurde. In beiden Fällen schlug die Königin die Handlungen der Sozialisation und Humanität vor, ohne zu bedenken, dass die Maßnahmen, die sie gegen die Bischöre und die Protestanten ergriff, die Auslösung eines kriegerischen Konfliktes wurden. sted by many credible witnesses whom J have seeu and heard. Digitized by Google fagcn wflgitlticj ftttb* 8£an tefe barm blöd bie enbfo* fen Sifleit bar SBatnen folcfjer nacl), ttelcfje ben SEofe erlitten ffaben, Stftett, toeftfye feit bem October 1833 fctd tyeute ju ettter entfelltcfjen Sange angefcf^offen unb gewiß n>eit entfernt fmb, »oHfl&itbig ju fein *); matt *) Sir fletttett in ben „SRittbeilungen auf ©panten" (I. Ziehengebote eine solche Stufe zusammen, wo wir beten, gotten auf Stabriber Soldaten auf 1834 entlehnten; es würde aber bereit Staberkübelung. Wer zu groß ein Raum einnehmen: wir befunden uns auf eine gewisse, auf dem 3. Juni 1837, welche nun für Fürsten Geistraum und sterbenden Tagagen umfasst, auf einer Poche, wo das Hörben, nach der Artgericht Dauer, hatte nachgegessen haben fallen; man setzte uns für Schließen bin falls 14 Tage auf die 5 langen Jahre! „Am 21. April würde in Übersendung ein Bürger hingerichtet, weil er dem Tyraniden beigestanden haben fol. — Am 3. umzingelte Oberpfarrer. Scharmützel bei Krisen in einem Dorf; in einem Kaff einergaben fehlende 13 Geständnisse nach zweifelhafter Vernehmung. „3<h lief te, berichtet der Oberpfarrer, fürstlichen, fürstlichen, als auf dem Saufe traten, nachdem sie die geistlichen Geister empfangen hatten." Ein Bereich 40 waren bereits übergeben worden. — Am 4ten in Caragoza: ein Stand auf (Spion; in Villena: 4 Gefangene, welche in die Unruh der mobilen Garantie auf 1800 Gefallen waren. — Am 6ten berichtet der General (Sommermann) aus Valladolid, dass er 19 Gefangene verarbeiteter Sanzen habe finden lassen. — In Truillo werden die Gefangenen, die bei der Ersteigung der Garantie gefangen waren, festgesetzt. — Am 7ten werden 3 Gefangene, die bei der Schlacht Flores gefangen worden, erschossen. — Am 12ten meldet ein Bericht aus Segovia, dass in Salin ein Typhusausbruch aufgesprungen und der Fehler sofort festgestellt wurde; anschließend wurden 8 Gefangene eingefangen und 4 sofort erschossen worden. — Am 14ten in Rubiales bei Corbora: Srujiüo, Oberfeldsassisten SSarefla und Oberste (am 24. September 1833) in Stanater angefommen (Le Moniteur). — Soir le 6., „Garantie des Collatéraux erlassen, die man mit dem US-Kongress zu setzen, traf ober gefangen nahm, nergens typhon gab" (Ind. d. Bord.); „Die (San. (Scbeoarria und 31 far sich £>f« ffciere im 93itoria er fd) offen würden" (51. 30; „Datt die in SfKoreUa eingeführten (Sarfiflen die vorgelegte £a* population nicht unerlässlich annahmen, die erbitterten Sieger festerdings über die Äfinge zu ringen liefen" (91). 3.). — „SBi$ber, fagt£ e n n i n g f e n OBb. 1. ©. 133), waren bie gefangenen Qtarfifren att SNebeUen erfdjoffen worben, unb bie &brifrino6 erlitten ben lob jur 2Biebert>ergeftung. 3uma* lacarregui wünfcfyte biefem gräflichen 3ufranbe ber Dinge ein (£nbe &u machen unb lief gwei ©olbaten , welche von Que- faba* §orp$ auf bem ®ege jurucfgeMieben unb in ©efangen* febaft geratben waren , in greibeit fefcen unb bi* in bie 9We »on Tampelona efleortiren. Quefaba (ie§ jum Danf bafur einen §arliften, ber »erwunbet in feine £dnbe gefallen war, erliefen, fo wie furj barauf ben 5Ufaben »on 9Uaun, ber Digitized by Google — 265 — fte SotttKttttott bett «^rtfltttoö nur mit 38% «b> rungen würbe u«l» ffe ba, wo ffe bt' e ©tärferit fütb, be« Gavlitmui »erbäthtig »«, nebft anbern Verfonen. 3 tt - mafacarregut fthrteb nun an ben ©eneraf. ©raf Hrmilbe« be ZoUto, obflfet* bie Chef« ber ufurpatorifchen «Regierung nicht geneigt waren, (ich mit ibm jur drbaltung be« «eben« ihrer gegenfettigen JHn&änger ju »er|rdnbtgen, fo babe er benno* genügt bie Grmorbung be« ©eneral« D. ©ante« Sabron m t bem Mantel ber SBergeffenbeit ju bebeefen, mebrmal« bat »eifptet ber SBarnt&ersigreit gegeben; ba« «Bfut berer bie umfamen, möge auf ibre £dupter jurütffaUen. Gr werbe fagte er, für ben SUrafben »on mann alt SÄeprefTafte ben Oberflen ß'Donelf. % ©«rbeofficiere unb einen «ShSt für emen in -Pampiona füftdrten Cforporal 6 «Jarabinier«, unb für % in Soiofa fuftlirte greiwittige u ©olbaten ber ©arbe erfd)iefen laffen. - Unb er bie(t ®ort, benn fu« ä u»or (14. «pril 1834) war in «Bilbao auch ber ©enerat armen efta ber bei SBermeo in ©efangenfebaft geraden war, füfifirt wor- ben.'^ ®. 808. erjablt Penning fen: „3umatacarregut batte ben in feine f>anbe geratbenen SBia «SRanuef mit aller Slu«- je.djnung bepanbelt. Gr f*rieb an »ob« unb feblug ibm »or, W\a Warnte! unb Hnbere gegen einen Officter unb einige Sretwiatge, bie einige Sage früher in feinbiitbe ©efangenfebaft geratben waren, au«juwe<hfeln. SRobil« ülntwort beftanb in ben «Sorten: Die gefangenen Äebellen haben bereit« ben Job erlitten." - «Sir fügen bier bei, wa« bie offictette 3eitung ber «Regierung be« D. Gar(o* mit SBejug auf die «Borwürfe ber ©raufamfett »or einiger 3eit äußerte, Ger «rtifel tat- tet wie folgt: „Der Spiapor (ein Spanisches Blatt) steht, intern er hat Unglücks, welche «ben Patrioten «on SoreUo unb SKatarö begegnet ist, erwähnt, hat „jwanjig «Diliciaito« (burd) ben «erruebten 3orilla mit der größten Un* menstbtttbcett fürsten worben feien"; allein einige 3eilen f ruber erjagte er, hat „die fei ben 2Rtltciano« einige ?ac» tiefen gefangen genommen unb auf die Stelle füß- Itrt bitten", ja hat (sie eben damit beschäftigt waren, als 3»* nlla fle überrumpelte, «o von ihnen ertappte unb „mit tili fl £**tenUnmenfd,lt*reit" über die Älinge springen 2 k P f. mUf Sünf*en gefunben üKenfcben» »rruanb haben, wenn man die «illigfeit btefer gerechten, unb Digitized - 206 - tat 53erttrg«tt^f9(lem tmflejtyeut fortsetzen! 2Sie «Ute t>erg*6ltcf>e «cfjrttte traten Me «etterale be$ 3X 6ar* fe&r geregten SRepreffatte^ die die «ommanbant 3orttta std) erlaubte, verFennen will, SOenn die 9ttiltctano* von SWatarä unb Xorellö die Royalisten, welche in tyre £dnbe gefallen waren, of>ne SRitleib erhoffen, unb wenn sie bei die* fem barbarischen «efchdfte von 3oritta überracht würden, wenn tyre £dnbe noch von die unschuligen SBIutc die « Schlacht Opfer raupten; welche Recht Ratten sie, Karbon zu erwarten, die sie eben versagt Ratten? Unb warum flüster die 95apor die SSerfatjren die Patrioten von Xorellö nicht unmenfchlich, sonder Mo* die gerechten Repressalien 3orilla$? 2Bir haben es schon taufenb ÜJfal gefagt: 2Bir wollen Fein 95 1 u t; wir verfluchen mit allem Sßacbbrucse, bejfen wir fdhicj flüster, die Barbaret in die ober Grom; unser Gefühl erbebt bei die «Betrachtung die «erfchreefenäseenen, die einen unfeligen unb verlängerten Ärteg begleiten; allein wie er ist, die Ursache vor so viel Blutvergessen, so vielen £t)rdnen, so grossen unb fluchwürdigen «rdulen? 2>te Revolution, die Revolution allein; sie errichtete «algen auf die ganze £albtnfel unb lief zu die ausgezeichneten «tyne bei SSaterlanbe* statt die 2Jer* fcredjer baran eben; sie füllte die «raben ihrer gelungen mit Blut, sie raubte unglückliche Lebens; sie tötete Sanbleuten, Sßtern besonders reicher gamilien, ihr Foflbare* Leben; sie erwürgte die 95er* wunbeten unb fronte selbst die «eifiden Raum die (Spitäler nicht. ten, uberrascht? Schnell rat, der Papier und feinen Kollen, Berichten verfahren unparteiisch, wie würden, Im wenn stets noch ein guten Vernunft und Weisevoll bin, So werden stets der Partei der Legitimität die Vorteile Gefallen, wären raffenden. Die 3. der 2. landen Gattung General mit der Bemerkung, Der General und Kommandierenden von (Stube) 5. Wehr, 2. Mobilmachung, Dieses Gefangen sind vergangen, und haben die Ständigen gefangen genommen. General glaubte, liefer lieber die Opfer Selbstdenkt, der Art zu überfallen, die befangenen in großem Maß gefangen und Begleiten, so gut der Befehle übrig gebliebenen Kommandanten der Streitkräfte (8 Diplomaten und 109 Kolonisten) alle Streitigkeiten seine Kriegsgefangenen nahe Solebo zu Beippen. „Schwang und Greisen, ruft ein Staatsrat aus, dieser außergerichtlichen General, der, sobald er von der Ernährung der Spione hörte, festnahm, so telegraphierten, welcher die Ausnahme von Stätern, Offizieren und Übergangen gemeinten, zu treffen! Hab gewonnen aus der Gefangenschaft bei, wenn ein ehrenwerter und begüteter Soldat zu Stücken fortgeht, einen Kaff, der nicht zu verlieren passt, gegen das Gebot des Gefangenen, gut fühlen und sich erinnern, dass der Wert des Kriegsgefangenen sein Gewehr, auch wenn es nur zur Selbstverteidigung, tragen sollte. Salzfeuer feuste seine befangenen, dass ihre Einheit ihre Bewegung erlaubte, lieber in großem Maß als dass sie festgehalten wurden, während die Hügel den Verantwortung einen Teil von einesteiligen Gefechten gegen Spanier, natürlich er die. "Sobald wirfein, fragte bald bei commerce, welche unselige Geschöpf, bei feanbaföfe, trafen folgende Fragen: Felt, bei man unfern erbitterte Frenzy seinen Anhang geben, lässt, das. Södbe Brennen stete, wie ein tyrannischer Kader seine eigenen Kinder, bei blutigem Gruel verzehren, prüfen wir mit einer Überzeugung, bei und biten größte bringen wir. Jabbra hatte seine Hand im 23. welt unferner Selber, und wir traten 17000 Kämpfer gegen seine Waffe, und sie büßten tyrannische Krieger, nach Macht, wie bald Gefangene will, so hebt bei Krieger gewehrnten förmliche Unterstützung! Und bamit glaubt man, durch Krieg, ein Gute zu machen?" — Jeden braucht nur die Klarheit und Schönung der Verwendungen zu leiden, welche allerwärts von ben Organen beruhigenden Begriffen erlasse werden, um stets von dieser Übel und Unstimmigkeiten einen Begriff zu machen. Der General Kapitän von Krieg, General Quiroga, erklärte es unter 2. September 1837 folgende Verfügung: 1. Jünger, bei einem der Gärtner der Reben über Säburger, bei den 3*bf und bei der festen Heiner in aller der bei der Örtlichen Bürger, überfallen wir, dass für uns zu gefangen genommen, obgleich die Bürger entwaffnet sind!, zu welchem Zweck die Wachen und die Gemeindevorsteher die Güter und Blut der Einwohnerschaft zu erfüllen, wie es ihnen am besten gefällt. 2. Bei einer notorischen Bürgerin für Vertretung nicht mitwirft oder den ihm befohlenen Dienst nicht verrichtet, zahlt 200 Dukaten Strafe oder wird auf 3 Jahre in den Knast gebaut. Wenn die Bürger überfallen werden, weil die Wachen und die Gemeindevorsteher seine Vorstellungen trafen, so wird der Rädelsführer um 400 Dukaten unter folgender Haftung straf. — 2. Die Gattung irgendwelche Einstellung zu machen, der wird für seinen Kaffee auf Sofia die Gemeinde entzogen, und diese Entzogung bedingt, dass die Regierung wenige sich Geneigten zu tragen, die mit ihrem Gang und Gut haften. — 3. Die Generalkommandantebüro ist mit dem Vollzug dieser Gesetze beauftragt, der General kommandiert der Provinzial Regierung gesetz. Digitized by Google — 269 — hätten, erhoffen. Der Stand der Unwissenheit tiefer Verborgungen nach folgende Durchführung bindet: „Sollte in irgendeinen Ort fallen, wo die Gattung einen Schaden anrichten, eine hinreichende Anstalt von Abgeneigenen nicht vorhanden ist, um die Entsorgung aufzunehmen, so wird man nach Benachrichtigung in den Orten greifen." Am 3. Juli 1836 brachten die Einwohner von Santiago 4 Gattungen nach und am 3. Juli wurden sie eröffnet; am 4. Juli brachten die Einwohner von Salin 3 Gattungen, oberen Teil im Augenblick, wo man ihr Gebäude würde, erfolgte, wie der Bericht feststellt. In der Stadt vom 8. Juli wurde Sober ertappt, und folglich von hinten gefangen. Qin (Schreiben aus Santiago vom 1. Juli) fügt hinzu: ,,-Wieder in der Gegend haben wir den großen Schaden bei Carau gemacht, denn der Hauptgefahr Sober ist tot; gestern wurden ihre 7 feinen Tiere gefallen gefangen genommen, heute kommt die Verstärkung von den Unterkommandanten Ramon und 13 anderen." — Dieses Verfahren wird bis zum Entscheid eingehalten. (So jenen wir in einer Zeitung eine amtliche Seite über „Gattungen, welche zur mobilen Kolonne bei Sober unterführt und Cruz vom 8. bis 12. Februar 1838 ch. i. 5öir würben nictjt enbigen, wenn wir alle JBerid)te citiren »oaten; e* genügt, bünFt un«, iur Äenntnif ber wahren ©acftlage an biefen wenigen. — Gin groffer S&etl ber gefan- genen ffarliften wirb t>on ben au i&rer (Hcortirung com* manbirten Gruppen gerabeju umgebracht. Der ®eneral en d)ef ber Armee be* Zentrum« »erfuajte enbli*, biefem ©räuef in feinem Greife ju jleuern, tnbem er (mittel* £ag«befet>l »om «7. gebr. 1838) »erfügte, baf „bie (S&ef* ber mobilen Kolonnen unb ber jur Bewachung ober @*cortirung »on Ver- fangenen commanbirten Setactjement* fi* in 3«^wnft ent* Digitized by Google — 270 — $>a$ ijt'M treue äJtlb berer, bte Ijeute tu @$a* meit gebiete«, ba$ tft ba$ Stlb beä ganbeS, nue e$ ffcff unter bem Jänner be$ „liberalen <S*)(tem$", wne mait btefett ©olbaten * unb Stböofateit * 3)efpoti$mu$ *) ju 6ejetcf)iten 6elte6t, barjtettt SSett entfernt, einet Iteuen ©pocfje ber 23ol)lfal)rt, greifet unb ©rofe ent* gegen ju gefyen, tji e$ burcf) biefe felb|tfüd)tigen ©pecu* galten follen, einen berfer6en unter bem »erfanden 35or» wanbe, er babe entwtfdjen wollen/ au er fliegen/ benn mt aufjerorbentlicfye unb bringenbe gdtte konnten fte cor ber be$* fällten 93erantwortltd)feit fiebern"* SDenn emerfeit« au$ bem Sn(>alte unb ber 9?otbwenbigfeit biefe* £ag$befel)l$ bad barba* rifdje 35erfa^rett, ba$ MSber eingehalten würbe, beroorgefyt, fo ^alf er anbererfeit* aud) weatg, benn fdjon im ndctjftejt 3eitung^bfatte (efen wir wieber einen (fpdtern) 35erid)t, wor* nad) ber (Jabecilla granciäco 3urubana, ber mit einem ©efdbrten (ld) auf einer Steife befanb, ndd)tlid>er SBeile ton einem 30 Stöann ftarfen Gruppen * £etad)ement aufgeben würbe. „Die beiben gaftiofen, fliegt ber »eridjt, tarnen um Chan muerto), beoor fle in btefem gort anlangten, »eil fte entwifcfyen wollten".
| 44,029 |
https://github.com/EbookFoundation/thoth/blob/master/thoth-app/src/models/funder/funder_query.rs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
thoth
|
EbookFoundation
|
Rust
|
Code
| 67 | 261 |
use serde::Deserialize;
use serde::Serialize;
use super::Funder;
pub const FUNDER_QUERY: &str = "
query FunderQuery($funderId: Uuid!) {
funder(funderId: $funderId) {
funderId
funderName
funderDoi
}
}
";
graphql_query_builder! {
FunderRequest,
FunderRequestBody,
Variables,
FUNDER_QUERY,
FunderResponseBody,
FunderResponseData,
FetchFunder,
FetchActionFunder
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
pub struct Variables {
pub funder_id: Option<String>,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
pub struct FunderResponseData {
pub funder: Option<Funder>,
}
| 2,969 |
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myiomma%20fieberi
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Myiomma fieberi
|
https://war.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myiomma fieberi&action=history
|
Waray
|
Spoken
| 35 | 62 |
An Myiomma fieberi in uska species han Insecta nga ginhulagway ni Puton hadton 1972. An Myiomma fieberi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Myiomma, ngan familia nga Miridae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.
Mga kasarigan
Myiomma
| 35,909 |
<urn:uuid:dd752a23-6e3b-4ddc-b35c-675c69d56782>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.courdecassation.fr/decision/607940e49ba5988459c3f7f6
|
courdecassation.fr
|
Catalan
|
Spoken
| 372 | 772 |
SUR LE PREMIER MOYEN : ATTENDU QUE Y..., APRES AVOIR ADOSSE UN IMMEUBLE CONTRE LE MUR ELEVE PAR Z... SUR LA LIGNE DIVISOIRE DE LEURS PROPRIETES, L'A VENDU A DAME VEUVE X... SANS AVOIR ACQUIS LA MITOYENNETE DE CE MUR ;
ATTENDU QU'IL EST FAIT GRIEF AU TRIBUNAL D'INSTANCE DE CONDAMNER Y... A PAYER A Z... LA MOITIE DU COUT DE LA CONSTRUCTION DE L'OUVRAGE ET DE METTRE HORS DE CAUSE L'ACHETEUR, AU MOTIF QUE, LE MUR ETANT MITOYEN PAR NATURE, Y..., DES L'INSTANT OU IL AVAIT APPUYE L'IMMEUBLE CONTRE LUI ETAIT DEVENU SEUL DEBITEUR DE LA MOITIE DU PRIX, ALORS QU'EN NE METTANT PAS A LA CHARGE DE DAME VEUVE X... LE REGLEMENT DE LA DETTE, LE JUGEMENT ATTAQUE AURAIT NOTAMMENT VIOLE LE PRINCIPE DE LA DISTINCTION DES DROITS REELS ET PERSONNELS ;
MAIS ATTENDU QU'AYANT RELEVE QUE LE MUR LITIGIEUX A ETE CONSTRUIT, EN APPLICATION DU REGLEMENT D'UN LOTISSEMENT, A CHEVAL SUR LA LIGNE SEPARATIVE DES FONDS, LE TRIBUNAL EN DEDUIT JUSTEMENT QUE L'OBLIGATION DE PAYER UNE INDEMNITE POUR L'ACQUISITION DE LA MITOYENNETE EST PERSONNELLE AU CONSTRUCTEUR ET QUE, PARTANT, LA DETTE DE Y... NE POUVAIT ETRE TRANSFEREE A DAME VEUVE X..., QU'AU MOYEN D'UNE STIPULATION EXPRESSE ET NON EQUIVOQUE QUI N'EXISTE PAS DANS L'ACTE DE VENTE ;
MAIS SUR LE SECOND MOYEN : VU L'ARTICLE 1382 DU CODE CIVIL, ATTENDU QUE POUR CONDAMNER Y... A PAYER A Z... LA SOMME DE DEUX CENTS FRANCS A TITRE DE DOMMAGES-INTERETS, LE JUGEMENT ATTAQUE SE BORNE A RELEVER QUE LA DEMANDE ETAIT JUSTIFIEE DANS SON PRINCIPE COMME DANS SON QUANTUM, SANS PRECISER LE MOINDRE FAIT QUI AURAIT ETE RETENU PAR LUI COMME CONSTITUTIF D'UNE FAUTE ;
QU'AINSI LE TRIBUNAL N'A PAS DONNE DE BASE LEGALE A CE CHEF DE SA DECISION ;
PAR CES MOTIFS : CASSE ET ANNULE, MAIS SEULEMENT DANS LA LIMITE DU SECOND MOYEN LE JUGEMENT RENDU ENTRE LES PARTIES LE 29 NOVEMBRE 1968 PAR LE TRIBUNAL D'INSTANCE DU CANTON-EST DE PERPIGNAN ;
REMET EN CONSEQUENCE QUANT A LA CAUSE ET LES PARTIES AU MEME ET SEMBLABLE ETAT OU ELLES ETAIENT AVANT LEDIT JUGEMENT ET, POUR ETRE FAIT DROIT, LES RENVOIE DEVANT LE TRIBUNAL D'INSTANCE DE CERET ;
Tribunal d'instance perpignan canton est
Code civil 656
Code civil 657
| 34,440 |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1200496
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
https://math.stackexchange.com/users/131740, layman
|
English
|
Spoken
| 294 | 617 |
Show that $det(A)=0$ for a Matrix $A$ Such That for $X=[2,3,4]^{T}$, $AX=0$
Show that $det(A)=0$ for a $3\times3$ matrix $A$ such that for $X=[2,3,4]^{T}$, $AX=0$
It seems most intuitive to me that $A$ would just be a matrix composed of zeros, but is 1) this what the question is really asking (as that seems like a bit of an easy way out) and 2) a way to prove this for $A$ without it being composed entirely of zeros?
For point 2 I'm unsure of what can be done other than just making arbitrary matrices that have a $det=0$, which doesn't seem like a very rigorous way to solve the problem.
Observe that the matrix A is not injective.
This is a great point. Since there is a vector other than the $0$ vector (namely, $X$) being sent to $0$, then the kernel not just $0$, which means the linear transformation determined by $A$ is not injective and thus not bijective, which means it is not an invertible map. Since the inverse of $A$ doesn't exist, then det($A$)$=0$.
here is a matrix with zero determinacy not composed of any zeros.
$$A = \pmatrix{1 & -2 & 1\\1&2&-2\\3&2&-3}\text{ and } A\pmatrix{2\\3\\4} = \pmatrix{0\\0\\0}. $$
If $\det A \neq 0$ then $A$ would be invertible and $A^{-1}(2,3,4)^T \neq 0$.
(Since for an invertible matrix $A$, we have $Ax=0$ iff $x=0$.)
Alternatively, choose $b_2,b_3$ such that $b_1 = (2,,3,4)^T, b_2,b_3$ form
a basis for $\mathbb{R}^3$.
Let $\tilde{A}$ be the matrix of $A$ in this basis.
(That is, with $B=\begin{bmatrix}b_1 & b_2 & b_3 \end{bmatrix}$, we have
$\tilde{A} = B^{-1} A B$.)
Since $Ab_1 = 0$, we must have $\tilde{A} (1,0,0)^T = 0$, and so the first
column of $\tilde{A}$ is all zeros and so $\det \tilde{A} = 0$.
| 21,691 |
https://github.com/DenisDolmatov2020/lote/blob/master/number/migrations/0001_initial.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
lote
|
DenisDolmatov2020
|
Python
|
Code
| 68 | 368 |
# Generated by Django 3.2.2 on 2021-05-09 04:02
from django.conf import settings
from django.db import migrations, models
import django.db.models.deletion
class Migration(migrations.Migration):
initial = True
dependencies = [
migrations.swappable_dependency(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL),
('lot', '0001_initial'),
]
operations = [
migrations.CreateModel(
name='Number',
fields=[
('id', models.BigAutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
('num', models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(blank=True, default=1, verbose_name='Number')),
('won', models.BooleanField(default=False, verbose_name='winner')),
('created', models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, verbose_name='Date create')),
('updated', models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True, verbose_name='Date update')),
('lot', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, related_name='Lot', to='lot.lot')),
('user', models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)),
],
),
]
| 2,772 |
https://github.com/s-schoen/vue3-app-template/blob/master/template/src/components/SideMenu.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
vue3-app-template
|
s-schoen
|
Vue
|
Code
| 306 | 1,146 |
<template>
<div>
<ul v-if="items">
<template v-for="(item, index) in items">
<li
v-if="isVisible(item)"
:key="index"
:class="[
{ 'selected-menuitem': selectedIndex === index },
{ hoverable: item.to || item.url },
]"
@click="onClick($event, item, index)"
>
<!-- Internal Navigation -->
<router-link
v-if="item.to"
:to="item.to"
:target="item.target"
:style="item.style"
:class="[item.class, 'p-ripple', { 'p-disabled': item.disabled }]"
exact
v-ripple
role="menuitem"
>
<i :class="item.icon" />
<span v-text="item.label"></span>
<Tag v-if="item.badge" :value="item.badge" />
</router-link>
<!-- External Navigation -->
<a
v-if="!item.to && item.url"
:href="item.url"
:target="item.target"
:style="item.style"
:class="[item.class, 'p-ripple', { 'p-disabled': item.disabled }]"
v-ripple
role="menuitem"
>
<i :class="item.icon" />
<span v-text="item.label"></span>
<span v-if="item.badge" class="badge" v-text="item.badge"></span>
</a>
<!-- Header -->
<span v-if="!item.to && !item.url" class="header-menuitem">
<i :class="item.icon" />
<span v-text="item.label"></span>
<span v-if="item.badge" class="badge" v-text="item.badge"></span>
</span>
</li>
</template>
</ul>
</div>
</template>
<script>
import { ref } from "vue";
import Tag from "primevue/tag";
export default {
props: {
items: Array,
},
components: { Tag },
setup(props, { emit }) {
const selectedIndex = ref(0);
const onClick = (event, item, index) => {
if (item.disabled || (!item.to && !item.url)) {
event.preventDefault();
return;
}
if (!item.to && !item.url) {
event.preventDefault();
}
//execute command
if (item.command) {
item.command({ originalEvent: event, item: item });
}
selectedIndex.value = index === selectedIndex.value ? null : index;
emit("click", {
originalEvent: event,
item: item,
});
};
const isVisible = (item) =>
typeof item.visible === "function"
? item.visible()
: item.visible !== false;
return { onClick, isVisible, selectedIndex };
},
};
</script>
<style lang="scss" scoped>
@import "../assets/scss/vars.scss";
@import "../assets/scss/mixins.scss";
ul {
list-style-type: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0em;
}
li {
font-size: $fontSize;
padding: 1em 2em;
text-decoration: none;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
cursor: pointer;
i {
font-size: 18px;
}
span {
margin-left: 1em;
}
.header-menuitem {
font-size: 16px;
margin-left: -15px;
}
}
.selected-menuitem {
background-color: $sideMenuItemSelectedBackground;
color: $sideMenuItemSelectedColor;
a {
color: $sideMenuItemHoverColor;
}
}
a {
text-decoration: none;
color: $sideMenuItemColor;
}
.hoverable {
&:hover {
background-color: $sideMenuItemHoverBackground;
transition: $transitionTime;
a {
color: $sideMenuItemHoverColor;
}
}
}
</style>
| 17,644 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32713929
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 287 | 369 |
Best way to map simple values
I have a question about mapping Long value to another Long value and the best way to achieve that.
I have to map left values to right values just right before writing data to database.
3 => 70
8 => 12
1 => 45
Is there any "best way"? I was thinking about static map where the left Long will be a key and a right would be a value, and I have just to get a value corresponding to a given key.
Is it good approach?
You have two main options: an associative container, or an array. If the input values are all within a small range and performance is very important, you could use an array. Otherwise you may as well use a map as you said.
As @John Zwinck points out, a map is generally fine for this type of thing. The cost of mapping from one Long to another is trivial & going to be dwarfed by the network latency of writing to a database (so don't use a primitive arrray :).
Open for extension, but closed for modification
I think it's probably more import for you to consider what happens if the mappings change or you need to add another one. In line with SOLID principles (and in particular open-closed), it should be possible to modify the mappings without changing the class.
In practice you should make sure you can read the mappings (initially,on demand or periodically) from an external source (e.g. a property file, db, NoSQL cache).
Use map and pass initial capacity to constructor if you know the size of your key-value pairs.Choose implementation of map carefully depending upon concurrency/ordering requirements as per source.
| 48,139 |
|
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8483576
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,011 |
Stack Exchange
|
Ahmet04, Bayan Abd El Bary, Harold Gonzalez, Julio Medeiros, Online Marketing Services, SOS, Sukesh, https://stackoverflow.com/users/19040777, https://stackoverflow.com/users/19040778, https://stackoverflow.com/users/19040779, https://stackoverflow.com/users/19042078, https://stackoverflow.com/users/19055990, https://stackoverflow.com/users/19055991, https://stackoverflow.com/users/19067800
|
English
|
Spoken
| 446 | 1,187 |
BDD with SubSpec and XUnit NullReferenceException
Fairly new to TDD; want to give BDD a try first. I'm using an MVP UI Presentation Pattern Framework and I'm trying to write my first test using SubSpec and XUnit but I'm getting a NullReferenceException from my presenter when I make a call to the repo.
I'm sure the answer is obvious, but its got me. Also, it appears that my test is concerned more with the details of the Presentation Pattern -- I trust that it works and probably doesn't need to be tested like below (i.e. raising the view.load event) but I could'nt think of another way. Any suggestions for a better test are welcomed.
My Unit Test:
[Specification]
public void ViewLoad_WhenTheView.LoadEventIsRaised_ViewLoadShouldGetAll()
{
var view = MockRepository.GenerateMock<IOpenJobsView>();
var repository = MockRepository.GenerateMock<IOpenJobsRepository>();
var model = new OpenJobsModel().OpenJobs;
var openJobs = new List<OpenJob>();
var jobsFromModel = view.Stub(v => v.Model.OpenJobs).Return(model);
var jobsFromRepo = repository.Stub(r => r.GetAll()).Return(openJobs);
var presenter = default(OpenJobsPresenter);
"Given an openJobsPresenter"
.Context(() => presenter = new OpenJobsPresenter(view, repository));
"when the view loads"
.Do(() => view.Raise(v => v.Load += presenter.ViewLoad, view, new EventArgs()));
"the object subscribed to the event should result in a call to GetAll"
.Assert(() => repository.AssertWasCalled(o => o.GetAll()));
"the results from the call to GetAll should be equal to the model"
.Assert(() => Assert.Equal(jobsFromModel, jobsFromRepo));
My Presenter:
public class OpenJobsPresenter : Presenter<IOpenJobsView>
{
readonly IOpenJobsRepository openJobsRepository;
public OpenJobsPresenter(IOpenJobsView view, IOpenJobsRepository openJobsRepository) : base(view)
{
this.openJobsRepository = openJobsRepository;
View.Load += ViewLoad;
}
public void ViewLoad(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
View.Model.OpenJobs = openJobsRepository.GetAll(); //Getting NullReferenceException here
}
}
Ok. I was able to figure this out. The null reference was due to the model not being initialized by the view. So I stubbed out the model on the view -- that did it.
I cleaned up my test and included it along with the system under test for a complete solution.
Unit Test:
public class OpenJobsPresenterTests
{
readonly OpenJobsModel _model;
readonly IOpenJobsView _view;
readonly IOpenJobsRepository _repo;
public OpenJobsPresenterTests()
{
_model = MockRepository.GenerateMock<OpenJobsModel>();
_view = MockRepository.GenerateMock<IOpenJobsView>();
_repo = MockRepository.GenerateMock<IOpenJobsRepository>();
}
[Specification]
public void OpenJobsPresenterShouldGetAllOpenJobsOnViewLoad()
{
var presenter = default(OpenJobsPresenter);
var openJobs = new List<OpenJob>();
_view.Stub(v => v.Model).Return(_model);
_repo.Stub(d => d.GetAll()).Return(openJobs);
"Given the OpenJobsPresenter"
.Context(() => presenter = new OpenJobsPresenter(_view, _repo));
"when the view's load event is raised"
.Do(() => _view.Raise(d => d.Load += presenter.OnViewLoad, _view, new EventArgs()));
"the event subscriber should get all open jobs"
.Assert(() => _repo.AssertWasCalled(r => r.GetAll()));
"the model should equal the results returned"
.Assert(() => _view.Model.OpenJobs.ShouldBe(openJobs));
}
}
SUT:
public class OpenJobsPresenter : Presenter<IOpenJobsView>
{
readonly IOpenJobsRepository openJobsRepository;
public OpenJobsPresenter(IOpenJobsView view, IOpenJobsRepository openJobsRepository) : base(view)
{
this.openJobsRepository = openJobsRepository;
View.Load += OnViewLoad;
}
public void OnViewLoad(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
View.Model.OpenJobs = openJobsRepository.GetAll();
}
}
| 32,361 |
https://github.com/stpotter16/PySplineFit/blob/master/tests/test_spline.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
PySplineFit
|
stpotter16
|
Python
|
Code
| 1,377 | 6,309 |
"""
Tests for Spline module of the PySplineFit Module
Released under MIT License. See LICENSE file for details
Copyright (C) 2019 Sam Potter
Requires pytest
"""
from .context import pysplinefit
from .context import np
from pysplinefit import spline
from pysplinefit import knots
import pytest
@pytest.fixture
def curve():
""" Generate curve for test """
curve = spline.Curve()
curve.degree = 3
curve.control_points = np.array([[0, 0, 0],
[1, 2, 0],
[2, 2, 0],
[3, 0, 0]])
curve.knot_vector = np.array([0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1])
return curve
def test_curve_degree(curve):
assert curve.degree == 3
def test_curve_control_points(curve):
given_pts = np.array([[0, 0, 0],
[1, 2, 0],
[2, 2, 0],
[3, 0, 0]])
condition = np.allclose(given_pts, curve.control_points)
assert condition
def test_curve_knot_vector(curve):
give_knot_vector = np.array([0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1])
condition = np.allclose(give_knot_vector, curve.knot_vector)
assert condition
def test_curve_control_point_guard():
with pytest.raises(Exception):
given_pts = np.array([[0, 0, 0],
[1, 2, 0],
[2, 2, 0],
[3, 0, 0]])
curve = spline.Curve()
curve.control_points = given_pts
def test_curve_knot_vector_guard():
with pytest.raises(Exception):
give_knot_vector = np.array([0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1])
curve = spline.Curve()
curve.knot_vector = give_knot_vector
def test_curve_knot_vector_guard2():
with pytest.raises(Exception):
give_knot_vector = np.array([0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1])
curve = spline.Curve()
curve.degree = 3
curve.knot_vector = give_knot_vector
@pytest.fixture
def curve2():
""" Generate another curve for testing purposes """
curve2 = spline.Curve()
curve2.degree = 2
curve2.control_points = np.array([[0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
[1.0, 2.0, 0.0],
[2.0, 4.0, 0.0],
[3.0, 4.0, 0.0],
[4.0, 2.0, 0.0],
[5.0, 0.0, 0.0]])
curve2.knot_vector = np.array([0, 0, 0, 0.375, 0.5, 0.625, 1, 1, 1])
return curve2
@pytest.mark.parametrize('knot_val, expected',
[
(0.0, (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
(0.25, (1.2222222222, 2.444444444444, 0.0)),
(0.5, (2.5, 4.0, 0.0)),
(0.75, (3.77777777778, 2.44444444444, 0.0)),
(1.0, (5.0, 0.0, 0.0))
]
)
def test_curve_single_point(curve2, knot_val, expected):
evalpt = curve2.single_point(knot_val)
assert np.isclose(evalpt[0], expected[0])
assert np.isclose(evalpt[1], expected[1])
assert np.isclose(evalpt[2], expected[2])
def test_curve_points(curve2):
inputs = np.array([0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0])
expected = np.array([[0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
[1.22222222, 2.44444444, 0.0],
[2.5, 4.0, 0.0],
[3.77777778, 2.44444444, 0.0],
[5.0, 0.0, 0.0]])
points = curve2.points(inputs)
condition = np.allclose(points, expected)
assert condition
@pytest.mark.parametrize('knot_val, expected',
[
(0.0, (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
(0.25, (1.2222222222, 2.444444444444, 0.0)),
(0.5, (2.5, 4.0, 0.0)),
(0.75, (3.77777777778, 2.44444444444, 0.0)),
(1.0, (5.0, 0.0, 0.0))
]
)
def test_curve_derivpt(curve2, knot_val, expected):
deriv_pt = curve2.derivatives(knot_val, 2, normalize=False)[0, :]
assert np.isclose(deriv_pt[0], expected[0])
assert np.isclose(deriv_pt[1], expected[1])
assert np.isclose(deriv_pt[2], expected[2])
@pytest.mark.parametrize('knot_val, expected',
[
(0.0, (1.0, 2.0, 0.0)),
(0.25, (1.0, 2.0, 0.0)),
(0.75, (1.0, -2.0, 0.0)),
(1.0, (1.0, -2.0, 0.0))
]
)
def test_curve_deriv1(curve2, knot_val, expected):
deriv1 = curve2.derivatives(knot_val, 2)[1, :]
expected = np.array(expected)
expected = expected / np.linalg.norm(expected)
assert np.allclose(deriv1, expected)
def test_curve_insertion(curve2):
new_knot = 0.875
eval_knot = 0.7
old_point = curve2.single_point(eval_knot)
curve2.insert_knot(new_knot)
new_point = curve2.single_point(eval_knot)
condition = np.allclose(old_point, new_point)
assert condition
def test_curve_insertion2(curve2):
new_knot = 0.875
new_knot_vector = np.array([0, 0, 0, 0.375, 0.5, 0.625, 0.875, 1, 1, 1])
curve2.insert_knot(new_knot)
condition = np.allclose(new_knot_vector, curve2.knot_vector)
assert condition
def test_curve_insertion3(curve2):
new_knot = 0.875
old_num_ctrlpts = len(curve2.control_points)
curve2.insert_knot(new_knot)
assert old_num_ctrlpts == len(curve2.control_points) - 1
@pytest.fixture
def surf():
""" Generate surface for testing """
surf = spline.Surface()
surf.degree_u = 2
surf.degree_v = 2
surf.num_ctrlpts_u = 5
surf.num_ctrlpts_v = 5
x = np.arange(0.0, 5.0)
y = np.arange(0.0, 5.0)
ys, xs = np.meshgrid(x, y)
ctrlpt_array = np.column_stack((xs.flatten(), ys.flatten(), np.zeros(len(xs.flatten()))))
surf.control_points = ctrlpt_array
uvec = knots.generate_uniform(surf.degree_u, surf.num_ctrlpts_u)
vvec = knots.generate_uniform(surf.degree_v, surf.num_ctrlpts_v)
surf.knot_vector_u = uvec
surf.knot_vector_v = vvec
return surf
def test_surf_deg_u(surf):
assert surf.degree_u == 2
def test_surf_deg_v(surf):
assert surf.degree_v == 2
def test_surf_num_ctrlpts_u(surf):
assert surf.num_ctrlpts_u == 5
def test_surf_num_ctrlpts_v(surf):
assert surf.num_ctrlpts_v == 5
def test_surf_ctrlpts(surf):
x = np.arange(0.0, 5.0)
y = np.arange(0.0, 5.0)
ys, xs = np.meshgrid(x, y)
ctrlpt_array = np.column_stack((xs.flatten(), ys.flatten(), np.zeros(len(xs.flatten()))))
condition = np.allclose(ctrlpt_array, surf.control_points)
assert condition
def test_knot_vector_u(surf):
uvec = knots.generate_uniform(surf.degree_u, surf.num_ctrlpts_u)
condition = np.allclose(uvec, surf.knot_vector_u)
assert condition
def test_knot_vector_v(surf):
vvec = knots.generate_uniform(surf.degree_v, surf.num_ctrlpts_v)
condition = np.allclose(vvec, surf.knot_vector_v)
assert condition
def test_surf_control_pt_guard_u():
with pytest.raises(Exception):
x = np.arange(0.0, 5.0)
y = np.arange(0.0, 5.0)
ys, xs = np.meshgrid(x, y)
ctrlpt_array = np.column_stack((xs.flatten(), ys.flatten(), np.zeros(len(xs.flatten()))))
surf = spline.Surface()
surf.degree_u = 2
surf.control_points = ctrlpt_array
def test_surf_control_pt_guard_v():
with pytest.raises(Exception):
x = np.arange(0.0, 5.0)
y = np.arange(0.0, 5.0)
ys, xs = np.meshgrid(x, y)
ctrlpt_array = np.column_stack((xs.flatten(), ys.flatten(), np.zeros(len(xs.flatten()))))
surf = spline.Surface()
surf.degree_v = 2
surf.control_points = ctrlpt_array
def test_surf_knot_vector_guard_u():
with pytest.raises(Exception):
x = np.arange(0.0, 5.0)
y = np.arange(0.0, 5.0)
ys, xs = np.meshgrid(x, y)
ctrlpt_array = np.column_stack((xs.flatten(), ys.flatten(), np.zeros(len(xs.flatten()))))
surf = spline.Surface()
surf.degree_u = 2
surf.degree_v = 2
num_ctrlpts = 5
knot_vec = knots.generate_uniform(surf.degree_u, num_ctrlpts)
surf.knot_vector_u = knot_vec
def test_surf_knot_vector_guard_u2():
with pytest.raises(Exception):
x = np.arange(0.0, 5.0)
y = np.arange(0.0, 5.0)
ys, xs = np.meshgrid(x, y)
ctrlpt_array = np.column_stack((xs.flatten(), ys.flatten(), np.zeros(len(xs.flatten()))))
surf = spline.Surface()
surf.degree_u = 2
surf.degree_v = 2
num_ctrlpts = 5
surf.control_points = ctrlpt_array
knot_vec = knots.generate_uniform(surf.degree_u, num_ctrlpts)
surf.knot_vector_u = knot_vec
def test_surf_knot_vector_guard_v():
with pytest.raises(Exception):
x = np.arange(0.0, 5.0)
y = np.arange(0.0, 5.0)
ys, xs = np.meshgrid(x, y)
ctrlpt_array = np.column_stack((xs.flatten(), ys.flatten(), np.zeros(len(xs.flatten()))))
surf = spline.Surface()
surf.degree_u = 2
surf.degree_v = 2
num_ctrlpts = 5
knot_vec = knots.generate_uniform(surf.degree_v, num_ctrlpts)
surf.knot_vector_v = knot_vec
def test_surf_knot_vector_guard_v2():
with pytest.raises(Exception):
x = np.arange(0.0, 5.0)
y = np.arange(0.0, 5.0)
ys, xs = np.meshgrid(x, y)
ctrlpt_array = np.column_stack((xs.flatten(), ys.flatten(), np.zeros(len(xs.flatten()))))
surf = spline.Surface()
surf.degree_u = 2
surf.degree_v = 2
num_ctrlpts = 5
surf.control_points = ctrlpt_array
knot_vec = knots.generate_uniform(surf.degree_v, num_ctrlpts)
surf.knot_vector_v = knot_vec
@pytest.fixture
def surf2():
""" Generate surface for testing """
surf = spline.Surface()
surf.degree_u = 2
surf.degree_v = 2
surf.num_ctrlpts_u = 5
surf.num_ctrlpts_v = 5
x = np.arange(0.0, 5.0)
y = np.arange(0.0, 5.0)
ys, xs = np.meshgrid(x, y)
ctrlpt_array = np.column_stack((xs.flatten(), ys.flatten(), np.zeros(len(xs.flatten()))))
surf.control_points = ctrlpt_array
uvec = knots.generate_uniform(surf.degree_u, surf.num_ctrlpts_u)
vvec = knots.generate_uniform(surf.degree_v, surf.num_ctrlpts_v)
surf.knot_vector_u = uvec
surf.knot_vector_v = vvec
return surf
@pytest.mark.parametrize('u_val, v_val, expected',
[
(0.0, 0.0, (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
(0.25, 0.25, (1.21875, 1.21875, 0.0)),
(0.75, 0.75, (2.78125, 2.78125, 0.0)),
(0.5, 0.25, (2.0, 1.21875, 0.0)),
(0.25, 0.5, (1.21875, 2.0, 0.0)),
(1.0, 1.0, (4.0, 4.0, 0.0))
]
)
def test_surf_single_point(surf2, u_val, v_val, expected):
eval = surf2.single_point(u_val, v_val)
expected = np.array(expected)
condition = np.allclose(eval, expected)
assert condition
def test_surf_points(surf2):
knot_vals = np.array([[0.0, 0.0],
[0.25, 0.25],
[0.75, 0.75],
[0.5, 0.25],
[0.25, 0.5],
[1.0, 1.0]
])
evalpts = surf2.points(knot_vals)
expected = np.array([[0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
[1.21875, 1.21875, 0.0],
[2.78125, 2.78125, 0.0],
[2.0, 1.21785, 0.0],
[1.21875, 2.0, 0.0],
[4.0, 4.0, 0.0]
])
# Adhoc selection of atol again
condition = np.allclose(evalpts, expected, atol=1e-3)
assert condition
@pytest.mark.parametrize('u_val, v_val, expected',
[
(0.0, 0.0, (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
(0.25, 0.25, (1.21875, 1.21875, 0.0)),
(0.75, 0.75, (2.78125, 2.78125, 0.0)),
(0.5, 0.25, (2.0, 1.21875, 0.0)),
(0.25, 0.5, (1.21875, 2.0, 0.0)),
(1.0, 1.0, (4.0, 4.0, 0.0))
]
)
def test_surf_derivpt(surf2, u_val, v_val, expected):
eval = surf2.derivatives(u_val, v_val, 2, 2)[0, :]
expected = np.array(expected)
condition = np.allclose(eval, expected)
assert condition
@pytest.mark.parametrize('u_val, v_val, expected',
[
(0.0, 0.0, (6.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
(0.25, 0.25, (3.75, 0.0, 0.0)),
(0.75, 0.75, (3.75, 0.0, 0.0)),
(0.5, 0.25, (3.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
(0.25, 0.5, (3.75, 0.0, 0.0)),
(1.0, 1.0, (6.0, 0.0, 0.0))
]
)
def test_surf_derivu1(surf2, u_val, v_val, expected):
eval = surf2.derivatives(u_val, v_val, 2, 2, normalize=False)[3, :]
expected = np.array(expected)
# Add hoc atol
condition = np.allclose(eval, expected, atol=1e-3)
assert condition
@pytest.mark.parametrize('u_val, v_val, expected',
[
(0.0, 0.0, (-9.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
(0.25, 0.25, (-9.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
(0.75, 0.75, (9.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
(0.5, 0.25, (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
(0.25, 0.5, (-9.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
(1.0, 1.0, (9.0, 0.0, 0.0))
]
)
def test_surf_derivu2(surf2, u_val, v_val, expected):
eval = surf2.derivatives(u_val, v_val, 2, 2, normalize=False)[6, :]
expected = np.array(expected)
# Add hoc atol
condition = np.allclose(eval, expected, atol=1e-3)
assert condition
@pytest.mark.parametrize('u_val, v_val, expected',
[
(0.0, 0.0, (0.0, 6.0, 0.0)),
(0.25, 0.25, (0.0, 3.75, 0.0)),
(0.75, 0.75, (0.0, 3.75, 0.0)),
(0.5, 0.25, (0.0, 3.75, 0.0)),
(0.25, 0.5, (0.0, 3.0, 0.0)),
(1.0, 1.0, (0.0, 6.0, 0.0))
]
)
def test_surf_derivv1(surf2, u_val, v_val, expected):
eval = surf2.derivatives(u_val, v_val, 2, 2, normalize=False)[1, :]
expected = np.array(expected)
# Add hoc atol
condition = np.allclose(eval, expected, atol=1e-3)
assert condition
@pytest.mark.parametrize('u_val, v_val, expected',
[
(0.0, 0.0, (0.0, -9.0, 0.0)),
(0.25, 0.25, (0.0, -9.0, 0.0)),
(0.75, 0.75, (0.0, 9.0, 0.0)),
(0.5, 0.25, (0.0, -9.0, 0.0)),
(0.25, 0.5, (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
(1.0, 1.0, (0.0, 9.0, 0.0))
]
)
def test_surf_derivv2(surf2, u_val, v_val, expected):
eval = surf2.derivatives(u_val, v_val, 2, 2, normalize=False)[2, :]
expected = np.array(expected)
# Add hoc atol
condition = np.allclose(eval, expected, atol=1e-3)
assert condition
@pytest.mark.parametrize('u_val, v_val, expected',
[
(0.0, 0.0, (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
(0.25, 0.25, (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
(0.75, 0.75, (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
(0.5, 0.25, (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
(0.25, 0.5, (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
(1.0, 1.0, (0.0, 0.0, 0.0))
]
)
def test_surf_derivuv(surf2, u_val, v_val, expected):
eval = surf2.derivatives(u_val, v_val, 2, 2, normalize=False)[4, :]
expected = np.array(expected)
# Add hoc atol
condition = np.allclose(eval, expected, atol=1e-3)
assert condition
| 26,100 |
https://github.com/zealoussnow/chromium/blob/master/ios/chrome/browser/reading_list/fake_reading_list_model.mm
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause-No-Nuclear-License-2014, BSD-3-Clause
| 2,022 |
chromium
|
zealoussnow
|
Objective-C++
|
Code
| 295 | 1,115 |
// Copyright 2021 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
#import "ios/chrome/browser/reading_list/fake_reading_list_model.h"
#if !defined(__has_feature) || !__has_feature(objc_arc)
#error "This file requires ARC support."
#endif
bool FakeReadingListModel::loaded() const {
return loaded_;
}
syncer::ModelTypeSyncBridge* FakeReadingListModel::GetModelTypeSyncBridge() {
NOTREACHED();
return nullptr;
}
const std::vector<GURL> FakeReadingListModel::Keys() const {
NOTREACHED();
return std::vector<GURL>();
}
size_t FakeReadingListModel::size() const {
DCHECK(loaded_);
return 0;
}
size_t FakeReadingListModel::unread_size() const {
NOTREACHED();
return 0;
}
size_t FakeReadingListModel::unseen_size() const {
NOTREACHED();
return 0;
}
void FakeReadingListModel::MarkAllSeen() {
NOTREACHED();
}
bool FakeReadingListModel::DeleteAllEntries() {
NOTREACHED();
return false;
}
bool FakeReadingListModel::GetLocalUnseenFlag() const {
NOTREACHED();
return false;
}
void FakeReadingListModel::ResetLocalUnseenFlag() {
NOTREACHED();
}
const ReadingListEntry* FakeReadingListModel::GetEntryByURL(
const GURL& gurl) const {
DCHECK(loaded_);
if (entry_->URL() == gurl) {
return entry_;
}
return nullptr;
}
const ReadingListEntry* FakeReadingListModel::GetFirstUnreadEntry(
bool distilled) const {
NOTREACHED();
return nullptr;
}
bool FakeReadingListModel::IsUrlSupported(const GURL& url) {
NOTREACHED();
return false;
}
const ReadingListEntry& FakeReadingListModel::AddEntry(
const GURL& url,
const std::string& title,
reading_list::EntrySource source) {
NOTREACHED();
return *entry_;
}
const ReadingListEntry& FakeReadingListModel::AddEntry(
const GURL& url,
const std::string& title,
reading_list::EntrySource source,
base::TimeDelta estimated_read_time) {
NOTREACHED();
return *entry_;
}
void FakeReadingListModel::RemoveEntryByURL(const GURL& url) {
NOTREACHED();
}
void FakeReadingListModel::SetReadStatus(const GURL& url, bool read) {
if (entry_->URL() == url) {
entry_->SetRead(true, base::Time());
}
}
void FakeReadingListModel::SetEntryTitle(const GURL& url,
const std::string& title) {
NOTREACHED();
}
void FakeReadingListModel::SetEntryDistilledState(
const GURL& url,
ReadingListEntry::DistillationState state) {
NOTREACHED();
}
void FakeReadingListModel::SetEstimatedReadTime(
const GURL& url,
base::TimeDelta estimated_read_time) {
NOTREACHED();
}
void FakeReadingListModel::SetEntryDistilledInfo(
const GURL& url,
const base::FilePath& distilled_path,
const GURL& distilled_url,
int64_t distilation_size,
const base::Time& distilation_time) {
NOTREACHED();
}
void FakeReadingListModel::SetContentSuggestionsExtra(
const GURL& url,
const reading_list::ContentSuggestionsExtra& extra) {
NOTREACHED();
}
void FakeReadingListModel::SetEntry(ReadingListEntry* entry) {
entry_ = entry;
}
void FakeReadingListModel::SetLoaded() {
loaded_ = true;
for (auto& observer : observers_) {
observer.ReadingListModelLoaded(this);
}
}
| 29,820 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine%20Laurain
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Antoine Laurain
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoine Laurain&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 478 | 739 |
Antoine Laurain (born 1972 in Paris) is a French writer.
His first novel, The Portrait [Ailleurs si j'y suis] won the Drouot Prize in 2007, and was followed by Smoking Kills [Fume et tue] (2008) and Carrefour des Nostalgies (2009). In 2012 The President’s Hat [Le Chapeau de Mitterrand] would be one of the year's great successes. The novel won the Landerneau prize for emerging writers and the Relay travel prize. Translated into 17 languages and published in English by Gallic Books, in 2013 it became one of the highest selling French books in translation. Antoine Laurain participated in a US tour for The President’s Hat at the invitation of American independent bookshops. The tour lasted 15 days, during which time he visited 10 cities.
In 2015 The President’s Hat was adapted for television (France 2) with Frédéric Diefenthal, Michel Leeb, Frédérique Bell and Roland Giraud (directed by Robin Davis, music by Vladimir Cosma).
The Red Notebook [La femme au carnet rouge] was published in 2014 and was translated into 22 languages, including under the German title of Liebe mit zwei Unbekannten (Hoffmann und Campe) and the Italian title of La donna dal taccuino rosso (Einaudi). The cinematic rights were sold to UGC.
In 2016, the German translation of The Red Notebook made the Spiegel bestseller list, and the German translation of The President’s Hat became the eighth-highest selling book in Germany that year. French Rhapsody [Rhapsodie française] was published the same year by Flammarion. Antoine Laurain returned to the US for the French Rhapsody tour, which consisted of six cities in nine days, and which confirmed the popularity of his books beyond the French borders.
On the 11th of April 2020, Camilla Parker Bowles, the Queen of England and wife of Charles III, published a list of nine books she recommended for reading during the COVID-19 lockdown on the Clarence House Instagram account, the account previously used to provide updates on King Charles and Queen Camilla's activities. Only one French title appeared: The Red Notebook by Antoine Laurain.
Laurain's most recent novel, Les caprices d'un astre (2022) has been published in English as An Astronomer in Love.
Selected works
La femme au carnet rouge, translation: The Red Notebook, by Jane Aitken and Emily Boyce
Le Chapeau de Mitterrand, translation: The President's Hat, by Louise Rogers Lalaurie, Jane Aitken and Emily Boyce
Rhapsodie française, translation: French Rhapsody, by Jane Aitken and Emily Boyce
Ailleurs si j'y suis, translation: The Portrait, by Jane Aitken and Emily Boyce
Fume et tue, translation: Smoking Kills, by Louise Rogers Lalaurie
Millésime 1954, translation: Vintage 1954, by Jane Aitken and Emily Boyce
Le Service des manuscrits, translation: The Reader’s Room by Jane Aitken, Emily Boyce and Polly Mackintosh
Et mon cœur se serra, in collaboration with Le Sonneur, translation: Red is My Heart by Jane Aitken
References
French novelists
1972 births
Living people
| 34,924 |
US-201113233012-A_5
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,011 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,489 | 12,022 |
Original Active-Agent Containing Compositions
When none of the above-described optional base ingredients is present inthe original active agent-containing compositions of the invention, theamount of bees wax that is present in these compositions preferablyranges from about 26 to about 43 weight percent, and more preferablyranges from about 29 to about 39 weight percent (with the totalcompositions having 100 percent weight). When, however, one or more ofsuch optional base ingredients is present in these compositions, theamount of bees wax that is present therein may be much less, such asabout 18 weight percent (or possibly even lower, depending upon thenumber of optional base ingredients included in these compositions, andthe weight percents thereof), and preferably ranges from about 18 toabout 22 weight percent, and more preferably ranges from about 19 toabout 21 weight percent.
Improved Active Agent-Containing Compositions
The amount of bees wax that is present in the improved activeagent-containing compositions of the invention preferably ranges fromabout 6 to about 43 weight percent, and more preferably ranges fromabout 6 to about 16 weight percent, and still more preferably rangesfrom about 10 to about 12 weight percent, and is most preferably about11 weight percent (whether or not any favoring ingredients are presentin the compositions).
Additional information about bees wax is present in, for example, RogerA. Morse et al., “Beeswax: Production, Harvesting, Processing andProducts” (Wicwas Pr, 1st Edition, ISBN-10: 1878075063, 1984); and HuberH. Root, “Beeswax: Its Properties, Testing, Production and Applications”(Chemical Pub. Co., ASIN: B0007E742G, 1951).
Plant and Plant Seed Oils
One or a plurality of plant or plant seed oils (i.e., oils procured orderived from one or more parts of a plant, shrub or tree, such as aroot, stem, bark, leaf, flower, seed, fruit and/or the like) (or othersimilar oils) are optionally, but preferably, employed as a baseingredient in the base compositions of the invention, and in the topicalactive agent-containing compositions of the invention, and functionsprimarily as an emollient (skin softener), but may also function as alubricant and/or binder. Preferred plant or plant seed oils for use inthe base and active agent-containing compositions of the inventioninclude Castor Oil, Rice Brand Oil, Coconut Oil, Sunflower Oil and OliveOil, with Castor Oil being the most preferred such oil, and ispreferably present therein (without other plant or plant seed oils). Awide variety of plant and plant seed oils are known by those havingordinary skill in the art and/or are described elsewhere herein andbelow.
Castor Oil, which is the most preferred plant or plant seed oil for usein the base compositions and active agent-containing compositions of theinvention, is derived from the seeds of the Castor Oil plant, andtypically consists of from about 87% to about 90% ricinoleic acid (majorcomponent), about 7% oleic acid, about 3% linoleic acid, about 2%palmitic acid and about 1% stearic acid. Most chemical and physicalproperties of Castor Oil are based on the molecular structure ofricinoleic acid.
Ricinoleic Acid
Castor oil, and other plant and plant seed (and other) oils, arecommercially available from sources that are known by those havingordinary skill in the art, for example, from Rita Corporation (CrystalLake, Ill.), Bulkoil.com (Greenbrae, Calif.) and Inner Mongolia TianrunCastor Development Co., Ltd. (Inner Mongolia, China).
The amount (combined) of one or more plant or plant seed oils that isoptionally present in the active agent-containing compositions of theinvention, such as Castor oil, is an amount that is effective to causethe compositions to have one or more of the beneficial characteristicsthat are described herein, such as causing, or aiding in causing(possibly along with one or more other ingredients), such compositionsto function as an emollient upon the skin (i.e., to render the skin moresoft than it would have been prior to applying the compositionsthereto).
Original Active Agent-Containing Compositions
When present in the original active agent-containing compositions, theamount (combined) of one or more plant or plant seed oils that ispresent therein preferably ranges from about 0.1 to about 24 weightpercent, and more preferably ranges from about 8 to about 17 weightpercent, and still more preferably ranges from about 10 to about 15weight percent, and even more preferably ranges from about 11 to about12 weight percent.
Improved Active Agent-Containing Compositions
When present in the improved active agent-containing compositions, theplant oil(s) and/or plant seed oil(s), such as castor oil, preferably ispresent in the compositions in an amount (combined) preferably rangingfrom about 0.1 to about 37.50 (from about 0.1 to about 37.0 if one ormore flavoring ingredients are present) weight percent, and morepreferably ranging from about 12.50 to about 37.50 (from about 12.0 toabout 37.0 if one or more flavoring ingredients are present) weightpercent, and still more preferably ranging from about 24.0 to about 26.0(from about 23.50 to about 25.50 if one or more flavoring ingredientsare present), and is most preferably about 25.0 (about 24.5 if one ormore flavoring ingredients are present) weight percent.
Additional information about plant and plant seed oils generally, andabout Caster Oil specifically, including extraction and refining methodstherefore, is present in, for example, Carol Schiller et al., “TheAromatherapy Encyclopedia: A Concise Guide to over 385 Plant Oils”(Basic Health Publications, 1st Edition, ISBN-10: 1591202280, 2008);Frederic P. Miller, “Castor Oil” (Alphascript Publishing, ISBN-10:6130261918, 2009); D. S. Oqunniyi, “Castor Oil: A Vital Industrial RawMaterial (Bioresource Technology)” (Elsevier, 2006); Johann Vollmann,“Oil Crops: Handbook of Plant Breeding” (Springer, 1st Edition, ISBN-10:0387775935, 2009); Hermann Janson, “Castor Oil Production andProcessing” (United Nations, ASIN: B0006DZ23G, 1974); and/or ErnestGuenther, “The Essential Oils, Individual Essential Oils of the PlantFamilies” (Krieger Pub Co., ISBN-10: 0894647733, 1992).
Fatty Alcohols
One or a plurality of fatty alcohols, such as stearyl alcohol, isoptionally, but preferably, employed as a base ingredient in thecompositions of the invention, and in the topical activeagent-containing compositions of the invention, and functions primarilyto cause, or aid in causing (generally in combination with one or moreother ingredients), such compositions to properly form, or be present ina form of, a solid or semi-solid structure (preferably a solid stick),but may also function as an emollient (skin softener), thickener and/orbinding agent therein. The fatty alcohol often functions as a bondingagent that binds, or helps bind, all of the ingredients in thecompositions together.
Preferred fatty alcohols for use in the base and active agent-containingcompositions of the invention include stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol,cetyl stearyl alcohol and behenyl alcohol, with stearyl alcohol beingthe most preferred, and is preferably present therein (without otherfatty alcohols). A wide variety of other fatty alcohols are known bythose having ordinary skill in the art and are described in sources thatare known by those having ordinary skill in the art, such as in StephenMudge, “Fatty Alcohols: Anthropogenic and Natural Occurrence in theEnvironment” (Royal Society of Chemistry, 1st Edition, ISBN-10:0854041524, 2008).
Stearyl alcohol (also known as octadecyl alcohol or 1-octadecanol),which is the most preferred fatty alcohol for use in the basecompositions and active agent-containing compositions of the invention,is a substance prepared from stearic acid by the process of catalytichydrogenation, and has the molecular formula C₁₈H₃₈₀. It is a fattyalcohol that generally is in the form of white solid granules or flakesthat are insoluble in water, and has a melting point of 60° C. and aboiling point of 210° C. (at 15 mmHg or 2.0 kPa).
Stearyl Alcohol
Stearyl alcohol, and other fatty alcohols, are commercially availablefrom sources that are known by those having ordinary skill in the art,for example, from Rita Corporation (Woodstock, Ill.), Sciencelab.com,Inc. (Houston, Tex.) or Alpha Aesar (Ward Hill, Mass.).
Examples of other fatty alcohols that may be employed in the basecompositions and active agent-containing compositions of the inventioninclude, but are not limited, to Stearamine Oxide, Stearyl Acetate,Stearyl Caprylate, Stearyl Citrate, Stearyldimethyl Amine, StearylGlycyrrhetinate, Stearyl Heptanoate, Stearyl Octanoate, StearylStearate, Plant Sources, Vegetable Stearic Acid, Cetyl Alcohol,Arachidyl Alcohol, Behenyl Alcohol, Capric Alcohol, Capryl Alcohol,Ceryl Alcohol, Cetearyl Alcohol, Cetyl Alcohol, Cluytyl Alcohol,Elaidolinolenyl Alcohol, Elaidolinoleyl Alcohol, Elaidyl Alcohol, ErucylAlcohol, Geddyl Alcohol, Heneicosyl, Heptadecyl Alcohol, IsostearylAlcohol, Lauryl Alcohol, Lignoceryl Alcohol, Linolenyl Alcohol, LinoleylAlcohol, Melissyl Alcohol, Montanyl Alcohol, Myricyl Alcohol, MyristylAlcohol, Nonadecyl Alcohol, Oleyl Alcohol, Palmitoleyl Alcohol,Pelargonic Alcohol, Pentadecyl Alcohol, Ricinoleyl Alcohol, TridecylAlcohol, Undecyl Alcohol and Isostearyl Alcohol.
The amount (combined) of one or more fatty alcohols that is optionallypresent in the active agent-containing compositions of the invention isan amount that is effective to cause the compositions to have one ormore of the beneficial characteristics that are described herein, suchas causing, or aiding in causing (generally in combination with one ormore other ingredients), such compositions to properly form, or bepresent in a form of, a solid or semi-solid structure, for example, inthe shape of a stick or any another shape desired or required, orpresent in a pot or jar.
Original Active Agent-Containing Compositions
When present in the original active agent-containing compositions, theamount (combined) of one or more fatty alcohols that is present in thesecompositions, such as stearyl alcohol, preferably ranges from about 0.1to about 22 weight percent, and more preferably ranges from about 10 toabout 22 weight percent, and still more preferably ranges from about 18to about 22 weight percent.
Improved Active Agent-Containing Compositions
When present in the improved active agent-containing compositions, thefatty alcohol(s), such as stearyl alcohol, preferably is present in thecompositions in an amount (combined) preferably ranging from about 0.1to about 25 weight percent, and more preferably ranging from about 15 toabout 25 weight percent, and still more preferably ranging from about 19to about 21 weight percent, and is most preferably about 20 weightpercent (whether or not any favoring ingredients are present in thecompositions).
Additional information about fatty alcohols is present, for example, inSylvia S. Talmage, “Environmental and Human Safety of Major Surfactants:Alcohol Ethoxylates and Alkylphenol Ethoxylates” (CRC Press, 1stEdition, ISBN-10: 1566700175, 1994); and Egon Matijevic, “Surface andColloid Science, Vol. 16” (Springer, 1st Edition, ISBN-10: 030646456X,2001).
Fats
One or a plurality of fats, preferably having a melting point of atleast about 85° F. (29.444° C.), such as from about 34° C. to about 38°C. (from about 93° F. to about 100° F.), and which more preferably havea melting point of at least about 90° F. (32.222° C.) or higher, such ascocoa butter (also called theobroma oil or theobroma cacao), isoptionally, but preferably, employed as a base ingredient in thecompositions of the invention, and in the topical activeagent-containing compositions of the invention. Such fat(s) functionprimarily to cause, or aid in causing (generally in combination with oneor more other ingredients), such compositions to properly form, or bepresent in a form of, a solid structure (preferably a solid stick), butmay also function as an emollient (skin softener), a moisturizer and/ora binding agent therein.
Examples of fats (and possibly oils in some cases) that may be employedin base and other compositions of the invention include, but are notlimited, to Cocoa Butter, Shea Butter, Shea Nut Butter, Mango Butter,Costus Root, Calamas Root, Canola, Crisco, Cubeb, Ethyl Ricinoleate,Kokum Butter, Lanolin, Lard, Mowrah Butter and Tallow (Beef). A widevariety of fats are known by those having ordinary skill in the art andare described in sources that are known by those having ordinary skillin the art, such as in Richard D. Obrien, “Fats and Oils: Formulatingand Processing for Applications” (CRC Press, 3rd Edition, ISBN-10:1420061666, 2008), Glen D. Lawrence, “The Fats of Life: Essential FattyAcids in Health and Disease” (Rutgers University Press, ISBN-10:081354677X, 2010), and Icon Group International, “The 2009 Report onConfectionery and Ice Cream Coatings made from Cacao Bean Cocoa and Fatsother than Cocoa Butter: World Market Segmentation by City” (ICON GroupInternational, Inc., ASIN: B002AJG6AC, 2009).
Preferred fats for use in the base compositions and activeagent-containing compositions of the invention include cocoa butter,shea butter and mango butter, with cocoa butter being the mostpreferred, and preferably present therein alone (i.e. without otherfats).
Typically, cocoa butter is solid at room temperature, but readily meltsat body temperature. It generally has a melting point of from about 34°C. to about 38° C. (from about 93° F. to about 100° F.). Cocoa butterdisplays polymorphism, generally having α, γ, β′ and β crystals, withmelting points of about 17, 23, 26 and 35-37° C., respectively, with theβ crystal form being the most stable form.
Cocoa butter, and other fats, are commercially available from sourcesthat are known by those having ordinary skill in the art, for example,from Rita Corporation (Crystal Lake, Ill.) and Bulkoil.com (Greenbrae,Calif.).
The amount (combined) of one or fats that is optionally present in theactive agent-containing compositions of the invention, such as cocoabutter, is an amount that is effective to cause the compositions to haveone or more of the beneficial characteristics that are described herein,such as causing, or aiding in causing (generally in combination with oneor more other ingredients), such compositions to properly form, or bepresent in a form of, a solid or semi-solid structure, for example, inthe shape of a stick or any another shape desired or required, orpresent in a pot or jar.
Original Active Agent-Containing Compositions
When present in the original active agent-containing compositions, theamount (combined) of the one or more fats that is present thereinpreferably ranges from about 0.1 to about 9 weight percent, and morepreferably ranges from about 5 to about 9 weight percent, and still morepreferably ranges from about 6 to about 8 weight percent.
Improved Active Agent-Containing Compositions
When present in the improved active agent-containing compositions, thefat(s), such as cocoa butter, preferably is present in the compositionsin an amount (combined) preferably ranging from about 0.1 to about 12weight percent, and more preferably ranging from about 2 to about 12weight percent, and still more preferably ranging from about 6 to about8 weight percent, and is most preferably about 7 weight percent (whetheror not any favoring ingredients are present in the base compositions).
Additional information about fats is present, for example, in RobinDand, “The International Cocoa Trade” (CRC Press, 2nd edition, ISBN-10:0849322669, 1999); and Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa, “Chocolate Science andTechnology” (Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN-10: 1405199067, 2010).
Flavorings
One or more flavorings are, optionally, but preferably, employed as abase ingredient in the compositions of the invention, and in the topicalactive agent-containing compositions of the invention, and function to:(i) provide such compositions with a desirable and/or distinct aroma,fragrance and/or taste (i.e., they make the compositions smell and/ortaste good and/or otherwise desirable to consumers thereof, who mayapply them to their lips); and/or (ii) effectively reduce, mask oreliminate one or more bitter and/or other undesirable tastes and/orodors that are caused by, or otherwise result from, an inclusion of adifferent ingredient in these compositions, such as hydrocortisone,which has a very bitter taste and odor, and generally causescompositions including hydrocortisone to have a very undesirable bittertaste and odor.
The flavorings that may be employed in the active agent-containingcompositions of the invention may vary widely and include, but are notlimited to, vanilla, chocolate, citrus flavors (lemon, orange,grapefruit and/or the like), fruit flavors (strawberry, cherry, kiwi,pineapple, blueberry, apple, grape, pear, cantaloupe and/or the like),cinnamon, mint (spearmint, peppermint, wintergreen and/or the like),pina colada, honey, molasses, caramel, butterscotch, butter pecan,ginger, sassafras, hot pepper, soda (cola, root beer, sprite, gingerale, cream soda, Dr. Pepper and/or the like) and/or the like. Virtuallyany type of a desired flavor or flavoring, or a combination thereof, maybe employed.
The flavorings that may be employed in the base compositions and activeagent-containing compositions of the invention may be naturalflavorings, for example, a vanilla flavoring procured from vanillabeans, peppermint flavoring procured from a peppermint plant, spearmintflavoring procured from a spearmint plant, wintergreen flavoringprocured from a creeping wintergreen or teaberry plant, lemon flavoringprocured from a lemon or lemon peel, ginger flavoring procured from aginger plant or root, sassafras flavoring procured from the dried rootbark of a sassafras tree, or synthetic or artificial flavorings, orextracts, such as an almond extract. All of the foregoing types offlavorings may be obtained by methods that are known by those havingordinary skill in the art or are commercially available from sourcesthat are known by those having ordinary skill in the art, for example,from Bell Flavors & Fragrances Inc. (Northbrook, Ill.), InternationalFlavors and Fragrances (New York, N.Y.) and the Spice Barn (LewisCenter, Ohio).
The amount (combined) of one or more flavorings that is optionallypresent in the active agent-containing compositions of the invention isan amount that is effective to cause these compositions to: (i) have apleasant or desirable, or a specific, taste and/or odor, such as a goodand/or desirable vanilla taste and odor; (ii) have no, a reduced, or aminimal, unpleasant taste and/or odor (in comparison with how the tasteand/or odor would have been if no flavoring(s) had been included in thecompositions), such as a reduction of a bitter taste and/or odor thatwould otherwise have been present as a result of an inclusion ofhydrocortisone in the compositions; or (iii) have no taste and/or noodor.
Original Active Agent-Containing Compositions
When present in the original active agent-containing compositions, theamount (combined) of one or more flavorings that is present thereinpreferably ranges from about 0.1 to about 3.5 weight percent, and morepreferably ranges from about 0.2 to about 3 weight percent, and evenmore preferably ranges from about 0.3 to about 2 weight percent, andstill more preferably ranges from about 0.4 to about 1 weight percent.
Improved Active Agent-Containing Compositions
When present in the improved active agent-containing compositions, theflavoring(s), such as vanilla flavorings, preferably is present thereinin an amount (combined) preferably ranging from about 0.1 to about 3.5weight percent, and more preferably ranging from about 0.1 to about 2.5weight percent, and still more preferably ranging from about 0.3 toabout 1.5 weight percent, and is most preferably about 0.5 weightpercent.
Additional information about flavorings is present, for example, inVirginia Lanzotti et al., “Flavour and Fragrance Chemistry (Proceedingsof the Photochemical Society of Europea) (Springer, 1st edition,ISBN-10: 079236211X, 2000); Carol Schiller et al., “The AromatherapyEncyclopedia: A Concise Guide to over 385 Plant Oils” (Basic HealthPublications, 1st Edition, ISBN-10: 1591202280, 2008); and OrlindoSecondini, “Handbook of Perfumes and Flavors” (Chemical PublishingCompany, ISBN-10: 0820603341, 1990).
Other Optional Ingredients
The base compositions and active agent-containing compositions of theinvention may, in some cases, optionally, contain one or more other(additional or substitute) active or inactive ingredients, such asvarious vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents,antibiotic agents, antibacterial agents, antiviral agents, whiteningagents, dispersing agents, thickening agents (xanthan gum, guar gum, gumarabic, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, carrageenan,starch and the like), anti-itch agents, polymers, pigments, cellactivating agents, sunscreen agents, preservatives, colorants, collagen,glycerin, lecithin, talc, aloe vera, lanolin or other agents, forexample, vitamin E (
-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol and the like).However, the compositions need not include any ingredients other thanthose that are described herein.
Various optional ingredients that may possibly be employed in the basecompositions and active agent-containing compositions of the inventionmay be described in, for example, “Cosmetic Additives—An IndustrialGuide” (William Andrew Publishing, 1991), “Cosmetic and ToiletryFormulations” (Volume 3, 2^(nd) Edition, William Andrew Publishing,1995), “Handbook of Cosmetics and Personal Care” (Gower PublishingUnlimited, ISBN 0566074702, 1994), “Cosmetic Ingredients” (Three RiversPress, ISBN 0609803670, 1999) and “Cosmetics Unmasked” (Thorsons, HarperCollins, ISBN 0-00-710568-1, 2001), and/or may be commercially availablefrom Base Formula, Ltd. (Melton Mowbray, England), Well NaturallyProducts, Ltd. (Blaine, Wash.), Essential Wholesale (Clackamas, OR),Urist Cosmetics, Inc. (Richmond, Calif.) and/or Sciencelab.com, Inc.(Houston, Tex.). Those having ordinary skill in the art may determinethe weight percents of one or more optional ingredients that may beemployed in the base compositions and active agent-containingcompositions of the invention, and how to vary the other ingredientspresent therein accordingly.
Optional ingredients that may possibly be included in the basecompositions and active agent-containing compositions of the presentinvention include, but are not limited to, the ingredients that areidentified below, and suitable amounts thereof, which may readily bedetermined by those having ordinary skill in the art.
Glycols Glycerin Propylene Glycol Butylene Glycol Hexylene Glycol2-Methyl Propane Diol Other Alcohols Ethanol Isopropanol n-propanollauryl alcohol oleyl alcohol Esters Isopropyl Myristate IsopropylPalmitate Jojoba Oil Glyceryl tri caprate/caprylate Butyl AcetatePropylene Glycol di Caprate/Caprylate Sorbitan Esters Diesters ofDiacids Ethyl Acetate Ethoxylated Materials Ethoxylated Fatty AlcoholsEthoxylated Fatty Acids Ethoxylated Sorbitan Esters EthoxylatedGlycerides Ethoxydiglycol Ketones Acetone Methyl Ethyl Ketone OtherWaxes/Bases Lubragels Zigels Jojoba Glaze Absorption Bases AliphaticCompounds n-alkanes branched alkanes Permethyls Propoxylated MaterialsPropoxylated Fatty Alcohols Propoxylated Fatty Acids Esters ofPropoxylated Fatty Alcohols Ethoxylated Propoxylates Aerosol PropellantGases Anhydrous Ionic Surfactants Phosphate Esters Sulfates CarboxylatesFatty Amine Salts Quaternary Nitrogen Salts Other Fats, Oils and WaxesDerived from Animals, Minerals, Marine or Other Sources SiliconesDimethicone Simethicone Cyclomethicone Dimethicone Ethoxylates andPropoxylates Fluorocarbons and Derivatives Zonyls Fluorocarbon AlcoholsAmides Fatty Acid Diethanolamides Fatty Acid Monoethanolamides FattyAcid Dimethylaminopropyl Amides Polymers Polyalkenes PolyoxyethylenesPolyoxypropylenes Polyamides Polyesters Polyurethanes Cellulostics andDerivatives Copolymers
Most Preferred Active Agent-Containing Compositions
Two of the most preferred original active agent-containing compositionsof the present invention, and two of the most preferred improved activeagent-containing compositions of the present invention, contain theingredients that are set forth below, and the weight percents thereof(of the 100% total weight of the composition), and preferably do notinclude any different or additional ingredients, and are produced in theform of a solid cylinder (stick), such as a traditional ChapStick® form,but in various sizes, for example, in the two different sizes that areillustrated in FIG. 1, and in a form that is contained in a pot, jar orcan. The first original formulation includes a flavoring, and is themore preferred of the two, and the second formulation does not includeany flavoring (and the weight percent of the Castor Oil is increased bythe same weight percent that is missing with respect to the missingflavoring to compensate for the absent flavoring, which may also be donewith other absent formulation ingredients). This is the same case withthe two improved formulations. These compositions have all beendetermined via topical skin application testing on human beings, as isdiscussed in the “Examples” section, and as is illustrated in FIGS.2-17, to be extremely efficacious for deeply penetrating, conditioningand healing, various layers of, and tissues present in, the skin ofhuman beings, including the dermis and epidermis, in connection withvarious skin disorders, diseases and conditions of human beings, as aredescribed herein, and for maintaining their forms, shapes andconsistencies under adverse environmental conditions.
Original Active Agent-Containing Formulations
Ingredient Weight Percent Hydrocortisone 1.0 FANCOL VB 11.0 NatunolaCastor 1023 18.0 Finsolv TN 11.0 Bees Wax 20.0 Castor Oil 11.5 StearylAlcohol 20.0 Cocoa Butter 7.0 Flavoring (Vanilla) 0.5 TOTAL 100
Ingredient Weight Percent Hydrocortisone 1.0 FANCOL VB 11.0 NatunolaCastor 1023 18.0 Finsolv TN 11.0 Bees Wax 20.0 Castor Oil 12.0 StearylAlcohol 20.0 Cocoa Butter 7.0 Flavoring (Vanilla) 0.0 TOTAL 100
Improved Active Agent-Containing Formulations
Ingredient Weight Percent Hydrocortisone 1.0 FANCOL VB 11.00 NatunolaCastor 1023 10.00 FINSOLV TN 15.00 Bees Wax 11.00 Castor Oil 24.50Stearyl Alcohol 20.00 Cocoa Butter 7.00 Flavoring (Vanilla) 0.50 TOTAL100
Ingredient Weight Percent Hydrocortisone 1.0 FANCOL VB 11.00 NatunolaCastor 1023 10.00 FINSOLV TN 15.00 Bees Wax 11.00 Castor Oil 25.00Stearyl Alcohol 20.00 Cocoa Butter 7.00 Flavoring (Vanilla) 0.0 TOTAL100
Preparation of Compositions
The base compositions and active-agent containing compositions of theinvention (whether or not including one or more active agents) arepreferably prepared in the manner that is described below, or elsewhereherein, preferably employing the specified order of steps and processconditions identified therein (amounts, times, temperatures, mixing andthe like), but may be prepared using other methods that producecompositions having the features and/or characteristics that aredescribed herein, using customary equipment that is known by thosehaving skill in the art for preparing topical skin products or otherequipment.
Although the methods that are described below (and elsewhere herein)refer to the active agent hydrocortisone, other active agents can beused in these methods in addition to, or alternatively to,hydrocortisone (in the same or similar manner described). Thehydrocortisone (and/or other active agent(s)) may be physically combinedwith the base composition that is described herein to achieve theconcentrations that are described herein by stirring together, orotherwise mixing or combining, the individual components in the mannerthat is described herein (preferably with continuous mixing).Preferably, sufficient agitation to achieve relative homogeneity of thevarious ingredients in the compositions is employed. Agitation may beachieved, for example, using a standard (or other) mixer, at a slow,moderate or even vigorous speed. Using the information that is providedherein, those having ordinary skill in the art will be able to varythese methods and compositions in a manner desired or required under aparticular set of circumstances or to produce a particular basecomposition or active agent-containing composition of the invention.
To prepare the original base and active-agent formulations of theinvention, an amount (combined) of one or more plant oils or plant seedoils, such as castor oil, that is sufficient for producing an effectivebase or active agent-containing composition of the invention in a formthat may properly be filled into a suitable container or packaging, andtopically applied to the skin of a mammal, with the amount thereofpossibly varying widely depending upon the size of the batch of thecomposition being produced, which may be determined by those havingordinary skill in the art and, as one example may be about 11.5 g, isoptionally added to a standard stainless steel drum including a mixerand heated using a conventional hot plate to a temperature that iseffective for evenly heating the plant oil(s) and/or plant seed oil(s)in the drum, which generally ranges from about 75° C. to about 85° C.,while stifling it continuously using the mixer.
An amount of FANCOL VB that is sufficient for producing an effectivecomposition of the invention in a form that may be properly filled intoa suitable container or packaging, and topically applied to the skin ofa mammal, with the amount of FANCOL VB possibly varying widely dependingupon the size of the batch of the composition being produced, which maybe determined by those having ordinary skill in the art and, as oneexample may be about 11.0 g, is then added to the plant oil(s) and/orplant seed oil(s) in the drum (if present), and mixed with therewithuntil it is preferably completely dissolved therein, which generallytakes from about 30 to about 45 minutes, while maintaining a temperaturethat is effective for preferably evenly heating the mixture andcompletely dissolving the FANCOL VB in the oil(s), which generallyranges from about 75° C. to about 85° C. If no plant oil(s) or plantseed oil(s) are employed in the first step, the FANCOL VB is added tothe steel drum and heated using a conventional hot plate to theforegoing temperature, which is effective for evenly heating the FANCOLVB in the drum
An amount of Natunola Castor 1023 that is sufficient for producing aneffective composition of the invention in a form that may be properlyfilled into a suitable container or packaging, and topically applied tothe skin of a mammal, with the amount of Natunola Castor 1023 possiblyvarying widely depending upon the size of the batch of the compositionbeing produced, which may be determined by those having ordinary skillin the art and, as one example may be about 18.0 g, is then added to theabove product, such as a mixture of plant oil(s) and/or plant seedoil(s) and FANCOL VB, in the drum while a temperature that is effectivefor preferably evenly heating the mixture and dissolving the NatunolaCastor 1023 therein is maintained, which generally ranges from about 75°C. to about 85° C. Mixing is then preferably continued for a period oftime that is sufficient to completely dissolve the Natunola Castor 1023therein, which typically ranges from about 30 to about 60 minutes.
An amount of bees wax that is sufficient for producing an effectivecomposition of the invention in a form that may be properly filled intoa suitable container or packaging, and topically applied to the skin ofa mammal, with the amount of bees wax possibly varying widely dependingupon the size of the batch of the composition being produced, which maybe determined by those having ordinary skill in the art and, as oneexample may be about 20.0 g, is added to the above mixture in the drumwhile a temperature that is effective for preferably evenly heating themixture and dissolving the bees wax therein is maintained, thattemperature generally ranging from about 75° C. to about 85° C. Mixingis preferably continued for a period of time that is sufficient tocompletely dissolve the bees wax therein, which typically ranges fromabout 30 to about 45 minutes.
An amount (combined) of one or more fatty alcohols, such as stearylalcohol, that is sufficient for producing an effective composition ofthe invention in a form that may be properly filled into a suitablecontainer or packaging, and topically applied to the skin of a mammal,with the amount of the fatty alcohol(s) possibly varying widelydepending upon the size of the batch of the composition being produced,which may be determined by those having ordinary skill in the art and,as one example may be about 20.0 g, is then optionally added to theabove mixture in the drum while a temperature that is effective forpreferably evenly heating the mixture and dissolving the fattyalcohol(s) therein is maintained, that temperature generally rangingfrom about 75° C. to about 85° C. If fatty alcohol(s) are added, mixingis preferably continued for a period of time that is sufficient tocompletely dissolve the fatty alcohol(s) therein, which typically rangesfrom about 30 to about 45 minutes.
An amount (combined) of one or more fats, such as cocoa butter, that issufficient for producing an effective composition of the invention in aform that may be properly filled into a suitable container or packaging,and topically applied to the skin of a mammal, with the amount of thefat(s) possibly varying widely depending upon the size of the batch ofthe composition being produced, which may be determined by those havingordinary skill in the art and, as one example may be about 7.0 g, isoptionally added to the above mixture in the drum while a temperaturethat is effective for preferably evenly heating the mixture anddissolving the fat(s) therein is maintained, that temperature generallyranging from about 75° C. to about 85° C. If fat(s) are added, mixing ispreferably continued for a period of time that is sufficient tocompletely dissolve the fat(s) therein, which typically ranges fromabout 30 to about 45 minutes.
An amount of Finsolv TN that is sufficient for producing an effectivecomposition of the invention in a form that may be properly filled intoa suitable container or packaging, and topically applied to the skin ofa mammal, with the amount of Finsolv TN possibly varying widelydepending upon the size of the batch of the composition being produced,which may be determined by those having ordinary skill in the art and,as one example may be about 11.0 g, is added to the above mixture in thedrum while a temperature that is effective for preferably evenly heatingthe mixture and dissolving the Finsolv TN therein is maintained, thattemperature generally ranging from about 75° C. to about 85° C. Mixingis preferably continued for a period of time that is sufficient tocompletely dissolve the Finsolv TN therein, which typically ranges fromabout 30 to about 45 minutes.
The above mixture is preferably mixed for an additional period of timethat is sufficient to have any remaining particles present thereinpreferably be completely dissolved in the mixture, which generallyranges from about 30 to about 60 minutes, while a temperature that issufficient to dissolve such particles in the mixture is preferablymaintained, which generally ranges from about 75° C. to about 85° C.
If the composition being produced is an active-agent containingcomposition, the resulting mixture is then preferably permitted to cool(naturally or using conventional cooling equipment, such as arefrigerator) to a temperature that is effective for mixinghydrocortisone (and/or other active ingredient(s)) therewith in a mannerthat does not render the hydrocortisone (and/or other activeingredient(s)) ineffective or significantly less effective than it wasin its original form (i.e., prior to adding it to the above mixture),which typically ranges from about 55° C. to about 60° C.
An amount of hydrocortisone (and/or other active ingredient(s)) that issufficient for producing an effective active agent-containingcomposition of the invention in a form that may be properly filled intoa suitable container or packaging, and topically applied to the skin ofa mammal, with the combined amount of the hydrocortisone and/or otheractive ingredient(s) possibly varying widely depending upon the size ofthe batch of the composition being produced, which may be determined bythose having ordinary skill in the art and may be, as one example about1.0 g, is then added to the above mixture and mixed therewith preferablyuntil it is dissolved while maintaining the temperature of the mixtureat the above temperature (i.e., preferably ranging from about 55° C. toabout 60° C.), which typically takes from about 30 to about 45 minutes.
The resulting mixture (not including any active ingredient(s) for a basecomposition or including one or more active ingredient(s) for an activeagent-containing composition) is then permitted to cool (naturally orusing conventional cooling equipment, such as a refrigerator) to atemperature that is effective for optionally incorporating one or moreflavorings therein in a manner that preferably does not render theflavoring less flavorful or less aromatic, or substantially lessflavorful or less aromatic, than it was originally (i.e., prior toincorporating it therein), which generally ranges from about 50° C. toabout 55° C., and then the flavoring(s) is added to the mixture. Theflavoring(s), if added, is preferably mixed with the mixture for aperiod of time that is sufficient to incorporate it evenly throughoutthe mixture, which generally ranges from about 15 to about 20 minutes,while preferably maintaining a temperature that is effective forpermitting such even distribution of the flavoring in the mixture, thattemperature generally ranging from about 50° C. to about 55° C.
At this point in the above process, the resulting mixture willpreferably be liquid in nature, and may have a light yellow color and ageneral appearance of a thin, milky liquid. For active agent-containingcompositions, a sample of the resulting mixture is then preferablyanalyzed using standard techniques known by those having ordinary skillin the art, such as High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) or GasChromatography (GS), to determine the concentration of the activeagent(s) that is present in the mixture, as one example, 1 weightpercent of hydrocortisone.
For the active agent-containing compositions, once the sample is foundto be acceptable (i.e., to possess the above characteristics and thedesired concentration of the active agent(s) therein), the entire batchof the composition is preferably transferred to a filler assembly line,where it is poured or otherwise transferred (manually, robotically orotherwise) into individual (or other) containers or molds of any desiredsize, shape and/or other characteristics, to preferably form a solid,preferably in a cylindrical shape, such as those that are illustrated inFIG. 1, or a traditional ChapStick® type (or other) stick. Standardfilling equipment that is known by those having ordinary skill in theart may be used for this step.
A wide variety of plastic, glass, metal and other types and materials ofcontainers, cases, pouches, bottles, jars, squeezable (or other) tubes(lip balm, roll-on, roll-up and/or the like), vials, boxes, bags, pots,tins, cans, lids, other closures, and/or the like, having a wide varietyof different sizes, shapes, colors and/or other physical attributes, andmade from a wide variety of different materials, or combinationsthereof, which may be used to removably or irremovably contain or housethe compositions are available from sources that are known by thosehaving ordinary skill in the art, such as from SKS Bottle and Packaging,Inc. (Watervliet, N.Y.). For example, the compositions may be present inindividual containers that form around, house or contain a solid in ashape of a stick, as is shown in FIG. 1, which may be partially or fullyremoved from the container for use by a user by exerting a twisting orturning action of the end of the container that does not include theclosure (lid, cap or the like). Alternatively, they may be present inlip gloss sized and types of pots or jars, and do not become removedfrom the containers by a user when being used, and/or the like.
After the compositions settle, and possibly harden into solid forms, inthe containers, which generally takes a period of time ranging fromabout 60 to about 120 minutes, a container cap is preferably applied tothe open end of each container, preferably along with a label includingidentifying and/or other information, such as a lot code.
The resulting product is then preferably individually packaged usingconventional packaging equipment known by those having ordinary skill inthe art, or otherwise, into required or desired packaging of any type,which may or may not be tamper-evident and/or childproof, such as apaper or cardboard box, an aluminum or plastic pouch or sheath, and/orthe like. Alternatively, or in addition, tamper-evident and/orchildproof plastic and/or other material may be placed, formed, wrappedand/or sealed around the cap (or other) area(s) of the container in amanner that indicates (to a consumer) tampering of the container whentorn, perforated or otherwise damaged or disrupted.
The improved base and active-agent formulations of the invention may beprepared in a similar manner using the same or similar steps andconditions. However, it is preferred that such formulations be preparedby adding the various ingredients in the following order, rather than inthe order described above, with mixing until the various ingredients arefully dissolved within the prior-listed ingredients:
- - (1) Castor Oil (Plant Oil); - (2) FANCOL VB; - (3) Bees wax; - (4) Stearyl Alcohol (Fatty Alcohol); - (5) Cocoa Butter (Fat); - (6) Finsolv TN; - (7) Natunola 1023; - (8) Hydrocortisone (Active Ingredient); and - (9) Flavor Ingredient(s).
Application and Application Rates
The base compositions and active-agent containing compositions of theinvention, such as those including hydrocortisone and/or other activeingredients, and the related methods, can be employed by physicians,such as dermatologists, nurse practitioners, nurses, other skin careprofessionals, veterinarians, and/or the like, as well as by lay (orother) individuals, to repair, improve, partially heal (i.e., having ahealing of the skin that is greater than about 0% but less than about100% in comparison with the condition of the skin just prior to a firstapplication of a composition of the invention to the skin) or fully heal(i.e., having a healing of about 100%) a wide variety of different skindisorders, diseases and adverse conditions, as are described herein (orotherwise), of the skin of a mammal and/or to produce or increase someother benefit to the skin.
An improvement in (greater than 0%, but less than 100%, repair orhealing), or a full (100%) healing of, the skin of a mammal that hasbeen treated with a composition of the invention may be detected in avariety of different manners, such as by a visually observable orotherwise detectable (by palpitation, touch, feel, smell and/or thelike) improvement in the morphology, tone, texture and/or appearance ofthe skin of the mammal, including, but not limited to, a reduction orelimination in the quantity and/or severity of pain, discomfort,soreness, burning, itching, inflammation, redness (or otherdiscoloration), bruising, bumps, blisters, cracking, cuts, perforations,punctures, other wounds, dryness or other defects, deformations and/orconditions, and/or the like. In addition, or alternatively, to beingdetected visually or manually, such an improvement may also be detectedby questioning a patient for, example, to determine whether or not lesspain and/or discomfort is present or experienced by the patent, or byusing a wide variety of different dermatologic and/or other medicaldevices, tests and/or equipment, which are known by those havingordinary skill in the art, such as photographic analysis, grading scalesrelated to psoriatic and eczematous disease such as, but not limited to,the PASI (Psoriasis Area and Severity Index) and EASI (Eczema Severityand Severity Index) scores, and visual observation. As is illustrated inthe accompanying drawings, photographic, visual observation or othercomparisons may readily be made between a mammal's skin, as it existedprior to initiating a first treatment thereof with a composition of theinvention, and as it existed at the termination of such treatment, or atany point or time in between the two.
The compositions of the invention that include one or more activecomponents may be applied to different areas of the skin of a mammaldirectly or indirectly in any convenient or desired manner, such as byrolling it directly upon the skin using a plastic or metal (or other)roll-up applicator, as is shown in FIG. 1, or roll-on applicator, likethose used to apply deodorant to the skin, indirectly by using one ormore fingers to brush or sweep across the surface of the compositions,such as when they are present in a roll-up applicator, a roll-onapplicator, a lip gloss type of a pot or jar, a spray, foam or othercan, or the like, and then using the fingers to apply the compositionsto the skin using rubbing, sweeping, patting or other actions. Thesecompositions may be applied to any sized area of the skin including, butnot limited to, an area the size of a pinpoint (or smaller) to an areathat spans one or a plurality of square centimeters, inches or even feet(or larger). As a general rule, the larger the area to be treated, thelarger a roll-up or roll-on or other applicator should be (for ease andspeed of application).
The active agent-containing compositions may be distributed to, orotherwise applied to, the skin, using a variety of different types ofapplicators and may, optionally, be externally or internally heated by aheating device, such as an electrical current from a battery or similardevice, to elevate the temperature of the compositions prior to anapplication to the skin, for example, from ambient temperature to atemperature ranging from about 5° C. (9° F.) to about 10° C. (18° F.)above ambient temperature (or higher) upon application or desire toapply. If the temperature of the composition is elevated to one that isat, or greater than, the melting point of the composition, a portion orall of the composition may become transformed by melting from a “solid”form to a “semi-solid” form or “liquid.” Such an elevated temperaturemay cause a “solid” composition to partially or fully melt and becometransformed into a “semi-solid” or even a liquid, and applied to theskin of a mammal in such transformed form. An elevated temperature thatis below the melting point of the composition may cause the compositionto become softened or more pliable. A separated chamber of a containerhousing the composition may or may not contain the composition to besoftened or melted prior to application to the body and/or lips. Theability to push the composition to this potential separate chamber maybe controlled, for example, by a small aperture in the composition whichcould be small enough to push composition through upon revolution of thecomposition chamber below and pressure upward. This chamber could thenbe heated selectively, allowing the composition below it to remain inits non-melted form. The ability to heat it would be controllable by,for example, a button-device on the side of the chamber. It is alsopossible to alter the amounts of the compositions that are delivered tothe skin at one time by sealing off a device delivery system from theactual composition below, thereby reducing the potential contaminationof the product below the area touching the skin or lips.
The compositions of the invention that include hydrocortisone and/or oneor a plurality of other active agents are preferably applied directly orindirectly to the skin of a mammal in an amount, and for a number ofapplications, that are effective for causing or providing: (i) a repairof, or an improvement in, the mammal's skin in some manner and/orpartially or fully healing one or more disorders, diseases, adverse (orother) conditions, maladies and/or the like of the mammal's skin, forexample, a decrease in inflammation, swelling, irritation, burning,itching, redness, pain, soreness, extreme (or other) dryness, bumps,blisters, itching, cracking, acne excoriae, insect bite size, wound sizeand/or the like, as are described herein or otherwise; and/or (ii) areduction in pain, soreness, discomfort, itchiness and/or the like,and/or an increase in a soothing, softening, conditioning and/or thelike, of the mammal's skin.
The total amount of the hydrocortisone (and/or other active agent)formulation of the invention that is effective for improving the skin insome manner and/or for partially or fully healing one or more skinconditions, disorders, diseases, maladies and/or the like, as aredescribed herein (or otherwise), may vary widely, depending upon avariety of factors, such as the type, age, sex, genetic predispositionand general health of the mammal being treated, whether the mammal is ahuman or non-human mammal, the amount of the mammal's exposure toadverse or harsh environmental conditions, such as the sun, wind, heatand/or cold, the particular active agent, or combination of activeagents employed, the particular formulation employed, the particularcondition(s), disorder(s), disease(s), malady(s) and/or the like beingtreated, and/or the like, and may readily be determined by those havingordinary skill in the art using the information that is provided herein.
The amount of an active agent-containing composition of the inventionthat will generally be effective for achieving or obtaining one or moreof the goals that are described herein may readily be determined bythose having ordinary skill in the art. The quantity of such acomposition to be administered to a mammal for each application, and thenumber of applications to be applied, depend upon the nature of thecomposition, the condition(s) being treated and the area(s) of the bodyinvolved, and may be determined by those having ordinary skill in theart using the information contained herein. With that being said, theamount of a composition that is applied to the skin of a mammal per eachapplication preferably ranges from about 1 to about 20 g or ml, and morepreferably ranges from about 2 to about 12 g or ml, and still morepreferably ranges from about 3 to about 8 g or ml, and even still morepreferably ranges from about 4 to about 6 g or ml, with about 5 g or mlbeing most preferred. For example, about 5 g of the composition may beapplied to the skin of a mammal from a suitable container or applicatorand spread over, or rubbed into, the skin using the hands or fingers ora suitable application or other device. However, such amounts can varywidely, with the lowest quantity generally being an amount that renderssome improvement in the skin (either alone or in a series of multipleapplications), with there not being an upper limit to the largestquantity (other than safety concerns). Although there generally is noupper limit to the quantity of composition that can be applied perapplication, above a certain quantity, no further improvement in themammal's skin may be observed or otherwise detected.
| 22,679 |
https://github.com/mohsinalimat/demo-ios-swiftchat/blob/master/WildChat-Swift/LoginViewController.swift
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
demo-ios-swiftchat
|
mohsinalimat
|
Swift
|
Code
| 197 | 572 |
//
// LoginViewController.swift
// WildChat-Swift
//
// Created by Garin on 15/10/12.
// Copyright © 2015年 wilddog. All rights reserved.
//
import UIKit
import WilddogAuth
import WilddogSync
class LoginViewController: UIViewController {
var ref: WDGSyncReference!
var auth: WDGAuth!
override func viewDidLoad() {
super.viewDidLoad()
ref = WDGSync.sync().reference()
auth = WDGAuth.auth()
}
override func viewDidAppear(_ animated: Bool) {
super.viewWillAppear(animated)
title = "Wild Chat"
}
@IBAction func login(sender: AnyObject) {
auth?.signInAnonymously(completion: { (user, error) in
if error != nil {
//There was an error authenticating
} else {
NSLog("uid : %@", (user?.uid)!)
let messagesVc = MessagesViewController()
messagesVc.user = user
let uid = user?.uid
// let sub = uid?.suffix(uid!.count - 10)
let sub = uid![uid!.index(uid!.startIndex, offsetBy: 10)..<uid!.endIndex]
// let sub = user?.uid[(user?.uid.startIndex.advanced(10))!..<(user?.uid.endIndex)!]
messagesVc.sender = String.init(describing: sub)
messagesVc.ref = self.ref
messagesVc.auth = self.auth
self.navigationController!.pushViewController(messagesVc, animated: true)
}
})
}
override func didReceiveMemoryWarning() {
super.didReceiveMemoryWarning()
// Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.
}
/*
// MARK: - Navigation
// In a storyboard-based application, you will often want to do a little preparation before navigation
override func prepareForSegue(segue: UIStoryboardSegue, sender: AnyObject?) {
// Get the new view controller using segue.destinationViewController.
// Pass the selected object to the new view controller.
}
*/
}
| 49,667 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22456625
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Centre Channel
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 108 | 223 |
Centre Channel
Centre Channel land Kanada
Centre Channel inom det administrativa området Ontario
Centre Channel Geonames-ID 5919153
Centre Channel geografiska koordinater
Centre Channel instans av havskanal
Centre Channel CGNDB-ID FAPQG
Centre Channel
watergang in Canada
Centre Channel land Canada
Centre Channel gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Ontario
Centre Channel GeoNames-identificatiecode 5919153
Centre Channel geografische locatie
Centre Channel is een natuurlijk kanaal
Centre Channel CGNDB-identificatiecode FAPQG
Centre Channel (agianan sa Canada)
Centre Channel
channel in Ontario, Canada
Centre Channel country Canada
Centre Channel located in the administrative territorial entity Ontario
Centre Channel GeoNames ID 5919153
Centre Channel coordinate location
Centre Channel instance of channel
Centre Channel CGNDB unique ID FAPQG
| 1,747 |
https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Lymphocytic Profile and Ebv Serology in Sjögren’s Syndrome: Evidences for a Virally Triggered Autoimmune Epithelitis?
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Filipe Barcelos
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Lymphocytic Profile and Ebv Serology in Sjögren’s
Syndrome: Evidences for a Virally Triggered
Autoimmune Epithelitis? Filipe Barcelos
(
[email protected]
)
CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Immunology, NOVA Medical School | FCM, Universidade
Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon
Catarina Martins
CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Immunology, NOVA Medical School | FCM, Universidade
Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon
Ricardo Monteiro
CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Immunology, NOVA Medical School | FCM, Universidade
Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon
Joana Cardigos
Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Hospital de Santo António dos
Capuchos, Lisbon
Tizziano Prussiani
CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Immunology, NOVA Medical School | FCM, Universidade
Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon
Miguel Sítima
CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Immunology, NOVA Medical School | FCM, Universidade
Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon
Nuno Alves
Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Hospital de Santo António dos
Capuchos, Lisbon
José Patto
Department of Rheumatology, Instituto Português de Reumatologia, Lisbon
Jaime Branco
CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Immunology, NOVA Medical School | FCM, Universidade
Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon
Luís-Miguel Borrego
CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Immunology, NOVA Medical School | FCM, Universidade
Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon Lymphocytic Profile and Ebv Serology in Sjögren’s
Syndrome: Evidences for a Virally Triggered
Autoimmune Epithelitis? Filipe Barcelos
(
[email protected]
) g
g
CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Immunology, NOVA Medical School | FCM, Universidade
Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon Research Article Research Article Page 1/24 Page 1/24 Keywords: Sjogren’s syndrome, autoimmune epithelitis, B-cells, T-cells, EBV, viral aetiology
Posted Date: November 25th, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-109255/v1
License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. Read Full License Keywords: Sjogren’s syndrome, autoimmune epithelitis, B-cells, T-cells, EBV, viral aetiology
Posted Date: November 25th, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-109255/v1
License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. Read Full License License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. Read Full License Version of Record: A version of this preprint was published at Scientific Reports on February 18th, 2021. See the published version at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83550-0. Page 2/24 Abstract Sjögren's Syndrome (SjS) is characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands, i.e. autoimmune
epithelitis. Lymphocytes are central in SjS pathogenesis, with B-cell hyperactivity mediated by T-cells. B-
cells are main targets of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, a frequently-suggested trigger for SjS. We aimed to evaluate how the EBV infection modulates B and T-cell subsets in SjS, including as controls
Rheumatoid arthritis patients (RA) and healthy participants (HC). SjS patients presented decreased CXCR5+T-cells, although IL21-secreting Tfh and Tfc cells were
increased. Tfc were positively correlated with ESSDAI scores, suggesting their relevant role in SjS
pathogenesis. As previously described, SjS patients showed expanded circulating naïve B-cell
compartments. SjS patients had a higher incidence of EBV-EA-D-IgG+ antibodies, characteristic of recent EBV-
infection/reactivation. SjS patients with past infection or recent infection/reactivation showed increased
CXCR3+Th1 and CXCR3+Tfh1 cells compared to those without active infection. SjS patients with a recent
infection/reactivation profile presented increased transitional B-cells compared to patients with past
infection and increased plasmablasts, compared to those without infection. Our results suggest EBV-infection contributes to B and T-cell differentiation towards the effector
phenotypes typical of SjS. Local lymphocyte activation at ectopic germinal centres, mediated by Tfh and
Tfc, can be EBV-driven, perpetuating autoimmune epithelitis which leads to gland destruction in SjS. Introduction Sjögrens' syndrome (SjS) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease, with an estimated prevalence
between 0,2-0,5%1, affecting predominantly middle-aged women. It is characterized by lymphocytic
infiltration of the exocrine glands, referred to as autoimmune epithelitis2. Lachrymal and salivary glands
(SG) are the most affected glands, originating the hallmark features of xerostomia and xerophthalmia. Extraglandular manifestations are common and can be caused by either lymphocytic infiltration of
epithelial tissues, or immune complex disease3. Lymphocytes are central in the pathogenesis of SjS4, and a lymphocyte profile with increased naïve B-
cells and decrease memory B-cells is typical5, reflecting the increased migratory pathway of differentiated
B-cells into affected organs6. A deviation of B-cell differentiation towards plasma cells has also been
described in SjS7. In SjS, T-cells infiltrate affected organs, like the SG, and support hyperactivity of B-cells.8 In fact,
interactions between T-cells and activated B-cells occur in GC-like structures developed in target tissues,
such as the SG.9 Recently, follicular helper T-cells (Tfh) have been addressed as players in SjS Page 3/24 Page 3/24 Page 3/24 pathogenesis. Tfh cells are a major source of interleukin (IL)-21, which mediates B-cell survival and
promotes ectopic formation of germinal-centre(GC)-like structures10. SjS patients present increased
circulating Tfh cells and expanded Tfh differentiation in the SG.11,12 Tfh cells also express the chemokine
receptor X5 (CXCR5), which induces their homing towards lymph nodes, particularly to B-cell sites. Since
the expression of CXCR5 has been encountered in CD8+ T-cells, the existence of a follicular cytotoxic
(CD8+) T-cell subset (Tfc) is now accepted, as well as their possible role in the regulation of GC B-cell
responses and autoantibody production13,14. The aetiology of SjS is still poorly understood, but the concept of an infectious trigger is widely spread. Virally-triggered autoimmunity in SjS possibly results from an antigen-driven CD4+ T-cell activation. Combined with a genetic predisposition to loss of tolerance, this activation process elicits a migration of
both CD4+ T-cells and B-cells towards exocrine glands, where the expansion and formation of plasma
cells occurs.8 Lymphotrophic viruses, namely Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), are
strong candidates for triggering the disease.15 EBV primary infection occurs in B lymphocytes of the
oropharyngeal mucosa, where lytic and latent phases of the viral cycle take place. Population Fifty-seven SjS patients were recruited along with 20 RA patients and 24 HC. From our cohort, we
assessed EBV serology in 34 SjS patients, 20 RA patients, and 20 HC. Participants' characteristics are
presented in Table 1 and Supplementary Table 1. Introduction In the active lytic
phase, EBV replicates and propagates, while in the latent phase it remains inactive in B-cells.16 Viral
agents also interfere with T-cell mediated responses.17 In chronic viral infections, helper T-cells sustain
cytotoxic T-cell responses as long as viral antigens persist.18 Moreover, the proinflammatory Th1 profile,
usually present in acute viral infections, is somehow replaced by Tfh in response to viral persistence and
prolonged T-cell receptor stimulation.19 The implication of EBV in SjS is widely accepted. Mechanisms such as molecular mimicry and genetic
susceptibility to EBV infection can overlap with T-cell costimulatory overactivity, impaired EBV-specific T-
cell response, cross-reactivity of anti-EBV antibodies or inhibition of B-cell apoptosis, often associated
with stimulation-driven polyclonal and monoclonal lymphoproliferation (recently reviewed by
Máslínska20). Nonetheless, the impact of viral infection on the typical B-cell profile and
hypergammaglobulinemia observed in SjS patients needs further clarification. Thus, we aimed to
evaluate circulating B and T-cell subsets of SjS patients and to assess their relation to the EBV
background of patients. T-cell subsets Page 4/24 Page 4/24 Page 4/24 SjS patients presented lower CD4+ T-cell percentages and absolute counts than HC (p=0.002 and
p<0.0001, respectively). Accordingly, the absolute counts of CXCR5+ Tfh cells were also lower in the SjS
group compared to both HC (p<0.0001) and RA patients (p=0.038). However, the percentages of IL21-
secreting CD4+ T-cells were increased in SjS patients when compared to both RA patients and HC
(p<0.0001). Nonetheless, a positive correlation between the percentages of IL21+ CD4+ T-cells and the
percentages of CXCR5+ Tfh cells (r=0.281, p=0.034) was observed. CD8+ T-cells percentages were higher in SjS patients compared to HC (p=0.001), but not absolute counts. Additionally, IL21-secreting CD8+ T-cells' were increased in SjS patients when compared to both HC
(p=0.029) and RA patients (p<0.001). CXCR5+CD8+ T-cells were positively correlated with ESSDAI scores
(p=0.029, r=0.430) of SjS patients. Results are summarized in Table 2 and Supplementary Table 2. CD8+ T-cells percentages were higher in SjS patients compared to HC (p=0.001), but not absolute counts. Additionally, IL21-secreting CD8+ T-cells' were increased in SjS patients when compared to both HC
(p=0.029) and RA patients (p<0.001). CXCR5+CD8+ T-cells were positively correlated with ESSDAI scores
(p=0.029, r=0.430) of SjS patients. Results are summarized in Table 2 and Supplementary Table 2. B-cell subsets Considering the IgD/CD27 classification, the percentages of IgD+CD27- B-cells (naïve) were higher in SjS
patients when compared to HC (p=0.028) and RA patients (p=0.043), and SjS patients also presented
higher absolute counts of this subset compared to RA (p=0.015). Total memory B-cells (CD27+IgD+/-) and
unswitched memory B-cells (CD27+IgD+) were lower in SjS patients compared to HC (p=0.001). However,
only absolute counts of switched memory B-cells (CD27+IgD-) were lower in SjS compared to HC
(p<0.001), and no differences were observed towards RA patients. Using the Bm1-5 classification, B-cells were classified as Bm1, Bm2, Bm2’, Bm3+4, eBm5, and Bm5
subsets21. The percentages of Bm1 cells were significantly lower in SjS compared to RA (p=0.005) and
HC (p=0.008), and the absolute counts were also significantly lower in SjS (p=0.002) compared to HC. Bm2 (naïve) and Bm2’ (transitional) percentages were significantly higher in SjS compared to RA patients
(p=0.015 for Bm2 and p=0.041 for Bm2’), and Bm2’ absolute counts followed the same trend (SjS vs RA;
p=0.003). Lower percentages (p=0.037) and absolute values (p<0.001) of eBm5 cells were found in SjS
when compared to HC. As for Bm5 cells, SjS patients presented lower percentages than RA (p=0.011),
and lower absolute counts than HC (p=0.001). The results are summarized in Table 2 and Supplementary
Table 2. EBV serological patterns in SjS patients Recognizing that SjS patients presented an increased prevalence of Anti-EBV EA-D IgG and also an
important presence of anti-EBNA IgG, we further divided these patients into 3 subgroups according to the
serological EBV profile observed: G1 (n=18), previous infection (EA-IgG–, EBNA IgG+); G2 (n=11), recent
infection/reactivation (EA IgG+, EBNA IgG+/-), and G3 (n=5), no serological evidence of active infection
(EA IgG–, EBNA IgG–)20. Demographic and clinical data are presented in Table 1. SjS patients with recent infection/reactivation markers (G2) had earlier disease manifestations and
shorter disease duration. SjS patients with recent infection/reactivation markers (G2) had earlier disease manifestations and
shorter disease duration. Half of the patients from group G1 and 2/3 of those in group G2 had active disease at the time of
recruitment, with G1 patients showing higher ESSDAI scores than G2 patients. The lowest ESSDAI scores
were observed in G3 patients, though none of the abovementioned differences reached statistical
significance. Regarding T-cells, G1 and G2 patients presented increased CXCR3+ Th1 cells and CXCR3+ Tfh1 compared
to G3 (Th1: G1vsG3, p=0.121, and G2vsG3, p=0.009; Tfh1: G1vsG3, p=0.003, and G2vsG3, p=0.066). As for B-cells, transitional Bm2’ cells were augmented in G2 patients compared to G1 (p=0.024). Moreover, plasmablasts (Bm3+Bm4) were increased in G1 and G2 patients compared to G3 (%, G1vsG3,
p=0.088 and G2vsG3, p=0.003; absolute counts, G1vsG3, p=0.020 and G2vsG3, p=0.003). These data are presented in Table 4 and Supplementary Table 3. EBV serological markers All patients and controls were negative for anti-VCA IgM and anti-EA IgA, except for 1 HC that presented
borderline levels for anti-EA IgA. All samples were positive for anti-VCA IgG, except for 2 SjS patients, who
showed negative values for these antibodies. Most patients and HC showed positive values for anti-EBNA
IgG (76.5% of SjS; 80.0% of RA and 85.0% of HC), and negative values for anti-CA IgA (79.4% of SjS;
75.0% of RA and 80.0% of HC), without significant differences between groups. Interestingly, for anti-EA
IgG, significant differences were observed between SjS patients and HC (32.4% in SjS; 20.0% in RA; 5.0%
in HC). The results are presented in Table 3. Page 5/24 Page 5/24 Discussion Our study aimed to explore the relation between the EBV serological profile of SjS patients and the
distribution of circulating B and T-lymphocyte subsets. First, we report interesting differences in follicular
T-cell subsets between SjS patients and both HC and RA patients. Despite circulating CXCR5+ T cell
subsets were decreased in SjS patients, functionally IL21-secreting Tfh and Tfc cells seem to be more
pronounced in these patients. Tfc were even positively correlated with ESSDAI scores, suggesting their
relevant role in SjS pathogenesis. Moreover, we confirmed the enriched circulating naïve B-cell
compartment of SjS patients (compared to both control groups, healthy and autoimmune), previously
reported in the literature5. The major observation of our study, however, comes from the EBV profile, with SjS patients presenting a
greater incidence of EBV-EA-D-IgG positivity, a profile characteristic of recent infection/reactivation of EBV
infection. Furthermore, SjS patients with either serological evidence of past EBV infection or recent
infection/reactivation presented higher values of CXCR3+ Th1 cells and CXCR3+ Tfh1 compared to those
without serological evidence of active infection. Also, the B-cell compartment was distinctive in SjS
patients with signs of recent EBV infection/reactivation: showing higher levels of transitional Bm2’ cells Page 6/24 Page 6/24 Page 6/24 compared to patients with past infection and increased plasmablasts, compared to patients without
serological evidence of infection. The factors underlying the onset and development of SjS are still uncertain. Nevertheless, typical immune
profiles have been characterized in these patients, which can be relevant to unveil important links to other
triggering players in this autoimmune disease. Despite B-cells are the main target for EBV latent infection,
T-cells have also a role in this play, and have been studied in autoimmune diseases for which EBV is
considered a potential trigger. For instance, EBV-specific CD8+ T-cells are increased during B-cell
transformation and in the productive viral replication phases of EBV in infected RA22 and SLE patients23. Additionally, the EBV-specific CD8+ T-cell pool is reduced by immunosuppressive therapy24. Our study supports the presence of a promoted follicular T-cell environment in SjS patients, traduced by
the increased secretion of IL21 by both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. We found no differences in the
percentages of circulating CXCR5+ follicular T-cells between groups, and absolute counts for this subset
were even decreased in SjS patients, possibly due to the decreased absolute counts of CD4+ T-cells
observed in these patients. Discussion Similar data had been described in the work of Brokstad25, which reported no
differences for total CXCR5+ CD4 T-cell percentages, but only changes in particular subsets of these cells
in SjS patients, such as the increase in Tfh-like ICOS+PD‐1+ cells. Interestingly, in our study, another Tfh-
like subset was increased in SjS patients, the IL21+ Tfh cells. Indeed, both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were
more prone to produce IL21, the Tfh modulating cytokine. If the lower absolute numbers may indicate
retention of CXCR5+ follicular T-cells at the exocrine glands, as supported by previous studies showing a
T-cell predominance in lymphocytic infiltrates of these organs26, SjS patients seem to be predisposed to
promote Tfh differentiation. Also, when naïve T-cells and salivary gland epithelial cells are co-cultured,
Tfh differentiation is observed, i.e. T-cells acquire a classical Tfh phenotype and are able to secrete
IL2127. Thus, this systemic follicular function may be overexpressed in SjS patients, also as an effect of
the local altered interplay. We have previously reported that the ESSDAI score, which is a measure of
disease activity in SjS, seemed to be correlated with Tfc cells levels28. In fact, patients with more active
disease present increased circulating Tfc cells, though the causative link between these observations is
still to be clarified (i.e. whether higher levels of Tfc cells lead to increased disease severity or, on the
contrary, happen in response to disease aggravation). In addition, the increase in IL21-expressing T-cells resembles the profile of a chronic active viral infection,
as proposed by Fahey and collaborators, who showed that viral persistence redirects T-cell differentiation
towards the Tfh profile in animal models19. Moreover, patients with infectious mononucleosis show an
increase in a particular subset of Tfh cells in peripheral blood29, which supports our hypothesis that viral
triggers may take part in the modulation of the immune responses also in SjS patients29. Interestingly, Fahey and colleagues19 proposed that viral-induced Tfh cells deviate from an original Th1
profile. In line with this, we observed that SjS patients with serological evidence for recent
infection/reactivation presented increased Th1 and Tfh1 subsets. Thus, the autoimmune background of Page 7/24 Page 7/24 Page 7/24 SjS patients could provide T-cells with alternate activation signals leading them to assume both Th1 and
Tfh1 profiles under viral persistence, since it is accepted that the pathogenesis of SjS is mediated by Th1-
derived responses27. Discussion Strikingly, the implication of Tfc cells in SjS pathogenesis is supported by their increase in patients with
higher disease activity. In line with our results, serum levels of IL21 had already been associated with
systemic disease activity in SjS30, but our results seem to highlight a role for CD8 T-cells in this scenario. Initially, CXCR5+ CD8 T-cells were described as early effector memory CD8 T-cells present in B-cell follicles
of human tonsils13. Recently these cells were implicated in the control of chronic viral infections29,31,32. Also, associations between humoral responses and CXCR5+ CD8 T-cells32,33 were identified, as these cells
express co-stimulatory molecules. In fact, increased immunoglobulin production by B-cells occurs when
they are co-cultured with CXCR5+ CD8 T-cells, suggesting these cells have other immune functions
besides cytotoxic activities33. Considering that dysregulated humoral responses are present in SjS, Tfc
cells, along with Tfh cells, may induce the atypical antibody production of SjS patients. Nevertheless, the
major function of the follicular CD8+ T-cells may still be limiting the replication of viral agents in B-cell
follicles, as these cells show increased cytotoxic capacities34. As for B-cells, it is accepted they are EBV’s main target35. Several studies tried to relate SjS pathogenesis
with a specific clonality of B-cells. One of the hallmarks of Sjögren’s syndrome is, in fact, the formation of
ectopic lymphoid structures (ELS) in the SG. ELS are composed of B-cell/T-cell follicles, supported by
networks of stromal follicular dendritic cells, which support ectopic GC reactions36. Active EBV infection
has been associated with ELS in the SG of SjS patients and appears to contribute to local growth and
differentiation of disease-specific autoreactive B-cells37. Despite the possibility of an EBV-triggered B-cell
proliferation in SjS, EBV-infected memory B-cells were found to express lower levels of self- and poly-
reactive antibodies than their uninfected counterparts38. As corroborated by our data, SjS patients present a typical circulating B-cell compartment, enriched in
transitional/naïve subsets, in opposition to memory subsets. If we consider the observations from
Coleman and colleagues on the effect of EBV in B-cells39, we may also suggest a possible role for EBV in
the alterations observed in the B-cell compartment of SjS patients. In fact, these authors have recognized
that murine transitional B-cells from the spleen can be reservoirs for gammaherpesvirus like EBV, which
can remain latent in these cells, prolonging their life span indefinitely. Discussion Our results are in line with this
hypothesis, as SjS patients with serological evidence of recent infection/reinfection presented higher
percentages of transitional Bm2’. Whether this is an effect of EBV or other concomitant viral infection,
remains to be elucidated. We acknowledge that the assessment of the viral genome in different B-cell
subsets could clarify this idea. Regarding the serological EBV markers, we found an increased prevalence of Anti-EBV EA-D IgG in SjS
patients, compared to both RA and HC, as described in previous works37,40. The anti-EBV EA-D IgG
prevalence in our SjS patients (about 33% vs 5% in HC) was very close to the one reported by Pasoto and Page 8/24 Page 8/24 Page 8/24 colleagues41 (36% vs 4.5% in HC), which strengths our data, and led us to further assess the immune
compartments according to the EBV serological profile of SjS patients. Interestingly, patients with
evidence of EBV infection, and particularly those with recent infection/reactivation (EA-D IgG positive)
had earlier disease manifestations, but also a distinct immune profile, with a shift towards pro-
inflammatory Th1/Tfh1 subsets in the T-cell compartment. Furthermore, SjS patients with evidence of
recent infection/reactivation exhibited higher levels of transitional B-cells and plasmablasts, which may
traduce the importance of EBV in the modulation of the immune responses in SjS patients, with possible
clinical impact, as sustained by precocious clinical manifestations. colleagues41 (36% vs 4.5% in HC), which strengths our data, and le
compartments according to the EBV serological profile of SjS patie
evidence of EBV infection, and particularly those with recent infect
had earlier disease manifestations, but also a distinct immune prof
inflammatory Th1/Tfh1 subsets in the T-cell compartment. Further
recent infection/reactivation exhibited higher levels of transitional
traduce the importance of EBV in the modulation of the immune re
clinical impact, as sustained by precocious clinical manifestations To our knowledge, our study is the first to report an association between EBV serological patterns and the
immune profile of SjS patients, despite EBV EA (early antigen) had already been correlated with
autoantibodies production40. Although we observed no further differences in the clinical manifestations
of SjS patients according to their EBV serology, as reported by Pasoto and colleagues, who reported more
frequent joint involvement in anti-EBV EA IgGs positive patients41, we were able to identify distinct
immune profiles according to the EBV serological pattern. Discussion Still, we must recognize the low number of
patients considered and the absence of other confirmatory methodologies for the effective viral infection. Nonetheless, our data support the idea that different EBV serological profiles affect circulating B and T-
cells in SjS patients. In fact, other authors have supported the hypothesis that reactivation in the lytic
phase of EBV infection promotes immunological dysfunction in SjS37. Considering our results, we also
believe special attention should be given to the group of SjS patients with serological evidence for recent
infection/reactivation, which present a pro-inflammatory profile, with increased Th1/Tfh1 ratio cells along
with elevated transitional B-cells and increased plasmablast differentiation. We acknowledge limitations in our study, such as the absence of standard molecular biology assays to
confirm EBV infection. In future studies, it would be relevant to assess not only serology, but also EBV
viral load, and eventually other viruses with potential impact in SjS development, such as CMV. Also, our
study was performed exclusively in peripheral blood, and we realize it may not properly reflect the
numbers and interactions of immune cells at exocrine glands. For instance, SG biopsies would not only
clarify the hypotheses on cell traffic between affected organs and the circulating lymphocyte pool but
would also allow us to prove the presence of EBV in such organs. Nevertheless, from our results, it is possible to suggest that EBV plays a role in inducing B and T-cells
towards an effector phenotype. EBV enters the replicating phase in the exocrine glands, where this
facilitated interaction between EBV antigens and effector T-cells might lead to a breakdown of tolerance. The ensuing autoimmune response mediated by effector B and T-cells might lead to a localized
lymphocyte activation with the formation of ectopic GC or GC-like structures. This process, mediated by
Tfh and Tfc, can thus perpetuate the autoimmune epithelitis and result in gland destruction. Our work provides a new perspective on how EBV might be involved in lymphocytic alterations known to
be a feature in SjS. Clarifying the role of follicular CD4 and CD8 T-cells in the context of viral infection can Page 9/24 Page 9/24 Page 9/24 be of great value in confirming a viral-triggered autoimmune response in SjS, but a specific strategy for
the characterization of these cells in peripheral blood and target organs is still needed. Population In this study, we included SjS patients classified according to the 2016 American College of
Rheumatology(ACR)/European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) criteria42, and Rheumatoid Arthritis
(RA) patients classified according to the 2010 ACR/EULAR criteria43. Patients were consecutively
recruited, considering as additional exclusion criteria for SjS the use of B-cell-depleting therapies, and for
RA patients the presence of xerostomia or xerophthalmia, as well as the use of any biologic disease-
modifying anti-rheumatic drug. Disease activity in SjS was evaluated with the EULAR SjS disease activity
index (ESSDAI)44. Clinically active disease was defined as activity in any ESSDAI domain, except the
hematologic and biologic. The healthy control group (HC) consisted of women without symptoms or signs of xerostomia or
xerophthalmia, or any history of autoimmune rheumatic diseases, selected from the Ophthalmology
outpatient clinic of Hospital CUF Descobertas. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. The study was approved by the Ethics committees
of both recruiting institutions, and NOVA Medical School Ethics Committee (no.17/2016/CEFCM). Discussion Our study can also constitute a starting point for approaching the role of CXCR5+ and IL21+ CD8 T-cells in
the context of autoimmunity. The association between CXCR5+ CD8 T-cells and disease activity in SjS
observed in our study may be an indicator of their involvement in the pathophysiology of autoimmune
epithelitis. In the current scenario where Tfc cells involvement in autoimmune pathologies is yet to be
elucidated, our study pioneers the association of Tfc cells with human autoimmunity and paves the way
for further studies regarding Tfc cells in autoimmune diseases. Indeed, considering the possible
pathogenic role of EBV in the pathogenesis of SjS, therapies directed towards the interaction between
EBV and activated effector T-cells and B-cells could halt the EBV-triggered lymphocytic activation, and
have a relevant clinical applicability. EBV serological markers Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used for the assessment of IgG, IgA and IgM
antibodies (Abs) against EBV antigens (Ags). All ELISA kits were obtained from Euroimmun (Euroimmun,
Luebeck, Germany) and used according to the manufacturers’ instructions. The following Abs for EBV
Ags were determined: IgG for diffuse early Ag (EA-D), IgG for viral capsid Ag (VCA), IgG for nuclear Ag-1
(EBNA1), IgA for EA-D, IgA for VCA and IgM for VCA. All tests for IgG Abs were quantitative, while IgA and
IgM were semiquantitative. In quantitative assays, sample concentration was determined using 3-point
calibration curves constructed with ELISA-Logit software, available at
https://ednieuw.home.xs4all.nl/Calibration/Logit/Logit.htm (V24May2017). The cut-off level for all IgG
antibodies assayed was 20 RU/ml. For semiquantitative assessments, a single calibrator was determined
in triplicate per assay. The ratio sample/calibrator was used to assess positivity levels (Negative:
ratio<0.8; Borderline: ratio≥0.8 to <1.1; Positive: ratio≥1.1). Patients were randomly assigned to undergo
EBV serology evaluation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used for the assessment of IgG, IgA and IgM
antibodies (Abs) against EBV antigens (Ags). All ELISA kits were obtained from Euroimmun (Euroimmun,
Luebeck, Germany) and used according to the manufacturers’ instructions. The following Abs for EBV
Ags were determined: IgG for diffuse early Ag (EA-D), IgG for viral capsid Ag (VCA), IgG for nuclear Ag-1
(EBNA1), IgA for EA-D, IgA for VCA and IgM for VCA. All tests for IgG Abs were quantitative, while IgA and
IgM were semiquantitative. In quantitative assays, sample concentration was determined using 3-point
calibration curves constructed with ELISA-Logit software, available at ratio<0.8; Borderline: ratio≥0.8 to <1.1; Positive: ratio≥1.1). Patients were randomly assigned to undergo
EBV serology evaluation. Flow Cytometry Procedures For the immunophenotyping protocols, peripheral blood samples collected in EDTA-coated tubes were
processed and analyzed within 24h of collection. A pre-validated panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)
was used for the characterization of T and B-cell subsets, including CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD24, CD27,
CD38, CCR6, CCR7, CXCR3, CXCR5, Anti-IgD, and Anti-IgM. A lyse-wash protocol was performed for both T
and B-cell characterization. A lyse-no wash single platform strategy with BD Trucount tubes (BD
Biosciences, San Diego CA, USA) was used to obtain absolute counts of all cell subsets. All samples were
acquired in a 4-color BD FACS-Calibur cytometer (BD Biosciences). Page 10/24 CellQuest Pro™ (BD Biosciences) software was used for acquisition and analysis purposes, and Infinicyt™
2.0 (Cytognos S.L., Salamanca, Spain) software was also used for more differentiated subset analysis. CellQuest Pro™ (BD Biosciences) software was used for acquisition and analysis purposes, and Infinicyt™
2.0 (Cytognos S.L., Salamanca, Spain) software was also used for more differentiated subset analysis. Whenever appropriate, fluorescence-minus-one control tubes were prepared to assess the positivity of
dimer expressions. The subsets analyzed, and the respective gating strategies, are displayed in figure 1. Within T-cells, we characterized CD4+ and CD8+ (CD4-) subsets, including CXCR5+ Tfh and Tfc cells, and
the Tfh1 and Tfh17 profiles, according to the expression of CXCR3 and CCR6, respectively. B-cells'
subsets were addressed according to the classical IgD/CD27 classification, and the Bm1-5 classification,
often used in autoimmunity settings21. Functional assays for the evaluation of IL21 production by T-cells Heparinized peripheral blood samples were used to assess IL21 and IL-17 production by CD4+ and CD8+
T-cells. In brief, cells were stimulated with PMA and ionomycin, for 5h at 37ºC in a 5% CO2 atmosphere in the
presence of brefeldin-A. After stimulation, cells were lysed, washed and incubated with anti-CD3 and anti-
CD8 mAbs for surface staining. For intracellular stain, cells were treated according to the protocol defined
by the manufacturer for the BD Fixation/Permeabilization Solution Kit with BD GolgiPlug™ (BD In brief, cells were stimulated with PMA and ionomycin, for 5h at 37ºC in a 5% CO2 atmosphere in the
presence of brefeldin-A. After stimulation, cells were lysed, washed and incubated with anti-CD3 and anti-
CD8 mAbs for surface staining. For intracellular stain, cells were treated according to the protocol defined
by the manufacturer for the BD Fixation/Permeabilization Solution Kit with BD GolgiPlug™ (BD
Biosciences) and then marked with anti-IL21 and anti-IL-17 mAbs, after cell fixation and permeabilization. For each patient, stimulated and unstimulated tubes were run in parallel to assure proper stimulation and
staining controls (figure 2) Biosciences) and then marked with anti-IL21 and anti-IL-17 mAbs, after cell fixation and permeabilization. For each patient, stimulated and unstimulated tubes were run in parallel to assure proper stimulation and
staining controls (figure 2). Funding The project was financed by Academia Cuf/José de Mello Saúde, Carnaxide, Portugal, and Sociedade
Portuguesa de Reumatologia, Lisbon, Portugal. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The first author gratefully acknowledges Academia Cuf/José de Mello Saúde and Sociedade Portuguesa
de Reumatologia for its financial support. Competing Interests The authors declare no competing financial and non-financial interests. AUTHORS' CONTRIBUTION FB, CM and RM conceived the original research idea, while all of the authors designed the study and
created the study protocol. FB and JVP recruited the patients and collected the data. JC and NA recruited
healthy controls and collected the data. CM and RM performed the flow cytometry analysis and the EBV
serology testing, and collected the data. CM performed the statistical analysis. JCB and LMB supervised
all the work and the research protocol. All of the authors contributed to data analysis and interpretation. FB and RM drafted the manuscript, and
all of the authors revised it and contributed to it intellectually. All of the authors have approved the final
version of the manuscript. Statistics Graph Pad Prism™ 6.0 (Graph Pad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) was used for statistical analysis. The
normality of data sets was assessed using D'Agostino & Pearson omnibus and Shapiro-Wilk normality Page 11/24 Page 11/24 tests. ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were made for multiple analyses among groups, followed by
Dunn's multiple comparisons test. When a significant difference was found, comparisons were done
using Unpaired Student’s t-test with Welch’s correction or Mann-Whitney test, for every two groups. For
categorical variables, Fischer’s or Chi-square tests were applied to assess differences between groups. Statistical significance was considered for p-values <0.05. tests. ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were made for multiple analyses among groups, followed by
Dunn's multiple comparisons test. When a significant difference was found, comparisons were done
using Unpaired Student’s t-test with Welch’s correction or Mann-Whitney test, for every two groups. For
categorical variables, Fischer’s or Chi-square tests were applied to assess differences between groups. Statistical significance was considered for p-values <0.05. Compliance With Ethical Standards This study was approved by the Ethics committee of Hospital Cuf Descobertas, 8/09/2014, Ethics
committee of Instituto Português de Reumatologia, 3/07/2015 and NOVA Medical School Ethics
(nº17/2016/CEFCM). All patients have signed informed consent to participate according to the
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(2010). Table 1 – Characterization of SjS patients and of SjS subgroups with distinct EBV serology Patient's characteristics are represented as number of occurrences (n) and percentages (%). Whenever
there were missing values, percentages reflect the number of occurrences over the number of patients
tested for the item. Ocular evaluation included Schirmer's test and corneal staining score. The oral signs
item consisted of a decreased unstimulated salivary flow. Focus score was defined as the number of
lymphocyte aggregates (≥50 cells) per 4 mm2 of glandular area of the biopsy sample. Joint symptoms
include arthritis and joint pain of inflammatory origin, but only cases that would score in the articular Page 15/24 domain of ESSDAI were considered as extra-glandular disease. Likewise, in some patients skin
involvement (which not included xerosis) was not considered as extra-glandular disease if it would not
score in the cutaneous domain of ESSDAI. Clinically active disease was defined as activity in any ESSDAI
domain, except the hematologic and biologic. domain of ESSDAI were considered as extra-glandular disease. Likewise, in some patients skin
involvement (which not included xerosis) was not considered as extra-glandular disease if it would not
score in the cutaneous domain of ESSDAI. Clinically active disease was defined as activity in any ESSDAI
domain, except the hematologic and biologic. SjS, primary Sjögren's syndrome; F, female; M, male; y, years; SSA/SSB, Sjögren's syndrome A/B antibody;
ANA, antinuclear antibody; RF, rheumatoid factor; ESSDAI, European Sjögren's syndrome disease activity
index. Table 1 – Characterization of SjS patients and of SjS subgroups with distinct EBV serology Page 16/24 Distinct EBV serology Sjögren's subgroups Sjögren's
syndrome
n=34
Distinct EBV serology Sjögrens subgroups
G1
EA IgG-
EBNA IgG+
G2
EA IgG+ EBNA
IgG+/-
G3
EA IgG–
EBNA IgG–
n = 18
n = 11
n = 5
Age (years, median, Min-Max)
57.1 (28.6-
74.8)
57.1 (28.6-
71.4)
49.1 (29.9-
74.8)
63.8 (49.2-
67.4)
Age of onset (years, median,
Min-Max)
43.7 (24.5-
68.3)
43.8 (24.5-
58.7)
39.3 (25.3-
68.3)
50.9 (36.0-
61.2)
Age at diagnosis (years,
median, Min-Max)
48.9 (26.7-
71.7)
49.3 (26.7-
62.0)
48.5 (29.7-
71.7)
53.8 (41.6-
65.2)
Symptom duration (years,
median, Min-Max)
11.9 (1.0-
29.5)
13.1 (1.3-
29.5)
8.1 (1.0-26.1)
12.8 (5.4-
17.8)
Ocular symptoms, n (%)
31 (91.2)
17 (94.4)
10 (90.9)
4 (80.0)
Oral symptoms, n (%)
33 (97.1)
18 (100)
11 (100)
4 (80.0)
Ocular signs, n (%)
22 (64.7)
11 (61.1)
8 (72.7)
3 (60.0)
Oral signs, n (%)
23 (67.6)
15 (83.3)
5 (45.5)
3 (60.0)
Parotid enlargement, n (%)
6 (17.6)
5 (28.8)
1 (9.1)
0 (0.0)
Focus Score ≥1, n (%)
23/32 (71.9)
15/17 (88.2)
3/10 (30.0)
5 (100)
Active disease, n (%)
17 (50.0)
9 (50.0)
7 (63.6)
1 (20.0)
ESSDAI (median, Min-Max)
2 (0-14)
2 (0-14)
2 (0-6)
2 (0-4)
ESSDAI ≥5, n (%)
5 (14.7)
4 (22.2)
1 (9.1)
0 (0.0)
Extra-glandular disease (ever),
n (%)
16 (47.1)
8 (44.4)
5 (45.5)
3 (60.0)
Joint symptoms (ever), n (%)
13 (38.2)
5 (28.8)
5 (45.5)
3 (60.0)
Skin involvement (ever), n (%)
10 (29.4)
4 (22.2)
5 (45.5)
1 (20.0)
Other Extraglandular involvment
2 (5.9)
2 (11.1)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
Raynaud's phenomenon
5 (14.7)
3 (16.7)
2 (18.2)
0 (0.0)
SSA (%)
27 (79.4)
13 (72.2)
10 (90.9)
4 (80.0)
SSB (%)
13/30 (43.3)
7/17 (41.2)
3/8 (37.5)
3 (60.0)
ANA ≥ 1/320, n (%)
28 (82.4)
15 (83.3)
8 (72.7)
5 (100) Page 17/24 Page 17/24 ANA ≥ 1/640, n (%)
21 (61.8)
12 (66.7)
6 (54.5)
3 (60.0)
Rheumatoid Factor, n (%)
16/29 (55.2)
9/16 (56.3)
4/9 (44.4)
3/4 (75.0)
Gammaglobulin ≥ 1.6 g/dl, n
(%)
11 (32.4)
5 (28.8)
5 (45.5)
1 (20.0)
Therapy (any), n (%)
21 (61.8)
13 (72.2)
5 (45.5)
3 (60.0)
Glucocorticoids, n (%)
12 (35.3)
6 (33.3)
3 (27.3)
3 (60.0)
Hydroxychloroquine, n (%)
12 (35.3)
8 (44.4)
2 (18.2)
2 (40.0)
Imunossupressants, n (%)
6 (17.6)
5 (28.8)
0 (0.0)
1 (20.0) Table 2 - Percentages of T and B-cell subsets in all groups Table 3 – EBV serological evaluation in SjS, RA and HC Results for the different anti-EBV antibodies in the different patient groups (positive/negative for
quantitative assays; positive/borderline/negative for semi-quantitative assays). * p<0.05, for SjS vs HC (Fisher’s exact test); n.s., non-significant. * p<0.05, for SjS vs HC (Fisher’s exact test); n.s., non-significant. jS, Sjögren's Syndrome. RA, Rheumatoid Arthritis. HC, Healthy Controls. ren's Syndrome. RA, Rheumatoid Arthritis. HC, Healthy Controls. Group
SjS
(n=34)
RA
(n=20)
HC
(n=20)
p value
IgG antibodies - Quantitative assays (Positive / Negative)
EBV CA IgG +
32 / 2
20 / 0
20 / 0
n.s. EBV EA IgG +
11 / 23
4 / 16
1 / 19
0.022*
EBV EBNA IgG +
26 / 8
16 / 4
17 / 3
n.s. IgA/IgM antibodies – Semiquantitative assays (Positive / Borderline / Negative)
EBV CA IgA
1 / 6 / 27
2 / 3 / 15
3 / 1 / 16
n.s. EBV CA IgM
0 / 0 / 34
0 / 0 / 20
0 / 0 /20
n.s. EBV EA IgA
0 / 0 / 34
0 / 0 / 20
0 / 1 / 19
n.s. Table 2 - Percentages of T and B-cell subsets in all groups T and B cells subsets' percentages presented in mean ± standard deviation. T and B cells subsets' percentages presented in mean ± standard deviation. T and B cells subsets' percentages presented in mean ± standard deviation and B cells subsets' percentages presented in mean ± standard deviation. Bold numbers highlight the populations that were significantly different. Kruskal-Wallis test was applied
for statistical significance. # Tfh1 and Tfh17 are represented as percentages among CXCR5+ Tfh cells. Tfh1 and Tfh17 are represented as percentages among CXCR5+ Tfh cells. SjS, Sjögren's Syndrome. RA, Rheumatoid Arthritis. HC, Healthy Controls. Page 18/24 HC Percentages
SjS
RA
HC
p-value
T-cell subsets
T-cells
74.97 [69.14-78.43]
80.25 [71.59-82.54]
74.71 [70.11-79.57]
0.151
CD4 T-cells
61.23 [53.09-67.65]
66.26 [52.80-71.62]
69.09 [60.83-75.89]
0.006
CXCR5+ Tfh
18.44 [14.69-23.56]
20.00 [15.48-25.47]
20.80 [17.38-22.93]
0.502
Tfh1#
36.23 [30.18-41.25]
28.64 [23.87-38.20]
31.65 [27.30-35.47]
0.014
Tfh17#
21.15 [16.63-26.72]
24.92 [17.08-29.57]
20.88 [17.57-29.11]
0.405
IL-21+
12.41 [8.25-14.92]
8.98 [7.32-11.39]
9.69 [6.32-11.94]
0.031
IL-17+
2.20 [1.46-3.17]
2.43 [1.20-3.90]
2.40 [1.72-6.74]
0.750
IL-21+ IL-17+
0.67 [0.50-0.94]
0.71 [0.34-0.94]
0.68 [0.28-1.09]
0.829
CD8 T-cells
38.40 [31.88-46.92]
33.74 [28.38-47.21]
30.90 [23.44-39.17]
0.012
CXCR5+ Tfc
2.53 [1.99-3.60]
1.98 [1.42-3.69]
3.44 [1.98-3.80]
0.456
IL-21+
4.05 [2.31-5.65]
2.32 [1.15-3.03]
2.79 [0.97-4.40]
0.001
IL-17+
0.89 [0.56-1.40]
1.06 [0.74-1.80]
1.14 [0.75-2.08]
0.217
IL-21+ IL-17+
0.27 [0.14-0.45]
0.18 [0.09-0.59]
0.33 [0.16-0.75]
0.350
B-cell subsets
B-cells
9.73 [6.87-13.34]
6.38 [4.40-8.60]
10.40 [8.57-13.65]
< 0.001
Naïve
66.58 [51.84-77.34]
55.80 [30.28-69.42]
53.01 [43.22-69.21]
0.030
Memory
29.46 [20.23-44.44]
32.17 [25.38-56.76]
44.45 [27.37-54.71]
0.032
Unswitched Memory
13.64 [8.91-22.57]
15.99 [10.80-27.53]
21.61 [14.57-32.20]
0.029
Switched Memory
14.50 [10.00-21.85]
17.41 [13.59-30.69]
19.52 [13.72-26.48]
0.107
Double negative
2.21 [1.51-4.10]
5.59 [2.33-7.74]
2.07 [1.44-2.93]
0.006
Bm1
9.60 [5.62-15.63]
14.27 [11.19-21.66]
13.86 [10.12-22.68]
0.003
Bm2
60.32 [48.75-67.10]
48.81 [31.48-63.13]
53.57 [47.42-61.74]
0.036
Bm2’
8.08 [3.72-13.44]
3.97 [1.87-9.91]
5.03 [3.46-8.20]
0.053
Bm3+4
1.40 [0.93-3.57]
1.61 [0.82-3.52]
1.19 [0.94-1.97]
0.476 6.87 [4.40-13.07]
17.14 [7.42-26.14]
8.86 [6.81-11.98]
0.006 Bm5 Table 3 – EBV serological evaluation in SjS, RA and HC Table 4 – Immune profile of SjS patients with distinct EBV serology patterns (percentages) Percentage values for all T and B cells subsets in median [minimum – maximum] in SjS patients
evaluated for EBV serology. Tfh1 and Tfh17 are represented as percentages among CXCR5+ Tfh cells. # Tfh1 and Tfh17 are represented as percentages among CXCR5+ Tfh cells. # Tfh1 and Tfh17 are represented as percentages among CXCR5+ Tfh cells. * Bold numbers highlight the populations that were significantly different. Kruskal-Wallis test was applied
for statistical significance. * Bold numbers highlight the populations that were significantly different. Kruskal-Wallis test was applied
for statistical significance. SjS, Sjögren's syndrome. EBV, Epstein-Barr virus. SjS, Sjögren's syndrome. EBV, Epstein-Barr virus. Page 20/24 P
21/24
EA IgG- EBNA IgG+
(n=18)
EA IgG+ EBNA IgG+/-
(n=11)
EA IgG– EBNA IgG–
(n=5)
p-
value
T-cell subsets
T-cells
77.0 [68.7-83.9]
75.6 [71.9-78.4]
74.8 [63.2-76.2]
0.395
CD4 T-cells
59.9 [50.2-63.6]
62.8 [53.0-67.3]
59.7 [47.4-66.7]
0.727
CXCR5+ Tfh
17.1 [13.8-24.1]
19.7 [14.2-23.7]
17.4 [13.6-27.7]
0.851
Tfh1#
37.3 [34.1-41.3]
37.4 [31.3-43.1]
28.2 [19.9-32.7]
0.025*
Tfh17#
21.6 [16.1-27.8]
18.7 [13.9-26.2]
23.3 [20.2-37.5]
0.168
IL-21+
12.4 [8.1-14.5]
13.27 [9.4-15.0]
13.4 [6.9-24.7]
0.857
IL-17+
2.42 [1.65-3.38]
2.76 [1.63-3.21]
2.20 [1.52-3.62]
0.882
IL-21+ IL-17+
0.68 [0.53-1.20]
0.73 [0.64-0.99]
0.58 [0.47-1.12]
0.666
CD8 T-cells
40.1 [36.4-49.8]
37.2 [32.7-47.0]
40.4 [33.4-52.7]
0.716
CXCR5+ Tfc
2.40 [2.25-3.38]
2.80 [2.10-3.60]
1.90 [1.50-2.40]
0.152
IL-21+
3.94 [2.52-5.30]
4.42 [2.53-8.47]
3.59 [2.04-33.68]
0.698
IL-17+
1.04 [0.57-1.38]
1.21 [0.90-1.61]
0.64 [0.42-2.13]
0.467
IL-21+ IL-17+
0.28 [0.14-0.50]
0.37 [0.23-0.48]
0.34 [0.15-1.14]
0.833
B cell subsets
B cells
9.8 [6.6-11.3]
11.0 [8.3-18.4]
7.7 [5.3-9.5]
0.130
Naïve
66.7 [48.7-74.4]
71.9 [49.4-77.5]
66.6 [50.4-77.1]
0.751
Memory
31.4 [23.3-49.0]
26.5 [19.6-49.7]
29.3 [22.4-47.1]
0.589
Unswitched
Memory
15.0 [13.0-24.8]
12.0 [7.9-20.0]
15.0 [6.1-28.5]
0.145
Switched
Memory
15.3 [10.0-26.8]
14.2 [10.3-22.5]
16.3 [10.9-18.4]
0.978
Double
negative
2.11 [1.52-3.06]
2.30 [1.59-3.32]
4.07 [1.04-6.91]
0.803
Bm1
10.0 [7.2-15.7]
5.5 [4.12-10.0]
12.5 [4.5-24.9]
0.203
Bm2
60.5 [45.5-67.1]
60.0 [47.4-64.0]
51.5 [47.7-64.2]
0.831
Bm2’
6.9 [2.3-11.9]
13.6 [6.4-17.4]
5.9 [3.8-18.6]
0.087* Bm3+4
2.21 [1.00-4.24]
2.83 [1.31-4.48]
1.10 [0.74-1.26]
0.043*
eBm5
9.7 [6.0-13.9]
9.2 [7.6-12.8]
11.5 [7.0-12.1]
0.997
Bm5
6.45 [4.67-14.81]
6.24 [4.05-11.45]
8.11 [6.07-14.83]
0.647 Page 22/24
Figures
Figure 1
Gating strategy for the identification of circulating T and B-cell subsets
+: positive; -: negative; hi: high;
Tfh – Follicular helper T cells; Tfc – Follicular cytotoxic T cells; DN – Double negative. Table 4 – Immune profile of SjS patients with distinct EBV serology patterns (percentages) A – Gating Figure 1 Gating strategy for the identification of circulating T and B-cell subsets
+: positive; -: negative; hi: high;
Tfh – Follicular helper T cells; Tfc – Follicular cytotoxic T cells; DN – Double negative. A – Gating Page 22/24 Page 22/24 strategy for the identification of CD4 T-cells (CD3+ CD4+ lymphocytes): CXCR5+ CD4 T-cells were
identified (Tfh), and within this subset, according to the expression of CXCR3 and CCR6, Tfh1 (CXCR3+
CCR6-), Tfh17 (CXCR3- CCR6+) and Tfh1/Tfh17 (CXCR3+ CCR6+) cells were identified. CD8 T-cells were
identified as the CD3+ CD4- population of lymphocytes. Within CD8 T-cells, CXCR5+ cells were identified
(Tfc), but also CXCR5- cells were characterized according to the expression of CCR7 (negative, positive
and high positive). B - Gating strategy for the identification of B-cells (CD19+ lymphocytes). Using the
expression of IgD and CD27 cells were divided in naïve (IgD+ CD27-), unswitched memory (IgD+ CD27+),
switched memory (IgD- CD27+) and double negative (IgD- CD27-). Using the Bm1-5 classification,
considering IgD and CD38, B-cells were divided in Bm1 (CD38- IgD+), Bm2 (CD38+ IgD+), Bm2’ (CD38hi
IgD+), Bm3+4 (CD38hi IgD-), eBm5 (CD38+ IgD-) and Bm5 (CD38- IgD-). considering IgD and CD38, B-cells were divided in Bm1 (CD38- IgD+), Bm2 (CD38+ IgD+), Bm2’ (CD38hi
IgD+), Bm3+4 (CD38hi IgD-), eBm5 (CD38+ IgD-) and Bm5 (CD38- IgD-). Figure 2
Gating Strategy for the identification of circulating CD4 and CD8 T-cells secreting IL-21 after stimulation
After identifying T-cells according to the expression of CD3 in the lymphocyte gate, CD4 T-cells were
identified as the CD3+ CD8- subset and CD8 T-cells as the CD3+ CD8+. A. Expression of IL-21 and IL-17 in
CD4 and CD8 T-cells after a 5-hour incubation period with no stimulation. B and C. Expression of IL-21
and IL-17 in CD4 and CD8 T-cells after a 5-hour stimulation with PMA and ionomycin, in the presence of
brefeldin A. Unstimulated controls were used for each sample, to assess the levels of positivity for IL-21
and IL-17. Figure 2 Gating Strategy for the identification of circulating CD4 and CD8 T-cells secreting IL-21 after stimulation
After identifying T-cells according to the expression of CD3 in the lymphocyte gate, CD4 T-cells were
identified as the CD3+ CD8- subset and CD8 T-cells as the CD3+ CD8+. A. Expression of IL-21 and IL-17 in
CD4 and CD8 T-cells after a 5-hour incubation period with no stimulation. B and C. Expression of IL-21
and IL-17 in CD4 and CD8 T-cells after a 5-hour stimulation with PMA and ionomycin, in the presence of
brefeldin A. Unstimulated controls were used for each sample, to assess the levels of positivity for IL-21
and IL-17. Page 23/24 Supplementary Files This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download. Supplementarytable1final.docx Supplementarytable2final.docx Supplementarytable3final.docx Page 24/24
| 48,819 |
southinbuildingo08soutiala_2
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,909 |
The South in the building of the nation : a history of the southern states designed to record the South's part in the making of the American nation; to portray the character and genius, to chronicle the achievements and progress and to illustrate the life and traditions of the southern people
|
Southern historical publication society, Richmond, pub | Chandler, J. A. C. (Julian Alvin Carroll), 1872-1934 | Riley, Franklin L. (Franklin Lafayette), 1868-1929 | Ballagh, James Curtis, 1867-1944 | Henneman, John Bell, 1864-1908 | Mims, Edwin, 1872-1959 | Watson, Thomas E. (Thomas Edward), 1856-1922 | Mitchell, Samuel Chiles, 1864-1948 | Fleming, Walter L. (Walter Lynwood), 1874-1932 | McSpadden, J. Walker (Joseph Walker), 1874-1960
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,367 | 9,657 |
There are three Indian characters drawn with great power. Sanutee, one of the older chiefs, real- izing that his own people are becoming corrupted by the English and feeling that a sort of sad fate awaits his nation, goes from the Indian capital one evening to inspect the English block-house, which is the fortress of the whites. His journey through the forest and his reflections serve as an admirable introduction to the story. His son, Occonestoga, is in thorough sympathy with the English who have -taught him the use of whiskey; in his father's eye he is an illustration of what may happen to the en- tire nation. Matiwan, the wife of Sanutee, is one of the best Indians ever drawn in fiction. She plays a difficult role, drawn one way by the love of her husband and another by the love of her son. The climax of her dramatic situation is reached in the thrilling chapter which is reproduced in the selec- tions, when she kills her son in order that he may not receive the curse of his tribe. In addition to these three characters, Simms has given vivid de- scriptions of the Indian council, the war dance, the wild chant of battle, and their resourcefulness in finding their way through the seemingly impene- trable forests. The conclusion of the story is an ac- count of their attack upon the block-house and their final defeat by the English. The white characters are not so successfully por- trayed. Governor Craven, who disguises himself as INTRODUCTION, xxix an EnglisH cavalier soldier; Dr. Matthews, a seri- ous, stern Scotch Presbyterian minister; Bess Mat- thews, his daughter and the beloved of the disguised Governor; and the brave woman who single-handed resists the attack of the Indians — these are some of the most significant characters. Simms 's use of dialogue is very unsatisfactory; pitiable almost is the dialect put into the mouth of the negro slave, and scarcely less so the various love scenes. But no failure of Simms to meet success- fully all the demands of a novel can take away his glory as a genuine story-teller. The book is full of stirring incidents, of hairbreadth escapes. The difficulty is that there are too many such incidents— a fact that cannot destroy the effect, however, of such scenes as the escape of Harrison from the In- dian guard-house, the dramatic rescue of the heroine from the rattlesnake, the final siege of the block- house, and, above all, the chapter which centers about the execution of the young Indian. Scarcely less interesting and successful than The Yemassee is The Partisan, which Simms also pub- lished in 1835. By this time he had begun to see the wealth of material afforded by his state's his- tory and traditions. In the preface he tells us how he came to write the story : "It was while spending part of a summer with a friend in the neighborhood of the once beautiful, but now utterly decayed, town of Dorchester, that I availed myself of the opportunity to revisit the ancient ruins of the place. When a boy I had frequently rambled over the ground, and listened to its domestic chronicles, from the lips of one — now no more — who had been perfectly conversant with its local history, as with a large body of Revolutionary and tra- ditional history besides. "Many of its little legends were impressed upon my memory, and the fortunes of more than one of its families, of whom no record now remains, but that of the place of burial, were deeply scored upon my mind. * * * It was with the revival of old memories, and the awakening of new impulses and sentiments, that I rambled through the solemn tabernacles of decay — the dismantled church, xxx SOUTHERN FICTION. the steeple overgrown with ivy and tenanted by a family of owls — the frowning fortress of the British, overgrown with vines and shrub-trees." The town of Dorchester and the surrounding coun- try had been the scene of the uprising of the parti- sans in 1780, at a time when the Tory ascendancy in the state was most despotic. Simms, stirred by every motive of patriotism and inspired by his his- toric imagination, entered into the telling of the story with all his energy. The romance has not only an historical value, but deserves to rank with the best romances that have been written in this coun- try. Certainly it will tend to keep alive the memory of Marion, "the Swamp Fox/' and his brave fol- lowers. One of the most attractive features of the story is Simms 's description of the cypress swamps, whence the American soldiers would sweep out on the unsuspecting British soldiers : "The party followed as their guide directed, and, after some twenty minutes' plunging, they were deep in the shadow and the shelter ot the swamp. The gloom was thicker around them, and was only relieved by the pale and skeleton forms of the cypresses, cluster- ing in groups along the plashy sides of the still lake. Sometimes a phosphorescent gleam played over the stagnant pool, while on the neighboring bank the frogs of all degrees croaked forth their in- harmonious chant, making the scene more hideous, and certainly adding greatly to the sense of gloom which it inspired in those who penetrated it." So much for the historical background and the scenery of the romance, both of which are still fur- ther suggested by the selections given in the text. The incidents are not so graphic as in The Temassee, but such passages as the description of the storm which overtakes Captain Singleton and his comrades and the account of the rescue of Colonel "Walton from the British partisans show Simms at his best as a romancer. An element of the weird is found INTBODTJCTIOlSr. xxxl in the episode that centres about the witch and her uncanny son. The presentation of Marion and his men, though to some extent more historical than romantic, is vivid and picturesque. Perhaps the most original characters in the book is Porgy, who is a combination of Falstaff and the old-time South- em colonel. In him there is also a suggestion of Simms himself : "Porgy was a good-looking fellow, spite of his mammoth dimen- sions. He had a fine, fresh, manly face, clear complexion and light blue eyes, the archness of which was greatly heightened by its com- parative littleness. It was a sight to provoke a smile on the face of Mentor, to see those little blue eyes twinkling with treacherous light as he watched Dr. Oakenburg plunging from pool to pool under his false guidance, and condoling with him afterwards. * * * If Oakenburg was as lean as the Knight of La Mancha, Porgy was quite as stout as Sancho. At a glance you saw that he was a jovial philosopher — one who enjoyed his bottle with his humors, and did not suffer the one to be soured by the other. It was clear that he loved all the good things of this life, and some possibly that we may not call good with sufficient reason. His abdomen and brains seemed to work together. He thought of eating perpetually, and, while he ate, still thought. But he was not a mere eater. He rather amused himself with a hobby when he made food his topic, as Falstaff dis- coursed of his own cowardice without feeling it. He was a wag, and exercised his wit with whomsoever he traveled; Dr. Oakenburg, on the present occasion, offering himself as an admirable subject for victimization. To quiz the Doctor was Porgy's recipe against the tedium of a swamp progress, and the fertile humors of the wag per- petually furnished him occasions for the exercise of his faculty. He was attended by a negro body-servant — a fellow named Tom, and of humors almost as keen and lively as his own. Tom was a famous cook, after the fashion of the Southern planters, who could win his way to your affection through his soups, and needed no other argument. He was one of that class of faithful, half-spoiled negroes who will never suffer any liberties with his master except such as he takes himself." Between 1835, which witnessed the appearance of these two striking romances, and 1842 Simms was a prolific romancer, but he never again attained the success achieved in his first ventures. He did not attempt to write further about Indians, but he wrote sequels to The Partisan, none of which are xxxil SOUTHERN FICTION. successful.* His border romances, to which refer- ence has already been made, were also unsuccessful. The amazing thing is that Simms did not fulfill the promise of his first two romances. He settled at ''Woodlands" — the estate of his second wife — under conditions most favorable for his work. Here he entertained some of the most famous writers of his country; here he gradually gathered a large li- brary; and here for several years he worked with prodigious energy during the winter months. The account of his literary habits shows that it was his custom to write thirty pages of manuscript every morning, whatever diversions might tempt him. His fame was rapidly spreading throughout this coun- try and Europe; and one might well have prophe- sied a prosperous and constantly expanding literary career. Two reasons may be assigned, however, for his failure to realize his possibilities. He was a care- less writer. The story is told of him that he took The Partisan to New York with him uncompleted. Printers soon caught up with him. When he ex- pressed a desire to take a holiday of a week, the publishers told him they could not wait. "Give me pen, ink and paper," he said, "and I will go up- stairs and find a place to write." In less than half an hour he came down again with more manuscript than would be required during his absence. The in- cident is characteristic. He says in the preface to one of his books in apologizing for its defects, "I find it much easier to invent a new story than to re- pair the defects of an old one." Like Cooper and Scott, he was unable to give the attention to the de- tails of his work which they required ; and even the general structure of his romances suffered from his *They are MeUichampe (1836), Katharine Walton (1851), The Foragert (1855) •Dd Eutaw (1856). INTKODUCTIOX. lack of discipline and restraint. Hence we have even grammatical mistakes, to say nothing of carelessly written dialogue and incident. A still further reason for Simms's failure may be seen in his gradual absorption in the great political and social questions of his section and in the great number of undertakings in which he was engaged. His versatility kept him from following the true bent of his genius. His biographer in summarizing his activity from 1842 to 1850 says : "The main business of his life appeared to consist in endeavoring to put as many irons as possible into the fire. In these eight years he edits two magazines, begins to edit a third, is his own chief con- tributor, and favors his New York, Philadelphia and Richmond confreres with a perennial supply of manuscript. He is equally dexterous in dashing off satire and in delivering Fourth of July and commencement orations. He turns biographer, and with apparently little effort writes the lives of three American heroes, and then adventurously tries his hand on the romantic career of Bayard. He continues his investigations into the history of his native state, and publishes a geography of the same. He assumes the rdle of critic, fills his magazines with reviews long and short, and collects the best in two volumes. He edits apocryphal plays, and serves two years in the legislature. And in the midst of it all he finds time for an annual visit to the North, for jauntings through the South and Southwest, for balls and parties in Charleston, and for the duties of a planter at Woodlands."* The fact is that Simms saw the great possibilities in the undeveloped resources of Southern literature, and sought to cover the field himself, in the absence of any who might have helped him. Furthermore, he became more and more interested in the political questions of his section. There is no better illustra- tion of the fascination which public life had for talented Southerners than the way in which Simms dedicated his great powers in the years before the war to the defense of Southern institutions and political theories. *W. P. Trent: Life of Simm». xxxiv SOUTHERN FICTION. After the war, when he might have turned again to the writing of fiction, he was a sad and broken man. He had lost his home and with it his library of ten thousand volumes. About him in his native state was the desolation of a conquered and perse- cuted people. He did all in his power to help the younger writers who looked to him as their leader, his reputation bolstered up for awhile many of the short-lived Southern magazines, and he even wrote two romances about pioneer life in North Carolina ; but it was too late. His wand was broken, and some of the most pathetic words ever written are those which tell the story of his heroic efforts to regain the creative power of the past. He tells us that for three nights he wrote till two in the morning on his romances. He left behind an epitaph which he desired to be put upon his tomb-stone, words which suggest poignantly the pathos of his brave career: "Here lies one who, after a reasonably long life, distinguished chiefly by unceasing labors, has left all his better works undone." If beside these words we place those of Simms's friend, Paul Hamilton Hayne, we have the key to the tragedy of his life : "Simms's genius never had fair play! Circum- stances hampered him ! Thus, the man was greater than his works.'* John P. Kennedy (1795-1870) did not take liter- ature so seriously as did Simms. He was a man of the same type as William Wirt, whose biography he wrote (1849). He was a lawyer and public man who was interested in literature as a recreation from his severer work. And yet we should scarcely re- member that he was Secretary of the Navy under Pillmore if we did not know him as the author of Swallow Barn and Horse-Shoe Robinson, His first story, Swallow Barn; or a Sojourn in the Old Dominion (1832), is written in the leisurely INTRODUCTION. xxxv style of the Eighteenth century, suggesting compari- son with the Sir Roger de Coverley Papers and liv- ing's Bracebridge Hall. His personal friendship for Irving, to whom one of his books is dedicated, as well as his admiration for Addison, suggested these sketches of life in Virginia in the first part of the Nineteenth century. overflowing hospitality which knew no ebb." Bather copious extracts are given from this book because it gives what is perhaps the best contemporary, ac- count of the aristocratic social life of Virginia. The reader will not fail to see in the sketches of the lord and lady of Swallow Barn, of Prudence Meriwether in her flower garden, of Parson Chub, a plump, rosy old gentleman and classical pedant with his passion for folios, and of Phillpot Wart, types that will re- veal the very form and pressure of the olden time. Certainly there is nowhere in Southern fiction such a realistic picture of the hospitality that reigned in the old Virginia mansions as the account of the great dinner given by the Meriwethers to their visitors and neighbors. Incidentally, we have interesting side-lights on the political questions of the day, and especially the author's pronounced national spirit and his view of the kindlier aspects of slavery. Very different from this leisurely book is Ken- nedy's stirring romance of the Eevolution, Horse* Shoe Robinson, which vies with Simms' Partisan in being the best of the Revolutionary romances. The two authors were interested in the same period of history, the uprising of the partisans during the Tory ascendency in South and North Carolina. . The novels are not duplicates, however, for the back- ground of Simms's story is the swamps of South Carolina, while Kennedy's story reaches its climax in the battle of King's Mountain. Both writers give a vivid idea of the heroism of the brave men that followed Marion, Sumpter, Harvey, Pickens and other partisan leaders who "entered with the best spirit of chivalry into the national quarrel, and brought to it hearts as bold, minds as vigorous, and arms as strong as ever in any clime worked out a national redemption." In a nation of legendary or INTRODUCTION. xxxvii poetical associates their fame " would have been re- duplicated through a thousand channels of verse." The circumstances under which Kennedy met the principal character of the story are graphically told in his introduction to the novel. On a visit to the western section of South Carolina he spent the night at a place to which Horse-Shoe Robinson, then an old man, was summoned to give relief to a boy who had met with a serious accident. "What a man I saw! With near seventy years upon his poll, time seemed to have broken its billows over his front only as the ocean breaks over a rock. There he stood — tall, broad, brawny and erect. The sharp light gilded his massive frame and weatherbeaten face with a pictorial effect that would have rejoiced an artist." On that night the old gentleman told him the thrilling story of his escape from Charleston and how he took five Scotchmen prisoners — incidents that were afterwards developed in the novel. It was long after midnight before the party broke up ; and when the novelist got to bed it was to dream of Horse-Shoe and his adventures. This was the be- ginning of what Kennedy afterwards, with the aid of historical research, elaborated in his story. The story opens with Robinson and Captain But- ler making their way from the country around Char- lottesville to join the ranks of the partisans. Horse- Shoe relates to his companion the story of his peril- ous escape from the Tories in Charleston. The mountaineer has come to guide Butler into the mountains of western North Carolina. Soon after they reach their destination they are both captured. Horse-Shoe escapes from his captors and tries in every way to rescue his comrade. With the aid of a mountain girl and her lover he accomplishes the feat, only, however, to see him captured again. The story then centres about the numerous frays between the Tories and Whigs in the mountain sections — the xxxviii SOUTHERN FICTION. hairbreadth escapes, the long midnight rides, the fierce warfare between members of the same family even. Led by Sevier, Campbell and Shelby at King's Mountain, the Whig partisans win a glorious vic- tory. When the original Horse-Shoe Eobinson heard the story read in his old age he remarked: "It is all true and right — excepting about them women, which I disremember. That mought be true, too, but my memory is treacherous — I disremember." It was this element of a love story that served to enhance the romantic appeal of the novel. The characters of Mary Musgrove, who in her devotion to the Whig cause proves to be a heroine of great resource- fulness, and of Mildred Lindsay, who, although the daughter of a rich Tory of Pennsylvania, follows her lover, Captain Butler, to the scene of conflict, are well drawn. There are scenes in the story that anticipate some of the stories of Charles Egbert Craddock in their suggestion of the treachery and bravery of moun- taineers. The tragic death of John Kamsay is one of the episodes of the story. But, after all, the char- acter of Horse-Shoe dominates the entire book. He is resourceful, brave, full of good humor, and has a certain elemental sympathy with right things. When at the end of the battle he comes rushing up with the rescued Butler and throws him into Mildred's arms, saying, "Take him, m'a'am, I promised myself to- day that I'd give him to you. And, now you've got him," one feels that he has been in the presence of a man loyal to friendship and patriotic at a critical time in his country's history. No better conception could be given of his character than the words of Poe in the review of the book already referred to : "Horse-Shoe Robinson is the life and soul of the drama — the bone and sinew of the book — its very breath — its everything INTRODUCTION. XXXIX which gives it strength, substance and vitality. Never was there a rarer fellow — a more laughable blacksmith — a more gallant Sancho. He is the very prince at an ambuscade, and a very devil at a fight. He is a better edition of Robin Hood — quite as sagacious, not half BO much of a coxcomb — and infinitely more moral. In short, he is the man of all others we should like to have riding by our side in any very hazardous expedition." Twenty years after the publication of Kennedy's novel the last of the important romances of the South before the war made its appearance — John Esten Cooke's The Virginia Comedians, or, Old Days in the Old Dominion. From the historical standpoint, it fills the gap between Simms's The Yemassee and the two Eevolutionary romances of Simms and Kennedy. The historical background is that of the period just before the Revolution, when against the Established Church and the feudal sys- tem of society the new forces of freedom and democ- racy began to struggle. The scene of the story is laid in Williamsburg at the time when the Virginia company of comedians at the theatre near the cap- itol played The Merchant of Venice — the first dra- matic representation in America. In the well- written introduction the author suggests the setting of the story: "It was the period of the culmination of the old social regime. A splendid society had burst into flower, and was enjoying itself in the sunshine and under the blue skies of the most beautiful of lands. The chill winds of the Revolution were about to blow; life was easy and full of laughter. * * * Social intercourse was the joy of the epoch, and crowds flocked to the race course, where the good horses were running for the cup, or to the cock-fight, where the favorite spangles fought to the death. The violin seemed to be ever playing — at the Raleigh Tavern, in Williamsburg, where young Jefferson 'danced with Belinda at the Apollo' and was happy, or in the great manor-houses of the planters clustering along the lowland rivers. In town and country life was a pageant." To this society, sketched so brilliantly by Cooke, there comes a rude shock. Beatrice Hallam, a young actress, who is a member of the troupe of Virginia xl SOUTHERN FICTION. Comedians, fascinates Effingham, a descendant of one of the first families of Virginia, while John Walters, the incarnation of the new democratic tendencies in Virginia life, becomes a disturbing political factor. The struggle between the forces of conservatism and of radicalism is dramatically pre- sented : "A vague unrest pervaded the atmosphere and gave warning of the approaching cataclysm. Class distinctions had been immemorially looked upon as a part of the order of nature ; but certain curious and restive minds began to ask if that was just, and to glance sideways at the wealthy nabob in his fine coach. * * On all sides mur- murs, mutterings as of an approaching storm! Men doubtful of the ground they walk on — new ideas dazzling them — old institutions crumbling — a hand upon the wall tracing, in fiery letters, the mysterious future."* Meanwhile there had sprung up in the Southwest an entirely different group of writers with very dif- ferent ideals of literature. It will be recalled that the year 1835 was a notable one in the history of Southern fiction. It saw the publication in the Southern Literary Messenger of some of Poe's short stories, of Simms's two best romances, of Kennedy's Horse-Shoe Robinson, and of Longstreet's Georgia Scenes. In this one year we have suggested all the lines along which Southern fiction was to develop. Poe, as has been seen, represents the tendency to seek in remote countries and far-away vistas for the background of his creations. Simms and Kennedy both had an eye for the picturesque traditions and romances of Southern history. Augustus Baldwin Longstreet (1790-1870) was perhaps more strikingly original than any of them when he sought to set forth the every-day life of the rural sections of Georgia — "the nether side of Southern life." In *Cooke never again wrote so notable a romance. After the war he published a series of novels, based on his experiences during the war — Surry of Eagle's Nest, Mohun, Hilt to Hilt, and others. They were widely read at the time, but they were too hurriedly and carelessly written to be of permanent value. Cooke's de- sire to preserve the best memories of that tragic era was commendable, but the artistic interpretation of so great a struggle was not within his power — (ime alone could give the proper perspective. INTRODUCTION. xli doing so lie anticipated the methods and ideals of modern realists. His book has a value out of all (proportion to its absolute value. It was popular in its own day, because it was recognized at once as a faithful interpretation of the life of a primitive people. More recently it has received increasing at- tention because of its relation to modern tendencies in fiction. It is surely the irony of fate that a Methodist preacher and the president of two universities (Uni- versities of South Carolina and Mississippi) should be remembered now chiefly as the author of a series of humorous stories. As an instructor of youth, he might well feel embarrassed by the characters and language of his book; as a Methodist preacher, he might often be confronted by his realistic pictures of the dance and the horse-race. He was so ashamed of his book that his publishers could never persuade him to revise the first edition, nor did he like to have his authorship referred to. In his preface to the first edition, which was printed in Augusta, he tells of the genesis of the stories : "The following sketches were written rather in the hope that chance would bring them to light when time would give them interest in the belief that they would afford any interest to the readers of the present day. They consist of nothing more than fanciful com- binations of real incidents and characters; and throwing into those scenes, which would be otherwise dull and insipid, some personal accident or adventure of my own. * * * Some of the scenes are as literally true as the frailties would allow them to be. I com- menced the publication of them in one of the gazettes of the state, rather more than a year ago; and I was not more pleased than astonished to find that they were well received by readers generally. For the last six months I have been importuned by persons from all quarters of the state to give them to the public in the present form. * * * This volume is purely a concession to their entreaties. I have not had it in my power to superintend the publication of them, though they issue from a press in the immediate vicinity of my resi- dence. I discovered that, if the work was delayed until I could have an opportunity of examining the proof sheets, it would linger in the press till the expenses (already large) would become intolerable. xlii SOUTHEKN FICTION. Consequently there may be many typographical errors among them, for which I must crave the reader's indulgence. "I cannot conclude these introductory remarks without reminding those who have taken exception to the coarse, inelegant and some- times ungrammatical language which the writer represents himself as occasionally using, that it is language accommodated to the capacity of the person to whom he represents himself as speaking" No apology need now be made for so faithful a picture of life in Georgia. Georgia was from the first a more democratic state than Virginia or South Carolina. Its population was composed of various types of settlers, who took part in the camp-meeting, the old-field school, the county court, the races, the gander-pulling, the debating society, the militia drill and the fox hunt. All these phases of rural social life are vividly portrayed in the Georgia Scenes. Longstreet had exceptional opportunities to see country life. After graduating at Yale, he settled in Georgia as a lawyer and editor, later as a preacher and educator. In wandering around the circuit of county courts and mingling with lawyers at country taverns he heard many of the stories which he later recorded in his book. The first selec- tion given in the text will illustrate the anecdotal character of other parts of the book. Wherever two or three Georgians are gathered together even now, there is likely to be a large number of anecdotes, more or less coarse. Their public speakers have re- tained in these anecdotes and even in their own speeches much of the homely patois of the rural sec- tion. Never was there a book that grew so vitally out of the life of the people. It is clearly an antici- pation of the realistic stories of Eichard Malcolm Johnston and Joel Chandler Harris, and in its ele- mental quality suggests the humor of Mark Twain. Among the best-known portraits of the book are those of Ned Brace and Eansy Sniffle. Of the latter INTRODUCTION. xliii the author -writes, with some of Dickens 's power of caricature : "Now there happened to reside in the county just alluded to a little fellow by the name of Ransy Sniffle: a sprout of Richmond, who, in his earlier days, had fed copiously upon red clay and black- berries. This diet had given to Ransy a complexion that a corpse would have disdained to own, and an abdominal rotundity that was quite unprepossessing. His shoulders were fleshless and elevated; his head large and flat; his neck slim and translucent; and his arms, hands, fingers and feet were lengthened out of all proportion to the rest of his frame. His joints were large and his limbs small; and as for flesh he could not, with propriety, be said to have any. Those parts which nature usually supplies with the most of this article — the calves of the legs, for example — presented in him the appearance of so many well-drawn blisters. His height was just five feet nothing; and his average weight in blackberry season, ninety-five. There was nothing on this earth which delighted Ransy so much as a fight. He never seemed fairly alive except when he was witnessing, fomenting or talking about a fight. Then, indeed, his deep sunken gray eye assumed something of a living fire, and his tongue acquired a volubility that bordered upon eloquence." Poe was prophetic in his suggestion that the Georgia Scenes would be the prototype of other books in Southern literature. Longstreet's friend, William Tappan Thompson (1812-1882), was joint editor with him of the Augusta Sentinel. He later wrote for the Madison (Ga.) Miscellany a series of letters entitled Major Jones's Courtship, which were collected in book form in 1840. In 1843 he published the Chronicles of Pineville, and in 1848 some humor- ous sketches of travel in the form of letters written by "Major Jones," relating his adventures in Wash- ington and Baltimore. He was editor of the Savan- nah Morning News (1840-1882), and as such was the first literary patron of Joel Chandler Harris. The best book of Mr. Thompson's was his first. "In representative quality, both as to its dramatis personce and its dialect, the story is genuinely racy of the soil. It is distinctively Southern and pro- vincial." Major Jones, with his innocence of heart and homely dialect, figures as the lover of a country xliv SOUTHERN FICTION. girl, who has just returned from Wesleyan Female College, and who has much to say, to the Major's discomfort, of "Matthew Matix," "Nat. Filosofy" and "Al. Geber." After a series of humorous ad- ventures, such as a Georgia coon hunt, he finds that his love has not heen in vain. The climax of the courtship is reached in the passage which is repro- duced in the selection herewith given. Simon Suggs, the creation of Johnson Jones Hooper (1815-1862), is a much coarser character than Major Jones. "He is," as Henry Watterson says, ' ' a gambler by nature, by habit, by preference and by occupation. Without a virtue in the world, except his good-humor and self-possession, there is something in his vices, his insolence, his swagger, his rogueries, which, in spite of the worthlessness of the man and the dishonesty of his practices, detains and amuses us. " In a word, he is a sharp and vul- gar, sunny and venal swash-buckler. The son of an old "hardshell" Baptist preacher, and reared ac- cording to the strictest requirements of the moral law, he reacts in the direction of extreme dissipation and coarseness. He professes conversion at a re- vival meeting, only to deceive the enthusiastic Chris- tians into giving him money to establish another mission. He avoids the judgment of a court by hav- ing a fake message sent telling of the probable death of his sons, thereby winning the sympathy of the judge for the "grief -stricken old man going home to his dying children." He is in his glory while im- personating a rich Kentuckian in a venturesome raid on the "tiger" — an antiquated form of reckless gambling. He announces his philosophy of life in the following words: "Mother Wit kin beat book- larnin' at any game. * * * Human natur' and the human family is my books, and I have never seed many but what I could hold my own with. * * * INTRODUCTION. x!v Books ain't fitten for nothin' but gist to give to chil- dren goin' to school, to keep 'em outen mischief." The unfailing principle on which he acts in the ''flush times," of Alabama is: "It is good to be shifty in a new country." The author of the book, whose full title is The History of the Life and Adventures of Captain Simon Suggs of the Tallapoosa Volunteers, was born in North Carolina, and moved to Alabama, where he was editor of several papers, notably the Montgomery Mail. The Adventures, like all the other humorous books mentioned in this sketch, appeared in a Southern newspaper; it was later published in Philadelphia in 1846. Hooper was prominent in politics, being secretary to the pro- visional Confederate Congress. Like Longstreet, he had occasion to regret his reputation as a humorist. At an important political convention he was called upon in the capacity of "Mr. Suggs" for a speech. Link, in recording the incident, says : "From the character which his writings inspired, he was sup- posed by everybody to be always ripe for a frolic and for a roar of merriment, and that he was good at telling stories as in writing his droll descriptions, and thankful for the privilege. He stirred not an inch. More than a thousand persons, in the galleries and else- where, were on the tiptoe of expectation at hearing "Simon Suggs" deliver his convulsive jokes. But the feast came not, when the entrance of the committee put an end to the embarrassment of Mr. Hooper. This call by Judge Jones was referred to at the hotel, in the presence of Mr. Hooper, as an evidence of the popularity of the latter, even out of his own state. He replied that a liberty had been taken with his name which was really offensive, as showing that others looked upon him as a mere story-teller, with nothing solid in his composition. He confessed and regretted that his writings had established that character in public estimation, and that he felt its depressing influence whenever he desired or aimed to soar above it to a higher rank before the public. His ambition had been to move in quite a different channel, to enjoy the respect of men, but he had unfortunately obtained a reputation which cut off all such hopes. It was an evil day to his fortunes and to his happiness when he embarked in that class of literature, or otherwise became a chronic story-teller for the diversion of his companions. He said it was prob- xlvi SOUTHEEN FICTION. ably too late to rectify the blunder, and that he must continue to suffer the consequences."* Of distinctively better quality than any of the books by Southern humorists is Flush Times in Ala- bama and Mississippi, by Judge Joseph Glover Baldwin (1815-1864). Like all the other humorists, he had lived in other sections than that which fur- nished the basis of his writing, and could thereby see the pioneer life of the Southwest in a proper per- spective. At the age of twenty-one he left his home at Winchester, Va., with the scant outfit of a pony and clothing sufficient to fill a pair of saddlebags, "urged by hunger and request of friends." Mag- nificent accounts had come to him from the South- west— "that sunny land of most cheering and exhil- arating prospects of fussing, quarrelling, murdering, violation of contracts — in fine, of a flush tide of liti- gation in all of its departments, civil and criminal— a legal Utopia." He settled first in Mississippi and then in Sumter, Ala., where he found a number of in- teresting lawyers of literary taste and culture, who often "gathered in the old Choctaw House to regale their spirits with funny anecdotes and humorous ad- ventures, with comforting beverages and appetizing meals." His sketches, which appeared first in the Southern Literary Messenger (1853-54), were the natural product of "that golden era, when shin- plasters were the sole currency; when bank-bills were 'as thick as autumn leaves in Vallambrosa' and credit was a franchise." Various types figure in this well-written book- Ovid Bolus, who for a long time deceives the pioneer section with the exaggerated stories of his adven- tures in politics and love; the mendacious and roguish lawyer, Simon Suggs, Jr.; the young law- yer who receives a genuine hazing at the hands of a *Pioneers of Southern Literature, Vol. 2. INTRODUCTION. xlvii practiced lawyer of the old school; and, above all, the generous and hospitable and yet proud Virgin- ian, who cannot adapt himself to an age of adven- turous plunging in finance. Baldwin's style has the note of distinction — his delicate power of literary allusion and his felicitous strokes of characteriza- tion deserve far more praise than they have re- ceived. In the course of this sketch the main reasons why Southern writers did not achieve greater success in fiction have been suggested. None of them, except Poe, and perhaps Simms, were professional men of letters; their literary work was incidental to what seemed to them more important. Most of them wrote carelessly, even slovenly. Furthermore, the absence of anything like a literary centre was a hindrance; there was little of the influence of one writer on an- other. Slavery, and the feudal system perpetuated thereby, militated against purely literary work. For all these reasons, and others that might be men- tioned, the promise of the early thirties was not ful- filled. From 1855 to 1861 some novels, mostly senti- mental or sensational, were appearing from time to time. The war itself called forth some poetry of real passion and power, but no worthy fiction. xlviii SOUTHERN FICTION. II.— SOUTHERN FICTION AFTER THE WAR OF SECESSION. WITH the death of Simms, Kennedy, and Long- street in 1870, a distinct period of Southern fiction may be said to have closed. Of the ante-bellum wri- ters, only John Esten Cooke and a few women nov- elists maintained, for a few years after the war, the ideals of romantic fiction. Cooke realized that he was fighting a losing battle against the rising tide of realism, as he and his section had fought a losing- battle against the rising tide of nationalism. Rich- ard Malcolm Johnston, who had, prior to 1860, writ- ten some sketches of social life in Georgia, published his Dukesborough Tales in the Southern Magazine of Baltimore in 1870. They made but little impres- sion, however. Not till 1879, when he contributed to the Century Magazine, did he really begin to attract attention, and by that time a group of younger wri- ters had inaugurated a new era in Southern fiction. He was thus the connecting link between Longstreet and Joel Chandler Harris, as Paul Hamilton Hayne was between Simms and Lanier. There was in the South immediately after the war a demand, sometimes vociferously expressed, for a distinctive "Southern" literature. Magazines were started in many Southern cities, publishing houses were projected either in the South or in the North for the express purpose of promoting the sale of Southern books, and there were many men and women who wrote with the avowed aim of setting the South right before the world. Some wrote out of their extreme poverty. There was a deluge of poems, sentimental and morbid; of reminiscences carelessly put together ; of histories written without INTRODUCTION. xfix reliance on documentary material; of fiction highly romantic and sensational; and of textbooks written because the South could "no longer trust the mental and moral training of sons and daughters to teach- ers and books imported from abroad." The idea was that patriotic men should now come forth to jus- tify the Southern point of view. About 1875 there began to appear in Northern magazines short stories and poems by Southern wri- ters which were of a distinctly different quality. The real Southern literature — or better American literature in the South — came almost without ob- servation, when men began to describe in a simple and vet artistic way the human life about them. Lr- win Russell, listening to an old negro mammy sing- ing a revival hymn in the back yard of his Missis- sippi home and fitting words to the tune, ushered in the dialect poem and prepared the way for the dialect story. Joel Chandler Harris began to write for the Atlanta Constitution stories gathered from the old plantation of his boyhood — and "Uncle Remus" was soon known around the world. George W. Cable depicted with consummate art the scenery and romance of New Orleans. Miss Murfree, with the background of the mountains of east Tennessee, interpreted the life of our "contemporary ances- tors." In the eighties, Thomas Nelson Page wrote out the stories of the old times in Virginia that he had told for a number of years in the social circles of Richmond. Later James Lane Allen, with a finer culture and with an added note of idealism, set forth the remoter life of the Revolutionary days in Ken- tucky and the distinctive landscapes of the bluegrass country. Still later, Miss Johnston explored the fields of early colonial history, and Miss Ellen Glas- gow represented something of the transition from the old South to the new. Some of the most iir 1 SOUTHERN FICTION. esting figures in contemporary American literature are Southerners.* It is unfortunate that there has not been a more notable fulfillment of the early promise, but this fact may be in part attributed to the general condition of American literature.
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du ministère ont apporté en 2007 leur contribution à la réalisation de cette
mission. Certaines réalisations 2007 méritent cependant d’être plus
D’une manière générale, le programme a disposé en 2007 de
1.071 M€ d’AE et de CP de crédits hors titre 2 (dont 91 M€ d’AE et 105 M€
de CP de fonds de concours) pour réaliser ses missions.
Les crédits (hors titre 2) ont été exécutés à hauteur de
1.010 M€ en AE=CP (1.010,23 M€ en AE et 1.009,60 M€ en CP). En CP, ils ont été
exécutés pour 57% par les opérateurs (établissements publics, associations),
30% par les services déconcentrés, 13% par les services centraux.
Un effort budgétaire significatif a été effectué en 2007 en
faveur des monuments historiques appartenant à l’État. Après l’affectation du
dégel 2006 aux travaux de restauration sur des monuments appartenant à l’État,
le gouvernement a affecté une fraction de la taxe sur les droits de mutation à
titre onéreux (DMTO) au Centre des monuments nationaux (CMN) afin qu’il
poursuive l’exécution de ces travaux. Ainsi, 140 M€ ont été alloués à cet
Le taux d’exécution des crédits du programme est de 99,76%
si l’on exclut des crédits disponibles, les fonds de concours reportés vers
2008 (3,8 M€ en AE et 34,5 M€ en CP dont 24 M€ issus du fonds de concours CMN
ont été reportés).
préservation, la valorisation et l’enrichissement des patrimoines
L’objectif de préservation, de valorisation et
d’enrichissement des patrimoines s’est traduit par une politique active
En matière de patrimoine monumental, l’année 2007 est
marquée par la poursuite de la réforme de modernisation des procédures
d’intervention de l’État et par le plan de relance des travaux de restauration
des monuments historiques appartenant à l’État.
Ce profond mouvement de réforme s’est d’abord traduit par le
transfert aux collectivités territoriales de la propriété de monuments
historiques appartenant à l’État. Sur les 69 monuments dont le transfert de
propriété a été demandé par les collectivités territoriales, 38 premières
conventions de transfert ont été signées en 2007.
Le dispositif fiscal a également été revu, dans son article
23, par la loi n°2007-1824 du 25 décembre 2007 de finances rectificative pour
2007 afin de permettre l’application de la déductibilité des dépenses
d’entretien ou de restauration du mobilier classé au titre des monuments
historiques, du revenu imposable.
La mise en œuvre réglementaire de l’ordonnance n°2005-1128
du 8 septembre 2005 conforte les missions de l’État en matière de contrôle
Des études ont été menées en 2007 pour améliorer la
connaissance du patrimoine monumental français (rapport sur le financement par
l’État de l’entretien et la restauration des monuments historiques diffusé en
octobre 2007, rapport sur l’État du parc monumental français diffusé en
En 2007, le Centre des monuments nationaux a acquis la
compétence de maître d’ouvrage des travaux sur les monuments qu’il gère et a
assuré transitoirement la maîtrise d’ouvrage des travaux de restauration sur
d’autres monuments appartenant à l’État.
A la fin de l’année, la ministre a lancé une mission pour
mieux répartir les compétences entre le CMN et les autres acteurs de la
maîtrise d’ouvrage (le Service national des travaux (SNT), les Conservations
régionales des monuments historiques (CRMH), des Directions régionales des
affaires culturelles (DRAC) et l’établissement public de maîtrise d’ouvrage des
travaux culturels (EMOC)). Ses conclusions doivent être rendues à la fin du
premier semestre 2008. Dans l’attente de ses conclusions et afin de ne pas
alourdir la gestion financière relative à la maîtrise d’ouvrage, le montant de
la fraction de taxe affectée au CMN a été inscrit sur le budget du Ministère
(mesure de “ rebudgétisation ”).
En matière de patrimoine muséal, l’étude et la
connaissance des collections sont considérées comme le socle de la bonne
gestion et de la diffusion. Dans la continuité de l’action entamée en 2006, une
attention toute particulière a été portée en 2007 à l’accompagnement des
responsables des musées de France et de leurs équipes scientifiques dans la
réalisation des inventaires et des récolements, obligatoires aux termes de la loi
du 4 janvier 2002 relative aux musées de France. La mobilisation doit encore
être poursuivie pour atteindre les objectifs fixés.
L’année 2007 marque également un tournant décisif en matière
de coopération internationale des musées de France avec l’adoption par le
Parlement en septembre de l’accord entre la France et les Emirats Arabes Unis
actant ainsi le lancement du “ musée universel Louvre d’Abou Dabi ”. Les
retombées financières de ce projet doivent permettre de donner une nouvelle
impulsion à la rénovation des musées, à l’amélioration de leurs réserves et à
l’enrichissement de leurs collections.
Outre ce projet d’envergure, le ministère a poursuivi en
2007 ses efforts de développement de partenariat, notamment via les mécénats,
tant pour la réalisation de travaux que pour l’acquisition de biens culturels,
En matière de patrimoine archivistique, la création
du SCN Archives nationales, responsable du pilotage et la gestion du projet de
construction du centre d‘Archives nationales de Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, témoigne
de la volonté d'accompagner au moyen de structures adaptées une politique
volontariste de modernisation.
En matière de patrimoine écrit et linguistique, les
actions de conservation, de restauration et d’enrichissement sont stables et
conformes aux objectifs fixés pour 2007.
diffusion du patrimoine auprès du public le plus large
transmission, le ministère a été particulièrement attentif en 2007 aux actions
développement de son offre.
La politique événementielle active a permis de toucher à
plusieurs reprises le grand public sur l'ensemble du territoire en 2007. Ainsi,
les “ Journées européennes du patrimoine ” (plus de 12 millions de visiteurs
sur 15.000 sites et monuments ouverts au public en 2007), la “ Nuit des musées
“ (1,3 millions de visiteurs dans les 956 musées de France ouverts pour
l’édition 2007) ou “ Rendez-vous des jardins ” (près de 1,7 millions de
visiteurs ont découvert plus de 1900 jardins publics et privés en juin 2007)
constituent des grands rendez-vous populaires.
Le niveau de fréquentation des lieux patrimoniaux poursuit
sa progression régulière, conjoncturellement dynamisé par l’effet “ ouverture
ou réouverture ” de lieux (réouverture au public le 17 mai 2007 du Donjon du
Château de Vincennes, inauguration le 17 septembre 2007 de la Cité de
l’architecture et du patrimoine). La fréquentation des grandes institutions (Versailles,
Louvre, Centre Pompidou qui a célébré cette année ses 30 ans…) continue de
progresser également.
De nouveaux outils de diffusion (Portail “ collections ” du
ministère, prototype Europeana, contribution française à la future Bibliothèque
numérique européenne (BNUE)) complètent une offre déjà riche et trouvent un
public nombreux.
L’année 2007 a connu des travaux de réorganisation au sein
de certaines entités du programme : restructuration de la direction des Archives
de France et Archives nationales (création de trois services à compétence
nationale) ; fusion de la Cinémathèque française avec la Bibliothèque du film.
En 2007, le ministère de la culture et de la communication a
continué sa démarche de contractualisation avec ses opérateurs. Trois contrats
ont été validés cette année pour le programme : Réunion des musées nationaux
(RMN), Etablissement public du musée du quai Branly (EPMQB) et Etablissement
public du musée et du domaine national de Versailles (EPV). Le musée du Louvre
et le musée d’Orsay, ont, quant à eux, présenté leur rapport annuel de
Il est également à noter, dans le cadre de la modernisation
de la gestion des opérateurs, le transfert de la totalité des personnels de la
Bibliothèque nationale de France qui est effectif depuis le 1er janvier 2007.
ministre, le programme entend renforcer son intervention en faveur de la
démocratisation et de l’éducation artistique et culturelle. Afin de répondre à
l’objectif d’accroissement de la fréquentation et de la diversification des
publics, une expérimentation de gratuité se déroule auprès d’un échantillon de
14 musées et de monuments durant six mois à compter du 1er janvier 2008. Cette
expérimentation fait l'objet d'une étude d'impact auprès des visiteurs dont les
résultats seront communiqués au mois d'août 2008.
Des travaux conjoints avec le ministère de la Défense ont
été lancés sur la création d’un centre de recherche et de collections
permanentes dédié à l’histoire civile et militaire de la France et d’un
mémorial de la résistance et de la France Libre.
| 21,676 |
https://github.com/icomefromthenet/PointsMachine/blob/master/src/IComeFromTheNet/PointsMachine/DB/Gateway/AdjustmentGroupLimitGateway.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
PointsMachine
|
icomefromthenet
|
PHP
|
Code
| 204 | 722 |
<?php
namespace IComeFromTheNet\PointsMachine\DB\Gateway;
use DateTime;
use IComeFromTheNet\PointsMachine\DB\CommonTable;
use IComeFromTheNet\PointsMachine\DB\Query\AdjustmentGroupLimitQuery;
/**
* Table gateway pt_rule_group_limits
*
* @author Lewis Dyer <[email protected]>
* @since 1.0
*/
class AdjustmentGroupLimitGateway extends CommonTable
{
/**
* Create a new instance of the querybuilder
*
* @access public
* @return IComeFromTheNet\PointsMachine\DB\Query\AdjustmentGroupLimitQuery
*/
public function newQueryBuilder()
{
$this->head = new AdjustmentGroupLimitQuery($this->adapter,$this);
$this->head->setDefaultAlias($this->getTableQueryAlias());
return $this->head;
}
/**
* Check if a System has a 'current' relation to a Adjustment Group
*
* @param string $sSystemId The Entity ID
* @return boolean true if a record is found
*/
public function checkParentSystemRequired($sSystemId)
{
return (boolean) $this->newQueryBuilder()
->select(1)
->from($this->getMetaData()->getName(),$this->getTableQueryAlias())
->filterByCurrent(new DateTime('3000-01-01'))
->filterBySystem($sSystemId)
->end()
->fetchColumn(0);
}
/**
* Check if a Score Group has a 'current' relation to a Adjustment Group
*
* @param string $sScoreGroupId The Entity ID
* @return boolean true if a record is found
*/
public function checkParentScoreGroupRequired($sScoreGroupId)
{
return (boolean) $this->newQueryBuilder()
->select(1)
->from($this->getMetaData()->getName(),$this->getTableQueryAlias())
->filterByCurrent(new DateTime('3000-01-01'))
->filterByScoreGroup($sScoreGroupId)
->end()
->fetchColumn(0);
}
/**
* Check if a AdjGroup has a 'current' relation to a RuleLimit.
*
* @param string $sAdjGroupId The Entity ID
* @return boolean true if a record found
*/
public function checkParentAdjGroupRequired($sAdjGroupId)
{
return (boolean) $this->newQueryBuilder()
->select(1)
->from($this->getMetaData()->getName(),$this->getTableQueryAlias())
->filterByCurrent(new DateTime('3000-01-01'))
->filterByAdjustmentGroup($sAdjGroupId)
->end()
->fetchColumn(0);
}
}
/* End of Class */
| 19,546 |
https://github.com/NightOfTwelve/iOS-Cracked-Apps/blob/master/DumpedClasses/Taobao/TBVRShopNodeDelegate-Protocol.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
iOS-Cracked-Apps
|
NightOfTwelve
|
Objective-C
|
Code
| 35 | 124 |
//
// Generated by class-dump 3.5 (64 bit).
//
// class-dump is Copyright (C) 1997-1998, 2000-2001, 2004-2013 by Steve Nygard.
//
#import "NSObject.h"
@class TBVRWorldItemNode, VUIVector3;
@protocol TBVRShopNodeDelegate <NSObject>
- (void)handleItemSelect:(TBVRWorldItemNode *)arg1 nodeTranslation:(VUIVector3 *)arg2;
@end
| 28,650 |
https://github.com/mizchi-sandbox/graphql-react-apollo-playground/blob/master/server/resolvers.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
graphql-react-apollo-playground
|
mizchi-sandbox
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 109 | 296 |
import { ulid } from 'ulid';
import {
MutationResolvers,
QueryResolvers,
Resolvers,
} from './gen/graphql-resolver-types';
import { User } from './entity/User';
const Query: QueryResolvers = {
async user(_parent, args, _context, _info) {
const user = await User.findOne({ id: args.id });
return user || null;
},
async users() {
const users = await User.find();
return users;
},
};
const Mutation: MutationResolvers = {
async addUser(_parent, args, _context, _info) {
const newUser = new User();
newUser.id = ulid();
newUser.name = args.name;
await User.save(newUser);
return newUser;
},
async deleteUser(_parent, args, _context, _info) {
const user = await User.findOne(args.id);
await User.delete(args.id);
return user;
},
};
export const resolvers: Resolvers = {
Query,
Mutation,
};
| 1,262 |
39347-8-9
|
Gutenberg
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Caricature and Other Comic Art in All Times and Many Lands.
|
Parton, James
|
English
|
Spoken
| 9,963 | 14,787 |
_To
give his name to a series of adventures, instead of bestowing it upon
his century!_ When I think of that, I can not help groaning." Then he
added the words which gave him his high place in the Order of the
Weather-cock: "But now what part to take? It does not suit every body to
let himself be overwhelmed in the ruins of this edifice." Particularly
it did not suit M. de Talleyrand, and he was not overwhelmed,
accordingly. Considering the manner in which France was governed during
his career, he might well say, "I have not betrayed governments:
governments have betrayed me."
It is mentioned by M. Champfleury as a thing unprecedented that this
weather-cock device did not wholly lose its power to amuse the Parisians
for two years. The portly person and ancient court of the king, Louis
XVIII., called forth many caricatures at a later period. This king was
as good-natured, as well-intentioned, as honorable a Bourbon as could
have been found in either hemisphere. It was not he who enriched all
languages by the gift of his family name. It was not his obstinate
adherence to ancient folly which caused it to be said that the Bourbons
had forgotten nothing and learned nothing. Born as long before his
accession as 1755, he was an accomplished and popular prince of mature
age during the American Revolution and the intellectual ferment which
followed it in France. A respectable scholar (for a prince), well versed
in literature (for a prince), a good judge of art (for a prince), of
liberal politics (for a prince), and not so hopelessly ignorant of state
affairs as kings and princes usually were, he watched the progress of
the Revolution with some intelligence and, at first, with some sympathy. Both then and in 1815 he appears to have been intelligently willing to
accept a constitution that should have left his family on the throne by
right divine. Right divine was his religion, to which he sacrificed much, and,
unquestionably, would have sacrificed his life. When he was living in
exile upon the bounty of the Emperor of Russia, he said to his nephew,
on the wedding-day of that young Bourbon: "If the crown of France were
of roses, I would give it to you. It is of thorns; I keep it." And,
indeed, a turn in politics expelled him soon after, in the middle of
winter, from his abode, and made him again a dependent wanderer. In
1803, too, when there could be descried no ray of hope of the
restoration of the old dynasty, and Napoleon, apparently lord of the
world, offered him a principality in landed wealth if he would but
formally renounce the throne, he replied in a manner which a believer in
divine right might think sublime:
"I do not confound M. Bonaparte with those who have preceded him. His
valor, his military talents, I esteem; and I am even grateful to him for
several measures of his administration, since good done to my people
will ever be dear to my heart. But if he thinks to engage me to
compromise my rights, he deceives himself. On the contrary, by the very
offer he now makes me he would establish them if they could be thought
of as doubtful. I do not know what are the designs of God with regard to
my house and myself, but I know the obligations imposed upon me by the
rank in which it was his pleasure to cause me to be born. A Christian, I
shall fulfill those obligations even to my latest breath; a son of St. Louis, I shall know, taught by his example, how even in chains to
respect myself; a successor of Francis I., I desire at least to be able
to say, like him, 'All is lost but honor!'"
Again, in 1814, when the Emperor Alexander of Russia urged him to
concede so much to the popular feeling as to call himself King of the
_French_, and to omit from his style the words "_par la grâce de Dieu_"
he answered: "Divine right is at once a consequence of religious dogma
and the law of the country. By that law for eight centuries the monarchy
has been hereditary in my family. Without divine right I am but an
infirm old man, long an exile from my country, and reduced to beg an
asylum. But by that right, the exile is King of France."
[Illustration: De la Villevielle, Cambacérès, D'Aigre Feuille--A
Promenade in the Palais Royal. (Paris, 1818.)]
He wrote and said these "neat things" himself, not by a secretary. Among
his happy sayings two have remained in the memory of Frenchmen:
"Punctuality is the politeness of kings," and "Every French soldier
carries a marshal's baton in his knapsack." He was, in short, a genial,
witty, polite old gentleman, willing to govern France constitutionally,
disposed to forget and forgive, and be the good king of the whole
people. But he was sixty years of age, fond of his ease, and extremely
desirous, as he often said, of dying in his own bed. He was surrounded
by elderly persons who were bigoted to a Past which could not be
resuscitated; and his brother, heir presumptive to the throne, was that
fatal Comte d'Artois (Charles X.) who aggravated the violence of the
Revolution of 1789, and precipitated that of 1830, by his total
incapacity to comprehend either. Gradually the gloomy party of reaction
and revenge who surrounded the heir presumptive gained the ascendency,
and the good-natured old king could only restrain its extravagance
enough to accomplish his desire of dying in his own house. Sincerely
religious, he was no bigot; and it was not by his wish that the court
assumed more and more the sombre aspect of a Jesuit seminary. It is
doubtful if there would have been one exception to the amnesty of
political offenses if Louis XVIII. had been as firm as he was kind. The
reader sees a proof of his good-nature in the picture on the preceding
page of Prince Cambacérès, who was Second Consul when Napoleon was First
Consul, and Arch-chancellor under the Empire, peacefully walking in the
streets of Paris with two of his friends. This caricature has a value in
preserving an excellent portrait of a personage noted for twenty years
in the history of France. [Illustration: Family of the Extinguishers--Caricature of the
Restoration. (Paris, 1819.)]
To the Order of the Weather-cock succeeded, in 1819, when priestly
ascendency at court was but too manifest, the Family of the
Extinguishers. In the picture given below, the reader has the pleasure
of viewing some of the family portraits, and in another he sees members
of the family at work, rekindling the fire and extinguishing the lights. The fire was to consume the charter of French liberty and the records of
science; the lights are the men to whom France felt herself indebted for
liberty and knowledge--Buffon, Franklin, D'Alembert, Montesquieu,
Voltaire, Montaigne, Fénélon, Condorcet, and their friends. Above is the
personified Church, with sword uplifted, menacing mankind with new St. Bartholomews and Sicilian Vespers. Underneath this elaborate and
ingenious work was the refrain of Béranger's song of 1819, entitled "Les
Missionnaires," which was almost enough of itself to expel the Bourbons:
"Vite soufflons, soufflons, morbleu! Éteignons les lumières
Et rallumons le feu."
The historian of that period will not omit to examine the songs which
the incomparable Béranger wrote during the reign of the two kings of the
Restoration. "Le peuple, c'est ma Muse," the poet wrote many years
after, when reviewing this period. The people were his Muse. He studied
the people, he adds, "with religious care," and always found their
deepest convictions in harmony with his own. He had been completely
fascinated by the "genius of Napoleon," never suspecting that it was
Napoleon's lamentable _want_ of ability which had devolved upon the
respectable Louis XVIII. an impossible task. But he perceived that the
task _was_ impossible. There were two impossibilities, he thought, in
the way of a stable government. It was impossible for the Bourbons,
while they remained Bourbons, to govern France, and it was impossible
for France to make them any thing but Bourbons. Hence, in lending his
exquisite gift to the popular cause, he had no scruples and no reserves;
and he freely poured forth those wonderful songs which became
immediately part and parcel of the familiar speech of his countrymen. Alas for a Bourbon when there is a Béranger loose in his capital! Charles X. attempted the Bourbon policy of repression, and had the poet
twice imprisoned. But he could not imprison his songs, nor prevent his
writing new ones in prison, which sung themselves over France in a week. Caricature, too, was severely repressed--the usual precursor of collapse
in a French government. [Illustration: The Jesuits at Court. (Paris, 1819.)
"Quick! Blow! blow! Let us put out the lights and rekindle the fires!"]
The end of the Restoration, in 1830, occurred with a sudden and
spontaneous facility, which showed, among other things, how effectively
Béranger had sung from his garret and his prison. The old king in 1824
had his wish of dying in his own bed, and is said to have told his
successor, with his dying breath, that he owed this privilege to the
policy of tacking ship rather than allowing a contrary wind to drive her
upon the rocks. He advised "Monsieur" to pursue the same "tacking
policy." But Monsieur was Comte d'Artois, that entire and perfect
Bourbon, crusted by his sixty-seven years, a willing victim in the hands
of Jesuit priests. In six years the ship of state was evidently driving
full upon the rocks; but, instead of tacking, he put on all sail, and
let her drive. At a moment when France was in the last extremity of
alarm for the portion of liberty which her constitution secured her,
this unhappy king signed a decree which put the press under the control
of the Minister of Police, and the rest of the people of France under
Marshal Marmont. Twenty-one days after, August 16th, 1830, the king and
his suite were received on board of two American vessels, the _Charles
Carroll_ and the _Great Britain_, by which they were conveyed from
Cherbourg to Portsmouth. "This," said the king to his first English
visitors, "is the reward of my efforts to render France happy. I wished
to make one last attempt to restore order and tranquillity. The factions
have overturned me." The old gentleman resumed his daily mass, and found
much consolation for the loss of a crown in the slaughter of beasts and
birds. Louis Philippe was King of the _French_, by the grace of
Lafayette and the acquiescence of a majority of the French people. Caricature, almost interdicted during the last years of the Restoration,
pursued the fugitive king and his family with avenging ridicule. Gavarni, then an unknown artist of twenty-six, employed by Émile de
Girardin to draw the fashion plates of his new periodical, _La Mode_,
gave Paris, in those wild July days of 1830, the only political
caricatures he ever published. One represented the king as an
old-clothes man, bawling, "Old coats! old lace!" In another he appeared
astride of a lance, in full flight, in a costume composed of a priest's
black robe and the glittering uniform of a general; white bands at his
neck, the broad red ribbon of the Legion of Honor across his breast, one
arm loaded with mitres, relics, and chaplets, with the scissors of the
censer on the thumb, on the other side the end of a sabre, and the
meagre legs encompassed by a pair of huge jack-boots. Another picture,
called the "Lost Balloon," exhibited the king in the car of a balloon,
with the same preposterous boots hanging down, along with the Duc
d'Angoulême clinging to the sides, and the duchess crushing the king by
her weight. The royal banner, white, and sown with fleurs-de-lis,
streamed out behind as the balloon disappeared in the clouds. These were the only political caricatures ever published by the man whom
Frenchmen regard as the greatest of their recent satirical artists. He
cared nothing for politics, and had the usual attachment of artists and
poets to the Established Order. Having aimed these light shafts at the
flying king in mere gayety of heart, because every one else was doing
the same, he soon remembered that the king was an old man, past
seventy-three, as old as his own father, and flying in alarm from his
home and country. He was conscience-stricken. Reading aloud one day a
poem in which allusion was made to a white-haired old man going into
exile with slow, reluctant steps, his voice broke, and he could scarcely
utter the lines:
"Pas d'outrage au vieillard qui s'exile à pas lents. C'est une piété d'épargner les ruines. Je n'enfoncerai pas la couronne d'épines
Que la main du malheur met sur ses cheveux blancs."
As he spoke these words the image of his old father rose vividly before
his mind, and he could read no more. "I felt," said he, "as if I had
been struck in the face;" and ever after he held political caricature in
horror. This feeling is one with which the reader will often find himself
sympathizing while examining some of the heartless and thoughtless
pictures which exasperated the elderly paterfamilias who was now called
to preside over demoralized France. Louis Philippe was another
good-natured Louis XVIII., _minus_ divine right, _plus_ a large family. With all the domestic virtues, somewhat too anxious to push his children
on in the world, a good citizen, a good patriot, an unostentatious
gentleman, he was totally destitute of those picturesque and captivating
qualities which adventurers and banditti often possess, but which wise
and trustworthy men seldom do. In looking back now upon that eighteen
years' struggle between this respectable father of a family and anarchy,
it seems as if France should have rallied more loyally and more
considerately round him, and given him too the privilege, so dear to
elderly gentlemen, of dying in his own bed. One-tenth of his virtue and
one-half his intellect had sufficed under the old _régime_. But since that lamentable and fatal day when the priests wrought upon
Louis XIV. to decree the expulsion of the Huguenots, who were the
_élite_ of his kingdom, France had been undergoing a course of political
demoralization, which had made a constitutional government of the
country almost impossible. Recent events had exaggerated the criminal
class. Twenty years of intoxicating victory had made all moderate
success, all gradual prosperity, seem tame and flat; and the reduction
of the army had set afloat great numbers of people indisposed to
peaceful industry. Under the Restoration, we may almost say, political
conspiracy had become a recognized profession. The new king, pledged to
make the freedom of the press "a reality," soon found himself face to
face with difficulties which Bourbons had invariably met by mere
repression. Republicans and Legitimists were equally dissatisfied. Legitimists could only wait and plot; but Republicans could write,
speak, and draw. A considerable proportion of the young, irresponsible,
and adventurous talent was republican, and there was a great deal of
Bohemian character available for that side. It was a time when a Louis
Napoleon could belong to a democratic club. Caricature speedily marked the "citizen king" for her own. Napoleon had
employed all his subtlest tact during the last ten years of his reign in
keeping alive in French minds the base feudal feeling, so congenial to
human indolence and vanity, that it is nobler to be a soldier than to
rear a family and keep a shop. In his bulletins we find this false
sentiment adroitly insinuated in a hundred ways. He loved to stigmatize
the English as a nation of shop-keepers. He displayed infinite art in
exalting the qualities which render men willing to destroy one another
without asking why, and in casting contempt on the arts and virtues by
which the waste of war is repaired. The homely habits, the plain dress,
the methodical ways, of Louis Philippe were, therefore, easily made to
seem ridiculous. He was styled the first _bourgeois_ of his kingdom--as
he was--but the French people had been taught to regard the word as a
term of contempt. Unfortunately he abandoned the policy of letting the caricaturists
alone. Several French rulers have adopted the principle of not regarding
satire, but not one has had the courage to adhere to it long. Sooner or
later all the world will come into the "American system," and all the
world will at length discover the utter impotence of the keenest
ridicule and the most persistent abuse against public men who do right
and let their assailants alone. The chief harm done by the abuse of
public men in free countries is in making it too difficult to expose
their real faults. How would it be possible, for example, to make the
people of the United States believe ill of a President in vilifying whom
ingenious men and powerful journals had exhausted themselves daily for
years? Nothing short of _testimony_, abundant and indisputable, such as
would convince an honest jury, could procure serious attention. From
President Washington to President Grant the history of American politics
is one continuous proof of Mr. Jefferson's remark, that "an
administration which has nothing to conceal has nothing to fear from the
press."
[Illustration: Charles Philipon.]
When Louis Philippe had been a year upon the throne appeared the first
number of _Le Charivari_, a daily paper of four small pages, conducted
by an unknown, inferior artist--Charles Philipon. Around him gathered a
number of Bohemian draughtsmen and writers, not one of whom appears then
to have shared in the social or political life of the country, or to
have had the faintest conception of the consideration due to a
fellow-citizen in a place of such extreme difficulty as the head of a
government. They assailed the king, his person, his policy, his family,
his habits, his history, with thoughtless and merciless ridicule. A
periodical which has undertaken to supply a cloyed, fastidious public
with three hundred and sixty-five ludicrous pictures per annum must
often be in desperation for subjects, and there was no resource to
Philipon so obvious or so sure as the helpless family imprisoned in the
splendors and etiquette of royalty. Unfortunately for modern
governments, the people of Europe were for so many centuries preyed upon
and oppressed by kings that vast numbers of people, even in free
countries, still regard the head of a government as a kind of natural
enemy, to assail whom is among the rights of a citizen. And, moreover,
the king, the president, the minister, is unseen by those who hurl the
barbed and poisoned javelin. They do not see him shrink and writhe. To
many an anonymous coward it is a potent consideration, also, that the
head of a constitutional government can not usually strike back. Mr. Thackeray, who was but nineteen when Louis Philippe came to the
throne, witnessed much of the famous contest between this knot of
caricaturists and the King of the French; and in one of the first
articles which he wrote for subsistence, after his father's failure, he
gave the world some account of it.[36] At a later period of his life he
would probably not have regarded the king as the stronger party. He
would probably not have described the contest as one between "half a
dozen poor artists on the one side, and His Majesty Louis Philippe, his
august family, and the numberless placemen and supporters of the
monarchy, on the other." Half a dozen poor artists, with an unscrupulous
publisher at their head, who gives them daily access to the eye and ear
of a great capital, can array against the object of their satire and
abuse the entire unthinking crowd of that capital. A firm, enlightened,
and competent king would have united against these a majority of the
responsible and the reflecting. Such a king would truly have been, as
Mr. Thackeray observed, "an Ajax girded at by a Thersites." But Louis
Philippe was no Ajax. He was no hero at all. He had no splendid and no
commanding traits. He was merely an overfond father and well-disposed
citizen of average talents. He was merely the kind of man which free
communities can ordinarily get to serve them, and who will serve them
passably well if the task be not made needlessly difficult. Hence
Philipon and his "half a dozen poor artists" were very much the stronger
party--a fact which the king, in the sight and hearing of all France,
confessed and proclaimed by putting them in prison. [Footnote 36: In the _London and Westminster Review_ for April, 1839,
Article II.]
It was those prosecutions of Philipon that were fatal to the king. Besides adding emphasis, celebrity, and weight to the sallies of _Le
Charivari_, they presaged the abandonment of the central principle of
the movement that made him king--the freedom of utterance. The scenes in
court when Philipon, or his artist, Daumier, was arraigned, were most
damaging to the king's dignity. One, incorrectly related by Thackeray,
may well serve to warn future potentates that of all conceivable
expedients for the caricaturist's frustration, the one surest to fail is
to summon him to a court of justice. A favorite device of M. Philipon was to draw the king's face in the form
of a huge pear, which it did somewhat resemble. Amateur draughtsmen also
chalked the royal pear upon the walls of Paris; and the exaggerated
pears with the king's features roughly outlined which everywhere met the
eye excited the mocking laughter of the idle Parisian. No jest could
have been so harmless if it had been unnoticed by the person at whom it
was aimed, or noticed only with a smile. But the Government stooped to
the imbecility of arraigning the author of the device. The _poire_
actually became an object of prosecution, and the editor of _Le
Charivari_ was summoned before a jury on a charge of inciting to
contempt against the person of the king by giving his face a ludicrous
resemblance to one of the fruits of the earth. Philipon, when he rose to
defend himself, exhibited to the jury a series of four sketches, upon
which he commented. The first was a portrait of the king devoid of
exaggeration or burlesque. "This sketch," said the draughtsman,
"resembles Louis Philippe. Do you condemn it?" He then held up the
second picture, which was also a very good portrait of the king; but in
this one the toupet and the side-whiskers began to "flow together," as
M. Champfleury has it (_s'onduler_), and the whole to assume a distant
resemblance to the outline of a pear. "If you condemn the first sketch,"
said the imperturbable Philipon, "you must condemn this one which
resembles it." He next showed a picture in which the pear was plainly
manifest, though it bore an unmistakable likeness to the king. Finally,
he held up to the court a figure of a large Burgundy pear, pure and
simple, saying, "If you are consistent, gentlemen, you can not acquit
this sketch either, for it certainly resembles the other three."
Mr. Thackeray was mistaken in supposing that this impudent defense
carried conviction to the minds of the jury. Philipon was condemned and
fined. He avenged himself by arranging the court and jury upon a page of
_Le Charivari_ in the form of a pear.[37] He and his artists played upon
this theme hundreds of variations, until the Government found matter for
a prosecution even in a picture of a monkey stealing a pear. The pear
became at last too expensive a luxury for the conductor of _Le
Charivari_, and that fruit was "exiled from the empire of caricature."
[Footnote 37: "Histoire de la Caricature Moderne," p. 100, par
Champfleury.]
Before Louis Philippe had been three years upon the throne there was an
end of all but the pretense of maintaining the freedom of press or
pencil. "The Press," as Mr. Thackeray remarks, "was sent to prison; and
as for poor dear Caricature, it was fairly murdered." In _Le Charivari_
for August 30th, 1832, we read that Jean-Baptiste Daumier, for an
equally harmless caricature of the king, was arrested in the very
presence of his father and mother, of whom he was the sole support, and
condemned to six months' imprisonment. It was Daumier, however, as M. Champfleury reveals, who had "served up the pear with the greatest
variety of sauces." It was the same Daumier who after his release
assailed the advocates and legal system of his country with ceaseless
burlesque, and made many a covert lunge at the personage who moved them
to the fatal absurdity of imprisoning him. Driven by violence from the political field, to which it has been
permitted to return only at long intervals and for short periods, French
caricature has ranged over the scene of human foibles, and attained a
varied development. Daumier and Philipon conjointly produced a series of
sketches in _Le Charivari_ which had signal and lasting success with the
public. The play of "Robert Macaire," after running awhile, was
suppressed by the Government, the actor of the principal part having
used it as a vehicle of political burlesque. _Le Charivari_ seized the
idea of satirizing the follies of the day by means of two characters of
the drama--Macaire, a cool, adroit, audacious villain, and Bertrand, his
comrade, stupid, servile, and timid. [Illustration: Robert Macaire fishing for Share-holders. (Daumier,
1833.)]
Philipon supplying the words and Daumier executing the pictures, they
made Macaire undertake every scheme, practice, and profession which
contained the requisite ingredients of the comic and the rascally. The
series extended beyond ninety sketches. Macaire founds a joint-stock
charity--_la morale en action_, he explains to gaping Bertrand, each
_action_ (share) being placed at two hundred and fifty francs. He
becomes a quack-doctor. "Don't trifle with your complaint," he says to a
patient, as he gives him two bottles of medicine. "Come to see me often;
it won't ruin you, for I make no charge for consultations. You owe me
twenty francs for the two bottles." The patient appearing to be startled
at the magnitude of this sum, Dr. Macaire blandly says, as he bows him
out, "We give two cents for returned bottles." He becomes a private
detective. A lady consults him in his office. "Sir," she says, "I have
had a thousand-franc note stolen." "Precisely, madame. Consider the
business done: the thief is a friend of mine." "But," says the lady,
"can I get my note back, and find out who took it?" "Nothing easier. Give me fifteen hundred francs for my expenses, and to-morrow the thief
will return the note and send you his card."
Every resource being exhausted, Macaire astounds the despairing Bertrand
by saying, "Come, the time for mundane things is past; let us attend
now to eternal interests. Suppose we found a religion?" "A religion!"
cries Bertrand; "that is not so easy." To this Macaire replies by
alluding to the recent proceedings of a certain Abbé Châtel, in Paris. "One makes a pontiff of himself, hires a shop, borrows some chairs,
preaches sermons upon the death of Napoleon, upon Voltaire, upon the
discovery of America, upon any thing, no matter what. There's a religion
for you; it's no more difficult than that." On one occasion Macaire
himself is a little troubled in mind, and Bertrand remarks the unusual
circumstance. "You seem anxious," says Bertrand. "Yes," replies Macaire,
"I _am_ in bad humor. Those scoundrels of bond-holders have bothered me
to such a point that I have actually paid them a dividend!" "What!"
exclaims Bertrand, aghast, "a _bona-fide_ dividend?" "Yes, positively."
"What are you going to do about it?" "I am going to get it back again."
The reader will, of course, infer that each of these pictures was a hit
at some scoundrelly exploit of the day, the public knowledge of which
gave effect to the caricature. In many instances the event is forgotten,
but the picture retains a portion of its interest. One of Macaire's
professions was that of cramming students for their bachelor's degree. A
student enters. "There are two ways in which we can put you through,"
says Macaire: "one, to make you pass your examination by a substitute;
the other, to enable you to pass it yourself." "I prefer to pass it
myself," says the young man. "Very well. Do you know Greek?" "No."
"Latin?" "No." "All right. You know mathematics?" "Not the least in the
world." "What do you know, then?" "Nothing at all." "But you have two
hundred francs?" "Certainly." "Just the thing! You will get your degree
next Thursday." We may find comfort in this series, for we learn from it
that in every infamy which we now deplore among ourselves we were
anticipated by the French forty years ago. Macaire even goes into the
mining business, at least so far as to sell shares. "We have made our
million," says the melancholy Bertrand; "but we have engaged to produce
gold, and we find nothing but sand." "No matter; utilize your capital;
haven't you got a gold mine?" "Yes--but afterward?" "Afterward you will
simply say to the share-holders, 'I was mistaken; we must try again.'
You will then form a company for the utilization of the sand." Bertrand,
still anxious, ventures to remark that there _are_ such people as
policemen in the country. "Policemen!" cries Macaire, gayly. "So much
the better: they will take shares." One of his circular letters was a
masterpiece:
"SIR,--I regret to say that your application for shares in the
Consolidated European Incombustible Blacking Association can not
be complied with, as all the shares of the C. E. I. B. A. were
disposed of on the day they were issued. I have nevertheless
registered your name, and in case a second series should be put
forth I shall have the honor of immediately giving you notice. "I am, sir, etc. ROBERT MACAIRE, Director."
"Print three hundred thousand of these," says the director, "and poison
all France with them." "But," says Bertrand, "we haven't sold a single
share; you haven't a sou in your pocket, and--" "Bertrand, you are an
ass. Do as I tell you."
[Illustration: A Husband's Dilemma. "Yes; but if you quarrel like that with all your wife's lovers, you will
never have any friends."--From _Paris Nonsensicalities_ (_Baliverneries
Parisiennes_), by Gavarni.]
Thus, week after week, for many a month, did _Le Charivari_ "utilize"
these impossible characters to expose and satirize the plausible
scoundrelism of the period. Mr. Thackeray, who ought to be an excellent
authority on any point of satirical art, praises highly the execution of
these pictures by M. Daumier. They seem carelessly done, he remarks; but
it is the careless grace of the consummate artist. He recommends the
illustrator of "Pickwick" to study Daumier. When we remember that
Thackeray had offered to illustrate "Pickwick," his comments upon the
artist who was preferred to himself have a certain interest: "If we
might venture to give a word of advice to another humorous designer
[Hablot K. Browne], whose works are extensively circulated, the
illustrator of 'Pickwick' and 'Nicholas Nickleby,' it would be to study
well those caricatures of M. Daumier, who, though he executes very
carelessly, knows very well what he would express, indicates perfectly
the attitude and identity of the figure, and is quite aware beforehand
of the effect he intends to produce. The one we should fancy to be a
practiced artist taking his ease, the other a young one somewhat
bewildered--a very clever one, however, who, if he would think more and
exaggerate less, would add not a little to his reputation." Possessors
of the early editions of "Pickwick" will be tempted to think that in
this criticism of Mr. Browne's performances by a disappointed rival
there was an ingredient of wounded self-love. The young author, however,
in another passage, gave presage of the coming Thackeray. He observes
that in France ladies in difficulties who write begging letters, or live
by other forms of polite beggary, are wont to style themselves "widows
of the Grand Army." They all pretended to some connection with _le Grand
Homme_, and all their husbands were colonels. "This title," says the
wicked Thackeray, "answers exactly to the clergyman's daughter in
England;" and he adds, "The difference is curious as indicating the
standard of respectability."
[Illustration: Housekeeping. "Gracious, Dorothy, I have forgotten the meat for your cat!"
"Have you, indeed? But you didn't forget the biscuit for your bird,
egotist! No matter! No matter! If there is nothing in the house for my
cat, I shall give her your bird, I shall!"--From _Impressions de
Ménage_, by Gavarni.]
Many caricaturists who afterward attained celebrity were early
contributors to M. Philipon's much-prosecuted periodical. Among them was
"the elegant Gavarni," who for thirty years was the favorite comic
artist of Paris _roués_ and dandies--himself a _roué_ and dandy. At this
period, according to his friend, Théophile Gautier, he was a very
handsome young man, with luxuriant blonde curls, always fashionably
attired, somewhat in the English taste, neat, quiet, and precise, and
"possessing in a high degree the feeling for modern elegances." He was
of a slender form, which seemed laced in, and he had the air of being
carefully dressed and thoroughly appointed, his feet being effeminately
small and daintily clad. In short, he was a dandy of the D'Orsay and N. P. Willis period. For many years he expended the chief force of his
truly exquisite talent in investing vice with a charm which in real life
it never possesses. Loose women, who are, as a class, very stupid, very
vulgar, most greedy of gain and pleasure, and totally devoid of every
kind of interesting quality, he endowed with a grace and wit, a
fertility of resource, an airy elegance of demeanor, never found except
in honorable women reared in honorable homes. He was the great master of
that deadly school of French satiric art which finds all virtuous life
clumsy or ridiculous, and all abominable life graceful and pleasing. Albums of this kind are extant in which married men are _invariably_
represented as objects of contemptuous pity, and no man is graceful or
interesting except the sneaking scoundrel who has designs upon the
integrity of a household. Open the "Musée pour Rire," for example. Here
is a little family of husband, wife, and year-old child in bed, just
awake in the morning, the wife caressing the child, and the husband
looking on with admiring fondness. This scene is rendered ridiculous by
the simple expedient of making the wife and child hideously ugly, and
the fond father half an idiot. Another picture shows the same child,
with a head consisting chiefly of mouth, yelling in the middle of the
night, while the parents look on, imbecile and helpless. Turn to the
sketches of the masked ball or the midnight carouse, and all is elegant,
becoming, and delightful. If the French caricatures of the last thirty
years do really represent French social life and French moral feeling,
we may safely predict that in another generation France will be a German
province; for men capable of maintaining the independence of a nation
can not be produced on the Gavarnian principles. Marriage and civilization we might almost call synonymous terms. Marriage was at least the greatest conquest made by primitive man over
himself, and the indispensable preliminary to a higher civilization. Nor
has any mode yet been discovered of rearing full-formed and efficient
men capable of self-control, patriotism, and high principle, except the
union of both parents striving for that end with cordial resolution
longer than an average life-time. It is upon this most sacred of all
institutions that the French caricaturists of the Gavarni school pour
ceaseless scorn and contempt. As I write these lines, my eyes fall upon
one of the last numbers of a comic sheet published in Paris, on the
first page of which there is a picture which illustrates this
propensity. A dissolute-looking woman, smoking a cigarette, is
conversing with a boy in buttons who has applied for a place in her
household. "How old are you?" she asks. "Eleven, madame." "And your
name?" "Joseph!" Upon this innocent reply the woman makes a comment
which is truly comic, but very Gavarnian: "So young, and already he
calls himself Joseph!"
[Illustration: A Poultice for Two--Sympathy and Economy.--From
_Impressions de Ménage_, by Gavarni.]
Among the heaps of albums to be found in a French collection we turn
with particular curiosity to those which satirize the child life of
France. Gavarni's celebrated series of "Enfants Terribles" has gone
round the world, and called forth child satire in many lands. The
presence of children in his pictures does not long divert this artist
from his ruling theme. One of his terrible children, a boy of four,
prattles innocently to his mother in this strain: "Nurse is going to get
up very early, now that you have come home, mamma. Goodness! while you
were in the country she always had her breakfast in bed, and it was papa
who took in the milk and lighted the fire. But wasn't the coffee jolly
sweet, though!" Another alarming boy of the same age, who is climbing up
his father's chair and wearing his father's hat, all so merry and
innocent, discourses thus to the petrified author of his being: "Who is
Mr. Albert? Oh, he is a gentleman belonging to the Jardin des Plantes,
who comes every day to explain the animals to mamma; a large man with
mustaches, whom you don't know. He didn't come to-day until after they
had shut up the monkeys. You ought to have seen how nicely mamma
entertained him. Oh dear!" (discovering a bald place on papa's pate)
"you have hardly any hair upon the top of your head, papa!" In a third
picture both parents are exhibited seated side by side upon a sofa, and
the terrible boy addresses his mother thus: "Mamma, isn't that little
mustache comb which Cornelia found in your bedroom this morning for me?"
Another sketch shows us father, mother, and terrible boy taking a walk
in the streets of Paris. A dandy, in the likeness of Gavarni himself,
goes by, with his cane in his mouth, and his face fixed so as to seem
not to see them. But the boy sees _him_, and bawls to his mother:
"Mamma! mamma! that Monsieur du Luxembourg!--you know him--the one you
said was such a great friend to papa--he has gone by without saluting! I
suppose the reason is, he don't know how to behave." Another picture
presents to view a little girl seated on a garden bench eating nuts, and
talking to a young man: "The rose which you gave to mamma?" "Yes, yes."
"The one you nearly broke your neck in getting? Let me see. Oh, my
cousin Nat stuck it in the tail of Matthew's donkey. How mamma did
laugh! Got any more nuts?" The same appalling girl imparts a family
secret to her tutor: "Mamma wrote to M. Prosper, and papa read the
letter. Oh, wasn't papa angry, though! And all because she had spelled a
word wrong." A mother hearing a little girl say the catechism is a
subject which one would suppose was not available for the purposes of a
Gavarni, but he finds even that suggestive. "Come, now, pay attention. What must we do when we have sinned [_péché_]?" To which the terrible
child replies, playing unconsciously upon the word _péché_ (sinned),
which does not differ in sound from _pêché_ (fished), "When we have
_pêché_? Wait a moment. Oh! we go back to the White House with all the
fish in the basket, which my nurse eats with Landerneau. He is a big
soldier who has white marks upon his sleeve. And I eat _my_ share, let
me tell you!"
It is thus that the first caricaturist of France "utilized" the
innocence of childhood when Louis Philippe was King of the French. [Illustration: Parisian "Shoo, Fly!"
"Captain, I am here to ask your permission to fight a duel."
"What for, and with whom?"
"With Saladin, the trumpeter, who has so far forgotten himself as to
call me a _moucheron_" (little fly).--From _Messieurs nos Fils et
Mesdemoiselles nos Filles_, by Randon, Paris.]
There is a later series by Randon, entitled "Messieurs nos Fils et
Mesdemoiselles nos Filles," which exhibits other varieties of French
childhood, some of which are inconceivable to persons not of the "Latin
race." It has been said that in America there are no longer any
children; but nowhere among us are there young human beings who could
suggest even the burlesque of precocity such as M. Randon presents to
us. We have no boys of ten who go privately to the hero of a billiard
"tournament" and request him with the politest gravity, cap in hand, to
"put him up to some points of the game for his exclusive use." We have
no boys of eight who stand with folded arms before a sobbing girl of
seven and address her in words like these: "Be reasonable, then, Amelia. The devil! People can't be always loving one another." We have no
errand-boys of eight who offer their services to a young gentleman thus:
"For delivering a note on the sly, or getting a bouquet into the right
hands, monsieur can trust to me. I am used to little affairs of that
kind, and I am as silent as the tomb." We have no little boys in belt
and apron who say to a bearded veteran of half a dozen wars: "You don't
know your happiness. For my part, give me a beard as long as yours, and
not a woman in the world should resist me!" We have no little boys who
in the midst of a fight with fists, one having a black eye and the other
a bloody nose, would pause to say: "At least we don't fight for money,
like the English. It is for glory that _we_ fight." We have no little
boys who, on starting for a ride, wave aside the admonitions of the
groom by telling him that they know all about managing a horse, and what
they want of him is simply to tell them where in the _Bois_ they will be
likely to meet most "Amazons." No, nor in all the length and breadth of
English-speaking lands can there be found a small boy who, on being
lectured by his father, would place one hand upon his heart, and lift
the other on high, and say, "Papa, by all that I hold dearest, by my
honor, by your ashes, by any thing you like, I swear to change my
conduct!" All these things are so remote from our habits that the
wildest artist could not conceive of them as passable caricature. [Illustration: Three! (From "Arithmetic Illustrated," by Cham.)]
The opprobrious words in use among French boys would not strike the boys
of New York or London as being very exasperating. M. Randon gives us an
imaginary conversation between a very small trumpeter in gorgeous
uniform and a _gamin_ of the street. Literally translated, it would read
thus: "Look out, little fly, or you will get yourself crushed." To which
the street boy replies, "Descend, then, species of toad: I will make you
see what a little fly is!" On the other hand, if we may believe M. Randon, French boys of a very tender age consider themselves subject to
the code of honor, and hold themselves in readiness to accept a
challenge to mortal combat. A soldier of ten years appears in one of
this series with his arm in a sling, and he explains the circumstance to
his military comrade of the same age: "It's all a sham, my dear. I'll
tell you the reason in strict confidence: it is to make a certain person
of my acquaintance believe that I have fought for her." The boys of
France, it is evident, are nothing if not military. Most of the young
veterans _blasés_ exhibited in these albums are in uniform. An interesting relic of those years when Frenchmen still enjoyed some
semblance of liberty to discuss subjects of national and European
concern is Gavarni's series of masterly sketches burlesquing the very
idea of private citizens taking an interest in public affairs. This is
accomplished by the device of giving to all the men who are talking
politics countenances of comic stupidity. An idiot in a blouse says to
an idiot in a coat, "Poland, don't you see, will never forgive your
ingratitude!" An idiot in a night-cap says to an idiot bare-headed, with
ludicrous intensity, "And when you have taken Lombardy, then what?"
Nothing can exceed the skill of the draughtsman of this series, except
the perversity of the man, to whom no human activity seemed becoming
unless its object was the lowest form of sensual pleasure. But the
talent which he displayed in this album was immense. It was, if I may
say so, _frightful_; for there is nothing in our modern life so alarming
as the power which reckless and dissolute talent has to make virtuous
life seem provincial and ridiculous, vicious life graceful and
metropolitan. CHAPTER XIX. LATER FRENCH CARICATURE. [Illustration: Two Attitudes. "With your air of romantic melancholy, you could succeed with some
women. For my part, I make my conquests with drums beating and matches
lighted."--From _Messieurs nos Fils et Mesdemoiselles nos Filles_, by
Randon, Paris.]
During the twenty years of Louis Napoleon, political caricature being
extinguished, France was inundated with diluted Gavarni. Any wretch who
drew or wrote for the penny almanacs, sweltering in his Mansard on a
franc a day, could produce a certain effect by representing the elegant
life of his country, of which he knew nothing, to be corrupt and
sensual. Pick up one of these precious works blindfold, open it at
random, and you will be almost certain to light upon some penny-a-line
calumny of French existence, with a suitable picture annexed. I have
just done so. The "Almanach Comique" for 1869, its twenty-eighth year,
lies open before me at the page devoted to the month of August. My eye
falls upon a picture of a loosely dressed woman gazing fondly upon a
large full purse suspended upon the end of a walking-stick, and
underneath are the words, "_Elle ne tarde pas à se réapprivoiser._" She
does not delay to _retame_ herself, the verb being the one applied to
wild beasts. There is even a subtle deviltry in the syllable _ré_,
implying that she has rebelled against her destiny, but is easily enough
brought to terms by a bribe. The reading matter for the month consists
of the following brief essay, entitled "August--the Virgin:" "How to go
for a month to the sea-shore during the worst of the dog-days. Hire a
chalet at Cabourg for madame, and a cottage on the beach of Trouville
for _mademoiselle_. The transit between those two places is
accomplished per omnibus in an hour. That is very convenient. Breakfast
with Mademoiselle; dine with Madame. This double existence is very
expensive, but _as it is the most common_, we are compelled to examine
it in order to establish a basis for the expenditures of the twelve
months." Is it not obvious that this was "evolved?" Does it not smell of
a garlicky Mansard? And have not all modern communities a common
interest in discrediting anonymous calumny? It were as unjust,
doubtless, to judge the frugal people of France by the comic annuals as
the good-natured people of England by the _Saturday Review_. [Illustration: The Den of Lions at the Opera. (From _Les Différents
Publics de Paris_, by Gustave Doré.)]
It is evident, too, that the French have a totally different conception
from ourselves of what is fit and unfit to be uttered. They ridicule our
squeamishness; we stand amazed at their indelicacy. Voltaire, who could
read his "Pucelle" to the Queen of Prussia, her young daughter being
also present and seen to be listening, was astounded in London at the
monstrous indecency of "Othello;" and English people of the same
generation were aghast at the license of the Parisian stage. M. Marcelin, a popular French caricaturist of to-day, dedicates an album
containing thirty pictures of what he styles _Un certain Monde_ to his
mother! We must not judge the productions of such a people by standards
drawn from other than "Latin" sources. Among the comic artists who began their career in Louis Philippe's time,
under the inspiration of Philipon and Daumier, was a son of the Comte
de Noé, or, as we might express it, Count Noah, a peer of France when
there were peers of France. Amédée de Noé, catching the spirit of
caricature while he was still a boy (he was but thirteen when _Le
Charivavi_ was started), soon made his pseudonym, Cham, familiar to
Paris. Cham being French for Shem, it was a happy way of designating a
son of Count Noah. From that time to the present hour Cham has continued
to amuse his countrymen, pouring forth torrents of sketches, which
usually have the merit of being harmless, and are generally good enough
to call up a smile upon a face not too stiffly wrinkled with the cares
of life. He is almost as prolific of comic ideas as George Cruikshank,
but his pictures are now too rudely executed to serve any but the most
momentary purpose. When a comic album containing sixty-one pictures by
Cham is sold in Paris for about twelve cents of our currency, the artist
can not bestow much time or pains upon his work. The comic almanac
quoted above, containing one hundred and eighty-three pages and seventy
pictures, costs the retail purchaser ten cents. Gustave Doré, now so renowned, came from Strasburg to Paris in 1845, a
boy of thirteen, and made his first essays in art, three years after, as
a caricaturist in the _Journal pour Rire_. But while he scratched trash
for his dinner, he reserved his better hours for the serious pursuit of
art, which, in just ten years, delivered him from a vocation in which he
could never have taken pleasure. His great subsequent celebrity has
caused the publication of several volumes of his comic work. It abounds
in striking ideas, but the pictures were executed with headlong haste,
to gratify a transient public feeling, and keep the artist's pot
boiling. His series exhibiting the Different Publics of Paris is full of
pregnant suggestions, and there are happy thoughts even in his "Histoire
de la Sainte Russie," a series published during the Crimean war, though
most of the work is crude and hasty beyond belief. In looking over the volumes of recent French caricature, we discover
that a considerable number of English words have become domesticated in
France. France having given us the words of the theatre and the
restaurant, has adopted in return several English words relating to
out-of-door exercises: Turf, ring, steeple-chase, box (in a stable),
jockey, jockey-club, betting, betting-book, handicap, race, racer,
four-in-hand, mail-coach, sport, tilbury, dog-cart, tandem, pickpocket,
and revolver. Rosbif, bifstek, and "choppe" have long been familiar. "Milord" is no longer exclusively used to designate a sumptuous
Englishman, but is applied to any one who expends money ostentatiously. Gentleman, dandy, dandyism, flirt, flirtation, puff, cockney, and
cocktail are words that would be recognized by most Parisians. A French
writer quotes the phrase "hero of two hemispheres," applied to
Lafayette, as a specimen of the "_puff_" superlative. "Othello" has
become synonymous with "jealous man;" and the sentence, "That is the
question," from "Hamlet," seems to have acquired currency in France. Cab, abbreviated a century ago from the French (cabriolet), has been
brought back to Paris, like the head of a fugitive decapitated in exile. [Illustration: The Vulture. (From _La Ménagerie Impériale_, 1871.)]
The recent events in France, beginning with the outbreak of the war with
Prussia, have elicited countless caricatures and series of caricatures. The downfall of the "Empire," as it was called, gave the caricaturists
an opportunity of vengeance which they improved. A citizen of New York
possesses a collection of one thousand satirical pictures published in
Paris during the war and under the Commune. A people who submit to a
despised usurper are not likely to be moderate or decent in the
expression of their contempt when, at length, the tyrant is no longer to
be feared. It was but natural that the French court should insult the
remains of Louis XIV., to whom living it had paid honors all but divine;
for it is only strength and valor that know how to be either magnanimous
or dignified in the moment of deliverance. Many of the people of Paris,
when they heard of the ridiculous termination near Sedan of the odious
fiction called the Empire, behaved like boys just rid of a school-master
whom they have long detested and obeyed. Of course they seized the chalk
and covered all the blackboards with monstrous pictures of the tyrant. The flight of his wife soon after called forth many scandalous sketches
similar to those which disgraced Paris when Marie Antoinette was in
prison awaiting the execution of her husband and her own trial. Many of
these burlesques, however, were fair and legitimate. The specimen given
on the next page, entitled "Partant pour la Syrie," which appeared soon
after the departure of Eugénie and her advisers, was a genuine hit. It
was exhibited in every window, and sold wherever in France the
victorious Germans were not. A member of the American legation, amidst
the rushing tide of exciting events and topics, chanced to save a copy,
from which it is here reduced. [Illustration: Badinguet. Eugénie. General Fleury. Pietri. Rouher. Maupas. Persigny. Partant pour la Syrie. (Published in Paris after the Flight of
Eugénie.)]
Among the "albums" of siege sketches, we come upon one executed by the
veterans Cham and Daumier, the same Henri Daumier whom Louis Philippe
imprisoned, and Thackeray praised, forty years ago. In this collection
we see Parisian ladies, in view of the expected bombardment, bundled up
in huge bags of cotton, leading lap-dogs protected in the same manner. An ugly Prussian touches off a bomb aimed at the children in the Jardin
du Luxembourg. King William decorates crutches and wooden legs as
"New-year's presents for his people." An apothecary sells a plaster
"warranted to prevent wounds, provided the wearer never leaves his
house." A workman goes to church for the first time in his life, and
gives as a reason for so unworkman-like a proceeding that "a man don't
have to stand in line for the blessed bread." A volunteer goes on a
sortie with a pillow under his waistcoat "to show the enemy that we have
plenty of provisions." All these are by the festive Cham. Daumier does not jest. He seems to have felt that Louis Napoleon, like a
child-murderer, was a person far beneath caricature--a creature only fit
to be destroyed and hurried out of sight and thought forever. Amidst the
dreary horrors of the siege, Henri Daumier could only think of its mean
and guilty cause. One of his few pictures in this collection is a row of
four vaults, the first bearing the inscription, "Died on the Boulevard
Montmartre, December 2d, 1851;" the second, "Died at Cayenne;" the
third, "Died at Lambessa;" the fourth, "Died at Sedan, 1870." But even
then Daumier, true to the vocation of a patriotic artist, dared to
remind his countrymen that it was they who had reigned in the guise of
the usurper. A wild female figure standing on a field of battle points
with one hand to the dead, and with the other to a vase filled with
ballots, on which is printed the word OUI. She cries, "_These killed
those!_"
During the Commune the walls of Paris were again covered with drawings
and lithographs of the character which Frenchmen produce after long
periods of repression: Louis Napoleon crucified between the two thieves,
Bismarck and King William; Thiers in the pillory covered and surrounded
with opprobrious inscriptions; Thiers, Favre, and M'Mahon placidly
looking down from a luxurious upper room upon a slain mother and child
ghastly with blood and wounds; landlords, lean and hungry, begging for
bread, while fat and rosy laborers bask idly in the sun; little boy
Paris smashing his playthings (Trochu, Gambetta, and Rochefort) and
crying for the moon; "Paris eating a general a day;" Queen Victoria in
consternation trying to stamp out the horrid centipede, _International_,
while "Monsieur John Boule, Esquire," stands near with the habeas-corpus
act in his hand; naked France pressing Rochefort to her bosom; and
hundreds more, describable and indescribable. [Illustration: Gavarni.]
It remains to give a specimen of recent French caricature of another
kind. Once more, after so many proofs of its impolicy, the Government of
France attempts to suppress such political caricature as is not
agreeable to it, while freely permitting the publication of pictures
flagrantly indecent. At no former period, not even in Voltaire's time,
could the French press have been more carefully hedged about with laws
tending to destroy its power to do good, and increase its power to do
harm. The Government treats the press very much after the manner of
those astute parents who forbid their children to see a comedy of
Robertson or a play of Shakspeare, but make it up to them by giving them
tickets to the variety show. A writer familiar with the subject gives us
some astounding details:
"There exist at present," he remarks, "sixty-eight laws in France, all
intended to suppress, curtail, weaken, emasculate, and even to strangle
newspapers; but not one single law to foster them in their dire
misfortune. If any private French gentleman wishes to establish a
newspaper, he must first write to the Préfet de Police, on paper of a
certain size and duly stamped, and give this functionary notice that he
intends to establish a newspaper. His signature has, of course, to be
countersigned by the Maire. But if the paper our friend wishes to
establish is purely literary, he has first to make his declaration to
the police, who rake up every information that is possible about the
unfortunate projector. After that, the Ministère de l'Intérieur
institutes another searching inquiry, and these two take seven or eight
months at least. When the _enquête_ and the _contre-enquête_ are ended,
the _avis favorable_ of the whole Ministry is necessary before the paper
can be published. Another six months to wait yet; but this is not all. Our would-be newspaper proprietor or editor possesses now the right of
publishing his paper; but he has not yet the right to sell it. In order
to obtain this, he must begin anew all his declarations and attempts, so
that his purely literary paper may be sold at all the ordinary
book-sellers' shops. But if he wishes it to be sold in the streets--or,
in other words, in the kiosques--he must address himself to another
office _ad hoc_, and then the Commissaire de Police sends the answer of
the Préfet de Police to the unfortunate proprietor, editor, or
publisher, who by this time must be nearly at his wits' end. But even this is not all. If the unhappy projector proposes to
illustrate his paper, his labors are still far from ending. "He must,"
continues the writer, "obtain, of course, the permission of the
Ministère de l'Intérieur for Paris, or of the prefects for the
provinces.
| 6,358 |
https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandan%20%28North%20Dakota%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Mandan (North Dakota)
|
https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandan (North Dakota)&action=history
|
Min Nan Chinese
|
Spoken
| 29 | 92 |
Mandan sī Bí-kok North Dakota chiu Morton kūn ê chi̍t ê chng-thâu (city).
Tē-lí
Tī pún só͘-chāi sì-ûi ê tē-hng ū Bismarck.
Liân-kiat
Koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām
North Dakota ê chng-thâu
| 38,896 |
5655694_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,916 | 2,547 |
WHITE, J.
This is an appeal from an order denying a motion to vacate, recall and quash a writ of execution which had been issued in enforcement of a judgment entered pursuant to an agreement made in settlement of certain litigation. It is the contention of appellants that the agreement was modified by certain amended escrow instructions, that the *230judgment should have been modified to conform thereto, that respondents failed to perform under the agreement as allegedly amended, and that such failure prevented appellants from malting the payments required by the judgment.
In January, 1945, Catherine L. Ingrao and Florence Karsten constructed a building and commenced the operation of a restaurant known as the “Venetian Dining Boom and Gardens” in the city of Altadena, Los Angeles County. They also purchased a residence in Altadena and two unimproved lots, known respectively as the “Holliston” lot and the “Foothill” lot, title to the latter being taken in the name of Florence Karsten only. In financing these operations, they borrowed money, and at the time the settlement was reached there were outstanding two bank loans, one for approximately $19,000 secured by a pledge of stock and other personal property owned separately by respondent Catherine Ingrao, and the other for approximately $15,800, secured by a trust deed on the restaurant property.
Disputes between the parties led to the filing of two actions by Catherine Ingrao and her husband against Florence Karsten and her husband in the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, No. 528034 for an accounting and appointment of receiver for the restaurant, and No. 528035 to establish a trust in the remaining properties held in joint tenancy and in the name of appellant Florence Karsten.
The agreement by which the parties attempted to settle their differences may be summarized as follows: After reciting the purchase of the properties, a controversy as to the amounts contributed respectively by them, the existence of the loans heretofore mentioned, the pendency of the litigation, and the desire of the parties to effect a complete and final adjustment, settlement and satisfaction of all their respective rights, it was agreed: (1) The Ingraos transferred all interest in the Venetian Dining Boom to the Karstens; (2) the Karstens transferred to Catherine Ingrao the residence property and all household furniture, with certain exceptions; (3) Karstens transferred to Catherine Ingrao all interest in the Holliston and Footholl lots; (4) Karstens agreed to indemnify the Ingraos against any liability in connection with the Venetian Dining Boom; (5) Ingraos agreed to indemnify Karstens against any liability in connection with the residence property and to assume and pay when due an incumbrance thereon. (6) Karstens agreed “to pay to Catherine L. Ingrao the total sum of Twenty-five Thousand Dollars ($25,000.00), in cash. *231payable as follows: Ten Thousand Dollars ($10,000.00) upon the complete signing of this agreement, receipt of which hereby is acknowledged by Catherine L. The agreement then provided that an escrow “or escrows” should be opened forthwith for the purpose of complying with section 3440 of the Civil Code, delivering instruments' of title, and securing title insurance. Paragraph XI of the agreement provided, so far as pertinent, that “An appropriate judgment shall be entered forthwith in said cases Nos. 528034 and 528035, which are now set for trial in Department Pasadena ‘ B ’ of the Superior Court . . . which shall conform to the terms of agreement as herein set forth, and . . . .”
The agreement was executed by all parties on July 31, 1947. On August 12, 1947, the parties entered into an escrow and Karstens paid the $10,000 cash required by the terms of the agreement. On August 28, 1947, the trial judge signed, and on September 2, 1947, there was entered, in action No. 528034, a judgment in conformity with the terms of the aforesaid agreement, quieting the respective titles of the parties, incorporating the agreement as part of the judgment *232and directing the parties to perform their promises thereunder, and further providing that Catherine L. Ingrao recover from the defendants Harry and Florence Karsten, $15,000, payable $10,000 on or before September 12, 1947, and $5,000 on or before November 1, 1947.
On August 27, 1947, all parties executed an amendment to their previous escrow instructions, reading, so far as pertinent, as follows:
“Original escrow Instructions August 12, 1947, and amendments thereto, are hereby amended and superseded to read as follows:
“That I elect to convey title to property being conveyed herein prior to 9-12-47, Subject To a Note in the amount of $34,800.00, secured by a Mortgage of Chattel and Purchase Money Deed of Trust in favor of Catherine L. Ingrao, a married woman, as her separate property; . ..
“The foregoing amendment is accepted upon the following conditions:
“1. That Catherine L. Ingrao shall pay into this escrow the sum of $34,800.00, plus interest, for payment to Altadena Branch, Security-First National Bank of Los Angeles, the sum of $19,000.00, plus interest; and to the Head Office, Pasadena First National Bank, the sum of $15,800.00, plus interest;. .”
On October 20, 1947, upon affidavit of one of plaintiffs’ attorneys that the $10,000 agreed to be paid by defendants (due September 12 under the terms of the judgment, or 30 days after opening of escrow on August 12, as provided by the agreement) remained unpaid, it was ordered that execution issue. Thereafter defendants moved to vacate, recall and quash the writ of execution on the ground that it was premature, in that defendants were not in default for the reason that the agreement upon which the judgment rested had been materially changed and that plaintiffs were in default. In support of the motion defendants averred by affidavit that because of the failure of plaintiffs to comply with the escrow instructions as amended defendants were prevented from completing the agreement, that the escrow could not be closed; and further alleged:
“The said amendment reflected in said Exhibit A is an important, substantial and material departure from the original agreement between the parties in the following respects and for the following reasons:
*233“1. It was originally agreed that Defendants were to pay an obligation jointly created by all parties in favor of the Security-First National Bank in the sum of $19,000.00, and a like joint obligation in favor of the Pasadena First National Bank in the sum of $15,800.00, the obligations of Affiants on said indebtedness being the obligations of a joint debtor, and under the first proposed plan, Affiants were given the right to encumber the real property in any manner which they might see fit;
“2. By virtue of the said amendment, Plaintiffs undertook and agreed to personally pay and discharge the said indebtedness to the Security-First National Bank and the said indebtedness to the Pasadena First National Bank, and to accept from Affiants a note for the combined amount of such indebtedness, to-wit, $34,800.00, to be secured by a Deed of Trust on the said real property, and a chattel mortgage on personalty;
“3. *234It is argued by appellants that ‘ ‘ On August 28, 1947, when the stipulated judgment was signed and filed, the departure of the judgment from the terms of the agreement was of no apparent consequence, and would have been of no consequence if Plaintiffs had complied with their obligation to deposit $34,800.00 in cash in the escrow prior to September 12, 1947, as they agreed to do by the amendment of August 27, 1947. On the date of the said judgment, all parties were bound to close the escrow 30 days after August 12, 1947. In other words, there were then 15 days left in which all parties could perform in the escrow.
“However, when Plaintiffs (Respondents) failed to deposit the $34,800.00 in the escrow and pay off the $15,800.00 and the $19,000.00 notes and liens, they hindered Defendants’ (Appellants’) ability to close the escrow in this, the Defendants being then on $34,800.00 of encumbrances jointly with the Plaintiffs, their credit was so impaired that they were unable to raise the additional sums which they required, nor were they at liberty themselves to refinance the property....”
Appellants’ position is unsound. By the original agreement Karstens undertook to pay or refinance the $19,000 loan before February 1,1948, and Catherine Ingrao was given an option to pay or refinance either or both loans, in which latter event she was to be reimbursed by the Karstens’ execution of a secured note for the amounts paid by her. The promise of Karstens to pay $25,000, $10,000 at the time of execution of the agreement, $10,000 at the close of the 30-day escrow and $5,000 before November 1, 1947, was in no way conditional upon any act or performance by the Ingraos with respect to paying or refinancing the loans; on the contrary, the ultimate burden thereof was to be borne by the Karstens, who were required either to make payment themselves or reimburse Catherine Ingrao in the event payment was made by her. Nothing that the Ingraos might do or refrain from doing with respect to protecting themselves on the two loans could affect the obligation of the Karstens to pay the $25,000 called for by the agreement.
There is no merit to appellants’ argument that the failure of respondents to deposit in escrow the funds called for by the amended instructions hindered appellants’ ability to pay by impairing their credit, since upon payment of the outstanding notes they would be then obligated under a new note to Catherine Ingrao for the same amount. The statement in appellants’ affidavit that they could not execute the *235$34,800 note to Catherine Ingrao because they would then be indebted for $69,600 is patently erroneous, since such notes would be merely deposited in escrow for delivery upon cancellation of the indebtedness which was being paid off.
There is under the terms of the agreement no relationship between the obligation to pay the respective sums of $10,000 and $5,000 on the one hand, and the refinancing of the outstanding loans on the other. The sole purpose of the escrow contemplated by the agreement was to accomplish execution and delivery of the documents required to vest and insure the various titles in the manner agreed upon. Appellants were placed in no worse position than they would have been had the Ingraos, as they could have under the agreement, done nothing during the 30-day period toward refinancing the loans. There is no claim that the respondents did not deposit in this escrow all documents required of them under the terms of the agreement. The amendment to the escrow instructions simply shows that the Ingraos proposed to refinance the loans, an option granted them under the terms of the agreement, but which they were not bound to exercise, and whether they exercised it or not, the obligation of the Karstens to pay the cash remained unchanged. Further lending support to our view is the fact that the judgment presented to the court for signing and entry on August 28, 1947, one day after the escrow instructions were amended, was approved by appellants’ then attorneys.
The order of October 30, 1947, denying defendants’ motion for order vacating previous order for issuance of writ of execution and to recall and quash writ of execution issued pursuant thereto, is affirmed.
York, P. J., and Doran, J., concurred.
A petition for a rehearing was denied March 7, 1949, and appellants’ petition for hearing by the Supreme Court was denied April 18, 1949.
| 37,151 |
https://github.com/olivier-maury/unity/blob/master/web-admin/src/main/java/pl/edu/icm/unity/webadmin/reg/formman/BaseFormNotificationsEditor.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| null |
unity
|
olivier-maury
|
Java
|
Code
| 221 | 1,292 |
/*
* Copyright (c) 2016 ICM Uniwersytet Warszawski All rights reserved.
* See LICENCE.txt file for licensing information.
*/
package pl.edu.icm.unity.webadmin.reg.formman;
import java.util.List;
import com.vaadin.ui.CheckBox;
import pl.edu.icm.unity.base.msgtemplates.reg.AcceptRegistrationTemplateDef;
import pl.edu.icm.unity.base.msgtemplates.reg.InvitationTemplateDef;
import pl.edu.icm.unity.base.msgtemplates.reg.RejectRegistrationTemplateDef;
import pl.edu.icm.unity.base.msgtemplates.reg.UpdateRegistrationTemplateDef;
import pl.edu.icm.unity.engine.api.GroupsManagement;
import pl.edu.icm.unity.engine.api.MessageTemplateManagement;
import pl.edu.icm.unity.engine.api.NotificationsManagement;
import pl.edu.icm.unity.engine.api.msg.UnityMessageSource;
import pl.edu.icm.unity.exceptions.EngineException;
import pl.edu.icm.unity.types.registration.BaseFormNotifications;
import pl.edu.icm.unity.webui.common.CompatibleTemplatesComboBox;
import pl.edu.icm.unity.webui.common.GroupComboBox;
import pl.edu.icm.unity.webui.common.LayoutEmbeddable;
/**
* Code for editing BaseFormNotifications, i.e. a base for registration and enquiry forms notifications config editing.
* @author K. Benedyczak
*/
public class BaseFormNotificationsEditor extends LayoutEmbeddable
{
protected final UnityMessageSource msg;
protected final GroupsManagement groupsMan;
protected final NotificationsManagement notificationsMan;
protected final MessageTemplateManagement msgTempMan;
private CheckBox sendAdminCopy;
private GroupComboBox adminsNotificationGroup;
private CompatibleTemplatesComboBox rejectedTemplate;
private CompatibleTemplatesComboBox acceptedTemplate;
private CompatibleTemplatesComboBox updatedTemplate;
private CompatibleTemplatesComboBox invitationTemplate;
public BaseFormNotificationsEditor(UnityMessageSource msg, GroupsManagement groupsMan,
NotificationsManagement notificationsMan, MessageTemplateManagement msgTempMan) throws EngineException
{
this.msg = msg;
this.groupsMan = groupsMan;
this.notificationsMan = notificationsMan;
this.msgTempMan = msgTempMan;
initUI();
}
protected void initUI() throws EngineException
{
sendAdminCopy = new CheckBox(msg.getMessage("BaseFormNotificationsEditor.sendAdminCopy"));
adminsNotificationGroup = new GroupComboBox(
msg.getMessage("RegistrationFormViewer.adminsNotificationsGroup"), groupsMan);
adminsNotificationGroup.setEmptySelectionAllowed(true);
adminsNotificationGroup.setInput("/", true);
rejectedTemplate = new CompatibleTemplatesComboBox(RejectRegistrationTemplateDef.NAME, msgTempMan);
rejectedTemplate.setCaption(msg.getMessage("RegistrationFormViewer.rejectedTemplate"));
acceptedTemplate = new CompatibleTemplatesComboBox(AcceptRegistrationTemplateDef.NAME, msgTempMan);
acceptedTemplate.setCaption(msg.getMessage("RegistrationFormViewer.acceptedTemplate"));
updatedTemplate = new CompatibleTemplatesComboBox(UpdateRegistrationTemplateDef.NAME, msgTempMan);
updatedTemplate.setCaption(msg.getMessage("RegistrationFormViewer.updatedTemplate"));
invitationTemplate = new CompatibleTemplatesComboBox(InvitationTemplateDef.NAME, msgTempMan);
invitationTemplate.setCaption(msg.getMessage("RegistrationFormViewer.invitationTemplate"));
addComponents(sendAdminCopy, adminsNotificationGroup,
rejectedTemplate, acceptedTemplate, updatedTemplate, invitationTemplate);
}
protected void setValue(BaseFormNotifications toEdit)
{
adminsNotificationGroup.setValue(toEdit.getAdminsNotificationGroup());
sendAdminCopy.setValue(toEdit.isSendUserNotificationCopyToAdmin());
rejectedTemplate.setValue(toEdit.getRejectedTemplate());
acceptedTemplate.setValue(toEdit.getAcceptedTemplate());
updatedTemplate.setValue(toEdit.getUpdatedTemplate());
invitationTemplate.setValue(toEdit.getInvitationTemplate());
}
protected void fill(BaseFormNotifications notCfg)
{
notCfg.setAcceptedTemplate(acceptedTemplate.getValue());
notCfg.setAdminsNotificationGroup(adminsNotificationGroup.getValue());
notCfg.setSendUserNotificationCopyToAdmin(sendAdminCopy.getValue());
notCfg.setRejectedTemplate(rejectedTemplate.getValue());
notCfg.setUpdatedTemplate(updatedTemplate.getValue());
notCfg.setInvitationTemplate(invitationTemplate.getValue());
}
public List<String> getGroups()
{
return adminsNotificationGroup.getAllGroups();
}
}
| 39,944 |
https://github.com/cykelbud/lrms/blob/master/src/Employee/Core.DomainModel/AddBankInfoCommand.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
lrms
|
cykelbud
|
C#
|
Code
| 76 | 260 |
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using EventFlow.Commands;
using EventFlow.Core;
namespace Employee.Core.DomainModel
{
public class AddBankInfoCommand : Command<EmployeeAggregate, EmployeeId>
{
public string BankAccountNumber { get; }
public AddBankInfoCommand(EmployeeId aggregateId, string bankAccountNumber) : base(aggregateId)
{
BankAccountNumber = bankAccountNumber;
}
public AddBankInfoCommand(EmployeeId aggregateId, ISourceId sourceId, string bankAccountNumber) : base(aggregateId, sourceId)
{
BankAccountNumber = bankAccountNumber;
}
}
public class AddBankInfoCommandHandler : CommandHandler<EmployeeAggregate, EmployeeId, AddBankInfoCommand>
{
public override Task ExecuteAsync(EmployeeAggregate aggregate, AddBankInfoCommand command, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
aggregate.AddBankInfo(command);
return Task.FromResult(0);
}
}
}
| 5,101 |
67f32da627ebbd7887f7e52bd8696dc9
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
JOAFE_PDF_Unitaire_19910041_02481.pdf
|
journal-officiel.gouv.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 1,317 | 2,519 |
9 octobre 1991
JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE
Sanières, immeuble Les Ponts-Jumeaux, 31000 Toulouse. Date:
3 septembre 1991.
(Cette insertion annule et remplace celle parue au Journal officiel
du 25 septembre 1991, n° 39, page 2378, lre colonne, 8e insertion.)
32 - GERS
Créations
Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Condom. ASSOCIATION DE
PARENTS D’ELEVES. Objet : gestion de la cantine scolaire et acti
vités diverses. Siège social : Sanan, 32100 Castelnau-sur-l’Auvignon.
Date : 18 septembre 1991.
Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Condom. FORCE ATHLE
TIQUE ELUSATE. Objet : développement de la connaissance et
pratique de la force athlétique et de la gymnastique aux appareils.
Siège social: 11, avenue Gounon, 32800 Eauze. Date: 18 sep
tembre 1991.
Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Condom. KARATE-CLUB DE
NOGARO. Objet : pratique du karaté pour toutes les personnes
intéressées par les arts martiaux. Siège social : salle Perier,
32110 Nogaro. Date : 24 septembre 1991.
Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Condom. STAGES
VACANCES BASKET. Objet : diffuser les techniques et les connais
sances du basket-ball par le biais de divers stages. Siège social :
arènes de Valence, 32310 Valence-sur-Baïse. Date: 24 sep
tembre 1991.
33 - GIRONDE
Créations
Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Langon. COORDINATION
JULES-FERRY. Objet : défendre l'école rurale et favoriser son amé
lioration, son développement, sa vie. Siège social : cantine scolaire,
33190 Camiran. Date : 16 septembre 1991.
Déclaration à la préfecture de la Gironde. AQUITAINE
PLONGEE SPORTS NAUTIQUES. Objet : pratique et enseigne
ment des activités subaquatiques, de toute activité de sport et de
loisirs nautiques. Siège social : 49, avenue Thiers, 33100 Bordeaux.
Date : 16 septembre 1991.
Déclaration à la préfecture de la Gironde. SOCIETE POUR LA
PHILOSOPHIE DE LA TECHNIQUE. Objet : aider à la communi
cation, au débat et à l’échange entre enseignants, chercheurs, prati
ciens et étudiants convaincus de la centralité du phénomène tech
nique, de l’importance de l’envisager dans une perspective
philosophique. Siège social : chez M. Cérézuelle (Daniel), 3, rue
Emile-Zola, 33000 Bordeaux. Date : 16 septembre 1991.
Déclaration à la préfecture de la Gironde. BUSTLES (ANIMA
TION). Objet : développer l’animation et créer des événements dans
les domaines sportifs, culturels et touristiques. Siège social :
I, avenue Pierre-de-Coubertin, 33600 Pessac. Date : 18 sep
tembre 1991.
Déclaration à la préfecture de la Gironde. BAFILA (REN
CONTRE DE DEUX FLEUVES, DE DEUX CULTURES). Objet :
promouvoir et développer la culture, l’expression africaine et favo
riser les échanges interculturels. Siège social : 22, rue Saint-Rémy,
33000 Bordeaux. Date : 18 septembre 1991.
Déclaration à la préfecture de la Gironde. ASSOCIATION D’AR
TISTES EN AQUITAINE (3 A). Objet : promouvoir dans une
démarche professionnelle et exposer des œuvres artistiques, des arts
plastiques, en général de jeunes artistes ou artistes méconnus dans
notre région afin qu’ils soient révélés au public, aux médias, aux
galeries sur le plan régional, national et international. Siège social :
galerie de Kater, 102, rue de Kater, 33000 Bordeaux. Date : 18 sep
tembre 1991.
Déclaration à la préfecture de la Gironde. ESPACE MOZART.
Objet : lutter contre l’isolement, l’inactivité que subissent des per
sonnes qui ont souffert d’une affection psychique et qui désirent
reprendre place dans la vie sociale. Siège social : 2, rue Jean-Artus,
33300 Bordeaux. Date : 18 septembre 1991.
Déclaration à la préfecture de la Gironde. AMO ARTE (J’AIME
L’ART). Objet : connaissance, diffusion, soutien de l’art sudaméricain. Siège social : 30, rue Notre-Dame, 33000 Bordeaux.
Date : 19 septembre 1991.
Déclaration à la préfecture de la Gironde. IMAGES SANS
FRONTIERES. Objet : promouvoir la technique de l’image sous
toutes ses formes, créer au travers de ses membres des réseaux de
contacts et d’échanges en France comme à l’étranger. Siège social :
33, rue du Professeur-Bergonié, 33130 Bègles. Date : 19 sep
tembre 1991.
2481
Déclaration à la préfecture de la Gironde. GOLDEN COLOR.
Objet : publier un magazine amateur sur la bande dessinée. Siège
social : résidence Crespy 2, bâtiment 4, appartement 214, avenue
Georges-Lasserre, 33400 Talence. Date : 19 septembre 1991.
Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Blaye. ASSOCIATION DES
PARENTS D’ELEVES DE LA COMMUNE DE PLEINE-SELVE.
Objet : promouvoir, coordonner et animer des activités de loisirs ou
culturelles afin de contribuer au bon fonctionnement de l’école.
Siège social : mairie de Pleine-Selve, 33320 Saint-Ciers-sur-Gironde.
Date : 20 septembre 1991.
Déclaration à la préfecture de la Gironde. ALLAMANDA. Objet :
mise à la disposition des adhérents de matériel de loisir et d’un local
pour le stockage de ces objets. Siège social : 1, rue Bergeret,
33000 Bordeaux. Date : 20 septembre 1991.
Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Libourne. GYMNASTIQUE
VOLONTAIRE (F.F.E.P.G.U.) « LA GYM, J’Y VAIS ». Objet :
cours de gymnastique. Siège social : mairie, 33230 Le Fieu. Date :
20 septembre 1991.
Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Libourne. ECOLE MOTOS
MOMES COUTRAS. Objet : développer le sport moto tout terrain
auprès des enfants, susciter des liens d’amitié entre ses membres.
Siège social : 170, rue Pierre-Brossolette, 33230 Coutras. Date :
20 septembre 1991.
Modifications
Déclaration à la préfecture de la Gironde. REMUE-MENINGES.
Siège social : 112, rue Marcel-Sembat, 33130 Bègles, transféré : nou
velle adresse: cité Yves-Farge, bâtiment G 5, appartement 415,
33130 Bègles. Date : 17 septembre 1991.
Déclaration à la préfecture de la Gironde. L’ETOILE DE LORMONT. Siège social : résidence Saint-Hilaire, bâtiment 17, apparte
ment 1191, 33310 Lormont, transféré : nouvelle adresse : résidence
Saint-Hilaire, bâtiment 17, appartement 1212, 33310 Lormont. Date:
18 septembre 1991.
Déclaration à la préfecture de la Gironde. Ancien titre : AMI
CALE DES PORTE-DRAPEAUX DES ASSOCIATIONS D’AN
CIENS COMBATTANTS ET DES AMICALES REGIMENTAIRES
DE LA 4e REGION MILITAIRE. Nouveau titre : GROUPEMENT
DE BORDEAUX DES ANCIENS COMBATTANTS PORTEDRAPEAUX VOLONTAIRES DE LA REGION MILITAIREDEFENSE ATLANTIQUE. Siège social : maison du combattant,
97, rue de Saint-Genès, 33000 Bordeaux. Date: 19 septembre 1991.
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culturelles, sportives, éducatives et individuelles pessacaises. Siège
social : mairie, place de la Ve-République, 33600 Pessac, transféré :
nouvelle adresse : maison des associations, 19, avenue P.-Wiehm,
33600 Pessac. Date : 19 septembre 1991.
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SPORTS, SPORT 2000. Siège social : 90-92, cours Alsace-Lorraine,
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Saint-Siméon, 33000 Bordeaux. Date : 20 septembre 1991.
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DES SPORTS DE LA VILLE DU HAILLAN. Nouveau titre :
ASSOCIATION POUR LA GESTION DES LOISIRS ET DES
ACTIVITES EDUCATIVES. Nouvel objet : soutenir, encourager,
provoquer, coordonner toutes initiatives tendant à organiser et à
développer la pratique des activités physiques, sportives ou de
loisirs, gérer et développer le centre de loisirs, les camps et colonies
de vacances et les vacances sportives, favoriser les actions en direc
tion de la jeunesse, les contacts des groupes de jeunes de différentes
nationalités, assurer la promotion du sport et apporter son soutien
dans l’organisation de manifestations sportives, assurer la gestion et
le fonctionnement du club-house municipal. Siège social : mairie,
33160 Le Haillan. Date : 20 septembre 1991.
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AMICALE DES FETES ET DE BIENFAISANCE DE
LACHANAU. Nouveau titre : COMITE DES FETES DE
LACHANAU. Siège social : 35, rue de la Pigneraie, 33990 Hourtin.
Date : 20 septembre 1991.
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ATLHETE AVENTURE. Siège social : 200, place du Monteil,
33600 Pessac, transféré : nouvelle adresse : 6, allée des Alouettes,
33140 Cadaujac. Date : 23 septembre 1991.
Dissolutions
Déclaration à la préfecture de la Gironde. ASSOCIATION COM
MUNALE DE CHASSE AGREEE DE BOULIAC. Siège social :
mairie, 33270 Bouliac. Date : 16 septembre 1991.
Déclaration à la préfecture de la Gironde. MASKEBEN. Siège
social : 7, rue Esmangard, 33800 Bordeaux. Date : 16 sep
tembre 1991.
| 39,748 |
diaryjohnevelyn00braygoog_4
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,901 |
The diary of John Evelyn;
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Evelyn, John, 1620-1706 | Bray, William, 1736-1832, ed
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English
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Spoken
| 7,473 | 10,244 |
Calais is considered an extraordinary well-fortified place, in the old castle and new citadel regarding the sea. The haven consists of a long bank of sand, lying opposite to it. The market place and the church are re- markable things, besides those relics of our former domin> ion there. I remember there were engraven in stone, upon the front of an ancient dwelling which was showed us, these words in English — 'God save the King," to- gether with the name of the architect and date. The walls of the town are substantial; but the situation to- ward the land is not pleasant, by reason of the marshes and low grounds about it. 1 3th November, 1643. After dinner we took horse with the Messagere, hoping to have arrived at Boulogne that night; but there fell so great a snow, accompanied with hail, rain, and sudden darkness, that we had much ado to gain the next village; and in this passage, being to cross a valley by a causeway, and a bridge built over a small river, the rain that had fallen making it an im- petuous stream for near a quarter of a mile, my horse slipping had almost been the occasion of my perishing. We none of us went to bed; for the soldiers in those parts leaving little in the villages, we had enough to do to get ourselves dry, by morning, between the fire and the fresh straw. The next day early, we arrived at Bou- logne. .y Google 40 DIARY OP ST. DENIS This is a double town, one part of it situate on a high rock, or downs; the other, called the lower town, is yet with a great declivity toward the sea; both of them de- fended by a strong castle, which stands on a notable eminence. Under the town runs the river, which is yet but an inconsiderable brook. Henry VIII., in the siege of this place is said to have used those great leathern guns which I have since beheld tn the Tower of London, in- scribed, ■ Non Martt opus est cut koh deficit Mercurius *; if at least the history be true, which my Lord Herbert doubts. The next morning, in some danger of parties [Spanish} surprising us, we came to Montreuil, built on the sum- mit of a most conspicuous hill, environed with fair and ample meadows; but all the suburbs had been from time to time ruined, and were now lately burnt by the Span- ish inroads. This town is fortified with two very deep dry ditches ; the walls about the bastions and citadel are a noble piece of masonry. The church is more glori- ous without than within ; the market place large ; but the inhabitants are miserably poor. The next day, we came to Abbeville, having passed all this way in contintud ex- pectation of the volunteers, as they call them. This town affords a good aspect toward the hill from whence we descended: nor does it deceive tts; for it is hand- somely built, and has many pleasant and useful streams passing through it, the main river being the Somme, which discharges itself into the sea at St. Valery, al' most in view of the town. The principal church is a very handsome piece of Gothic architecture, and the ports and ramparts sweetly planted for defense and or- nament. In the morning, they brought us choice of guns and pistols to sell at reasonable rates, and neatly made, being here a merchandise of great accoimt,. the town abounding in gunsmiths. Hence we advanced to Beauvais, another town of good note, and having the first vineyards we had seen. The next day to Beaumont, and the morrow to Paris, having- taken our repast at St. Denis, two leagues from that great city. St. Denis is considerable only for its stately cathe- dral, and the dormitory of the French kings, there inhumed as ours at Westminster Abbey. The treasury is esteemed one of the richest in Europe. The church was built by .y Google 1643 JOHN EVELYN 41 King Dagobert,* but since much enlarged, being now 390 feet long, 100 in breadth, and 80 in height, without com- prehending the cover: it has also a very high shaft of stone, and the gates are of brass. Here, while the monks conducted us, we were showed the ancient and modem sepnlchers of their kings, beginning with the founder to I>onis his son, with Charles Martel and Pepin, son and father of Charlemagne. These lie in the choir, and without it are many more: among the rest that of Bertrand du Gaesclin, Constable of Prance ; in the chapel of Charles V. , all his posterity; and near him the magnificent sepulcher of Francis I. , with his children, wars, victories, and triumphs engraven in marble. In the nave of the church lies the catafalque, or hearse, of Louis XIII., Henry II., a noble tomb of Francis II., and Charles IX. Above are bodies of several Saints; below, under a state of black velvet, the late Louis XIII., father of this present monarch. Every one of the ten chapels, or oratories, had some Saints in them; among the rest, one of the Holy Innocents. The treasury is kept in the sacristy above, in which are crosses of massy gold and silver, studded with precious stones, one <A gold three feet high, set with sapphires, rubies, and great oriental pearls. Another given by Charles the Great, having a noble amethjnt in the middle of it, stones and pearls of inestimable value. Among the treasures is the crown of Charlemagne, his seven-foot high scepter and hand of justice, the agraffe of his royal mantle, beset with diamonds and rubies, bis sword, belt, and spurs of gold; the crown of St. Louis, covered with precious stones, among which is one vast mby, uncut, of inestimable value, weighing 300 carats (under which is set one of the thorns of our blessed Savior's •A. D. 630. .y Google 43 DIARY OF ST. dknw crown), his sword, seal, and hand of jnstice. The two crowns of Henry IV., his scepter, hand of justice, and spnrs. The two crowns of his son Louis. In the cloak- royal of Anne of Bretagne is a very great and rare ruby. Divers books covered with solid plates of gold, and studded with precious stones. Two vases of beryl, two of agate, whereof one is esteemed for its bigness, color, and embossed carving, the best now to be seen: by a special favor I was permitted to take the measure and dimensions of it; the story is a Bacchanalia and sacrifice to Priapus; a very holy thing truly, and fit for a cloister! It is really antique, and the noblest jewel there. There is also a large gondola of chrysolite, a huge urn of por- phyry, another of calcedon, a vase of onyx, the largest I had ever seen of that stone; two of crystal; a morsel of one of the waterpots in which our Savior did his first miracle; the effigies of the Queen of Saba, of Julius, Augustus, Mark Antony, Cleopatra, and others, upon sapphires, topazes, agates, and cornelians: that of the queen of Saba* has a Moorish face; those of Julius and Nero on agates are rarely colored and cut. A cup in which Solomon was used to drink, and an Apollo on a great amethyst. There lay in a window a mirror of a kind of stone said to have belonged to the poet Virgil. Charlemagne's chessmen, full of Arabic characters. In the press next the door, the brass lantern full of crystals, said to have conducted Judas and his company to appre- hend our blessed Savior. A fair unicorn's horn, sent by a king of Persia, about seven feet long. In another press (over which stands the picture in oil of their Orleans Amazon with her sword), the effigies of the late French kings in wax, like ours in Westminster, covered with their robes; with a world of other rarities. Having rewarded our courteous friar, we took horse for Paris, where we arrived about five in the afternoon. In the way were fair crosses of stone carved with fieur-de-lis at everv furlong's end, where they affirm St. Denis rested id down his head after martyrdom, carrying it he place where this monastery is builded. We lay is at the Ville de Venice; where, after I had some- refreshed, I went to visit Sir Richard Browncj his y's Resident with the French king. .y Google 1643 JOHN EVELYN 43 5th December, 1643. The Earl of Norwich came as Am- ttassador extraordinary; I went to meet him in a coach and six horses, at the palace of Monsieur de Bassompibre, where I saw that gallant person, his gardens, terraces, and rare prospects. My lord was waited on by the master of the ceremonies, and a very great cavalcade of men of quality, to the Palais Cardinal, where on the 33d he had audience of the French king, and the queen Regent his mother, in the golden chamber of presence. Prom thence, I conducted him to his lodgings in Rue St. Denis, and so toolt my leave. a4th December, 1643. I went with some company to see some remarkable places without the city: as the Isle, and how it is encompassed by the Rivers Seine and the Ouse. The city is divided into three parts, whereof the town is greatest. The city lies between it and the Uni- versity in form of an island. Over the Seine is a stately bridge called Pont Neuf, begun by Henry III. in 1578, finished by Henry IV. his successor. It is all of hewn freestone foimd under the streets, but more plentifully at Montmartre, and consists of twelve arches, in the midst of which ends the point of an island, on which are built handsome artificers' houses. There is one large passage for coaches, and two for foot passengers three or four feet higher, and of convenient breadth for eight or ten to go abreast. On the middle of this stately bridge, on one side, stands the famous statue of Henry the Great on horseback, exceeding the natural proportion by much; and, on the four faces of a stately pedestal (which is composed of various sorts of polished marbles and rich moldings), inscriptions of his victories and most signal actions are engraven in brass. The statue and horse are of copper, the work of the great John di Bologna, and sent from Florence by Ferdinand the First, and Cosmo the Second, uncle and cousin to Mary de Medicis, the wife of King Henry, whose statue it represents. The place where it is erected is inclosed with a strong and beautiful grate of iron, about which there are always mountebanks showing their feats to the idle passengers. From hence is a rare prospect toward the Louvre and suburbs of St. Germatns, the Isle du Palais, and Ndtre Dame. At the foot of this bridge is a water-house, on the front whereof, at a great height, is the story of Onr Savior and the woman of .,y,,.cd by Google 44 DIAKY OP PARIS Samaria pouring water out of a bucket Above, is a very rare dial of several motions, with a chime, etc. The water is conveyed by huge wheels, pumps, and other engines, from the river beneath. The confluence of the people and multitude of coaches passing every moment over the bridge, to a new spectator is an agreeable diversion. Other bridges there are, as that of NStre Dame and the Pont-au-Change, etc., fairly built, with houses of stone, which are laid over this river; only the Pont St Anne, landing the suburbs of St Germains at the Tuileries, is built of wood, having likewise a water house in the midst of it, and a statue of Neptune casting water out of a whale's mouth, of lead, but much inferior to the Samaritan. The University lies southwest on higher ground, con- tiguous to, but the lesser part of, Paris. They reckon no less than sizty-Sve colleges; but they in nothing approach ours at Oxford for state and order. The books^ers dwell within the University. The schools (of which more here- after) are very regiUar, The suburbs are those of St. Denis, Honor^, St Marcel, St Jaques, St Michael, St Victoire, and St. Germains, which last is the largest, and where the nobility and persons of best quality are seated: and truly Paris, com- prehending the suburbs, is, for the materi^ the houses are built with, and many noble and magnificent piles, one of the most gallant cities in the world; large in circuit, of a round form, very populous, but situated in a bottom, environed with gentle declivities, rendering some places very dirty, and making it smell as if sulphur were mingled with the mud; yet it is paved with a kind of freestone, of near a foot square, which renders it more easy to walk on than our pebbles in London. On Christmas eve, I went to see the Cathedral at N&tre Dame, erected by Philip Augustus, but begun by King Robert, son of Hugh Capet. It consists of a Gothic fabric, sustained with 120 pillars, which make two aisles in the church round about the choir, without comprehend- ing the chapels, being 174 paces long, 60 wide, and 100 high. The choir is inclosed with stonework graven with the sacred history, and contains forty-five chapels chan- celled with iron. At the front of the chief entrance are statues in relievo of the kings, twenty-eight in number, from Chtldebert to the founder, Philip; and above them .y Google ■643-U JOHN EVELYN 45 are two high square towers, and another of a smaller size, bearing a spire in the middle, where the body of the church forms a cross. The great tower is ascended by 389 steps, having twelve galleries from one to the other. They greatly reverence the crucifix over the screen of the choir, with an image of the Blessed Virgin. There are some good modem paintings hanging on the pillars. The most conspicuous statute is the huge colossal one of St Christopher; with divers other figures of men, houses, prospects and rocks, about this gigantic piece; being of one stone, and more remarkable for its bulk than any other perfection. This is the prime church of Prance for dignity, having archdeacons, vicars, canons, priests, and chaplains in good store, to the number of 137. It is also the palace of the archbishop. The young king was there with a great and martial guard, who entered the nave of the church with drums and fifes, at the ceasing of which I was entertained with the church music; and so I left him. 4th January, 1644. I passed this day with one Mr. J. Wall, an Irish gentleman, who had been a friar in Spain, and afterward a reader in St. Isodore's chair, at Rome; but was, I know not how, getting away, and pretending to be a soldier of fortune, an absolute cavalier, having, as he told us, been a captain of horse in Germany. It is certain he was an excellent disputant, and so strangely given to it that nothing could pass him. He would needs persuade me to go with him this morning to the Jesuits' College, to witness his polemical talent. We found the Fathers in their Church at the Rue St Antoine, where one of them showed us that noble fab- ric, which for its cupola, pavings, incrustations of mar- ble, the pulpit, altars (especially the high altar), organ, lavatorium, etc. , but above all, for the richly carved and incomparable front I esteem to be one of the most per- fect pieces of architecture in Europe, emulating even some of the greatest now at Rome itself. But this not being what our friar sought, he led tis into the adjoin- ing convent, where, having shown us the library, they began a very hot dispute on some points of divinity, which our cavalier contested only to ^ow his pride, and to that indiscreet height, that the Jesuits would hardly bring us to our coach, they being put beside all patience. bvGoe)gIe 4ti DIARY OF PAjus The next day, we went into the University, and into the College of Navarre, which is a spacious, well-built quad- rangle, having a very noble library. Thence to the Sorbonne, an ancient fabric built by one Robert de Sorbonne, whose name it retains, but the res- toration which the late Cardinal de Richelieu has made to it renders it one of the most excellent modem build- ings; the sumptuous church, of admirable architecture, is far superior to the rest. The cupola, portico, and whole design of the church, are very magnificent. We entered into some of the schools, and in that of divinity we found a grave Doctor in his chair, with a multitude of auditors, who all write as he dictates; and this they call a Course. After we had sat a little, our cavalier started up, and rudely enough began to dispute with the doctor; at which, and especially as he was clad in the Spanish habit, which in Paris is the greatest bug- bear imaginable, the scholars and doctor fell into such a fit of laughter, that nobody could be heard speak for a while: but silence being obtained, he began to speak Latin, and made his apology in so good a style, that their derision was turned to admiration; and beginning to argue, he so baffled the Professor, that with universal applause they all rose up, and did him great honors, waiting on us to the very street and our coach, and tes- tifying great satisfaction. ad February, 1644. I heard the news of my nephew George's birth, which was on January 15th, English style, 1644. 3d February, 1644. I went to the Exchange. The late addition to the buildings is very noble ; but the gal- leries where they sell their petty merchandise nothing so stately as ours at London, no more than the place where they walk below, being only a low vanlt. The Palaise, as they call the upper part, was bailt in the time of Philip the Fair, noble and spacious. The great Hall annexed to it, is arched with stone, having a range of pillars in the middle, round which, and at the sides, are shops of all kinds, especially booksellers'. One side is full of pews for the clerks of the advocates, who swarm here (as ours at Westminster). At one of the ends stands an altar, at which mass is said daily. Within are several chambers, courts, treasuries, etc. Above that is byGooglc i644 JOHN EVELYN 47 the most rich and glorioas Salle d'Andience, the chamber of St. Lonis, and other superior Courts where the Par- liament sits, richly gilt on embossed carvings and frets, and exceedingly beautified. Within the place where they sell their wares, is another narrower gallery, full of shops and toys, etc., which looks down into the prison-yard. Descending by a large pair oi stairs, we passed by Sainte Chapelle, which is a church built by St Lonis, t34>, after the Gothic manner: it stands on another church, which is under it, sustained by pillars at the sides, which seem so weak as to appear extraordinary in the artist This chapel is most famous for its relics, having as they pretend, almost the entire crown of thorns: the agate patine, rarely sculptured, judged one of the largest and best in Europe. There was now a very beautiful spire erecting. The court be- low is very spacious, capable of holding many coaches, and surrounded with shops, especially engravers', gold- smiths', and watchmakers'. In it are a fair fountain and portico. The Isle du Palais consists of a triangular brick building, whereof one side, looking to the river, is inhab- ited by goldsmiths. Within the court are private dwell- ings. The front, looking on the great bridge, is possessed by mountebanks, operators, and puppet-players. On the other part, is the every day's market for all sorts of pro- visions, especially bread, herbs, flowers, orange trees, choice shrubs. Here is a shop called Noah's Ark, where are sold all curiosities, natural or artificial, Indian or European, for luxury or use, as cabinets, shells, ivory, porcelain, dried fishes, insects, birds, pictures, and a thousand exotic extravagances. Passing hence, we viewed the port Danphine, an arch of excellent workmanship; the street bearing the same name, is ample and straight. 4th February, 1644. I went to see the Marais de Temple, where are a noble church and palace, heretofore dedicated to the Knights Templar, now converted to a piazza, not much unlike ours at Covent Garden; bat large and not so pleasant, though bnilt all about with divers considerable palaces. The Church of St. Genevifeve is a place of great devo- tion, dedicated to another of their Amazons, said to have delivered the city from the English; for which she is esteemed the tutelary saint oi Paris. It stands on a .y Google aB diary of PARIS steep eminence, having a very high spire, and is governed "by canons regular. At the Palais Royal Henry IV. built a fair quadrangle of stately palaces, arched underneath. In the middle of a spacious area, stands on a noble pedestal a brazen statue of Louis XIII., which, though made in imitation of that in the Roman capitol, is nothing so much esteemed as that on the Pont Neuf. The hospital of the Quinze-Vingts, in the Rne St Honor^, is an excellent foundation; but above all is the H3tel Dieu for men and women, near Ndtre Dame, a princely, pious, and expensive structure. That of the Charity gave me great satisfaction, in seeing how decently and christianly the sick people are attended, even to deli- cacy. I have seen them served by noble persons, men and women. They have also gardens, walks, and fountains. Divers persons are here cut for the stone, with gfreat success, yearly in Uay. The two Chitelets (supposed to have been built by Julius Cauar) are places of judicature in criminal causes; to which is a strong prison. The courts are spacioTts and magnificent 8th February, 1644. I took coach and went to see the famous Jardine Royale, which is an inclosnre walled in, consisting of all varieties of ground for planting and cul- ture of medical simples. It is well chosen, having in it hills, meadows, wood and upland, natural and artificial, and is richly stored with exotic plants. In the middle of the parterre is a fair fountain. There is a very fine house, chapel, laboratory, orangery, and other accom- modations for the President, who is always one of the king's chief physicians. From hence, we went to the other side of the town, and to some distance from it, to the Bois de Vtncennes, gfoing by the Bastille, which is the fortress, tower, and magazine of this great city. It is very spacious within, and there the Grand Uaster of the artillery has his house, with fair gardens and walks. The Bois de Vincennes has in it a square and noble castle, with magnificent apartments, fit for a royal court, not forgetting the chapel. It is the chief prison for per- sons of quality. About it there is a park walled in, full of deer ; and in one part there is a grove of goodly pine trees. The next day, I went to see the Louvre with more Jittention, its several courts and pavilions. One of .y Google i644 JOHK EVBLYN 49 the quadrangles, begun by Henry IV., and finished by his son and grandson, is a superb, but mixed struc- ture. The cornices, moldings, and compartments, with the insertion of several colored marbles, Jiave been of great expense. We went through the long gallery, paved with white and black marble, richly fretted and painted it fresco. The front looking to the river, though of rare work for the carving, yet wants of that magnificence which a plainer and truer design would have contributed to it. In the Cour aux Tuileries is a princely fabric; the winding geometrical stone stairs, with the cupola, I take to be as bold and noble a piece of architecture as any in Europe of the kind. To this is a corps de logis, worthy fA BO great a prince. Under these buildings, throngh a garden in which is an ample fountain, was the king's printing honse, and that f amons letter so much esteemed. Here I bought divers of the classic authors, poets, and others. We returned through another gallery, larger, but not so long, where hung the pictures of all the kings and queens and prime nobility of France. Descending hence, we were let into a lower very large room, called the Salle des Antiques, which is a vaulted Cimelia, destined for statues only, among which stands that so celebrated Diana of the Ephesians, said to be the same which uttered oracles in that renowned Temple. Besides these colossean figures of marble, I must not forget the huge globe suspended by chains. The pav- ings, inlayings, and incrustations of this Hall, are very rich. • In another more private garden toward the Queen's apartment is a walk, or cloister, under arches, whose ter- race is paved with stones of a great breadth; it looks toward the river, and has a pleasant aviary, fountain, stately cypresses, etc. On the river are seen a prodigious number of bai^s and boats of great length, full of hay, com, wood, wine, and other commodities, which this vast city daily consumes. Under the long gallery we have described, dwell goldsmiths, painters, statuaries, and architects, who being the most famous for their art in Christendom have stipends allowed them by the King. Into that of Monsieur Saracin we entered, who was then J, zed bv Google molding for an image of a Madonna to be cast in gold of a great size to be sent by the Queen Regent to Loretto, as an offeriog for the birth of the Dauphin, now the young King. I finished this day with a walk in the great garden of the Toileries, rarely contrived for privacy, shade, or company, by groves, plantations of tall trees, especially that in the middle, being of elms, the other of mulberries; and that labyrinth of cypresses; not omitting the noble hedges of pomegranates, fountains, fish-ponds, and an aviary; but, above all, the artificial echo, redoubling the words so distinctly; and, as it is never without some fair nymph singing to its grateful returns; standing at one of the focuses, which is under a tree or little cabinet of hedges, the voice seems to descend from the clouds; at another, as if it was underground. This being at the bottom of the garden, we were let into another, which being kept with all imaginary accurateness as to the orangery, precious shrubs, and rare fruits, seemed a Par- adise. From a terrace in this place we saw so many coaches, as one would hardly think could be maintained in the whole city, going, late as it was in the year, toward the coarse, which is a place adjoining, of near an English mile long, planted with four rows of trees, mak- ing a large circle in the middle. This course is walled about, near breast high, with squared freestone, and has a stately arch at the entrance, with sculpture and statues about it, built by Mary di Medicis. Here it is that the gallants and ladies of the Court take the air and divert themselves, as with us in Hyde Park, the circle being capable of containing a hundred coaches to turn commo- diously, and the larger of the plantations for five or six coaches abreast. Returning through the Tuileries, we saw a building in which are kept wild beasts for the King's pleasure, a bear, a wolf, a wild boar, a leopard, etc. a7th February, 1644. Accompanied with some English gentlemen, we took horse to see St. Germains-en-Laye, a stately country house of the King, some five leagues from Paris. By the way, we alighted at St. Cloud, where, on an eminence near the river, the Archbishop of Paris has a garden, for the house is not very consider- able, rarely watered and furnished with fountains, statues. .,y,vcdbvGoe)gIe i644 JOHN EVELYN 51 and groves; tbe walks are very fair; the fotintaia of Laocoon is in a large square pool, throwing tbe water near forty feet high, and having about it a multitude of statues and basins, and is a surprising object. But noth- ing is more esteemed than the cascade falling from the great steps into the lowest and longest walk from tbe Mount Parnassus, which consists of a grotto, or shell- house, on tbe summit of the hill, wherein are divers waterworks and contrivances to wet the spectators; this is covered with a fair cupola, the walls painted with the Muses, and statues placed thick about it, whereof some are antique and good. In the upper walks are two per- spectives, seeming to enlarge the alleys, and in this garden are many other ingenious contrivances. Tbe palace, as I said, is not extrwirdinary. The outer walls only painted ^ fresco. In the court is a Volary, and tbe statues of Charles IX., Henry III., IV., and Louis XIII., on horseback, mezzo-relievo'd in plaster. In the garden is a small chapel; and nnder shelter is the figure of Cleopatra, taken from the Belvidere original, with others. From tbe terrace above is a tempest well painted; and thence an excellent prospect toward Paris, the meadows, and river. At an inn in this village Is a host who treats all the great persons in princely lodgings for furniture and plate, but they pay well for it, as I have done. Indeed, the entertainment is very splendid, and not unreason- able, considering the excellent manner of dressing their meat, and of the service. Here are many debauches and excessive revelings, as being out of all noise and observance. From hence, about a league further, we went to see Cardinal Richelieu's villa, at Ruell. The house is small, but fairly built, in form of a castle, moated round. The offices are toward the road, and over against it are large vineyards, walled in. But, though the house is not of the greatest, the gardens about it are so magnificent, that I doubt whether Italy has any exceeding it for all rarities of pleasure. Tbe garden nearest tbe pavilion is a parterre, having in the midst divers noble brass statues, perpetually spouting water into an ample basin, with other figures of the same metal; but what is most admirable is the vast inclosure, and variety of ground, , -.jOOgIc S3 DLAKY OP ST. GEJUIAINS in the large garden, containing vineyards, cornfields, meadows, groves (whereof one is of perennial greens), and wallcs of vast length, so accurately kept and culti- vated, that nothing can be more ageeable. On one of these walks, within a square of tall trees, is a basilisk of copper, which, managed by the fountaineer, casts water near sixty feet high, and will of itself move round so swiftly, that one can hardly escape wetting. This leads to the Citroni^e, which is a noble conserve of all those rarities; and at the end of it is the Arch of Constantine, painted on a wall in oil, as Urge as the real one at Rome, BO well done, that even a man skilled in paint- ing, may mistake it for stone and sculpture. The sky and hills, which seem to be between the arches, are so natural, that swallows and other birds, thinking to fiy through, have dashed themselves against the wall. I was infinitely taken with this agreeable cheat At the further part of this walk is that plentiful, though arti* fidal cascade, which rolls down a very steep declivity, and over the marble steps and basins, with an astonish- ing noise and fury ; each basin hath a jetto in it, flowing like sheets of transparent glass, especially that which rises over the great shell of lead, from whence it glides silently down a channel through the middle of a spacious gravel walk, terminating in a grotto. Here are also fountains that cast water to a great height, and large ponds, two of which have islands for harbor of fowls, of which there is store. .y Google i«44 JOHN EVELYN S3 Tbe first building of this palace is of Charles V. , called the Sage; but Francis I. (that true virtuoso) made it com- plete; speaking as to the style of magnificence then in fashion, which was with too great a mixture of tbe Gothic, aa may be seen in what there is remaining of his in the old Castle, an irregular piece as built on the old founda- tion, and having a moat about it. It has yet some spacious and handsome rooms of state, and a chapel neatly painted. The new Castle is at some distance, divided from this by a court, of a lower, but more modem design, built by Henry IV. To this belong six terraces, built of brick and stone, descending in cascades toward the river, cut out of the natural hill, having under them goodly vaulted gal- leries; of these, four have subterranean grots and rocks, where are represented several objects in the manner of scenes and other motious, by force of water, shown by the light of torches only; among these, is Orpheus with his music; and the animals, which dance after his harp; in tbe second, is the King and Dolphin;* in the third, is Nep- tune sounding his trumpet, his chariot drawn by sea horses; in the fourth, the story of Perseus and Andromeda; mills ; hermitages ; men fishing ; birds chirping ; and many other devices. There is also a dry grot to refresh in; all having a fine prospect toward the river, and the goodly country about it, especially the forest At the bottom, is a parterre ; the upper terrace nearly half a mile in length, with double declivities, arched and balustered with stone, of vast and royal cost. In the pavilion of the new Castle are many fair rooms, well painted, and leading into a very noble garden and park, where is a pall-mall, in the midst of which, on one of the sides, is a chapel, with stone cupola, though small, yet of a handsome order of architecture. Out of the park you go into the forest, which being very large, is stored with deer, wild boars, wolves, and other wild game. The Tennis Court, and Cavallerizzo, for the menaged horses, are also observable. We returned to Paris by Madrid, another villa of the King's, built by Francis I., and called by that name to absolve him of his oath that he would not go from Madrid (in which he was prisoner), in Spain, but from whence he made his escape. This bouse is also built in a park. .y Google 54 DIARY OF paris and walled in. We next called in at the Bonnes-hommes, well situated, with a fair chapel and library. ist March, 1644. I weat to see the Count de Liancourt'a Palace in the Rue de Seine, which is well built. Toward his study and bedchamber joins a little garden, which, though very narrow, by the addition of a well-painted perspective, is to appearance greatly enlarged; to this there is another part, supported by arches in which runs a stream of water, rising io the aviary, out of a statue, and seeming to flow for some miles, by being artificially continued in the painting, when it sinks down at the wall. It is a very agreeable deceit. At the end of this garden is a little theater, made to change with divers pretty scenes, and the stage so ordered, with figures of men and women painted on light boards, and cut out, and, by a person who stands underneath, made to act as if they were speaking, by guiding them, and reciting words in different tones, as the parts require. We were led into a round cabinet, where was a neat invention for reflecting lights, by lining divers sconces with thin shining plates of gilded copper. In one of the rooms of state was an excellent painting of PouBsin, being a Satyr kneeling; over the chimney, the Coronation of the Virgin, by Paulo Veronese; another Madonna over the door, and that of Joseph, by Cigali; in the Hall, a Cavaliero di Malta, attended by his page, said to be of Michael Angelo; the Rape of Proserpine, with a very large landscape of Correggio. In the next room are some paintings of Primaticcio, especially the Helena, the naked Lady brought before Alexander, well painted, and a Ceres. In the bedchamber a picture of the Cardinal de Liancourt, of Raphael, rarely colored. In the cabinet are divers pieces of Bassano, two of Polemburg, four of Paulo Brill, the skies a little too blue. A Madonna of Nicholao, excellently painted on a stone; a Judith of Mantegna; three women of Jeronimo; one of Stenwick; a Madonna after Titian, and a Magdalen of the same hand, as the Count esteems it: two small pieces of Paulo Veronese, being the Martyrdoms of St Jus- tina and St Catherine; a Madonna of Lucas Van Leyden, sent him from our King ; six more of old Bassano ; two ex- cellent drawings of Albert ; a Magdalen of Leonardo da Vinci; four of Paulo; a very rare Madonna of Titian, given jvcd by Google |644 JOHN EVELYN S5 him also by onr King; the Ecce Homo, shut up in a frame of velvet, for the life and accnrate finishing exceed- ing all description. Some curious agates, and a chaplet of admirable invention, the intaglios being all on fruit etones. The Count was so exceeding civil, that he would needs make his lady go out of her dressing room, that he might show us the curiosities and pictures in it. We went thence to visit one Monsieur Perishot, one of the greatest virtuosos in France, for his collection of pictures, agates, medals, and flowers, especially tulips and anemonies. The chiefest of his paintings was a Sebastian, of Titian. Prom him we went to Monsieur Frene's, who showed ns many rare drawings, a Rape of Helen in black chalk ; many excellent things of Sneiders, all naked; some of Julio and Michael Angelo; a Madonna of Passignano; some things of Parmensis, and other masters. The next morning, being recommended to one Monsieur de Hausse, President of the Parliament, and once Ambas- sador at Venice for the French King, we were very civilly received, and showed his library. Among his paintings were a rare Venus and Adonis of Veronese, a St. An- thony, after the first manner of Correggio, and a rare Madonna of Palma. Sunday, the 6tb of March, I went to Charenton, two leagues from Paris, to hear and see the manner of the French Protestant Church service. The place of meet- ing they call the Temple, a very fair and spacious room, built of freestone, very decently adorned with paintings of the Tables of the Law, the Lord's Prayer, and Creed. The pulpit stands at the upper end in the middle, hav- ing an inclosure of seats about it, where the Elders and persons of greatest quality and strangers, sit; the rest of the congregation on forms and low stools, but none in pews, as in our churches, to their great disgrace, as nothing so orderly, as here the stools and other cumber are removed when the assembly rises. I was greatly pleased with their harmonious singing the Psalms, which they all learn perfectly well, their children being as duly taught these, as their catechism. In our passage, we went by that famous bridge over the Mame, where that renowned echo returns the voice of a good singer nine or ten times. .y Google 5« DIARY OF PARIS }th March, 1644. I set forward with some company toward Fontainebleati, a sumptuous Palace of the King's, like ours at Hampton Court, about fourteen leagues fn>m the city. By the way, we pass through a forest so pro- digiously encompassed with hideous rocks of whitish hard stone, heaped one on another in mountainous heights, that I think the like is nowhere to be foimd more hor- rid and solitary. It abounds with stags, wolves, boars, and not long after a lynx, or ounce, was killed among them, which had devoured some passengers. On the summit of one of these gloomy precipices, intermingled with trees and shrubs, the stones hanging over, and men- acing ruin, is built an hermitage. In these solitudes, rogues frequently lurk and do mischief (and for whom we were all well appointed with our carabines); but we arrived safe in the evening at the village, where we lay at the Home, going early next morning to the Palace. This House is nothing so stately and uniform as Hamp- tcm Court, but Francis I. began much to beautify it ; most of all Henry IV. (and not a little) the late King. It abounds with fair halls, chambers, and galleries; in the longest, which is 360 feet long, and t8 broad, are painted the Victories of that great Prince, Henry IV. That of Francis I., called the grand Gallery, has all the King's palaces painted in it; above these, in sixty pieces of ex- cellent work in fresco, is the History of Ulysses, from Homer, by Primaticcio, in the time of Henry III., es- teemed the most renowned in Europe for tJie design. The Cabinet is full of excellent pictures, especially a Woman, of Raphael. In the Hall of the Guards is a piece of tapestry painted on the wall, very naturally, representing the victories of Charles VII. over our country- men. In the Salle des Festins is a rare Chimney-piece, and Henry IV. on horseback, of white marble, esteemed worth 18,000 crowns; Clementia and Pax, nobly done. On columns of jasper, two Hons of brass. The new stairs, and a half circular court, are of modem and good archi- tecture, as is a chapel built by Louis XIII., all of jasper, with several incrustations of marble through the inside. Having seen the rooms, we went to the volary, which has a cupola in the middle of it, great trees and bushes, it being full of birds who drank at two fountains. There is also a fair tennis court, and noble stables; hut the byGoeigle 1644 JOHN EVELYN 57 beauty of all are the gardens. In the Court of the Foun- tains stand divers antiquities and statues, especially a Mercury. In the Queen's Garden is a Diana ejecting a fountain, with numerous other brass statues. The great Garden, i8o toises long and 154 wide, has in the center a fountain of Tyber of a Colossean figure of brass, with the Wolf over Romulus and Remus. At each comer of the garden rises a fountain. In the gar- den of the piscina, is a Hercules of white marble; nest, is that of the pines, and without that a canal of an English mile in length, at the end of which rise three jettos in the form of a fieur-de-lis, of a great height ; on the margin are excellent walks planted with trees. The carps come familiarly to hand (to be fed). Hence they brought us to a spring, which they say being first dis- covered by a dog, gave occasion o£ beautifying this place, both with the palace and gardens. The white and terrific rocks at some distance in the forest, yield one of the most august and stupendous prospects imag- inable. The park about this place is very large, and the town full of noblemen's houses. Next morning, we were invited by a painter, who was keeper of the pictures and rarities, to see his own col> lection. We were led through a gallery of old Rosso's work, at the end of which, in another cabinet, were three Madonnas of Raphael, and two of Andrea del Sarto. In the Academy where the painter himself wrought, was a St. Michael of Raphael, very rare; St. John Baptist of Leonardo, and a Woman's head; a Queen of Sicily, and St Margaret of Raphael; two more Madonnas, whereof one very lai^, by the same hand; some more of del Sarto; a St. Jerome, of Perino del Vaga; the Rape of Proserpine, very good: and a great number of drawings.
| 5,503 |
https://github.com/jocosuccess/LaravelRestaurant/blob/master/resources/assets/js/components/Rating.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
LaravelRestaurant
|
jocosuccess
|
Vue
|
Code
| 564 | 2,306 |
<template>
<!-- https://coolsymbol.com/emojis/emoji-for-copy-and-paste.html -->
<div class="rating_div">
<div id="modal-template" v-if="showModal" @close="showModal = false" >
<transition name="modal">
<div class="modal-mask">
<div class="modal-wrapper">
<div class="modal-container">
<div class="modal-header">
<h3 v-if="!hasRating" class="rating_title">Rating Our Restaurant</h3>
<h3 v-if="hasRating" class="rating_title">
<span v-if='alreadyRating'>You have already rated. <br/></span>
<span>Thanks for your rating</span>
</h3>
</div>
<div class="modal-body">
<div v-if="hasRating" class='old_user'>
<p style="color: #333">
<span style="display: block; line-height: 28px;">Your rating:</span>
<span style="font-size: 45px; line-height: 45px; display: block;">{{generateEmoji(yourRating)}}</span>
<span style="display: none;">{{Number(avgRating).toFixed(2)}}</span>
<span style="display: block;">{{yourRating}}</span>
</p>
</div>
<div v-if="!hasRating" class='new_user'>
<div class='emoji_wrapper'>
<div class='single_emoji'>
<span class="emoji" @click="sendRating(1)">😖</span>
<span>1</span>
</div>
<div class='single_emoji'>
<span class="emoji" @click="sendRating(2)">😐</span>
<span>2</span>
</div>
<div class='single_emoji'>
<span class="emoji" @click="sendRating(3)">😬</span>
<span>3</span>
</div>
<div class='single_emoji'>
<span class="emoji" @click="sendRating(4)">😄</span>
<span>4</span>
</div>
<div class='single_emoji'>
<span class="emoji" @click="sendRating(5)">😍</span>
<span>5</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<button class="btn close_btn" @click="showModal=false">
Close
</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</transition>
</div>
<button id="show-modal" class="btn show_modal_btn" @click="showModal = true">Rate Us</button>
</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
data: function () {
return {
message: 'hello world from vue componenet',
showModal: false,
rating: 0,
hasRating: false,
alreadyRating: false,
avgRating: 0,
yourRating: 0,
}
},
mounted: function () {
this.hasRatingCall();
this.alreadyRatingCall();
this.avgRatingCall();
},
props: ['ip_address', 'user_id', 'app_url'],
methods: {
hasRatingCall: function () {
axios.get(`${this.app_url}/has-rating/${this.user_id}`)
.then(data => {
this.hasRating = data.data.has_rating,
this.yourRating = data.data.your_rating
})
.catch(error => console.log('error', error));
},
alreadyRatingCall: function () {
axios.get(`${this.app_url}/has-rating/${this.user_id}`)
.then(data => {
this.alreadyRating = data.data.has_rating
})
.catch(error => console.log('error', error));
},
generateEmoji(rating){
let rRating = Math.round(rating);
switch(rRating) {
case 1:
return "😖";
case 2:
return "😐";
case 3:
return "😬";
case 4:
return "😄";
case 5:
return "😍";
}
},
avgRatingCall: function () {
axios.get(`${this.app_url}/avg-rating/${this.user_id}`)
.then(data => {
console.log('avg', data);
this.avgRating = data.data;
})
.catch(error => console.log('error', error));
},
sendRating: function(rating) {
let payload = {
rating,
user_id: this.user_id,
}
this.hasRating = true;
axios.post(`${this.app_url}/save-rating`, payload)
.then((response) => {
this.hasRatingCall();
this.avgRatingCall();
console.log('sendRating', response);
})
.catch((error) => console.log('error', error));
},
},
}
</script>
<style>
.rating_div {
color: white;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Playball', cursive;
}
.emoji_wrapper {
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
}
.single_emoji {
marign: 0 5px;
}
.single_emoji span {
display: block;
font-family: 'Playball', cursive;
color: #C59D5F;
}
.single_emoji span.emoji {
font-size: 50px;
/*line-height: 40px;*/
}
.modal-mask {
position: fixed;
z-index: 9998;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);
display: table;
transition: opacity .3s ease;
}
.modal-wrapper {
display: table-cell;
vertical-align: middle;
}
.btn.close_btn {
color: #fff;
background-color: #dc3545;
border-color: #dc3545;
}
.btn.show_modal_btn {
color: #fff;
background-color: #C59D5F;
border-color: #C59D26;
}
.btn {
font-family: 'Playball', cursive;
display: inline-block;
font-weight: 400;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
vertical-align: middle;
-webkit-user-select: none;
-moz-user-select: none;
-ms-user-select: none;
user-select: none;
border: 1px solid transparent;
padding: .375rem .75rem;
font-size: 1rem;
line-height: 1.5;
border-radius: .25rem;
transition: color .15s ease-in-out,background-color .15s ease-in-out,border-color .15s ease-in-out,box-shadow .15s ease-in-out;
}
.rating_title {
color: #C59D5F;
font-size: 30px;
font-family: 'Playball', cursive;
}
.modal-container {
width: 300px;
margin: 0px auto;
padding: 20px 30px;
background-color: #fff;
border: 3px solid #C59D5F;
color: #111;
border-radius: 6px;
box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, .33);
transition: all .3s ease;
font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
.modal-header h3 {
margin-top: 0;
color: #42b983;
}
.modal-body {
margin: 20px 0;
}
.modal-default-button {
float: right;
}
/*
* The following styles are auto-applied to elements with
* transition="modal" when their visibility is toggled
* by Vue.js.
*
* You can easily play with the modal transition by editing
* these styles.
*/
.modal-enter {
opacity: 0;
}
.modal-leave-active {
opacity: 0;
}
.modal-enter .modal-container,
.modal-leave-active .modal-container {
-webkit-transform: scale(1.1);
transform: scale(1.1);
}
</style>
| 27,704 |
https://pt.stackoverflow.com/questions/186183
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
|
Armando Marques Sobrinho, Eduardo Pessoa, https://pt.stackoverflow.com/users/43418, https://pt.stackoverflow.com/users/500, https://pt.stackoverflow.com/users/67231, jsbueno
|
Dutch
|
Spoken
| 463 | 1,408 |
Erro de encode - python 3.6
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "uns.py", line 64, in <module>expiration_date="2017-08-27",
File "uns.py", line 53, in create_user print(response.text)
File "F:\Python\Python36\lib\encodings\cp1252.py", line 19, in encode
return codecs.charmap_encode(input,self.errors,encoding_table)[0]
UnicodeEncodeError: 'charmap' codec can't encode characters in position 1822-1823: character maps to <undefined>
uns.py:
from uuid import uuid4
from hashlib import sha256
from urllib.parse import urlencode, parse_qsl
from requests.auth import AuthBase
import requests
API_URL = "https://web-stage.voxy.com/partner_api"
API_KEY = "vSMgpl4"
API_SECRET = "Oe9qFkHUqsDWhc"
class VoxyAuth(AuthBase):
"""Attaches HTTP Voxy Authentication Header to the given Request object."""
def __init__(self, api_key, api_secret):
self.api_key = api_key
self.api_secret = api_secret
def __call__(self, request):
request.headers['Authorization'] = "Voxy {}:{}".format(
API_KEY,
self.generate_signature(request)
)
# request.headers['Content-Type'] = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
return request
def generate_signature(self, request):
if request.body:
data = parse_qsl(request.body)
else:
data = {}
url_encoded_data = urlencode(sorted(data))
concat_string_data = self.api_secret.encode("utf-8") + url_encoded_data.encode("utf-8")
hashed_data = sha256(concat_string_data)
return hashed_data.hexdigest()
def create_user(external_user_id, first_name, email_address, native_language, expiration_date, **additional):
url = "{}/partners/users/{}".format(API_URL, external_user_id)
data = {
"external_user_id": external_user_id,
"first_name": first_name,
"email_address": email_address,
"native_language": native_language,
"expiration_date": expiration_date
}
data.update(additional)
response = requests.post(url, data=data, auth=VoxyAuth(API_KEY, API_SECRET))
print("========= CREATE USER ===========")
print("created user with external_user_id: {}".format(external_user_id))
print(url)
print(response)
print(response.text)
print("========= CREATE USER ===========")
random_string = uuid4().hex
create_user(
external_user_id="1059",
first_name="Gringo",
email_address="[email protected]",
native_language="pt",
expiration_date="2017-08-27",
)
tenta colocar isso no inicio do seu arquivo.py `#!/usr/bin/python
-- coding: iso-8859-15 --` mas escolha a codificação correta para o seu, mais sobre isso pode ser visto em: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0263/
Valeu Anderson e Armando. Eu sou novato, @Armando como escolher o encode adequado? Testei vários e ainda com erro: SyntaxError: encoding problem: [ascii, cp1252, latin-1, utf-8]
cara, vo te falar, já faz um tempo que parei de usar python, mas premeiro:
vc deu um enter entre as linhas que adicionou? tem de ficar um comentario desses em cada linha e bem no começo do arquivo, agora quanto a codificação correta, vai depender se vc copiou o arquivo da internet, dai fica ruim de saber qual foi a codificação que ele foi criado, tem de ir verificando, no linux é fácil, mas se vc usa o rWindows, lascou.
Sim, dei o enter, esse fonte foi enviado por um programador que provavelmente fez num mac, mas só pra entender o encode que tá dando erro não é dos caracteres do programa, e sim dos caracteres retornados no response do request realizado no webservice Rest, certo?
Consegui resolver a questão do encode, era só na apresentação 'print(response.text.encode("utf-8"))'
Pessoas - por favor não escrevam besteira - colcoar o encoding no inicio do arquivo não é "mágica do harry potter" - e, seuqer é necessário em Python 3. - Tambem não tem a ver com erro em tempo de execução: ele dá erro na hora que você tenta rodar o programa.
Para entender melhor encoding, sem ficar chutando "encodes" e "decodes' como loucos (em qualuqer linguagem, não s'em Python) , por favor, leiam http://local.joelonsoftware.com/wiki/O_M%C3%ADnimo_Absoluto_Que_Todos_os_Programadores_de_Software_Precisam,_Absolutamente,Positivamente_de_Saber_Sobre_Unicode_e_Conjuntos_de_Caracteres(Sem_Desculpas!)
| 38,091 |
https://github.com/NoxelS/igs-webapp/blob/master/frontend/src/app/shared/icons.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Unlicense, MIT
| 2,020 |
igs-webapp
|
NoxelS
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 92 | 319 |
export const mimetypeIcons = {
image: 'collections',
document: 'picture_as_pdf',
audio: 'headphones',
slideshow: 'slideshow',
zip: 'folder',
unknown: 'description',
video: 'videocam',
text: 'article'
};
export function getIconFromMimetype(mimetype: string): string {
const [type, subtype] = mimetype.split('/');
let icon = mimetypeIcons.unknown;
switch (type) {
case 'audio':
icon = mimetypeIcons.audio;
break;
case 'video':
icon = mimetypeIcons.video;
break;
case 'image':
icon = mimetypeIcons.image;
break;
case 'text':
icon = mimetypeIcons.text;
break;
case 'application':
switch (subtype) {
case 'zip':
icon = mimetypeIcons.zip;
break;
case 'pdf':
icon = mimetypeIcons.document;
break;
case 'msword':
icon = mimetypeIcons.document;
break;
}
}
return icon;
}
| 42,819 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32408415
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
| null |
Категория:Похороненные в Тайынше
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 32 | 123 |
Категория:Похороненные в Тайынше
категория в проекте Викимедиа
Категория:Похороненные в Тайынше это частный случай понятия категория в проекте Викимедиа
Категория:Похороненные в Тайынше категория объединяет темы место погребения
Категория:Похороненные в Тайынше категория содержит человек
| 41,537 |
cyclopediaofclas00littuoft_94
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,900 |
Cyclopedia of classified dates, with an exhaustive index; for the use of students of history, and for all persons who desire speedy access to the facts and events, which relate to the histories of the various countries of the world, from the earlist recorded dates
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Little, Charles Eugene, 1838-1918
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English
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Spoken
| 8,638 | 13,843 |
* * The English colonies in America participate in an attack upon this island. 1762 June 6. An English squadron of 32 men-of-war and 200 transports, with 20,000 men, under the command of the Duke of Albemarle and Adm. Pocock, appears off Havana. July 30. The English take Moro Castle by storm. Aug. 13. The governor of Havana ca- pitulates. The English gain nine ships of the line and four frigates, and 14,000 prisoners, besides spoil valued at $10,000,000. S0CD3TY. 1524 * * Negro slaves are introduced. 1534 * * Cuban officials apply to the King of Spain for " 7,000 negroes, that they might become inured to labor before the Indians ceased to exist." 1553 * * Not one Indian is said to be left on the island after this date. 1763* *-89* * About 1,000 slaves are yearly introduced. STATE. 1492 Oct. 28. Columbus discovers Cuba on his first voyage. 1494 June 12. Columbus again vis- its this island. He signs a document, drawn hy a no- tary, attesting the discovery of continu- ous land, — the coast of Cuba. 1502 * * Columbus makes his third visit. 1508 * * Sebastian de Ocampo discovers the harbor of Havana. 1511 * * Don Diego Velasquez, the son of Columbus, arrives with 300 men, and makes a settlement at Baracoa. 1514 * * The Spaniards found Santiago and Trinidad. 1515 July * They found San Cristoval de la Havana [a name later given to the capital]. 1550± * * The capital is removed from Santiago to Havana. 1763 Feb. 10. The Peace of Paris is signed, restoring Havana to Spain in exchange for Florida. MISCELLANEOUS. 1506+ * * Sugar-cane is transported to the West Indies. 1580 * * The settlers generally begin to raise tobacco, instead of cattle as here- tofore. 1761 Summer. YeUow fever first ap- pears at Havana. 632 1768, Oct. 5-1886, May CUBA. ARMY — NAVY. 1781 * * A force of 13,000 men leave Havana to aid the French in attacking Jamaica. 1833 Manuel Quesada is general-in- chief of the Cuban patriot forces. 1850 May 19. Gen. Narciso Lopez, with a company of 600 American " fili- busters," lands at Cardenas with a view to liberate the island from the dominion of Spain. [He is defeated.] * * U. S. Another Cuban expedition is agitated. 1851 Aug. * Lopez again invades Cuba at Pla'yitas, 30 miles west of Ha- vana, with 500 men. [They are defeated. Sept. 1. Lopez is garroted at Havana.] 1855 Jan.± * The leaders of a revolu- tionary movement are betrayed, and thrown into prison. 1868 Sept. *- Nov. * Carlos Manuel de Cespedes leads an insurrection of Creoles which aims to expel the Span- iards. Lersundi, the governor, raises a volunteer force. Oct. 18. The Creoles take the town of Bayamo. Oct. 28. The district of Holguin revolts. Nov. 4±. The Creoles defeat a force of Spaniards. 1869 May 17. A filibusters' attack is repelled. 1871 Jan. *-Nov. * Insurrections abound ; a reign of terror exists. 1872 Dec* The war continues ; great cruelty is shown to the Cubans ; no quar- ter is given. 1873 Oct. 31. The American steamer Virginius, with regular papers, is cap- tured. (See p. 283.) * * The campaign in Eastern Cuba, un- der Gen. Calixto Garcia, is the most active of the war. He is known as Marques de Santa Lucia. Nov. 4-7. The captured "filibus- ters" are taken to Cuba, where 53 are killed, and others delivered only by the timely arrival of the British sloop-of- war Niobe. 1874 Feb. * Ex-President Cespedes is surprised when alone in the moun- tains of San Lorenzo, resists capture, and fights till he falls lifeless. Feb. * The Marquis Santa Lucia and 5,000 insurgents are defeated by Basco- nes at Naranjo. 1876 Nov. * Sp. It is declared in the Cortes that Spain has sent 145,000 sol- diers to Cuba during the last eight years. 1877 Apr. * Gen. Campos opens ne- gotiations with the Cubans for peace. The Spaniards are reenforced by 25,000 troops from Spain. Summer. The struggle continues, but with less success for the Cubans. Dec. 23, 24. Many insurgents surren- der. * * Gen. Martinez Campos is sent out from Spain to conduct the war against the Cubans. 1878 Jan. b * An armistice is agreed to in Camagiiey, the seat of the Cubans' government. Feb. 10. The surrender of Lanjon ter- minates the struggle of 10 years against Spain, costing about 200,000 lives and $700,000,000 of treasure. 1879 Sept. 19. Spain declares a state of siege. Dec. 3. The insurgents are totally de- feated at Placeta. < 1880 * * Sp. The strength of the per- manent army of Cuba is 40,000 men. May * Calixto Garcia disembarks near Santiago de Cuba with 15 men. * * The Spanish losses during the war amount to 8,000 officers, 200,000 pri- vates, besides others not recorded in the war-office at Madrid. The number of Cubans killed in battle is estimated at from 40,000 to 50,000, and the outlay on both sides is estimated at $300,- 000,000. 1882 Dec. *-83 Mar.* Gen. Maceo and the insurgents surrender to the Spanish at Gibraltar. 1883 * * Sp. The strength of the Span- ish forces in Cuba is fixed at 25,653 men. 1884 Spring. American filibustering expeditions are unsuccessful. Apr. * Gen. Aguerro is at the head of the forces in Cienfuegoes. Apr. 23 ±. A party of insurgents are defeated. * * A band of 18 Cuban revolutionists land near Cardenas. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — LETTERS. 1768 Oct. 5. A great cyclone strikes Havana ; 4,048 houses and 1,000 lives are destroyed. 1791 June 21. A flood near Havana sweeps away 3,000 persons. 1842* * Education begins to mak<j great progress. 1846 Oct. 11. A hurricane at Ha- vana wrecks 100 vessels and 1,275 houses. 1852 Mar. * Hail falls at Havana, the first known. 1853 * * A severe earthquake visits Santiago de Cuba. 1856 Dec. 24, 25. Snow falls at Havana for the first time on record ; the mercury drops to 43° F. 1857 * * Forty newspapers are pub- lished. 1870 Oct. 14. A hurricane destroys about 2,000 lives. 1886 May * A botanical garden is begun. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1799 * * Lopez, Narciso, revolutionist, born. 1803 * * Heredia, Jos6 Maria, poet, born. 1819 * * Cespedes. Carlos Manuel de. pa- triot, born. 1830* 'Quesada, Manuel, gen.-in-cbief patriot forces, born. 1839 * * Heredia, Jos6 Maria, poet, A 36. 1851 * * Lopez, Narciso, revolutionist, A52. 1874 Feb.* C6spedes. Carlos Manuel de. President of the revolutionary republic of Cuba, A55. CHURCH. 1787 * * The Roman Catholic see of Ha- vana is erected. 1880 Aug. 3. The anniversary of the founding of the Order of Jesuits is cel- ebrated in the province of Guipuzcoa with great ceremony. 1882 * * U.S. A. The American Bible Society sends Rev. E. T. R. Fripp to Ha- vana as a colporteur. 1883 * * -84 * * Bible colporteurs are engaged to canvass many towns by the American Bible Society. [Their work has been continued.] 1884 Dec. * Rev. A. J. McKim begins a house-to-house visitation as colpor- teur of the American Bible Society, and visits the extreme parts of the island. ± * * Sunday-schools are opened in Ha- vana. SOCIETY. 1789 * * The Spanish slave-code is pub- lished, and its monopoly in the slave- trade ended ; the trade is free. 1809 Mar. 20. The French are plundered by the populace of Havana. 1810 * * -20 * * Average yearly impor- tation of slaves is 11,500. 1817* *-42* * The average importation of slaves rises to 13,000 yearly. 1844 * * An insurrection of the black population breaks out. 1845 * * By the energy of Gov.-Gen. Con- cha the slave-trade is nearly suppressed. 1847 * * Importation of coolies com- mences. 1848 * * The Lone Star, a secret so- ciety, is formed in the southern part of the United States for the acquisition of Cuba. 1853± * * Indians are introduced from Yucatan on the " contract plan." 1854 * * The law forbidding the inter- marriage of blacks and whites is ab- rogated. I860* * About 40,000 slaves are landed. 1870 July 4. The Spanish government issues a decree, declaring that every child born of a slave mother after this date is to be free ; also all slaves who had aided the Spaniards against the Cubans. 1871 Nov. 25. Don Gonzalo Castanon is murdered by the Cubans ; medical students desecrate his tomb. Nov. 27. Students are shot. (See State.) 1880 Feb. 13. The gradual emanci- pation of slaves is proclaimed. 1883 Sept. 26±. Aguerro calls upon the Cubans to revolt. STATE. 1771 * * The port of Havana is no longer monopolized by Seville and Cadiz, but is open to all nations for certain articles of trade. 1790 * * Las Casas, the captain-general, conducts a brilliant administration. 1795 * * French emigrants arrive from San Domingo. 1808 July * News is received of the de- position of the royal family by Napo- leon ; every member of the Cabildo CUBA. 1768, Oct. 5-1886, May * 633 swears to preserve the island for the deposed sovereign. 1809* *-ll * * The island becomes prac- tically open to foreign vessels. 1825 May 28. A royal decree au- thorizes the governor-general of Cuba to exercise unlimited power in the ad- ministration of government. [This de- cree continues the fundamental law till this time.] 1829 * * The " Black Eagle " conspir- acy is formed against the Spaniards. 1834 * * Gen. Tacon is governor-gen- eral. He persecutes Cubans, and favors Spaniards. 1873 Feb. * Sp. The establishment of Nov. * The new captain-general endeav- the Spanish republic under the leader- ship of Castelar [temporarily] suspends hostilities. Nov.* The Cuban Chamber deposes President Cespedes, and he is suc- ceeded ad interim by Salvador Cisne- ros. Dec. 19. The Virginius is surrendered to the Americans after much corre- spondence. 1876 Oct.* Sp. Gen. Martinez Cam- pos is appointed governor-general with plenary powers. [He succeeds in pacify- ing the revolting Cubans.] 1836* * Cuba is deprived of the privilege Sept.* U.S.A. A Cuban League ors to secure justice in Spain for the 30,000 slaves illegally held in bondage since 1870. 1884 Mar. 1. A new commercial ar- rangement with the United States comes into force. June 7. A commission of inquiry on the condition of Cuba arrives from Madrid. June 11. The Tribunal of Havana sen- tences the El Trifuno to 20 days sus- pension for printing an article respect- ing the sale of Cuba. Oct. 6. Sp. A new sugar tariff is signed by King Alfonso. of being represented in the Cortes. 1844 * * An insurrection of negroes takes place. 1845 * * A law is passed making it a criminal offense to import slaves. 1848 * * The conspiracy of Lopez is suppressed. * * President Polk (U. S. A.) proposes the purchase of Cuba for the sum of $100,000,000. [Declined.] 1849 Aug. 11. U.S.A. President Taylor issues a proclamation denoun- cing the object of the filibusters. 1852 * * President Filmore declines to join with England and France to guar- antee Cuba to Spain. 1854 May 31. U. S. A. President Pierce issues a monitory proclamation against the organization of expeditions against Cuba. Oct. * Fr. The " Ostend Manifesto " is issued by the U. S. Ministers, James Buchanan, John Y. Mason, and Pierre Soule. (See p. 177.) 1867 * * Cuban commissioners return from Spain with the promise of the redress they seek. [War follows.] 1868 Sept. * -Nov. * A formidable in- surrection of Creoles breaks out in the east. Oct. 10. Carlos Manuel de Cespedes of Bayamo starts an insurrection at Yara, in Eastern Cuba. [In a few weeks his 128 followers become an army of 15,000, but wretchedly armed.] 1869 Apr. 10. The insurrectionists proclaim a constitution at Guaimaro. 1870 June* U.S.A. President Grant declines to recognize the insurgents as belligerents. Dec. * Capt.-Gen. De Rodas resigns. 1871 Nov. * Forty-three medical students of the University of Havana are tried by court-martial for the alleged crime of scratching the glass plate of a vault containing the remains of a volunteer. Nov. 26. The court-martial condemns 8 students to death and 31 others to imprisonment for six months. Nov. 27. The eight condemned students are shot. [An outbreak of indignation follows.] 1872 Dec. 9. U.S. A. The Government sends F. Delano to report the actual condition of the struggle in Cuba. formed to obtain from the American 1886 * * Don Emilio Calleja 6 Isasi government recognition of the insur- gents as belligerents. 1878 Feb. 21. The insurgents' gov- ernment surrenders, and the insur- rection is officially declared at an end. Mar. 2. A royal decree is published at Havana, announcing that Cuba shall have its own deputies, municipalities, and council-general. Mar. * Amnesty is declared by the Government; slaves presenting them- selves before March 31 will be freed. June 9. A royal decree is issued, per- mitting Cuba to elect to the Spanish Cortes one representative for every 40,000 white and free colored inhabitants. The island is divided into six prov- inces. June 14. Gens. Campos and Jovellar enter Havana. Aug. * The Liberal party is organized. * * Marshal Martinez Campos assumes command as captain-general. * * Captain-General Martinez Campos is- sues a decree, virtually suspending spe- cie payments. 1879 Aug. * A fresh rising is quelled, chiefly by public opinion and the atti- tude of the Liberal Autonomist party. June * Sp. Cuba is represented in the Chambers of the Cortes by 12 senators and 40 deputies. Aug. 27. A new rebellion breaks out in the districts of Holguin and Santiago. Dec. 21. Sp. The Senate at Madrid passes a bill for the gradual emanci- pation of Cuban slaves. 1880 Jan. 21. Sp. The Chamber of Deputies at Madrid passes the Emanci- pation Bill. Vote, 230-10. Feb. 18. Sp. The new law for the grad- ual abolition of slavery in Cuba is proclaimed. Apr. 1±. Amnesty has been granted to 382 persons, including several leaders. Dec. * A plot is discovered to create dis- turbances among the Creoles. Dec. 15. It is planned that a general uprising of free blacks and mulattoes shall take place in the mountains near Santiago de Cuba made.] commander-in-chief and captain-gen- eral. Apr. 26. Sp. A reciprocity treaty with Great Britain is signed at Madrid. MISCELLANEOUS. 1796 Jan. 19. The brass coffin con- taining the bones and chains of Colum- bus is brought from Santa Domingo to Havana. 1801 * * The commercial monopoly of Spain is broken. 1802 * * Jesu Maria, a populous suburb of Havana, is burned, and 11,400 people are made homeless. 1818 * * The port of Havana is opened to foreign commerce. 1830 * * Copper-mines are reopened by Englishmen after being closed for 100 years. 1833 Feb. 26. Spasmodic cholera appears ; 7,000 deaths follow in 30 days. 1837 * * The first railroad is opened from Havana to Bejucal, 15 miles. 1838 * * A railroad is opened from Ha- vana to Guines, 45 miles. 1852 * * The telegraph is introduced. 1853 * * Only one-nineteenth of the isl- and is under cultivation. 1857 Jan. * The first issue of paper money is made. 1867* * Population: 833,157 whites; 248,703 free colored; 344,615 colored slaves; total, 1,426,475. * * The Virginius founders on her way to New York. 1877 * * Total population, 1,434,747. 1883 Oct. 8. An important meeting is held at Santiago de Cuba for advancing the immigration of Europeans. 1884 Nov. * Planters of Manzanillo hold a meeting, and arrange the prices to be paid for labor. Field and factory laborers are to receive 65 cents a day, and cartmen 73 cents. * * The first sugar refinery in Cuba is built at Cardenas, costing $673,258. 1885 Mar. 16. The branch line of railroad between Santa Domingo and La Esperanza is opened to traffic. [Many arrests are June * A new daily mail line is estab- lished between New York and Havana, 1883 Sept. 28. Don Ignacio Maria del Castillo, the commander-in-chief and captain-general, arrives. via Tampa and Key West. Nov. 6. The railroad between Holguin and Gibara is opened. 634 1886, Oct. 6-1884, Nov. 16. CUBA. ARMY- NAVY. 1889 * * The navy consists of one crui- ser, the Jorge Juan, and one torpedo- boat, 13 canonnieres, and two gunboats. 1891 * * The armed force maintained by Spain is 26,340 men. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — LETTERS. 1887 Sept. 23. An earthquake visits Santiago, doing little barm. 1888 Sept. 4, 5. A cyclone sweeps the island, and destroys property valued at millions of dollars and 1,000 lives. 1890 Jan. 16. A tanner of Havana discovers an electrical process for tan- ning hides in 60 hours. Mar± . * A long and severe drought in HaVana causes great damage to sugar- crops, cattle-feed, and water. Many of the cattle are dying, and nearly a third of the sugar-cane has been destroyed by fires. May 29. Villages are submerged, and much damage is done by floods resulting from excessive rains. 1892 June 18. Matanzas loses about $900,000 by floods. July 4. Floods are raging. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1886* * Quesada, Manuel, commander of Cuban patriots, A56. 1891 Jan. 28. Poey, Felipe, philosopher, naturalist, dies. CHURCH. 1890* *A Presbyterian mission church is organized in Havana and an- other in Santa Clara by the Presbyte- rian Church (South), U. S. A. SOCIETY. 1886 Oct. 6. The queen's decree abol- ishes the last vestige of slavery. Oct. 7. Sp. A royal decree abolishes the *• patronato," or semi-slavery. Oct. * A cigar-makers' strike throws 20,000 operatives out of employment at Havana. Nov. 18. The cigar-makers return to work under an arbitration agreement. 1887 Aug. 18. Extensive frauds, with the connivance of custom-house officials, are discovered. 1889 Feb. 3. Lawlessness is preva- lent. Mar. 23. SeBor Francisco Cardoso, a planter, is kidnapped by bandits near Santa Clara, and released only on pay- ment of $4,000 in gold. Apr. * Martial law is declared in five provinces to suppress brigandage and kidnapping. May 22. Cuba makes Spain an offer of $100,000,000 in 20 annual instal- ments for independence, and as a token of sincerity offers to submit to a protectorate of the United States until said amount is paid. 1890 Jan. 3. The bandits release their prisoners ; the amount of ransom paid is unknown. May 10. Three men are executed in Matanzas for kidnapping. June 1. Victor Maelin, a brigand chief, is executed at Havana. July 4. Manuel Ramos, the kidnapper, is captured. Aug. 8. Garcia's band of insurgents creates a reign of terror. * * A reign of terror prevails on account of bandits. 1891 Jan. 2. Sixto Verela, a famous bandit, is killed, and several of his band are wounded in an encounter with troops. Aug. 13. Sefior Sardina pays $12,000 in gold to bandits as ransom for being released. 1893 May 15. The Infanta Eulalie and her husband sail from Havana for New York, on their way to the World's Fair. 1894 Nov. 16. The streets of Ha- vana are patrolled by soldiers armed with Winchester rifles, and the police are heavily armed. STATE. 1887 * * The commander-in-chief and captain-general is Don Saba Marin; and the segundo cabo, Sefior Sanchez Mira. 1888 Mar. * The port of Mariel is made a port of entry. June 12. The Modus Vivendi treaty respecting differential duties is signed by Spain and the United States. 1889 Mar. 13. Don Manuel de Sala- manca y Negrete is commander-in- chief and captain-general. 1890 Feb. 7. Gen. J. ChinchUla is appointed to succeed Salamanca as cap- tain-general. June 10. Gen. Polavieja is appointed captain-general. [Aug. 28. He enters office.] 1891 Jan. 26. Sp. Areciprocity treaty between Spain and the United States is signed at Madrid. Sept. 1. The reciprocity treaty with the United States goes into force. 1892 May 31. Gen. A. K. Arias is appointed captain-general in place of Gen. Polavieja, resigned. July * Sp. The Ministry approves the project of farming out the Cuban cus- toms revenue. 1894 May 4. An insurrection occurs. [As soon as one is put down another breaks out.] May 5. The rebellion is suppressed. Aug. 10. Gen. E. Calleja is appointed captain-general. Sept. 19. The election is held, electing Reformists, 22 ; Autonomists, 18 ; Anti- Reformists, 10 : Independents, 1. Nov 12. The revolt is declared to have been quelled. MISCELLANEOUS. 1886 Dec. 7. The Government decrees assistance to societies for promoting free immigration. 1887 July 2. The mortal remains of Christopher Columbus are removed from the cathedral of Havana to be taken to Genoa. 1889 Nov. 22. The Government awards the contract for the new water- works to an American firm, which is to receive $2,000,000. 1890 Feb. 9. The funeral services of Gen. Salamanca take place at Havana. May 19. A powder explosion in Ha- vana kills 34 persons, and wounds over 100. Oct. 10. The funeral of the Count of Casa More, the leader of the Conser- vative party, takes place in Havana. 1892 Apr. 11. A bomb explodes in a church in Havana. * * Cuba has about 1,000 miles of rail- road. 1893 Jan. 15. Sixteen persons are killed by a railroad accident. Apr. 15. The Columbian caravels, Santa Maria and Pinta, leave Havana for the United States. DENMARK. Denmark is a kingdom in Northern Europe, having an area of 15,289 square miles, and a population in 1890 of 2,185,335, be- sides 114,229 more in its colonies. It is divided into seven provinces, besides its foreign possessions in the Faroe Islands, Ice- land, Greenland, and the islands of Santa Cruz, St. Thomas, and St. John, in the West Indies ; the capital is Copenhagen. The government is a constitutional hereditary monarchy ; the legislative branch consists of a Rigsdag, having an upper house, called the Landsthing, of 66 members, and a lower house, called the Folkething, of 102 members. The established religion is Lutheran, and it embraces almost the entire population ; but complete toleration is enjoyed. ARMY — NAVY. 8th Centuryiz. Battle of Bravalla, be- tween Sigurd Ring, King of Sweden, and Harald Hildetand, King of Denmark; the Swedes are victorious, and obtain the supremacy. 783 * * The Danes first invade Eng- land. 787 * * Eng. The Danes land near Pur- beck, Dorsetshire. (See Great Britain for Danish invasions.) 794 Jan. 8. Eng. The Danes invade DENMARK. 60b.c.-a. d. 1241. 635 Northumberland, and destroy a church at Lindisfarne ; they are repulsed, and afterward perish by shipwreck. 795 * * -796 * * Scot. — Ire. Danish in- vaders land. 895* * Fr. The Danes, led by Rollo, re- ceive presents under the walls of Paris. 896 * * The Danes ravage the French territories as far as Ostend. 903 * * It. The Danes attack Italy. 985 * * Ger. (?) The tributary Wends successfully revolt. 1028 * * Canute conquers Norway. 1047 * * -64 * * The Danes are at war for 17 years with Harold Hardrada, King of Norway. 1069 * * Ger. The Danes are at war with the Wends. 1134* *-57* * Civil war over the suc- cession occurs. 1160+ * * Ger. (?) The Danes complete the subjugation of the troublesome Wends. * * Waldemar captures Ancona on the island of RUgen. * * Waldemar suppresses a revolt in Skaania, caused by the severity of Arch- bishop Absalon, the primate. 1184* * A naval expedition of the Wends, aided by the emperor, is de- feated by Archbishop Absalon. * * Ger. War occurs with the Count of Holstein and other German princes. * * Ger. Lubeck and Hamburg are taken by the Danes. * * Ger. Adolf of Holstein is captured. 1210+ * * Ger. Waldemar II. conquers Oesel, a large part of Prussia. 1219 * * Russia. Waldemar II. over- runs and conquers Esthonia, and con- verts the conquered pagans. Waldemar II. first unfurls the na- tional standard, a white cross on a blood-red field. 1223 * * Waldemar II. sails with a fleet of 1,000 boats, and makes extensive conquests. 1227 * * Ger. Waldemar II. is defeated in the battle of Bornhceved, while seeking to regain Holstein. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 994+ * * Canute the Great, born. 1014+ * * Sweyn, king, father of Canute the Great, dies. 1035 * * Canute the Great, Kingof Denmark, Norway, and England, A40. 1128* * Absalon, or Axel, statesman, war- rior, archbishop of Lund, born. [1201 d.] 1 130+ * * Aagesen, Svend, earliest historian, born. 1131+ * * Waldemar I., the Great, king, b. 1134+ * * Saxo Grammaticus, historian, b. 1181 * * Waldemar I., the Great, king,A50+. 1208 * * Saxo Grammaticus, historian, A74. 1841 * * Waldemar II., king, dies. CHURCH. 822 * * Christianity is preached in Den- mark by Ebbo, archbishop of Rheims. 823 * * Frankish monks are sent by Louis le Debonnaire to preach Christian- ity ; little more is accomplished. 826* * Anscarius, the "Apostle of the North," fails to convert the inhabitants. 827 * * Christianity is again intro- duced into Denmark under Harold. 860 * *-935 * * Gorm the Old, a devout heathen, persecutes the Christians [till forced to refrain by Henry I. of Germany]. 878 * * Guthrum leads his followers to England, and becomes a Christian. 1012 * * The Danes murder Archbishop Alphege. 1026 * * Canute the Great makes a pil- grimage to Rome. 1219* * Russia. Waldemar conquers and forcibly converts the pagans of Esthonia. SOCIETY. 783+ * * For more than 200 years the Danes terrorize the nations of North- ern Europe. STATE. 60 * * b. c. (?) Reign of Skiold, the al- leged first king. 8th Century. A. d. Predatory maritime expeditions of the Danes to England and Scotland. (See Great Britain.) 794 * * Sigurd Snogoje is enthroned. 803 * * Hardicanute is enthroned. 850 * * Eric I. is enthroned. 854 * * Eric II. is enthroned. 878* *Many Danes emigrate to Eng- land. 883 * * 1042 * * The Gorm's line of monarchs occupies the throne. * * Gorm the Old is enthroned. He is the first king of all Denmark, and reigns 53 years ; with him the true history begins. * * * Gorm enlarges his kingdom ; it in- cludes Schleswig, Holstein, Skaania, and some provinces in Norway, with con- quests in Russia and others in Germany. 10th Century. Authentic history com- mences. 911 * * The King of France grants Neus- tria to Rollo and his Normans [hence the name Normandy appears]. 946 * * Harold the Blue Tooth is en- throned. 991 * * Suenon, or Sweyn, the Twy- beard, is enthroned. 1014 * * Harold is enthroned in Den- mark. Feb. * Eng. The Danish peers elect Ca- nute II., the Great, King of England. 1016 * * -28 * * Canute the Great con- quers Norway. 1017 * * Canute becomes sole King of England after Edmund's death. 1035 * * Canute III., from England, is enthroned. 1042* * Eng. The Danish dynasty ends. * * -47 * * Magnus of Norway is en- throned. Denmark is subject to Norway. Ca- nute III. ends his war with Magnus by an agreement that he who survives the other shall inherit his kingdom. 1047 * * 1412 * * The House of Es- tridsen reigns. * * Suenon Estridsen (or Sweyn II.) is enthroned as King of Denmark. 1073 * * Interregnum. 1076 * * Harold Heju, the Simple, is en- throned. 1080, Canute IV., the Saint ; 1086, Olaus IV., the Hungry; 1095, Eric Eigod I., the Good ; 1105, Nicho- las I. ; 1134, Eric II. ; 1137, Eric III., the Lamb. 12th Century. The feudal system is in- troduced. 1147 * * Suenon HI., or Sweyn, is en- throned. The sovereigns struggle with the barons for supremacy. Canute V. is enthroned. 1157* *-81* * Waldemar I., the Great, is elected. [He conquers the country north of the Elbe.] * * Waldemar builds Copenhagen. 1182* * 1202* * Canute VI., the Pious, is enthroned. Canute VI. refuses to recognize the suzerainty of Frederic Barbarossa, as his father had done. 1200 * * Philip Augustus of France di- vorces Ingebord of Denmark, and a quarrel ensues between those countries. 1202* *-41* * Waldemar II., the Conqueror, reigns. The early part of his reign is the most brilliant period of Danish history ; after- ward he becomes unfortunate. * * Adolph of Holstein is released after conceding all Holstein to Waldemar, who gives it as a fief to his nephew, Albert of Orlamund. * * Waldemar unsuccessfully interferes in Norway and Sweden. 1213 * * Frederick H. cedes to Walde- mar all conquests in Germany north of the Elbe and the Elde, in return for his recognition as emperor over his rivals. 1220+ * * Waldemar II. loses his power more rapidly than he gained it. 1223 * * Ger. The king and his son are captured by treachery, and impris- oned [three years] by Henry, Count of Schwerin, in Hanover. 1225 * * Waldemar II. cedes Holstein to Adolf the Young. 1226* * Ger. Waldemar TL. is re- leased on condition of renouncing all his conquests south of the Elbe and those in Slavic countries. 1227 * * Waldemar II. fails in an effort to regain Holstein by arms, after the Pope annuls his renunciation of it. MISCELLANEOUS. 8th Century. (?) With the battle of Bra- valla ends the purely mythical age. 1012 * * Eng. The Danes receive £48,000 as tribute, and murder Alphege, arch- bishop of Canterbury. 1018 * * Canute changes his chief resi- dence from Denmark to England. 1109 * * Toll is first paid by vessels pass- ing the Stade on the Elbe. 1124* * The historian Saxo Grammati- cus mentions skating on ice. 636 1241,**-1699, DENMARK. ARMY — NAVY. 1248* *The people of Liibeck attack Copenhagen. 1252+ * * Ger. "War occurs with Schleswig concerning the succession. King Abel declares it is only an heredi- tary lief ; the king claims it is a personal one. * * Abel has a conflict with the arch- bishop, Jacob Erlandsen. 1259 * * Prince Yarimar of Riga at- tacks Copenhagen. 1306 * * The Norwegians attack Copen- hagen, and are repelled. 1332 * * Ger. War occurs with Geert, Count of Holstein, who invades the kingdom, and is assisted by discontented nobles. 1362 * * Copenhagen is captured by the opponents of Waldemar Atterdag. 1363 * * A general war occurs with Sweden, Mecklenburg,and the Hanseatic League, etc., without decisive results. 1368 * * The war is renewed against Denmark ; Copenhagen is again cap- tured by the opponents of Waldemar. 1370 * * The war ends with loss to Denmark. 1389* * Swe. Battle of Falkoping; Albert, King of Sweden, is defeated and captured by Margaret ; he obtains his liberty by renouncing his crown. 1523+ * * Copenhagen holds out against Frederick I. for more than a year. 1536* * Copenhagen yields to Christian III. after a siege of one year. 1618 * * Ger. Denmark sends reenforce- ments to the Protestant cause in the European religious war between Pro- testants and Catholics. 1626 * * The Danes are compelled to flee before the invading army of "Wal- lenstein. 1637 * * -45 * * War occurs with Sweden ; it is incited by jealousy. 1643 Sept.* Ger. Gen. Lennart Tor- stenson, the Swede, by forced marches speedily conquers Holstein and Schles- wig, and invades Jutland with a German army. * * The French allies are surprised and defeated by the Austrians and Bavarians at Duttlingen. 1644* * The Danes are hard pressed both by land and sea by the field-marshal, Count Gustav Wrangel. 1645 Jan. * Ger. The Imperial force, sent for the relief of the Danes, is re- pulsed by Torstenson and Count Konigsmark and pursued into Germany and nearly annihilated at Magdeburg. Mar. 6. Aust. Brilliant victory of Swedes under Torstenson over Imperialists at Jankau in Bohemia. [Moravia is soon conquered and Vienna approached.] May* Ger. The French marshal, Tu- renne, is defeated at Mergentheim in Franconia by Imperialists under John of Werth. Aug. * Turenne defeats the Bavarians at Allerheim. (See Germany.) Peace is made with Sweden. 1652 * * Denmark is an ally of England in the war with Holland. 1658* *-60* * Invasion of Charles Gustavus. The King of Sweden overruns Holstein, invades Denmark, and unsuccessfully besieges Copenhagen. 1659 Feb. * The Swedes try to take Copenhagen by storm and fail, but a blockade continues. * * Another war with Sweden ends. 1699* * Frederick IV. invades Hol- stein, which, being the ally of Sweden, is defended by the Swedish king, Charles XII. [Copenhagen is invested, but peace is obtained by a money payment to the Swedes.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1460* * Horse passengers cross from Denmark to Sweden on the frozen Baltic. 1571 * *-1601 * * Tycho Brahe, hav- ing built an observatory, makes impor- tant astronomical discoveries. [1577. He demonstrates that comets are extrane- ous to our atmosphere.] 1609+ * * Jansen invents a telescope. 1650+ * * Thomas Bartholin discovers the lymphatic, an absorbent vessel con- nected with the digestion. 1657* *The astronomical tower is erected at Copenhagen. 1658* *The Belts are frozen over; Charles X. of Sweden crosses with his army on the ice. 1662 * * Steno discovers " Steno's duct." [He studies fossils and petrifactions.] 1669 * * Bartholin explains double re- fraction. 1675 * * Discovery by Bomer of the ve- locity of light. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1259 * * Christopher I., king, dies. 1876* * Christopher II., king, b. [1333. Dies.] 1353* * Margaret, queen, "Semiramis of the North," born. [1412. Dies. A59.] 1375 * * Waldemar III. or IV., king, dies. 1426* * Christian I., king, b. [1481. Dies.] 1481 ** Christian II., king, b. [1559. Dies.] 1502 * * Christian III., king, b. [1559. D.] 1535 * * Kaas, Nikolaus, statesman, regent, born. [1559. Dies. A59.] 1546 * * Brahe, Tycho, astronomer, born. 1562 Longomontanus, Christian, astrono- mer, born. 1577 * * Christian IV., king, born. 1585 * * Bartholin, Kaspar, phys., schol., b. 1587 * * Arreboe, Anders, poet, born. 1588 * * Worm, Olaus, physician, author, b. 1601 * * Brahe, Tycho, astronomer, A56. 1603 * * Japix, Gysbert, poet, born. 1609 * * Frederick III., king, born. 1612 * * Lauridsen, Niels, scholar, born. Aagaard, Niels, poet, scholar, born. 1616* * Bartholin, Thomas, physician, scholar, writer, born. 1617 * * Behring, Vitus, poet, historian, b. 1620* * Pontoppidan, Eric, bishop of Dron- theim, poet, born. 1622 * * Adelaar, Cord Sivertsen, admiral, born in Norway. 1629 * * Juel, Nicholas, admiral, born. Bartholin, Kaspar, physician, scholar, A44. 1630 * * Cibber, Caius Gabriel, sculptor, b. 1634 * * Kingo, Thomas, bishop of Fiinen, poet, born. 1635 * * Griffenfeld, Count of, Peter Schuh- macher, statesman, born. 1637 * * Arreboe, Anders, poet, A50. 1638 * * Steno, Nicolas, anatomist, born. 1644 * * Romer, Olaf, astronomer, born. 1646 * * Christian V., king, born. 1647* * Longomontanus, Christian, astrono- mer, A85. 1648 * * Christian IV., king, A71. 1654 * * Worm, Olaus, physician, au., Afi6. 1657 * * Aagaard, Niels, poet, scholar, A45. 1666 * * Japix, Gysbert, poet, A63. 1670* * Frederick 1 1 1., king, A61. 1671 * * Frederick IV., king, born. 1675 * * Behring, Vitus, poet, historian, A58. Adelaar, Cord Sivertsen, admiral, A53. 1678 * * Pontoppidan, Eric, bishop of Dron- theim, poet, A68. 1680* * Bartholin, Thomas, physician, scholar, writer, A 64. Behring, Vitus, navigator, born. 1684 * * Holberg, Ludwig, baron, scholar, poet, dramatist, born. 1685 * * Gram, Johan, or Hans, philologist, born. 1686 * * Egede, Hans, founder of Danish missions in Greenland, born. 1687 * * Steno, Nicolas, anatomist, A49. 1691 * * Tordenskjold, Peter, admiral, born. 1697 * * Juel, Nicholas, admiral, A68. 1698* * Pontoppidan, Erik, bishop, histo- rian, born. 1699 * * Griffenfeld, Count of, Peter Schuh- macher, statesman, A54. Christian V., king, A 53. Christian VI., king, born. CHURCH. 1320 * * -34 * * The privileges of the clergy are confirmed in this reign. No ecclesiastic can be tried in a secu- lar court, nor the tenants of ecclesias- tical foundations ; no bishop be impris- oned without the consent of the Pope ; no taxation of ecclesiastics or their prop- erty ; the king cannot declare war with- out the consent of the nobles and the clergy. 1521 * * The Reformation begins to spread in Denmark. 1525 * * Frederick I. becomes a Prot- estant ; the inhabitants are both Cath- olic and Protestant in faith, and the religion of both classes is tolerated. 1527 * * Lutheranism is introduced. 1536 * * Lutheranism is established by Christian III., who annexes the church lands to the Crown. * * * The National Assembly authorizes free preaching, and permits the mar- riage of ecclesiastics. * * * Abbeys, convents, and monaste- ries decline in importance and suceess. 1618* * The great religious war breaks out in Europe, and Christian IV. sends an army to aid the Protestants of Germany. LETTERS. 13th Century. A treatise on medicine by Henrik Harpestring appears. 1300 * * -1500 * * The Kjcempeviser, or Danish ballads, appear, — about 500 epic and lyrical poems. 1386 * * The first royal edict written in Danish appears. 1397 * * The Act of Union at Calmar is written in Danish. 1479 * * The University of Copen- hagen is founded. 1490* *The first printing-press is set up in Copenhagen by Gottfried of Ghemen. 1495 * * The [famous] Biimkronike, a his- tory of Denmark in rhymed Danish verse, attributed to Niels, a monk, ap- pears. 1500 * * -54 * * Karl Maqnus and Hoi ger Danske, by Christian Pedersen, appears. 1506 * * Gottfried of Ghemen publishes a collection of proverbs, )attr*buted to Peder Lolle. 1514* * The Hose-Garland of the Virgin Mary, The Creation, and Human Life, by Mikkel, priest of St. Alban's Church in Odeuse, appear. * * Fr. Gesta Danorum, by Saxo Gram- maticus, is published at Paris by Chris- tian Pedersen. DENMARK. 1241,**-1699, 637 1529 * * The Book of Psatms and the New Testament are published. 1533+ * * The Royal library is founded at Copenhagen by Christian III. 1550 * * The Bible is published in Danish language. 1555 * * Reinecki Fuchs, in Danish, ap- pears. 1559 * * The first authorized Psalter ap- pears. 1575 * * A translation of Saxo-Germma- ticus appears. 1591 * * Kjazmpeviser, to the number of 100, are collected and published by A. G. Vedel. 1595* *-1604* * Chronicle of the King- dom of Denmark, hy Arild Hirlfeld, ap- pears. 1633+ * * A translation of Snorri-Stur- luson's Heimskringla, by Peder Claussen, appears. 1641 * * Hexaemeron, by Anders Arreboe, appears. 1663 * * Europaische Zeitung is issued. 1666 * * Danske Meravims is issued. 1668 * * Gramatica Danica, by Bishop Erik Pontoppidan, appears. 1689 * * Winter Psalter, by Thomas Kingo, appears. 1699* * Kingo' s Psalter, by Thomas Kingo, appears. SOCIETY. 15th Century. The sovereigns endeavor, with only partial success, to prevent the plundering of merchantmen wrecked on the coast. 1513 * * Christian II., the Nero of the North, causes the nobility and senators of Stockholm to be killed, though inno- cent of crime. [1522 He is dethroned for his tyranny, and for 27 years confined in a dungeon.] 1521+ * * Even the bishops unite with the people in plundering wrecked vessels. ± * * A law enacted to prevent the plun- dering of wrecked vessels is publicly burned. 1660 * * The unpopularity of the no- bility enables the king to make radical changes in the government and the suc- cession. STATE. 1241 * * Waldemar n. dies, and few of all his conquests remain to Denmark. [He divides his kingdom among his sons at his death ; disputes follow.] * * -50 * * Eric TV. reigns. 1250 * * -52 * * Abel reigns. * * Abel gains the throne by assassinat- ing his elder brother Eric. * * The towns begin to send representa- tives to the Council. 1252 * * Abel is killed in an expedition against the Friesians. * * -59 * * Christopher I. reigns. 1259 * * Christopher is poisoned. 13th Century. The struggle between the sovereigns and the barons con- tinues. * * -68 * * Eric V. reigns. * * The towns obtain charters by which they are exempt from the control of the barons. 1286* *-1319* * Eric VI. reigns. 1319* * Regency of the queen mother. Denmark is in a deplorable condition. Danish and German nobles are granted the larger part of the kingdom. 1320 * * -33 * * Christopher II. is en- throned. The crown is weakened by the capitu- lations which the nobles and clergy ex- tort from the king. [These concessions continue for 340 years.] * * * Confirmation of the privileges of the clergy. (See Church.) The nobles are not obliged to follow the king beyond the limits of the king- dom ; if captured, are to be ransomed by the king within a year, and if he fails to do so, will lose the right of demanding their military service. The king can de- clare war only with the consent of the nobles and the clergy. 14th Century. Many struggles with the Hanse Towns because of the toll de- manded at the entrance of the Baltic. 1332 * * Christopher IT. is driven from his kingdom by the invaders from Hol- stein and the discontented nobles. * * _40 * * Anarchy prevails. * * * Skaania, Halland, and Bleking annex themselves to Sweden. 1340 * * -75 * * Waldemar HI., Atta- dag, the youngest son of Christopher, reigns. He devotes himself to the recovery of the Crown lands by purchase or by force. 1341 * * The Danes first demand tolls of vessels passing the Sound. 1359 * * The kingdom regains Skaania, Halland, and Bleking from the king of the Swedes. 1370 * * The war ends ; Denmark is forced to sign a treaty securing to her rivals most extensive commercial privi- 1372 * * Waldemar III. accepts the peace of Stralsund. 1376 * * -87 * * Olaus V., five years of age, the son of the late king's youngest daughter, reigns. 1380 * * Olaus V. succeeds his father Hakon as king of Norway, and his mother Margaret, as regent, governs both lands well. 1387 * * Olaus dies, and Margaret is elected queen of both countries. 1388 * * Sweden rebels against King Albert, and offers the crown to Margaret ; " the Semiramis of the North," is en- throned queen of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. 1397 * * Denmark, Norway, and Swe- den united. The three kingdoms are united by the Union of Calmar, each having its own parliament and laws, and the monarchy is made elective. [The Union lasts till 1522.] 1412 * * -40 * * Eric VII., a nephew of Margaret, reigns. 1440 * * -48 * * Christopher HI., king of Sweden, reigns as king of Norway and Denmark. 1443 * * Copenhagen becomes the capi- tal. 1448* *-1863* *The House of Ol- denburg reigns. * * Christian I., count of Oldenburg, is elected king of Denmark. 1457 * * Christian I. is elected king of Sweden. 1481 * * John succeeds Christian I., his father. 1490 * * The English agree to pay sound dues on all vessels entering or leaving the Baltic. 1513* *-23* * Christian H., the Cruel, succeeds John, his father. 1522 * * The Union of Calmar is dis- solved by the insurrection of the- Swedes ; Denmark and Norway remain united. 1523 * * Christian H. is deposed be- cause of his tyranny, and is confined in a dungeon 27 years. DENMARK AND NORWAY. * * -33 * * Frederick I., Duke of Hol- stein, son of Christian I., nephew of Christian II., reigns ; he rules wisely. 1533+ * * The feuds of the counts arise. * * Christian HI. is enthroned. [By his good rule he becomes known as the Father of his People.] 1559 * * Frederick H. is enthroned. 1588 * * Christian IV. is enthroned. 1612 * * The Danish East Indian Com- pany is established. 1629* * The Protestant league chooses Christian IV. as their leader against the German emperor. * * Ger. The Danes, having sent an un- successful army to aid the Protestant cause, sue for peace, which is signed at Iiiibeck, binding them to non-interfer- ence with the affairs of Germany, and recognizing Wallenstein as Duke of Mecklenburg. 1643* * Negotiations for peace with Sweden are opened in Osnabruck. 1645 * * Prus. Peace of Bromsebro. Peace is made with Sweden after a war of eight years, occasioned by jealousy of the growing power of Denmark ; Chris- tian is obliged to surrender the islands of Gottlaud and Oesel. 1648 * * Frederick HI. is enthroned. 1652 * * Denmark aids England in the war with Holland. 1660 * * Peace is made with Sweden by the treaty of Copenhagen, ceding to it certain islands and free passage through the Sound. * * Lex Regia. Frederick III., being popular with the middle classes, unites with the clergy in extending the royal prerogative, and changes the Consti- tution from that of an elective to a hereditary monarchy. 1670 * * Christian V. is enthroned. 1679 * * A treaty of peace with Sweden is signed, which nearly restores the ante-bellum conditions. 1699 * * Frederick IV. is enthroned. * * Frederick IV. invades the territory of the Duke of Holstein ; he is com- pelled to make peace by the siege of Copenhagen, by Charles XII. of Sweden, who comes to the aid of his ally. 638 1700,**-1839, DENMARK. ARMY — NAVY. 1700 * * Copenhagen is bombarded by the combined fleets of England, Holland, and Sweden. [Peace is obtained by a money payment to tbe Swedes.] 1712+ * * Holstein, Schleswig, and the fortresses of Tonningen and Stralsund, are taken by Frederick IV. ; Weisman is conquered, and the Swedes are driven out of Norway. 1801 Apr. 2. Because of Denmark's alliance with the Armed Neutrality, the British under Lord Nelson and Adm. Parker bombard Copenhagen and take 18 Danish ships of the line. [The colo- nies in the East and West Indies are temporarily lost.] 1807 * * England opens another war to get possession of the Danish navy. July 26. The British, under Admiral Gambier and Lord Cathcart, take 18 ships of the line, 15 frigates, and 31 brigs and gunboats. (See State.) Sept. 7. The Danish fleet surrenders to Adm. Gambier and Lord Cathcart, after three days' bombardment of Co- penhagen. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1717 * * A part of Zealand overflows, and 1,300 inhabitants are drowned. 1819 * * Electro-magnetic action is dis- covered by Hans Christian Oersted of Copenhagen. 1820 * * Oersted discovers the deflection of the magnetic needle by the voltaic current. BIRTHS— DEATHS. 1 700 * * Cibber, Cains Gabriel, sculptor, A70. 1710 * * Romer, Olaf, astronomer, A66. 1712 * * Bemstorff, Johann Hartwig Ernst von, count, statesman, born. 1780 * * Tordenskjold, Peter, admiral, A29. 1723 * * Frederick V., king, born. Kingo, Thomas, bishop of Funen, poet, A89. 1728 * * Suhm, Peder Frederik, historian, b. 1730 * * Miiller, Otto Frederik, naturalist, b. Frederick IV., king, A59. 1734 * * Host, Georg, traveler, statesman, b. 1735 * * Baden, Jakob, philologist, born. 1737* * Struensee, Johann Friedrich, von count, physician, statesman, born. 1740* * Bugge, Thomas, astronomer, geog- rapher, born. Callisen, Hendrik, surgeon, born. A bildgaard, Peter Christian, physician, b. 1741 * * Behring, Vitus, navigator, A61. 1743 * * Evald, Johannes, poet, born. 1744 * * Abildgaard, Nikolai A., painter, b. Abrahamson, Werner Hans Friedrich, au- thor, born. 1746* * Christian VI., king, A47. 1748* * Gram, Johan or Hans, philologist, A 63. 1749 * * Thaarup, Thomas, poet, born. Christian VII., king, born. 1750* * Christian, David, missionary to Greenland, dies at Herrnhut. 1754* * Carstens, Asmus Jakob, historical painter, born. Holberg, Ludwig, baron, scholar, poet, dramatist, A70. 1755 * * Zoega, Georg, archeologist, born. Adler, Jacob Georg, orientalist, born. 1756* * Pram, Christian Henriksen, poet, journalist, mis. writer, born. 1758 * * Heiberg, Peder Andreas, poet, dram- atist, born. Egede, Hans, founder of Danish missions in Greenland, A72. 1759 * * Nyerup, Nasmus, historian, anti- quary, born. 1760 * * Rahbek, Knud Lyne, au., critic, b. 1764 * * Baggesen, Jens Iinnianuel, poet, b. Pontoppidan, Erik, bishop, historian, A66. 1766 * * Frederick V., king, A43. 1768 * * Frederick VI., king, born. 1770 * * Thorvaldsen, Albert, sculptor, b. 1772* * Bemstorff, Johann Hartwig Ernst von, count, statesman, A60. Struensee, Johann Friedrich von, states- man, A 35. Berger, Johann Eric, scientific writer, born. Host, Jens Kragh, historian, born. Brandt, Count, beheaded. 1773* * Gyllembourg-Ehrensvard, Thomas- ine Christine Buntzen, novelist, born. 1775 * * Malte-Brun. Conrad, geographer, writer, born. Matilda, queen, A24. 1777* * Oersted, Hans Christian, electro- magnetist, born. 1778* * Oersted, Anders Sandoe, jurist, statesman, writer, born. 1779 * * Jorgenson, Jorgen, adventurer, au- thor, born. Oehlenschlager, Adam Gottlob, poet, born. 1780 * * Schumacher, Hendrick Christian, astronomer, born. 1781 * * Brondsted, Peter Olaf, archaeolo- gist, born. Evald, Johannes, poet, A38. 1782 * * Blicher, Steen Steensen, poet, novel- ist, born. 1783 * * Molbech, Christian, historian, born. Eckersberg, Christoph Wilhelm, painter, b. Grundtvig, Nicolai Fredrik Severin, clergy- man, poet, author, born. 1784* * Miiller, Otto Frederik, naturalist, A 54. 1786* * Callisen, Adolf Karl Peder, physi- cian, born. Christian VIII., king, born. 1787 * * Rask, Kasmus Christian, orientalist, philologist, born. 1789* * Ingemann, Bernhard Severin, poet, novelist, born. •Schouw, Joachim Fredric, botanist, born. 1790 * * Haueh, Johannes Carsten von, poet, born. 1791 * * Abildgaard, Soren, naturalist, A60±. Petersen, Niels Matthias, historian, born. Heiberg, Johann Ludvig, poet, dramatist, b. 1793* * Clausen, Hendrik Nicolai, theolo- gian, statesman, born. 1794* * Forchhammer, Johann, mineralo- gist, chemist, geologist, born. 1795 * * Rafn, Karl Christian, arch., born. 1797 * * U8sing, Tage Algreen, jurist, born. Bille, Steen Andersen, rear-admiral, born. Bang, Peder Georg, jurist, statesman, born. 1798* * Carstens, Asmus Jakob, historical painter, A 34. Hertz, Hendrik, poet, novelist, born. Suhm, Peder Frederik, historian, A70. Bernhard, Karl (pseud, of Andreas Nicolai St.-Aubain), novelist, born. 1 800 * * Aarestrup, Carl Ludvig Emil, poet, b. 1801 * * Abildgaard, Peter Christian, physi- cian, A61. 1802 * * Irminger, Carl Ludwig Christian, admiral, born. 1804 * * Madvig, Johann Nikolai, statesman, philologist, born. Koppen, Adolph Louis, scholar, author, b. Baden, Jakob, philologist, A69. 1805 * * Andersen, Hans Christian, poet, novelist, wr. of fairy tales and travels, b. Engelstoft, Christian T., theologian, reli- gious historian, born. Adler, Jacob Georg, orientalist, A50. 1808 * * Christian VII., king, A59. Jan. 20. Frederick VII., king, born. Martensen, Hans Lassen, bishop, theol., b. 1809 * * Hammerich, Frederik Peder Adolf, clergyman, poet, mis. writer, born. Abildgaard, Nicholas A., painter, A65. Paludan-Miiller, Frederic, poet, born. Zoega, Georg, archeologist, A54.
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Questions concernant les substitutions : avec les réponses de tous les Parlemens et cours souveraines du royaume, et des observations \
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Aguesseau, Henri François d', 1668-1751
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14 QUESTION PREMIERE, *^1IJ ««a II n'eil donc pas furprenant que les Parlemens des Pays Coutu-' miers aient enrégiftré fans modification l'Ordonnance de 1629, & que les Parlemens du Droit Ecrit aient pris la liberté de faire des remontrances à Sa Majefté , concernant la fubftitution des chofes mobiliaires , ÔC l'on peut dire que cette Loi , qui paroît moins injufte pour les Pays Coutumiers , le feroit infiniment pour le Pays du Droit Ecrit. D'ailleurs il n'y a aucun inconve'nient à craindre par rapport à la liberté de contracter : comme les meubles n'ont pas de fuite par hypothèque , on ne laifTe pas de pouvoir les acheter quoiqu'ils foient fubftitués , de même celui qui doit par contrat de conftitu tion de rente ou autrement , peut fe libérer quand il veut , non obstant la fubftitution , & le fubftitué , dans tous les cas , a fon recours fur l'héritier pour fe faire rendre la valeur des meubles vendus , & l'argent reçu des débiteurs. Ainii nous croyons que la difpolïtion de l'art. CXXV, de l'Or donnance de 1629 , touchant les fubftitutions des chofes mobi liaires , doit être abrogée dans les Pays du Droit Ecrit, où elle a eu lieu jufqu'à préfent. Signés , le P. Dafpe , Comere de Labaftide, Pegueyroles , Bafîard , A-çemar , Cajjan , de Catellan-Lamafquere , Caujjade , de Celés , Parafa , Dafpe de Médian , Le Maçuyer. "^g^tanaa-iurtJ ufci 1 ■. i'***jsaaj^,^»«^''OTTf^«'Li)UiaMSMtBai«cBaM^ QUESTION PRÉLIMINAIRE. *A vis ~£ — " V AN T que d'entrer dans l'examen des quarante-cinq Quef Mémoir^oiflvis ./jLtions qui regardent les fubftitutions fidéicommiffaires , il de M. le Procu femble qu'il foit nécefTaire de décider , li ( conformément à l'avis ieur General. ^e ^ Let)ret ) on en aboliroit l'ufage entièrement , parce qu'alors il feroit fort inutile de traiter des Queftions qui ne pourroient plus avoir d'objet. On conçoit aifément l'avantage que l'on trouveroit en-abolifTant les fidéicommis : c'eft une fource de procès qui ruinent fou vent les familles. Quoique leur motif foit de foutenir les grandes mai fons , elles périffent fouvent par les procès fans nombre que les fubftitutions produifent & qui fe renouvellent de génération en génération. Les fidéicommis gênent d'ailleurs la liberté du com merce , ils forment des obftacles à l'avancement de ceux qui font grevés de fubftitution , qui ne peuvent emprunter , foit pour acqué QUESTION PRÉLIMINAIRE. 15 rir des Charges, ou pour foutenir dignement le fervice du Roi, ou s'ils empruntent même pour des motifs légitimes, ils courent PARIS, rifque de mourir même fans pouvoir payer leurs dettes ; & cet ufage , que la vanité a fait naître parmi les Payens , jaloux de faire la loi dans leurs familles long-temps après leur décès , fem bleroit ne devoir avoir aucun empire fur ceux qui font éclairés des lumières de la religion. Mais aufli ira-t-on changer tous les Ufages reçus & reçus de puis tant de lîecles , fondés même fur la Loi de Moïfe , qui con fervoit avec tant de foin les biens dans les familles ? Ira-t-on heurter , pour ainfi. dire , tous les préjugés dans les Pays du Droit Ecrit ? L'objet de conferver les grandes maifons dans tout leur luflre eft intéreflant pour l'Etat ; c'eft une prévoyance digne d'un père de famille , que d'empêcher le mauvais ufage qu'un fi s diflipa teur pourroit faire des biens que le travail de fes aïeux lui a laifTé. Dans le Pays même Coutumier les Loix fur les propres , fur les retraits lignagers , font une image du delîr qu'on a eu dans tous les temps de conferver le bien dans les familles. On ne pourroit faire un il grand changement fans confulter tous les Parlemens ; on ne fe propofe point encore la réformation de toutes les Coutumes , & l'uniformité d'une Loi par-tout le Royaume ; l'objet préfent n'eft que de faire décider , par le Roi, les Queftionsqui fe jugent dans les différens Parlemens du Royau me ; il femble donc qu'on doive fe renfermer dans ce feul objet, & entrer par conféquent dans l'examen des quarante-cinq Quek tions fur lefquelles les Parlemens ont été çonfultés. i6 paris. $s®s®s$$s@s$$s®s®s®s®s$s®s$ PREMIERE QUESTION. S 1 la difpojttion de l'Art. CXXV ", de V Ordonnance de 1629, touchant la fubjiitution des chofes mobiliaires , doit être abrogée dans Its Pays où elle a eu lieu jufquà préfent , oufi elle doit être étendue aux. Provinces ou elle na pas été obfervée 1 CETTE Queftion eft du nombre de celles qui fe décident fouvent par le préjugé que chacun peut avoir , ou de la fa veur des fubftitutions , ou des inconvéniens quelles produifent. ■ Il faut convenir cependant qu'il y a de très-fortes raifons pour au torifer les fubftitutions fidéicommiflaires des chofes mobiliaires , & de très-folides auffi pour les profcrire ; c'eft ce qui a donné lieu à des fuffrages fî oppofés les uns aux autres , qu'on s'eft trouvé prefque partagé. , D'un côté on a été frappé d'une difpolition expreffe d'une Ordonnance , qui n'a eu cependant aucune exécution depuis plus d'un fïecle que dans le feul Parlement de Dijon , ce qu'on a regar dé comme un témoignage que cette difpolition n'a pas paru utile au bien de l'Etat. On a été encore plus frappé du fuffrage de prefque toutes les Cours , n'y ayant eu que les Parlemens de Dijon , de Metz & de Bezançon , qui aient emb raflé l'avis d'exclure les fidéicommis pour les chofes mobiliaires ; & quoique M. Lebret & l'Avocat du Par lement d'Aix , qui a envoyé des Mémoires , aient été de même avis , le fuffrage de tant de Cours a paru devoir l'emporter. On a d'ailleurs pofé pour principe , que tous les fujets du Roi dévoient être égaux par rapport à leur Souverain , qu'il devoit les chérir tous également , & ne pas exclure les uns d'un droit que l'on accordoit aux autres. On a penfé qu'en bornant le fidéicommis aux immeubles , ce feroit exclure la plus grande partie des fujets, qui n'ont que des effets mobiliers , de l'avantage de fubftituer leurs biens : que fi de la confédération des perfonnes on pafîbit à celle des biens , il falloit convenir que les deux tiers , ou les trois quarts" des biens du Royaume , étoient en effets mobiliaires j & que par la SUR LES SUBSTITUTIONS. 17 h. prohibition de fubftituer cette forte de biens , ce feroit borner tellement les fubftitutions , qu'il vaudroit prefque autant les dé paris. traire en. leur entier. On eft entré dans le détail de quelques biens tels que les Offices & les biens des Commerçans : on a établi que les Offices , dépcndans des Provilions du Roi , ne pouvant pas être fubftitués en tant qu'Offices , ce feroit les exclure de tout fidéi commis que de ne pas permettre d'en fubftituer le prix ; que iî on ne permettoit pas à de certaines perfonnes qui ont des établiilê mens considérables de manufactures de pouvoir les fubftituer , les enfans pourroient , par leur difîipation , détruire les établiffemens les plus avantageux à l'Etat On a obfervé que ce qui faifoit connoître combien l'exclufïon des fidéicommis pour les chofes mobiliaires étoit contraire au bien public , c'étoit l'ufage fingulier du Parlement de Dijon , qui, en adoptant cette exclufion , en avoit excepté l'argent comptant, fur le fondement que l'argent étoit le prix de tous les immeubles; fondement qui, s'appliquant à toutes les chofes mobiliaires qui peu vent être converties en argent & par conféquent en immeubles , devroit envelopper les chofes mobiliaires auffi-bien que l'argent comptant , dans la faculté de pouvoir devenir l'objet des fidéir commis. On a conclu de ces raifons , qu'il convenoit d'autorifer les fubf titutions de tous les effets ou chofes mobiliaires , avec d'autant plus de raifon, que l'objet préfent étant de lîmplifier les Loix, celle-ci aura cet avantage en banniflant tant de diftinûions , de ce qui eft mobilier & de ce qui ne l'eft pas , fource d'une infinité de procès.. On a penfé , d'un autre côté , qu'il n'y avoit que deux objets, dans les fubftitutions fidéicommiffaires.. L'un de foutenir les grandes maifons , l'autre de pourvoir au dérèglement d'un fils diffipateur ; & on a cru que le fidéicommis des chofes mobiliaires ne remplifloit aucun de ces deux objets. On a établi qu'il n'y avoit dans le Royaume que trois fortes de biens. Les immeubles tels que les terres , héritages , maifons & rentes foncières ; les immeubles fiftifs tels que les rentes dans les lieux où elles font immeubles , & les offices ; enfin les effets & chofes mobiliaires tels que les meubles meublans , vaifTelle. d'-ar* gent , argent comptant , droits , noms-, raifons & aftions. Que fi la fubftitution des immeubles paroiflbit entrer dans les deux objets qu'on peut avoir en vue dans les fidéicommis., il C mt uim ian<Tiwg 18 QUESTION PREMIERE, n'étoit pas poflible de penfer de même des chofes mobiliaires. PARIS. quc cc n»a jamais été , & que ce ne fera jamais par des fubf titutions de meubles, d'argent, de vaiilèlle , de droits, noms, raifons 6c a&ions , qu'on foutiendra les grandes maifons ; que ce ne pourra jamais être que par la confervation des terres & héri tages qui ne peuvent jamais s'échapper après la fubftitution publiée. Que les fubftitutions des chofes mobiliaires exigent des inven taires fouvent frauduleux par la connivence des tuteurs afRdés ; que malgré ces inventaires , le grevé peut vendre & aliéner les meubles & autres effets mobiliaires , fans qu'on puifTe les reven diquer ; que d'ailleurs ils diminuent & pendent par l'ufage ; que le fubftitué ne peut avoir qu'une a&ion en recours contre le grevé ; que ces fidéicommis font la fource d'une infinité de procès , qui, après un fuccès même favorable , n'en peuvent prefque jamais avoir de réel, parce que le grevé , s'il l'eft pour les effets mobiliaires , l'eft attffi. pour les immeubles , au moyen de quoi le recours fe trouve inutile contre des immeubles fubftitués y & que quand le grevé même auroit des biens libres , l'aliénation des chofes mobiliaires fubftituées ne fe faifant , pour l'ordinaire, que par un diffipateur, il n'eft prefque pas poflible que le fubftitué trouve , dans les biens du grevé , de quoi fe venger de ces fortes d'aliénations. On a obfervé d'ailleurs que pour ce qui peut regarder les droits, noms , raifons & a&ions qui font partie des chofes mobiliaires , les fubftitutions de ces fortes d'effets font encore une fource de difficultés prefque infurmontables, parce que le grevé pouvant les recouvrer, en recevoir le prix & les diffiper , il en naît les mêmes inconvéniens que pour les effets mobiliaires ; que fi on peut y remédier par des remplois , il faut donc un tuteur à la fubftitu tion , & un tuteur qui veille à chaque recouvrement, qui font en grand nombre dans des familles , & qui durent pendant plulieurs années ; que fouvent il n'y a point de tuteur, que s'il s'en trouve, c'eft un tuteur dont le grevé eft le maître, qui n'a aucune atten tion aux remplois , ou qui en caufent de frauduleux; que c'eft la fource de procès immenfes dans les grandes maifons , procès en tre proches , & même entre des pères & des erifans , procès qui 'finifïent toujours par un recours contre un grevé qui devient inu tile, parce qu'il eft rare que l'héritier ne renonce pas à la fuccefïïon. Qu'enfin en autorifant les fubftitutions des immeubles , c'étoit le moyen de conferver les biens dans une famille ; mais qu'en autorifant celle des chofes mobiliaires , c'étoit ôter toute reflource SUR LES SUBSTITUTIONS. 19 au grevé d'acheter une charge , de s'avancer , de foutenir le -rp fervice du Roi , ce qui n'arrive pas du moins quand il y a des effets PARIS. ^nobiliaires , libres dans fa perfonne , ôc que c'e'toit mettre les grèves prefque dans la néceffité de mourir en banqueroutiers. Quelques-uns des opinans ont cru même devoir porter l'exclu iion de tout fidéicommis jufqu'aux immeubles fidtifs , c'eft-à-dire, jufqu'aux rentes conftituées , même fur le Roi & jufqu'aux offices , par les mêmes raifons que le grevé peut recevoir le rembourfe ment des rentes & que le Roi eft maître de l'office ; que les mêmes inconvéniens fe rencontrent prefque dans les immeubles fiûifs comme dans les chofes mobiliaires , qu'il femble en effet qu'il foie nécefîaire de faire fur ce fujet une diftin&ion entre les effets qui ne peuvent changer de nature fans le confentement du propriétaire > tels que les immeubles qui font les véritables objets des fidéicom mis , le grevé ayant une interdiction totale d'aliéner après la fubf titution publiée , & les effets qui peuvent changer de nature fan9 le confentement du propriétaire tels que les immeubles fictifs , ÔC les effets mobiliers que le grevé peut prefque toujours avoir en liberté indépendamment de la fubftitution , qui ne doivent pas par conféquent devenir l'objet du fidéicommis, ne pouvant jamais rem plir les premiers motifs qui en ont introduit l'ufage , qui eft celui de foutenir les grandes maifons. On a confîdéré enfuite que ces fortes de fidéicommis étoient encore prefque inutiles pour empêcher la diffipation d'un enfant qui aura toujours la faculté d'aliéner s'il n'y a un inventaire , un tuteur attentif <3c zélé , & des remplois ; que l'enfant pouvoit d'ailleurs demander fa légitime ; qu'enfin il étoit bien plus facile au père d'y pourvoir , foit en fubftituant le furplus de fa légitime en immeubles , foit en laillant la propriété de ce furplus auxpetits enfans , foit en leur laifïant la propriété entière des biens, addita caufa necejjitateque judicii , fi la difîipation du fils eft évidente. Quoique ces raifons aient frappé quelques opinans , le plus grand nombre cependant de ceux qui ont opiné pour exclure les fidéicommis dans les chofes mobiliaires , ont cru qu'on devoit en conferver la faculté pour les meubles fictifs , offices ou rentes, même dans les Pays où elles Ion.: réputées meubles , dont la fubftitution eft plus facile à exécuter , & renferme des inconvé niens bien moindres , quoiqu'on put former des oppofitions aux rembourfemens , en former aux fceaux des offices & des rentes fur le Roi ; & c'eft enfin à cet avis que font revenus ceux même C z 2o QUESTION PREMIERE, qui avoient penfé de borner le fidéieommis aux feuls immeubles pari s. réels. Ceux qui ont foutenu ce dernier avis , ont répondu au motif de l'inexécution de l'Ordonnance de 1629 , qu'on ne fa voit que trop que ce n'étoit point cet article feul , mais l'Ordonnance en entier qui n'avoit jamais eu d'exécution. On a répondu au fuffrage des Parlemens , que ce font prefque tous Parlemens de Droit Ecrit , jaloux au-delà de toutes bornes des teftamens & des fubfti tutions , qu'il ne falloit compter leurs fuffrages que pour des pré jugés , mais qu'il falloit pefer ce qui étoit plus avantageux à l'Etat. On a ajouté que s'il y avoit plus de perfonnes dont les fuccef fions étoient cliargées d'effets mobiliaires que d'immeubles , & moins d'immeubles en général dans le Royaume que d'effets mo biliaires , ce n'étoit pas une raifon pour étendre les fidéieommis à ces fortes d'effets , qui n'en doivent pas être le véritable objet , non plus que ces familles qui n'ont point d'immeubles , à la confer vation defquelles l'Etat n'eft point fiintérefle qu'à celle des grandes maifons. On eft convenu qu'à l'égard des offices on ne pourroit en fubf tituer que le prix , mais que ce feroit une raifon pour les exclure du fidéieommis par rapport aux difficultés que cela feroit naître , fi on n' avoit pas la reffource infiniment plus facile dans le cas des offices qui fe vendent à la mort du titulaire , que dans le cas des meubles , que fouvent il n'eft pas poffible de vendre , puifqu'il faut que le grevé ait des meubles pour fon ufage, & encore moins dans le cas des noms , droits , raifons & actions dont les recou vre mens font fouvent fi longs & fi difficiles. Mais à l'égard des fonds des manufaftures,onapenfé que loin que les fidéieommis foient en cela avantageux au commerce , au con traire fi l'on conferve le fonds en nature , c'eft un effet mobiliaire que le grevé peut aliéner en fraude de la fubftitution ; que fi on veut le vendre pour employer le prix & conferver la fubftitution , c'eft le véritable cas de priver peut-être l'Etat d'une manufacture qui lui étoit avantageufe. Enfin on n'a été touché ni de l' Ufage d'Alface ôi de Flandres, qui doit céder à un bien général & à une Loi uniforme , ni à la Coutume du Pays de Soûle , qui établit un fidéieommis fta tuaire auquel le fidéieommis de la volonté de l'homme n'a pas d'application , ni enfin au cas particulier des habitans de Eearn , _ qui font fortune en Efpagne , objet peu important par lui-même, SUR LES SUBSTITUTIONS. 21 encore moins par les perfonnes qui ne font pas du nombre de ces grandes maiibns que l'Etat a intérêt de foutenir. Paris* Les raifons de ceux qui ont foutenu qu'on ne devoit point an torifer les fidéicommis des chofes mobiliaires n'ont point été fans réplique. On a toujours infifté fur la dureté d'exclure tout homme oui n'aura que du mobilier de pouvoir fubrtituer, &tout père oui fe trouve dans le cas de pourvoir à la fubliftance de fon fils diffipatéur. On a prétendu qu'il n'y avoit pas plus de procès dans les fubfii tutions des chofes mobiliaires que dans les autres ; que s'il s'y trouve quelques inconvéniens , ils fe trouvent compeufés par l'avantage de foutenir des familles ; que fi l'Etat avok plus d'inté rêt à conferver les anciennes maiforrs , il ne laiffoit pas d'en avoir à conferver les familles riches ; que d'ailleurs on pourroit borner la fubftitution des chofes mobiliaires à un feul degré ; qu'enfin on pourroit encore mieux faire en excluant les fubftitutions des meu bles en nature , mais en autorifant celles qui exigeroient des ventes ÔC des remplois , & par le moyen defquels la plus grande partie des inconvéniens difparoîtroient. A quoi l'on a re'pondu que les remplois renferment toujours des embarras , des difficultés , des procès ; que s'il s'en trouve quand le remploi fe fait lors même du décès du fubftituant , il y en a de bien plus grands dans des fucceffions où il y a des recou vremens à faire pendant plufieurs années , quelquefois dix & vingt ans , & plus , après la mort du fubftituant, qui exigent une attention toujours fubfiftante, un tuteur toujours vigilant, ÔC qui font naître trop de procès pour être autorifés. Ainfi on a été partagé en trois avis. L'avis de né borner le fidéicommis à aucune forte de biens. L'avis de ne point autorifer les fidéicommis pour les chofes purement mobiliaires , en les autorifant néanmoins pour les immeubles fictifs , offices & rentes , même pour les rentes dans les lieux où elles font réputées mobiliaires. L'avis enfin d'autorifer les fidéicommis pour chofes mobiliaires; mais dans le feul cas dans lequel le fubftituant en auroit ordonné l'emploi par l'a&e même par lequel le fidéicommis feroit établi. PROVENCE. 22 SECONDE QUESTION. 5 J l'on prtnoit ce dernier parti , faudrait-il excepter de la Règle générale , nonfeulement les Donations ou Legs de meubles précieux à l'exemple de l'Ordonnance de 1629, mais encore les difpofitions qui comprennent F universalité des meubles ? SI l'on prenoit le parti de vouloir e'tendre la difpofition de l'Art. CXXV de l'Ordonnance de 1629, il faudroit du moins en excepter nonfeulement les meubles précieux , qui par le droit font , à certains égards , comparés aux fonds , & encore plus l'uni verfalité des meubles , qui bien fouvent fervent autant que les immeubles à foutenir les familles , tant nobles que roturières , il y auroit feulement à pourvoir aux effets «nobiliaires dëlaifïes par un teftateur engagé dans le commerce & qui établit un fidéicommis ; c'eft ce qui dépend de la prudence du teftateur ou du juge, qui en ordonne , pour l'ordinaire , la vente , & le placement des deniers qui en proviennent. L'on eftime que la prohibition ne devroit point avoir d'excep tion , pas même pour une belle bibliothèque , ni pour un amas d'antiques , ni pour les difpoiitions qui comprendroient l'univer falité des meubles» ji Sur le deuxième article, il femble qu'on pourroit excepter ? A 1 x. de la règle générale , les meubles précieux , à l'exemple de l'Or Avocat queTt! Il donnance de 1629 , pour contenter les perfonnes de grande con fédération qui peuvent avoir des meubles très-précieux , & qui peuvent faire honneur aux familles ; mais il femble qu'il en fau droit régler & déterminer la valeur , ôt que l'exception & difpo lition de la nouvelle Ordonnance fût générale pour les donations 6 les legs , comme pour les fidéicommis teftamentaires , & que l'univerfalité des meubles fût aufîî exceptée lorfqu'elle fait tout le vaillant du teftateur , pour laiffer la confolation à celui qui n'a que des meubles , de pouvoir conferver fon bien pour un degré du moins des fubftitutions ou fidéicommis. SUR LES SUBSTITUTIONS. 23 L A décilion de la première Queftion découvre notre fentiinent ■ ■■■=* fur celle-ci. Nous penfons que l'objet des fubftitutions ne doit COLMAR. jamais être reftraint , & que nonfeulement les meubles peuvent être fubftitués , mais auiïï l'ùniverfàlité des meubles. Signés , de Corberon , Holdt , Muller , Nées , MulUr. O n eft bien éloigné au Parlement de Bordeaux , comme on Ta =■=== vu , fur la Queftion précédente , de penfer que la fubftitution des BORDEAUX, meubles ne doive pas être admife ; on y eft de plus perfuadé que même dans les Pays où l'on obferve l'Ordonnance de 1629 , il feroit à propos d'excepter de la difpolition nonfeulement les meubles précieux , comme l'Ordonnance le fait elle-même , mais au flî l'ùni verfàlité des meubles qui en fait un objet encore plus important, & qui par la facilité qui s'y rencontre d'-en manifefter à tout le inonde l'aliénabilité en rend la fubftitution encore plus favorable. Signés , Gilles de Laçage , Le Berthon , Dalbenard , Bigot , Jegun , Le Monferan & Loyal. Les Commirlaires croient qu'il n'y a rien à ajouter aux termes ■»■ ! » ; — » de l'Ordonnance ; ils ob fervent néanmoins , que fuivant la Jurif DIJON, prudence de ce Parlement , on admet les fubftitutions pour les conjlitutions de rente , & celles faites en efpece & en argent comptant. Par la Coutume de cette Province les contrats de rente font réputés immeubles , foit en partage , foit à l'égard des teftamens & autres difpoiitions , & c'eft le motif qui donna lieu à l'Arrêt rendu à laTournelle le 8 Mai 1664, qui décida pofitivement que les rentes conftituées pouvoient être fubftituées. Sur le même motif il y eut un pareil Arrêt rendu au rapport de M. de Maillard le 27 Juin 1 673. A l'égard des fubftitutions faites en efpeces ou argent comptant, il y a eu aufli pluiîeurs Arrêts qui les ont confirmées. L'argent comptant ePi le prix de toutes chofes , 6c les immeu bles font compris fous ce mot comme les meubles. Le premier Arrêt eft du 18 Décembre 1655 , il confirma la fubftitution faite par Jeanne Lopin , au profit des Collet , fes ne veux , au nombre de cinq , à chacun defquels elle avoit légué 600 liv. les fubftituant les uns aux autres en cas de décès fans çnfans. Autre Arrêt du 12 Juillet 1667 , qui jugea qu'une fomme de * 000 liv. avoit pu être fubftituée. 24 QUESTION SECONDE, ,,, , .. Autre Arrêt du 12 Janvier 1687, qui confirma la fubftkution DIJON. d'une fomme de 7000 liv. faite par Nicolas Perruchot. Les.Commiffaires croient que cette Jurifprudence doit être fui vie... Quant aux fubftitutions qui concernent l'univerfalité des me ta bles, les Commiffaires croient qu'elles doivent être rejettées , & en effet l'univerfalité ne peut jamais plus opérer que le feroit cha que meuble en particulier dont elle eft compofée ; or, des que fuivant l'Ordonnance , le meuble particulier ne peut être fubfti tué, il eft -évident que l'univerfalité ne le peut être» On ne pourroit pas même autorifer la fubftkution d'une uni verfalité de meubles , fans donner atteinte à l'art. CXXV de l'Or donnance de 1629 , fa difpolkion deviendroit bientôt inutile , & celui qui n'auroit pas le pouvoir de fubftituer des chofes mobi liaires en particulier, fe mettroit à couvert de la défenfe par une fubftkution de l'univerfalité des meubles qu'il fe croiroit permife. C'eft ce détour artificieux, qui anéantiroitlaLoi, qu'un grand nombre d'Arrêts de ce Parlement ont condamné. L'Arrêt du 11 Mars 1619 , celui du 31 Janvier 1656 , du 18 Juillet 1661 , ont déclaré nulles les fubftitutions qui compre nnent l'univerfalité des biens meubles & immeubles. La Jurifpru dence de ce Parlement eft là deffus certaine , & ne paroît pas avoir varié. Signés , de Birbifey , de La Marre , Bafin , Fijan , Mayrelet du Minot , Nofmand puîné , & Genrau* &=z=s=a Nous avons dit en la première Queftion , qu'il eft à propos de .FLANDRES, laiffer la liberté de fubftituer les chofes mobiliaires : iî on prenoit un parti contraire , nous croyons qu'il conviendroit d'expliquer ce qu'on entend par chofes mobiliaires , & de borner la défenfe aux vrais meubles tels que meubles meublans , or , argent , bef tiaux , marchandifes & autres de pareille nature , afin d'éviter les difficultés qu'on pourroit former fur les rentes & les autres biens & a&ions réputés meubles par certaines Coutumes.. Après quoi nous croyons, qu'il conviendroit d'excepter encore de la défenfe les donations: ou legs des meubles précieux , & les difpolitions qui comprennent l'univerfalité des meubles-,, fans quoi les fubftitutions feroient abfolument: interdites, à ceux qui n'ont que des effets mobiliaires. Signés , Pollinchon , Pinault , de Bamaaux , Douche de B~eaulieu_, Vifant de -Ponange , do-_Burges *~ , Bifjehop , Curpin , te C donne , J_. Vaymel du Parq. _ SUR LES SUBSTITUTIONS. 2$ • L a réponfe eft la même que dans l'article précédent. Signés, Grammont , Premier Prcjident , Lacroix , de Sayne , de LoyJJin , GRENOBLE. Morel Montrivier , ôi. Vidault > Procureur Général Nous penfbns dans ce cas qu'il convient excepter de la règle ■»^!=5-se générale les difpolitions qui comprennent les meubles , qui le METZ, règlent par les mêmes maximes que les immeubles. Signés , de Momholon , Paire Pierre , de Lange , Bertrand Mufat , Le Goulorv de Champ el , Lançon ÔC Bo-nneau» Nous croyons que fi Ton prenoit le parti d'étendre dans tout sss^sssa le Royaume la difpolltion de l'art, CXXV de l'Ordonnance de PAU» 1629 , concernant les chofes «nobiliaires , il faudrait en excepter les meubles précieux , conformément audit art. CXXV , enfem ble l'univerfaUté des meubles , parce que ces fortes de chofes peuvent former le plus conlidérable du patrimoine des familles v mais avec la reftri&ion à l'égard des meubles meublans mar qués fur la Queftion précédente. Signés , de Gaubert , Camus » Mignon , Deodat , Defclaux , Mefples , Bordenave , Dejean x Bone~ çafe , Lefan Cafenave ÔC de Cafeaux* Dans le cas où par la Loi nouvelle les chofes mobiliaires ne SSBSSSêssb feraient point fufceptibles de fubftitution , il paraît raifonnable PAU. d'en excepter, en conformité de l'Ordonnance de r 629 , les pierres £* BE.G*U£™T^ précieufes de grand prix , les meubles précieux, quœ non in pre dent. fentem modo fpeciem , fed in perpetuum ufum fervantur , qu'on re garde ordinairement dans les anciennes marions avec affe&ion r laquelle déciiiou doit être étendue à l'univerfalité des. meubles , fuivant le fentiment de Marie Ricard , paroiflànt jufte qu'un homme, qui n'a dans fon patrimoine que des meubles & des créances r puifTe les fubftituer , & faire paffer fes libéralités & fes bienfaits,, fucceflivement fur la tête de plusieurs perfonnes , ce que nous, cftimons raifonnable. Le Confeil fôuverain de RoufTillon eftime que , d'ans le casque ■ s» îa Loi qui exclut les chofes mobiliaires de la matière des fubfti RCUSsaLOU tutions fidéieommi'ffàires fera étendue aux Provinces où elle n'eft pas obfervée , les meubles précieux, comme bijoux , pierreries y, tapifferies & autres femblables , doivent être exceptés de la difpo fition générale de la Loi , & à plus forte raifon. l'univerfalité des meubles. D 26 QUESTION SECONDE, assssas^s Les motifs font les mêmes que ceux qui ont été employés fur ROUSSiLLON. l-i première Queftion , où Ton a établi qu'il n'y a aucun incon vénient à comprendre les meubles de tontes efpeces en la ma tière des fidéicommis ; on a cru y devoir ajouter les raiforts fui vantes , fondées fur les Ufages particuliers du Roufïïllon, & fur les Loix municipales par lefquelles cette Province ell réglée. En premier lieu , comme la Province eft d'une petite étendue, & que les biens mêmes des principales -familles. ne font pas fort conlidérables , l'Ufage le plus ordinaire eft de réunir , dans les difpolitions dernières , la totalité des biens meubles & immeubles fur la tête d'un feul fils inftitué héritier univerfel ; mais comme celui-ci pourroit décéder fans poftérité , l'Ufage le plus ordinaire ell de faire pafTer la totalité aux autres enfans fuccefllvement & fous la même condition , au moyen des fidéicommis univerfels • dont ils font chargés les uns envers les autres ; c'eft la voie qu'on a trouvé la plus convenable pour pourvoir à la confervation des familles. Cette totalité , ainfi réunie fur la tête d'un feul , a été trouvée fi -convenable dans ce Pays , & li nécefTaire pour la confervation des familles , par les Etats généraux , tenus fous Philippe II en 1575, que pour rendre cette totalité plus entière , & empêcher qu'elle ne foit diminuée trop confidérablement , on a trouvé à propos de diminuer Tnême la portion de la légitime appartenant aux autres enfans , en la fixant à une quotité inférieure à celle qui avôit été réglée par le dernier état de la Jurifprudence Romaine. Si donc les Etats généraux de la Province , parfaitement inftruits de ce qui eft convenable pour la confervation des familles dont elle eft compofée, a trouvé à propos d'empêcher, autant que faire fe peut, la diminution de cette totalité , afin qu'elle pafsât plus entière fur la tête de ceux qui font deftinés pour foutenir les familles, comme font le fils héritier inftitué , & par fon décès les autres fils fuccefïïve ment au cas de leur décès fans enfans , ce feroit une chofe con traire à cette confervation & à Tefp rit de la Loi municipale (a),cotée (a) Constitution féconde du titre de la légitime ; celt Philippe II , préfent aux Etats , qui parle , en voici la traduction littérale. Defirant pourvoir à la confervation des familles , nous fhtuons & ordonnons , avec le confentement des Etats , que la légitime pour tous les fiis & filles , quoi que leur nombre foit au delTus de quatre , foit toujours fixé à la quatrième partie des biens dudjt défunt, ce qui fera obiervé dans toute la Principauté de Cata-* SUR LES SUBSTITUTIONS. 27 à la marge , fi outre la dédu&ion de la légitime qui la fait déjà palier moins entière fur la tête des enfans appelles au fidéicom RGUSSiLLOÀ'i mis univerfel ,.on la diminuoit encore conlidérablement en laiflant l'héritier grevé en liberté de faire pafler en d'autres mains tous' les effets 'précieux ou la totalité des meubles , c'eft ce qui arri verait lî ces biens demeuroient exclus de la matière des fubftitu tions ridéicommiilaires. En fécond lieu , il y a nombre confidérable deperfonnes , dont les biens conliftent en cabaux , argent comptant , fonds confidé rables de marchandifes : ne pourront-ils pas fatisfaire aux vœux fi naturels aux pères , de faire palier , par la voie de la fubftitu tion fidéicommillaire , ces biens aux fils-, fuccefïïvement au cas que les premiers viennent à manquer fan? poftérité , & feront ils mis hors d'état de perpétuer une' famille, pour la confer vation de laquelle ils fe font donnés tant de foins à les acquérir ? C'eft par ces raifons , que le Confeil fouverain de Rouiïïllon eftime , qu'il faut renfermer tous les biens meubles dans la ma tière des fubftitutions fidéicommiflaires , ou du moins qu'il ne convient pas d'en exclure les effets mobiliaires précieux , ni l'uni verfalité des meubles. Signés , D'eponte cTAlbarei , Dupont , de Villars, Collarés, Bonnet de Romanya , Gifpert, de Fulla , Régnés >. Defprès , Bonnet ÔC Sans.. Cette deuxième Queftion devient inutile par la décifion de ■ 1 t— la première ; mais on peut repréfenter , que l'exception contenue TOULOUSE, dans l'Ordonnance de 1629 , & celle que l'on propofe , font con traires à l'efprit de l'Ordonnance , & détruifent la règle qu'elle éta blit au lieu de la confirmer. Il eft auili aifé d'aliéner les pierres précieufes & les meubles que toutes les chofes mobiliaires ; il n'y a donc aucune raifon pour les excepter de la règle , cv li la fubftitution eft un moyen infufE fant pour confèrver les chofes mobiliaires dans les familles , ce que nous ne croyons pas , elle l'eft auffi pour, les pierreries & les meubles précieux. îogne & Comté deRoufîî'lon ôtSardaigne 6clera.au cl.oix de fhé- ritier de p-.yer la légitime en argent ou biens immeubles. Aora. Il faut rappeller ici ce qui a été dit au préliminaire fur lesQueftions dçs donations , au fujet de l'ordre des Loi* obfervées dans la Province , & de la ma ■ niere -dont elles étoient faites aux Etats. D 2 28 QUESTION SECONDE, m ma II faut encore obferver , que fi la difpofition de l'Ordonnança TOULOUSE, de r629 concernant la fubltitution des chofes mobiliaires étoit entretenue avec les exceptions qui font propofees , il arriveroit , d'un côté , que dans les Provinces où les fortunes font peu con fidérables , il feroit loilible aux particuliers de fubftituer les pierre ries & les meubles , qui font , pour l'ordinaire , un très-petit objet, & de les tranfmettre à leur poftérité ; & que de l'autre , il leur feroit défendu de tranfniettre dans leur famille , au moyen de la fubltitution , les choies mobiliaires , c'elt-à-dire leur patrimoine, ou la meilleure partie de leur patrimoine. Ces diipoiîtions font abfolument contraires , ou plutôt la fé conde découvre l'injuftice & le peu de folidité de la première. Ainli nous croyons qu'il n'eft pas queftion d'entrer dans la dif euffion de chaque exception en particulier , puifque la règle géné rale ne peut fubiifter. Signés , le Prêfident Dafpe , Corners de La~ baftide , Pegueyroles , Bajtard , de Catellan-hamafquere , Açemar , CaJJ'and, Aymar , Caujjade , de Celés , Parafa , Dafpe de Médian , & Le Mafuyer , Procureur Général. eBBBBBBgssa L a première idée qui vient à l'efprit , après la décilion de la PARIS. première Queftion , c'efl d'étendre la prohibition à tous les cas , Général™0141^ puifqu'il n'y en a pas un qui ne foit fujet aux mêmes inconvéniens dont on a parlé, ce qui femble devoir faire autorifer la prohibition. Il faut convenir cependant , qu'il y a des pierreries iingulieres & d'un grand prix , qui deviennent un objet conlidérable par leur valeur, & plus encore par l'affeôion, que les grands Seigneurs , & fouvent les Princes , défirent de conferVer dans leurs maifons ; d'ailleurs prefque toutes les Cours font de l'avis de l'exception ., Dijon , Mefç , Flandres , Touloufe , Grenoble , Bordeaux , Aix , Pau , Alface & Roujfdlon ; rnais la plupart étant attachés à donner la liberté indéfinie de fubftituer , il n'eft pas furprenant qu'en fuppofant qu'on décide pour la prohibition, ils ne foient pas portés à favorifer l'exception. D'ailleurs fe bornera-t-on aux pierres précieufes d'un grand prix , comme leporte l'art. CXXV de l'Ordonnance de 1629? Eten dra-t-on l'exception jufques aux meubles précieux , comme on le propofedans la Queftion? Quelle fourcedeprocèspour caraftérifer ce qui fera ou ce qui ne fera pas dans le cas de l'exception ! On croit donc devoir préférer l'avis du Parlement de Befançon & de M. Le Bret , qui excluent toute exception , exception qui ne peut être" SUR LES SUBSTITUTIONS. 29 faite que fur un intérêt particulier d'affection qui n'intércfle point «-* — — — • l'intérêt de L'Etat. On y eft d'autant plus porté , que quoiqu'il y PARIS. ait plulïeurs Coutumes dans le refïbrt du Parlement de Paris , qui regardent les meubles précieux comme une efpece de propres, de retrait pour ainli dire , comme une efpece d'immeubles dont la vente pourroit s'annuller par la léfïon ; quoiqu'on ait vu autre fois pluiieurs exemples de fubftitution de meubles précieux, il efl pourtant vrai que, depuis long-temps, les fubftitutions de meubles précieux & même de pierres précieufes font beaucoup plus rares. La queftion de la fubftitution de l'univerfalité peut former plus de doute , tout le patrimoine d'un teftateur peut confifter en chofes mobiliaires. Sera-t-il privé de toute efpérance de fubftitution s'il a des immeubles & des effets mobiliaires ? L'exclura-t-on de fubf tituer tous Ces biens ? Peut-être fes immeubles étant d'une ligne pafleront-ils à un parent de la ligne , pendant que tout le mobi lier ira aufïi à un autre héritier. Pourra-t-il fubftituer à l'un , & en fera-t-il privé par rapport à l'autre qui fera peut-être le difïîpa teur ? Si on exclut l'univerfalité des meubles , il s'enfuivra qu'il n'y aura donc plus de ridéicommis univerfel , auquel fouvent le foutien des grandes maifons & le bien de l'Etat efl intéreflé ; mais aufïï tous Ces inconvéniens ne le font que par la relation à la faculté de fubf tituer , & ces inconvéniens ne font pas comparables à celui de laiffer la liberté de fubftituer des chofes mobiliaires. Les inconvé niens font femblables dans la fubftitution de l'univerfalité comme dans la fubftitution d'une portion. Si on autorife la prohibition , ce feroit donner lieu de l'éluder que de permettre la fubftitution de l'univerfalité , le nombre des Parlemens, qui font pour l'excep tion , n'y font portés que parce qu'ils voudraient prefque tous qu'il n'y eût point de prohibition. Les remplois font toujours une fource de difficultés & de pro cès , fi l'on y eft obligé pour le bien des mineurs , cela ne dure que peu d'années ; dans le fidéicommis ils peuvent fe perpétuer pendant toute la vie du grevé , & même de plufieurs grevés. Cette Queftion a formé autant de doute que la première ; ainli en fuppofant l'avis de l'exclufion du fidéicommis dans les chofes mobiliaires , quelques-uns ont voulu les conferver dans le premier degré , d'autres ont cru qu'on devoit les admettre feulement pour les beftiaux étant dans les terres , ou pour les meubles étant dans les châteaux ; d'autres enfin ont été d'avis de conferver l'univerfa 5* QUESTION SECONDE, .,>.*•««««, lité des chofes mobiliaires , mais dans le cas de la fubftitution de 2AHIS.. l'univerfalité du patrimoine ; d'autres enfin de conferver l'univer salité dans tous les cas où les.fubftituans auroient exigé un emploi, on s'en: réduit enfin à l'avis uniforme , par rapport aux pierre ries & aux meubles précieux , de les comprendre dans la pro hibition de tous ridéicommis , dans le cas qu'on décideroit pour la prohibition de fubftituer les chofes mobiliaires. Mais à regard de l'univerfalité des meubles , on s'eft trouvé prefque partagé entre l'avis de la. prohibition du fidéicommis , même dans le cas de l'univerfalité , & l'avis d'autorifer le fidéir commis de l'univerfalité des meubles dans le feul cas dans lequel le fubftituant auroit exigé l'emploi dans l'acte même de fubftitution. Nota. Sur la première QuefUon efi l'avis du Parlement de Befançon fur la reconde. QUESTION TROISIEME. S I dans les Parlemens ou l'Ordonnance de 1629 effl obfer vée, on fuit la difpojition de cette Ordonnance , qui défend aux personnes rujîiques de faire des Subfïitutions , & s'il convient d'en faire une Loi générale ?. 5P&QVENC2, IL ne convient pas , à ce que l'onpenfe , d'interdire aux rufti ques. l'avantage de pouvoir difpofer de leurs biens par fub£ titution.Ladifpolition-desLoixembrafTe tous lesétats qui forment la fociété civile , pourquoi , fans aucune néceffité ,.en féparer une partie en les privant d'une confolation dont -l'homme eft ii jaloux ; d'ailleurs comment fixer l'état des perfonnes ruftiques & le défi nir d'une manière exacte & précife. Les variations qui arrivent perpétuellement à la fortune des hommes , foit par les fucceffions qu'ils recueillent , foit par leur induftrie -Si. leur. travail ,-foit par le changement de leur domicile & par leur genre de vie ,ibrme ront un obftacle invincible à pouvoir prefcrire des bornes à cet état qui fufTent juftes & invariables , & à donner une idée précife de ce que l'on entend par perfonnes ruftiques.. Nos Loix ont enfin eu pour objet d'accorder des privilèges par ticuiiers aux. perfonnes .ruftiques ,. ne ferait ce pas en. bleiîèr SUR LES SUBSTITUTIONS. ji l'efprit que de les priver des avantages que le droit commun s leur attribue ? PROVENCE. ÏL a étendit fur la première Queflion , que l'Ordonnance de «——...■■ <•<<• ■■ 1-629 n'eft pas obfervée en Provence ; ainiî Ton laide aux perfonnes Provence. ruftiques la liberté de fubftituer , & cela paroît jufle , parce que M Le ^"^ ces ruftiques font auiïï attachés au peu de bien qu'ils porTédent , que les riches peuvent l'être à des héritages infiniment plus con iidérables ; ainli l'on eftime que li l'on conferve aux nobles la fa* culte de fubftituer , l'exception des perfonnes ruftiques , portée par l'Ordonnance de 1629 , ne devroit pas être étendue dans les Provinces où cette Ordonnance n'a pas encore été gardée» O n a déjà dît qu'en Provence l'Ordonnance de 1629 n'éft point gardée , les ruftiques y font librement des fubftitutions , & il fem &-•— "e^^r^ss ble que de les en priver , c'eft leur ôter le moyen de conferver , Provence, dans leur defcendance, le bien qu'ils ont, lequel leur eft aufïi cher, avocat0 0RKIS* pour petit qu'il foit , que l'eft un grand bien aux perfonnes con sidérables ; mais peut-être qu'en ce cas il faudroit fixer la valeur du bien pour lequel ils pourroient faire des fubftitutions , ou du moins pour un feul & premier degré.
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Tuzinka
Tuzinka wissenschaftlicher Name Tuzinka
Tuzinka taxonomischer Rang Gattung
Tuzinka ist ein(e) Taxon
Tuzinka übergeordnetes Taxon Zwergzikaden
Tuzinka GBIF-ID 2047124
Tuzinka IRMNG-ID 1240100
Tuzinka CoL-ID 8HSJT
Tuzinka OTT-ID 4214758
Tuzinka
genere di insetti
Tuzinka nome scientifico Tuzinka
Tuzinka livello tassonomico genere
Tuzinka istanza di taxon
Tuzinka taxon di livello superiore Cicadellidae
Tuzinka categoria principale dell'argomento Categoria:Tuzinka
Tuzinka identificativo GBIF 2047124
Tuzinka identificativo IRMNG 1240100
Tuzinka identificativo Catalogue of Life 8HSJT
Tuzinka
genus of insects
Tuzinka taxon name Tuzinka
Tuzinka taxon rank genus
Tuzinka instance of taxon
Tuzinka parent taxon Cicadellidae
Tuzinka topic's main category Category:Tuzinka
Tuzinka GBIF taxon ID 2047124
Tuzinka IRMNG ID 1240100
Tuzinka Catalogue of Life ID 8HSJT
Tuzinka Open Tree of Life ID 4214758
Tuzinka
género de insectos
Tuzinka nombre del taxón Tuzinka
Tuzinka categoría taxonómica género
Tuzinka instancia de taxón
Tuzinka taxón superior inmediato Cicadellidae
Tuzinka identificador de taxón en GBIF 2047124
Tuzinka identificador IRMNG 1240100
Tuzinka identificador Catalogue of Life 8HSJT
Tuzinka identificador Open Tree of Life 4214758
Tuzinka
genre d'insectes
Tuzinka nom scientifique du taxon Tuzinka
Tuzinka rang taxonomique genre
Tuzinka nature de l’élément taxon
Tuzinka taxon supérieur Cicadellidae
Tuzinka identifiant Global Biodiversity Information Facility 2047124
Tuzinka identifiant Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera 1240100
Tuzinka identifiant Catalogue of Life 8HSJT
Tuzinka identifiant Open Tree of Life 4214758
Tuzinka
род насекоми
Tuzinka име на таксон Tuzinka
Tuzinka ранг на таксон род
Tuzinka екземпляр на таксон
Tuzinka родителски таксон Cicadellidae
Tuzinka основна категория за статията Категория:Tuzinka
Tuzinka IRMNG ID 1240100
Tuzinka
род насекомых
Tuzinka международное научное название Tuzinka
Tuzinka таксономический ранг род
Tuzinka это частный случай понятия таксон
Tuzinka ближайший таксон уровнем выше цикадки
Tuzinka идентификатор GBIF 2047124
Tuzinka идентификатор IRMNG 1240100
Tuzinka код Catalogue of Life 8HSJT
Tuzinka код Open Tree of Life 4214758
Tuzinka
taxon, geslacht van insecten
Tuzinka wetenschappelijke naam Tuzinka
Tuzinka taxonomische rang geslacht
Tuzinka is een taxon
Tuzinka moedertaxon dwergcicaden
Tuzinka GBIF-identificatiecode 2047124
Tuzinka IRMNG-identificatiecode 1240100
Tuzinka Catalogue of Life-identificatiecode 8HSJT
Tuzinka Open Tree of Life-identificatiecode 4214758
Tuzinka
Tuzinka taxon nomen Tuzinka
Tuzinka ordo genus
Tuzinka est taxon
Tuzinka parens Cicadellidae
Tuzinka
рід комах
Tuzinka наукова назва таксона Tuzinka
Tuzinka таксономічний ранг рід
Tuzinka є одним із таксон
Tuzinka батьківський таксон Цикадки
Tuzinka ідентифікатор у GBIF 2047124
Tuzinka ідентифікатор IRMNG 1240100
Tuzinka ідентифікатор Catalogue of Life 8HSJT
Tuzinka ідентифікатор Open Tree of Life 4214758
Tuzinka
xéneru d'inseutos
Tuzinka nome del taxón Tuzinka
Tuzinka categoría taxonómica xéneru
Tuzinka instancia de taxón
Tuzinka taxón inmediatamente superior Cicadellidae
Tuzinka
Tuzinka ainm an tacsóin Tuzinka
Tuzinka rang an tacsóin géineas
Tuzinka sampla de tacsón
Tuzinka máthairthacsón preabaire duilleog
Tuzinka
gen de insecte
Tuzinka nume științific Tuzinka
Tuzinka rang taxonomic gen
Tuzinka este un/o taxon
Tuzinka taxon superior Cicadellidae
Tuzinka identificator Global Biodiversity Information Facility 2047124
Tuzinka
género de insetos
Tuzinka nome do táxon Tuzinka
Tuzinka categoria taxonómica género
Tuzinka instância de táxon
Tuzinka táxon imediatamente superior Cicadellidae
Tuzinka identificador Global Biodiversity Information Facility 2047124
Tuzinka IRMNG ID 1240100
Tuzinka
Tuzinka naukowa nazwa taksonu Tuzinka
Tuzinka kategoria systematyczna rodzaj
Tuzinka jest to takson
Tuzinka takson nadrzędny skoczkowate
Tuzinka identyfikator GBIF 2047124
Tuzinka identyfikator IRMNG 1240100
Tuzinka identyfikator Open Tree of Life 4214758
Tuzinka
Tuzinka tên phân loại Tuzinka
Tuzinka cấp bậc phân loại chi
Tuzinka là một đơn vị phân loại
Tuzinka đơn vị phân loại mẹ Bọ nhảy trên lá
Tuzinka thể loại chính của đề tài Thể loại:Tuzinka
Tuzinka định danh GBIF 2047124
Tuzinka ID IRMNG 1240100
Tuzinka
gjini e insekteve
Tuzinka emri shkencor Tuzinka
Tuzinka instancë e takson
Tuzinka
Tuzinka
Tuzinka
hyönteissuku
Tuzinka tieteellinen nimi Tuzinka
Tuzinka taksonitaso suku
Tuzinka esiintymä kohteesta taksoni
Tuzinka osa taksonia Cicadellidae
Tuzinka Global Biodiversity Information Facility -tunniste 2047124
Tuzinka IRMNG-tunniste 1240100
Tuzinka Catalogue of Life -tunniste 8HSJT
Tuzinka Open Tree of Life -tunniste 4214758
Tuzinka
Tuzinka
Tuzinka nomine del taxon Tuzinka
Tuzinka rango taxonomic genere
Tuzinka instantia de taxon
Tuzinka taxon superior immediate Cicadellidae
Tuzinka
gênero de insetos
Tuzinka nome taxológico Tuzinka
Tuzinka categoria taxonômica gênero
Tuzinka instância de táxon
Tuzinka táxon imediatamente superior Cicadellidae
Tuzinka identificador GBIF 2047124
Tuzinka
Tuzinka instancia de Taxón
Tuzinka
gènere d'insectes
Tuzinka nom científic Tuzinka
Tuzinka categoria taxonòmica gènere
Tuzinka instància de tàxon
Tuzinka tàxon superior immediat Cicadèl·lid
Tuzinka identificador GBIF 2047124
Tuzinka identificador IRMNG de tàxon 1240100
Tuzinka identificador Catalogue of Life 8HSJT
Tuzinka identificador Open Tree of Life 4214758
Tuzinka
Tuzinka nom scientific Tuzinka
Tuzinka reng taxonomic genre
Tuzinka natura de l'element taxon
Tuzinka taxon superior Cicadellidae
Tuzinka identificant GBIF 2047124
Tuzinka
Tuzinka taksonomia nomo Tuzinka
Tuzinka taksonomia rango genro
Tuzinka estas taksono
Tuzinka supera taksono Cicadellidae
Tuzinka
Tuzinka
genero di insekti
Tuzinka
Tuzinka izen zientifikoa Tuzinka
Tuzinka maila taxonomikoa genero
Tuzinka honako hau da taxon
Tuzinka goiko maila taxonomikoa Cicadellidae
Tuzinka GBIFen identifikatzailea 2047124
Tuzinka IRMNG identifikatzailea 1240100
Tuzinka Catalogue of Life identifikatzailea 8HSJT
Tuzinka Open Tree of Life identifikatzailea 4214758
Tuzinka
Tuzinka
Tuzinka nome do taxon Tuzinka
Tuzinka categoría taxonómica xénero
Tuzinka instancia de taxon
Tuzinka taxon superior inmediato Cicadellidae
Tuzinka identificador GBIF 2047124
Tuzinka identificador IRMNG de taxon 1240100
Tuzinka identificador Catalogue of Life 8HSJT
Tuzinka identificador Open Tree of Life 4214758
| 26,428 |
https://github.com/wanggn/WIFI_BussinessBigDataAnalyseSystem/blob/master/Program source code/Receive_server_ web_page_request_server_source_code/web03/src/servlet/WifiStatus.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
WIFI_BussinessBigDataAnalyseSystem
|
wanggn
|
Java
|
Code
| 94 | 468 |
package servlet;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.List;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import handle.StatusHandler;
import handle.Wifihandler;
import net.sf.json.JSONObject;
import util.Util;
public class WifiStatus extends HttpServlet{
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
String numstr=req.getParameter("num");
String beginstr=req.getParameter("begin");
int num=8;
int begin=0;
if(numstr!=null && numstr.length()>0){
num=Integer.valueOf(numstr);
}
if(beginstr!=null && beginstr.length()>0){
begin=Integer.valueOf(beginstr);
}
List<String> status=Wifihandler.getWifiStatus(begin, num);
String[] type=new String[num];
for(int i=0;i<=num-1;i++){
if(StatusHandler.GetStatus(String.valueOf(i+1))) type[i]="状态良好";
else type[i]="非正常";
}
JSONObject jo=new JSONObject();
jo.put("status", status);
jo.put("type", type);
resp.getOutputStream().write(jo.toString().getBytes());
System.out.println(status);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
| 9,443 |
https://github.com/hashtag-design-system/design_system/blob/master/packages/components/src/components/Select/__stories__/Filter.stories.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
design_system
|
hashtag-design-system
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 48 | 114 |
import { Meta, Story } from "@storybook/react";
import { storybookTitles } from "../../../config";
import Select from "../index";
import { StoriesComponent } from "./utils";
export default {
title: `${storybookTitles.FORM_SELECT}/Filter`,
component: Select.Filter,
} as Meta;
const Template: Story = args => <StoriesComponent defaultOpen {...args} />;
export const Default = Template.bind({});
| 3,074 |
801558_2000_2
|
SEC
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,736 | 5,928 |
Cannon Express, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Years ended June 30 2000 1999 1998 Operating activities Net income (loss) $ 520,501 $ (487,384) $1,814,587 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 9,173,125 13,077,769 13,075,545 Provision for losses on accounts receivable 75,000 60,000 45,000 Provision (credit) for deferred income taxes (2,632,000) 25,000 552,000 Gain on disposal of equipment (5,163,933) (3,211,610) (464,552) Loss on sale of marketable securities 99,715 27,890 - Write-down of marketable securities - - 1,025,536 Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Receivables (3,039,879) 136,560 (1,097,068) Prepaid expenses and supplies (92,924) (205,319) (107,869) Accounts payable, accrued expenses, income taxes payable, and other liabilities (36,884) 1,454,297 (71,118) Net investment in direct financing leases 3,651,121 - - Other assets (25,020) - (11,400) Net cash provided by operating activities 2,528,822 10,877,203 14,760,661
Investing activities Purchases of property and equipment (32,112,256) (7,174,194) (12,926,251) Net decrease (increase) in restricted cash (25,832) 5,748 (176,806) Investment in outside driver training facility (37,550) (280,000) - Proceeds from sales of marketable securities 371,669 48,633 50,000 Proceeds from equipment sales 21,921,095 8,063,555 1,538,650 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities (9,882,874) 663,742 (11,514,407)
Financing activities Proceeds from long-term borrowings 31,227,405 12,506,871 11,045,720 Principal payments on long-term debt and capital lease obligations (25,205,565) (18,208,238) (14,572,779) Proceeds from exer. of stock options - 26,711 102,684 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 6,021,840 (5,674,656) (3,424,375)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (1,332,212) 5,866,289 (178,121) Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 9,683,794 3,817,505 3,995,626
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 8,351,582 $ 9,683,794 $3,817,505
See accompanying notes.
Cannon Express, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2000 and 1999
1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Consolidation and Business - The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Cannon Express, Inc. (the "Company" ) and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
The Company operates as an irregular route, truckload carrier.
Property and Equipment - Property and equipment are recorded at cost. For financial reporting purposes, the cost of such property is depreciated by the straight-line method. For tax reporting purposes, accelerated cost recovery methods are used. Gains on sales of revenue equipment are recognized in the period realized. Tires purchased with revenue equipment have been capitalized as a part of the cost of such equipment; however, replacement tires are expensed when placed in service. The estimated useful life of revenue equipment is 3 to 7 years, and the estimated useful life of service, office and other equipment is 5 to 7 years.
Income Taxes - Deferred tax liabilities and assets are recognized for the tax effects of differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is established to reduce deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be realized.
Revenue Recognition - The Company recognizes revenue and related direct expenses when freight is delivered.
Comprehensive Income - The Company adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 130, Reporting Comprehensive Income, during fiscal year ending June 30, 1999. This statement establishes standards for reporting and display of comprehensive income and its components. The Company has reclassified all years presented to reflect comprehensive income and its components in the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity.
Earnings per Share - The Company adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 128, Earnings Per Share, effective June 30, 1998, and all earnings per share amounts disclosed herein have been calculated under the provisions of the SFAS No. 128. Basic earnings per share is computed based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year, while diluted earnings per share is based on the weighted average number of shares adjusted to include common stock equivalents attributable to dilutive warrants and stock options.
Cannon Express, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
The Company accounts for earnings (loss) per share in accordance with the provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 128, Earnings Per Share. In computing Diluted earnings per share, only potential common shares that are dilutive - those that reduce earnings per share or increase loss per share - are included. Exercise of options and warrants or conversion of convertible securities is not assumed if the result would be antidilutive, such as when a loss from continuing operations is reported or the exercise price of the convertible securities exceeds the market price. As the exercise price of all potentially dilutive financial instruments was less than the market price at June 30, 2000, and the Company incurred a loss from continuing operations for the year ended June 30, 1999, Basic earnings per share and Diluted earnings per share computed in the same manner. Although such financial instruments were not included due to being antidilutive, the Company does have 84,647 shares of potentially dilutive financial instruments in the form of warrants and options at June 30, 2000.
Insurance -The Company is self-insured up to certain limits for workers' compensation, cargo loss and damage, and certain property damage and liability claims. Provision has been made for the estimated liabilities for claims incurred, including liabilities for claims incurred but not reported. The amount of actual losses incurred could differ materially from the estimates reflected in these financial statements.
The Company's insurance activities are secured by $3,231,000 in letters of credit. Restricted cash of $2,406,916 and $2,381,084 at June 30, 2000 and 1999, respectively, represents certificates of deposit held as collateral for these letters of credit.
Cash Equivalents - The Company considers all highly liquid investments, with a maturity of three months or less when purchased, to be cash equivalents.
Marketable Equity Securities - Noncurrent marketable equity securities for which the Company has no immediate plan to sell are classified as available- for-sale and carried at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses are recorded, net of related income tax effects, in stockholders' equity.
Realized gains and losses, based on the specifically identified cost of the security, are included in net income.
The amortized cost and approximate fair values of noncurrent marketable equity securities classified as available-for-sale are as follows:
June 30 2000 1999 Cost $353,965 $787,799 Unrealized losses (6,995) (194,689) Fair value $346,970 $593,110
Cannon Express, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
A single equity security accounted for approximately 48% of the fair value of marketable equity securities at June 30, 1999.
Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale equity securities were $371,669, $48,633 and $50,000 for 2000, 1999 and 1998, respectively. Resultant gross losses of $(99,715), $(27,890) and $(1,025,536) were recognized and included in net income for 2000, 1999 and 1998, respectively. At June 30, 1998, the Company recognized a loss on available-for-sale equity securities of approximately $1,026,000. The Company's available-for-sale equity securities were recorded at their market value as of June 30, 2000 and 1999.
Deferred income taxes (Note 3) related to the net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on available-for-sale securities, shown in stockholders' equity, were approximately $72,262, $(74,955), and $0 for 2000, 1999 and 1998, respectively.
Use of Estimates - The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Reclassification - Certain reclassifications have been made to the 1999 and 1998 financial statements to conform to the 2000 financial statement presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on net income.
Cannon Express, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
2. Long-term Debt
June 30 2000 1999 Equipment notes (1) $ 27,477,650 $ 17,553,870 Capitalized lease obligations (2) 42,268,710 25,307,348 69,746,360 42,861,218 Less current portion 13,098,351 16,861,875 $ 56,648,009 $ 25,999,343
(1)Represents loans on revenue equipment, payable in various installments through 2004 with a weighted average interest rate of 7.1%. Revenue equipment having a book value of approximately $19,705,240 at June 30, 2000 is pledged as collateral. The carrying amount of equipment notes payable approximates fair value at June 30, 2000.
(2)Capitalized lease obligations are for revenue equipment with an aggregate net book value of approximately $31,240,156 at June 30, 2000. The leases have a weighted average interest rate of 6.8%. The leases extend from three to seven years and contain renewal or fixed price purchase options. The lease agreements require the Company to pay property taxes, maintenance and operating expenses.
Revenue equipment having an original cost of approximately $19 million and leased to owner operators per direct financing leases described in Note 5 are pledged as collateral in part against both the equipment notes and capital lease obligations.
Annual maturities of long-term debt, excluding capitalized lease obligations (Note 6) at June 30, 2000, are:
2001 $ 6,730,130 2002 9,525,314 2003 8,852,717 2004 2,369,489 2005 - $27,477,650
Interest paid was approximately $1,682,636, $2,916,000 and $3,203,000 during 2000, 1999 and 1998, respectively.
Cannon Express, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
3. Federal and State Income Taxes
A reconciliation between the effective income tax rate and the statutory federal income tax rate is presented in the following table:
Years ended June 30 2000 1999 1998 Income taxes at the statutory federal rate of 34% $ (596,000) $ (256,000) $ 846,000 Federal income tax effects of: Equipment leasing transactions (1,660,000) - (266,000) Other 50,000 19,000 17,000 Federal income taxes (2,206,000) (237,000) 597,000 State income taxes (69,000) (30,000) 77,000 $(2,275,000) $ (267,000) $ 674,000
The tax effects of temporary differences related to deferred taxes shown on the balance sheets were:
June 30 2000 1999 Temporary Differences Self-insurance accruals $ 1,404,000 $ 1,264,000 Current net investment in direct financing leases 2,518,000 - Allowance/valuation reserves 254,000 498,000 Revenue recognition 56,000 84,000 Prepaids and other 687,000 61,000 Net current deferred income tax asset $ 4,919,000 $ 1,907,000 Depreciation $(13,973,000) $(14,888,000) Revenue equipment leases 16,185,000 9,690,000 Net investment in direct financing leases (9,108,000) - Valuation of available-for-sale securities 47,000 389,000 Net non-current deferred income tax liability $ (6,849,000) $ (4,809,000)
The Company made income tax payments of approximately $63,000, $94,000 and $50,000 during 2000, 1999 and 1998, respectively.
Cannon Express, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
4. Common Stock Treasury Stock - In March 1990, the Board of Directors approved the purchase from time to time in open market transactions of up to 150,000 shares of common stock. As of June 30, 2000, 60,125 shares at an average price of $3.33 per share are included as treasury stock on the balance sheets. No purchases were made in fiscal years 2000, 1999 and 1998.
Stock Options - The Company has reserved 1,000,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the Company's Incentive Stock Option Plan. Options are granted for five to ten year terms and are exercisable in cumulative increments of 10 to 20% annually, commencing one year after the date of grant, except for certain options which vest 100% after five years from the date of grant.
Additionally, from time to time, the Company issues stock options to non- employee directors and a consultant. At June 30, 2000, there were 16,932 common stock options outstanding for non-employee directors. These options have been included in the following summary information.
The Company has adopted the disclosure-only provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation (SFAS No. 123). Accordingly, no compensation cost has been recognized for the stock option plan. There were no options granted during fiscal year 2000, 1999 and 1998. Had compensation cost for the Company's stock option plan been determined based on the fair value at the grant date for awards in 1997 consistent with the provisions of SFAS No. 123, the effect on the Company's net income and earnings per share would not be materially different from amounts reported.
The fair value of each option granted is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions used for grants in 1997: dividend yield of 0%; expected volatility of 50.6%; risk-free interest rate of 6.25%; and expected lives range from 7 to 10 years.
Option transactions are summarized as follows (adjusted for all stock distributions, redemptions and splits): 2000 1999 1998 Wt Avg Wt Avg Wt Avg Exercise Exercise Exercise Options Price Options Price Options Price Outstanding at July 1 139,197 $5.47 175,612 $5.33 222,821 $4.66 Granted - - - - - - Exercised - - (12,415) 2.15 (47,209) 2.17 Canceled (34,693) 3.04 (24,000) 6.17 - - Outstanding at June 30 104,504 $6.27 139,197 $5.47 175,612 $5.33 Weighted average remaining life 2.97 years
Exercisable at June 30 84,647 111,180 120,967 Weighted average price $6.18 $5.23 $4.89
Price range at June 30 $5.33 to $7.59 $2.12 to $7.59 $1.93 to $7.59
Cannon Express, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
4. Common Stock (Continued)
Earnings Per Share
June 30 2000 1999 1998
Average shares outstanding 3,207,172 3,197,896 3,170,775 Net effect of dilutive stock options - - 82,156 Diluted shares outstanding 3,207,172 3,197,896 3,252,931
Net income (loss) for the period $ 520,501 $ (487,384) $1,814,587
Basic earnings (loss) per share $ 0.16 $ (0.15) $ 0.57
Diluted earnings (loss) per share $ 0.16 $ (0.15) $ 0.56
5. Net Investment in Direct Financing Leases
The Company's net investment in direct financing leases consists of the leasing of transportation equipment acquired by a subsidiary of the Company to drivers. Terms of the direct financing leases range from 156 to 182 weeks with weekly lease payments of $450 to $550. The following lists the components of the net investment in direct financing leases as of June 30, 2000:
Total minimum lease payments to be received $ 19,689,301
Less unearned revenue 2,477,121 Net investment in direct financing leases $ 17,212,180 Less current portion 6,575,400 Net investment in direct financing leases, less current portion $ 10,636,780
The future minimum lease payments under direct financing leases at June 30, 2000, consisted of the following:
2001 $ 6,575,400 2002 6,575,400 2003 5,614,026 2004 924,475 Total minimum lease payments $ 19,689,301
Cannon Express, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
6. The capital lease obligation incurred during fiscal 1999 was the result of a sale/leaseback transaction for certain trucks which had been purchased for cash during the quarter ended December 31, 1996. The lease contained an early purchase option which was exercised during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2000.
Capitalized lease amortization is included in depreciation expense.
7. Legal Proceedings
The Company is a party to routine litigation incidental to its business, primarily involving claims for personal injuries and property damage incurred in the transportation of freight. Management believes that adverse results in one or more of these cases would not have a material adverse effect on profitability or financial position. Additionally, a decision has been rendered against the Company by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC") for unlawful hiring practices regarding pre-employment questions about medical issues. The Company believed it was required by Department of Transportation regulations to ask these questions. The Company is unable to predict the range of any possible penalties imposed, but does believe that the resulting penalties will not have a material adverse effect on profitability or financial position of the Company.
Cannon Express, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
8. Related Party Transactions
The Company leases a facility from the majority stockholders of the Company. The lease provides for monthly rental payments of $3,000. Rent totaled $36,000 for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2000. The Company pays all insurance, taxes and maintenance costs with respect to the facility. The lease is cancelable by the Company on 30 days notice.
In September 1996, the Company entered into a receivables purchase agreement for up to $6 million of certain of its accounts receivable with CUSA, Inc., a limited partnership which includes Alice L. Walton as one of its partners. Ms. Walton, who owns approximately 9% of the outstanding shares of the Company, is a 9.9% limited partner in CUSA, Inc. During fiscal 2000, this receivables purchase agreement was terminated. There was no outstanding balance on June 30, 2000.
In 1999, the Company paid financial advisory fees totaling $75,000 to Llama Company in return for services rendered to the Company. Alice L. Walton is the Chairman and General Partner of Llama.
9. Concentration of Business and Credit Risk
The Company provides services to customers throughout the United States and Canada. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and generally does not require collateral. Historically, credit losses have not been significant.
One unaffiliated customer (Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.) accounted for approximately 18%, 29%, and 47% of revenue for fiscal 2000, 1999 and 1998, respectively. Accounts receivable as of June 30 for this customer totaled approximately $1,522,000 and $1,234,000 for 2000 and 1999, respectively. A second unaffiliated major customer accounted for approximately 9%, 13%, and 14% of revenue in 2000, 1999 and 1998, respectively. Accounts receivable as of June 30 for this customer totaled approximately $1,665,000 and $1,654,000 for 2000 and 1999, respectively.
10. Profit-Sharing Plan
The Company has a profit-sharing plan covering all employees who have been employed a minimum of one year and attained the age of twenty-one. The Company's contributions to the plan are determined annually by the Board of Directors. Contributions are limited to 10% of total compensation paid to participants during the plan year. Participant interests are 100% vested after completion of three years of service. No contributions were made to the plan in 2000, 1999 or 1998.
Cannon Express, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
11. Cash Flow Statement
During fiscal 2000 the Company purchased with debt approximately $24.7 million in revenue equipment that was subsequently leased to owner operators under direct financing leases. This transaction is considered a noncash investing transaction for statement of cash flow purposes.
12. Recent Accounting Pronouncement
In June 1998, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, ("SFAS No. 133"), as amended by Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 137, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities - Deferral of the Effective Date of FASB Statement No. 133. SFAS No. 133 establishes accounting and reporting standards requiring that every derivative instrument (including certain derivative instruments embedded in other contracts) be recorded in the balance sheet as either an asset or liability measured at its fair value. SFAS No. 133 requires that changes in the derivative's fair value be recognized currently in earnings unless specific hedge accounting criteria are met. Special accounting for qualifying hedges allows a derivative's gains and losses to offset related results on the hedged item in the income statement. Companies must formally document, designate, and assess the effectiveness of transactions that receive hedge accounting. SFAS No. 133 is effective for fiscal years beginning after June 15, 2000.
SFAS No. 133 cannot be applied retroactively and must be applied to (a) derivative instruments and (b) certain derivative instruments embedded in hybrid contracts that were issued, acquired, or substantively modified after December 31, 1997 (and, at the company's election, before January 1, 1998). Effective July 1, 2000, the Company adopted SFAS No. 133. Based on analysis performed by the Company it was determined that the Company had no outstanding derivative instruments or embedded derivatives at the adoption date. As such, the Company concluded that the adoption of SFAS 133 had no impact on its financial statements.
Cannon Express, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
13. Quarterly Results of Operations (Unaudited)
Fiscal 2000 September 30 December 31 March 31 June 30
Operating revenue $22,915,433 $21,290,792 $22,522,951 $25,049,590 Operating expenses and costs 22,231,016 21,727,416 21,450,857 24,655,296 Operating income (loss) 684,417 (436,624) 1,072,094 394,294 Other income (expense), net 106,155 76,526 208,909 (21,363) Interest expense 651,469 843,903 1,158,421 1,185,114 Income (loss) before income taxes 139,103 (1,204,001) 122,582 (812,183) Income taxes (362,000) (878,000) (368,000) (667,000)
Net income (loss) $ 501,103 $ (326,001) $ 490,582 $ (145,183)
Basic earnings(loss) per share $0.16 $(0.10) $0.15 $(0.05) Average shares and share equivalents outstanding 3,205,276 3,205,276 3,205,276 3,205,276
Diluted earnings (loss) per share $0.16 $(0.10) $0.15 $(0.05) Diluted shares and share equivalents outstanding 3,210,614 3,205,276 3,205,276 3,205,276
Fiscal 1999 September 30 December 31 March 31 June 30
Operating revenue $24,662,417 $24,091,602 $22,700,681 $23,758,208 Operating expenses and costs 23,816,373 23,631,151 23,072,915 22,775,453 Operating income 846,044 460,451 (372,234) 982,755 Other income (expense), net 67,516 60,317 101,434 104,303 Interest expense 812,368 748,908 743,133 700,561 Income (loss) before income taxes 101,192 (228,140) (1,013,933) 386,497 Income taxes 39,000 (88,000) (390,000) 172,000
Net income (loss) $ 62,192 $ (140,140) $ (623,933) $ 214,497
Basic earnings (loss) per share $0.02 $(0.04) $(0.19) $0.07 Average shares and share equivalents outstanding 3,192,861 3,192,861 3,200,586 3,205,276
Diluted earnings (loss) per share $0.02 $(0.04) $(0.19) $0.07 Diluted shares and share equivalents outstanding 3,244,877 3,192,861 3,200,586 3,212,161
Cannon Express, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Schedule II Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Additions (1) (2) Balance at Charged to Charged to Balance at Beginning of Costs and Other Accts Deductions- End of Description Period Expenses Describe Describe Period
Year ended June 30, 2000: Deducted from asset accounts: Reserve for doubtful trade receivables $199,579 $75,000 $7,175(A) $267,404
Year ended June 30, 1999: Deducted from asset accounts: Reserve for doubtful trade receivables $158,656 $60,000 $19,077(A) $199,579
Year ended June 30, 1998: Deducted from asset accounts: Reserve for doubtful trade receivables $183,411 $45,000 $69,755(A) $158,656
(A)Uncollectible accounts written off, net of recoveries.
Shareholder Information
Form 10-K Availability
A copy of the 2000 Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission will be forwarded, upon request, to any shareholder. Requests should be directed to:
Dean G. Cannon Cannon Express, Inc. P.O. Box 364 Springdale, Arkansas 72765
Transfer Agent and Registrar
Continental Stock Transfer and Trust Company 2 Broadway, 19th Floor New York, New York 10004
Stock Listing
American Stock Exchange Symbol: AB
Independent Auditors
Arthur Andersen LLP Fayetteville, Arkansas
Communications Directory
Corporate Offices: Cannon Express, Inc., 1457 E. Robinson, Springdale, Arkansas 72764. Mailing Address: Post Office Box 364, Springdale, Arkansas 72765. Telephone: (501) 751-9209..
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2016/32017R0590/32017R0590_PT.txt_2
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Eurlex
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Open Government
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CC-By
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(4) Regulamento (UE) n.o 236/2012 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho, de 14 de março de 2012, relativo às vendas a descoberto e a certos aspetos dos swaps de risco de incumprimento (JO L 86 de 24.3.2012, p. 1).
(5) Diretiva 2004/39/CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho, de 21 de abril de 2004, relativa aos mercados de instrumentos financeiros, que altera as Diretivas 85/611/CEE e 93/6/CEE do Conselho e a Diretiva 2000/12/CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho e que revoga a Diretiva 93/22/CEE do Conselho (JO L 145 de 30.4.2004, p. 1).
(6) Regulamento (UE) n.o 1095/2010 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho, de 24 de novembro de 2010, que cria uma Autoridade Europeia de Supervisão (Autoridade Europeia dos Valores Mobiliários e dos Mercados), altera a Decisão n.o 716/2009/CE e revoga a Decisão 2009/77/CE da Comissão (JO L 331 de 15.12.2010, p. 84).
(7) Regulamento (UE) 2015/2365 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho, de 25 de novembro de 2015, relativo à transparência das operações de financiamento através de valores mobiliários e de reutilização e que altera o Regulamento (UE) n.o 648/2012 (JO L 337 de 23.12.2015, p. 1).
(8) Regulamento Delegado (UE) 2017/587 da Comissão, de 14 de julho de 2016, que complementa o Regulamento (UE) n.o 600/2014 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho relativo aos mercados de instrumentos financeiros no que diz respeito às normas técnicas de regulamentação relativas aos requisitos de transparência aplicáveis às plataformas de negociação e às empresas de investimento relativamente a ações, certificados de depósito, fundos de índices cotados, certificados e outros instrumentos financeiros similares e às obrigações de execução das transações de certas ações numa plataforma de negociação ou por um internalizador sistemático (ver página 387 do presente Jornal Oficial).
ANEXO I
Quadro 1
Legenda do Quadro 2
SÍMBOLO
TIPO DE DADOS
DEFINIÇÃO
{ALPHANUM-n}
Até n carateres alfanuméricos
Campo de texto livre.
{CFI_CODE}
6 carateres
Código ISO 10962 CFI
{COUNTRYCODE_2}
2 carateres alfanuméricos
Código de país de duas letras, conforme definido pela norma ISO 3166-1 alfa-2
{CURRENCYCODE_3}
3 carateres alfanuméricos
Código de divisa de 3 letras, conforme definido pela norma ISO 4217
{DATE_TIME_FORMAT}
Formato de data e hora da norma ISO 8601
Data e hora, no seguinte formato:
AAAA-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.ddddddZ.
—
«YYYY» é o ano;
—
«MM» é o mês;
—
«DD» é dia;
—
«T» — significa que tem de ser utilizada a letra «T»;
—
«hh» é a hora;
—
«mm» são os minutos;
—
«ss.dddddd» são os segundos e frações de segundo;
—
Z é a hora UTC.
As datas e as horas devem ser comunicadas em UTC.
{DATEFORMAT}
Formato de data de acordo com a norma ISO 8601
As datas devem estar formatadas do seguinte modo:
AAAA-MM-DD.
{DECIMAL-n/m}
Número decimal até um total de n dígitos, dos quais até m dígitos podem ser fracionários
Campo numérico para valores positivos e negativos.
—
O separador decimal é «.» (ponto);
—
os números negativos são prefixados com «–» (sinal negativo);
Os valores são arredondados e não são truncados.
{INDEX}
4 carateres alfabéticos
«EONA» — EONIA
«EONS» — EONIA SWAP
«EURI» — EURIBOR
«EUUS» — EURODOLLAR
«EUCH» — EuroSwiss
«GCFR» — GCF REPO
«ISDA» — ISDAFIX
«LIBI» — LIBID
«LIBO» — LIBOR
«MAAA» — Muni AAA
«PFAN» — Pfandbriefe
«TIBO» — TIBOR
«STBO» — STIBOR
«BBSW» — BBSW
«JIBA» — JIBAR
«BUBO» — BUBOR
«CDOR» — CDOR
«CIBO» — CIBOR
«MOSP» — MOSPRIM
«NIBO» — NIBOR
«PRBO» — PRIBOR
«TLBO» — TELBOR
«WIBO» — WIBOR
«TREA» — Tesouro
«SWAP» — SWAP
«FUSW» — Futuro SWAP
{INTEGER-n}
Número inteiro até um total de n dígitos
Campo numérico para valores inteiros positivos e negativos.
{ISIN}
12 carateres alfanuméricos
Código ISIN, tal como definido na norma ISO 6166
{LEI}
20 carateres alfanuméricos
Identificador de entidade jurídica, tal como definido na norma ISO 17442
{MIC}
4 carateres alfanuméricos
Identificador do mercado, tal como definido na norma ISO 10383
{NATIONAL_ID}
35 carateres alfanuméricos
O identificador é determinado em conformidade com o artigo 6.o e com o quadro do anexo II.
Quadro 2
Informações a incluir nas comunicações de transações
Todos os campos são obrigatórios, salvo indicação em contrário.
N
CAMPO
CONTEÚDO A COMUNICAR
FORMATOS E NORMAS A UTILIZAR NAS COMUNICAÇÕES
1
Estado da comunicação
Indicação sobre se a comunicação de transação é nova ou é um cancelamento.
«NEWT» — Nova
«CANC» — Cancelamento
2
Número de referência da transação
Número de identificação que é único para a empresa que executa a transação, para cada comunicação de transação.
Se, por força do artigo 26.o, n.o 5, do Regulamento (UE) n.o 600/2014, uma plataforma de negociação apresentar uma comunicação de transação em nome de uma empresa que não se encontre sujeita ao Regulamento (UE) n.o 600/2014, a plataforma de negociação preenche este campo com um número que foi gerado internamente pela plataforma de negociação e que é único para cada comunicação de transação apresentada pela plataforma de negociação.
{ALPHANUM-52}
3
Código de identificação da transação da plataforma de negociação
Trata-se de um número gerado pelas plataformas de negociação e divulgado às partes que compram e vendem em conformidade com o artigo 12.o do Regulamento Delegado (UE) 2017/580 da Comissão (1).
Este campo só é obrigatório para o lado do mercado de uma transação executada numa plataforma de negociação.
{ALPHANUM-52}
4
Código de identificação da entidade executora
Código utilizado para identificar a entidade que executa a transação.
{LEI}
5
Empresa de investimento abrangida pela Diretiva 2014/65/UE
Indica se a entidade identificada no campo 4 é uma empresa de investimento abrangida pelo artigo 4.o, n.o 1, da Diretiva 2014/65/UE.
«true» — sim
«false» — não
6
Código de identificação da entidade que apresenta a comunicação
Código utilizado para identificar a entidade que apresenta as comunicações de transações à autoridade competente em conformidade com o artigo 26.o, n.o 7, do Regulamento (UE) n.o 600/2014.
Se a comunicação for apresentada pela empresa executora diretamente à autoridade competente, deve ser preenchida com o LEI da empresa executora (se a empresa executora for uma entidade jurídica).
Se a comunicação for apresentada por uma plataforma de negociação, deve ser preenchida com o LEI do operador da plataforma de negociação.
Se a comunicação for apresentada por um ARM, deve ser preenchida com o LEI do ARM.
{LEI}
Dados do comprador
—
No caso de contas conjuntas, os campos 7 a 11 devem ser repetidos para cada comprador.
—
Se a transação se referir a uma ordem transmitida que preencha as condições para transmissão estabelecidas no artigo 4.o, as informações dos campos 7 a 15 devem ser preenchidas pela empresa recetora na comunicação da empresa recetora com as informações recebidas da empresa transmissora.
—
Se a transmissão se referir a uma ordem transmitida que não preencha as condições de transmissão estabelecidas no artigo 4.o, a empresa recetora deve tratar a empresa transmissora como o comprador.
7
Código de identificação do comprador
Código utilizado para identificar o adquirente do instrumento financeiro.
Se o adquirente for uma entidade jurídica, deve ser utilizado o código LEI do adquirente.
Se o adquirente não for uma entidade jurídica, deve ser utilizado o identificador especificado no artigo 6.o.
Se a transação tiver sido executada numa plataforma de negociação ou numa plataforma de negociação organizada fora da União que recorra a uma contraparte central (CCP) e se a identidade do adquirente não for divulgada, deve ser utilizado o código LEI da CCP.
Se a transação tiver sido executada numa plataforma de negociação ou numa plataforma de negociação organizada fora da União que não recorra a uma contraparte central (CCP) e se a identidade do adquirente não for divulgada, deve ser utilizado o código MIC da plataforma de negociação ou da plataforma de negociação organizada fora da União.
Se o adquirente for uma empresa de investimento que atue como internalizador sistemático (SI), deve ser utilizado o código LEI do SI.
«INTC» é utilizado para designar a conta agregada do cliente na empresa de investimento, a fim de comunicar uma transferência de ou para essa conta com uma atribuição associada a cada cliente de e para essa conta, respetivamente.
No caso de opções e opções sobre swaps, o comprador é a contraparte que detém o direito de exercer a opção e o vendedor é a contraparte que vende a opção e recebe um prémio.
No caso de futuros e contratos a prazo que não sejam relacionados com divisas, o comprador é a contraparte que compra o instrumento e o vendedor é a contraparte que vende o instrumento.
No caso de swaps relacionados com valores mobiliários, o comprador é a contraparte que conserva o risco de movimento de preço do valor mobiliário subjacente e recebe o montante do valor mobiliário. O vendedor é a contraparte que paga o montante do valor mobiliário.
No caso de swaps relacionados com taxas de juro ou índices de inflação, o comprador é a contraparte que paga a taxa fixa. O vendedor é a contraparte que recebe a taxa fixa. No caso de swaps de base (swaps de taxas de juro a taxa variável contra taxa variável), o comprador é a contraparte que paga o diferencial e o vendedor é a contraparte que recebe o diferencial.
No caso de swaps e contratos a prazo relacionados com divisas e de swaps cambiais, o comprador é a contraparte que recebe a divisa que for a primeira por ordem alfabética de acordo com a norma ISO 4217 e o vendedor é a contraparte que entrega esta divisa.
No caso de swaps relacionados com dividendos, o comprador é a contraparte que recebe os pagamentos dos dividendos efetivos equivalentes. O vendedor é a contraparte que paga os dividendos e recebe a taxa fixa.
No caso de instrumentos derivados para transferência de risco de crédito, exceto opções e swaps sobre opções, o comprador é a contraparte que compra a proteção. O vendedor é a contraparte que vende a proteção.
No caso de contratos de derivados relacionados com mercadorias, o comprador é a contraparte que recebe a mercadoria especificada na comunicação e o vendedor é a contraparte que entrega essa mercadoria.
No caso de contratos a prazo sobre taxas de juro, o comprador é a contraparte que paga a taxa fixa e o vendedor é a contraparte que recebe a taxa fixa.
No caso de um aumento do nocional, o comprador é o mesmo que o adquirente do instrumento financeiro na transação original e o vendedor é o mesmo que a parte que procede à alienação do instrumento financeiro na transação original.
No caso de uma diminuição do nocional, o comprador é o mesmo que a parte que procede à alienação do instrumento financeiro na transação original e o vendedor é o mesmo que o adquirente do instrumento financeiro na transação original.
{LEI}
{MIC}
{NATIONAL_ID}
«INTC»
Informações adicionais
—
Os campos 8 a 15 só são aplicáveis se o comprador for um cliente
—
Os campos 9 a 11 só são aplicáveis se o comprador for uma pessoa singular
8
País da sucursal para o comprador
Se o adquirente for um cliente, este campo deve identificar o país da sucursal que recebeu a ordem do cliente ou que tomou uma decisão de investimento em nome de um cliente em conformidade com um mandato discricionário que lhe foi conferido pelo cliente como exigido pelo artigo 14.o, n.o 3.
Caso esta atividade não tenha sido realizada por uma sucursal, este campo deve ser preenchido com o código de país do Estado-Membro de origem da empresa de investimento ou com o código de país do país onde a empresa de investimento estabeleceu a sua sede ou sede social (no caso de empresas de países terceiros).
Se a transação se referir a uma ordem transmitida que preencha as condições de transmissão estabelecidas no artigo 4.o, este campo devem ser preenchido com as informações recebidas da empresa transmissora.
{COUNTRYCODE_2}
9
Comprador — nome(s) próprio(s)
Nome próprio completo do comprador. No caso de haver mais do que um nome próprio, todos os nomes devem ser incluídos neste campo, separados por uma vírgula.
{ALPHANUM-140}
10
Comprador — apelido(s)
Apelido completo do comprador. No caso de haver mais do que um apelido, devem ser incluídos neste campo todos os apelidos, separados por uma vírgula.
{ALPHANUM-140}
11
Comprador — data de nascimento
Data de nascimento do comprador
{DATEFORMAT}
Decisor do comprador
—
Os campos 12 a 15 só são aplicáveis se o decisor agir ao abrigo de poderes de representação
12
Código do decisor do comprador
Código utilizado para identificar a pessoa que toma a decisão de adquirir o instrumento financeiro.
Se a decisão for tomada por uma empresa de investimento, este campo deve ser preenchido com a identidade da empresa de investimento e não com a identidade da pessoa que toma a decisão de investimento.
Se o decisor for uma entidade jurídica, deve ser utilizado o código LEI do decisor.
Se o decisor não for uma entidade jurídica, deve ser utilizado o identificador especificado no artigo 6.o.
{LEI}
{NATIONAL_ID}
Dados do decisor do comprador
—
Os campos 13 a 15 só são aplicáveis se o decisor for uma pessoa singular
13
Decisor de compra — nome(s) próprio(s)
Nome próprio completo do decisor do comprador. No caso de haver mais do que um nome próprio, todos os nomes devem ser incluídos neste campo, separados por uma vírgula
{ALPHANUM-140}
14
Decisor de compra — apelido(s)
Apelido completo do decisor do comprador. No caso de haver mais do que um apelido, devem ser incluídos neste campo todos os apelidos, separados por uma vírgula.
{ALPHANUM-140}
15
Decisor de compra — Data de nascimento
Data de nascimento do decisor do comprador
{DATEFORMAT}
Dados do vendedor e do decisor
—
No caso de contas conjuntas, os campos 16 a 20 devem ser repetidos para cada vendedor.
—
Se a transação para um vendedor se referir a uma ordem transmitida que preenche as condições de transmissão estabelecidas no artigo 4.o, as informações dos campos 16 a 24 devem ser preenchidas pelas empresa recetora na comunicação da empresa recetora a partir das informações recebidas da empresa transmissora.
—
Se a transmissão se referir a uma ordem transmitida que não preenche as condições de transmissão estabelecidas no artigo 4.o, a empresa recetora deve tratar a empresa transmissora como o vendedor.
16
Código de identificação do vendedor
Código utilizado para identificar a parte que procede à alienação do instrumento financeiro.
Se a parte que procede à alienação for uma entidade jurídica, deve ser utilizado o código LEI da parte que procede à alienação.
Se a parte que procede à alienação não for uma entidade jurídica, deve ser utilizado o identificador especificado no artigo 6.o.
Se a transação tiver sido executada numa plataforma de negociação ou numa plataforma de negociação organizada fora da União que recorra a uma CCP e se a identidade da parte que procede à alienação não for divulgada, deve ser utilizado o código LEI da CCP.
Se a transação tiver sido executada numa plataforma de negociação ou numa plataforma de negociação organizada fora da União que não recorra a uma CCP e se a identidade da parte que procede à alienação não for divulgada, deve ser utilizado o código MIC da plataforma de negociação ou da plataforma de negociação organizada fora da União.
Se a parte que procede à alienação for uma empresa de investimento que atue como um SI, deve ser utilizado o código LEI do SI
«INTC» é utilizado para designar a conta agregada do cliente na empresa de investimento, a fim de comunicar uma transferência de ou para essa conta com uma atribuição associada a cada cliente de e para essa conta, respetivamente.
No caso de opções e opções sobre swaps, o comprador é a contraparte que detém o direito de exercer a opção e o vendedor é a contraparte que vende a opção e recebe um prémio.
No caso de futuros e contratos a prazo que não sejam relacionados com divisas, o comprador é a contraparte que compra o instrumento e o vendedor é a contraparte que vende o instrumento.
No caso de swaps relacionados com valores mobiliários, o comprador é a contraparte que conserva o risco de movimento de preço do valor mobiliário subjacente e recebe o montante do valor mobiliário. O vendedor é a contraparte que paga o montante do valor mobiliário.
No caso de swaps relacionados com taxas de juro ou índices de inflação, o comprador é a contraparte que paga a taxa fixa. O vendedor é a contraparte que recebe a taxa fixa. No caso de swaps de base (swaps de taxas de juro a taxa variável contra taxa variável), o comprador é a contraparte que paga o diferencial e o vendedor é a contraparte que recebe o diferencial.
No caso de swaps e contratos a prazo relacionados com divisas e de swaps cambiais, o comprador é a contraparte que recebe a divisa que for a primeira por ordem alfabética de acordo com a norma ISO 4217 e o vendedor é a contraparte que entrega esta divisa.
No caso de swaps relacionados com dividendos, o comprador é a contraparte que recebe os pagamentos dos dividendos efetivos equivalentes. O vendedor é a contraparte que paga os dividendos e recebe a taxa fixa.
No caso de instrumentos derivados para transferência de risco de crédito, exceto opções e swaps sobre opções, o comprador é a contraparte que compra a proteção. O vendedor é a contraparte que vende a proteção.
No caso de contratos de derivados relacionados com mercadorias, o comprador é a contraparte que recebe a mercadoria especificada na comunicação e o vendedor é a contraparte que entrega essa mercadoria.
No caso de contratos a prazo sobre taxas de juro, o comprador é a contraparte que paga a taxa fixa e o vendedor é a contraparte que recebe a taxa fixa.
No caso de um aumento do nocional, o vendedor é o mesmo que a parte que procede à alienação na transação original.
No caso de uma diminuição do nocional, o vendedor é o mesmo que o adquirente do instrumento financeiro na transação original.
{LEI}
{MIC}
{NATIONAL_ID}
«INTC»
17-24
Os campos 17 a 24 refletem todos os campos relacionados com o comprador, numerados de 8 a 15 (Dados do comprador e do decisor) para o vendedor.
Dados de transmissão
—
Os campos 26 e 27 só devem ser preenchidos para comunicações de transações realizadas por uma empresa recetora se estiverem preenchidas todas as condições de transmissão estabelecidas no artigo 4.o.
—
Se uma empresa agir como empresa recetora e como empresa transmissora, deve preencher o campo 25 de modo a indicar que é uma empresa transmissora e deve preencher os campos 26 e 27 da sua perspetiva como empresa recetora.
25
Transmissão do indicador da ordem
«true» deve ser preenchido pela empresa transmissora na comunicação da empresa transmissora se não estiverem preenchidas as condições de transmissão especificadas no artigo 4.o
«false» — em quaisquer outras circunstâncias
«true»
«false»
26
Código de identificação da empresa transmissora para o comprador
Código utilizado para identificar a empresa que transmite a ordem
Este campo deve ser preenchido pela empresa recetora na comunicação da empresa recetora com o código de identificação fornecido pela empresa transmissora.
{LEI}
27
Código de identificação da empresa transmissora para o vendedor
Código utilizado para identificar a empresa que transmite a ordem.
Este campo deve ser preenchido pela empresa recetora na comunicação da empresa recetora com o código de identificação fornecido pela empresa transmissora
{LEI}
Dados da transação
28
Data e hora de negociação
Data e hora em que a transação foi executada.
No caso de transações executadas numa plataforma de negociação, o nível de pormenor deve estar em conformidade com os requisitos estabelecidos no artigo 3.o do Regulamento Delegado (UE) 2017/574 da Comissão (2).
No caso de transações não executadas numa plataforma de negociação, a data e hora devem corresponder ao momento em que as partes chegam a acordo sobre o conteúdo dos seguintes campos: quantidade, preço, divisas nos campos 31, 34 e 44, código de identificação do instrumento, classificação do instrumento e código do instrumento subjacente, quando aplicável. No caso de transações não executadas numa plataforma de negociação, a hora comunicada deve ser arredondada pelo menos ao segundo mais próximo.
Se a transação resultar de uma ordem transmitida pela empresa que executa a transação em nome de um cliente a um terceiro, caso não estejam preenchidas as condições de transmissão especificadas no artigo 4.o, este campo deve corresponder à data e hora da transação e não à hora da transmissão da ordem.
{DATE_TIME_FORMAT}
29
Qualidade em que atua o interveniente na negociação
Indicação sobre se a transação resulta de transações simultâneas por conta própria nos termos do artigo 4.o, n.o 1, ponto 38, da Diretiva 2014/65/UE ou de negociação por conta própria nos termos do artigo 4.o, n.o 1, ponto 6, da Diretiva 2014/65/UE por parte da empresa executora.
Se a transação não resultar de transações simultâneas por conta própria ou de negociação por conta própria por parte da empresa executora, o campo deve indicar que a transação foi realizada em qualquer outra qualidade.
«DEAL» — Negociação por conta própria
«MTCH» — Transações simultâneas por conta própria
«AOTC» — Qualquer outra qualidade
30
Quantidade
O número de unidades do instrumento financeiro ou o número de contratos de derivados na transação.
O valor nominal ou monetário do instrumento financeiro.
No caso das margens financeiras definidas (spread bets), a quantidade corresponde ao valor monetário calculado por movimento ponto a ponto no instrumento financeiro subjacente.
No caso dos swaps de risco de incumprimento, a quantidade deve corresponder ao montante nocional pelo qual a proteção é adquirida ou alienada.
No caso de aumentos ou diminuições no valor nocional de contratos de derivados, o número deve refletir o valor absoluto da alteração e deve ser expresso como um número positivo.
As informações comunicadas neste campo devem ser coerentes com os valores indicados nos campos 33 e 46.
{DECIMAL-18/17} caso a quantidade seja expressa em número de unidades
{DECIMAL-18/5} caso a quantidade seja expressa em valor monetário ou nominal
31
Divisa da quantidade
A divisa em que é expressa a quantidade.
Apenas se aplica se a quantidade for expressa em valor nominal ou monetário.
{CURRENCYCODE_3}
32
Aumento/diminuição do valor nocional de derivados
Indicação sobre se a transação corresponde a um aumento ou uma diminuição do valor nocional de um contrato de derivados.
O campo só é aplicável se existir uma alteração no valor nocional de um contrato de derivados.
«INCR» — Aumento
«DECR» — Diminuição
33
Preço
O preço negociado da transação, deduzido, quando aplicável, das comissões e juros vencidos.
No caso de contratos de opção, deve ser o prémio do contrato de derivados por subjacente ou ponto índice.
No caso das spread bets, deve ser o preço de referência do instrumento subjacente.
No caso dos swaps de risco de incumprimento, deve ser o cupão em pontos base.
Caso o preço seja expresso em valor monetário, deve ser indicado na unidade monetária principal.
Quando o preço ainda não estiver disponível, o valor a indicar deve ser «PNDG» (pendente)
Se o preço não for aplicável, o valor a indicar deve ser «NOAP»
As informações comunicadas neste campo devem ser coerentes com os valores indicados nos campos 30 e 46.
{DECIMAL-18/13} caso o preço seja expresso em valor monetário
{DECIMAL-11/10} caso o preço seja expresso em percentagem ou rendimento
{DECIMAL-18/17} caso o preço seja expresso em pontos base
«PNDG» caso o preço não esteja disponível
«NOAP» caso o preço não seja aplicável
34
Divisa do preço
Divisa em que é expresso o preço (aplicável se o preço for expresso em valor monetário).
{CURRENCYCODE_3}
35
Montante líquido
Por montante líquido da transação entende-se o montante em numerário que é pago pelo comprador do instrumento de dívida no momento da liquidação da transação. Este montante em numerário é igual a: (preço limpo * valor nominal) + quaisquer cupões vencidos. Consequentemente, o montante líquido da transação exclui qualquer comissão ou outros encargos cobrados ao comprador do instrumento de dívida.
O campo só se aplica quando o instrumento financeiro for de dívida.
{DECIMAL-18/5}
36
Plataforma
Identificação da plataforma onde a transação foi executada.
Utilizar o segmento MIC da norma ISO 10383 para transações executadas numa plataforma de negociação, internalizador sistemático (SI) ou plataforma de negociação organizada fora da União. Se o segmento MIC não existir, utilizar o MIC operacional.
Utilizar o código MIC «XOFF» para instrumentos financeiros admitidos à negociação ou negociados numa plataforma de negociação ou para os quais tenha sido apresentado um pedido de admissão, se a transação nesse instrumento financeiro não for executada numa plataforma de negociação, SI ou plataforma de negociação organizada fora da União, ou quando a empresa de investimento não tiver conhecimento de que está a negociar com uma outra empresa de investimento que atua na qualidade de SI.
Utilizar o código MIC «XXXX» para instrumentos financeiros que não estão admitidos à negociação nem são negociados numa plataforma de negociação ou para os quais não tenha sido apresentado um pedido de admissão e que não são negociados numa plataforma de negociação organizada fora da União, mas cujo subjacente está admitido à negociação ou é negociado numa plataforma de negociação.
{MIC}
37
País no qual a sucursal é membro de um mercado
Código utilizado para identificar o país no qual a qualidade de membro do mercado de uma sucursal da empresa de investimento foi utilizada para executar a transação.
Se a qualidade de membro do mercado de uma sucursal não tiver sido utilizada, este campo deve ser preenchido com o código de país do Estado-Membro de origem da empresa de investimento ou com o código do país onde a empresa de investimento estabeleceu a sua sede ou sede social (no caso de empresas de países terceiros).
Este campo só deve ser preenchido para a vertente de mercado de uma transação executada numa plataforma de negociação ou numa plataforma de negociação organizada fora da União.
{COUNTRYCODE_2}
38
Pagamento inicial
Valor monetário de qualquer pagamento inicial recebido ou pago pelo vendedor.
Se o vendedor receber o pagamento inicial, o valor a preencher será positivo. Se o vendedor efetuar o pagamento inicial, o valor a preencher será negativo.
{DECIMAL-18/5}
39
Divisa do pagamento inicial
A divisa do pagamento inicial.
{CURRENCYCODE_3}
40
ID da componente de negociação complexa
Identificador interno da empresa que apresenta a comunicação para identificar todas as comunicações relacionadas com uma mesma execução para uma combinação de instrumentos financeiros em conformidade com o artigo 12.o. O código tem de ser único ao nível da empresa para o grupo de comunicações relativas à execução.
O campo só se aplica quando forem aplicáveis as condições especificadas no artigo 12.o.
{ALPHANUM-35}
Dados do instrumento
41
Código de identificação do instrumento
Código utilizado para identificar o instrumento financeiro
Este campo aplica-se a instrumentos financeiros que tenham sido objeto de um pedido de admissão à negociação, estejam admitidos à negociação ou sejam negociados numa plataforma de negociação ou num internalizador sistemático. É igualmente aplicável a instrumentos financeiros que possuem um ISIN e que são negociados numa plataforma de negociação organizada fora da União se o subjacente for um instrumento financeiro negociado numa plataforma de negociação.
{ISIN}
Os campos 42 a 56 não são aplicáveis quando:
as transações forem executadas numa plataforma de negociação ou com uma empresa de investimento que atue na qualidade de SI; ou
o campo 41 for preenchido com um ISIN que consta da lista de dados de referência da ESMA
42
Nome completo do instrumento
Nome completo do instrumento financeiro
{ALPHANUM-350}
43
Classificação do instrumento
Taxonomia utilizada para classificar o instrumento financeiro
Deverá ser fornecido um código CFI completo e exato.
{CFI_CODE}
44
Divisa nocional 1
Divisa em que o nocional está denominado.
No caso de um contrato derivado de taxas de juro ou cambial, trata-se da divisa nocional da componente 1 ou da divisa 1 do par.
No caso de opções sobre swaps em que o swap subjacente é denominado numa única divisa, esta será a divisa nocional do swap subjacente. Para opções sobre swaps em que o swap subjacente é denominado em várias divisas, trata-se da divisa nocional da componente 1 do swap.
{CURRENCYCODE_3}
45
Divisa nocional 2
No caso de swaps cruzados ou em várias divisas, a divisa em que é denominada a componente 2 do contrato.
Para opções sobre swaps em que o swap subjacente é denominado em várias divisas, a divisa em que é denominada a componente 2 do swap.
{CURRENCYCODE_3}
46
Multiplicador de preço
Número de unidades do instrumento subjacente representadas por um único contrato de derivados.
O valor monetário abrangido por um único contrato de swap se o campo de quantidade indicar o número de contratos de swap na transação. Para um futuro ou opção sobre um índice, indicar o montante por ponto do índice.
Para as spread bets, indicar a flutuação do preço do instrumento subjacente em que se baseia a spread bet.
As informações comunicadas neste campo devem ser coerentes com os valores indicados nos campos 30 e 33.
{DECIMAL-18/17}
47
Código do instrumento subjacente
Código ISIN do instrumento subjacente.
Para os ADR, GDR e instrumentos similares, indicar o código ISIN do instrumento financeiro em que estes instrumentos se baseiam.
Para as obrigações convertíveis, indicar o código ISIN do instrumento em que as obrigações podem ser convertidas.
Para derivados ou outros instrumentos que possuem um subjacente, indicar o código ISIN do instrumento subjacente, se este estiver admitido à negociação ou for negociado numa plataforma de negociação. Se o subjacente for um dividendo de ações, indicar o código ISIN da ação relacionada que confere direito ao dividendo subjacente.
Para os swaps de risco de incumprimento, indicar o código ISIN da obrigação de referência.
Se o subjacente for um índice e tiver um ISIN, indicar o código ISIN desse índice.
Se o subjacente for um cabaz, incluir o ISIN de cada constituinte do cabaz que esteja admitido à negociação ou seja negociado numa plataforma de negociação. O campo 47 deve ser comunicado tantas vezes quanto necessário para enumerar todos os instrumentos de comunicação obrigatória no cabaz.
{ISIN}
48
Nome do índice subjacente
Se o subjacente for um índice, indicar o nome do índice.
{INDEX}
Ou
{ALPHANUM-25} — se o nome do índice não estiver incluído na lista {INDEX}
49
Vigência do índice subjacente
Caso o subjacente seja um índice, indicar o período de vigência do índice.
{INTEGER-3}+«DAYS» — dias
{INTEGER-3}+«WEEK» — semanas
{INTEGER-3}+«MNTH» — meses
{INTEGER-3}+«YEAR» — anos
50
Tipo de opção
Indicação sobre se o contrato de derivados é uma opção de compra (direito a adquirir um ativo subjacente específico) ou uma opção de venda (direito a vender um ativo subjacente específico) ou se é impossível determinar se se trata de uma opção de compra ou de venda no momento da execução.
No caso das opções sobre swaps, trata-se de:
—
«PUTO», no caso de uma opção sobre swaps a receber, em que o comprador tem o direito de celebrar um contrato de swap enquanto beneficiário a taxa fixa.
—
«Call» no caso de uma opção sobre swaps a pagar, em que o comprador tem o direito de celebrar um contrato de swap enquanto pagador a taxa fixa.
Caso existam limites máximos e mínimos, trata-se de:
—
«PUTO», no caso de um limite mínimo.
—
«Call», no caso de um limite máximo.
Este campo só se aplica a derivados que sejam opções ou warrants.
«PUTO» — Opção de venda
«CALL» — Opção de compra
«OTHR» — Quando não é possível determinar se se trata de uma opção de compra ou de venda
51
Preço de exercício
Preço predeterminado ao qual o titular terá de comprar ou vender o instrumento subjacente, ou uma indicação de que o preço não pode ser determinado no momento da execução.
O campo só se aplica a uma opção ou warrant cujo preço de exercício possa ser determinado no momento da execução.
Quando o preço ainda não estiver disponível, o valor a indicar deve ser «PNDG» (pendente)
Quando não for aplicável um preço de exercício, o campo não deve ser preenchido.
{DECIMAL-18/13} caso o preço seja expresso em valor monetário
{DECIMAL-11/10} caso o preço seja expresso em percentagem ou rendimento
{DECIMAL-18/17} caso o preço seja expresso em pontos base
«PNDG» caso o preço não esteja disponível
52
Divisa do preço de exercício
A divisa do preço de exercício.
{CURRENCYCODE_3}
53
Modalidade de exercício da opção
Indicação sobre se a opção pode ser exercida apenas numa data fixa (modalidade europeia e asiática), em diferentes datas predeterminadas (modalidade bermudense) ou a qualquer momento durante o período de vigência do contrato (modalidade americana).
O campo só é aplicável a opções, warrants e certificados de direitos.
«EURO» — Europeia
«AMER» — Americana
«ASIA» — Asiática
«BERM» — Bermudense
«OTHR» — Qualquer outro tipo
54
Data de vencimento
A data de vencimento do instrumento financeiro
O campo só se aplica a instrumentos de dívida com prazo de vencimento definido.
{DATEFORMAT}
55
Data de expiração
A data de expiração do instrumento financeiro. O campo só é aplicável a instrumentos derivados com uma data de expiração definida.
{DATEFORMAT}
56
Modalidade de entrega
Indicação sobre se a transação é liquidada mediante entrega física ou pagamento em numerário.
Quando não for possível determinar a modalidade de entrega no momento da execução, o valor a indicar deve ser «OPTL».
O campo só é aplicável a derivados.
«PHYS» — Liquidado mediante entrega física
«CASH» — Liquidado em numerário
«OPTN» — Opcional para a contraparte ou conforme determinado por um terceiro
Operador, algoritmos, dispensas e indicadores
57
Decisão de investimento no âmbito da empresa
Código utilizado para identificar a pessoa ou o algoritmo da empresa de investimento responsável pela decisão de investimento.
No caso de pessoas singulares, deve ser utilizado o identificador especificado no artigo 6.o.
Se a decisão de investimento foi tomada por meio de um algoritmo, o campo deve ser preenchido tal como previsto no artigo 8.o.
O campo só se aplica a uma decisão de investimento tomada na empresa.
Se a transação se referir a uma ordem transmitida que preencheu as condições de transmissão estabelecidas no artigo 4.o, este campo deve ser preenchido pela empresa recetora na comunicação da empresa recetora utilizando as informações recebidas da empresa transmissora.
{NATIONAL_ID} — Pessoas singulares
{ALPHANUM-50} — Algoritmos
58
País da sucursal que supervisiona a pessoa responsável pela decisão de investimento
Código utilizado para identificar o país da sucursal da empresa de investimento para a pessoa responsável pela decisão de investimento, tal como estabelecido no artigo 14.o, n.o 3, alínea b).
Se a pessoa responsável pela decisão de investimento não tiver sido supervisionada por uma sucursal, este campo deve ser preenchido com o código de país do Estado-Membro de origem da empresa de investimento ou com o código do país onde a empresa estabeleceu a sua sede ou sede social (no caso de empresas de países terceiros).
Se a transação se referir a uma ordem transmitida que preencheu as condições de transmissão estabelecidas no artigo 4.o, este campo deve ser preenchido pela empresa recetora na comunicação da empresa recetora utilizando as informações recebidas da empresa transmissora.
Este campo não é aplicável quando a decisão de investimento tiver sido tomada por um algoritmo
{COUNTRYCODE_2}
59
Execução no âmbito da empresa
Código utilizado para identificar a pessoa ou o algoritmo da empresa de investimento responsável pela execução.
No caso das pessoas singulares, deve ser utilizado o identificador especificado no artigo 6.o. Se a execução foi efetuada por meio de um algoritmo, o campo deve ser preenchido tal como previsto no artigo 9.o.
{NATIONAL_ID} — Pessoas singulares
{ALPHANUM-50} — Algoritmos
60
País da sucursal que supervisiona a pessoa responsável pela execução
Código utilizado para identificar o país da sucursal da empresa de investimento para a pessoa responsável pela execução da transação, tal como estabelecido no artigo 14.o, n.o 3, alínea c).
Se a pessoa responsável não tiver sido supervisionada por uma sucursal, este campo deve ser preenchido com o código de país do Estado-Membro de origem da empresa de investimento, ou com o código do país onde a empresa estabeleceu a sua sede ou sede social (no caso de empresas de países terceiros).
Este campo não é aplicável quando a execução tiver sido efetuada por meio de um algoritmo
{COUNTRYCODE_2}
61
Indicador de dispensa
Indicação sobre se a transação foi executada ao abrigo de uma dispensa pré-negociação em conformidade com os artigos 4.o e 9.o do Regulamento (UE) n.o 600/2014.
Para instrumentos de capital:
«RFPT» = Transação ao preço de referência
«NLIQ» = Transações negociadas em instrumentos financeiros líquidos
«OILQ» = Transações negociadas em instrumentos financeiros ilíquidos
«PRIC» = Transações negociadas sujeitas a condições diferentes do preço corrente de mercado desse instrumento financeiro de capital.
Para instrumentos não representativos de capital:
«SIZE» = Transação acima do volume especificado
«ILQD» = Transação de instrumentos ilíquidos
Este campo só deve ser preenchido para a vertente de mercado de uma transação executada ao abrigo de uma dispensa numa plataforma de negociação.
Preencher uma ou mais das seguintes referências:
«RFPT» — Preço de referência
«NLIQ» — Negociada (líquido)
«OILQ» — Negociada (ilíquido)
«PRIC» — Negociada (condições)
«SIZE» — Acima do volume especificado
«ILQD» — Instrumento ilíquido
62
Indicador de venda a descoberto
Uma venda a descoberto celebrado por uma empresa de investimento em seu próprio nome ou em nome de um cliente, tal como descrito no artigo 11.o.
Quando uma empresa de investimento executa uma transação em nome de um cliente que está a vender e não for possível à empresa de investimento, agindo na base do «melhor esforço», determinar se se trata de uma transação de venda a descoberto, este campo deve ser preenchido com «UNDI».
Se a transação se referir a uma ordem transmitida que preenche as condições de transmissão estabelecidas no artigo 4.o do presente regulamento, este campo deve ser preenchido pela empresa recetora nas comunicações da empresa recetora utilizando as informações recebidas da empresa transmissora.
Este campo só é aplicável quando o instrumento for abrangido pelo Regulamento (UE) n.o 236/2012 e o vendedor for a empresa de investimento ou um cliente da empresa de investimento.
«SESH» — Venda a descoberto sem qualquer isenção
«SSEX» — Venda a descoberto com isenção
«SELL» — Nenhuma venda a descoberto
«UNDI» — Informação não disponível
63
Indicador pós-negociação OTC
Indicador do tipo de transação em conformidade com o artigo 20.o, n.o 3, alínea a), e com o artigo 21.o, n.o 5, alínea a), do Regulamento (UE) n.o 600/2014.
Para todos os instrumentos:
«BENC» = Transações de referência
«ACTX» = Transações cruzadas entre agentes
«LRGS» = Transações com volume elevado pós-negociação
«ILQD» = Transação de instrumentos ilíquidos
«SIZE» = Transação acima do volume especificado
«CANC» = Cancelamentos
«AMND» = Alterações
Para instrumentos de capital:
«SDIV» = Transações de dividendos extraordinários
«RPRI» = Transações que beneficiaram de melhoria dos preços
«DUPL»= Comunicações de transações em duplicado
«TNCP» = Transações que não contribuem para o processo de determinação de preços para efeitos do artigo 23.o do Regulamento (UE) n.o 600/2014
Para instrumentos não representativos de capital:
«TPAC» = Transação em pacote
'XFPH' = Transação de troca por produtos físicos
Preencher uma ou mais das seguintes referências:
«BENC» — Referência
«ACTX» — Cruzadas entre agentes
«LRGS» — Volume elevado
«ILQD» — Instrumento ilíquido
«SIZE» — Acima do volume especificado
«CANC» — Cancelamentos
«AMND» — Alterações
«SDIV» — Dividendo extraordinário
«RPRI» — Melhoria dos preços
«DUPL» — Duplicado
«TNCP» — Não contribui para o processo de determinação dos preços
«TPAC» — Pacote
«XFPH» — Troca por produtos físicos
64
Indicador de derivado de mercadoria
Indicação sobre se a transação reduz o risco de uma forma objetivamente mensurável em conformidade com o artigo 57.o da Diretiva 2014/65/UE.
Se a transação se referir a uma ordem transmitida que preenche as condições de transmissão estabelecidas no artigo 4.o, este campo deve ser preenchido pela empresa recetora nas comunicações da empresa recetora utilizando as informações recebidas da empresa transmissora. Este campo só é aplicável a transações de derivados de mercadorias.
«true» — sim
«false» — não
65
Indicador de operações de financiamento através de valores mobiliários
Deve ser preenchido «true» se a transação se inserir no âmbito de atividade mas estiver dispensada de comunicação ao abrigo do Regulamento (UE) 2015/2365.
Caso contrário, deve ser preenchido «false».
«true» — sim
«false» — não
(1) Regulamento Delegado (UE) 2017/580 da Comissão, de 24 de junho de 2016, que complementa o Regulamento (UE) n.o 600/2014 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho no que respeita às normas técnicas de regulamentação sobre a manutenção das informações relevantes sobre ordens relativas a instrumentos financeiros (ver página 193 do presente Jornal Oficial).
(2) Regulamento Delegado (UE) 2017/574 da Comissão, de 7 de junho de 2016, que complementa a Diretiva 2014/65/UE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho no que diz respeito às normas técnicas de regulamentação relativas ao nível de precisão dos relógios profissionais (ver página 148 do presente Jornal Oficial).
ANEXO II
Identificadores de cliente nacionais para pessoas singulares a utilizar nas comunicações de transações
ISO 3166 — 1
alfa 2
Nome do país
Identificador de 1.a prioridade
Identificador de 2.a prioridade
Identificador de 3.a prioridade
AT
Áustria
CONCAT
BE
Bélgica
Número nacional belga
(Numéro de registre national — Rijksregisternummer)
CONCAT
BG
Bulgária
Número pessoal búlgaro
CONCAT
CY
Chipre
Número de passaporte nacional
CONCAT
CZ
República Checa
Número de identificação nacional
(Rodné číslo)
Número de passaporte
CONCAT
DE
Alemanha
CONCAT
DK
Dinamarca
Código de identificação pessoal
Alfanumérico com 10 dígitos: DDMMYYXXXX
CONCAT
EE
Estónia
Código de identificação pessoal da Estónia
(Isikukood)
ES
Espanha
Número de identificação fiscal
(Código de identificación fiscal)
FI
Finlândia
Código de identificação pessoal
CONCAT
FR
França
CONCAT
GB
Reino Unido
UK National Insurance number
CONCAT
GR
Grécia
Identificador do investidor DSS com 10 dígitos
CONCAT
HR
Croácia
Número de identificação pessoal
(OIB — Osobni identifikacijski broj)
CONCAT
HU
Hungria
CONCAT
IE
Irlanda
CONCAT
IS
Islândia
Código de identificação pessoal (Kennitala)
IT
Itália
Código fiscal
(Codice fiscale)
LI
Liechtenstein
Número de passaporte nacional
Número do bilhete de identidade nacional
CONCAT
LT
Lituânia
Código pessoal
(Asmens kodas)
Número de passaporte nacional
CONCAT
LU
Luxemburgo
CONCAT
LV
Letónia
Código pessoal
(Personas kods)
CONCAT
MT
Malta
Número de identificação nacional
Número de passaporte nacional
NL
Países Baixos
Número de passaporte nacional
Número do bilhete de identidade nacional
CONCAT
NO
Noruega
ID pessoal de 11 dígitos
(Foedselsnummer)
CONCAT
PL
Polónia
Número de identificação nacional
(PESEL)
Número de contribuinte
(Numer identyfikacji podatkowej)
PT
Portugal
Número de contribuinte
(Número de Identificação Fiscal)
Número de passaporte nacional
CONCAT
RO
Roménia
Número de identificação nacional
(Cod Numeric Personal)
Número de passaporte nacional
CONCAT
SE
Suécia
Número de identificação pessoal
CONCAT
SI
Eslovénia
Número de identificação pessoal
(EMŠO: Enotna Matična Številka Občana)
CONCAT
SK
Eslováquia
Número pessoal
(Rodné číslo)
Número de passaporte nacional
CONCAT
Todos os outros países
Número de passaporte nacional
CONCAT.
| 10,573 |
US-89301904-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,004 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,438 | 7,919 |
Display with bright backlight
ABSTRACT
Methods and apparatus are provided for projecting light carrying a data image. The apparatus comprises a first layer having regions of electrically alterable variable light transmittance adapted to form the data image, and a hollow cavity backlight having a light exiting surface coupled to the first layer and adapted to provide light to the first layer through the light exiting surface from one or more light emitters some of which point in a principal direction other than at right angles to the light exiting surface. In a preferred embodiment, LEDs are used as the light emitters and are preferably mounted on one or more printed circuit boards or other support tilted at non-zero angles with respect to the light exiting surface.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention generally relates to electronic displays, and moreparticularly to flat panel transmissive displays employing backlightsand backlights therefore.
BACKGROUND
Modern display applications often use a backlight in combination with,for example, a transmissive liquid crystal display (LCD) layer toprovide a variety of alphanumeric and/or graphical information to aviewer. For convenience of explanation such alphanumeric and/orgraphical information is hereafter collectively referred to as “data”and the word “data” is intended to include all types of visuallyperceivable information. The most common types of backlights arefluorescent lamp backlights. While they are effective they suffer from anumber of disadvantages, among which are the need for comparatively highdriving voltage and the complexity or difficulty of providing dimming(variable luminescence) and user alterable color (variable chrominance).Also, in applications such as avionics systems where mechanicalruggedness is desired, the comparative fragility of fluorescentbacklights can be a drawback.
It is known to use light emitting diodes (LEDs) in backlights. FIGS. 1Ashows a plan view and FIG. 1B shows partially cut-away side view of LEDbacklight 10 according to the prior art. Backlight 10 has multiple LEDs12 mounted on printed circuit board (PCB) 14 or equivalent, with the PCBgenerally oriented perpendicular to backlight propagation direction 13.LEDs 12 are oriented so that principal light rays 19 emitted therefromare coincident with, or parallel to, light 13 emitted from open surface17 of backlight 10. Light 13 is the sum of light rays 19 emitted byindividual LEDs 12. Heat sink 16 is generally provided behind PCB 14 toaid in extraction of heat generated by LEDs 12. LEDs 12 and PCB 14 aregenerally enclosed in box or frame 18 whose interior surfaces 11, 15 aredesirably reflective and with surface 17 open. Additional opticalelements such as diffusers are often placed adjacent open surface 17.
While prior art backlights such as are shown in FIGS. 1 A-B are usefulthey often do not provide as much brightness (luminance) as is desired.This is especially troublesome in connection with head-up displays(HUDs) where the highest possible luminance is often needed. In a HUD,the data generated by the display is projected onto an angledtransparent screen through which the background scene is beingsimultaneously viewed. The data is reflected from the angled screentoward the viewer while the background scene is transmitted through thesame screen to the viewer. When the background scene is bright, the datamay not be visible unless the data display is also very bright. Fortransmissive displays such as LCDs, the display luminance depends on thebacklight luminance. Hence, there is an ongoing need for high luminancedisplays with high luminance backlights.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide an improved backlight, backlitdisplay and method, especially apparatus and methods with highluminance. In addition, it is desirable that the backlight and backlitdisplay be simple, rugged and reliable. Furthermore, other desirablefeatures and characteristics of the present invention will becomeapparent from the subsequent detailed description and the appendedclaims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and theforegoing technical field and background.
BRIEF SUMMARY
An apparatus is provided for projecting light carrying a data image. Theapparatus comprises a first layer having regions of electricallyalterable variable light transmittance adapted to form the data image,and a backlight having a light exiting surface coupled to the firstlayer and adapted to provide light to the first layer through the lightexiting surface from one or more light emitters some of which point in aprincipal direction other than at right angles to the light exitingsurface. In a preferred embodiment, LEDs are used as the light emittersand are mounted on one or more printed circuit boards (PCBs) or othersupport tilted at various non-zero angles with respect to the lightexiting surface and the first layer.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention will hereinafter be described in conjunction withthe following drawing figures, wherein like numerals denote likeelements, and
FIGS. 1A is a plan view and FIG. 1B is a partially cut-away side view ofan LED backlight according to the prior art;
FIG. 2 is a simplified exploded view of a typical backlit displayaccording to the present invention;
FIGS. 3A is a plan view and FIG. 3B is a partially cut-away side view ofan LED backlight according to a first embodiment of the presentinvention;
FIGS. 4A is a plan view and FIG. 4B is a partial cross-sectional sideview of an LED backlight according to another embodiment of the presentinvention;
FIGS. 5A is a plan view and FIG. 5B is a partial cross-sectional sideview of an LED backlight according to a still further embodiment of thepresent invention;
FIGS. 6A is a plan view and FIG. 6B is a partial cross-sectional sideview of an LED backlight according to a yet further embodiment of thepresent invention;
FIGS. 7A is a plan view and FIG. 7B is a partial cross-sectional sideview of an LED backlight according to yet another embodiment of thepresent invention;
FIGS. 8A is a plan view and FIG. 8B is a partial cross-sectional sideview of an LED backlight according to a yet further embodiment of thepresent invention.
FIGS. 9A is a plan view and FIG. 9B is a partial cross-sectional sideview of an LED backlight according to an additional embodiment of thepresent invention.
FIG. 10 is a perspective view of an LED backlight according to a furtheradditional embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 11 is a simplified schematic side view of a directional backlightaccording to another additional embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature and isnot intended to limit the invention or the application and uses of theinvention. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by anyexpressed or implied theory presented in the preceding technical field,background, brief summary or the following detailed description. Forconvenience of explanation, the LEDs used in the present invention aredescribed as being mounted on a printed circuit board but this is notintended to be limiting and any convenient substrate may be used.Accordingly, the term “printed circuit board” and the abbreviation “PCB”are intended to include such alternative support means.
FIG. 2 is a simplified exploded view of backlit display 20, according toan exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Display 20 comprisesbacklight 22 fed by electrical leads 21, and optional diffuser 24 thatassists in homogenizing light 23 emitted from backlight 22. Light 25exiting diffuser 24 enters LCD layer or other electrically alterabletransmission layer 26 where it is patterned according to the electricalsignals provided to layer 26 via leads 27. Thin film transistors (TFTs)are conventionally incorporated in layer 26 where layer 26 employsactive liquid crystal switching. For the purposes of the presentinvention, layer 26 may be any type of layer having optical transmissioncharacteristics that may be electrically altered in different regions ofthe layer so as to create an optical image of the desired data. Whereoptical signal 29 (e.g., data) emitted by display 20 is to have colorvariation, then optional color filter layer 28 is preferably provided toreceive output 29′ from image forming layer 26. Display 20 can bemonochromatic or colored according to the needs of the particularapplication.
In the preferred embodiment, light 23 emitted from backlight 22 isdirected approximately normal to the surface of alterable transmissionlayer 26, and includes light output distributed about the normaldirection. Various arrangements 22A, 22B, 22C, 22D, 22E, 22F, 22G, 22H,22J for implementing backlight 22 are shown in FIGS. 3A-B, 4A-B, 5A-B,6A-B, 7A-B, 8A-B, 9A-B, 10, 11 respectively and will now be discused. InFIGS. 1A-B, 3A-B, 4A-B, 5A-B, 6A-B, 7A-B, 8A-B, 9A-B the numbers of LEDsshown in each figure are merely for purposes of illustration and notintended to provide a quantitative comparison of the LED packing densitythat may be achieved with the different geometrical arrangements shownin these figures.
FIGS. 3A is a plan view and FIG. 3B is a partially cut-away side view ofLED backlight 22A according to a first exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention. Backlight 22A is a hollow cavity backlight defined bya number of surfaces. As a hollow cavity backlight, the enclosed volumeis filled with a medium having a refractive index of approximately 1.0,such as air. Backlight 22A comprises LEDs 32 mounted on sloped surfaces33A, 33B of PCBs 34A, 34B (or equivalent), respectively. PCB surfaces33A, 33B on which LEDs 32 are mounted are considered as light emittingsurfaces and face opening 37, making an oblique (neither parallel norperpendicular) angle α(A) with respect to the plane of opening 37 (thelight exiting surface) of backlight 22A. PCB surfaces 33A, 33B likewisemake angle β(A)=(90-α(A)) degrees with respect to backlight propagationdirection 23A. PCB surfaces 33A, 33B are inclined with respect to eachother, meaning that they are not parallel. In general, principal lightemission direction 39 from LEDs 32 is parallel to normal 33N to PCBsurfaces 33A, 33B on which LEDs 32 are mounted. Normal 33N to either PCBsurfaces 33A, 33B defines the direction each respective surface isfacing, and makes an angle of magnitude α(A) with respect to backlightpropagation direction 23A. Stated alternatively, principal light ray 39of LEDs 32, which is approximately normal to PCB surfaces 33A, 33B,makes an angle α(A) with respect to backlight propagation direction 23A.Angle α(A) is usefully in the range 15 to 65 degrees, conveniently inthe range of about 25 to 50 degrees, more conveniently in the range ofabout 35 to 45 degrees, and preferably about 40 degrees. Accordingly,β(A) is usefully in the range 25 to 75 degrees, conveniently in therange of about 40 to 65 degrees, more conveniently in the range of about45 to 55 degrees, and preferably about 50 degrees. While α(A)˜40 degreesis preferred, this is not critical.
The hollow cavity containing LEDs 32 is preferably fully enclosed withthe exception of opening 37. Interior surfaces 33A, 33B and 35 of caseor frame 38 are desirably reflective so as to redirect light impingingthereon from LEDs 32 generally in direction 23A toward opening 37 ofbacklight 30. Surfaces 33A, 33B and 35 may be specularly reflective,diffusely reflective or have surface variations so as to scatter as wellas reflect the impinging light. What is preferable is that such interiorsurfaces have low optical absorption since a portion of light 23Aemitted through opening or surface 37 will undergo at least onereflection. Efficiency is further enhanced in this embodiment by havingeach emitting surface, in this case PCB surface 33A or 33B on which LEDs32 are mounted, face the light exiting surface or opening 37, meaningthat the surface normal to the nominal center of the emitting surfacegenerally points in the direction of the light exiting surface withoutpredominant intervening light blocking structure. This enhances thecoupling of the emitting surface to light exiting surface 37.
In general, the number of LEDs that can be incorporated in a backlightis limited by the available PCB area and dissipation capabilities ofassociated heat sink 36. Other things being equal, providing a largeravailable PCB area allows the light generation to be spread out andthereby allows for improved thermal management. This is beneficial inmultiple ways. The increased area gives better access for cooling heatsinks, for example on the rear side of the emitting area. In addition,many light sources including LEDs exhibit an efficiency that istemperature dependent. With LEDs, for example, the efficiency candegrade as the semiconductor junction temperature goes up. The largerthe available PCB area, the more LEDs that can be accommodated, allowingthe necessary power to be distributed over more devices. While thelarger surface area and increased number of LEDs can slightly reduce theoptical efficiency of the cavity, this is offset by the improved thermalenvironment of the LED junctions when using the configuration of FIGS.3A-B, resulting in greater luminance capability from the backlight. Itwill be noted that, for the same backlight footprint (W×L), thebacklight structures of the present invention provides greater PCB areaand, therefore, can accommodate a larger number of LEDs. For example,where α(A)=45 degrees and for the same overall footprint (W×L),backlight structure 22A of FIGS. 3A-3B provides a PCB area that isapproximately (2)^(1/2) times the PCB area of prior art unit 10 of FIGS.1A-1B. This increase in available PCB area for mounting LEDs without anincrease in the overall backlight footprint is a particular feature ofthe present invention. This preferred embodiment thereby allows the useof emitting surface 33A, 33B larger than the light exiting surface 37,and with each emitting surface 33A, 33B facing the light exiting surfacewithout intervening structures.
FIGS. 4A is a plan view and FIG. 4B is a partial cross-sectional sideview of LED backlight 22B according to another embodiment of the presentinvention. Backlight 22B includes LEDs 42 and heat sink 46 analogous toLEDs 32 and heat sink 36 of FIGS. 3A-B. Backlight 22B of FIGS. 4A-Bdiffers from backlight 22A of FIGS. 3A-B in the number of slopedsurfaces. Backlight 22A of FIGS. 3A-B has two sloped surfaces 33A, 33Bforming a V-shaped structure with the open portion of the “V” orientedtoward opening 37 and backlight propagation direction 23A. Backlight 22Bof FIGS. 4A-4B has four sloped surfaces 43A, 43B, 43C, 43D forming apyramidal structure whose open base is aimed toward opening or surface47 and backlight propagation direction 23B, analogous to direction 23A.LEDs 42 are mounted on surfaces 43A-D. Surfaces 43A-D of backlight 22Bconveniently make angles α(B), β(B) with respect to opening 47 andprincipal light rays 49, analogous to angles α(A), β(A) with respect toopening 47 and principal light rays 49 of backlight 22B. For the sameoverall backlight footprint (W×L) and light exiting surface area, thepyramidal structure of backlight 22B provides larger PCB area ascompared to the arrangement of FIGS. 1A-B, and other things being equal,can accommodate more LEDs and provide correspondingly greater luminancein the same overall footprint. As before, this is in large part due tothe relaxation of thermal constraints on the LED junctions, as describedabove, allowing either higher efficiency at an equivalent power level orhigher total power at an equivalent LED efficiency level. (The numbersof LEDs shown in FIGS. 1-9 are merely for convenience of explanation andnot intended to provide a quantitative comparison of the achievable LEDpacking density for the various backlight structures.) Angle α(B) isusefully in the range 15 to 65 degrees, more conveniently in the rangeof about 25 to 50 degrees and preferable about 40 degrees. Accordingly,β(B) is usefully in the range 25 to 75 degrees, more conveniently in therange of about 40 to 65 degrees and preferably about 50 degrees. Whileα(B)˜40 degrees is preferred, this is not critical. As with FIGS. 4A-B,light emitting surfaces 43A, 43B, 43C, 43D are inclined with respect toeach other and with respect to light exiting surface 47, and each of theemitting surfaces faces light exiting surface 47 enhancing the couplingefficiency to the output. FIGS. 5A is a plan view and FIG. 5B is a partial cross-sectional sideview of LED backlight 22C according to a still further embodiment of thepresent invention. Heat sink 56 analogous to heat sinks 36, 46 isdesirably provided. Backlight 22C comprises LEDs 52 mounted on slopedsurfaces 53A, 53B of PCBs 54A, 54B (or equivalent). Surfaces 53A, 53B ofPCBs 54A, 54B make angle α(C) with respect to the plane of opening 57 ofbacklight 22C or angle β(C)=(90-α(C)) degrees with respect to backlightpropagation direction 23(C). Assuming that surfaces 53A, 53B have equalinclination, normal 53N to either PCB surfaces 53A, 53B makes angle α(C)with respect to backlight propagation direction 23(C). Statedalternatively, principal light direction 59 of LEDs 52 makes angle α(C)with respect to backlight propagation direction 23C. Angle α(C) isusefully in the range 25 to 65 degrees, more conveniently in the rangeof about 35 to 55 degrees and preferable about 45 degrees. Accordingly,β(C) is usefully in the range 25 to 65 degrees, more conveniently in therange of about 35 to 55 degrees and preferably about 45 degrees. Whileα(C)=45 degrees is preferred, this is not critical. The arrangement ofFIGS. 5A-B can provide up to (2)^(1/2) times the PCB area as thearrangement of FIGS. 1A-B and correspondingly greater luminescence forthe same footprint. The emitting surfaces defined by surfaces 53A, 53Band LEDs 52 in this case face rear surface 55, which is preferably ahighly efficient diffusely scattering surface, and which in turn faceslight exiting surface opening 57. The efficiency of this backlightconfiguration may be further enhanced by reducing or eliminating anysubsequent diffuser (e.g., 24 in FIG. 2) that would otherwise be placedover opening 57, provided the angles required are within the range −β(C)to +β(C). It is evident from FIGS. 5A-B that this embodiment isparticularly beneficial in the case that the area of light exitingsurface 57 is smaller than the backlight footprint (W×L). In this casethe emitting surface area exceeds both the area of light exiting surface57 and the backlight footprint (W×L), while maintaining excellentcoupling to the light exiting surface. Other surfaces 55′ of backlightcase 58 are also desirably highly reflective.
FIGS. 6A is a plan view and FIG. 6B is a partial cross-sectional sideview of LED backlight 22D according to a yet further embodiment of thepresent invention. Backlight 22D includes LEDs 62, heat sink 66 and case68 analogous to LEDs 52, heat sink 56 and case 58 of FIGS. 5A-B. Whereasbacklight 22C of FIGS. 5A-B has two sloped surfaces 53A, 53B forming atruncated V-shaped structure with the open truncated portion of the “V”oriented toward opening 57 and backlight propagation direction 23C,backlight 22D of FIGS. 6A-6B has four sloped surfaces 63A, 63B, 63C, 63Dforming a truncated pyramid structure whose open truncated portion 67 isoriented toward backlight propagation direction 23D, analogous todirection 23C. LEDs 62 are mounted on surfaces 63A-D. Surfaces 63A-D ofbacklight 22D conveniently make angles α(D), β(D) with respect to theplane of opening 67 and principal light rays 69 (and surface normal63N), analogous to angles α(C), β(C) with respect to the plane ofopening 57 and principal light rays 59 (and surface normal 53N) ofbacklight 22C. For the same overall backlight footprint (W×L), thepyramidal structure of backlight 22D can provide up to twice the PCBarea as the arrangement of FIGS. 1A-B, and other things being equal, canaccommodate up to twice as many LEDs and provide correspondingly greaterluminance in the same overall footprint. Angle α(D) is usefully in therange 25 to 65 degrees, more conveniently in the range of about 35 to 55degrees and preferable about 45 degrees. Accordingly, β(D) is usefullyin the range 25 to 65 degrees, more conveniently in the range of about35 to 55 degrees and preferably about 45 degrees. While α(D)˜45 degreesis preferred, this is not critical. This embodiment also providesincreased emitting surface area, and each of the emitting surfaces faceshighly reflective rear surface 65, which in turn faces the light exitingsurface, opening 67.
FIGS. 7A is a plan view and FIG. 7B is a partial cross-sectional sideview of LED backlight 22E according to yet another embodiment of thepresent invention. Backlight 22E of FIGS. 7A-B is similar to backlight22D of FIGS. 5A-B except for the additional of further LEDs on backplane75. Elements 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79 of backlight 22E are analogousto corresponding elements 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69 of backlight 22D.In backlight 22E, further LEDs 72′ are mounted on backplane PCB 75, andheat sink 76′ is provided behind backplane PCB 75 to aid in removal ofheat from LEDs 72′ mounted on PCB backplane 75. It is will beappreciated that significantly more LEDs can be accommodated in the sameoverall footprint (W×L) of backlight 22E of FIGS. 7A-B than prior artbacklight 10 of FIGS. 1A-B, allowing for increased efficiency at a givenpower level, or increased power capability at a given efficiency due tothe improved thermal configuration. This relationship is particularlybeneficial at very high luminance levels and elevated ambienttemperatures, due to the inherent temperature sensitivity andtemperature tolerance of typical light sources such as LEDs. In thisconfiguration, effective coupling is maintained by having the emittingsurfaces corresponding to 73A, 73B (along with their respective LEDs 72)facing backplane 75, and backplane 75 (along with its respective LEDs72′) facing light exiting surface 77.
Each of the backlight structures illustrated in FIGS. 3-7 provide arelatively direct path to the light exiting surface, either by havingthe emitting surface facing the exit or facing a surface which directlyfaces the exit. Nevertheless, these structures also provide foradditional scattering reflections of a portion of the light before itexits backlight 22. This increases the uniformity of illumination, whichis a desirable feature. The degree of uniformity mixing of this type isconveniently configurable by the selection of the slant angles of thevarious surfaces, as well as by light source output profiles anddiffuser scattering properties.
FIGS. 8A-B show a yet further embodiment of the present invention. Thebacklight 22F of FIGS. 8A-B is similar in many respects to the backlight22A of FIGS. 3A-B, and hence some of the analogous details are notrepeated. In FIGS. 8A-B, reflector 180 has been added to the middle ofotherwise hollow cavity 183. Reflector 180 is preferably a specularmirror, although some degree of scatter is acceptable, and reflector 180is oriented perpendicular to opening 87, the light exiting surface inthis embodiment. In the presence of reflector 180, backlight 22F appearsto have a symmetric second half, virtual backlight 22FV, where the termvirtual in this case refers to an element which is present only in thevirtual reflection but is not physically present. It is referenced onlyto simplify the description in the context of prior embodiments,especially the embodiment of FIGS. 3A-B. Backlight 22F includes surface83 and associated LEDs 82, which together form an emitting surface forthe purpose of this invention. Surface 181 has also been added relativeto FIGS. 3A-B to close the hollow cavity with the exception of openlight exiting surface 87. Surface 181 and any other surfaces (e.g.,surfaces 185) which are required to close the hollow cavity arepreferably highly reflective and may be either specular or scattering.In FIG. 8B virtual backlight half 22FV appears to be above mirror 180,along with various virtual backlight components which are reflections ofthe components of backlight 22F. Virtual surface 83V, along with virtualLEDs 82V, is a virtual emitting surface and is inclined (non-parallel)with respect to surface 83. Virtual opening 87V is a virtual lightexiting surface for the virtual backlight half 22FV, and virtual surface181V is a reflection of surface 181. Backlight 22F has all of thesymmetry and advantages of the configuration of FIGS. 3A-B, with theexception that with the addition of reflector 180, the section abovecenterline 33C in FIGS. 3A-B has been removed and become virtual. Thisoffers significant additional benefits in terms of geometric flexibilityand placement, as well as thermal management opportunities as will bedescribed further below. It will be noted that even though only surface83 has LEDs mounted thereon, the use of mirror 180 creates second lightemitting surface 83V. Thus, the arrangement of FIGS. 8A-B (and alsoFIGS. 9A-B) behaves as if there are at least two light emittingsurfaces.
FIGS. 9A is a plan view and FIG. 9B is a partial cross-sectional sideview of an LED backlight according to additional embodiment 22G of thepresent invention. The embodiment of FIGS. 9A-B is similar to FIGS.8A-B, with the distinction that reflector 190 in back-light 22G is nowtilted with respect to surface normal of opening 97, the light exitingsurface. Reflector 190 forms angle 191 with respect to the plane ofopening 97, and while shown as an acute angle less than ninety degrees,angle 191 can also be greater than 90 degrees. As can be seen bycomparison with FIGS. 8A-B and FIGS. 3A-B, backlight 22G together withits virtual backlight half 22GV again form an effective cavity, but inthis case the combined opening of opening 97 and virtual opening 97V donot form a single flat surface. The advantages and description given inconnection with FIGS. 8A-B still hold, however, as long as each emittingsurface 93 (with LEDs 92), and 93V (with LEDs 92V) face the combinedlight exiting surface (97 and 97V) in the virtual backlightconfiguration. As with the previous embodiments, this slantedconfiguration supports an emitting surface that is larger than lightexiting surface 97, which is also the footprint in this case.
FIG. 10 is a view of LED backlight 22H according to a further additionalembodiment of the present invention. Backlight assembly 22H comprisesbacklight 22G according to FIGS. 9A-B, heat sink 106 and mounting means(not shown) to align emitting surface 103 and heat sink 106 withvertical axis 102 to maximize convective cooling effectiveness. As wasdescribed previously, the system can be conveniently designed toeffectively support any of a range of values for angle 104 between lightexiting surface 107 and emitting surface 103.
FIG. 11 is a view of directional backlight 22J according to anotheradditional embodiment of the present invention. The arrangement ofbacklight 22J combines any of backlights 22A-H with prismaticdirectionality elements 111. An example of directionality element 111 isBrightness Enhancement Film (BEF) available in several forms from 3MCorporation of St. Paul, Minn. When placed subsequent to the backlight22A-H, directionality element 111 narrows the range of propagationangles from diffuse (e.g., angular range 112) to narrow (e.g., angularrange 113). In practice, however, the majority of the light rays 114 inangular range 113 are incident upon element 111 in angular ranges 115and 116. As can be seen from observation of each of the foregoingembodiments, ranges 115 and 116 correspond generally to the surfacenormals of the surfaces facing the light exiting port or surface inseveral of the described embodiments. Having the surfaces face towardthe input angles, ranges 115 and 116, of the directionality element 111further enhances the efficient coupling aspects of the presentinvention. Optional diffuser 117, if used, is conveniently placedbetween directionality element 111 and backlight cavity 22A-H and ispreferably a high gain diffuser, for example a textured surfacediffuser, although other diffusers can also be used. Any of thepreviously described backlight embodiments of the present invention maybe used for backlight 22A-H.
While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in theforegoing detailed description, it should be appreciated that a vastnumber of variations exist. For example, while particular shapes havebeen illustrated for heat-sinks 36, 46, 56, 66, 76, 76′, 106 these arenot intended to be limiting and any shape heat-sink may be used that candissipate the heat generated by the LEDs installed in the correspondingbacklight. Just as the sloped PCB arrangement of the present inventioncan increase the available PCB area for mounting LEDs, so the slopedarrangement also permits greater heat dissipation area. Thus, more LEDsbe accommodated and the heat generated per unit PCB area is the same orless. Further, while the present invention has been described with lightemitting diodes (LEDs) as the light sources, persons of skill in the artwill understand that any directional or quasi-directional light sourcecan also be used and that the present invention is not limited merely tostructures and methods employing LEDs. In addition, while layer 26 hasbeen illustrated as being an LCD layer, any layer or region exhibitingelectrically alterable transmission properties can also be used and thatthe present invention is not limited merely to structures and methodsemploying LCD layers or regions.
It will also be appreciated that while the backlight and backlightincorporating display of the present invention has been illustrated asusing a small number of sloping and preferably but not essentiallyplanar PCB mounting surfaces for the LEDs, that many otherconfigurations are also possible and intended to be included within thescope of the present invention. Non-limiting examples of other usefulLED mounting arrangements are: (i) replacing the V-shaped PCBarrangement of FIGS. 3A-B, 5A-B, etc., with a half-cylinder orhalf-parabola or segmented half-shape with the LEDs mounted on theinterior surface thereof and the open plane or surface or truncatedportion thereof corresponding to light exit plane or surface 37, 57;(ii) replacing the pyramidal PCB arrangement of FIGS. 4A-B, 6A-B, etc.,with a hemisphere or hemi-ellipsoid or other 3-D curved or segmentedshape with an open plane or truncated portion, and with the LEDs mountedon the interior surface thereof and the open plane or truncated portioncorresponding to light exit plane or surface 47, 67; and (iii) employinganalogous curved or segmented surfaces such as discussed in (i) and (ii)above combined with and/or replacing some or all of the PCB surfaces inbacklight 22E of FIGS. 7A-B, 8A-B, 9A-B. Persons of skill in the artwill understand based on the description herein that many othervariations and combinations are possible.
It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplaryembodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope,applicability, or configuration of the invention in any way. Rather, theforegoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the artwith a convenient road map for implementing the exemplary embodiment orexemplary embodiments. It should be understood that various changes canbe made in the function and arrangement of elements without departingfrom the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims andthe legal equivalents thereof.
1. A hollow cavity backlight comprising a plurality of surfaces, saidplurality of surfaces comprising: an open light exiting surface; and aplurality of light emitting surfaces disposed adjacent the open lightexiting surface, wherein the plurality of light emitting surfacescomprises a first light emitting surface and a second light emittingsurface inclined with respect to the first light emitting surface. 2.The hollow cavity backlight of claim 1 wherein the combined area of theplurality of light emitting surfaces is larger than the area of thelight exiting surface.
3. The hollow cavity backlight of claim 1 whereineach of the first and second light emitting surfaces faces toward eitherthe light exiting surface or a surface which faces toward the lightexiting surface.
4. The hollow cavity backlight of claim 1 wherein thesecond light emitting surface is a virtual light emitting surface. 5.The hollow cavity backlight of claim 1 further comprising a heat sinkadjacent the first light emitting surface.
6. The hollow cavitybacklight of claim 5 further comprising mounting means for maintainingthe first light emitting surface in a substantially verticalorientation.
7. The hollow cavity backlight of claim 1 furthercomprising a prismatic directionality element adjacent said open lightexiting surface.
8. A data display, comprising: a variable transmittancelayer having first regions adapted to substantially pass light andsecond regions adapted to substantially block light in response to asignal applied thereto; and a hollow cavity backlight coupled to thevariable transmittance layer and adapted to provide light in a firstdirection to the variable transmittance layer, wherein the backlightcomprises one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs) mounted so thatprincipal light rays emitted therefrom are oriented other than in thefirst direction.
9. The display of claim 8 further comprising a lightdispersive layer between the LEDs and the variable transmittance layer.10. The display of claim 8 further comprising a color filter layercoupled to the variable transmittance layer adapted to project a dataimage at least partly in color.
11. A display for projecting lightcarrying a data image, comprising: a first layer having regions ofelectrically alterable variable light transmittance for forming the dataimage; and a backlight having a light exiting surface coupled to thefirst layer for providing light to the first layer through the lightexiting surface from one or more LEDs mounted on LED mounting structuresand oriented so that an angle α between a principal light ray from theone or more LEDS and a normal to the light exiting surface has amagnitude greater than zero degrees.
12. The display of claim 11 wherein15≦α≦65 degrees.
13. The display of claim 12 wherein 25≦α≦50 degrees.14. The display of claim 13 wherein 35≦α≦45 degrees.
15. A display forprojecting light carrying a data image, comprising: a first layer havingregions of electrically alterable variable light transmittance adaptedto form the data image; and a backlight having a light exiting surfacecoupled to the first layer and adapted to provide light to the firstlayer through the light exiting surface from one or more surfacescontaining light emitters, wherein said surfaces are inclined at anangle α greater than zero with respect to the light exiting surface. 16.The display of claim 15 wherein the principal direction and a normal tothe light exiting surface form an angle α whose magnitude is at least 15degrees.
17. The display of claim 16 wherein a has a magnitude of atleast 25 degrees
18. A light source, comprising: a housing having alight exiting surface; multiple light emitters supported by the housingand optically coupled to the light exiting surface, each light emitterhaving a principal direction of light emission, wherein at least some ofthe emitters are oriented so that, absent reflections, their principaldirections of light emission are not substantially perpendicular to thelight exiting surface.
19. The light source of claim 13 wherein the atleast some of the emitters are oriented so that their principaldirections of light emission form an angle α with respect to a normal tothe light exiting surface, wherein the magnitude of the angle α isgreater than zero.
20. The light source of claim 19 wherein angle α is15≦α≦65 degrees..
| 32,545 |
https://github.com/gagarina6794/easy-doc-api/blob/master/src/main/java/com/api/doc/easy/view/layouts/LeftSplitLayout.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Unlicense
| null |
easy-doc-api
|
gagarina6794
|
Java
|
Code
| 23 | 90 |
package com.api.doc.easy.view.layouts;
import com.api.doc.easy.view.components.VerticalLayout;
public class LeftSplitLayout extends VerticalLayout {
public LeftSplitLayout() {
super();
init();
}
private void init() {
this.setSizeFull();
}
}
| 2,745 |
bfd3983b511c2b1a840c039c53506588
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 1,989 |
Décret n°89-674 du 18 septembre 1989, article 10
|
LEGI
|
French
|
Spoken
| 131 | 214 |
1. Les additifs alimentaires destinés à la vente au consommateur final ne peuvent être commercialisés que si leurs emballages ou leurs récipients portent les indications suivantes, en caractères apparents, clairement lisibles et indélébiles : a) La dénomination de vente du produit. Cette dénomination est constituée du nom de l'additif prévu dans l'arrêté mentionné à l'article 2 et, le cas échéant, de son numéro C.E.E. ; b) Les informations requises par l'article 9, paragraphe 1, points a à f et h ; c) L'indication, sous la responsabilité du vendeur, d'une date jusqu'à laquelle l'additif conserve ses propriétés spécifiques dans des conditions appropriées ; d) Toute autre indication prescrite par l'arrêté mentionné à l'article 2. 2. Ces conditions n'affectent pas les dispositions relatives à l'emballage et à l'étiquetage des substances et préparations dangereuses.
| 19,458 |
https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Шалашня
|
https://ba.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Шалашня&action=history
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Bashkir
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Spoken
| 134 | 561 |
Шалашня — Рәсәйҙәге йылға. Пермь крайы биләмәләрендә аға. Йылға Кама һыуһаҡлағысы (Чусов ҡултығы) уң ярына 60 км өҫтәрәк ҡушыла. Йылға оҙонлоғо 11 км.
Һыу реестры мәғлүмәттәре
Рәсәй дәүләт һыу реестры мәғлүмәте буйынса йылға Кама һыу бассейны округында урынлашҡан, һыу хужалығы участкаһы — Кама йылғаһы Березники ҡалаһынан Кама ГЭС-ына тиклем, Косьва (башынан Широков ГЭС-ына тиклем), Чусовая һәм Сылва йылғаларын индермәйенсә. Бәләкәй йылға бассейны (йылға эске бассейны) — Кама ҡушылдыҡтары бассейны, Ағиҙел ҡушылғанға тиклем, йылға бассейны — Кама.
Һыу ресурстарының федераль агентлығы тарафынан әҙерләнгән Рәсәй Федерацияһы территорияһын һыу хужалығы буйынса районлау геоинформация системаһы мәғлүмәттәре буйынса:
Дәүләт һыу реестрында һыу объектының коды — 10010100912111100012165
Гидрологик өйрәнеү (ГӨ) буйынса коды — 111101216
Бассейн коды — 10.01.01.009
ГӨ буйынса томы — 11
ГӨ буйынса сығарылыш — 1
Иҫкәрмәләр
Һылтанмалар
Рәсәй Федерацияһы тәбиғәт ресурстары һәм экология министрлығы
Пермь крайы йылғалары
| 9,176 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/65663776
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,021 |
Stack Exchange
|
Alexey S. Larionov, Draxes, MikeCAT, Ted Lyngmo, https://stackoverflow.com/users/13432221, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1983409, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4062354, https://stackoverflow.com/users/7582247, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8564999, zdf
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English
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Spoken
| 989 | 1,977 |
In C++ what is the fastest way to read all the words from a collection of large text files?
I have a collection of large text files and I want my code to read them word by word and store the word in a string variable. I wrote a simple code as a prototype that reads words from a collection of files and prints them (real code won't have a print command) but my actual program will contain around 20 files and hundreds of thousand of words. It seems like the performance of this code won't be great. Is there anything I can do that will improve the speed?
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
string s;
string array[3]={"text1.txt","text2.txt","text3.txt"};
for(int i=0;i<3;i++){
ifstream fileread;
fileread.open(array[i]);
while(fileread>>s){
cout<<s<<endl;
}
}
return 0;
}
You can try to use threads, but it's pretty complex to explain it on Stack Overflow, so refer to Google guides / books
The first thing will be putting the files on a fast device (SSD, for example). Usually time taken by I/O will be larger than time taken by CPU. Also hou do you think the performance of your code won't be great? Did you actually measure it?
Printing a lot of things to console will take much time. You can use redirection to file for reducing execution time.
In most cases C++ standard IO functions are slower than C standard IO functions, which are slower than OS API functions. Using multiple threads will, most likely, slow down the whole thing for all threads will try to access the same device.
"... and store the word in a string variable" - Do you mean that you'd like to store each individual word in a std::vector<std::string> or similar? Should all words in all files be stored in the same container? Should duplicate words be allowed?
It's probably going to evolve into putting the words in a list but right now I just want to read the word and put it into string variable s
@Draxes Did you take a look at my answer? If you figured out a faster way to do read all the words from a collection of large text files, please share your findings by writing an answer. It may help other people in the future.
You are already putting the words in a string variable and the thing that's most likely slowing it down is printing the actual words to std::cout.
If you have an extremely fast disk (like a ramdisk) you could in theory speed things up by reading from multiple files at once.
I've put together an idea (that requires C++17 or later) how that could be done that also measures the time it takes and displays some statistics when the reading is done. I've commented in the code to explain what it does. To compare with the speed when reading the files in serial, just remove the std::execution::par argument to std::for_each.
#include <algorithm>
#include <chrono>
#include <cstddef>
#include <execution>
#include <fstream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>
#include <string>
#include <string_view>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <vector>
int cppmain(const std::string_view program, std::vector<std::string> files) {
if(files.empty()) {
std::cerr << "USAGE: " << program << " <files...>\n";
return 1;
}
// measure how long time it takes to read all the files
auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
// a map of filenames mapping to a vector of words in each file
std::unordered_map<std::string, std::vector<std::string>> file_words_map;
// create the filename Keys in the map - this is needed to not insert keys
// in the map object itself from multiple threads simultaneously.
for(auto& file : files) file_words_map[file];
// make sure the files vector only contains unique filenames
if(files.size() != file_words_map.size()) {
// we had duplicate filenames - remove them
files.resize(file_words_map.size());
std::transform(file_words_map.begin(), file_words_map.end(),
files.begin(),
[](auto& file_words) { return file_words.first; });
}
// read from multiple files simultaneously
std::for_each(std::execution::par, files.begin(), files.end(),
[&file_words_map](auto& file) {
std::ifstream is(file); // open a file for reading
if(is) { // and check that it opened ok
// get a reference to this file's vector in the map
auto& words = file_words_map[file];
// copy all words from the file into the words vector
std::copy(std::istream_iterator<std::string>(is),
std::istream_iterator<std::string>{},
std::back_inserter(words));
}
});
// all files read, calculate how long time it took
auto elapsed_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - start;
// calculate how many words we read in total
auto total =
std::accumulate(file_words_map.begin(), file_words_map.end(), 0ULL,
[](const auto val, const auto& file_words) {
return val + file_words.second.size();
});
// statistics
constexpr std::size_t max_words_to_display = 5;
for(const auto& [file, words] : file_words_map) {
std::cout << std::setw(50) << std::left << file << ' ' << std::setw(10)
<< std::right << words.size() << "\n ";
std::copy_n(words.begin(), std::min(max_words_to_display, words.size()),
std::ostream_iterator<std::string>(std::cout, ", "));
if(words.size() > max_words_to_display) std::cout << "...";
std::cout << '\n';
}
std::cout << "Read " << total << " words from " << file_words_map.size()
<< " files in "
<< std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(elapsed_time)
.count()
<< " ms.\n";
return 0;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
return cppmain(argv[0], {argv + 1, argv + argc});
}
Example output:
...
handler.cpp 155
#include, <condition_variable>, #include, <functional>, #include, ...
pybind.cpp 162
#include, <iostream>, #include, <pybind11.h>, #include, ...
readip.cpp 296
#include, <netinet/ip.h>, #include, <fstream>, #include, ...
realdist.cpp 299
#include, <cmath>, #include, <iostream>, #include, ...
strerr.cpp 125
#include, <iostream>, using, namespace, std;, ...
rec.cpp 91
#include, <filesystem>, #include, <iostream>, #include, ...
Read 239715 words from 1621 files in 11 ms.
Note: You could actually do the for_each loop over the file_words_map directly instead of using the files vector and then lookup the words vector in the map like the above code does it - which would be a lot cleaner and wouldn't require that duplicates are removed from the vector - but for me, this approach is 4-5 times faster and since it's speed that's important, I used this. You can experiment with that yourself to see the result.
If you're using g++ or clang++, compile with:
-O3 -std=c++17 -ltbb -pthread
In MSVC you don't need to specify the libraries.
| 26,277 |
napoleonabiogra00lenzgoog_13
|
US-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,233 | 9,032 |
How, he asked, could he trust them any longer, and what other means could he find of preventing them from rushing to their own destruction ? But not- withstanding this letter, he abstained from hurling a thunderbolt at Stein ; he evacuated the Prussian provinces and even signed, on the 8 th of November, the treaty with Prussia. His moderation in all this shows how embarrassing the general situation had become to him. On the 14th of October, the Czar Alexander bade farewell to his great ally, who travelled with him part THE TREATY OF TILSIT 299 of the way to Weimar. As Napoleon rode slowly back to Erfurt, it was remarked that he was lost in deep thought, with a touch of sadness in his face. Savary noticed it, as he tells us in his Memoirs. And one can easily imagine that at this moment as the Emperor rode back, his mind brooded on his anxiety as to which way he must turn, and how all this was to end. Only a short respite was given to him in which to reduce Spain to submission, if he was to meet the Austrians once more in the Danube valley in the coming spring. Hitherto the troops that had fought in the Spanish peninsula were mostly only newly raised conscripts. Now the Emperor sent there the veterans who had been stationed on his eastern frontiers, and they went under his best marshals, men like Soult, Lannes, Bessieres, Ney, and Victor. As they marched across France they were received with the acclamations of triumph, and they went to win new victories. Germany, however, was not left unguarded. There were still sixty thousand men under Davoüt in North Germany, and thirty thousand under Oudinot in the South, where the princes of the Confederation of the Rhine stood fast by their Protector, because it was for them, too, a question of defending their newly won crowns. Without delay the Emperor hurried across the Pyrenees. On the 5th of November he reached Vittoria. And at once the tide of war turned to his side. By the end of the month both of the Spanish armies, that with the help of England had tried to keep the field against him, were defeated and dispersed. The remnants of them did not rally till they had reached Andalusia. An engagement before the gates of the capital, directed by Napoleon himself. 3CX) NAPOLEON gave him possession of Madrid (December 4th), and brought Joseph back to his palace there. During the few weeks which the Emperor spared for rest at Madrid, he issued a series of Ordinances on the lines of the reforms proposed at Bayonne. Then he sallied forth once more, this time against the English, who had landed at Corunna and ventured on a sudden advance into the interior of the country. Over the snow-clad sierras he pursued them to the coast. They effected their retreat with difficulty, and what was left of their forces re-embarked after a rearguard action at Corunna. Portugal was still free, the south of Spain still un- conquered, when, in January, 1 809, Napoleon hurried back to Paris as quickly as he had come. In seven days he traversed the long stretch of roads from Valladolid to the Seine. At eight in the morning of the 23rd of January, he arrived at the Tuileries, coming before the time he had announced so that no one was expecting him. He had thus hurried bock from Spain, not so much on account of the armaments of Austria, as because of the very serious news he had received from Paris itself. To the foreign ambassadors he seemed to be more sullen and irritaUe than ever. And he had good cause. For in the circle nearest to his throne, and amongst the highest of these, the very men with whose help he had built up his Imperial State, and on whom he must still depend even now, among the intimates of Talleyrand and Fouch£, traces of an intrigue had been discovered, by Eugene apparently, or by Josephine herself. Its object was to put an end to his own power, and Murat was regarded as the successor that would be ready to replace him. THE TREATY OF TILSIT 301 How often we are told of the growth of a despotic temper in the Emperor, who drove a woman like Madame de Stad from land to land, and trampled under foot every manifestation of independence. The reason of this lies above all in the fact that the basis on which the Empire rested was now becoming insecure, especially in its upper strata. And the higher the intriguers stood, the weaker was the posi- tion of their master against them. Nothing can better illustrate this than the scene that Napoleon had with Talleyrand, after his return from Spain. It was on the 28th of January, and in the presence of Cambac^r^s and Decr^s. He overwhelmed Talleyrand with reproaches and insults, called him a thief, a traitor, a base villain — but without doing him any further harm than removing him from the office of Grand Chamberlain, which had been conferred on him a year before, when he left the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. ^' I could shatter you like glass," he said to him ; "I have the power to do it, but I despise you too utterly to give myself the trouble." The truth was that he dared not go so far. Talleyrand took the shower-bath quietly, and let it run off him like water off a duck's back. But all the same he did not refrain for a moment from his insidious work of sapping and mining. We now know that since the Congress of Erfurt he had already been inflaming the Austrians against Napoleon, and that he had not been ashamed to accept pay from the enemies of France. Metternich, the Austrian ambassador at Paris, was already writing to his Court of a conspiracy against the Emperor, and was advocating war with all his might. Napoleon, he argued, had now for the first time inadequate forces at his command, and even if 302 NAPOLEON war was not part of his plans, Austria ought therefore to make it her policy. It would indeed have now been a serious matter for Napoleon to avoid war. For if he did so, it would, in the existing circumstances, be an admission that he was beaten. And it must be noted that every sjtep he took backwards was not only a step forwards for the enemies of France, but also gave new en- couragement to adverse factions at home, who, though thejr had been subdued, had not been annihilated. The Emperor was the heir of the Revolution in this respect also, that his enemies were without end, and he must conquer or fall. But as yd he stood forth as the unconquered, the man who knew not weariness or discouragement, inspired with the feeling of his own sense of power, and in the full blaze of splendid triumphs« Thus it was that he went forth to battle with the enemy, whom he had already three times struck to the ground. All the preparations for the Austrian war were made with the greatest forethought and energy. New conscript levies reinforced the corps stationed in Germany, and a portion of the troops that had been employed in Spain, among them notably the Imperial Guard, were moved in the same direction. An army was also assembled in Italy. Napoleon could hope to have by the middle of April two hundred thou- sand men concentrated on the Danube, though this could only be done by straining the national resources to the utmost, and leaving the countries north of the Main unoccupied. The Austrians had taken up a central position in Bohemia, whence it was easy for them to push for- THE TREATY OF TILSIT 303 ward in any direction. And they intended to take the offensive, and were indeed obliged to do so, for only thus could they hope to make the sympathy of the German people and the mountaineers of the Tyrol blaze forth on their side. This was the mean- ing of the proclamation issued by the Archduke Charles on the 9th of April, as he crossed the river Inn and entered Bavarian territory ; it was not merely for her own independence, but for the freedom and national tradition of Germany that Austria had drawn the sword. On the 1 7th of April, when the Arch- duke was advancing from Landshut on Ratisbon to fall upon Davoüt, who had reached the Danube at that place. Napoleon arrived at Donauwörth. The situation which he had to face was much the same as that of the German Protestants, when in the year 1 546 they took the field against their Emperor from the same point. Then, too, the Emperor Charles V, the ancestor of the Archduke Charles, had begun his march from Landshut on Ratisbon to win back from his opponents the Danube and its left bank. That the Protestants neglected to push forward towards the river Isar decided the campaign against them. But this was the very manoeuvre that Napoleon now carried out. When he arrived, his own army was badly placed (not through his fault, for Berthier had not properly executed his orders). The various corps were widely separated from each other. But in a few days he had made good all deficiencies. He first drew back Davoüt*s corps to Ingolstadt, and brought up his own right from the Lech into line with him. Then he pushed forward to interpose between the Archduke and the corps he had left on the Isar at Landshut And now he fixed his iron grip on 304 NAPOLEON Charles's army. In five days he had gained his object. In three hard-fought battles the Archduke was forced back towards Bohemia, and the valley of the Danube right up to Vienna was in the hands of Napoleon. On the nth of May he was in the imperial palace of Schönbrunn. But the struggle was not yet decided. A few leagues to the northward, beyond the Danube, but close to its banks, the enemy was in position. The attempt to cross the river near Aspem and break through their lines had to be abandoned after a sanguinary two days' battle. Their native river had become the ally of the sons of Austria. For it swept away the bridge that had been carried across from the Isle of Lobau to the left bank, and thus prevented Davoüt from coming to the help of Lannes, who had with difficulty won some ground on the further shore. And so for the first time the Emperor, if he had not quite lost the battle, had at least lost, and had to abandon, the battlefield. On the night after the second day's fighting there were terrible hours on the Isle of Lobau, where the army lay huddled together. Amongst the victims of the day was Marshal Lannes, who had served the Emperor since his first campaign in Italy, and was the only one of his old comrades in arms to whom he still vouchsafed to use the ^iu** of brotherly friendship. But even failure could not depress the buoyant energy of this wonderftil num, for Napoleon only stood up the more firmly against it. He turned all his energies to preparing for the fresh blow that he must strike, if he was to hold his own. In the night of the 5th of July he again crossed over with his army to the north bank. Once more, around Wagram, the valour of the Austrians THE TREATY OF TILSIT 305 made his task a difEcult one. It was only on the second day (July 6th), and then only thanks to his superiority in artillery, that he succeeded in breaking their resistance, and won at the same time that which he desired — peace. In vain might loyal subjects of Austria, like the faithful Tyrolese, who had risen against their Bavarian masters, cry out for the continuance of the struggle. The rulers of the State had become weary of the war, which they had been left to carry on single-handed. Without allies, without money, they despaired of being able to pro- long the conflict, with their army defeated and with its ranks thinned by disease. On the 14th of October they submitted to accept the Peace of Schönbrunn, after Napoleon had slightly modified the harsh con- ditions he first proposed. Even so, Austria lost more than 40,000 square miles. She had to give back to Bavaria the territory acquired on that side by the treaties of Campo Formio and Luniville ; Trieste and the neighbouring Slav and Italian districts she must cede to Italy, and the greater part of Galicia to the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, while Napoleon's Russian ally was satisfied with a portion of Eastern Galicia. Austria's hopes of rousing the German people to action had all ended in disappointment. Germany was not Spain. The South stood by the French Emperor, who was the champion of its princes against the Emperor they once acknowledged as their chief« A poor fanatic, the student Friedrich Staps, after the peace was concluded, and when Napoleon had returned to Schönbrunn, was arrested in the very act of at- tempting to assassinate him. But the act was an isolated one, and moreover he was a North German, 3o6 NAPOLEON the son of a clergyman at Naumburg. And if north of the river Main, Ferdinand von Schill, Dornberg, and Duke William of Brunswick tried to rouse to a flame the smouldering hatred of the conqueror that was there more widespread than in the South, their efforts ended in utter failure. This was not so much on account of the power of their antagonist, or even the dullness of the people, as through the opposition of the Prussian Government, which was too timid to venture on a national struggle, and at the same time too strong to be hurried into it hy these in- dependent movements. For a moment, even before the battle of Aspern, King Frederick William seemed indeed inclined to give way to the pressure of the German patriots, and take part in the war. But he soon fell back again into his habitual timidity. And when, after Wagram, his advisers once more brought him to the point of offering Prussia's assistance ;to Austria, even they had hardly any hopes of success. It was, as they themselves recognised, all but a counsel of despair, and sprang almost as much from their fear of the absolutely inevitable vengeance of Napoleon for the isolated attempts at resistance, as from the still brightly burning zeal for honour and the Fatherland that filled their brave hearts. Indeed, it would not now have been difficult for Napoleon to put an end to the kingdom of Frederick the Great. For Alexander, who even in the spring had spared no effort to hold back the King, would certainly not come to his aid in the autumn. The English, instead of landing in the Weser, as the Prussian patriots had wished and hoped, had made an expedition to the Scheldt in the summer, with the object of taking Antwerp. It was a plan that in itself might have THE TREATY OF TILSIT 307 proved very dangerous to Napoleon, for it aimed a blow at the very centre of his whole position, and not only threatened the Netherlands, but would also have reacted upon France itself. But it had already ended in disaster through the ignorance and incapacity of the Earl of Chatham, who had been placed in com- mand of the enterprise. And Austria, once she had concluded peace, had neither the power nor the will to do anything whatever to save Prussia. King Frederick William was left to his own resources, exactly as he had been three years before. And how could he venture on a struggle against an enemy who held nearly all the fortresses and river crossings of the land, and had half Europe at his back ! However, nothing happened to him. It is well known what kind of a reception Napoleon, as soon as he returned to Paris in November, gave to General Krusemarck, when he offered him the congratulations of King Frederick William on the Treaty of Schön- brunn. The ambassador met with a surly enough welcome. Who was ruling in Prussia ? asked Napo- leon. Was the Austrian Emperor master there ? or was it the Silesian (meaning Count Götzen), or Schill, or " Bluquaire" ? The rabble had made the Revolution in France, the army was doing it in Prussia. Why had not the Queen advised some other policy, for she at any rate had some brains ? He threatened to go himself to Berlin and enforce order. But then he declared that after all he would not make war, however good might be his right to take such a course. He wanted to come to an understanding with the King of Prussia ; but if this was to be done, the King must be in his proper place, at Berlin, not at Königsberg. And then Napoleon went on to 3o8 NAPOLEON treat the helpless man as he had treated TalleTrand. He poured out on the King the most outrageous abuse, but left him in peace. But, as Ranke rightly sums it up, his declarations were not warlike, but pacific ; he did not want to destroy Prussia, but to keep her in subjection. It was with this view that a year later he allowed Hardenberg, whom he had had removed from the King's Council at the Treaty of Tilsit, to become once more the chief minister of Prussia, and though he all the while worried and pressed the Berlin Government on the subject of the payment of the Prussian war indemnity, he neverthe- less permitted it to be again and again deferred. CHAPTER VII CRISIS AND CATASTROPHE TPHE alliance of Tilsit still held good. Alexander also had become the enemy of Austria, and in accordance with the arrangements made at Erfurt had taken part in the war. However, he had not dis- played much activity ; and Napoleon's Polish allies, who under Poniatowski had thrown themselves with fiery zeal into the struggle, had done more than the Russians. The latter did not make their appearance until the Austrians, who at the outset had penetrated into the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, had been expelled from it, and their Polish opponents had invaded Galicia. When the Russians entered Cracow they nearly came to blows with the Poles, while they allowed the Austrians to withdraw unmolested from the place. The Peace of Vienna gave to each what their efforts had merited ; to the Czar the district of Tarnopol, to the Poles the city, where in old days they had crowned their kings. The Czar, who had hoped to have the whole of Galicia, was extremely discontented. However, simultaneously with the conclusion of peace, Napoleon sent to St. Petersburg the reassuring declaration that he had no idea of restoring Poland. But, as a matter of fact, the Emperor's policy had already taken a direction that made it worth his while to arouse the goodwill of Poland in his favour. And he was actually coming nearer to the idea of looking 309 3IO NAPOLEON out for some other support, now that that which he had expected from Russia had practically failed him. And this could only be the Power which he had just conquered, the only Great Power besides France and Russia that still remained intact in all the Continent. In Vienna, too, such views were not altogether un- welcome. For while the Czar had made peace with Sweden, which ceded Finland to him (September, 1 809), he was still carrying on the war with Turkey*, with a view to obtaining possession of the Danubian Principalities. This was an intrusion into the Austrian sphere of influence, and that Power was necessarily more seriously affected by it than at any earlier time, for Napoleon had now forced her to look for her most important field of activity in the countries along the Danube. Thus a change in the whole situation was developing, which led to the rupture of the Treaty of Tilsit, and to Napoleon's attack upon Russia, and the first step in it was the marriage of Napoleon with Marie Louise. At the same time this step cannot be accounted for merely by considering the state of affairs in Europe, for it had its motives also in the internal situation in France, and, above all, in its bearing on Napoleon's policy considered as a ligbdk« .JS^e have seen indeed how hereditary right was made the basis of the Empire, but Josephine being childless, Napo- leon had found himself under the necessity of naming his brothers Joseph and Louis as the hope of the new dynasty. Then the development of his policy brought with it the portioning out of vassal States among his relatives, and this system was to be further strengthened by marriages to be arranged with the sons and daughters of princely families. Thus Joseph CRISIS AND CATASTROPHE 311 wedded the daughter of Frederick of Wurtemberg, Eugene a Bavarian Princess, Caroline Bonaparte received with the hand of Murat, first a German principality, the Grand Duchy of Berg, and then the Crown of Naples, and Stephanie Beauhamais married into the princely house of Baden. But, nevertheless, the taint of upstart origin that clung to the Empire had not been dissipated, even by all this ; and besides the question of Napoleon*s successor had been made all the more difficult by the fact that Joseph and Louis had been given the crowns of foreign countries, and it was hardly conceivable that either of them could unite in his person a foreign crown and that of the French Empire. The Emperor had at first thought of adopting the eldest son of Louis and choosing him as his successor ; but in the spring of 1 807 came the death of this handsome and gifted youth, for whom the Emperor cherished a deep affection. And the brothers of Napoleon counted for less in this matter of the succession, because they had disappointed the hopes he had built upon their co-operation in his work. For, like Murat, they were, almost against their will, compelled to assert the particular interests of the countries they ruled, and this too even where such interests ran counter to the general tendency of the Imperial policy. Louis especially had become a persistent and very incon- venient advocate of the interests of Holland, which indeed were seriously prejudiced by the general closing of the ports of the Continent. Joseph was very soon at variance with the French generals, and bitterly complained that his brother would not allow him to give his subjects any part in the blessings of peaceful civil rule. Jerome, too, gave trouble, and 3ia NAPOLEON had to submit to his brother placing a monitor by his side in the person of Count Reinhard, the friend of Goethe. Finally, Murat fell under well-grounded suspicion of having had a hand in the intrigues of January, 1809. Eugene, the Viceroy of Italy, wu the only one who remained always submissive to hia stepfather, and carried out all his commands. The contrast between the relatives of Napoleon and those of his wife, which was apparent from the outset, wu thus made all the more striking. But there was also a political influence that had its effect on Eugene's attitude. From the very banning the hopes of Italy had been centred on France, and Napoleon's victories over Austria had been the best means <^ promoting the object to which these aspirations were directed, namely, the unity of the nation. CRISIS AND CATASTROPHE 313 Josephine had long endeavoured to avert the wreck of her happiness, which was thus drawing nigh, and she had spared neither entreaties, nor reproaches, nor tears. And it must be said that for Napoleon, too, the decision to separate himself from his once-loved wife was not an easy one to make. But at last even she surrendered to what was represented as inevitable necessity, and the Emperor did what he could to make her lot less difficult. She was to retain the title of Empress, and to have Malmaison as her residence, and she was given a Court and an allow- ance that enabled her to meet the expenses of her widowed life without economies. It was more difficult for Napoleon to choose a wife for himself among the princesses of Europe than it had been to select consorts for his relatives. He would not think of choosing a wife among his vassals. For him there was question only of some princess from one of the reigning families of the Great Powers. At first, and indeed very soon after the Treaty of Tilsit, he had thought of making him- self the brother-in-law of his Russian ally, who had two sisters, Catherine and Anne, to dispose of. But this project was now only a ball that was thrown backwards and forwards in the diplomatic game between Paris and St. Petersburg. But here Alex- ander showed himself the more skilful juggler of the two, or found better excuses than his adversary by sheltering himself behind his mother, who, as he regretfully stated, was continually raising new diffi- culties. Nevertheless, up to the meeting at Erfurt, he allowed the Emperor to hope for the hand of the elder sister. B ut he had hardly gone back to St. Petersburg, when Catherine was married to Prince 314 NAPOLEON George of Mecklenburg. The Grand Duchess Anne was then just fourteen years old. Nevertheless, her marriage became the subject of further negotiations, though the Russians continually brought forward objections arising from her extreme youth and the difficulties of the question of religion. At last, at the beginning of February, i8io. Napoleon, tired of all this delay, took upon himself to inform the Czar that he no longer aspired to the hand of hit sister. This happened in connection with an embar- rassing development of the Polish question. Alex- ander had required from the Emperor an authentic declaration that in his official acts the very name of Poland should never be mentioned. On the same day that Napoleon brusquely rejected this demand (which reminds one of the well-known step taken by Napoleon III with King William over the Spanish question), the negotiations with Austria as to his marriage with Marie Louise were brought to a con- clusion — so closely did the two affiiirs hang together. These negotiations had been going on for months, and had probably been begun by Count Mettemich, who since the peace had been the leading Minister of Austria. But we may assume that he had been ap- proached on the subject also on Napoleon's part. The daughter of the Emperor Francis was in many ways the very opposite of Josephine. She was eighteen years of age, with a fresh blond com- plexion, neither beautiful, nor witty, nor with the coquettish graces of her predecessor ; a well-brought- up princess, who, as the daughter of the most easy- going Sovereign that sat upon a throne, waited to be given by her fate to the husband that high policy might select for her. Once her lot was decided. CRISIS AND CATASTROPHE 315 everything went on as quickly as Napoleon wished. On the 1 1 th of March, 1 8 1 o, the marriage was cele- brated by proxy at Vienna, the Archduke Charles speaking in the name of his conqueror. On the 27th the Emperor received his chosen bride at Com- pi^gne, whither he had hastened to meet her, and took possession of the easiest of his conquests. On the ist of April the civil marriage was performed at St. Cloud, and on the following day the ecclesiastical ceremony was again carried out amidst the greatest pomp. In contrast with what he had done with Josephine, he gave the daughter of the Austrian Emperor a much more public position as the sharer of his throne and of his power. In this same spring he took her with him on his journey to the Nether- lands, and shared with her the homage he received from his subjects. Later on, when there was a re- newed outbreak of war, he entrusted the Regency to her. And moreover it is generally agreed that he not only ensured for his second wife all the splen- dours that befitted her position, but also treated her with chivalrous attention and real affection. Never had the Empire witnessed such brilliant days of high festival as in this year. They reached their climax after the birth of her son, in whose cradle the happy father laid the crown of Rome, thus marking him out, like the son of a medieval Emperor, for the inheritance of his own world-wide power. During all this time the Emperor remained at home. For the first time he left to his marshals the entire conduct of the war, which was going on un- interruptedly in Spain. Nevertheless, he did not keep his arms folded. As before, he had everything under his own control, little and great, politics and 3i6 NAPOLEON administrative matters, ecclesiastical affairs and educa- tion. Only a small part of his official documents has been printed, and yet we already have a good deal more than twenty thousand separate papers, letters, bulletins, instructions, and other original documents that bear his strongly marked signature, scrawled upon them with a quickly dashed off* " TNT," " Ni^^* or ^^ Napir Every day he kept two secretaries hard at work. He dictated his orders to them as he stood at the window of his study, or as he walked up and down the room, with his arm slightly bent and his fist closed. He himself was never tired when there was business to be done, and when was he not busy ? We are told that in the spring of 1 803 he once worked uninterruptedly for three dajrs and nights, one after the other ; then, still reading des- patches, sat for three hours in a bath, and only after that gave himself a few hours' sleep. For this strong man had made sleep, too, his subject. His brain was so organised, or his iron will had so trained it, that he could command sleep when he wished. In the midst of the thunder of Wagram, on the second day of the battle, when he saw that the victory was in his hands, his attendant, Roustan, was told to spread a bearskin on the ground, and twenty minutes of deep sleep were enough to restore to the Emperor all his active energy. He was no longer the im- petuous man he had been in the days before the 1 9th of Brumaire. The order, the organised strength that he had secured for Ffance, was reflected in his own bearing. He had really become ^^ the man who could not be amused/' as Talleyrand had with malicious sarcasm described him. He had lost the power of laughter, and if at times a smile played upon his thin, close- pressed lips, there was mingled with it a trace of irony and a bitter sense of ridicule, with perhaps too a touch of melancholy. A flutter of anxiety went before him as he strode through the ranks of his courtiers, or as he passed into the circle of the ladies, addressing a brief word now to one now to another, as if he were giving orders, so that he was apt to offend them with his brusque and mocking ways. It was a manner in which, besides his consciousness of power, and the seriousness that always over- shadowed his features, there was still to be traced something of his old awkwardness in the society of women. He took more care of his exterior than in the days when he visited the salons of Madame Tallien and the Marquise de Beauharnais. On great days of ceremony he glittered in the Imperial robes, which had been designed by Isabey. But, as a rule, the Emperor appeared as a soldier, and in as simple a dress as of yore, weariogr^he uniform of his grenadiers or that of the chasseurs-ä-cheval, on his breast the Legion of Honour and perhaps some minor decora- tions. As time went oh^he had grown stouter. The short chestnut-brown ham was becoming grey and thin about his brows. His complexion was as pale as ever, and his features harder. From his blue- grey eyes there shone no longer the fire of the days of Areola, but all the more intense was their expres- 3i8 NAPOLEON sion of coldly watchful strength and unapproachable majesty. • • • • »v * But all the festal days and all the labours of peace could not make Napoleon forget that France was still at war. At the time of the marriage the affairs in Spain were going badly. Since the summer the English, now under Wellington's command, had begun to show themselves a match for the French. In the autumn Mass6na was encamped before the strongly fortified positions that Wellington had prepared at Torres Vedras, stretching from the Tagus to the sea. All through the winter he hoped to reduce them, but in March, after terrible losses, he had to retire into Spain, where the guerilla warfare had blazed up again in every province. The English showed themselves also at other points on the coasts, and everjrwhere there was need of standing on the defensive. Napoleon was still busying himself with plans for maritime expeditions against the West and East Indies, and even clung to the idea of a dash at Eng^ land. The work of rebuilding the fleet went on un- ceasingly. He hoped to have made such progress by the autumn of 1 8 1 2 that he could then venture on a fresh attempt at invasion. Till then the closing of the ports of the Continent must be his strongest weapon against his inaccesible enemy. And it was hoped that this would not only serve as a defence, but also play the part of a system of fiscal protection, developing the industry of France and making the Continent de- pendent on it. And this object was attained in a marked degree. Wherever Napoleon directly ruled only the advantages of the system were experienced. Aix-la-Chapelle, Crefeld, and the whole Rhineland on CRISIS AND CATASTROPHE 319 the left bank of the great river owed to the Con- tinental Blockade the rapid advance of their industries. And if these districts, as well as Belgium and Italy, felt the competition of the more strongly developed in- dustry and organised capitalism of France, the balance was set right by the mutual exchange of the products of the various regions. The silk manufactories of Lyons were especially prosperous. After suffering serious losses from the Revolution, they had revived since the Consulate. So too the woollen industry that had its chief centres in Aix-la-Chapelle, Eupen, Verviers, and Reims. Even the linen trade, which had had a hard struggle against the competition of the cotton factories, was developing at Ghent and Mul- house. The iron industry, too, benefited by the closing of the ports, and finally the trade in objects of art and ornament, with Paris for its centre, became more supreme and more profitable than ever before in the markets of the Continent. The maritime towns were declining, but the inland cities were all the more pros- perous, and most of all Strasburg, as the frontier town nearest to Germany, and to the whole region of the Danube. But all the more this commercial policy proved itself a burden to the countries whose indus- tries were less developed, and whose products were adapted for exportation over sea, especially for trade with England, as well as for the great commercial ports that served this trade. This was the case with all the States on the North Sea and the Baltic that lay outside the French customs frontier, and above all with the countries of Eastern Europe, including all the Austrian and Russian dominions. In all these countries commercial losses and political oppression combined to make the supremacy of the French 320 NAPOLEON Empire more and more hated as the years went on. And now even in France itself this overstrained system of protection began to break down. Since May, 1810, there had been a series of bankruptcies^ which began in the outlying provinces, at Lübeck, and at Amsterdam. These were the first signs of commercial disturbance, and in the course of a year it developed into a complete collapse of trade and in- dustry even in France itself. The immediate cause might be a crisis in the trade in colonial products ; but in this, as in other symptoms of commercial weakness, it was clearly seen that the ultimate cause was the political system, in favour of which the one absolute ruler had exerted all his power. So even in France public opinion was aroused against the Continental Blockade. Already the Emperor had felt himself compelled to do something to alleviate the situation by granting here and there more liberal licences to deal with English traders. But he could not now give up his system of ^^ Blockade.** He tried to promote busi- ness activity by giving special privileges to manu&c- turers, by establishing funds from which advances could be made to them, and by placing with them orders for the State and the Court, and in this way, as well as by the erection of customs barriers on the Continent, he did at least strengthen the French industrial markets. He took these steps not so much for the sake of the employers as for that of the workmen, for his power depended on the contentment of the masses. But in the long run all this had very little effect. The stag- nation of trade continued. At Paris, in 181 1, things came to such a pass that relief works were established, with direct payment by the Government of those em- ployed on them, and it was the same in the Provinces« CRISIS AND CATASTROPHE 321 But in the vassal states men had already been trying for some time to help themselves. Smuggling had become a flourishing occupation, and at a hundred points the Continental Blockade was broken, and the forbidden British goods found their way by secret methods into all these countries. Only where French troops and French customs officers were posted, could the Emperor to a certain extent count upon the Blockade system being kept up. Where people would not co-operate in enforcing it, he had to see to it himself, by annexing the refractory States, but this was not a course to which he was really inclined. He gave some proof of this in 1 8 1 1 in the case of Düsseldorf, when the leading men of the place, in the interests of their business, asked for incorporation in the Empire, or at least a customs union with it. He persistently refused to grant their request. But he found that he could not afford to leave the coast districts out of his control, and thus as early as the summer of 18 10, Holland was reduced to the position of a Province, and in the winter the coast districts of Germany up to the Bay of Lübeck were brought under the same regime, and Jerome learned from the Moniteur that his brother had taken away from him a quarter of his dominions and a third part of his revenues. The Spanish territories as far as the Ebro had the same fate. It was the old story ; further and further he extended his rule, so long as no barrier was raised against it from without. Yet even in France the joints of the huge struc- ture were beginning to give way. The relations with the Church were becoming strained, and their main- tenance was one of the corner-stones of the new 322 NAPOLEON State. Since 1808, when Napoleon had occupied Rome and the States of the Church, the Pope had declared himself hostile to him. Pius VII openly showed his sympathy with the rising in Spain. It had hardly broken out when he protested against the violence done to his own States, and forbade the bishops in the annexed Lotions to take the oath of allegiance to the Emperor. In reply, Napoleon, in April, 1809, immediately after his first triumph at Schönbrunn, proclaimed the States of the Church a province, and Rome a free city of the Empire. On the loth of July the Pope was informed of what had been done, and was told that he had been placed under a Law of Guarantees, an income of two millions of francs assured to him, and that he would be left in possession of his property and palaces. A bull of excommunication had long been ready. Before sunset the Pope had signed it. Napoleon did not delay his reply a moment. Treating the bull as a call for revolt against him, he made the Pope a prisoner, and had him taken first to Savona, and then to Grenoble. It was in the very hour when the cannon were thundering at Wagram that the French troops forced their way into the Quirinal. Pius had counted upon the victory of Austria, but the ordeal of batde had declared against him. The Cardinals and the Monsignori, the Generals of the religious orders, the Papal oflicials and the archives were brought to Paris. In February, 18 10, the Senate decreed the union of the States of the Church with France. A national council of bishops was directed to give effect to the Emperor*8 will. Oppo- sition was not lacking in its ranks, but Napoleon would brook no contradiction. In June, 181 1, he CRISIS AND CATASTROPHE 323 assembled a body of French, Belgian, and Italian pre- lates. Those who opposed him were in part silenced by being thrown into prison, and the rest of the fathers voted the Decree which the Emperor dictated to them, and which gave the archbishop of each ecclesiastical province the right of instituting a bishop named by the Emperor, in case the Pope should withhold his approval for more than six months. Pius was broken down ; under the strongest pres- sure, and with bitter grief, he gave up the right that had been his last weapon. He, too, was now num- bered among those the Emperor had vanquished. It was with reluctance that Napoleon allowed him- self to be drawn into a course that threatened to bring him back to the methods of the Jacobins. For by so doing he was placing himself in more and more open contradiction with the policy on which he had founded his throne. But so fate would have it ; he who embodied the system that was meant to be the end of the Revolution, must, if he was to main- tain this system in being, have recourse again to the methods which the Revolution had adopted in days of aimless terrorism.
| 40,365 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonoti%20Ioane
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Fonoti Ioane
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fonoti Ioane&action=history
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English
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Spoken
| 276 | 395 |
Fonoti Matautia Ioane (John) Brown (17 February 1901 – 9 October 1974) was a Western Samoan chief, businessman and politician. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly in two spells between 1948 and 1957, and held the portfolios of Agriculture and Health.
Biography
Born in 1901, Ioane was educated at the Marist Brothers school between 1908 and 1913. He worked as a salesman for Burns Philp and Westbrook before setting up his own business. He owned a bakery in Matatufu, ran a successful plantation in Lotofaga and owned cattle, as well as setting up Samoa Traders and J.B. Fonoti. In the 1940s he was described as the only independent Samoan merchant in Apia. In 1939 he was a claimant to the Mata'afa title, but lost it to Fiame Faumuina.
A member of the Fono of Faipule, he served as its president between 1939 and 1947. In 1948 he was elected to the new Legislative Assembly. Although he lost his seat in 1951, he returned to the Legislative Assembly following the 1954 elections, after which he joined the Executive Council and was given the Agriculture portfolio. In 1956 the Executive Council was reorganised and he became member for Health.
Ioane retired from politics due to ill health prior to the 1957 elections. In 1959 he was appointed a director of the new Bank of Western Samoa. However, he returned to politics to contest the 1964 elections, running against incumbent Prime Minister Fiame Mataafa. He lost by 60 votes to 26.
Ioane died in October 1974.
References
1901 births
Samoan chiefs
20th-century Samoan businesspeople
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Samoa
Government ministers of Samoa
1974 deaths
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https://github.com/Anthony-Tatowicz/piOS/blob/master/src/shell/shell.h
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
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piOS
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Anthony-Tatowicz
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C
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Code
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// *****************************************************************************
// Anthony Tatowicz
//
// shell.h - Shell header
// *****************************************************************************
#ifndef _SHELL_H_
#define _SHELL_H_
#define MENU_LENGTH 8
#define DIR_OFFSET 8
#define FILE_OFFSET 18
#define CMD_OFFSET 2
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <ncurses.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include "list.h"
void shell_init(char *dir);
void free_item(void *data);
int read_dir(DIR *dir, list_t *hist);
int read_files(char *dir);
void main_loop_fn();
void print_list(list_t *head, char *title, int pos);
void print_ops();
void print_header();
int edit();
int run();
int change_dir();
void help();
node_t *next(list_t *head, node_t *current);
node_t *prev(list_t *head, node_t *current);
enum Commands {
QUIT = 'q',
RUN = 'r',
EDIT = 'e',
CHDIR = 'c',
NEXT = 'n',
PREV = 'p',
RESET = 's'
};
extern int errno;
#endif
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sn83045462_1957-03-17_1_188_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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None
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None
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Spoken
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Sch I ifzfoa sf to €&r 1 ' fm V I I |* — —J J J - up, rugs down! Then—glasses up, Schlitz down! i/ *• • • * " .J. Hint s WHIM YOU GIT Rt - IRISH - IMG UGHT - NISS r% * f a • ~ t Q b u i Schlitzier surroundings. W) J ~ i ■ j— ~- Today’s Schlitz is adult refreshment. Paced to modern WARMTH ANC IRUND - SHIP LOTS Os SCHLITZ leisure. Sits light because it’s Schlitzlight. You drink more Qb j i | I °f without feeling full. y> i -tyj4- f J--. j ju>] g=j A most hearth-warming gift is a Schlitzpak, a carton of wu u " SCHun U6MT - lI6MT - K " un! six. Unless you’re a real Schlitzsport. Then you’ll bring a Schlitzcase. 20 THE SUNDAY STAR MAGAZINE,.
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https://openalex.org/W2304593758
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OpenAlex
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Open Science
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CC-By
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Search for top and bottom squarks from gluino pair production in final states with missing transverse energy and at least three b-jets with the ATLAS detector
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G. Aad
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English
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Spoken
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Search for top and bottom squarks from gluino pair production
in final states with missing transverse energy and at least three
b-jets with the ATLAS detector The ATLAS Collaboration⋆
CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Received: 19 July 2012 / Revised: 10 September 2012 / Published online: 6 October 2012
© CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS collaboration 2012. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Received: 19 July 2012 / Revised: 10 September 2012 / Published online: 6 October 2012
© CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS collaboration 2012. This article is published with op ther directly in pairs, or through ˜g ˜g production followed by
˜g →˜b1b or ˜g →˜t1t decays. Abstract This letter reports the results of a search for top
and bottom squarks from gluino pair production in 4.7 fb−1
of pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV using the ATLAS detector at
the LHC. The search is performed in events with large miss-
ing transverse momentum and at least three jets identified as
originating from a b-quark. Exclusion limits are presented
for a variety of gluino-mediated models with gluino masses
up to 1 TeV excluded. This letter extends the search for gluino-mediated ˜b1 and
˜t1 production at ATLAS reported earlier [19], which used
2.05 fb−1 of data collected in the first half of 2011 at a
center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV. The present analysis com-
prises the full 2011 dataset of 4.7 fb−1 and adopts an im-
proved selection that requires large Emiss
T
, no electron or
muon and at least three jets identified as originating from
b-quarks (b-jets) in the final state. Results are interpreted in
four simplified models where sbottoms or stops are the only
squarks produced in the gluino decays, leading to final states
with four b-quarks. Searches in similar scenarios have also
been reported by the CMS Collaboration [20]. Supersymmetry (SUSY) [1–9] provides an extension of the
Standard Model (SM) which resolves the hierarchy prob-
lem [10–13] by introducing supersymmetric partners of the
known bosons and fermions. In the framework of the R-
parity conserving minimal supersymmetric extension of the
SM (MSSM) [14–18], SUSY particles are produced in pairs
and the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) is stable, pro-
viding a possible candidate for dark matter. In a large vari-
ety of models, the LSP is the lightest neutralino ( ˜χ0
1 ). 1ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with its origin at the
nominal interaction point (IP) in the center of the detector and the z-
axis along the beam pipe. The x-axis points from the IP to the center
of the LHC ring, and the y axis points upward. Cylindrical coordinates
(r,φ) are used in the transverse plane, φ being the azimuthal angle
around the beam pipe. The pseudorapidity is defined in terms of the
polar angle θ as η = −lntan(θ/2). The distance R in the η−φ space
is defined as R =
(η)2 + (φ)2. Eur. Phys. J. C (2012) 72:2174
DOI 10.1140/epjc/s10052-012-2174-z Letter Letter ⋆e-mail: [email protected] Search for top and bottom squarks from gluino pair production
in final states with missing transverse energy and at least three
b-jets with the ATLAS detector For the comparison with data, all SM background cross sec-
tions are normalized to the results of higher-order calcula-
tions when available, using the same values as in Ref. [19]. Jets are reconstructed from three-dimensional calori-
meter energy clusters using the anti-kt jet algorithm [34, 35]
with a radius parameter of 0.4. The measured jet energy is
corrected for inhomogeneities and for the non-compensating
nature of the calorimeter by using pT- and η-dependent cor-
rection factors, and additional corrections for pile-up are
applied [36]. Jets are required to have pT > 20 GeV, and
are reconstructed in the range |η| < 4.9. Events are rejected
if they include jets failing the quality criteria described in
Ref. [36], or if there is any selected jet with |η| < 2 for which
the scalar sum of the transverse momenta of its associated
tracks is less than 5 % of the jet pT. A neural-network-based
algorithm [37] is used to identify jets containing a b-hadron
decay. This uses as input the output weights of different
algorithms exploiting the impact parameter of the inner de-
tector tracks, the secondary vertex reconstruction and the
topology of b- and c-hadron decays inside the jet. Three
operating points are used, corresponding to efficiencies of
60 %, 70 % and 75 % for tagging b-jets in a MC sample
of t ¯t events. In all cases the tagging rate is less than 2 %
for light-quark and gluon jets, 10 % for τ leptons decaying
hadronically and 25 % for c-quark jets. The b-jets are iden-
tified within the nominal acceptance of the inner detector
(|η| < 2.5) and are required to have pT > 30 GeV. Search for top and bottom squarks from gluino pair production
in final states with missing transverse energy and at least three
b-jets with the ATLAS detector SR
NJ
Emiss
T
meff
b-tag OP
SR4-L
≥4j
>160 GeV
>500 GeV
60 %
SR4-M
≥4j
>160 GeV
>700 GeV
60 %
SR4-T
≥4j
>160 GeV
>900 GeV
70 %
SR6-L
≥6j
>160 GeV
>700 GeV
70 %
SR6-T
≥6j
>200 GeV
>900 GeV
75 %
Common
criteria:
lepton
veto,
pj1
T
> 130
GeV,
≥3
b-jets,
Emiss
T
/meff > 0.2, φmin > 0.4 Table 2 Definition of the four control regions used to estimate the
t ¯t + jets background Table 2 Definition of the four control regions used to estimate the
t ¯t + jets background
CR
NJ
b-tag OP
corresponding SR
CR4-60
≥4j
60 %
SR4-L, SR4-M
CR4-70
≥4j
70 %
SR4-T
CR6-70
≥6j
70 %
SR6-L
CR6-75
≥6j
75 %
SR6-T
Common
criteria:
lepton
veto,
pj1
T
> 130
GeV,
=2
b-jets,
Emiss
T
/meff > 0.2, φmin > 0.4, Emiss
T
> 160 GeV, meff > 500 GeV scale factors are applied to each jet in the simulations, as
described in Refs. [37–39]. ,
g
[
]
Jets are reconstructed from three-dimensional calori-
meter energy clusters using the anti-kt jet algorithm [34, 35]
with a radius parameter of 0.4. The measured jet energy is
corrected for inhomogeneities and for the non-compensating
nature of the calorimeter by using pT- and η-dependent cor-
rection factors, and additional corrections for pile-up are
applied [36]. Jets are required to have pT > 20 GeV, and
are reconstructed in the range |η| < 4.9. Events are rejected
if they include jets failing the quality criteria described in
Ref. [36], or if there is any selected jet with |η| < 2 for which
the scalar sum of the transverse momenta of its associated
tracks is less than 5 % of the jet pT. A neural-network-based
algorithm [37] is used to identify jets containing a b-hadron
decay. This uses as input the output weights of different
algorithms exploiting the impact parameter of the inner de-
tector tracks, the secondary vertex reconstruction and the
topology of b- and c-hadron decays inside the jet. Three
operating points are used, corresponding to efficiencies of
60 %, 70 % and 75 % for tagging b-jets in a MC sample
of t ¯t events. In all cases the tagging rate is less than 2 %
for light-quark and gluon jets, 10 % for τ leptons decaying
hadronically and 25 % for c-quark jets. Search for top and bottom squarks from gluino pair production
in final states with missing transverse energy and at least three
b-jets with the ATLAS detector To com-
pensate for the differences between the b-tagging efficiency
and the mistag rates in data and MC simulation, b-tagging Table 1 Definition of the five signal regions based on the number of
jets (NJ ), the Emiss
T
, meff requirements and the b-tagging operating
point (OP) Table 1 Definition of the five signal regions based on the number of
jets (NJ ), the Emiss
T
, meff requirements and the b-tagging operating
point (OP) Table 1 Definition of the five signal regions based on the number of
jets (NJ ), the Emiss
T
, meff requirements and the b-tagging operating
point (OP) Samples of simulated events are used for the descrip-
tion of the background and to model the SUSY signal. The dominant sources of background come from events
with b-quarks in the final state. Monte Carlo (MC) sam-
ples of t ¯t, W/Z and diboson events produced in associ-
ation with light- and heavy-flavor jets are generated with
ALPGEN [22] and the parton distribution function (PDF) set
CTEQ6L1 [23]. These samples are generated with differ-
ent maximum numbers of additional partons at the matrix-
element level. Diboson samples are generated with up to
three additional partons, t ¯t + jet and Z(→ℓ+ℓ−) + jets
(ℓ= e,μ,τ) samples with up to five additional partons, and
W(→ℓν) + jets and Z(→¯νν) + jet samples with up to six
additional partons. Single top quark production is simulated
with MC@NLO [24] using the next-to-leading-order (NLO)
PDF set CTEQ6.6 [25]. The fragmentation and hadroniza-
tion for the ALPGEN and MC@NLO samples are performed
with HERWIG [26, 27], using JIMMY [28] for the underly-
ing event. Samples of t ¯t +W, t ¯t +Z and t ¯t +WW events are
generated with MADGRAPH [29] interfaced to PYTHIA [30]. The signal samples are generated using Herwig++ [31]. The MC samples are processed through the ATLAS detector
simulation [32] based on GEANT4 [33] taking into account
the effect of multiple pp interactions per bunch crossing. For the comparison with data, all SM background cross sec-
tions are normalized to the results of higher-order calcula-
tions when available, using the same values as in Ref. [19]. Search for top and bottom squarks from gluino pair production
in final states with missing transverse energy and at least three
b-jets with the ATLAS detector C (2012) 72:2174
Table 1 Definition of the five signal regions based on the number of
jets (NJ ), the Emiss
T
, meff requirements and the b-tagging operating
point (OP)
SR
NJ
Emiss
T
meff
b-tag OP
SR4-L
≥4j
>160 GeV
>500 GeV
60 %
SR4-M
≥4j
>160 GeV
>700 GeV
60 %
SR4-T
≥4j
>160 GeV
>900 GeV
70 %
SR6-L
≥6j
>160 GeV
>700 GeV
70 %
SR6-T
≥6j
>200 GeV
>900 GeV
75 %
Common
criteria:
lepton
veto,
pj1
T
> 130
GeV,
≥3
b-jets,
Emiss
T
/meff > 0.2, φmin > 0.4
Table 2 Definition of the four control regions used to estimate the
t ¯t + jets background
CR
NJ
b-tag OP
corresponding SR
CR4-60
≥4j
60 %
SR4-L, SR4-M
CR4-70
≥4j
70 %
SR4-T
CR6-70
≥6j
70 %
SR6-L
CR6-75
≥6j
75 %
SR6-T
Common
criteria:
lepton
veto,
pj1
T
> 130
GeV,
=2
b-jets,
Emiss
T
/meff > 0.2, φmin > 0.4, Emiss
T
> 160 GeV, meff > 500 GeV Samples of simulated events are used for the descrip-
tion of the background and to model the SUSY signal. The dominant sources of background come from events
with b-quarks in the final state. Monte Carlo (MC) sam-
ples of t ¯t, W/Z and diboson events produced in associ-
ation with light- and heavy-flavor jets are generated with
ALPGEN [22] and the parton distribution function (PDF) set
CTEQ6L1 [23]. These samples are generated with differ-
ent maximum numbers of additional partons at the matrix-
element level. Diboson samples are generated with up to
three additional partons, t ¯t + jet and Z(→ℓ+ℓ−) + jets
(ℓ= e,μ,τ) samples with up to five additional partons, and
W(→ℓν) + jets and Z(→¯νν) + jet samples with up to six
additional partons. Single top quark production is simulated
with MC@NLO [24] using the next-to-leading-order (NLO)
PDF set CTEQ6.6 [25]. The fragmentation and hadroniza-
tion for the ALPGEN and MC@NLO samples are performed
with HERWIG [26, 27], using JIMMY [28] for the underly-
ing event. Samples of t ¯t +W, t ¯t +Z and t ¯t +WW events are
generated with MADGRAPH [29] interfaced to PYTHIA [30]. The signal samples are generated using Herwig++ [31]. The MC samples are processed through the ATLAS detector
simulation [32] based on GEANT4 [33] taking into account
the effect of multiple pp interactions per bunch crossing. Search for top and bottom squarks from gluino pair production
in final states with missing transverse energy and at least three
b-jets with the ATLAS detector The
colored superpartners of quarks and gluons, the squarks ( ˜q)
and gluinos ( ˜g), if not too heavy, would be produced in
strong interaction processes at the Large Hadron Collider
(LHC) and decay via cascades ending with the LSP. The
undetected LSP results in missing transverse momentum—
whose magnitude is referred to as Emiss
T
—while the rest of
the cascade yields final states with multiple jets and possi-
bly leptons. In the MSSM, the right-handed and left-handed
squarks, ˜qR and ˜qL, can mix to form two mass eigenstates
˜q1 and ˜q2. The mixing effect is proportional to the masses
of the SM fermion partners and can therefore be large for
the third generation. This may lead to the lightest sbottom
( ˜b1) and stop (˜t1) mass eigenstates being much lighter than
the other squarks. As a consequence, ˜b1 and ˜t1 could be pro-
duced with relatively large cross sections at the LHC, ei- The ATLAS detector [21] consists of inner tracking de-
vices surrounded by a superconducting solenoid, electro-
magnetic and hadronic calorimeters and a muon spectrom-
eter with a toroidal magnetic field. The inner detector pro-
vides precision tracking of charged particles for |η| < 2.5.1
It is immersed in a 2 T magnetic field from the solenoid and
consists of a silicon pixel detector, a silicon strip detector
and a straw tube tracker that also provides transition radia-
tion measurements for electron identification. The calorime-
ter system covers the pseudorapidity range |η| < 4.9. It is
composed of sampling calorimeters with either liquid argon
(LAr) or scintillating tiles as the active medium. The muon
spectrometer has separate trigger and high-precision track-
ing chambers which provide muon identification and mo-
mentum measurement for |η| < 2.7. Page 2 of 19 Eur. Phys. J. C (2012) 72:2174 Eur. Phys. J. Search for top and bottom squarks from gluino pair production
in final states with missing transverse energy and at least three
b-jets with the ATLAS detector The numbers of expected SM events in the
four control regions, as predicted by the jet smearing tech-
nique for multi-jet events and by MC simulation for other
processes, are compared to those observed in data in Table 3. The results agree within experimental errors. Two sets of signal regions are defined which yield good
signal sensitivity for the various models and parameter val-
ues studied here. They are characterized by having at least
four (SR4) or six (SR6) jet candidates, no electron or muon,
and are further classified as loose (L), medium (M) or tight
(T) depending on the Emiss
T
and meff thresholds and on the b-
tagging operating point. The requirements that characterize
each signal region are summarized in Table 1. The dominant detector-related systematic effects are due
to the jet energy scale (JES) and resolution (JER) uncer-
tainties, and the uncertainty on the b-tagging efficiency and
mistag rates. The JES uncertainty is derived from a combi-
nation of simulations, test beam data and in-situ measure-
ments [36], and includes additional uncertainties due to the
jet flavor and nearby jets. Uncertainties on the JER are ob-
tained with an in-situ measurement of the jet response asym-
metry in di-jet events. These uncertainties on jets are propa-
gated to the Emiss
T
measurement, and additional uncertainties
on Emiss
T
arising from energy deposits not associated with
any reconstructed objects are also included. The b-tagging
uncertainty is evaluated by varying the η-, T- and flavor-
dependent scale factors applied to each jet in the simulation
within a range that reflects the systematic uncertainty on the
measured tagging efficiency and mistag rates. The main source of reducible background is the pro-
duction of t ¯t events in association with additional jets fol-
lowed by the leptonic decay of one W boson, where the lep-
ton is not reconstructed or is misidentified as a jet (mainly
through the hadronic decays of a τ lepton). This background
is estimated by normalizing the MC event yield in the sig-
nal region to the extrapolated event yield observed in a t ¯t-
dominated control region. Systematic uncertainties that are
correlated between the control and the signal regions largely
cancel out in this procedure. Additional sources of reducible
background are single top, t ¯t + W/Z and W/Z + heavy-
flavor jets. Search for top and bottom squarks from gluino pair production
in final states with missing transverse energy and at least three
b-jets with the ATLAS detector The uncertainties include all detector-related
systematic uncertainties stage. Events must pass basic quality criteria to reject de-
tector noise and non-collision backgrounds. They are also
required to have a reconstructed primary vertex associated
with five or more tracks with T > 0.4 GeV; when more
than one such vertex is found, the vertex with the largest
summed 2
T of the associated tracks is chosen as the hard in-
teraction vertex. Events are required to have at least three
b-tagged jets, and two jet-multiplicity regions (NJ ≥4 and
NJ ≥6) are considered by selecting jets with |η| < 2.8 and
T > 50 GeV. stage. Events must pass basic quality criteria to reject de-
tector noise and non-collision backgrounds. They are also
required to have a reconstructed primary vertex associated
with five or more tracks with T > 0.4 GeV; when more
than one such vertex is found, the vertex with the largest
summed 2
T of the associated tracks is chosen as the hard in-
teraction vertex. Events are required to have at least three
b-tagged jets, and two jet-multiplicity regions (NJ ≥4 and
NJ ≥6) are considered by selecting jets with |η| < 2.8 and
T > 50 GeV. CR
t ¯t + jets
others
SM
data
CR4-60
330 ± 90
65 ± 25
395 ± 115
402
CR4-70
490 ± 125
100 ± 35
590 ± 160
515
CR6-70
38 ± 11
7 ± 3
45 ± 13
46
CR6-75
40 ± 12
10 ± 4
50 ± 15
52 Two variables are calculated from the reconstructed ob-
jects to further select the events: meff and φmin. The ef-
fective mass meff is defined as the scalar sum of the Emiss
T
and the pT of all selected jets in a given jet-multiplicity re-
gion. The φmin is defined as the minimum azimuthal sep-
aration between the selected jets and the missing transverse
momentum direction. Placing the requirements φmin > 0.4
and Emiss
T
/meff > 0.2 reduces the amount of multi-jet back-
ground, where Emiss
T
results from mis-reconstructed jets or
from neutrinos emitted close to the direction of the jet axis. and Emiss
T
> 160 GeV are applied to all control regions
to make them kinematically similar to the signal regions,
while reducing the contamination from possible SUSY sig-
nal events. The definition of the control regions is summa-
rized in Table 2. Search for top and bottom squarks from gluino pair production
in final states with missing transverse energy and at least three
b-jets with the ATLAS detector The b-jets are iden-
tified within the nominal acceptance of the inner detector
(|η| < 2.5) and are required to have pT > 30 GeV. To com-
pensate for the differences between the b-tagging efficiency
and the mistag rates in data and MC simulation, b-tagging Electrons are reconstructed from energy clusters in the
electromagnetic calorimeter matched to a track in the in-
ner detector. Electron candidates are required to have pT >
20 GeV and |η| < 2.47 and must satisfy the “medium” se-
lection criteria described in Ref. [40]. Muons candidates are
identified using a match between an extrapolated inner de-
tector track and one or more track segments in the muon
spectrometer, and are required to have pT > 10 GeV and
|η| < 2.4. Since electrons are also reconstructed as jets, jets within
a distance of R = 0.2 of an electron candidate are rejected. Furthermore, any lepton candidate with a distance R < 0.4
to the closest remaining jet is discarded. Events containing
any remaining electrons and muons are vetoed in the control
and signal regions defined in Tables 1 and 2. The measurement of the missing transverse momentum
two-dimensional vector (and its magnitude Emiss
T
) is based
on the transverse momenta of all remaining jets with |η| <
4.9, all electron and muon candidates and all calorimeter
clusters not associated to such objects. Events are selected using triggers requiring one high T
jet and Emiss
T
. Different trigger thresholds were used to cope
with the increasing luminosity. These triggers are fully ef-
ficient for this analysis, which requires one jet with pT >
130 GeV and Emiss
T
> 160 GeV at the offline reconstruction Eur. Phys. J. C (2012) 72:2174 Page 3 of 19 Table 3 Expected numbers of SM events and observed data events in
the four t ¯t control regions. The contribution from t ¯t + jets events is
taken directly from MC simulation. The column “others” includes the
contributions from single top, t ¯t + b ¯b, t ¯t + W/Z and W/Z + jets pro-
cesses, also estimated from MC simulation, and the contribution from
multi-jet events which is estimated with the jet smearing technique and
accounts for less than 5 % of the total background. The column “SM”
shows the total expected background and is the sum of the columns
“t ¯t + jets” and “others”. Search for top and bottom squarks from gluino pair production
in final states with missing transverse energy and at least three
b-jets with the ATLAS detector The column “SM” shows the total
expected background and is the sum of the columns “t ¯t + jets” and
“others”. The uncertainties include the statistical and systematic un-
certainties SR
Obs (exp) 95 % CL upper limit
N events
σvis(fb)
SR4-L
23.8 (23.4)
5.1 (5.0)
SR4-M
8.6 (12.8)
1.8 (2.7)
SR4-T
7.1 (9.2)
1.5 (2.0)
SR6-L
9.6 (10.1)
2.0 (2.1)
SR6-T
7.1 (8.3)
1.5 (1.8) certainties
SR
t ¯t + jets
(MC)
others
SM
data
SR4-L
33.3 ± 7.9
(32.6 ± 15.4)
11.1 ± 4.9
44.4 ± 10.0
45
SR4-M
16.4 ± 4.1
(16.1 ± 8.4)
6.6 ± 2.9
23.0 ± 5.4
14
SR4-T
9.6 ± 2.1
(11.4 ± 5.4)
3.7 ± 1.6
13.3 ± 2.6
10
SR6-L
10.3 ± 3.3
(10.0 ± 6.2)
2.4 ± 1.4
12.7 ± 3.6
12
SR6-T
8.3 ± 2.4
(7.9 ± 5.3)
1.6 ± 1.1
9.9 ± 2.6
8 100 GeV in all validation regions to minimize the possible
contamination from stop production. The extrapolated event
yield in the validation regions with at least three b-jets from
the validation regions with exactly two b-jets is found to
be consistent with the number of observed events for all b-
tagging operating points. Uncertainties of 100 % are assumed for the multi-jet pre-
diction and for the cross section of t ¯t and W/Z production
in association with a b ¯b pair. For t ¯t + W/Z production, an
uncertainty of approximatively 70 % has been derived from
the variations of the factorization and renormalization scales
and from the PDF uncertainties [42]. The background predictions have been further validated
using a data-driven method that simultaneously estimates all
SM background contributions with at least one misidentified
b-jet. This method consists of predicting the number of jets
originating from b-quarks in each event by solving a system
of equations based on the number of b-tagged and non b-
tagged jets in the event, along with the b-tagging efficiency
and mistag rates. Consistent background predictions with re-
spect to the fit results have been found in all signal regions. The t ¯t + jets yield in each signal region is extrapolated
from the measured number of events in the corresponding
control region (as per Table 2) using a fit based on the pro-
file likelihood method [43]. Each pair of control and sig-
nal regions is fitted separately, assuming no signal events. Search for top and bottom squarks from gluino pair production
in final states with missing transverse energy and at least three
b-jets with the ATLAS detector The free parameter in each fit is the t ¯t + jets overall nor-
malization scale, while the contributions from subdominant
background processes are fixed at the expected value. Sys-
tematic uncertainties are treated as nuisance parameters con-
strained with a Gaussian function and correlations are taken
into account where appropriate. The results of the fits and
the numbers of observed events for each signal region are
summarized in Table 4. The fitted values of the normaliza-
tion factors for t ¯t + jets are compatible with one and the
main impact of the data-driven estimate is a reduction in
the uncertainty by approximately a factor of two. Figure 1
shows the measured meff distributions and the MC predic-
tions for the SM backgrounds in each signal region. Also
shown are the prediction of two benchmark signal models
described below. Limits for non-SM signal at 95 % confidence level (CL)
are derived by testing the signal plus background hypothesis
in each signal region with the CLs prescription [43]. These
limits are obtained with fits similar to those used to estimate
the background in each signal region, except that the num-
ber of observed events in the signal region is added as an
input to the fit and a second free parameter for the non-SM
signal strength, constrained to be non-negative, is adjusted
in the likelihood maximization. This additional free param-
eter ensures a proper treatment of the expected signal con-
tamination in the control regions when the results are inter-
preted in the framework of specific SUSY scenarios. Model-
independent upper limits at 95 % CL on the number of signal
events and on the visible cross section (defined as the cross
section times kinematic acceptance times experimental ef-
ficiency) for non-SM contributions derived for each signal
region are given in Table 5. These data have been used to derive limits in the param-
eter space of the following SUSY models. The reliability of the MC extrapolation of the t ¯t back-
ground to larger b-jet multiplicities has been checked in val-
idation regions defined with kinematic cuts similar to those
used in the control and signal regions, except that exactly
one isolated electron or muon is required. Search for top and bottom squarks from gluino pair production
in final states with missing transverse energy and at least three
b-jets with the ATLAS detector Their contributions are taken from MC simula-
tion and account for 10 % to 20 % of the total background
depending on the signal region. The irreducible background
t ¯t + b ¯b is also estimated from MC simulation and accounts
for about 10 % of the total background in all signal regions. The reducible contribution from multi-jet events is estimated
with a data-driven method, based on a jet response smearing
technique [41], and is found to account for less than 5 % of
the total background in all signal regions. The systematic uncertainties in the modeling of the t ¯t +
jets background are assessed as follows: the uncertainty due
to the choice of the MC generator is estimated by comparing
the leading-order ALPGEN generator to the MC@NLO gen-
erator; the uncertainty due to the factorization and match-
ing scale ambiguities in ALPGEN are estimated by inde-
pendently varying their nominal settings by factors of one
half and two; the uncertainty due to the finite number of ad-
ditional partons at the matrix-element level is assessed by
comparing inclusive ALPGEN samples generated with up to
three and up to five extra partons. Finally the PDF uncer-
tainties are estimated using the MSTW2008NNLO PDF set. Four control regions where the t ¯t + jets background ac-
counts for more than 80 % of the total yield are defined
by applying the same jet requirements and lepton veto as
in the signal regions, but requiring exactly two b-jets in-
stead of three or more. The requirements meff > 500 GeV Page 4 of 19 Eur. Phys. J. C (2012) 72:2174 Table 5 Observed (expected) 95 % CL upper limits on the non-SM
contributions to all signal regions. Limits are given on numbers of
events and in terms of visible cross sections defined by cross section
times kinematic acceptance times experimental efficiency. Systematic
uncertainties on the SM background estimation are included in the lim-
its Table 4 Comparison between the results of the fits and the numbers
of observed events in the five signal regions. The t ¯t + jets event yield
predicted by the MC simulation is quoted in parentheses. The column
“others” includes the contributions from single top, t ¯t +b ¯b, t ¯t +W/Z,
W/Z + jets and multi-jet processes. Multi-jet events contribute less
than 5 % of the total background. Search for top and bottom squarks from gluino pair production
in final states with missing transverse energy and at least three
b-jets with the ATLAS detector The transverse
mass of the lepton and the Emiss
T
is required to be less than Gluino–sbottom model
MSSM scenarios where the ˜b1 is
the lightest squark, all other squarks are heavier than the
gluino, and m ˜g > m˜b1 > m ˜χ0
1 , so the branching ratio for Eur. Phys. J. C (2012) 72:2174 Page 5 of 19 Page 5 of 19 Fig. 1 Distribution of meff for SR4-L and SR4-T (top) and SR6-L and
SR6-T (bottom). The hatched band shows the systematic uncertainty
on the MC prediction, which includes both experimental uncertain-
ties (among which JES and b-tagging uncertainties are dominant) and
theoretical uncertainties on the background normalization and shape. The label “others” includes the contributions from single top, t ¯t + b ¯b,
t ¯t + W/Z, W/Z + jets and multi-jet processes. The lower plot in each
figure shows the ratio of the observed distribution to that expected for
the SM background. Two signal points (with small and large mass
splitting between the gluino and the LSP) for the Gbb and Gtt models
described in the text are overlaid ¯ t ¯t + W/Z, W/Z + jets and multi-jet processes. The lower plot in each
figure shows the ratio of the observed distribution to that expected for
the SM background. Two signal points (with small and large mass
splitting between the gluino and the LSP) for the Gbb and Gtt models
described in the text are overlaid Fig. 1 Distribution of meff for SR4-L and SR4-T (top) and SR6-L and
SR6-T (bottom). The hatched band shows the systematic uncertainty
on the MC prediction, which includes both experimental uncertain-
ties (among which JES and b-tagging uncertainties are dominant) and
theoretical uncertainties on the background normalization and shape. The label “others” includes the contributions from single top, t ¯t + b ¯b, ˜g →˜b1b decays is 100 %. Sbottoms are produced via ˜g ˜g
or by ˜b1 ˜b1 direct pair production and are assumed to decay
exclusively via ˜b1 →b ˜χ0
1 , where m ˜χ0
1 is set to 60 GeV. Ex-
clusion limits are presented in the (m ˜g,m˜b1) plane. and m ˜g > m˜t1 + mt, so the branching ratio for ˜g →˜t1t de-
cays is 100 %. Stops are produced via ˜g ˜g and ˜t1˜t1 and are
assumed to decay exclusively via ˜t1 →b ˜χ±
1 . Search for top and bottom squarks from gluino pair production
in final states with missing transverse energy and at least three
b-jets with the ATLAS detector 2 Exclusion limits in the (m ˜g,m˜b1) plane for the gluino–sbottom
model (top left), in the (m ˜g,m˜t1) plane for the gluino–stop model (top
right) and in the (m ˜g,m ˜χ0
1 ) plane for the Gbb (bottom left) and Gtt (bot-
tom right) models. The dashed black and solid bold red lines show the
95 % CL expected and observed limits, respectively, including all un-
certainties except the theoretical signal cross-section uncertainty. The
shaded (yellow) bands around the expected limits show the impact of
the experimental uncertainties while the dotted red lines show the im-
pact on the observed limit of the variation of the nominal signal cross
section by 1σ theoretical uncertainty. Also shown for reference are the
previous CDF [44, 45], D0 [46] and ATLAS [19, 42, 47, 48] analyses
(Color figure online) shaded (yellow) bands around the expected limits show the impact of
the experimental uncertainties while the dotted red lines show the im-
pact on the observed limit of the variation of the nominal signal cross
section by 1σ theoretical uncertainty. Also shown for reference are the
previous CDF [44, 45], D0 [46] and ATLAS [19, 42, 47, 48] analyses
(Color figure online) Fig. 2 Exclusion limits in the (m ˜g,m˜b1) plane for the gluino–sbottom
model (top left), in the (m ˜g,m˜t1) plane for the gluino–stop model (top
right) and in the (m ˜g,m ˜χ0
1 ) plane for the Gbb (bottom left) and Gtt (bot-
tom right) models. The dashed black and solid bold red lines show the
95 % CL expected and observed limits, respectively, including all un-
certainties except the theoretical signal cross-section uncertainty. The tance obtained with the Herwig++ samples to the one ob-
tained with dedicated MADGRAPH samples generated with
additional jets. This uncertainty varies from 4 % to 35 %
as a function of m ˜g −m ˜χ0
1 and is included in the ±1σ SUSY
Theory
band. regions are used to set exclusion limits in models charac-
terized by on-shell or off-shell stop production, where top-
enriched final states are expected. The signal region with
the best expected sensitivity at each point in the param-
eter space is used to derive the limits at 95 % CL. Sig-
nal cross sections are calculated to next-to-leading order
in the strong coupling constant, including the resummation
of soft gluon emission at next-to-leading-logarithmic accu-
racy (NLO + NLL) [49–53]. Search for top and bottom squarks from gluino pair production
in final states with missing transverse energy and at least three
b-jets with the ATLAS detector The neutralino
mass is set to 60 GeV, the chargino mass to 120 GeV and
the latter is assumed to decay through a virtual W boson. Exclusion limits are presented in the (m ˜g,m˜t1) plane. Gbb model
Simplified scenarios, where ˜b1 is the lightest
squark but m ˜g < m˜b1. Pair production of gluinos is the only
process taken into account since the masses of all other
sparticles apart from the ˜χ0
1 are set above the TeV scale. A three-body decay via an off-shell sbottom is assumed for
the gluino, yielding a 100 % BR for the decay ˜g →b ¯b ˜χ0
1 . The sbottom mass has no impact on the kinematics of the de-
cay and the exclusion limits are presented in the (m ˜g,m ˜χ0
1 )
plane. Gtt model
Simplified scenarios, where ˜t1 is the lightest
squark but m ˜g < m˜t1. Pair production of gluinos is the only
process taken into account since the mass of all other sparti-
cles apart from the ˜χ0
1 are above the TeV scale. A three-body
decay via off-shell stop is assumed for the gluino, yielding
a 100 % BR for the decay ˜g →t ¯t ˜χ0
1 . The stop mass has
no impact on the kinematics of the decay and the exclusion
limits are presented in the (m ˜g,m ˜χ0
1 ) plane. Gtt model
Simplified scenarios, where ˜t1 is the lightest
squark but m ˜g < m˜t1. Pair production of gluinos is the only
process taken into account since the mass of all other sparti-
cles apart from the ˜χ0
1 are above the TeV scale. A three-body
decay via off-shell stop is assumed for the gluino, yielding
a 100 % BR for the decay ˜g →t ¯t ˜χ0
1 . The stop mass has
no impact on the kinematics of the decay and the exclusion
limits are presented in the (m ˜g,m ˜χ0
1 ) plane. Gluino–stop model
MSSM scenarios where the ˜t1 is the
lightest squark, all other squarks are heavier than the gluino, 1
The SR4 regions are mostly sensitive to the SUSY mod-
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ATLAS data. The events are selected with large Emiss
T
, four
or six jets and at least three jets originating from b-quarks
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results. Search for top and bottom squarks from gluino pair production
in final states with missing transverse energy and at least three
b-jets with the ATLAS detector The nominal cross section and
the uncertainty σ SUSY
Theory are taken from an envelope of cross-
section predictions using different PDF sets and factoriza-
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fully correlated between signal and backgrounds. In the Gbb
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pected to be large in the region with low m ˜g −m ˜χ0
1 due to
the small signal acceptance. Therefore, an uncertainty on the
modeling of ISR is assessed by comparing the signal accep- The expected and observed 95 % CL exclusion limits in
the four models considered above are shown in Fig. 2. In
the gluino–sbottom model, gluino masses below 1000 GeV
are excluded for sbottom masses up to about 870 GeV using
the most conservative −1σ SUSY
Theory hypothesis. This extends
by approximatively 100 GeV the limits derived in the same
scenario by the previous ATLAS analysis performed with
2 fb−1 [19] and is complementary to the ATLAS search
for direct sbottom pair production, also carried out with
2 fb−1 [47]. The exclusion is less stringent in the region
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of the kinematic cuts applied, the limits depend on the neu-
tralino mass assumption for low mass splitting between the Page 7 of 19 Eur. Phys. J. C (2012) 72:2174 sbottom and the neutralino as shown for the Gbb model
where gluino masses below 1020 GeV are excluded for neu-
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for m ˜χ0
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We thank CERN for the very successful oper-
ation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions
without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowl-
edge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Aus-
tralia; BMWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and
FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT,
Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia;
MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC
and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; ARTEMIS, European Union;
IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNAS, Georgia; BMBF,
DFG, HGF, MPG and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT, Greece; ISF,
MINERVA, GIF, DIP and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT
and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands;
RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MERYS
(MECTS), Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federa-
tion; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MVZT, Slove-
nia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg
Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva,
Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Soci-
ety and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United
States of America. The crucial computing support from all WLCG
partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN and the
ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Nor-
way, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-
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C. Schwanenberger81, A. Schwartzman142, Ph. Schwemling77, R. Schwienhorst87, R. Schwierz43, J. Schwindling135,
T. Schwindt20, M. Schwoerer4, G. Sciolla22, W.G. Scott128, J. Searcy113, G. Sedov41, E. Sedykh120, S.C. Seidel102, A. Sei-
den136, F. Seifert43, J.M. Seixas23a, G. Sekhniaidze101a, S.J. Sekula39, K.E. Selbach45, D.M. Seliverstov120, B. Sellden145a,
G. Sellers72, M. Seman143b, N. Semprini-Cesari19a,19b, C. Serfon97, L. Serin114, L. Serkin53, R. Seuster98, H. Severini110,
A. Sfyrla29, E. Shabalina53, M. Shamim113, L.Y. Shan32a, J.T. Shank21, Q.T. Shao85, M. Shapiro14, P.B. Shatalov94,
K. Shaw163a,163c, D. Sherman175, P. Sherwood76, A. Shibata107, S. Shimizu29, M. Shimojima99, T. Shin55, M. Shiyakova63,
A. Shmeleva93, M.J. Shochet30, D. Short117, S. Shrestha62, E. Shulga95, M.A. Shupe6, P. Sicho124, A. Sidoti131a, F. Siegert47,
Dj. Sijacki12a, O. Silbert171, J. Silva123a, Y. Silver152, D. Silverstein142, S.B. Silverstein145a, V. Simak126, O. Simard135,
Lj. Simic12a, S. Simion114, E. Simioni80, B. Simmons76, R. Simoniello88a,88b, M. Simonyan35, P. Sinervo157, N.B. Sinev113,
V. Sipica140, G. Siragusa173, A. Sircar24, A.N. Sisakyan63,*, S.Yu. Sivoklokov96, J. Sjölin145a,145b, T.B. Sjursen13, L.A. Skin-
nari14, H.P. Skottowe56, K. Skovpen106, P. Skubic110, M. Slater17, T. Slavicek126, K. Sliwa160, V. Smakhtin171, B.H. Smart45,
S.Yu. Smirnov95, Y. Smirnov95, L.N. Smirnova96, O. Smirnova78, B.C. Smith56, D. Smith142, K.M. Smith52, M. Smizan-
ska70, K. Smolek126, A.A. Snesarev93, S.W. Snow81, J. Snow110, S. Snyder24, R. Sobie168,k, J. Sodomka126, A. Soffer152,
C.A. Solans166, M. Solar126, J. Solc126, E.Yu. Soldatov95, U. Soldevila166, E. Solfaroli Camillocci131a,131b, A.A. Solod-
kov127, O.V. Solovyanov127, V. Solovyev120, N. Soni85, V. Sopko126, B. Sopko126, M. Sosebee7, R. Soualah163a,163c,
A. Soukharev106, S. Spagnolo71a,71b, F. Spanò75, R. Spighi19a, G. Spigo29, R. Spiwoks29, M. Spousta125,ah, T. Spreitzer157,
B. Spurlock7, R.D. St. Denis52, J. Stahlman119, R. Stamen57a, E. Stanecka38, R.W. Stanek5, C. Stanescu133a, M. Stanescu-
Bellu41, S. Stapnes116, E.A. Starchenko127, J. Stark54, P. Staroba124, P. Starovoitov41, R. Staszewski38, A. Staude97,
P. Stavina143a,*, G. Steele52, P. Steinbach43, P. Steinberg24, I. Stekl126, B. Stelzer141, H.J. Stelzer87, O. Stelzer-Chilton158a,
H. Stenzel51, S. Stern98, G.A. Stewart29, J.A. Stillings20, M.C. Stockton84, K. Stoerig47, G. Stoicea25a, S. Stonjek98,
P. Strachota125, A.R. Stradling7, A. Straessner43, J. Strandberg146, S. Strandberg145a,145b, A. Strandlie116, M. Strang108, E. Strauss142, M. Strauss110, P. Strizenec143b, R. Ströhmer173, D.M. Strom113, J.A. Strong75,*, R. Stroynowski39, J. Strube128,
B. Stugu13, I. Stumer24,*, J. Stupak147, P. Sturm174, N.A. Styles41, D.A. Soh150,w, D. Su142, HS. Subramania2, A. Suc-
curro11, Y. Sugaya115, C. Suhr105, M. Suk125, V.V. Sulin93, S. Sultansoy3d, T. Sumida66, X. Sun54, J.E. Sundermann47,
K. Suruliz138, G. Susinno36a,36b, M.R. Sutton148, Y. Suzuki64, Y. Suzuki65, M. Svatos124, S. Swedish167, I. Sykora143a,
T. Sykora125, J. Sánchez166, D. Ta104, K. Tackmann41, A. Taffard162, R. Tafirout158a, N. Taiblum152, Y. Takahashi100,
H. Takai24, R. Takashima67, H. Takeda65, T. Takeshita139, Y. Takubo64, M. Talby82, A. Talyshev106,f, M.C. Tamsett24,
J. Tanaka154, R. Tanaka114, S. Tanaka130, S. Tanaka64, A.J. Tanasijczuk141, K. Tani65, N. Tannoury82, S. Tapprogge80,
D. Tardif157, S. Tarem151, F. Tarrade28, G.F. Tartarelli88a, P. Tas125, M. Tasevsky124, E. Tassi36a,36b, M. Tatarkhanov14,
Y. Tayalati134d, C. Taylor76, F.E. Taylor91, G.N. Taylor85, W. Taylor158b, M. Teinturier114, M. Teixeira Dias Castanheira74,
P. Teixeira-Dias75, K.K. Temming47, H. Ten Kate29, P.K. Teng150, S. Terada64, K. Terashi154, J. Terron79, M. Testa46,
R.J. Teuscher157,k, J. Therhaag20, T. Theveneaux-Pelzer77, S. Thoma47, J.P. Thomas17, E.N. Thompson34, P.D. Thomp-
son17, P.D. Thompson157, A.S. Thompson52, L.A. Thomsen35, E. Thomson119, M. Thomson27, W.M. Thong85, R.P. Thun86,
F. Tian34, M.J. Tibbetts14, T. Tic124, V.O. Tikhomirov93, Y.A. Tikhonov106,f, S. Timoshenko95, P. Tipton175, S. Tisser-
ant82, T. Todorov4, S. Todorova-Nova160, B. Toggerson162, J. Tojo68, S. Tokár143a, K. Tokushuku64, K. Tollefson87, M. To-
moto100, L. Tompkins30, K. Toms102, A. Tonoyan13, C. Topfel16, N.D. Topilin63, I. Torchiani29, E. Torrence113, H. Torres77,
E. Torró Pastor166, J. Toth82,ad, F. Touchard82, D.R. Tovey138, T. Trefzger173, L. Tremblet29, A. Tricoli29, I.M. Trigger158a,
S. Trincaz-Duvoid77, M.F. Tripiana69, N. Triplett24, W. Trischuk157, B. Trocmé54, C. Troncon88a, M. Trottier-McDonald141,
M. Trzebinski38, A. Trzupek38, C. Tsarouchas29, J.C-L. Tseng117, M. Tsiakiris104, P.V. Tsiareshka89, D. Tsionou4,ai,
G. Tsipolitis9, S. Tsiskaridze11, V. Tsiskaridze47, E.G. Tskhadadze50a, I.I. Tsukerman94, V. Tsulaia14, J.-W. Tsung20,
S. Tsuno64, D. Tsybychev147, A. Tua138, A. Tudorache25a, V. Tudorache25a, J.M. Tuggle30, M. Turala38, D. Turecek126,
I. Turk Cakir3e, E. Turlay104, R. Turra88a,88b, P.M. Tuts34, A. Tykhonov73, M. Tylmad145a,145b, M. Tyndel128, G. Tzanakos8,
K. Uchida20, I. Ueda154, R. Ueno28, M. Ugland13, M. Uhlenbrock20, M. Uhrmacher53, F. Ukegawa159, G. Unal29, A. Un-
drus24, G. Unel162, Y. Unno64, D. Urbaniec34, G. Usai7, M. Uslenghi118a,118b, L. Vacavant82, V. Vacek126, B. Vachon84,
S. Vahsen14, J. Valenta124, S. Valentinetti19a,19b, A. Valero166, S. Valkar125, E. Valladolid Gallego166, S. Vallecorsa151,
J.A. Valls Ferrer166, P.C. Van Der Deijl104, R. van der Geer104, H. van der Graaf104, R. Van Der Leeuw104, E. van der Poel104,
D. van der Ster29, N. van Eldik29, P. van Gemmeren5, I. van Vulpen104, M. Vanadia98, W. Vandelli29, A. Vaniachine5,
P. Vankov41, F. Vannucci77, R. Vari131a, T. Varol83, D. Varouchas14, A. Vartapetian7, K.E. Varvell149, V.I. Vassilakopoulos55,
F. Vazeille33, T. Vazquez Schroeder53, G. Vegni88a,88b, J.J. Veillet114, F. Veloso123a, R. Veness29, S. Veneziano131a, A. Ven-
tura71a,71b, D. Ventura83, M. Venturi47, N. Venturi157, V. Vercesi118a, M. Verducci137, W. Verkerke104, J.C. Vermeulen104,
A. Vest43, M.C. Vetterli141,d, I. Vichou164, T. Vickey144b,aj, O.E. Vickey Boeriu144b, G.H.A. Viehhauser117, S. Viel167,
M. Villa19a,19b, M. Villaplana Perez166, E. Vilucchi46, M.G. Vincter28, E. Vinek29, V.B. Vinogradov63, M. Virchaux135,*,
J. Virzi14, O. Vitells171, M. Viti41, I. Vivarelli47, F. Vives Vaque2, S. Vlachos9, D. Vladoiu97, M. Vlasak126, A. Vogel20,
P. Vokac126, G. Volpi46, M. Volpi85, G. Volpini88a, H. von der Schmitt98, H. von Radziewski47, E. von Toerne20, V. Voro-
bel125, V. Vorwerk11, M. Vos166, R. Voss29, T.T. Voss174, J.H. Vossebeld72, N. Vranjes135, M. Vranjes Milosavljevic104,
V. Vrba124, M. Vreeswijk104, T. Vu Anh47, R. Vuillermet29, I. Vukotic30, W. Wagner174, P. Wagner119, H. Wahlen174,
S. Wahrmund43, J. Wakabayashi100, S. Walch86, J. Walder70, R. Walker97, W. Walkowiak140, R. Wall175, P. Waller72,
B. Walsh175, C. Wang44, H. Wang172, H. Wang32b,ak, J. Wang150, J. Wang54, R. Wang102, S.M. Wang150, T. Wang20,
A. Warburton84, C.P. Ward27, M. Warsinsky47, A. Washbrook45, C. Wasicki41, I. Watanabe65, P.M. Watkins17, A.T. Wat-
son17, I.J. Watson149, M.F. Watson17, G. Watts137, S. Watts81, A.T. Waugh149, B.M. Waugh76, M.S. Weber16, P. Weber53,
A.R. Weidberg117, P. Weigell98, J. Weingarten53, C. Weiser47, H. Wellenstein22, P.S. Wells29, T. Wenaus24, D. Wendland15,
Z. Weng150,w, T. Wengler29, S. Wenig29, N. Wermes20, M. Werner47, P. Werner29, M. Werth162, M. Wessels57a, J. Wetter160,
C. Weydert54, K. Whalen28, S.J. Wheeler-Ellis162, A. White7, M.J. White85, S. White121a,121b, S.R. Whitehead117, D. White-
son162, D. Whittington59, F. Wicek114, D. Wicke174, F.J. Wickens128, W. Wiedenmann172, M. Wielers128, P. Wienemann20,
C. Wiglesworth74, L.A.M. Wiik-Fuchs47, P.A. Wijeratne76, A. Wildauer98, M.A. Wildt41,s, I. Wilhelm125, H.G. Wilkens29,
J.Z. Will97, E. Williams34, H.H. Williams119, W. Willis34, S. Willocq83, J.A. Wilson17, M.G. Wilson142, A. Wilson86,
I. Wingerter-Seez4, S. Winkelmann47, F. Winklmeier29, M. Wittgen142, S.J. Wollstadt80, M.W. Wolter38, H. Wolters123a,h,
W.C. Wong40, G. Wooden86, B.K. Wosiek38, J. Wotschack29, M.J. Woudstra81, K.W. Wozniak38, K. Wraight52, C. Wright52,
M. Wright52, B. Wrona72, S.L. Wu172, X. Wu48, Y. Wu32b,al, E. Wulf34, B.M. Wynne45, S. Xella35, M. Xiao135, S. Xie47,
C. Xu32b,z, D. Xu138, B. Yabsley149, S. Yacoob144b, M. Yamada64, H. Yamaguchi154, A. Yamamoto64, K. Yamamoto62,
S. Yamamoto154, T. Yamamura154, T. Yamanaka154, J. Yamaoka44, T. Yamazaki154, Y. Yamazaki65, Z. Yan21, H. Yang86,
U.K. Yang81, Y. Yang59, Z. Yang145a,145b, S. Yanush90, L. Yao32a, Y. Yao14, Y. Yasu64, G.V. Ybeles Smit129, J. Ye39,
S. Ye24, M. Yilmaz3c, R. Yoosoofmiya122, K. Yorita170, R. Yoshida5, C. Young142, C.J. Young117, S. Youssef21, D. Yu24,
J Yu7 J Yu111 L Yuan65 A Yurkewicz105 M Byszewski29 B Zabinski38 R Zaidan61 A M Zaitsev127 Z Zaja- The ATLAS Collaboration Canale101a,101b,
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25 Eur. Phys. J. C (2012) 72:2174 Page 9 of 19 Eur. Phys. J. C (2012) 72:2174 Page 10 of 19 Page 11 of 19 Eur. Phys. J. C (2012) 72:2174 Eur. Phys. J. C (2012) 72:2174 Page 12 of 19 Eur. Phys. J. C (2012) 72:2174 Page 13 of 19 Eur. Phys. J. C (2012) 72:2174 Page 14 of 19 Eur. Phys. J. C (2012) 72:2174 Page 15 of 19 Z. Zinonos121a,121b, S. Zenz14, D. Zerwas114, G. Zevi della Porta56, Z. Zhan32d, D. Zhang32b,ak, H. Zhang87, J. Zhang5,
X. Zhang32d, Z. Zhang114, L. Zhao107, T. Zhao137, Z. Zhao32b, A. Zhemchugov63, J. Zhong117, B. Zhou86, N. Zhou162,
Y. Zhou150, C.G. Zhu32d, H. Zhu41, J. Zhu86, Y. Zhu32b, X. Zhuang97, V. Zhuravlov98, D. Zieminska59, N.I. Zimin63,
R. Zimmermann20, S. Zimmermann20, S. Zimmermann47, M. Ziolkowski140, R. Zitoun4, L. Živkovi´c34, V.V. Zmouchko127,*,
G. Zobernig172, A. Zoccoli19a,19b, M. zur Nedden15, V. Zutshi105, L. Zwalinski29 Z. Zinonos121a,121b, S. Zenz14, D. Zerwas114, G. Zevi della Porta56, Z. Zhan32d, D. Zhang32b,ak, H. Zhang87, J. Zhang5,
X. Zhang32d, Z. Zhang114, L. Zhao107, T. Zhao137, Z. Zhao32b, A. Zhemchugov63, J. Zhong117, B. Zhou86, N. Zhou162,
Y. Zhou150, C.G. Zhu32d, H. Zhu41, J. Zhu86, Y. Zhu32b, X. Zhuang97, V. Zhuravlov98, D. Zieminska59, N.I. Zimin63,
R. Zimmermann20, S. Zimmermann20, S. Zimmermann47, M. Ziolkowski140, R. Zitoun4, L. Živkovi´c34, V.V. Zmouchko127,*,
G. Zobernig172, A. Zoccoli19a,19b, M. zur Nedden15, V. Zutshi105, L. The ATLAS Collaboration Zwalinski29 1Physics Department, SUNY Albany, Albany NY, United States of America 2Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara; (b)Department of Physics, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya 3(a)Department of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara; (b)Department of Physics, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya;
(c)Department of Physics Gazi University Ankara; (d)Division of Physics TOBB University of Economics and 3(a)Department of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara; (b)Department of Physics, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya;
(c)Department of Physics Gazi University Ankara; (d)Division of Physics TOBB University of Economics and 3(a)Department of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara; (b)Department of Physics, Dumlupinar Uni c)Department of Physics, Gazi University, Ankara; (d)Division of Physics, TOBB University of Econ Technology, Ankara; (e)Turkish Atomic Energy Authority, Ankara, Turkey Technology, Ankara; (e)Turkish Atomic Energy Authority, Ankara, Turkey 4LAPP, CNRS/IN2P3 and Université de Savoie, Annecy-le-Vieux, France High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne IL, United States of America 6Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ, United States of America 7Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington TX, United States of America 9Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece 9Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
10 10Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan
11 11Institut de Física d’Altes Energies and Departament de Física de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and ICREA,
Barcelona, Spain 11Institut de Física d’Altes Energies and Departament de Física de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and ICREA,
Barcelona, Spain p
12(a)Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade; (b)Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade,
Belgrade, Serbia 12(a)Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade; (b)Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade,
Belgrade, Serbia 13Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
14Ph
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14 13Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
14Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley CA, United States of 13Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
14Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley CA, United States of
America 13Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
14Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley CA, United States of
America 14Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley
America 15Department of Physics, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany 15Department of Physics, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
16 16Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics and Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University of Bern, Bern,
Switzerland 16Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics and Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University of Bern, Bern,
Switzerland
17 17School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom chool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom 18(a)Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Istanbul; (b)Division of Physics, Dogus University, Istanbul;
(c)Department of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep; (d)Department of Physics, Istanbul Technical
University, Istanbul, Turkey
19(a)INFN Sezione di Bologna; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy 20Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany y
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21Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston MA, United States of America 22Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham MA, United States of America
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23(a)Universidade Federal do Rio De Janeiro COPPE/EE/IF, Rio de Janeiro; (b)Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora; (c)Federal University of Sao Joao del Rei (UFSJ), Sao Joao del Rei; (d)Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de
Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil 24Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY, United States of America 24Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY, United States of America
25(a)
(b) titute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest; (b)University Politehnica Bucharest, Buchare 25(a)National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest; (b)University Politehnica Bu (c)West University in Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania 26Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina 27Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom 28Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa ON, Canada
29CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 30Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, United States of America
31(a)Departamento de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago; (b)Departa 30Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, United States of America
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31(a)Departamento de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago; (b)Departamento de Física, Universidad 30Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, United States of America
31(a)Departamento de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago; (b)Departamento de Física, Universidad
Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
32( ) Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
32(a)Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Acad 32(a)Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; (b)Department of Modern Physics,
University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui; (c)Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Jiangsu; (d)School
of Physics, Shandong University, Shandong, China University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui; (c)Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Jiangsu; (d)School
of Physics, Shandong University, Shandong, China 33Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire, Clermont Université and Université Blaise Pascal and CNRS/IN2P3, Aubiere
Cedex, France Page 16 of 19 Eur. The ATLAS Collaboration Phys. J. C (2012) 72:2174 34Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington NY, United States of America 34Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington NY, United States of America
35Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark
36(a)INFN Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Arcavata di Rende, Italy
37AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Krakow, Poland
38The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
39Physics Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas TX, United States of America
40Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson TX, United States of America
41DESY, Hamburg and Zeuthen, Germany
42Institut für Experimentelle Physik IV, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
43Institut für Kern-und Teilchenphysik, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
44Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham NC, United States of America
45SUPA - School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
46INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
47Fakultät für Mathematik und Physik, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany
48Section de Physique, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
49(a)INFN Sezione di Genova; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
50(a)E. The ATLAS Collaboration Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi; (b)High Energy Physics Institute, Tbilisi State 50(a)E. The ATLAS Collaboration Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi; (b)High Energy Physics Institute, Tbilisi State
University, Tbilisi, Georgia
51II Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
52SUPA - School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
53II Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
54Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Joseph Fourier and CNRS/IN2P3 and Institut
National Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
55Department of Physics, Hampton University, Hampton VA, United States of America
56Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, United States of America
57(a)Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg; (b)Physikalisches Institut,
Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg; (c)ZITI Institut für technische Informatik,
Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
58Faculty of Applied Information Science, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan
59Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, United States of America
60Institut für Astro-und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innsbruck, Austria
61University of Iowa, Iowa City IA, United States of America
62Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames IA, United States of America
63Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR Dubna, Dubna, Russia
64KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
65Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
66Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
67Kyoto University of Education, Kyoto, Japan
68Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
69Instituto de Física La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
70Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
71(a)INFN Sezione di Lecce; (b)Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
72Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
73Department of Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute and University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
74School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
75Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom
76Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
77Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies, UPMC and Université Paris-Diderot and CNRS/IN2P3, Paris,
France
78Fysiska institutionen, Lunds universitet, Lund, Sweden
79Departamento de Fisica Teorica C-15 Universidad Autonoma de Madrid Madrid Spain 35Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark y
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36(a)INFN Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Arcav pp
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37AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Krakow, Poland 38The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krak 39Physics Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas TX, United States of America
40 39Physics Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas TX, United States of America 40Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson TX, United States of America
41DESY, Hamburg and Zeuthen, Germany Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson TX, United States of America
41DESY, Hamburg and Zeuthen, Germany nstitut für Experimentelle Physik IV, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany 42Institut für Experimentelle Physik IV, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany 43Institut für Kern-und Teilchenphysik, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany 43Institut für Kern-und Teilchenphysik, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germa 44Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham NC, United States of America 45SUPA - School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom 46INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy 47Fakultät für Mathematik und Physik, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany 48Section de Physique, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland 48Section de Physique, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
49(a)INFN Sezione di Genova; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
5 48Section de Physique, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
49(a)INFN Sezione di Genova; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
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50(a)E. The ATLAS Collaboration Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi; (b)High Energy Physic
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51II Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany 51II Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
52 52SUPA - School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
53 52SUPA - School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Uni
53 53II Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany 53II Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany e de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Joseph Fourier and CNRS/IN2P3 and Inst 54Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Joseph Fourier and CNRS/IN 54Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Joseph Fo National Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France National Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France 55Department of Physics, Hampton University, Hampton VA, United States of America
56 55Department of Physics, Hampton University, Hampton VA, United States of America 56Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, United States of America 57(a)Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg; (b)Physikali Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg; (c)ZITI Ins Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg; (c)ZITI Institut für technische Informatik, 58Faculty of Applied Information Science, Hiroshima Institute of 58Faculty of Applied Information Science, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan 60Institut für Astro-und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innsbru 60Institut für Astro-und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innsbruc 61University of Iowa, Iowa City IA, United States of America 61University of Iowa, Iowa City IA, United States of America 62Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, 62Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames IA, United States of America
6 63Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR Dubna, Dubna, Russia 63Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR Dubna, Dubna, Russia 64KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan 64KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan 65Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan 65Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan 66Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 66Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 67Kyoto University of Education, Kyoto, Japan 67Kyoto University of Education, Kyoto, Japan 68Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan 69Instituto de Física La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina 70Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom 73Department of Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute and University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
74School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
75Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom
76 73Department of Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute and University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
74School of Physics and Astronomy Queen Mary University of London London United Kingdom 76Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
77 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
77Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies, UPMC and Université Paris-Diderot and CNRS/IN2P3,
France 77Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies, UPMC and Université Paris-Diderot an
France 78Fysiska institutionen, Lunds universitet, Lund, Sweden 78Fysiska institutionen, Lunds universitet, Lund, Sweden
79 y
79Departamento de Fisica Teorica C-15, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain rtamento de Fisica Teorica C-15, Universidad Aut 80Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany 80Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany 81School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom Page 17 of 19 Eur. The ATLAS Collaboration Lebedev Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia nstitute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia 94Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia 95Moscow Engineering and Physics Institute (MEPhI), Moscow, Russia 95Moscow Engineering and Physics Institute (MEPhI), Moscow, Russia kobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 96Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State Univ 97Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany 97Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany 98Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), München, Germany 98Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), München, Germany 99Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan 99Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan g
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Netherlands 104Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, N 105Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb IL, United States of America 106Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia 107Department of Physics, New York University, New York NY, United States of America 108Ohio State University, Columbus OH, United States of America 109Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
110 110Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman OK, United States of
America 11Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater OK, United States of America 112Palacký University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
113 112Palacký University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic 113Center for High Energy Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene OR, United States of America 114LAL, Université Paris-Sud and CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France 115Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan 116Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 117Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom p
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18(a)INFN Sezione di Pavia; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy 119Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of Americ 120Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia 121(a)INFN Sezione di Pisa; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica E. The ATLAS Collaboration Phys. J. C (2012) 72:2174 82CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France 82CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France 83Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA, United States of Amer 83Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA, United States of America 84Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada 84Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada 85School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia hysics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Austral 85School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 86Department of Physics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, United States of America 87Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East La
88(a)INFN Sezione di Milano; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano p
89B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus,
90National Scientific and Educational Centre for Particle and High Energy Phy p
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90National Scientific and Educational Centre for Particle and High Energy Physics, Minsk, Republi 91Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, United States of 91Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, United States of America Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
92Group of Particle Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal QC, Canada 92Group of Particle Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal QC, Canada 93P.N. Lebedev Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia P.N. The ATLAS Collaboration Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy 122Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, United States of America
123(a)Laboratorio de Instrumentacao e Fisica Experimental de Particulas - LIP, Lisboa, Portugal; (b)Departamento de Fisica Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, United States of America
123(a)Laboratorio de Instrumentacao e Fisica Experimental de Particulas - LIP, Lisboa, Portugal; (b)Departamento de Fisica Teorica y del Cosmos and CAFPE, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
24 Teorica y del Cosmos and CAFPE, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
124Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha, Czech Republic
125Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
126Czech Technical University in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
127State Research Center Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia
128Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
129Physics Department, University of Regina, Regina SK, Canada
130Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
131(a)INFN Sezione di Roma I; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy Teorica y del Cosmos and CAFPE, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
124Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha, Czech Republic 124Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha, Czech Republic Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha, Czech Republic
125Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
126Czech Technical University in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
127State Research Center Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia
128Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
129Physics Department, University of Regina, Regina SK, Canada
130Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
131(a)INFN Sezione di Roma I; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica Università La Sapienza Roma Italy 25Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
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Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
133(a)INFN Sezione di Roma Tre; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Roma, Italy 33(a)INFN Sezione di Roma Tre; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Roma, Italy 134(a)Faculté des Sciences Ain Chock, Réseau Universitaire de Physique des Hautes Energies - Université Hassan II,
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Casablanca; (b)Centre National de l’Energie des Sciences Techniques Nucleaires, Rabat; (c)Facult Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, LPHEA-Marrakech; (d)Faculté des Sciences, Université Moham Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, LPHEA-Marrakech; (d)Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier and
LPTPM, Oujda; (e)Faculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Rabat, Morocco LPTPM, Oujda; (e)Faculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Rabat, Morocco LPTPM, Oujda; (e)Faculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Rabat, Morocco j
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135DSM/IRFU (Institut de Recherches sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers), CEA Saclay (Commissariat a l’Energie
Atomique), Gif-sur-Yvette, France 135DSM/IRFU (Institut de Recherches sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers), CEA Saclay (Commissariat a l’Energie
Atomique), Gif-sur-Yvette, France 135DSM/IRFU (Institut de Recherches sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers), CEA Saclay (Commissariat a l’Energie
Atomique), Gif-sur-Yvette, France 136Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz CA, United States of America
137Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States of America 136Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz CA, United States of America
137Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States of America y
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137Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States of America 38Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom 138Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom 139Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan 139Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
140 139Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan 140Fachbereich Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany 140Fachbereich Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany 41Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC, Canada 141Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC, Canada 42SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford CA, United States of America 142SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford CA, United States of Am 143(a)Faculty of Mathematics, Physics & Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava; (b)Department of Subnuclear 143(a)Faculty of Mathematics, Physics & Informatics, Comenius University, Bratisla 143(a)Faculty of Mathematics, Physics & Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava; (b)Department of Subnuclear
Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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(b) 143(a)Faculty of Mathematics, Physics & Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava; (b)Department of Subnuclear
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144(a)Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg; (b)School of Physics, University of the 143(a)Faculty of Mathematics, Physics & Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava; (b)Department of Subnuclear
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144(a)Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg; (b)School of Physics, University of the Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa rtment of Physics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg; (b)School of Physics, University of th
ersrand Johannesburg South Africa 144(a)Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg; (b)School of Physics, Un a)Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg; (b)School of Physics, Universit Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa a)Department of Physics, Stockholm University; (b)The Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm, Sweden 146Physics Department, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden 46Physics Department, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
47 147Departments of Physics & Astronomy and Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY, United States of
America 147Departments of Physics & Astronomy and Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY, United States of
America 48Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
49 148Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
149 149School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia 149School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia 150Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 151Department of Physics, Technion: Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel 151Department of Physics, Technion: Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel 152Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University 153Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece 153Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece al Center for Elementary Particle Physics and Depa 155Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, To 155Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan 155Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan 156Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan 157Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada 158(a)TRIUMF, Vancouver BC; (b)Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toron 159Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
160 159Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibar 160Science and Technology Center, Tufts University, Medford MA, United States of America 161Centro de Investigaciones, Universidad Antonio Narino, Bogota, Colombia 161Centro de Investigaciones, Universidad Antonio Narino, Bogota, Colombia 162Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvin p
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163(a)INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Udine; (b)ICTP, Trieste; (c)Dipartimento di Chimica, Fisica e Ambiente, Università
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di Udine, Udine, Italy artment of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, United States of America 164Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, United States of America
65 artment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden 165Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
166 166Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC) and Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear and Departamento de
Ingeniería Electrónica and Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), University of Valencia and CSIC,
Valencia, Spain 166Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC) and Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear and Departamento de
Ingeniería Electrónica and Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), University of Valencia and CSIC,
Valencia, Spain 167Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
168 167Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
168 168Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria BC, Canada 169Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom 170Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan 171Department of Particle Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, R 171Department of Particle Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel p
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172Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, United States of Americ 173Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzbur 173Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg, Germany
174Fachbereich C Physik Bergische Universität Wuppertal Wuppertal Germany 174Fachbereich C Physik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany Page 19 of 19 Eur. The ATLAS Collaboration Phys. J. The ATLAS Collaboration C (2012) 72:2174 175Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven CT, United States of America
176 Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven CT, United States of America
176Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia 176Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia 77Domaine scientifique de la Doua, Centre de Calcul CNRS/IN2P3, Villeurbanne Cedex, France aAlso at Laboratorio de Instrumentacao e Fisica Experimental de Particulas - LIP, Lisboa, Portugal bAlso at Faculdade de Ciencias and CFNUL, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal cAlso at Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
dAlso at TRIUMF, Vancouver BC, Canada cAlso at Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
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Portugal nAlso at Dep Fisica and CEFITEC of Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica,
Portugal oAlso at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United K oAlso at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom pAlso at Group of Particle Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal QC, Canada qAlso at Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Afric qAlso at Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Afric rAlso at Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan Also at Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan sAlso at Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany sAlso at Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany at Manhattan College, New York NY, United State uAlso at School of Physics, Shandong University, Shandong, China uAlso at School of Physics, Shandong University, Shandong, China vAlso at CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS/IN2P3, Marseil vAlso at CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France wAlso at School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guanzhou, China wAlso at School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guanzhou, China xAlso at Academia Sinica Grid Computing, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan xAlso at Academia Sinica Grid Computing, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipe yAlso at Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy yAlso at Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy zAlso at DSM/IRFU (Institut de Recherches sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers), CEA Sacla zAlso at DSM/IRFU (Institut de Recherches sur les Lois Fondamental l’Energie Atomique), Gif-sur-Yvette, France aaAlso at Section de Physique, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland aaAlso at Section de Physique, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland abAlso at Departamento de Fisica, Universidade de Minho, Braga, Portugal abAlso at Departamento de Fisica, Universidade de Minho, Braga, Portugal acAlso at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC, Unit nt of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC, United States of America acAlso at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Co adAlso at Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, adAlso at Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, aeAlso at California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA, United States of America aeAlso at California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA, United States of America afAlso at Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland afAlso at Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland agAlso at LAL, Université Paris-Sud and CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France agAlso at LAL, Université Paris-Sud and CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France ahAlso at Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington NY, United States of America ahAlso at Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington NY, United States of America aiAlso at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, Unit aiAlso at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom ajAlso at Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom ajAlso at Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom akAlso at Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan stitute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwa alAlso at Department of Physics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, United States of America
*Deceased
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History of English literature
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Taine, Hippolyte, 1828-1893 | Van Laun, Henri, 1820-1896, tr
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English
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Spoken
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5i30 THE RENAISSANCE. [BOOK II of a bee, we can do nothing but plunge, one after a/iotber, into all sen- sations. Such were the men of this time, Ealeigh, Essex, Elizabeth, Henry viii. himself, excessive and inconstant, ready for devotion and for crime, violent in good and evil, heroic with strange weaknesses, humble with sudden changes of mood, never vile with premeditaticn like the roysterers of the Restoration, never rigid on principle like the Puritans of the Revolution, capable of weeping like children,^ iind of dying like men, often base courtiers, more than once true knights, displaying constantly, amidst all these contradictions of bearing, only the overflowing of nature. Thus prepared, they could take in every- thing, sanguinary ferocity and refined generosity, the brutality of shameless debauchery, and the most divine innocence of love, accept all the characters, prostitutes and virgins, princes and mountebanks, pass quickly from trivial buffoonery to lyrical sublimities, listen alter- nately to the quibbles of clowns and the songs of lovers. The drama even, in order to imitate and satisfy the prolixity of their nature, must take all tongues, pompous, inflated verse, loaded with imagery, and side by side with this, vulgar prose : more, it must distort its natural style and limits; put songs, poetical devices, in the discourse of courtiera and the speeches of statesmen ; bring on the stage the fairy world of the opera, as Middleton says, gnomes, nymphs of the land and sea, with their groves and their meadows ; compel the gods to descend upon the stage, and hell itself to furnish its world of marvels. No other theatre is so complicated ; for nowhere else do we find men so complete. IIL In this free and universal expansion, the passions had their special bent withal, which was an English one, inasmuch as they were English. After all, in every age, under every civilisation, a people is always itself Whatever be its dress, goat-skin blouse, gold-laced doublet, black dress- coat, the five or six great instincts which it possessed in its forests, follow it in its palaces and ofiices. To this day, warlike passions, a gloomy humour, subsist under the regularity and comf< rt of modern manners.^ Their native energy and harshness pierce through the per- fection of culture and the habits of comfort, Rich young men, on leaving Oxford, go to hunt bears in Canada, the elephant at the Cape of Good Hope, hve under canvas, box, jump hedges on horseback, sail their clippers on dangerous coasts, delight in solitude and peiil The ancient Saxon, the old rover of the Scandinavian seas, have not perished. Even at school the children ill-treat one another, withstand ' The great Chancellor Burleigh often wept, so harshly was he used b^ Elizabeth. ^ Compare, to understand this character, the parts assigned to James Har lowe by Ricliardson, old Osborne by Thackeray, Sir Giles Overreach by Mas singer, and Manly by Wycherlcy. CHA.P. 11.1 THE THEATRE. 231 one another, fight like men; and their character is so indomitable, that they need the birch and blows to reduce them to the discipline of law. Judge what they were in the sixteenth century: the English race passed then for *the most wsirlike race' of Europe, *the most ledoubtable in battle, the most impatient of anything like sla^/ery.' ' ^ English savages ' is what Cellini calls them ; and the * great shins of beef with which they fill themselves, nourish the force and ferocity of their instincts. To harden them thoroughly, institutions - work in the same groove with nature. The nation is armed, every man is brought up like a soldier bound to have arms according to his condition, to exercise himself on Sundays or holidays ; from the yeo- man to the lord, the old military constitution keeps them enrolled and ready for action.* In a state which resembles an army, it is necessary that punishments, as in an army, shall inspire terror ; and to aggravate them, the hideous Wars of the Roses, which on every flaw of the suc- cession are ready to break out again, are ever present in their recollection. Such instincts, such a constitution, such a history, raises before them, with tragic severity, the idea of life : death is at hand, and wounds, the block, tortures. The fine cloaks of purple which the Renaissance of the South displayed joyfully in the sun, to wear like a holiday garment, are here stained with blood, and bordered with black. Throughout,^ a stern discipline, and the axe ready for every suspicion of treason : great men, bishops, a chancellor, princes, the king's relatives, queens, a protector kneeling in the straw, sprinkled the Tower with their blood; one after the other they marched past, stretched out their necks ; the Duke of Buckingham, Queen Anne Boleyn, Queen Catherine Howard, the Earl of Surrey,' Admiral Seymour, the Duke of Somerset, Lady Jane Grey and her husband, the Duke of Northumberland, Mary Stuart, the Earl of Essex, all on the throne, or on the steps of the throne, in the highest rank of honours, beauty, youth, and genius : of the bright procession nothing is left but senseless trunks, marred by the tender mercies of the executioner. Shall I count the funeral pyres, the hang ings, living men cut down from the gibbet, disemi owelled, quartered,* their limbs cast into the fire, their heads exposed on the walls? There is a page in Holinshed which reads like a death register : * The five and twentith dale of Male (1535), was in saint Paulas church at Londoii 63 amined nineteene men and six women born in Holland, whose opinions were (heretical). Fourteene of them were condemned, a man and a woman of them were * Hentzner's Travels; Benvenuto Cellini. See passim, the costumes printed in Venice and Germany: BelUcosissimi. Froude, i. pp. 19, 52. ^ This is not so true of the English now, if it was in the sixteenth centurv'', aa it; is of continental nations. The French lyc^es are far more military in characlei than English schools. — Tb, 3 Froude's Hist, of England, vols. i. ii. iii ^ ' Wlien his heart was torn out he uttered a deep gr ;>Kn.'^ -Execution of Pari'y ; Strype, iii. 251. 232 THE RENAISSANCE. [BOOK tl burned in Smitlifield, the other twelve were sent to other townes, there to be burn*. On the nineteenth of June were '.hree moonkes of the Charterhouse hanged, drawne, and quartered at Tiburne, and their heads and quarters set up about London, for denieng the king to be sui^reme head of the church. Also the one and twentith of the same moneth, and for the same cause, doctor John Fisher, bishop oi Rochester, was beheaded for denieng of the supremacie, and his head set upon London bridge, but his bodie buried within Barking churchyard. The pope had elected him a cardinal!, and sent his hat as far as Calis, but his head was off before tis hat was on : so that they met not. On the sixt of Julie was Sir Thomas Moore beheaded for the like crime, that is to wit, for denieng the king to be supreme hEad/i None of these murders seem extraordinary ; the chroniclers mention them without growing indignant ; the condemned go quietly to the block, as if the thing were perfectly natural. Anne Boleyn said seriously, before giving up her head to the executioner : * I praie God «ave the king, and send him long to reigne over you, for a gentler, nor ft more merciful! prince was there never.' ^ Society is, as it were, in a state of siege, so strained that beneath the idea of order every one enter- tained the idea of the scaffold. They saw it, the terrible machine, planted on all the highways of human life ; and the byways as well as the highways led to it. A sort of martial law, introduced by conquests into civil affairs, entered thence into ecclesiastical matters,^ and social economy ended by being enslaved by it. As in a camp,* expenditure, dress, the food of each class, are fixed and restricted ; no one might stray out of his district, be idle, live after his own devices. Every strange^ was seized, interrogated ; if he could not give a good account of him self, the parish-stocks bruised his limbs, as in a regiment he passed for a spy and an enemy. Any person, says the lavv',* found living idly or loiteringly for the space of three days, shall be marked with a hot iron on his breast, and adjudged as a slave to the man who shall inform against him. » Under Henry iv. and Henry V. * Fronde, i, 15. » In 1547. Pict. History, ii. 467. « In 1596. Pict. Histm-v, ii. 907. €HAP. II.] THE THEATRE. 233 four hundred vagabonds who Avould gather together and rob in armed bands of sixty at a time. Follow the whole of this history closely, the fires of Mary, the pillories of Elizabeth, and it is plain that the moral tone of the land, like its physical condition, is harsh by comparison •with all its neighbours. They have no relish in their enjoyments, aa in Italy ; what is called Merry England is England given up to animal ecstasy, a coarse animation produced by abundant feeding, continued prosperity,, courage, and self-reliance; voluptuousness does not exist in this climate and this race. Mingled with the beautiful popular beliefs, the lugubrious dreams and the cruel nightmare of witchcraft make their appearance. Bishop Jewell, preaching before the queen, tells her that witches and sorcerers within these few last years are marvellously increased. Some ministers assert * That they have had in their parish at one instant, xvij or xviij witches j meaning such as could worke miracles supernaturallie ; thst they work spells by which men pine away even imto death, their colour fadeth, their flesh rotteth, their speech is benumbed, their senses are bereft ; that instructed bj' tne devil, they make ointments of the bowels and members of children, wnereby they ride in the aire, and accomplish all their desires. When a child is not baptized, or defended by the sign of the cross, then the witches catch them from their mothers sides in the night . . . kill them ... or after buriall steals them out of their graves, and seeth them in a caldron, until their flesh be made potable. . .. It is an infallible rule, that everie fortnight, or at the least everie moneth, each witch must kill one child at the least for hir part.* Here was something to make the teeth chatter with fright. Add to this revolting and absurd description, wretched tomfooleries, details about the infernal cauldron, all the nastinesses which could haunt the trivial imagination of a hideous and drivelling old woman, and you have the spectacles, provided by Middleton and Shakspeare, and which suit the sentiments of the age and the national humour. The fundamental gloom pierces through the glow and rapture of poetry. Mournful legends have multiplied ; every churchyard has its ghost ; wherever a man has been murdered his spirit appears. ]\Iany dare not leave their village after sunset. In the evening, before bed -time, people talk of the coach which is seen drawn by headless horses, with headless postilions and coachmen, or of unhappy spirits who, compelled to inhabit the plain, under the sharp north-east wind, pray for the shelter of a hedge or a A-alley They dream terribly of death : ' To die, and go we know not where ; To lie in cold obstruction and to rot ; This sensible warm motion to become A kneaded clod ; and the delighted spirit To bathe in fiery floods, or to reside In thrilling regions of thick-ribbed ice ; To be imprison'd in the viewless winds, And blown with restless violence round alxruSl The pendent world ; or to be worse than worst 234 THE RENAISSANCE. [BOOK D Of those that lawless and incertain thought Imagine howling : 'tis too horrible ! ' * The greatest speak with a sad resignation of the infinite obsctirity which embraces our poor, short, glimmering life, our life, which is but a troubled dream ;^ the sad state of humanity, which is but passion, madness, and sorrow ; the human being who is himself, perhaps, but a vain phantom, a grievous sick man's dream. In their eyes we roll down a fatal slope, where chance dashes us one against the other, and the destiny Avhich drives us, only shatters after it has blinded us. They are diflFerent from the Latin race, and in the common Renaissance they are regenerated otherwise than the Latin races. The free and full development of the pure nature which, in Greece and Italy, ends in the painting of beauty and happy energy, ends here in the painting of ferocious energy, agony, and death. IV. Thus was this theatre produced ; a theatre unique in history, like the admirable and fleeting epoch from which it sprang, the work and the picture of this young world, as natural, as unshackled, and as tragic as itself. When an original and national drama springs up, the poets who establish it, carry in themselves the sentiments which it represents. They display better than other men the public spirit, because the public spirit is stronger in them than in other men. The passions which sur^ round them, break forth in their heart with a harsher or a juster cry, and hence their voices become the voices of all. Chivalric and Catholic Spain had her interpreters in her enthusiasts and her Don Quixotes : in Calderon, first a soldier, afterwards a priest ; in Lope de Vega, a volunteer at fifteen, a passionate lover, a wandering duellist, a soldiei * Shakspeare, Measure for Measure, Act iii. 1. See also The Tempest, Ho/m My Macbeth. ' * We are such stuff As dreams are made on, and our little life Is rounded with a sleep.' — Tempest, iv. 1. « Beaumont and Fletcher, Thierry and Theodoret, Act iv. 1. t^HAP. II.] THE THEATRE. 234 of the Armada, finaily, a priest and familiar of the Holy Office ; so ardent that he fasts till he is exhausted, faints with emotion while ringing mass, and in his flagellations stains the walls of his cell with blood. Calm and noble Greece had in her principal tragic poet one of the most accomplished and fortunate of her sons : ^ Sophocles, first in song and palasstra; who at fifteen sang, unclad, the paean before the trophy of Salamis, and who afterwards, as ambassador, general, ever loving the gods and impassioned for his state, offered, in his life as in his works, the spectacle of the incomparable harmony which made the beauty of the ancient world, and which the modern world will never more attain to. Eloquent and worldly France, in the age which carried the art of decency and conversation to its highest pitch, finds, to unite her oratorical tragedies and to paint her drawing-room passions, the most able craftsman of words : Racine, a courtier, a man of the world ; the most capable, by the delicacy of his tact and the adaptation of his style, of making men of the world and courtiers speak. Equally in England the poets are in harmony with their works. Almost all are Bohemians, born of the people,^ yet educated, and for the most part having studied at Oxford or Cambridge, but poor, so that their educa- tion contrasts with their condition. Ben Jonson is the step-son of a bricklayer, and himself a bricklayer ; Marlowe is the son of a shoe- maker ; Shakspeare of a woollen merchant ; Massinger of a servant* They live as they can, get into debt, write for their bread, go on the stage. Peele, Lodge, Marlowe, Jonson, Shakspeare, Heywood, are actors; most of the details which we have of their lives are taken from the journal of Henslowe, an old pawnbroker, later a money-lender and manager of a theatre, who gives them work, advances money to them, receives their manuscripts or their wardrobes as security. For a play he gives seven or eight pounds ; after the year 1600 prices rise, and reach as high as twenty or twenty-five pounds. It is clear that, even after this increase, the trade of author scarcely brings in bread. ' Except Beaumont and Fletcher. ' Hartley Coleridge, in his Introduction to the Dramatic Works of Massin' yer and Ford, says of Massinger's father : * We are not certified in che situa* tJon which he held in the noble household (Earl of Pembroke) but we may be sure that it was neither menial nor mean. Service in those days was no! derogatory to gentle birth ' — Tr. 236 THE RENAISSANCE. jBOOK 11 them to exhaustion, poverty, and death. Men received enjoyment from them, and neglected and despised them. One actor, for a political allu gion, was sent to prison, and only just escaped losing liis ears ; great men, men in office, abused them like servants. Heywood, who played almost every day, bound himself, in addition, to write a sheet daily, composes wretchedly in the taverns, labours and sweats like a true literary hack, and dies leaving two hundred and twenty pieces, of which most are lost. Kyd, one of the first, died in misery. Shirley, one of the last, at the end of his career, was obliged to becomf, agdn a schoolmaster. Massinger dies unknown ; and in the parish register we find only this sad mention of him : ' Philip Massinger, a stranger.* A few months after the death of Middleton, his widow was obliged to ask alms of the City, because he had left nothing. Imagination, as Drummond said of Ben Jonson, oppressed their reason ; it is the common failing of poets. They wish to enjoy, and give themselves wholly up to enjoy- ments ; their mood, their heart governs them ; in their life, as in their works, impulses are irresistible ; desire comes suddenly, like a wave^ drowning reason, resistance — often even giving neither reason nor re- sistance time to show themselves.^ Many are roysterers, sad roysterera 3f the same sort, as Musset and Murger, who give themselves up to 8very passion, and shake off restraint; capable of the purest and most' poetic dreams, of the most delicate and touching tenderness, and who yet can only undermine their health and mar their glory. Such are Nash, Decker, and Greene ; Nash, a fanciful satirist, who abused his talent, and conspired like a prodigal against good fortune ; Decker, who passed three years in the King's Bench prison; Greene, above all, a pleasing wit, rich, graceful, who gave himself up to all pleasures, publicly with tears confessing his vices,^ and the next moment plung- ing into them again. These are mere androgynes, simple courtesans, in manners, body, and heart. Quitting Cambridge, ' with good fellows as free-living as himself,' Greene had travelled over Spain, Italy, * in which places he sawe and practizde such villainie as is abhominable to declare.' You see the poor man is candid, not sparing himself ; he Isi natural; passionate in everything, repentance or otherwise ; eminently inconstant ; made for self-contradiction, not self-correction. On his re- turn he became, in London, a supporter of taverns, a haunter of evil places. In his Groatsworth of Wit bought with a Million of liepiniaTiOi he says: 1 See, amongst others, The Woman Killed loith Kindness, by Heywood. Mrs. Frankfort, so upright of heart, accepts WendoU at his first offer. Sir Francis Acton, at the sight of her whom he wislies to dishonour, and whom he hates, falls * into an ecstasy, * and dreams of nothing save marriage. Compare the sudden trans- port of Juliet, Eomeo, Macbeth, Miranda, etc. ; the counsel of Prospero to Fernando, when he leaves him alone for a moment with Miranda. * Compare La Vie de Boheme and Les Nuits d'Hiver, by Murger: Canfc* njn d'uii Enfant du Siede, by A. de Musset CHAP. H.] THE THEATRE. 237 * 1 was dround \n pride, whoredom was my daily exercise, and gluttony with drunkenness was my ontily delight. . . . After I had who^^y betaken me to the penning of plaies (which was my continuall exercise), I was so far from calling opon God tliat I sildome thought on God, but tooke such delight in swearing and Uas^^heming the name of God that none could thinke otherwise of me than that I w..fi the child of perdition. These vanities and other trifling pamphlets I penned of love and vaine fantasies was my chiefest stay of living ; and for those my vaine discourr.es I was beloved of the more vainer sort of people, who being my continuall companions, came still to my lodging, and there would continue quaffing, carows- ing, und surfeting with me all the day long. ... If I may have my disire while I live I am satisfied ; let me shift after death as I may. ..." Hell ! " quoth I ; "what talke you of hell to me? I know if I once come there I shall have the company of better men than myselfe ; I shal also meete with some madde knaves in that place, and so long as I shall not sit there alone, my care is the lesse. . .. If 1 feared the judges of the bench no more than I dread the judgments of God, I would before I slept dive into one carles bagges or other, and make merrie with the ghelles 1 found in them so long as they would last.'" A little later he is seized with remorse, marries, depicts in delicious lines the regularity and calm of an upright life ; then returns to London, devours his property and his wife's fortune with ' a sorry ragged queane,' in the company of ruffians, pimps, sharpers, courtesans ; drink- ing, blaspheming, wearing himself out by sleepless nights and orgies ; writing for bread sometimes amid the brawling and effluvia of his wretched lodging, lighting upon thoughts of adoration and love, worthy of Rolla ; ^ very often disgusted with himself, seize'^ with a fit of weep- ing between two alehouses, and writing little pieces to accuse him- self, to regret his wife, to convert his comrades, or to warn young people against the tricks of prostitutes and swindlers. By this process he was soon worn out ; six years were enough to exhaust him. An indigestion arising from Rhenish wine and pickled herrings finished him. If it had not been for his hostess, who succoured him, he * would have perished in the streets.' He lasted a little longer, and then his light went out ; now and then he begged her * pit^^if ully for a penny pott of m.'ilmesie;' he was covered with lice, he had but one shirt, and when his own was ' a washing,' he was obliged to borrow her husband's. * His doublet and hose and sword were sold for three shillinges,' and tho poor folks paid the cost of his burial, four shillings for the winding- sheet, and six and fourpence for the burial. In such low places, on Buch dunghills, amid such excesses and violence, dramatic genius forced its way, and amongst others, that of the first, of the most powerful, of the true founder of the dramatic school, Christopher Marlowe. Marlowe was an ill- regulated, dissolute, outrageously vehement and audacious spirit, but grand and sombre, with the genuine poetic frenzy; pagan moreover, and rebellious in manners and creed. In this universal leturn to the senses, and in this impulse of natural forces which brought on the Renaissance, the corporeal instincts and the ideas * The hero of one of Alfred de Musset's poems.— Tr. 238 THE RENAISSANCE. BOOK 11 which give them their warrant, break forth impetuously. Marlowe, like Greene, like Kett,^ is a sceptic, denies God and Christ, blasphemes the Trinity, declares Moses *a juggler,' Christ more worthy of death than Barabbas, says that ' yf he wer to write a new religion, he wolde undertake both a more excellent and more admirable methode,' and * almost in every company he commeth, perswadeth men to Athiesme.'* Such were the rages, the rashnesses, the excesses which liberty of thought gave rise to in these new minds, who for the first time, after so many centuries, dared to walk unfettered. From his father's shop, ciowded with children, from the stirrups and awls, he found himself at Cambridge, probably through the patronage of a great man, and on his return to London, in want, amid the licence of the green-room, the low houses and taverns, his head was in a ferment, and his passions were heated. He turned actor ; but having broken his leg in a scene of debauchery, he remained lame, and could no longer appear on the boards. He openly avowed his infidelity, and a prosecution was begun, which, if time had not failed, would probably have brought him to the stake. He made love to a drab, and trying to stab his rival, his hand was turned, so that his own blade entered his eye and his brain, and he died, still cursing and blaspheming. He was only thirty years old. Think what poetry could emanate from a life so passionate, and occupied in such a manner 1 First, exaggerated declamation, heaps of murder, atrocities, a pompous and furious display of tragedy soaked in blood, and passions raised to a pitch of madness. All the foundations of the English stage, Ferrex and Porrex, Camhyses^ Hieronyino^ even the Pericles of Sbakspeare, reach the same height of extravagance, force, and horror.* It is the first outbreak of youth. Recall Schiller's PobberSj and how modern democracy has recognised for the first time its picture in the metapliors and cries of Charles Moor.* So here the characters struggle and jostle, stamp on the earth, gnash their teeth, shake their fists against heaven. The trumpets sound, the drums beat, coats of mail file past, armies clash together, men stab each other, or themselves; speeches are full of gigantic threats or lyrical figures;* » Burnt in 1589. • The translator always refers to Marlowe's Works, ed. Dyce, 3 vols., 1850. Append, i. vol. 3. ^ See especially Titm Andronicus, attributed to Shakspeare : there are parri' cides, mothers whom they cause to eat their childieii, a young girl who appears on the stage violated, with her tongue and hands cut ofi". ^ The chief character in Schiller's Bobber's, a virtuous bri^nd and redressei Bt wrongs. — Tr. 5 For in a field, whose superficies Is cover'd with a liquid purple veil, And sprinkled with the brains of slaughter d mea My royal chair of state shall be advauc'd ; And he that means to place himself therein. i:hap ii.j the theatre. 239 kings die, straining a bass voice ; * now doth ghastly death with gieedy talons gripe my bleeding heart, and like a harpy tires on my life.' The hero in Tamhurlaine the Great^ is seated on a chariot drawn by chained kings, burns towns, drowns women and children, puts men to the sword, and finally, seized with an invisible sickness, raves in monstrous outcries against the gods, whose hands afflict his soul, and whom he would fain dethrone. There already is the picture of senseless pride, of blind and murderous rage, which passing through many devasta- tions, at last arms against heaven itself. The overflowing of savage and immoderate instinct produces this mighty sounding verse, this prodigality of carnage, this display of overloaded splendours and colours, this railing of demoniac passions, this audacity of grand im- piety. If in the dramas which succeed it, The Massacre at Paris^ The Jew of Malta, the bombast decreases, the violence remains. Barabaa the Jew, maddened with hate, is thenceforth no longer human ; he has been treated by the Christians like a beast, and he hates them like a beast. He advises his servant Ithamore in the following words : * Hast thou no trade ? then listen to my words, And I will teach thee that shall stick by thee : First, be thou void of these affections, Compassion, love, vain hope, and heartless fear ; Be mov'd at nothing, see thou pity none, But to thyself smile when the Christians moan. ... I walk abroad a-nighti^ And kill sick people groaning under walls ; Sometimes I go about and poison wells. . , • Being young, I studied physic, and began To practise first upon the Italian ; There I enrich'd the priests with burials, And always kept the sexton's arms in ure "With digging graves and ringing dead men's knells. . . • I fill'd the jails with bankrouts in a year, And with young orphans planted hospitals ; And every moon made some or other mad, And now and then one hang himself for grie^ Pinning upon his breast a long great scroll How I with interest tormented him.'* Must armed wade up to the chin in blood. . .. And I would strive to swim through pools of blood. Or make a bridge of murder'd carcasses. Whose arches should be fram'd with bones of Turks, Ere 1 would lose the title of a king. — Tamhurlaine, part ii i. 8. ' The editor of Marlowe's Works, Pickering, 1826, says in his Introduction : 'Both the matter and style of Tamhurlaine, however, differ materially from Marlowe's other compositions, and doubts have more than once been suggested aa ro whether the play was properly assigned to him. We think that Marlow« did not write it.' Dyce is of a contrary opinion. — Tk. ' Marlowe's The Jew of Malta, ii. p. 275 et passim. 240 THE B.ENAISSANCE. rB>)OK 11 All these cruelties he boasts of and chuckles over, like a r^emon who re- joices in being a good executioner, and plunges his victims in the very extremity of anguish. His daughter has two Christian suitors ; and by forged letters he causes them to slay each other. In despair she takea the veil, and to avenge himself he poisons his daughter and the whole convent. Two friars wish to denounce him, then to convert him ; ho strangles the first, and jokes with his slave Ithamore, a cut -throat oy piofession, who loveo his trade, rubs his hands with joy, and says* * Pull amain, 'Tis neatly done, sir ; here's no print at all. So, let him lean upon his staff ; excellent ! he stands as if he were begging of bacon.' * • 0 mistress, I have the bravest, gravest, secret, subtle, bottle- nosed knave to my master, that ever gentleman had.'^ The second friar comes up, and they accuse him of the murder: * Barahas. Heaven bless me t what, a friar a murderer ! When shall you see a Jew commit the like ? Ithamore. "Why, a Turk could ha' done no more. Bar. To-morrow is the sessions ; you shall to it- Come Ithamore, let's help to take him hence. Friar. Villains, I am a sacred person ; touch me not Bar. The law shall touch you ; we'll but lead you, we : 'Las, I could weep at your calamity ! ' ^ Add to that two other poisonings, an infernal machine to biotr ttp the Turkish garrison, a plot to cast the Turkish commander in a well, Barahas falls into it himself, and dies in the hot cauldron,' howling, hardened, remorseless, having but one regret, that he had not done evil enough. These are the ferocities of the middle-age; we might find them to this day among the companions of Ali Pacha, among the pirates of the Archipelago ; we retain pictures of them in the paintings of the fifteenth century, which represent a king with his court, seated calmly round a living man who is being flayed ; in the midst the flayer on bis knees is working conscientiously, very careful not to spoil the skin.' All this is rough work, you will say ; these people kill too readily, and too quickly. It is on this very account that the painting is a true one. For the specialty of the men of the time, as of Marlowe's zh^- racters, is the abrupt commission of a deed ; they are children, robus) (children. As a horse kicks out instead v)f speaking, so they pull out their knives instead of an explanation. Nowadays we hardly know what nature is; we still keep in its place the benevolent prejudices of the eighteenth century ; we only see it humanised by two centuries of culture, and we take its acquired calm for an innate moderation. The foundation of the natural man are irresistible impulses, passions, desires, » The Jew of Malta, iv. p. 311. ^ 7^,^^/, in. p. 291. ^ m^^ j^. p. 313. * Up to this time, in England, poisoners were cast into a boiling cauldion. • In the Museum of Ghent. CHAP. TI.] THE THEATRE. 241 greeds ; ail blind. He sees a woman,^ thinks her beautiful ; suddenly he rushes towards her; people try to lestrain him, he kills these people, gluts his passion, then thinks no more of it, save when at times a vague picture of a moving lake of blood crosses his brain and makes him gloomy. Sudden and extreme resolves are confused in his mind with desire ; barely conceived of, the thing is done ; the wide interval which a Fr<:;iichman places between the idea of an action and the action itself is not to be iDund here.* Barabas conceived murders, and straiglitway murders were accomplished ; there is no deliberation, no pricks of con- science ; that is how he commits a score of them ; his daughter leaves him, he becomes unnatural, and poisons her ; his confidential servant betrays him, he disguises himself, and poisons him. Rage seizes these men like a fit, and then they are forced to kill. Benvenuto Cellini relates how, being offended, he tried to restrain himself, but was nearly suffocated ; and that he might not die of the torments, he rushed with his dagger upon his opponent. So, in Edward II., the nobles immediately appeal to arms ; all is excessive and unforeseen ; between two replies the heart is turned upside down, transported to the extremes of hate or tenderness. Edward, seeing his favourite Gaveston again, pours out before him his treasure, casts his dignities at his feet, gives him his seal, himself, and, on a threat from the Bishop of Coventry, suddenly cries : * Throw off his golden mitre, rend his stole, And in the channel christen him anew. ' ' Then, when the queen supplicates : * Fawn not on me, French strumpet ! get thee gone . . •' Speak not unto her : let her droop and pine. ' * Furies and hatreds clash together like horsemen in a battle. The Duke of Lancaster draws his sword on Gaveston to slay him, before the king; Mortimer wounds Gaveston. These powerful loud voices growl ; the noblemen will not even let a dog approach the prince, and rob them of their rank. Lancaster says of Gaveston : * ... He comes not back, Unless the sea cast up his sliipwrack'd body. Warioick. And to behold so sweet a sight as that, There's none here but would run his horse to death.' ^ Iliey have seized Gaveston, and intend to hang him 'at a bough ;* they refuse to let him speak a single minute with the king. In vain they * See in the Jew of Malta the seduction of Ithamore, by Bellamira, a rough, but truly admirable picture. ' Nothing €cald be falser than Schiller's William Tell, his hesitation and argu- ments; for a contrast, see Goethe's Goetz von Berllchingen. In 1377, Wiclif pleaded ill St. Paul's before the Bishop of London, and that raised a quarreL The Duke of Lancaster, Wiclif s protector, 'threatened to drag the bishop out of the church by th« Lair ; ' ana next day the furious crowd sacked the duke's palace. Pict. Hist. i. 780. * Marlowe, Edward the Second^ i. p. 173. * Ibid, p. 186. ^ Ibid. p. 188 212 THE RENAISSANCE. [BOOK U we entreated ; wlien they do at last consent, they recall their promise ; it is a prey they want immediately, and Warwick, seizing him by force, *strake off his head in a trench.' Those are the men of the middle- age. They have the fierceness, the rage, the pride of big, well-fed, thorough -bred bull -dogs. It is this sternness and impetuosity of primitive passions which produced the Wars of the Roses, and for thirty years drove the nobles on each other's swords and to the block. What is there beyond all these frenzies and gluttings of blood ? The idea of crushing necessity and inevitable ruin in which everything sinks and comes to an end. Mortimer, brought to the block, says with A smile: • Base Fortune, now I see, that in thy wheel There is a point, to which when men aspire, They tumble headlong down : that point I touch'd. And, seeing there was no place to mount up higher. Why should I grieve at my declining fall ? — Farewell, fair queen ; weep not for Mortimer, That scorns the world, and, as a traveller. Goes to discover countries yet unknown. * * W(ugh well these grand words ; they are a cry from the heart, the pro- found confession of Marlowe, as also of Byron, and of the old sea-kings. The northern paganism is fully expressed in this heroic and mournful fiigh ; it is thus they imagine the world so long as they remain on the outside of Christianity, or as soon as they quit it. So also, when they bee in life but a battle of unchecked passions, and in death but a gloomy sleep, perhaps filled with mournful dreams, there is no other supreme good but a day of joy and victory. They glut themselves, shutting their eyes to the issue, except that they may be swallowed up on the morrow. That is the master-thought of Doctor Faustus, the greatest of Manowe's dramas ; to satisfy his soul, no matter at what price, or with ¥'b«k.G results : * A sound magician is a mighty god. . .. How I am glutted with conceit of this ! . .. I'll have them fly to India for gold, Ransack the ocean for orient pearl. . .. I'll have them read me strange philosophy, And tell the secrets of all foreign kings ; I'll have them wall all Germany with brass, And make swift Rhine circle fair Wertenberg. . . , Like lions shall they guard us when we please ; Like Almaiu rutters with their horsemen's staves, Or Lapland giants, trotting by our sides ; Sometimes like women, or unwedded maids, Shadowing more beauty in their airy brows Than have the white breasts of the queen of love.' • * Edicard the Becond, last scene, p, 288. • Marlowe, Doctor Faustus, i. p. 9 et pmnm. CHAP. II 1 THE THEATRE. 343 What brilliant dreams, what desires, what vast or voluptuous wishes, worthy of a Roman Caesar or an eastern poet, eddy in this teeming brain ! To satiate them, to obtain four-and-twenty years of power, Faustiis gives his soul, without fear, without need of temptation, at the first outset, voluntarily, so sharp is the prick withiu: * Had I as many souls as there be stars, I'd give them all for Mephistophilis. By him I'll be great emperor of the world. And make a bridge thorough the moving air. . • • Why shouldst thou not ? Is not thy soul thy own?*' And with that he gives himself full swing: he wants to know every- thing, to have everything ; a book in which he can behold ail herbs and trees which grow upon the earth ; another in whicli shall be drawn all the constellations and planets ; another which shall bring him gold when he wills it, and ' the fairest courtezans ; * another which summons *men in armour' ready to execute his commands, and which holds * thunder, whirlwinds, thunder and lightning' chained at his disposal He is like a child, he stretches out his hands for everything shining; then grieves to think of hell, then lets himself be diverted by shows: * Faustm. 0, this feeds my soul ! Lucifer. Tut, Faustus, in hell is all manner of delight. Faustiis. Oh, might I see hell, and return again, How happy were I then !'...* He is conducted, being invisible, over the whole world; lastly to Rome, amongst the ceremonies of the Pope's court. Like a schoolboy during a holiday, he has insatiable eyes, he forgets everything before a pageant, he amuses himself in playing tricks, in giving the Pope a box on the ear, in beating the monks, in performing magic tricks before princes, finally in drinking, feasting, filling his belly, deadening his thoughts. In his transport he becomes an atheist, and says there b no hell, that those are ' old wives' tales.' Then suddenly the sad idea knocks at the gates ol his brain : * I will renounce this magic and repent . .. My heart's so harden'd, I cannot repent ; Scarce can I name salvation, faith, or heaven. But fearful echoes thunder in mine ears, ** Faustus, thou art damn'd I " then swords, and knives. Poison, guns, halters, and envenom'd steel Are laid before me to despatch myself. Had not sweet pleasure conquer'd deep despair, Have not I made blind Homer sing to me Of Alexander's love and (Enon's death ? And hath not he, that built the vi^alls of Thebes With ravishing sound of his melodious harp, Made music with my Mephietophilis ? Why should I die, then, or basely despair ? ■ Marlowe, Doctor Faustus, i. pp. 22, 29. « Ibid. p. 4/1 244 THE RENAISSANCE. [BOOK II I am resolv'd ; Faustus shall ne'er repent. — Come Mephistophilis, let us dispute again. And argue of divine astrology. Tell me, are there many heavens above the moon ? Are all celestial bodies but one globe, As is the substance of this centric earth? . . .'* * One thing ... let me crave of thee To glut the longing of my heart's desire. . .. "Was this the face that launch'd a thousand ships^ And burnt the topless towers oi Ilium ? Sweet Helen, make me immortal with a kiss ! Her lips su''k forth my soul : see, where it flies !— Come, Helen, come, give me my soul again. Here .will I dwell, for heaven is in these lips, And all is dross that is not Helena. . .. O thou art fairer than the evening air Clad in the beauty of a thousand stars ! * * * Ah, my God, I would weep I but the devil draws in my tears.
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10216019
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Grijesh Chauhan, Jakub Szymion, Mark Lans, Michael Waterfall, Trent Gm, Tuấn Anh Phạm, https://stackoverflow.com/users/106244, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1092459, https://stackoverflow.com/users/110226, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1673391, https://stackoverflow.com/users/23433415, https://stackoverflow.com/users/23433416, https://stackoverflow.com/users/23433417, user23433417
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Django syncdb exception after updating to 1.4
So I was developing an app in Django and needed a function from the 1.4 version so I decided to update.
But then a weird error appeared when I wanted to do syncdb
I am using the new manage.py and as You can see it makes some of the tables but then fails :
./manage.py syncdb
Creating tables ...
Creating table auth_permission
Creating table auth_group_permissions
Creating table auth_group
Creating table auth_user_user_permissions
Creating table auth_user_groups
Creating table auth_user
Creating table django_content_type
Creating table django_session
Creating table django_site
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "./manage.py", line 9, in <module>
execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/Django-1.4-py2.7.egg/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 443, in execute_from_command_line
utility.execute()
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/Django-1.4-py2.7.egg/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 382, in execute
self.fetch_command(subcommand).run_from_argv(self.argv)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/Django-1.4-py2.7.egg/django/core/management/base.py", line 196, in run_from_argv
self.execute(*args, **options.__dict__)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/Django-1.4-py2.7.egg/django/core/management/base.py", line 232, in execute
output = self.handle(*args, **options)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/Django-1.4-py2.7.egg/django/core/management/base.py", line 371, in handle
return self.handle_noargs(**options)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/Django-1.4-py2.7.egg/django/core/management/commands/syncdb.py", line 91, in handle_noargs
sql, references = connection.creation.sql_create_model(model, self.style, seen_models)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/Django-1.4-py2.7.egg/django/db/backends/creation.py", line 44, in sql_create_model
col_type = f.db_type(connection=self.connection)
TypeError: db_type() got an unexpected keyword argument 'connection'
I found that the error was caused by a custom EnumField that I was using (for all those that will have the same error)
Thanks for following up your question :)
What did you do to overcome this? Did you modify your EnumField class? If so, what did you do?
I erased the field after reading that a MySQL database doesent support it. I added a smallIntegerField with choice options:
models.SmallIntegerField(choices=PLATFORM_CHOICES, blank=True, default=5)
PLATFORM_CHOICES=( (1, 'iOS'), (2, 'MAC'), (3, 'iPhone'), (4, 'iPad'), (5, 'Universal'), )
@JakubSzymion Should post an answer..
I had the same issue, the definition for my custom field was missing the connection parameter.
from django.db import models
class BigIntegerField(models.IntegerField):
def db_type(self, connection):
return "bigint"
Although already old, answered and accepted question but I am adding my understanding I have added it because I am not using customized type and it is a Django Evolution error (but not syncdb)evolve --hint --execute. I think it may be helpful for someone in future. .
I am average in Python and new to Django. I also encounter same issue when I added some new features to my existing project. To add new feature I had to add some new fields of models.CharField() type,as follows.
included_domains = models.CharField(
"set of comma(,) seprated list of domains in target emails",
default="",
max_length=it_len.EMAIL_LEN*5)
excluded_domains = models.CharField(
"set of comma(,) seprated list of domains NOT in target emails",
default="",
max_length=it_len.EMAIL_LEN*5)
The Django version I am using is 1.3.1:
$ python -c "import django; print django.get_version()"
1.3.1 <--------# version
$python manage.py syncdb
Project signature has changed - an evolution is required
Django Evolution: Django Evolution is an extension to Django that allows you to track changes in your models over time, and to update the database to reflect those changes.
$ python manage.py evolve --hint
#----- Evolution for messagingframework
from django_evolution.mutations import AddField
from django.db import models
MUTATIONS = [
AddField('MessageConfiguration', 'excluded_domains', models.CharField, initial=u'', max_length=300),
AddField('MessageConfiguration', 'included_domains', models.CharField, initial=u'', max_length=300)
]
#----------------------
Trial evolution successful.
Run './manage.py evolve --hint --execute' to apply evolution.
The trial was susses and when I tried to apply changes in DB
$ python manage.py evolve --hint --execute
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "manage.py", line 25, in <module>
execute_manager(settings)
File "/var/www/sites/www.taxspanner.com/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 362, in execute_manager
utility.execute()
File "/var/www/sites/www.taxspanner.com/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 303, in execute
self.fetch_command(subcommand).run_from_argv(self.argv)
File "/var/www/sites/www.taxspanner.com/django/core/management/base.py", line 195, in run_from_argv
self.execute(*args, **options.__dict__)
File "/var/www/sites/www.taxspanner.com/django/core/management/base.py", line 222, in execute
output = self.handle(*args, **options)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django_evolution-0.6.9.dev_r225-py2.7.egg/django_evolution/management/commands/evolve.py", line 60, in handle
self.evolve(*app_labels, **options)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django_evolution-0.6.9.dev_r225-py2.7.egg/django_evolution/management/commands/evolve.py", line 140, in evolve
database))
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django_evolution-0.6.9.dev_r225-py2.7.egg/django_evolution/mutations.py", line 426, in mutate
return self.add_column(app_label, proj_sig, database)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django_evolution-0.6.9.dev_r225-py2.7.egg/django_evolution/mutations.py", line 438, in add_column
sql_statements = evolver.add_column(model, field, self.initial)
File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django_evolution-0.6.9.dev_r225-py2.7.egg/django_evolution/db/common.py", line 142, in add_column
f.db_type(connection=self.connection), # <=== here f is field class object
TypeError: db_type() got an unexpected keyword argument 'connection'
To understand this exception I check that this exception is something similar to:
>>> def f(a):
... print a
...
>>> f('b', b='a')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: f() got an unexpected keyword argument 'b'
>>>
So the function signature has been changed.
Because I have not added any new customized or enum fields but only two similar fields that was already in model and char type field is supported by most of database (I am ussing PostgreSQL) even I was getting this error!
Then I read from @: Russell Keith-Magee-4 Reply.
What you've hit here is the end of the deprecation cycle for code that
doesn't support multiple databases.
In Django 1.2, we introduced multiple database support; in order to
support this, the prototype for get_db_preb_lookup() and
get_db_prep_value() was changed.
For backwards compatibility, we added a shim that would transparently
'fix' these methods if they hadn't already been fixed by the
developer.
In Django 1.2, the usage of these shims raised a
PendingDeprecationWarning. In Django 1.3, they raised a
DeprecationWarning.
Under Django 1.4, the shim code was been removed -- so any code that
wasn't updated will now raise errors like the one you describe.
But I am not getting any DeprecationWarning warning assuming because of newer version of Django Evolution.
But from above quote I could understand that to support multiple databases function signature is added and an extra argument connection is needed. I also check the db_type() signature in my installation of Django as follows:
/django$ grep --exclude-dir=".svn" -n 'def db_type(' * -R
contrib/localflavor/us/models.py:8: def db_type(self):
contrib/localflavor/us/models.py:24: def db_type(self):
:
:
Ialso refer of Django documentation
Field.db_type(self, connection):
Returns the database column data type for the Field, taking into account the connection
object, and the settings associated with it.
And Then I could understand that to resolve this issue I have to inherited models.filed class and overwrite def db_type() function. And because I am using PostgreSQL in which to create 300 chars type field I need to return 'char(300)'. In my models.py I added:
class CharMaxlengthN(models.Field):
def db_type(self, connection):
return 'char(%d)' % self.max_length # because I am using postgresql
If you encounter similar problem please check your underline DB's manual that which type of column you need to create and return a string.
And changed the definition of new fields (that I need to add) read comments:
included_domains = CharMaxlengthN( # <--Notice change
"set of comma(,) seprated list of domains in target emails",
default="",
max_length=it_len.EMAIL_LEN*5)
excluded_domains = CharMaxlengthN( # <-- Notice change
"set of comma(,) seprated list of domains NOT in target emails",
default="",
max_length=it_len.EMAIL_LEN*5)
Then I executed same command that was failing previously:
t$ python manage.py evolve --hint --execute
You have requested a database evolution. This will alter tables
and data currently in the None database, and may result in
IRREVERSABLE DATA LOSS. Evolutions should be *thoroughly* reviewed
prior to execution.
Are you sure you want to execute the evolutions?
Type 'yes' to continue, or 'no' to cancel: yes
Evolution successful.
I also check my DB and tested my new added features It is now working perfectly, and no DB problem.
If you wants to create ENUM field read Specifying a mySQL ENUM in a Django model.
Edit: I realized instead of sub classing models.Field I should have inherit more specific subclass that is models.CharField.
Similarly I need to create Decimal DB fields so I added following class in model:
class DecimalField(models.DecimalField):
def db_type(self, connection):
d = {
'max_digits': self.max_digits,
'decimal_places': self.decimal_places,
}
return 'numeric(%(max_digits)s, %(decimal_places)s)' % d
| 27,418 |
https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80
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Wikipedia
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
ननि बाला देवी
|
https://hi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ननि बाला देवी&action=history
|
Hindi
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Spoken
| 198 | 849 |
ननिबाला देवी (1888 - 1967), भारत की एक प्रसिद्ध क्रांतिकारी थीं। बीसवीं सदी के दूसरे दशक में वे कलकत्ता, चन्द्रनगर व चटगाँव आदि नगरों में क्रांतिकारियों को आश्रय देने, उनके अस्त्र-शस्त्र रखने एवं गुप्तचर पुलिस को चकमा देने के कारण प्रसिद्ध हो गई थीं। बाद में वे 1917 ई. में फरार होकर पेशावर चली गई। परन्तु शीघ्र ही वहाँ वे गिरफ्तार कर ली गईं।
जीवन परिचय
प्रसिद्ध क्रांतिकारी ननिबाला देवी का जन्म 1888 ई. में हावड़ा में हुआ था। साधारण शिक्षा घर में हुई और 11 वर्ष की उम्र में उनका विवाह कर दिया गया। किन्तु विवाह के 5 वर्ष के बाद ही वे विधवा हो गईं। अब उन्होंने अपना ध्यान अध्ययन की ओर लगाया और ईसाई मिशन के स्कूल में अंग्रेजी की शिक्षा प्राप्त की। परंतु विचार संबंधी मतभेदों के कारण उन्हें मिशन छोड़ देना पड़ा। इसके बाद वे अपने दूर के भतीजे अमरेन्द्र नाथ चट्टोपाध्याय के संपर्क में आईं। अमरेन्द्र प्रसिद्ध क्रांतिकारी संगठन युगांतर पार्टी के प्रमुख नेता थे। इसके बाद ननिबाला देवी क्रांतिकारी संगठन में सम्मलित हो गईं। प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध के दिनों में वे भूमिगत क्रांतिकारियों के लिए भोजन आदि की व्यवस्था करती रहीं।
बाहरी कड़ियाँ
ननिबाला देवी की शौर्यगाथा
श्रेणी:भारतीय स्वतंत्रता का क्रांतिकारी आंदोलन
| 8,777 |
15028192_14
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LoC-PD-Books
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Public Domain
| 1,876 |
Centennial history of Mason County, including a sketch of the early history of Illinois, its physical peculiarities, soils, climate, production, etc.,
|
None
|
English
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Spoken
| 7,441 | 10,773 |
He comes to us to be educated^ not to be crammed with other people's ideas, nor to learn a trade. The ideas he can get afterwards by reading. The trade he can acquire when he is prepared for it. What shall we do for this young being, whose future we are to form for him? As quick as possible let us make a mail of him. Let us, in the first place, take him up as a physical being, and young and feeble as he is, see what we can do for him. Let the persons who have the charge of him in this particular know everything about his body. Let them map out that knowledge to the best of their abilities, with a deep con- HISTORY OF MASOX COUNTY. 267 sideration of the case in hand, to the comprehension of their pupil. Let them instruct that pupil not only in the anatomy and physiol- ogy of his body, but in the laws of life and health, of strength and growth, and of that essential exercise by which the highest physi- cal beauty is developed. Let the effort then commence, in which the scholar will enthusiastically unite, so soon as he is made to un- derstand it, to rear up out of this beginning the completest, strongest, healthiest, hardiest, most beautiful and graceful being- possible. Let him not only be exercised, but exercised scientifical- ly, by a man who knows every bone and muscle of his body — every want and possibility of his physical existence. Let one set of exercises be suited to employ, invigorate and enlarge the muscles; let another inflate the lungs, enlarge the chest, and give larger scope for the growth and development of the internal organs. A third will give him ease of motion and gracefulness of carriage. Nor need we stop when these ends are gained. The organs of sensation, which are useful according to their j^ower and accuracy, may be astonishingly improved by a course of scientific practice. The eye can be educated to see, the ear to hear and the hand U) feel, and the remaining senses do their appropriate work. Nature, in these particulars, gives us the beginning and a subject capable of the highest degree of improvement. It is the business of effort and of art to carry that beginning to the best and highest attain- ments. Instead of suffering the strength and health and beauty of our pupil to waste away, as they do, almost universally, after the first hour of education is begun, we should not only preserve them all, but carry each of them to a perfection which nature, unaided by education, can never reach. The young man, when he goes from our hands, with all his other qualifications, in place of being the sickliest, weakest, and most pallid and cadaA'erous person in society, ought to be, physically, a pattern and paragon for all other men, with a good conscience and a brisk pulse, one whose head rarely pressed the pillow while others are astir. Polite v.ithout perfumery, graceful without a rattan; meditative, without stimulat- ing cups, narcotic juices or voluptuous fumes. Without particular and judicious treatment, however, this can- not be. Such a result will no more follow from the fact that a child lives on to the estate of manhood, than it follows that the crab-apple will graduallv bear better and bclkr fruit, till the most iCS mSTOKY OF MASON COUNTY luscious sorts shall drop from its outspreading branches, because the shower and the sunlight continue to moisten and warm the soil and atmosphere in which it grows. Let us also, while this physical training is going on, look care- fulh and philosophically into its mental constitution, determine precisely what intellectual faculties he possesses, and then set every one of these faculties to work, that we may thereby give each and all their utmost development. With a chart of the human mind spread out before us, we shall at once see the work we have under- taken to accomplish. We are to draw out, expand, strengthen and mature, and set in harmonious action every one of the prescribed possibilities of thought. It is easy enough when we have fixed upon mental growth as the first object of scholastic discipline to select from the boundless field of human knowledge those studies, which, while the}- are best adapted so promote this growth, will also furnish the mind with the most important truths. This second- ary object can behest attained, in fact, by pursuing a perfectly philosophical and universal mcthod,Jbr irut/i is the. food of thought^ and those sciences which are best adapted to develop the several faculties of the mind, will be found to be precisely those of the highest future value to the man. When that man goes out from his scholastic life, he will not be as graduates in general now are, the imbecile possessor of theoretic knowledge, but a being of varied pozcers. The word pozver exactly expresses the nature of his be- ing. Every one of his capacities has become a power. You need not ask him what he knows. Ask him what he can do. In his ability to do consists his superiority over those who only know. They, in the abundance of their lore can tell you all the laws of reason; because they have been memorizing the elementary prin- ciples of logic. He can reason, because the full expansion of this element of his being has been the direct object of his exertions. They can recite by the hour what has been written concerning the arts, based on imagination, particularly the works of great masters. He, through these works, has been cultivating his own imagina- tion. They (it is possible) can tell the names and detail the fiiults and graces of the great authors of antiquity. He can both write and speak. They are men of information. He of pt)wer, securing to himself that wholeness and evenness of mind without which no one can be truly great. This degree of perfection must be reached by exertions to develop a capacitv^ not \.o fitru'isJi it. HISTORY OF MASON COUNTY. 369 OUH LIFE. "Upon the summit of a hill, whose sides sloped either way, A toil-worn tra\'eler musin;^ stood, upon a summer day, Behind him lav the j^ath of lite, his weary feet had sped; Before, the dim declinint;^ way that to the future led. And on his ear there rose a song of mingled wail and mirth, From memory's wonder-waking harp, the music of the earth, And sights and sounds and dreaming things that e\ening shad- ows bring. Up to the windows of the heart like birds upon the wing. A vision of his childhood's home, a group in alder grove, A mother's, brother's, sister's voice, the first young dream of love. The fair bride blushing in his arms, the infant on her breast, And, ah, the green mounds ])y the way, where we laid them down to rest. And much he mused on perils past, of toils and hopes and fears, Like April skies all mingled up with silnshine, shades and tears. And golden wealth so widely sought, and honors bright and brief. That won the thoughtless throng's applause, l)ut filled ///V heart with grief. 1 will not say he turned away, in sadness or in gloom. Or that the world he left behind, was of his hopes the tomb; Though heaviness was in his heart, hope kindled in his eye; Behind him was a world of change; l)etbre, a changeless sky." OUH KDUCATIONAI. FACILITIES. Having on the preceding pages spoken of the benefits of a men- tal, moral and physical education, we now refer more in detail to the facilities possessed by our countv for disseminating the benefits above set forth, the values of which are incalculable. Education leads into exercise the active powers of man, those which God has endowed and made active for this end. Science, all science enlarges these faculties and gives them scope and vigor. The memory, the understanding, the taste, the pow'er of association, are all to be cultivated. Thev grow bv exercise, and onlv in this syo mSTOKY OK MASON COUNTY way. We premise by saying that the trust conferred upon those havino- the superintendance of the public schools, is a responsibility scarcely less or inferior in importance to that of the administration of the government. The government itself depends in no slight degree upon the education of those by w-hom it is hereafter to be controlled. Amid the various conflicting opinions on moral, po- litical and religious subjects there is need of charity and forbear- ance, concession and compromise. Citizenship is of no avail unless we imbibe the liberal spirit of our laws and our institutions. Through the medium of the common schools are the rising gene- ration of all nationalties assimilated readily and thoroughly, form- ing the great American people. The common schools are alike open to the rich and the poor, the citizen and the stranger. It is the duty of those to whom the ad- ministration of the schools is confided, to discharge it with mag- nanimous liberality and christian kindness. While the law should reign supreme, and obedience to its commands should ever be required, yet in the establishment of the law which is to control, there is no principle of wider application, or of higher wisdom, commending itself to the broad field of legislation or of municipal action, to those who enjoy its benefits and its privileges, and to which all should yield a cheerful obedience, than a precept which is found with nearly verbal identity in the teachings of Confucius and those of Jesus Christ, acknowledged by all and endeared to all by association and education, viz: "All things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them." The constitution of 1S70, of our State, the fundamental law, pro- vides "That the free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship -without discrimination^ shall be forever guaranteed, and that no person shall be denied any civil or political rights, priv- ilege or capacity on account of his religious opinions. No person shall be required to attend or support any ministry or place of wor- ship against his consent; nor shall any preference be given by law to any religious denomination or mode of worship." A learned teacher and author, in speaking of the duties of in- structors of youth, says their duty is "to take diligent care, and ex- ert their best endeavors to imjjress on the minds of children and youth committed to their care and instruction, the principles of nmralilv and justice, and a sacred regard to truth, love of their HISTORY OK MASOK COUNTY. 27 1 country, liumanity, and universal benevolence, sobriety, industry and fruf^ality, chastity, moderation and temperance, and all other virtues which are the ornaments of society." It will not be insisted that this duty, so beautifully set forth, is other than in conformity with the noble constitution of our State, above quoted. Neither will it be claimed that the Bible, in any of its translations, is averse to sound morality, or to those virtues de- signated as proper to be inculcated.. Our Legislature very justly leaves the selection of books to be used in our schools to the directors, teachers and superintendents, who arc elected by a majority of the community for which they act, thus reflecting the will of their constituants. There is no com- pulsory attendance, no religious tests required, no essentials of be- lief, no property qualifications to entitle a scholar to the benefits of the common schools of this State. He may be a Jew, Mahommctan, Catholic or Protestant. He may believe much or little, or have no belief at all, but in no case can he be deprived of instruction. The constitution and laws impose no test or other impediment to debar any from the public schools. If the writing of Gallileo, Copernicus or Newton should be de- rogatory to the opinions of any individual, is that any reason \vhv the youth of the country should be educated in ignorance of the teaching of these philosophers? Shall Locke, Bacon, Milton and vSwift be stricken from our list of authors, because some church votes them heretical writers } Hence, the wisdom of our constitution and laws placing the selec- tion of books in the hands of school officers, elected by the people whom they serve, as before stated, thus reflecting the will of their constituents. Our grand old system of equality, regards the Pagan and Mor- mon, the Brahmin and the Jew, the Sweedenborgian and the Bud- hist, the Catholic and the Quaker, all as possessing equal rights under our beneficent laws in the common schools. The decrees of a 272 HISTORY OF MASON COUNTY. council, conference, or the decisions of a Ulema, are alike power- less before our laws. It acknowledges no government external to itself; no ecclesiastical or other organization as having power over her citizens, or any right to dispense with the obligations of its laws, llic doctrine is the supremacy of the -people^ and that all crovernrncnt is foimded on their authority^ and instituted for their benefit. We defend our common schools. They are our Alma Mater. It is the enviable lot of the age in which we live, to see "The church and state that long had held Unholv intercourse, now divorced. She, who on the breast of civil power Had long reposed her harlot head, (The church a harlot then when first she wedded civil power,) And drank the blood of maityred saints. Whose priests were lords, W^hose cofTers held the gold of every land, Who held a cup — of all pollutions full." In the early settlements the school preceded the church, and the educational position now held by our coimty is an enviable one. We refer with pleasure to the fine school edifices of Havana, Mason City, Bath, and the one now in process of erection at the pleasant village of Easton. These splendid buildings are verv justly the pride of their respective localities. The building in Havana, erected in 1875, at a cost of only $30,- 000, is that city's best ornament. Our people are under obligations to our excellent School Board for assuming the high position they did in the erection of that building, that not only meets the present wants of the city, but will do so for many years to come. The architecture, the mechan- ical execution, and all the details of ventilation and heating are on the most approved scientific basis. Our School Board, composed of Messrs. Isaac N. Mitchell, Jacob Wheeler and Judson R, Fos- ter (we would like to name each one first in the list to give each a special prominence) will long deserve the consideration of our citi- zens, not only for the building, but for placing our schools in the control and management of the very able corps ot teachers that have and will hereafter assume its management. In selecting HISTORY OF MASON COUNTY. 273 female teachers, they sought for ability, experience and adajotation, and one year last passed has proven the wisdom of their selec- tions. The female teachers are Miss Gertie Chase, Miss Katie Kemp, Miss Kissie Wright, Miss Theresa Burnell, Miss Sadie M. Hutch- ins, Miss Nellie M. Beane, Miss Jennie E. Hutchins. Under their superlative management for the year last past, the schools have made such fine progress that the entire corps have been retained for the comintr vcar. And while the Directors wrote dionoir after the names of each of the other teachers, it is no disparagement to them that they wrote dijrnissi?ni(s after Miss Burnell's. Mr. Thos. W. Catlin, a graduate of Yale College, is employe*! as Superin- tendent for the coming year. The schools of Bath are supplied with a competent and efficient corps of teachers, and so satisfactory have been their services that they too have been retained for the coming year. Their fine and commodious edifice is creditable to the very laudable ambition of the town to excel in her educational interests. We have been unable to obtain data of the schools of Mason City to enable us to give the facts in reference to their manage- ments and prosperity. We have made frequent applications to the county superintendent therefor, but have failed up to this date to receive them. We have learned, however, from individuals of that city, that their very fine and commodious edifice is well and com- petently occupied by an able superintendent, and corps of teachers, to whose faithfulness and abilities the people feel themselves in- debted. Another edifice has been spoken of, to be erected in the eastern part of the city. We would refer in detail to every school house and every teacher in Mason county could we do so, and did space permit, but we must forbear that pleasure and simply state that all are very compe- tently supplied, and the class of school buildings throughout the county are creditable to those who have their charge. We cannot express the advantages of our system of schools. It is a fact ob- served by all, that the best and most vigorous and comprehensive minds of our country have arisen from the masses — from the com- mon people This is a rule, and not an exception, and exceptions to this rule are very rare. This is attributable to our school sys- tem. It is ability and power that makes the progress and advance- —35 ,-,- HISTORY OF MASON COUNTY. ment, and ultimatclv attains eminence in politics, law and scientific attainments. The same is true of the most successful manufacturers, mer- chants, mechanics and farmers. It is the poor man's son, depend- ent on his own individual energies, that is successful in life; a most emphatic commentary on our school system, and our governmental institutions. We once attended a noted school examination where the son of an Irish lahorer carried away first honors in all his recitations, and the son of a wealthy citizen and high official was excused, after he had made repeated failures, from further examination. Money, position and influence will not buy talent, energy, perseverance and application. Some of these results are attributable to the exercise and muscular-phvsical development which are predominant in the poorer people. "There is a bird, God bless its feet^ That chirps a music vcr}- sweet. Upon the snow. T^et other warblers come in spring, Amid the flowers their notes to sing. And plumage show. But give me yet that little bird Whose cheerful voice is often heard In winds that chill. JJlest emblem of God's child of grace. Whose soul the storm of life can face, And carol still." THE COUNTY POOR FARM. While it is true that "man's inhumanity to man makes countless thousands mourn," it is also true that in no age or country has the poor unfortunates of God's creatures been cared for as in the United States; and not one of the states of this Union has the facilities for caring for its unfortunates as does the State of Illinois. There is no more coniincndalile oliject to which the millions can be applied that are expended on the noble edifices in which the deaf, duml\ Mind, insane and feeble-minded are housed and fed, and tenderly cared for. MISTOllV ()^' MA.^O\ COUKTV For the unfortunate poor of our own county, the authorities have most amply provided. In contrast with the present, we here insert a description of the Paris Ji Poor House in Enj^huid. We quote from an old work issued fr(^m the press nearly one hundred years ago: "Behold yon house that holds the parish poor, Whose walls of mud scarce hear the broken door; There where the putrid vapors flagging play, And the tlull wheel hums doleful through the day ; There children dwell who know no parent's care, Parents who know no children's love, dwell there, Heart-broken matrons on their joyless beds, Forsaken wives, and mothers never wed ; Dejected widows with unheeded tears, And crippled age with more than childhood's fears; The lame, the blind, and far the happiest, they The moping idiot, and the mad-man gay. Here, too, the sick their final doom receive, Here brought amid the scenes of grief to grieve ; Where the loud groans in some sad chamber flow^ Mixed with the clamors of the prowd below ; Here sorrowing they each kindred sorrow scan, And the cold charities of man to man; Whose laws, indeed, for ruined age provide, And strong compulsion plucks the scrap from j^ride; But still that scrap is bought with many a sigh, And pride embitters what it can't deny. Such is that room, which one rude beam divides. And make the rafters form the sloping sides; W^here the vile bands that bind the thatch are seen, And lath and mud are all that lie between; Save one dull pane that coarsely patched gives wav. To the rude tempest, yet excludes the day. Here on a matted flock with dust o'erspread. The drooping wretch reclines his languid head; For him no hand the cordial cup applies, Nor wipes the tear that stagnates in his eyes; No friends with soft discourse his pain beguile. Nor promise hope till sickness wears a smile." Instead of the conditions above described the poor of Mason county are most amply cared for. A commodious home is provi- ded them. A most healthful and a most beautiful country farm, in the best surroundings in the county, is their location. Ample amount of healthful food is provitled them. The best medical at- 276 HISTORY OF MASON COUNTV. tcntion is furnished those who may need it, and cleanliness, quiet and order is the characteristic of all their ample appointments. This feature of American philanthropy finds no counterpart in any country in the world, however hoasted its civilization or its advancement. And it is with no feeling of regret that we can record that the United States, Illinois and Mason county are high up on the roll of humanitarians. To the objects of these charities the question is never asked. How came ye here? Enough for the public, who is the dispenser of this beneficence, to know that the subject is needing their assistance. MILITARY HISTORY MASON COUNTY CO.Ml'ILKD FROM THK RKCOKDS OK THE AI)JUTAXT-C;EN KK Al. OK THE STATE OK ILLINOIS. We shall ,2;ivc, in the following pages, the name, date of enlist- ment, date of muster, and remarks, including promotions, dates, etc., and a brief sketch of the services of each regiment in which Mason county was represented, taken with care from the records of the Adjutant-General, of Springfield, Illinois, to whom we are indebted tor his kindness in furnishins; us these data. 278 jriSTORY OF MASON COUNTV i^ I ■- -^ _o •-3 ,^ .0 rr .-'.-' ,->^ .- r* .-- ■^ = o c ^.S.5 h C ?^ P^ H Q G VC VC VC " vo „ o - -, " " ^^ ^ - CO =^ I! I! - "^ J! '^^'^I! - «^r ^f 'T-^^Tc -^c ^Tq Ao u r- o I— I ;:i ^ J^ ^ 8 a '8 i^ ■■r p. ." 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CO c o c3 rt "2 5^ ,^-> ^ffi^ « t- o P rt c o ^ -+0 CO CO > o ^ .5J4 c c o C O 5 be rj) HISTORY Of.' MASOM COUNTY. 28^ i«~! ^ »■-• ^as CO 4-. S :i OS ° -l^tlH O , 'P Sbr.--^ o «J ^ >; ;: rr u ;S i/> — o _z y. S O y. — s p^. cT; c u: s CO CO CO c o o c o IT. ^ ^ :j s ^ 5 >—( <H ^ ^ ^ *- ^ ^ o i^ o vT o -^i ;A >^ i- cj o o c T. c 1 c ''2 o l-H x' \^ ao. 1— (. d. o 'J) CO 6C f<-, CO CO <5 u.; ^ <', —. bJD a tr. be be tc ?: c QQ C J ^ - - ^• VO vc ^ CO c/O CO r-~, -^, .>1 <. (^»^H rt 1-^ -h-" "-T ^ ^ N ^ c o o "^ o -p •= o c o o <^ '7 t; n i > ^ !> '-' (^ !;:> ^ ?i. o = 1-1 I— >^ 73. '-> -5 . . . . ►->. '►^ ^ r.i ^ ^ -y ^ 286 HISTORY OK MASON COUNTY. vo. CO 1-5 , - vo. ft ,x -t \r _ — VO y:, ^i r- CO — r- ^ ^ f^^ -— ' CI »— • tc bfl bJj bJj \0 VO 00 CO Q CS >^i; rt S ^'i I—, o 1-^ ^ D :£!-'" vT > ^5 13 d~ ^ '^ -2 ^ -^' b^ !rf Cii = Q o. -7^ ^ 3 o if- ." O y r bX) • fcXj ^ _ c o o ti -C E ?^ .xrQ 5^ U' U' Co ^W50 • Q ^^ W ^ ;:^ Q IIISTOKY OF MASON COUNTY. :;S7 c o '>; CO <4-i -3 ►- O. *"' o i> f^i <"! »^ vT) vr^ ^ I .= .§3 .= .= •= •= f II C -*' O O O O CJ 0) <L> V, -'^ ^^ u -tn fcc be be be be bx fc£ ji. -t; ti )2, rtrtrt cSCK r; << — _- .— — ' jj J: ^ ir. a. a. X O • — • • — ' i; ^^ .So.R R^.Q ^ . ^. . R'^ VD •-v • in ;j c o U :86 HIS'lOKV Ol- .MASON COUNTY. CO < c M C si .... . . o "•I — '-I ^ ri ^. r; CO CO (>2 -^ 00 s g o o 3 ' 3 > J> br. tc bn zi to bJC •5 ^ ::::•••;: "Ki a ... ^ ^. ; . • : ^ ^ c « c** ■p rA ■r 3 o > 1— i ;^ c5 5Z! = C^ do J. o S ^ (A, HH U) ~ ►^ •J. r O ^rq iJh ;^ 6 u K^ .-1 0^ ^'^ U U* ^ Ok^ o x&^ •— ^ CD CO CO o o bj; bx) CsG HC ei PI CO CO he b£ QC •-I — ri PI . N "- — 'O^VCVO „V0>OVC cococ>DcOv^cococo ; "-"-co'"'"" P5 P) '- "- l/^ « N PI ^ ^s bJC'-' o ca c ~' o . be •- *~^ b£hH ^ o r-r ^ -^ X ^ |_H CA HH . o O j:: o ^ ■ ^. U3 ~ o c ^ HISTORY OF MASON COUXTV 289 >> >% >, in •^ •-— "iH C3 c — Xi •"^ rT"-^ rJ s 3 rCl '-' 3 be CO b£co CO "^1 _ ^ iJ -» - vo vo CO ^ _ c c CO ,12 X CO ^; « ^ c f— ' c CO p ^__ - ix; b/; -5 a, C u u ■si bic •- , ^ 'B H bf) C stcrrcd t crcd out sfcrred t bJC V IS )^ A .5 ::^ 'S P S ^ ^ 'B 'B H rt rr. t/: .■" rt 3 ?; fH <^< r^aOr^ :<:::GQbH hQHCQHH^H r\. !. cocooocococx)^oococococococococococococo M 1- -H Nl Qv, « « U-) -^ " ,. eoco 1- o^O^C^'-' n cn>-' cotnCN '^coco'^cocoooco 2 CJN^" 5" -T d\ d\ d\ " N ►-' ^ -^ M M N >-. <u o ?G C^?^-^ « c: S c3 >^^ u^ rr '"* cj o oi ••' ^ '•^ X .t: is :c5 o 290 HISTORY OF MASON COUXTY. I 5< ~ 'A ri ^ O CO u •y; •/: n C S c c '—* H-i ►— ' jZ c. ^ yz CO CO <4H • CO .5 ^ . , CO 00 ?: ^ -iS ^ jf = «"•-: :r •- ^ .s .£ .s ^ be r o c '^ o t; 2 -TT "" - P d ^^ o ;j o x o — ■S. <> IT. = :^ = = = 2 HHH pwsq:^m:^:^:^h tr- CO '^f CO CO ►-.' ~ ^ - . "^ 1"^ H-( ►— .HH Bh t— CO 3 CO « c. « " " ^ ' < d ^" > '^r- ^ '-^ HISTORY OF MASON COUNTY. 29] t^ -0 c 3 <^ r\ TD ^0 ^ CO- ^ ": N t>0 . VO ^ VO ■^ \o c c^ ^ 00 ^• r^ ^ r: o ^- « \o ■<1 CO H •^ N .< -*-i fci} i^ 3 ^ < t»^ Qi u «= U <^ -li! u £ C ;- ::-^^ C :^ J= -^ 5 O > ;- '-J -TZ .p <^-i ~ ^ ^ ^- - 2 ^ O :i "i "i /: 2 C ?. ^^-^ ^O b^^ ? i: 2: U /- — U v-' 'Sj S' — x CJ >. ^ ,-C .**•"'■ 3 "^ * ^ I- »■* ^ ^ ^ X J. > x: (^ .•^ '—' ' ' -w> :; h^ ^^^ 7, p*— t 292 HISTOKY OK MASON COl'XTY. c CO c Ridge. River, ion Ridge. -+ Mission Ridge in 1864. clmont. i c okuk. ut 186 jssion Stone t Miss CO l-" a. i> 2 ■ti X ^ 3« <J ^ C5 r^ 'TT >^ -w ^ c^ •^ 53 -w .— . *^ ^ *'' ■0 3 r. -^ '^ 'Si^ ^ t5 v: „ Pi Q Oi^ "^Q Q ^^ p:J Q Q ^ M fi^_ ^ S_ Q Q ^ ;^ cC H Q _Q ^ Q ^ 1) o * 1-1 ^'^ .^ '€ -rC o 5 >-. «M -fiU' -= -J £ cO-;^S u 0) p; — ( ::; '— i U — T p ^ u c 1-^ tr. > <*^ ,< "* f^ C3. X. £ J ' > ' bJCC/TbJO ca ■ c« - „ - ^ »— ,•— >»^ \.J f«^ I— I H- ^|i| (—1 h— ^> ,HW ■ o c O C =i =._^-^ ;j sJ ^ <^ 1— I U K^ t: p ii o Ji CJ ^ o -^ c HH j:: HISTORY OP MASON COUNTY. 293 <U TS — "C Vh t^ o i< o C r- E CJ C J V i i i ?H K ?^ ^-H P* bx -^ J C4 > CO 3 >. U = C s. ^^^ >.§== tec ^ : « o *r - t£ -► >— < a. i-v r- c " *> ' 5 'X CO '•J C C .2 c o '^ i^ > o - O '■J iJ be c ^ .t: > ^ sr .r X O U ;;; - w 3 /-> ^'n«/ HH ■5 . « - ii 294 HISTORY OF MASON COUNTY. C o £ ffi o ''^ ~>' "^ ::z \z: 'j:^ C' ^ u^ 5 Lc :: oj -^ Z ' p = . u: ^s y. «> bi s S ;S H •rS 73 ■« »$ !3 ;= '4 CO CJ M '- 1 b hT-- - ?2 ** ^ 5^ *H >— < f^ c fej t^ ^^ ^ w u c c s / >•, • •<; 61^ w C r: "" .< Z 1— 1 < r •"• /. ;ai^ =0 )S : CO - - CO " CO " VO ^C/D 00 ^co , .~co cyo -■ ^ oo " ^» 0^'-'M ^»-^^ ^ <-> - ^^ -^ CO ^ O M "go "^ ^ CO , 3 ^ CA) < C/2 CT^ < CT^ < ►-< M >■ > B^2 = 53 , J :^ i-^,i-^P d ;:^ x' c = £ g S S i i 3 3 c'§P5 C <^ ii r- :J: ^^ HISTORY OF MASON COUNTY. 295 ^ S — -r ^ tc -^ tj- ^ QQ (ii Q s: U) t/) <u 4. J D ^ H c "O " * C ^3 3 1) ^ > K/' ^cd Q CO be -5? bf 3 O '^ *r &, 3 ^ - 5 t 8 /; 3 -^^ be X 5 rt :i .'.- ^^^ -3 "^ £ •- ►^ S ti -: -5 ^ " -$ .- - -r S > ^j -i£ "^ "7" ■•- "5 3 i; ,rc3 cj ^ .5 ^.^J '-J = a p rr: 5 ^ ^ '-> -r""! -^ *5 -^ ^ ui ^^r:^ ^h D -< ^i." < ^J t: .i,Q c/2 S K ^ ffi K U fii' Q O ^ < ^ 296 HISTORY OF MASON COUNTV. t5 00 § o tn a. a. be 3 c 3: be ^yyi/3<y(/:u; 5^ c^QcdQPQQ . . ajn • JJ ■CO •- c/: 7> ^ u i) ■' b'e^ « rt r5 — u u " — ^t; •^C 'w *0 'O ^ 'O 'y '^ 2 ^.x ^c-^ bc-^ ^ be QQ (2) Pi Q si Q csi C»i Q 64 J. CO " bc~ 15 4J ^ «. " X c ^ ^ s s i~ 3 ^ ji- V- </■- h^ j; ^ w •— 'y. .^ 'J "" '-' :; O -^ 'o &H fl^ . I Hi..i,a^ t-^l^ j:J j^ <i < c/i K^^^ '3 "y c ti "^ •£ ^ — "" ,.'1^ ^-.t;« >'X c X 5 J X be c Kc/i<H ?3 5 C :; C '^ y ?5 r; K' ^ > 7; HISTORY OF MASOX COUNTY. 297 U J3 16 <f! U •:/D :; - :d/. --vS -^ — ,w^ —,-' — ^. ^,f- '-J ~^,< 2-1 kS^ 'A^ r^S HISTORY OK MASON C(UNT^ . O N '.r. '■J C ^ ^ -^ r< y. ^ — * « ':^ z ii .N* C '^ 0) VC VO >^ -i- -t- -h CC CO -^ vc *o vc - - "" CO C/D CO CO CO ■"? ""■' c< = <5 — \/-J >/-, r-" o ^ J c U CO rif ^ ^ .- — 2 ■"* v^ '' "^ J ^t "^ ^' " ~ '. :: •? '^- '- '-' :2i "^ lI <: • '^' -• = J. ^5 ^ > -^ U "> '^ ">/.'> \r JUZ^, ^^'^ ^ / ^ ^^ i^ i-H l-H I— I --- ^ . <> HH < ^ .^ /' lllS'l()l;^■ OF MASON COIN'I^ -99 tc U si 5 : : : i^ •+ ?^ -+ • • ^ s VO s VO • • o CO c/0 o <- •"-H l^ ^ <! CO ^-^ CO .- " ■^ X. H ^ lO - C-i -"-^ r< S i o w* -v C:i £ "^ J: << "',^< UIM'OKV OF MASON COUNTY. SS / '^ w p: w VD iJ^ ^ -• ^' W 00 t» CO = CO - ' - ' C c £ c _ C ^ i, '^ ? .^ ^^ fi £J •^ ^ "^ 'r^ '-^ > "^ • -^ s,» '^ . vo ^O^^rtCCcgcC CSC = ^ < :•••:••':■;::::::::::::: cc - .:.:.:.: : : !S^> •— j^* HI >— iV* <^ «-*>—( .^ ■—< L/J I— t ►— i>- HISTORY OF MASO.V COUNTY. 301 N! V Z 'X o ■T- — — vo vD :>o £^ "ii vo vo - - « ^co CO >ri CO >0 ^ " ' :j V z: - >— ^— >— , ■. >— jiJh 'i-t-i .- C __ ~ be O 01 9 ■^ g ^ 00 00 Q2:! ^ Tt- ^ s CO »-s ^ *^ ^ H CO !S s s -^ s: '^ ;>, ?? ^ o ^ GO O i i :; :: CO ■5 So.. ^- be-. ■-; .5 id C2 '-^ ~ - ^ c '^ "?^ r-" -? ^ ^ P; E'^ ^ - i -^ "^- .^ -^ ^ J 2d ^ '- --..=-: -; -i -^ X :i^ -^ *- < ? :^ = .0^ IllvlDK^ OF MA.sON ct)rNr> ^ h "^ y ^ »— ' si ^ f. ^ 1-^ ^^ A ^, 'A -r • -r 1 VC -t- -1- -h - i-vc 1 b. cc O vc vc vc v; <« - ^ '^'^'yl. u. t ;^ 7 M t; -* ;- - '^ = tf o — ■ 5 <? 5 ^^ S .E 5 - ^ £ 1^ . i 5:5^-^^^ 5 X m: -x O 3 o CJ ^ ^ y ^ .i Ca--CiGu;C:2^ GG^QQP^JQG iV. c ^ c/}-r o i^ I S"'^- o i ^ rt c — V.
| 12,756 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8184323
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Category:2001 NAIA football season
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 22 | 36 |
Category:2001 NAIA football season
Wikimedia category
Category:2001 NAIA football season instance of Wikimedia category
Category:2001 NAIA football season category combines topics 2001
| 22,823 |
https://github.com/Jakub-Bednarek/project_cataclysm/blob/master/components/engine/vendor/reactphysics3d/documentation/API/html/classreactphysics3d_1_1_memory_manager.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Zlib
| 2,021 |
project_cataclysm
|
Jakub-Bednarek
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 71 | 719 |
var classreactphysics3d_1_1_memory_manager =
[
[ "AllocationType", "classreactphysics3d_1_1_memory_manager.html#ab2704e4e9ff13862d16412376c1520aa", [
[ "Base", "classreactphysics3d_1_1_memory_manager.html#ab2704e4e9ff13862d16412376c1520aaa095a1b43effec73955e31e790438de49", null ],
[ "Pool", "classreactphysics3d_1_1_memory_manager.html#ab2704e4e9ff13862d16412376c1520aaadef36b726efed529b13ba240dd331a12", null ],
[ "Heap", "classreactphysics3d_1_1_memory_manager.html#ab2704e4e9ff13862d16412376c1520aaa556e9a86db9c921373c6b5097817214a", null ],
[ "Frame", "classreactphysics3d_1_1_memory_manager.html#ab2704e4e9ff13862d16412376c1520aaa3bb3e8c8a24891ba0f7608bcc96f8b0a", null ]
] ],
[ "MemoryManager", "classreactphysics3d_1_1_memory_manager.html#adb1b2929d39f1bc88541523b583ce50a", null ],
[ "~MemoryManager", "classreactphysics3d_1_1_memory_manager.html#af1e6d2c721cb426a3fceb4c5b9640641", null ],
[ "allocate", "classreactphysics3d_1_1_memory_manager.html#afdaabab4cde3d8921151b6d73609fc9b", null ],
[ "getHeapAllocator", "classreactphysics3d_1_1_memory_manager.html#a372d35bcd13167b680f6992fb0f8b5f4", null ],
[ "getPoolAllocator", "classreactphysics3d_1_1_memory_manager.html#a783ee423224546148529bb56f6129801", null ],
[ "getSingleFrameAllocator", "classreactphysics3d_1_1_memory_manager.html#a2d4383088442fa9f26368dec274b8974", null ],
[ "release", "classreactphysics3d_1_1_memory_manager.html#aebb46a9c6d69ce958653ebc7b48c9bb4", null ],
[ "resetFrameAllocator", "classreactphysics3d_1_1_memory_manager.html#a2f65b4068eba8d3375544efbfbfe23ca", null ]
];
| 43,782 |
https://github.com/Henrique-Santos-da-Silva/Nlw5-Plant-Manager-Kotlin/blob/master/app/src/main/java/br/com/rocketseat/nextlevelweek/plantmanager/repositories/UserDbRepository.kt
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
Nlw5-Plant-Manager-Kotlin
|
Henrique-Santos-da-Silva
|
Kotlin
|
Code
| 65 | 275 |
package br.com.rocketseat.nextlevelweek.plantmanager.repositories
import android.content.Context
import androidx.datastore.preferences.core.Preferences
import androidx.datastore.preferences.core.edit
import androidx.datastore.preferences.core.stringPreferencesKey
import br.com.rocketseat.nextlevelweek.plantmanager.utils.dataStoreInstance
import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.first
import javax.inject.Inject
class UserDbRepository @Inject constructor(private val context: Context) {
suspend fun insertUser(key: String, value: String) {
val preferencesKey: Preferences.Key<String> = stringPreferencesKey(key)
context.dataStoreInstance.edit { preferences ->
preferences[preferencesKey] = value
}
}
suspend fun getUser(key: String): String? {
val preferencesKey: Preferences.Key<String> = stringPreferencesKey(key)
val preferences: Preferences = context.dataStoreInstance.data.first()
return preferences[preferencesKey]
}
}
| 2,020 |
https://openalex.org/W2205529305
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,015 |
Assessing the effectiveness of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) for smoking cessation in women: HIIT to quit study protocol
|
Toby Pavey
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,163 | 8,714 |
This may be the author’s version of a work that was submitted/accepted
for publication in the following source:
Pavey, Toby, Gartner, Coral, Coombes, Jeff, & Brown, Wendy
(2015)
Assessing the effectiveness of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) for
smoking cessation in women: HIIT to quit study protocol.
BMC Public Health, 15, Article number: 1309 1-6.
This file was downloaded from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/92486/
c⃝Copyright 2015 Pavey et al.
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Inter-
national License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to
the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and
indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver
(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in
this article, unless otherwise stated.
License: Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0
Notice: Please note that this document may not be the Version of Record
(i.e. published version) of the work. Author manuscript versions (as Sub-
mitted for peer review or as Accepted for publication after peer review) can
be identified by an absence of publisher branding and/or typeset appear-
ance. If there is any doubt, please refer to the published source.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2631-3 This may be the author’s version of a work that was submitted/accepted
for publication in the following source:
Pavey, Toby, Gartner, Coral, Coombes, Jeff, & Brown, Wendy
(2015)
Assessing the effectiveness of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) for
smoking cessation in women: HIIT to quit study protocol. BMC Public Health, 15, Article number: 1309 1-6. This file was downloaded from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/92486/
c⃝Copyright 2015 Pavey et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Inter-
national License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to
the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and
indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver
(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in
this article, unless otherwise stated. License: Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0
Notice: Please note that this document may not be the Version of Record
(i.e. published version) of the work. Author manuscript versions (as Sub-
mitted for peer review or as Accepted for publication after peer review) can
be identified by an absence of publisher branding and/or typeset appear-
ance. If there is any doubt, please refer to the published source. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2631-3 This may be the author’s version of a work that was submitted/accepted
for publication in the following source: Pavey, Toby, Gartner, Coral, Coombes, Jeff, & Brown, Wendy
(2015)
Assessing the effectiveness of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) for
smoking cessation in women: HIIT to quit study protocol. BMC Public Health, 15, Article number: 1309 1-6. (
)
Assessing the effectiveness of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) for
smoking cessation in women: HIIT to quit study protocol. BMC Public Health, 15, Article number: 1309 1-6. This file was downloaded from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/92486/ c⃝Copyright 2015 Pavey et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Inter-
national License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to
the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and
indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver
(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in
this article, unless otherwise stated. © 2015 Pavey et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to
the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver
(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Abstract Background: Smoking and physical inactivity are major risk factors for heart disease. Linking strategies that
promote improvements in fitness and assist quitting smoking has potential to address both these risk factors
simultaneously. The objective of this study is to compare the effects of two exercise interventions (high intensity
interval training (HIIT) and lifestyle physical activity) on smoking cessation in female smokers. Method/design: This study will use a randomised controlled trial design. Participants: Women aged 18–55 years
who smoke ≥5 cigarettes/day, and want to quit smoking. Intervention: all participants will receive usual care for
quitting smoking. Group 1 - will complete two gym-based supervised HIIT sessions/week and one home-based
HIIT session/week. At each training session participants will be asked to complete four 4-min (4 × 4 min) intervals
at approximately 90 % of maximum heart rate interspersed with 3- min recovery periods. Group 2 - participants
will receive a resource pack and pedometer, and will be asked to use the 10,000 steps log book to record steps and
other physical activities. The aim will be to increase daily steps to 10,000 steps/day. Analysis will be intention
to treat and measures will include smoking cessation, withdrawal and cravings, fitness, physical activity, and
well-being. Discussion: The study builds on previous research suggesting that exercise intensity may influence the
efficacy of exercise as a smoking cessation intervention. The hypothesis is that HIIT will improve fitness and
assist women to quit smoking. ew Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12614001255673 (Registration date 02/12/2014) Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12614001255673 (Registration date 0 Keywords: Exercise, Physical activity, Smoking cessation, Women, High intensity Keywords: Exercise, Physical activity, Smoking cessation, Women, High intensity years, in 2011–12, 16 % (1.4 million) of Australian
women aged 18 years and over smoked daily. The 2009
National Preventative Health Strategy calls for a target
of 10 % or less for smoking prevalence by 2020. This
target will not be reached unless rates of cessation sub-
stantially increase [2]. More than half of all smokers
want to quit [3], but many struggle to achieve abstin-
ence, and relapse is common, with only 5 % of smokers
who
quit
without
any assistance
still
abstinent at
6 months [4]. As many smokers cite ‘wanting to get fit’
as a motivation for quitting [5], linking strategies that
will simultaneously promote improvement in fitness and Assessing the effectiveness of High
Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) for smoking
cessation in women: HIIT to quit study
protocol Toby G. Pavey1*, Coral E. Gartner2, Jeff S. Coombes1 and Wendy J. Brown1 Toby G. Pavey1*, Coral E. Gartner2, Jeff S. Coombes1 and Wendy J. Brown1 * Correspondence: [email protected]
1Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health (CRExPAH),
School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of
Queensland, St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane QLD, 4072, Australia
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article License: Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 License: Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 Notice: Please note that this document may not be the Version of Record
(i.e. published version) of the work. Author manuscript versions (as Sub-
mitted for peer review or as Accepted for publication after peer review) can
be identified by an absence of publisher branding and/or typeset appear-
ance. If there is any doubt, please refer to the published source. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2631-3 Pavey et al. BMC Public Health (2015) 15:1309
DOI 10.1186/s12889-015-2631-3 Background Tobacco smoking is a major cause of cardiovascular dis-
ease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and many
cancers. In women, research has shown that between the
ages of 18 to 55 years, the largest population risk for
heart disease is attributable to smoking (particularly in
young women) and physical inactivity [1]. Despite steady
declines in smoking prevalence over the past thirty * Correspondence: [email protected]
1Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health (CRExPAH),
School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of
Queensland, St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane QLD, 4072, Australia
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Pavey et al. BMC Public Health (2015) 15:1309 Page 2 of 6 Page 2 of 6 Page 2 of 6 assist quitting has the potential to change both behav-
iours simultaneously [6]. 18–55, smoking at least five cigarettes a day, and who
identify as being willing and ready to make a quit
attempt will be recruited. Recruitment will be from the
local population using radio and print media, advertis-
ing, and through collaborations with local health ser-
vices. A phone number, study email and website will be
available
for
interested
participants
to
contact
the
research team. A member of the research team will
follow-up with a phone call to screen for eligibility,
explain the main requirements of the study, and send
the Participant Information and Consent Form (PICF). If
women wish to participate they will be invited to attend
a screening/baseline visit (Fig. 1) and sign the PICF be-
fore any data are collected. There is evidence for a positive effect of exercise when
quitting smoking [7], with physical activity (PA) reducing
cigarette cravings and withdrawal symptoms [8]. How-
ever, the evidence for the efficacy of PA as an aid to quit-
ting smoking is mixed. A recent systematic review of 15
randomised controlled trials highlighted insufficient ex-
ercise intensity as a potential limitation of interventions
tested in previous trials which did not improve smoking
abstinence rates [7]. High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) could over-
come the potential limitation of insufficient intensity, by
providing alternating short bursts of high intensity exer-
cise with recovery periods of light exercise. HIIT pro-
vides rapid physiological adaptations, as indicated by
improvements in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), an-
aerobic threshold and stroke volume [9, 10]. Intervention
l Usual care cessation support: Participants in both groups
will receive usual care smoking cessation support, based
on the Smoking Cessation Guidelines for Australian
General Practice [11] This includes a quit pack (available
from Quitline), which covers planning and preparing to
quit, strategies for quit success, and coping with crav-
ings. Participants will also be directed to other resources,
including the ‘My QuitBuddy’ mobile app, and the web-
based QuitCoach. These resources provide personalized
quit plans, monitor progress and money saved, and
motivation and support from others using the app. Par-
ticipants will also be directed to call Quitline should they
wish to speak to a counsellor about their quit attempt. Quitline is a confidential service with a professional
advisor available for counseling and advice on quit-
ting smoking. Aims The aims of this project are to: (1) compare the effects
of two exercise interventions (HIIT and a ’10,000 steps’
pedometer based intervention) combined with usual care
smoking cessation support, on cessation rates in female
smokers who wish to quit; (2) assess the effects of HIIT
and 10,000 steps interventions on weight change and (3)
assess whether improvements in fitness, vitality and
intrinsic motivation are mediators of the relationship be-
tween activity and smoking cessation. Background Randomisation, allocation and concealment
Participants who complete baseline measures will be
randomised into one of two groups: 1) HIIT or 2)
10,000 steps (Fig. 1). Each participant will be random-
ized into one of the two study conditions according to
an allocation sequence generated by a computer pro-
gram and concealed within sealed opaque sequentially
numbered envelopes. Analyses will adjust for any base-
line differences, consistent with standard procedures. Participants will be allocated to conditions one-at-a-
time, allowing for a “rolling start” to the intervention. Methods Design, participants and recruitment
The study has received ethical approval from the
Medical Research Ethics Committee of The University
of Queensland (#2014001266). This study will use a two
group randomised controlled trial design. Inclusion and
exclusion criteria are provided in Table 1. Women aged Design, participants and recruitment Table 1 Inclusion/exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
Women aged 18 to 55 years
Currently using pharmacological
quit smoking aids
Currently smoking at least
5 cigarettes per day
Medical problems that increase risk
of adverse events during exercise
(including unstable angina, pulmonary
disease, uncontrolled hypertension,
cardiomyopathty, orthopaedic or
neurological limitations)
Desire to quit smoking
Planned surgery during research period
Willing to attend the gym
twice weekly if allocated
to HIIT intervention group
Current or planned pregnancy
Drug or alcohol abuse Table 1 Inclusion/exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
Women aged 18 to 55 years
Currently using pharmacological
quit smoking aids
Currently smoking at least
5 cigarettes per day
Medical problems that increase risk
of adverse events during exercise
(including unstable angina, pulmonary
disease, uncontrolled hypertension,
cardiomyopathty, orthopaedic or
neurological limitations)
Desire to quit smoking
Planned surgery during research period
Willing to attend the gym
twice weekly if allocated
to HIIT intervention group
Current or planned pregnancy
Drug or alcohol abuse 10,000 steps pedometer group: participants assigned to
this group will receive a resource pack and pedometer,
and will be asked to increase their daily steps to 10,000. The resource pack contains a log-book to record steps/
day, number of cigarettes smoked, and hints and tips for
increasing step counts. The log-book is based on re-
sources used by the Queensland 10,000 steps project
(www.10000steps.org.au)
Trained
research
staff
will
phone these participants once a week to check and Pavey et al. BMC Public Health (2015) 15:1309 Page 3 of 6 Fig. 1 Flow of study record pedometer use and discuss barriers and strategies
for successfully increasing PA. Data collection Participants will be assessed on three occasions: at base-
line, week 13 and week 26 (see Fig. 1). Cigarettes per
day will be measured weekly. Withdrawal symptoms,
cigarette cravings and feelings of stress, will be moni-
tored during the intervention. See Table 2 for full list of
measures, and measurement time-points. Exercise and
fitness measures will be completed by research staff
whom will be blinded to participant group allocation. HIIT group: participants assigned to this group will
complete two gym-based supervised sessions (supervised
by trained research staff) and one home-based HIIT ses-
sion each week. The HIIT protocol will be completed by
fast walking or running on a treadmill with the deck
inclined to reach the desired intensity, or on a cycle erg-
ometer if individuals are unable or do not wish to use
the treadmill. The 35 min protocol consists of: warm-up
at 65 % of heart rate maximum (HRmax) (5 min); 4 ×
4 min intervals at 85–95 % HRmax (with the target zone
reached by at least two minutes), interspersed with
3 min recovery at 65 % HRmax; and cool down (5 min),
with a total exercise time of 35 min (see Fig. 2). Attend-
ance at supervised sessions and adherence to home-
based sessions (including compliance with target heart
rate) will be monitored and recorded by research staff. Smoking measures Smoking abstinence and cessation will be assessed using
the Russell Standard [12]. This includes self-reported
‘quitting’ (not smoking for two weeks) and expelled car-
bon monoxide concentration (Micro Smokerlyser; Pico
simple, Harrietsham, UK) of less than 10 ppm (which
reflects abstinence from smoking during the previous
24-h). Saliva will be collected by drooling into a 50 ml
Falcon tube. The sample will be frozen and stored for
analysis of cotinine, which is a metabolite of nicotine. Self-reported number of cigarettes smoked will be re-
corded each week. Withdrawal symptoms and cravings
will be assessed using the Mood and Physical Symptoms After the 12-week intervention researcher support will
be removed from both groups (e.g. removal of supervised
HIIT sessions and 10,000 steps support). Researcher con-
tact will only be made to arrange and complete follow-up
measures during weeks 13 and 26. Pavey et al. BMC Public Health (2015) 15:1309 Page 4 of 6 Cool down
5:00
3:00
3:00
3:00
5:00
4:00
4:00
4:00
4:00
Warm up
3 minute walks in
between at 65%HRmax
4 x 4 minutes at 85-95% HRmax
(walking/running up an incline)
Fig. 2 Example of a 35 min 4 × 4 HIIT session 4 x 4 minutes at 85-95% HRmax
(walking/running up an incline) Fig. 2 Example of a 35 min 4 × 4 HIIT session Scale (MPSS) [13]. Smoking dependency will be assessed
using the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependance
(FTND) [14]. Subjective stress will be assessed using
the 4-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) to monitor
any changes associated with smoking reduction or in-
creasing PA [15]. participant. We will measure blood pressure prior to
and during the test. This fitness test will be completed on a treadmill
(T2100, Little Chalfont, UK) or a cycle ergometer (Lode
Excalibur Sport, Groningen, Netherlands) if individuals
are unable or do not wish to use the treadmill. The tread-
mill test will use a ramp protocol where the inclination is
constant (5.5 %) and the speed increased 0.5 km/h every
minute, starting at 4 km/h. The cycle protocol includes a
2 × 4 min warm-up at 25 W and 50 W. The test starts at
50 W and increases by 25 W every minute. We will ask
participants to refrain from smoking two hours before
the test, and from drinking alcohol, or doing any vig-
orous or moderate intensity activities 12-h before the test. Discussion Physical activity and sedentary time will be measured
using a wrist-worn GENEActiv accelerometer, which will
be worn for one week at each measurement time. The
GENEActiv is a tri-axial, ± 6 g seismic acceleration
sensor. It is small (36x30x12 cm), lightweight (16 g),
waterproof, and offers a near body temperature sensor
to help improve the confirmation of wear and non-time. GENEActivs will be configured with a sampling fre-
quency of 80 Hz, with data uploaded and converted to
15 s epoch .csv files using GENEActiv PC software ver-
sion 2.1. We will import the epoch files into custom
built Excel spreadsheets that will compute the most
likely posture (lying, sitting, standing, ambulation), activ-
ity intensity (sedentary, light, moderate, vigorous) and
sleep. This will provide information on average daily
sedentary, active and sleep patterning and behaviour,
and will provide a measure of overall weekly physical
activity. GENEActiv validity studies have demonstrated
strong correlations for criterion validity (r = 0.79 to 0.98)
for physical activity and sedentary behaviour [5, 6]. Data
in this study will be based on standard criteria for wear
time [7]. Physical inactivity and tobacco smoking are important
contributors
to
the
overall
burden
of
disease
in
Australia, and are significant risk factors for almost all
Australia’s major non-communicable physical and men-
tal health problems. This study is innovative, as it will build on suggestions
from previous studies that intensity of exercise may be a
critical factor in determining the efficacy of PA interven-
tions for smoking cessation. Our study addresses this
issue by comparing the effect of two PA interventions of
varying intensity on smoking cessation outcomes. In examining the notion that HIIT (combined with a
quit program) will result in higher quit rates than a
more moderate PA intervention, we will also examine
novel mediators (fitness, vitality and intrinsic motiv-
ation) which will improve understanding of the relation-
ships between HIIT and smoking cessation. Further, we will assess the effect of exercise intensity on
other indicators of smoking, such as withdrawal symp-
toms, cigarette cravings and weight gain, as these factors
are important barriers to smoking cessation. This project
will address the weaknesses of previous studies (e.g. poor
assessment of intensity, adherence or compliance to exer-
cise) and is novel in design and conceptualisation. Exercise, fitness and physical activity measures Partici-
pants will repeat the manoeuvre three times, with a rest
period of ≥1 min between efforts. Peak expiratory flow
rate [PEFR]) will be assessed using a portable peak flow
meter (Assess, Cedar Grove, USA), using the same tech-
nique as described above. Participants will repeat the
manoeuvre three times, with a rest period of ≥1 min be-
tween efforts. Self-reported health and behaviour Self-reported health and behaviour
Well-being will be measured with the SF36 (physical
and mental summary scores and eight subscales (in-
cluding vitality) [16]. Motivation will be assessed with
the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire
(BREQ-2) [17]. Data analysis The aim of this study is to obtain data on the effects of
HIIT training on smoking cessation and intermediate
outcomes, such as cigarette cravings and withdrawal
symptoms. Using effect size estimates based on results
of a previous study using vigorous PA for smoking cessa-
tion in women (i.e. OR = 2.09, [18]), adopting a two
tailed alpha level of 0.05 and power 0.80, a sample size
of 100 will be required. Based on funding and time
constraints, the study aims to recruit 50 participants per
group. Descriptive statistics will be used to summarize
the characteristics of participants in each group, and to
describe those who successfully quit. Yates’ corrected
Chi-squared test will be used to analyse the difference in
the proportions who quit in each group, and changes in
categorical (e.g. smoking abstinence) and continuous
(e.g. number of cigarettes smoked) variables will be
assessed using generalised linear modeling. Body composition will be assessed by researcher mea-
sured body mass index (height, weight), and waist
circumference. Standing height and weight will be mea-
sured using a stadiometer (SECA 217-172-1009, Hamburg,
Germany) and electronic scale (Charder MS 3200,
Hamburg, Germany) respectively. Waist circumference
will be measured using a tape passed around the nar-
rowest point of the abdomen. We will take each measure
twice and use the average measure obtained, unless the
first and second measures vary by more than 1 %, in
which case we will use the median of three measure-
ments. Body mass index will be calculated as weight (kg)/
height2 (m2). Exercise, fitness and physical activity measures Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) will be assessed
using a graded exercise test to exhaustion. We will ana-
lyse expired air using a metabolic system (Trueone 2400,
Sandy, USA) to calculate the maximal rate of oxygen
consumed and used during the test. We will monitor
participants’ ECG (CASE, Milwaukee, USA) during
and after the test. Maximal heart rate attained will be
used to determine the training intensity for each Lung function will be assessed by forced vital capacity
[FVC], forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1] and Table 2 Timeline for data collection
Measurement time-point
Measures
Baseline
Week 2
Week 4
Week 8
Week 13
Week 26
Cigarettes per day (weekly)
Smoking cessation
X
X
Withdrawal symptoms
X
X
X
X
X
X
Cigarette cravings
X
X
X
X
X
X
Cigarette dependence
X
X
X
Subjective stress
X
X
X
X
X
Saliva cotinine
X
X
X
Cardiorespiratory fitness
X
X
X
Lung function
X
X
X
Body composition
X
X
X
Physical activity
X
X
X
Well-being
X
X
X
Motivation
X
X
X
Demographic information
X
X
X Table 2 Timeline for data collection Pavey et al. BMC Public Health (2015) 15:1309 Page 5 of 6 Page 5 of 6 Self-reported health and behaviour
Well-being will be measured with the SF36 (physical
and mental summary scores and eight subscales (in-
cluding vitality) [16]. Motivation will be assessed with
the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire
(BREQ-2) [17]. FEV1/FVC ratio, using a Vitalograph (2150, Ennis,
Ireland). We will ask participants to inhale completely
and rapidly through the mouth (not the nose), then
exhale maximally and forcefully, with their lips creating
an airtight seal around the mouthpiece, until no more
air can be expelled (minimum of six seconds). Partici-
pants will repeat the manoeuvre three times, with a rest
period of ≥1 min between efforts. Peak expiratory flow
rate [PEFR]) will be assessed using a portable peak flow
meter (Assess, Cedar Grove, USA), using the same tech-
nique as described above. Participants will repeat the
manoeuvre three times, with a rest period of ≥1 min be-
tween efforts. FEV1/FVC ratio, using a Vitalograph (2150, Ennis,
Ireland). We will ask participants to inhale completely
and rapidly through the mouth (not the nose), then
exhale maximally and forcefully, with their lips creating
an airtight seal around the mouthpiece, until no more
air can be expelled (minimum of six seconds). p
g
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 18. Marcus BH, Albrecht AE, King TK, Parisi AF, Pinto BM, Roberts M, et al. The
efficacy of exercise as an aid for smoking cessation in women: a
randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(11):1229–34. Pavey et al. BMC Public Health (2015) 15:1309 Pavey et al. BMC Public Health (2015) 15:1309 Page 6 of 6 (e.g. statins), as it may address two major contribu-
tors to cardiovascular disease (smoking and physical
inactivity) in one intervention. The research will in-
form efforts to develop novel, innovative, and time ef-
ficient strategies for promoting cardiovascular health
in women. and meta-analysis. Brit J Sport Med. 2013;48(16):1227–34. doi:10.1136/
bjsports-2013-092576. and meta-analysis. Brit J Sport Med. 2013;48(16):1227–34. doi:10.1136/
bjsports-2013-092576. bjsports-2013-092576. 11. Zwar N, Richmond R, Borland R, Stillman S, Cunningham M, Litt J. Smoking
cessation guidelines for Australian general practice. Australian family
physician. 2005;34(6):461–66. 12. West R, Hajek P, Stead L, Stapleton J. Outcome criteria in smoking cessation
trials: proposal for a common standard. Addiction. 2005;100(3):299–303. 13. West R, Hajek P. Evaluation of the mood and physical symptoms scale (MPSS)
to assess cigarette withdrawal. Psychopharmacology. 2004;177(1–2):195–99. 14. Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerstrom K. The Fagerström test
for nicotine dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance
Questionnaire. Brit J Addiction. 1991;86(9):1119–27. 15. Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J
Health & Soc Behav. 1983;24(4):385–96. 16. Ware Jr JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36):
I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care. 1992;30(6):473–83. 17. Markland D, Tobin V. A modification to the behavioural regulation in
exercise questionnaire to include an assessment of amotivation. J Sport &
Exercise Psychology. 2004;26(2):191–96. 18. Marcus BH, Albrecht AE, King TK, Parisi AF, Pinto BM, Roberts M, et al. The
efficacy of exercise as an aid for smoking cessation in women: a
randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(11):1229–34. 11. Zwar N, Richmond R, Borland R, Stillman S, Cunningham M, Litt J. Smoking
cessation guidelines for Australian general practice. Australian family
physician. 2005;34(6):461–66. Funding
Th
j The project is supported by a Heart Foundation of Australia Vanguard Grant
(#100587). TP is supported by a National Health and Medical Research
Council program grant (#569940) at The University of Queensland, School of
Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences. Abbreviations 14. Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerstrom K. The Fagerström test
for nicotine dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance
Questionnaire. Brit J Addiction. 1991;86(9):1119–27. BREQ: Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire; FTND: Fagerström
Test for Nicotine Dependance; HIIT: high intensity interval training;
HRmax: heart rate maximum; MPSS: Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale;
PA: physical activity; PICF: participant information and consent form;
PSS: Perceived Stress Scale; VO2max: maximal oxygen uptake. 15. Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J
Health & Soc Behav. 1983;24(4):385–96. 16. Ware Jr JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36):
I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care. 1992;30(6):473–83. Received: 20 October 2015 Accepted: 16 December 2015 Received: 20 October 2015 Accepted: 16 December 2015 Received: 20 October 2015 Accepted: 16 December 2015 Authors’ contributions
d
d TP, CG, JC and WB made substantial contributions to conception and design
of the study; have been involved in drafting the manuscript or revising it
critically for important intellectual content; have given final approval of the
version to be published. Author details
1 1Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health (CRExPAH),
School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of
Queensland, St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane QLD, 4072, Australia. 2School of
Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston Campus, Brisbane 4006,
Australia. 1Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health (CRExPAH),
School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of
Queensland, St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane QLD, 4072, Australia. 2School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston Campus, Brisbane 4006,
Australia. Competing interests 17. Markland D, Tobin V. A modification to the behavioural regulation in
exercise questionnaire to include an assessment of amotivation. J Sport &
Exercise Psychology. 2004;26(2):191–96. Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. References 1. Brown WJ, Pavey T, Bauman AE. Comparing population attributable risks for
heart disease across the adult lifespan in women. Brit J Sport Med. 2014;
49(16):1069–76. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-093090. 1. Brown WJ, Pavey T, Bauman AE. Comparing population attributable risks for
heart disease across the adult lifespan in women. Brit J Sport Med. 2014;
49(16):1069–76. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-093090. 2. Gartner CE, Barendregt JJ, Hall WD. Predicting the future prevalence of
cigarette smoking in Australia: how low can we go and by when? Tob
control. 2009;18(3):183–89. 3. Mullins R, Borland R. Do smokers want to quit? Aus NZ J of Public Health. 1996;20(4):426–27. 3. Mullins R, Borland R. Do smokers want to quit? Aus NZ J of Public Health. 1996;20(4):426–27. 4. Kasza KA, Hyland AJ, Borland R, McNeill AD, Bansal-Travers M, Fix BV, et al. Effectiveness of stop smoking medications: findings from the International
Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey. Addiction. 2013;108(1):193–202. 4. Kasza KA, Hyland AJ, Borland R, McNeill AD, Bansal-Travers M, Fix BV, et al. Effectiveness of stop smoking medications: findings from the International
Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey. Addiction. 2013;108(1):193–202. 5. Australian institute of Health and Welfare. National Drug Strategy Houshold
Survey. Canberra: Australian Social Science Data Archives, The Australian
National University; 2010. 5. Australian institute of Health and Welfare. National Drug Strategy Houshold
Survey. Canberra: Australian Social Science Data Archives, The Australian
National University; 2010. 6. Prochaska JJ, Spring B, Nigg CR. Multiple health behavior change research:
an introduction and overview. Preventive medicine. 2008;46(3):181–88. Demographic information Participants will complete a baseline survey with rele-
vant repeated questions at weeks 13 and 26. The surveys
will include questions on age, education, occupation,
income, health history, and smoking history. HIIT has potential to impact on individual cardio-
vascular health and to be a very cost effective interven-
tion, compared with other cardiovascular treatments Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central
and we will help you at every step: Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central
and we will help you at every step: 7. Ussher MH, Taylor A, Faulkner G. Exercise interventions for smoking
cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(8). Art. No.: CD002295. doi:10. 1002/14651858.CD002295.pub5. • We accept pre-submission inquiries
• Our selector tool helps you to find the most relevant journal
• We provide round the clock customer support
• Convenient online submission
• Thorough peer review
• Inclusion in PubMed and all major indexing services
• Maximum visibility for your research
Submit your manuscript at
www.biomedcentral.com/submit
and we will help you at every step: 8. Haasova M, Warren FC, Ussher M, Janse Van Rensburg K, Faulkner G,
Cropley M, et al. The acute effects of physical activity on cigarette cravings:
systematic review and meta‐analysis with individual participant data. Addiction. 2013;108(1):26–37. 9. Gibala MJ, Little JP, Van Essen M, Wilkin GP, Burgomaster KA, Safdar A, et al. Short‐term sprint interval versus traditional endurance training: similar initial
adaptations in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance. J Physiol. 2006;575(3):901–11. 10. Weston KS, Wisløff U, Coombes JS. High-intensity interval training in
patients with lifestyle-induced cardiometabolic disease: a systematic review
| 37,002 |
https://github.com/shenwanxiang/bidd-molmap/blob/master/molmap/feature/fingerprint/__init__.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
bidd-molmap
|
shenwanxiang
|
Python
|
Code
| 336 | 1,247 |
from .atompairs import GetAtomPairFPs
from .avalonfp import GetAvalonFPs
from .rdkitfp import GetRDkitFPs
from .morganfp import GetMorganFPs
from .estatefp import GetEstateFPs
from .maccskeys import GetMACCSFPs
from .pharmErGfp import GetPharmacoErGFPs
from .pharmPointfp import GetPharmacoPFPs
from .pubchemfp import GetPubChemFPs
from .torsions import GetTorsionFPs
from .mhfp6 import GetMHFP6
from .map4 import GetMAP4
from molmap.config import load_config
from rdkit import Chem
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
from joblib import Parallel, delayed
from tqdm import tqdm
import seaborn as sns
mapfunc = {
GetMorganFPs:'MorganFP',
GetRDkitFPs: 'RDkitFP',
GetAtomPairFPs:'AtomPairFP',
GetTorsionFPs:'TorsionFP',
GetAvalonFPs:'AvalonFP',
GetEstateFPs:'EstateFP',
GetMACCSFPs:'MACCSFP',
GetPharmacoErGFPs:'PharmacoErGFP',
GetPharmacoPFPs: 'PharmacoPFP',
GetPubChemFPs:'PubChemFP',
GetMHFP6:'MHFP6',
GetMAP4:'MAP4',
}
mapkey = dict(map(reversed, mapfunc.items()))
colors = sns.palettes.color_palette('hsv', n_colors=len(mapkey)).as_hex()
# sns.palplot(colors)
fps = ['MorganFP','RDkitFP', 'AtomPairFP','TorsionFP', 'AvalonFP','EstateFP','MACCSFP', 'PharmacoErGFP','PharmacoPFP','PubChemFP' ,'MHFP6', 'MAP4']
colormaps = dict(zip(fps, colors))
colormaps.update({'NaN': '#000000'})
class Extraction:
def __init__(self, feature_dict = {}):
"""
parameters
-----------------------
feature_dict: dict parameters for the corresponding fingerprint type, say: {'AtomPairFP':{'nBits':2048}}
"""
if feature_dict == {}:
factory = mapkey
self.flag = 'all'
cm = colormaps
else:
keys = [key for key in set(feature_dict.keys()) & set(mapkey)]
factory = {}
cm = {}
for k, v in mapkey.items():
if k in keys:
factory[k] = mapkey[k]
cm[k] = colormaps[k]
self.flag = 'auto'
assert factory != {}, 'types of feature %s can be used' % list(mapkey.keys())
self.factory = factory
self.feature_dict = feature_dict
_ = self._transform_mol(Chem.MolFromSmiles('CC'))
self.colormaps = cm
self.scaleinfo = load_config('fingerprint', 'scale')
def _transform_mol(self, mol):
"""
mol: rdkit mol object
"""
_all = []
_length = []
for key,func in self.factory.items():
kwargs = self.feature_dict.get(key)
if type(kwargs) == dict:
arr = func(mol, **kwargs)
else:
arr = func(mol)
_length.append(len(arr))
_all.append(arr)
concantefp = np.concatenate(_all)
keys = []
for key, length in zip(self.factory.keys(), _length):
keys.extend([(key+str(i), key) for i in range(length)])
bitsinfo = pd.DataFrame(keys, columns=['IDs', 'Subtypes'])
bitsinfo['colors'] = bitsinfo.Subtypes.map(colormaps)
self.bitsinfo = bitsinfo
return concantefp
def transform(self, smiles):
'''
smiles: smile string
'''
try:
mol = Chem.MolFromSmiles(smiles)
arr = self._transform_mol(mol)
except:
#arr = np.nan * np.ones(shape=(len(self.bitsinfo), ))
arr = np.zeros(shape=(len(self.bitsinfo), ))
print('error when calculating %s' % smiles)
return arr
def batch_transform(self, smiles_list, n_jobs = 4):
P = Parallel(n_jobs=n_jobs)
res = P(delayed(self.transform)(smiles) for smiles in tqdm(smiles_list, ascii=True))
return np.stack(res)
| 22,060 |
5572373_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 786 | 941 |
Candler, J.
The petition of the plaintiff in the court below alleged that he was the owner of a tract of land in Bulloch county, containing two thousand and forty-six acres, more or less, which was described by its boundaries; that on a named day he “ sold the sawmill timber on said land to, the Perkins Lumber Company, at the rate of two dollars per acre, the number of acres of timber land on said tract to be ascertained by actual survey before the last payment fell due; ” that at the time of the sale all this timber was in use for turpentine purposes, except about thirty acres, immediately in front of and around his residence, and “that he did not sell the said thirty acres to, nor point out the same to, the said Perkins Lumber Company, nor their agent, but reserved the same.” It was alleged that, “ at the time said title was made,. by mistake and inadvertence the small tract of round timber above set out and described was not expressly excepted in said writing,” but that in his negotiations with the agents of the defendant for the sale of the timber, he “ pointed out to said agents the land included in said contract,” and “ never at any time pointed out said tract of round timber to said agents as being included therein; and petitioner says that he never sold, nor did he ever undertake to sell, said tract of round timber to said defendants, nor would he have sold same at any price.” The petition set up that the tract of timber in question was valuable to him, not alone as timber, but as furnishing shade and as adding to the healthfulness and enhancing the beauty of his premises; that the defendant was about to enter upon it and cut it, and that irreparable injury would thereby result to him. He prayed for process and for general equitable re*395lief, and that the defendant, its officers, agents, and employees, “be enjoined and restrained from entering upon, surveying, cutting, or in any wise interfering with the said timber.” There was no prayer for a reformation of the instrument which was alleged to imperfectly _ express the intention of the parties to the contract. The answer of the defendant denied the material allegations of the petition, and set up a counter-claim against the plaintiff. With the exception of one sentence, there is nothing in the petition to indicate that the plaintiff below claimed that the instrument by which he conveyed the timber to the Perkins Lumber Company was ambiguous. The sentence referred to is as follows: “Petitioner further shows that under the description in the deed made to said defendant the boundaries of said land are indefinite, and your petitioner holds that, under a fair and proper interpretation of the same, this body of round timber would not and could not be included in said deed.” It is worthy of remark, however, ■that the alleged indefinite description contained in the deed is identical with the description given in the petition. It affirmatively appears, from the plaintiff’s own allegations, that the thirty acres now in dispute was a part of the tract conveyed by the deed and described in the petition. The case made by the plaintiff is, not that the deed was susceptible of more than one construction, but that, owing to mistake and inadvertence, the scrivener failed to •except from the timber conveyed by the deed that contained on this thirty-acre tract, thereby causing the instrument to speak other than the real intention of the parties. Whatever ambiguity there may have been in the deed which was introduced in evidence was entirely cleared away by the allegations of the petition; and we will, therefore, disregard the argument of counsel that the relief prayed for was properly granted under the power of the court to *396construe and give effect to an ambiguous writing. It is a well-settled principle of equity jurisprudence that to maintain an action to enjoin the commission of a tort to property, the plaintiff must show a clear title to the property in himself. 3 Pom. Eqi Jur. (2d ed.) §§ 1347, 1350. The plaintiff in the court below made out a case which, if found to be true, would plainly give him the right to have the title to the property in dispute put in himself by means-of a reformation of his deed to the defendant; but so long as that deed remains unchanged, its terms must control any question as to the title to the property it purports to convey. As before stated, the description contained in the conveyance is not ambiguous. By five Jitstices.
| 22,627 |
sn83045462_1927-08-07_1_58_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 884 | 1,637 |
12 ■&r “We” f vacation or too busy at ‘ f ™ ci ttzr*- 1 f-fF HKrT4T f STT)FFT & ™^^ Jjj&ftfku'«MaS'noor! * * Ai-J A JL X X L/ X XV-I J jX *«•'» SIOO-she’ll be glad to $2.50. (The Hecht Co.) - shop fOY yOU. V Flat S Crepel| T II Usually to >l“a iw!l 29c to 38c II T^ e M 1 '1 ,# i». Plain Xe/ Summer .a :r sJ X [S'SSir 1 Crepe Cottons 65c to 8 5e Printed $/.15 T&* iV C Y(L Pictorial Voiles and Crepes £4 /fS* T V/’ ■ "W 1 * Printed **XV*jr S vis* CS Crepes G and S "4*C Patterns JSs^rifSiX sibSi'S'-wu or Printed Crepes, Georgettes N *v3S»jvw Caw’ i and Celanese Voiles v*i|fcL . .?,000 (ti 9Q VV7 The Celanese ( - °:, J l e . m< ? st ' ,n-( | e ‘ Yards at — *P I •**/ Is Imperfect 5,000 yards of dainty^s2^ , •,^^£^^^ , • jSc r mand Fa fabncs in a va- Summer materials assembled L^. r, et> ot atti actn ea coois, Manv lovely Autumn shades in gav printed designs or plain at this unusually low price. Navy, marine-blue, copper, and taffeta, 38c to 45c Printed Organdie, dragon, wine, cocoa, black colors. Printed crepes, georgettes, and celanese voiles. Solid-Voiles Prints and Drew No. 3968, and Dimity, and many others. Unusually color celanese crepes, alpacas, and voiles. Delightful materials Satinettes. Many attractive patterns on white around. Sale at regular prices. Sale of Silk Costume Slips Heavy Qualities in Regular Sizes Only Offered in the Radium, Crepe de Chine, Many Fine Sample Slips A Sale at regular prices included Certainly one of the most important events of the season in beautiful silk slips. A remarkable purchase of the most wanted kinds — lavishly lace trimmed, with hip hems of self material or with tailored hems. Colors: Nile, maize, Nile, and rabbit. They Cost $2, $3, $3, $4. The sale includes a variety of muskrats with fox collar, natural opossums, beaver, and rabbit with fox collar. rontrasting collars and cuffs in various beautiful furs. Handsomely lined with embroidered cloth, Cheney Printed Silks, and other fine fabrics. Noted as the inseparable combination in Fall's Early Frocks from Our "Margy" Hats, the new surplice effect and rhinestone ornaments at T. Pretty Things to Make Him Happy. Of Fashionable Fall Coating, vestee, covered with ecru lace. ImstS me last UCCR to get out 1 n,0.1m, Bib, BMn’ C,Mmm Babies- Hi,h Chairs y 1 f' .U. «r%p- , ,nr\ r. Vc«//c Cirruline ‘snirp Hf*pl F 2Sc S!M . ~, $ 25 tO *79' S# *B®® it eSIIC v>l fCu l in& 0011 C l l tCI Made of knitted cloth. Attractive clothes cos- Strongly conetruc te d ■ —■ h **V/ m / Sr- tSBHH' g - edged in white, pink or tumor?, strongly made: chnirs: ivory enameled ~M V.-c»Kv. ; • ••:••••''’ S’ • ,_. . _. D , , r/. f ft USE .T.rßtt»"S ••aßSr*a»f!M» Si C.«» «4»m* &« ® (Third Floor.l MHft Permanent waving for The Silk Hose With \. t ' M ‘ m >nd , " odJ “ l “” r - s»« a Satin Frocks for Hf/liHIL - C. r ,„-. D-.t c /flr FHaters Babies’ Nainsook Dainty two-piece sets §1 - ; .•> - P;. 0011,1 X 1 V-fWrvo IUI ll|B* jtlA New Pointed Heel Y £ sup Dresses.uc f PK.; .f.:»U the Junior Miss ||n 1V .. § K„l, »l. .;d =7.87 Orh.. Os «nr r I* absorbent, for ban y a (jujlity ntrcieye, jeaoy pud ileeveu* Home * I 1 n !# /., 4 linil , 1 1 C- hath: finished with *hell hemmed: 12 to a pack- mned in pink blue ~ r M i ( tH f\ ■ ’ I On Monday, August 15tH T I fe ed»,n* all around. ate: convenient iize. i’Zg or" ?Ct .tyle. l V ttr ,erv t/f.7,1v -f \ ♦| I I JMHIHi ♦ the price will be $16.50 , -L , and K 2 year eiree. Nursery UHi,ty \ 1 XU IS Handmade Gertrudes Ivory Nursery , Baskets, $2.95 I* \ \ l „. ~ _ T , I i ! This special Summer price for per- Stockings of pure un- l|r Jf-00 Chans, $2.95 a ,es fr a " * in ovat. round or or- f» \ \ / Smart Appealing | j manents comes to an end—but if vaca- adulterated silk; with seamed || , ty^; ^ ft "ine Btoome/.tyie m ,maii. w,fh n ha 8 n y dieV Decora o^ 6 \i \ V One and two piece effects,. I tion freedom from the curling iron «H Z ed soleT and ffar"??? f J'r'Jlu means anything, you’ll take advantage welts Sheer and lustrous- 6 and hem. m lonr ,t y ie. with commode. with ventilated ..de., Blue. ) 11 Canton blue, green, chestnut, \/i / of these last days. The $lO price in- and S jn thVse colors: lfe. y (Second Floor. The Hecht co.k J /i \\ pine needle; also the utra- \ / j eludes shampoo, rinsing and finger Nude, French nude, peach, \z. ty modish black. Combining LM wave, exactly as does the $16.50 regular E >VUiiUt.,v,,,nilimilh\m l ivatlllllliiu.i ..ti price F Mias 10, la and 17.
| 3,386 |
https://github.com/gautier-lefebvre/vscode-file-template-manager/blob/master/src/domain/templates/data/template/utils.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
vscode-file-template-manager
|
gautier-lefebvre
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 225 | 582 |
import escapeStringRegexp from 'escape-string-regexp';
import { validVariableName } from '../../../../constants';
export type TemplateVariableValues = {
[varName: string]: string,
};
export type TemplateGroupVariableValues = {
[templateId: string]: TemplateVariableValues,
};
/**
* Get all distinct var names in the file template name.
*
* @param fileTemplateName - File template name. E.g {{name}}.{{suffix}}.js.
* @returns The variable names. E.g. ['name', 'suffix'].
*/
export const getAllDistinctVarNames = (fileTemplateName: string): string[] => {
let match;
const varNamesRegex = /\{\{([^{}]+)\}\}/g;
const varNames = new Set<string>();
// eslint-disable-next-line no-cond-assign
while ((match = varNamesRegex.exec(fileTemplateName)) !== null) {
varNames.add(match[1]);
}
return [...varNames];
};
/**
* Find the first invalid {{varName}} pattern in the input, and returns varName if found.
*
* @param fileTemplateName - Input.
* @returns The first invalid name found.
*/
export const findInvalidVarNamePattern = (fileTemplateName: string): string | undefined => (
getAllDistinctVarNames(fileTemplateName)
.find((varName) => !validVariableName.test(varName))
);
/**
* Generate the actual file name by resolving {{varName}} patterns.
* Any varName not in the values map will be left as-is.
*
* @param fileTemplateName - File template name. E.g. {{name}}.{{suffix}}.js
* @param values - Map of vars. E.g. { name: 'foo', suffix: 'bar' }.
* @returns The generated file name. E.g. foo.bar.js.
*/
export const generateFileName = (
fileTemplateName: string,
values: TemplateVariableValues,
): string => (
Object.keys(values)
.reduce(
(acc, key) => acc.replace(
new RegExp(
escapeStringRegexp(`{{${key}}}`),
'g',
),
values[key],
),
fileTemplateName,
)
);
| 21,727 |
https://persist.lu/ark:70795/r1gkpw/articles/DTL159_1
|
BNL Newspapers (1841-1879)
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,855 |
Pub. 10 Page 4
|
None
|
German
|
Spoken
| 113 | 210 |
i Stück Hausmacher-Leinen »on 60 Ellen, »on 5, 6 bis 7 Va Thlr. 1 Stück Eme<irt«Lcinen von 60 Ellen, welches sich besonders zu Damenhemden eignet, für 6 bis 7 Thlr. 1 Stück reines keinen von Handgespinnst von 60 Ellen hat gekostet 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 Thlr., wird verläuft für 7, 8, 9 V 2,V2, 11, 12 Thlr. 1 Stück gutes russisches Hanfleinen von ewig dauer- haftem Gewebe ;u 9, 10, 11, 12 bis 18 Thlr. 1 Stück Herrnhüter Zwirnleinen schwerster Qua- lität, und Rasenbleiche zu feinen Oberhemden zu 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 18, 20, 24 bis 30 Thlr. 1 Stück Bielefelder Leinen von Handgarn zu 13, 15, 18 bis 30 Thlr..
| 21,146 |
https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%20%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%89
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
بيرنهارد ويكى
|
https://arz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=بيرنهارد ويكى&action=history
|
Egyptian Arabic
|
Spoken
| 46 | 129 |
بيرنهارد ويكى (Bernhard Wicki) كان كاتب من النمسا.
حياته
بيرنهارد ويكى من مواليد يوم 28 اكتوبر 1919 فى سانت بولتن, مات يوم 5 يناير 2000.
جوايز
وسام الاستحقاق البافارى
وسام صليب القائد من رتبه استحقاق من جمهوريه المانيا الاتحاديه
لينكات برانيه
مصادر
كاتب
كاتب من النمسا
| 1,708 |
sn83016209_1961-04-20_1_1_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,961 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,673 | 3,496 |
THURSDAY EDITION The SENTINEL is published Tuesday and Thursday. Watch for the announcement of a Saturday Edition. With Year - No. 25 Published Sunday Tuesday and Thursday "ROCKVILLE, MARYLAND THURSDAY, APRIL 20, 1911 2 SECTIONS—It PAGES AND A SUPPLEMENT OAKLAND 4-7700 Ten Cents a Copy All Agencies Should Obey Local Laws Planning Board Chairman Seeks Council’s Support In Reserving Rights of Way Governmental agencies in Montgomery County should obey the law the same as individual citizens, according to Planning Board Chairman J. Newton Brewer, jr. He made the statement last week seeking the County Council’s support of the planners’ program of reserving street and highway rights-of-way in their master plan. Brewer referred to the decision by school officials to proceed with construction of a new high school despite the Planning Board’s denial of a building permit because the building would be in the path of a proposed primary residential street in the Kensington-Wheaton area. Provision for the street right of way is contained in the Planning Board’s Master Plan of Streets and Highways for Kensington, Wheaton, adopted in 1959. “If we are to plan effectively,” Brewer said the Council, “we must make certain that all governmental agencies, including the Board of Education, will co-operate and obey the law.” He added that the new high school would make the fourth educational institution in the area and that this would draw tically increase the need for additional streets to provide adequate traffic circulation. “Unless this proposed street is built as carried in our master plan, the traffic will be unbearable,” he warned. “We must have a clear understanding that the School Board and other governmental agencies will comply with our plans, just like or -54 Science Fair Winners Named At Wheaton High Fifty-four Wheaton High School students won awards during the school’s seventh annual Science Fair. First place winners included Philip Goodwin, architecture; Christina Ebel, botany; Henry Lewis and Mark Slafkes, chemistry; Fred Jones, earth and astronomical sciences; John Kirz and James Walker, electronics; Robert Wilson, mathematics; Sanders Berk, medical sciences; John Devereaux and Keith Stolzenback, physics; and Jeffrey Howard, zoology. Award winners will participate in the Montgomery County Science Fair at Northwood High School. Rockville Attorney, Thomas C. Kelley, Dies Thomas C. Kelley, prominent Rockville attorney, died at the Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, D. C., on Thomas C. Kelley Tuesday, April 18. He was 59 years old. The son of Dr. J. Thomas Kelley, Jr., Washington, D. C., surgeon, Mr. Kelley was educated at the University of Maryland and received his law degree from Southeastern University, Washington, D. C. He was a partner in the Kelley and Smith law firm. Established in 1855, ordinary citizens, if we are to protect the public interest. The Council took no action, but members suggested that the School Board meet with the planners in an attempt to reach agreement on the problem. The Young Democratic Club of Montgomery County has endorsed a proposed referendum calling for a re- allocation on Maryland’s Eighth Congressional District. A resolution supporting action of the Montgomery County League of Women Voters was passed without opposition by the club’s executive committee. “The club,” said President Charles Francis Wilding, “will lend every effort to the League in its drive to collect signatures to the petitions, and a committee is being formed towards this end. We should all do everything possible to help correct this gross inequity which leaves the voters of Montgomery County with such a small voice in national affairs.” General membership meeting of the Young Democratic Club will be held in Rockville in May. Each member at the meeting will be asked to act as a neighborhood captain to help the League gain necessary signatures as quickly as possible to assure the referendum a place on the 1962 ballot. A Real Treat The Montgomery County Light Opera Association will sponsor a performance of Gilbert and Sullivan’s popular “Pirates of Penzance” in Gaithersburg Friday and Saturday evening. This musical treat is being given for the benefit of the Parent Teachers Association of Gaithersburg High School. Tickets are $1.50 for adults and 75 cents for students of any age. In June, 1951, with offices at 22 W. Jefferson St., Rockville, he lived at Pleasant Hills Farm near Darnestown. Mr. Kelley was Judge of the Orphans’ Court of Montgomery County from 1934-38; assistant to the attorney for the County Commissioners from 1946-48; president pro tempore of the first elected County Council from 1948-50; president of the Montgomery County Bar Association in 1952; member of the Maryland State Bar Association, and former chairman of the Upper Montgomery County Planning Commission. He was a trust officer and counsel for the Montgomery County National Bank, Rockville; former secretary-treasurer of the Darnestown Presbyterian Church, and past president of the Rockville Rotary Club. He is survived by his wife, Catharine M.; two sons, Paul Merrill Kelley and J. Thomas Kelley, III; a daughter, Elizabeth Louise Kelley; several grandchildren. He is also survived by a brother, Ogden A. Kelley, of Paris, France, and a sister, Edna S. Kelley, of Washington, D.C. The funeral will be held at the Darnestown Presbyterian Church on Friday at 2 p.m. "LITTLE MISS COTTON" Double beauty, but not twins. Pam Leland uses a mirror to adjust the crown of victory she won in the Jelleff’s “Little Miss Cotton” The contest held in the Washington Metropolitan area. Now Pam and her mother will fly to Council. Can’t Give Judges A Pay Raise The County Council lacks authority to pass legislation increasing the county’s share of the salaries paid Circuit Court judges, according to County Attorney Alfred H. Carter. The opinion was given the Council Tuesday in response to a suggestion that the county up its share of the salaries from $4500 to $700 for each judge. The jurists now get a total of $19,500 annually, of which the State pays $15,000. The proposed county increase would have raised their pay to $22,500 - the same as that for Baltimore County judges. Carter emphasized that only the General Assembly has the power to authorize chartered counties, such as Montgomery, to supplement the salaries of Circuit Court judges. In other business, the Council: 1. Approved the appointment of Ralph W. Offutt as chief deputy sheriff at an annual salary of $4971.84 to succeed Lawrence H. Price, whose retirement takes effect June 1. 2. Agreed to seek a zoning amendment broadening the powers of the Board of Appeals to take action against those who fail to comply with conditions of permits granted by the board. County May Have Canine Corps; First Recruit in Training County-wide interest in a new corps of specially-trained dogs to assist police in the work of tracking fleeing lawbreakers increased this week with the announcement that a 5-month-old, German shepherd pup has already received his first formal training for the job. The canine recruit, who answers to the call of “Hans,” had his first workout Saturday at the home of Montgomery County Police Pvt. Cornelius J. DeVries, who estimated it will take many months of training before the dog will be ready to go to work. Pvt. DeVries has been given a go-ahead for a pilot training program by Police Supt. James S. McAuliffe, who said he is “intrigued” at the prospect of four-legged police force members. Experience in the District, Memphis, Tenn., at the expense of the National Cotton Council of America to compete in the national finals for the title of “Little Miss Cotton.” Pam is the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. H. D. Leland of Hungerford Town, Rockville. Storm Drainage Districts Deferred Storm drainage districts and accompanying special district taxes for Rockville will not be included in recommendations for the city’s fiscal 1962 budget. Reason given to Mayor Alexander Greene and members of the City Council this year, Scheiber is "being pushed to the extreme of our capacities at this time." Scheiber said it would be impossible to do the necessary work in time for inclusion in the city budget proposals, due May 26. Enabling legislation to allow the city to set up the districts was passed during this year’s session of the General Assembly and is now awaiting the signature of Gov. J. Millard Tawes. Despite hopes of the mayor and council to set up the system this year with proportionate taxes to be reflected in the July city billings, the plan will be deferred for possible action by a new council to be elected next year. Scheiber said the press of work makes consideration of the proposal now impossible. "All of us are working seven days a week," he said. "We can’t take on any more at this time." The council was considering a proposal to levy against the assessable base in each district funds sufficient to pay yearly installments of principal and interest due on storm drainage work done in the district. The council was convinced that the specially trained dogs have proven themselves of great help to police, Council Keeps Karin I Slum I William F. Hickey, president of the Montgomery County Council, said at the meeting Tuesday that racial discrimination in public places is a matter to be dealt with by the Human Relations Commission. Mr. Hickey said the Council’s Human Relations Commission has attempted to achieve the best results possible. He was commenting on a letter from Mary Y. Williams, president of the NAACP, who renewed her plea for a county-wide law to forbid discrimination in public places. In other business, the council heard arguments on its own application to amend the Zoning Ordinance to require off-street parking for two vehicles in R-75, R-90, R-80, and R-E residential zones. Builder Monroe Warren told the council, “Solving it this way is the wrong end of the thing.” He proposed the council consider selling special permits to residents parking on public property, encouraging them to invest in off-street parking. Warren said money collected from permits might go into a pool to help finance such private parking. Record on the application was left open for 10 days for additional citizen comment. The council decided to install floodlights around the "Doll House” on the Civic Center grounds following several instances of breaking and vandalism. A petition for annexation of the Boll property was denied by the council on the grounds that it is outside, maximum exemption limits defined in the city’s master plan. Alderman McAuliffe said, “so there is a good possibility they will be even more valuable to us in the country—as many wooded areas as we have.” County police have been giving serious consideration to acquiring “one or two” dogs for the force, he disclosed, adding that he hopes to talk to County Manager Mason A. Butcher about it soon. After Hans has received his preliminary training at Pvt. DeVries’ home, it is likely he will be enrolled in a District police dog school or in one at a nearby military base. If all goes well—and his recruiting receives the official stamp of approval—one handsome silver-and black German shepherd will be working for Montgomery County next fall. Wonder what kind of salary they’ll pay him. Agencies To Meet On Trash Session Set May 15 On Refusal Disposal The knotty problem of when and how the county should take over refuse collection and disposal will be discussed at a joint meeting May 15 of the County Council and the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission. Principal item to be taken up at the session at 8 p.m., in the County Building in Rockville is a consulting engineering firm’s report on the county’s refuse disposal and collection needs. The report, submitted last month by Metcalf and Eddy, of Boston, recommended: 1. The County government should assume full responsibility for the disposal of all refuse in the county. 2. The county should build its own incinerator on the portion of the county farm lying east of Route 708 near Rockville. 3. As soon as the incinerator is ready for service, the county should assume responsibility for collecting refuse on a county-wide basis. The collection itself should be provided by private firms under contract to the county. At present, the Sanitary Commission collects refuse only in the suburban area of the county and operates an incinerator in Lyttonsville, near Silver Spring. Other disposal facilities are available at a county-operated landfill in Rockville, but this area will be used up in about a year, according to the report. Council members, in a statement at their Tuesday meeting, pointed out that $228,000 is provided in the 1961-2 budget to permit the Council to take steps toward designing. An incinerator if the report is adopted, or (2) buying additional disposal sites if the county heads decided to continue disposal by landfill. In any event, the Council promised ample opportunity for public comment before final action is taken. Secretaries Week The week of April 23-29 has been designated as Secretaries Week, with Wednesday, April 26, as Secretaries Day, in a proclamation by Edward Gudemarf, under secretary of Commerce. CELEBRATING the fifth anniversary of the forming of the Rockville Civitan Club, Charlie Demina, outgoing president, cuts a slice of the birthday cake for Bob Kilion, first president of the organization. The club mat Monday night for the observance at the Complete Plan. On Libraries, Says Council Pat Moran, principal at Broome Junior High School, was presented the Citizen of the Year award by members of the Rockville Civitan Club this week. The award was made at the regular meeting of the organization at Shady Grove Country Club. Moran has been in Rockville since 1949 when he came here from Richmond to coach football at Richard Montgomery High School, a post he held until 1954. During the summer of 1949 he was hired by the City of Rockville to operate the city’s one playground. When he left as full-time recreation director in 1956, the number of play-offs was increased to about 1,000. Grounds had grown to nine. Moran was named assistant principal at Broome in 1957 and was appointed principal of the school last year. He, his wife, and their three sons, Pal, O’Neil, and Robert, live at 537 Brent Rd., Rockville. Shady Grove Country Club, Bill Simms, Clifton Rev. officiated at the initiation of six new members. Pat Moran was honored as Rockville's "Man of the Year." (See story above.) —Mervis Dus Work MUSICAL TREAT... Go-see and hear “Pirates of Penzance” in Gaithersburg Friday or Saturday evening. Delay Prevents More Facilities The County Council this week prodded the Park and Planning Commission to complete its Master Plan of Libraries to clear the way for badly needed additional library facilities. In a statement at their meeting Tuesday, the county heads made it clear that they want the master plan for guidance before proceeding with any further library construction. Accordingly, they instructed County Manager Mason A. Butcher to get in touch with the planning agency to request its early completion. The Council recalled that such a plan covering both Montgomery and Prince Georges Counties was started sometime ago by the Commission and that a preliminary report has been issued. “If a suitable bi-county plan cannot be promptly completed, the Council wishes to have the plan for Montgomery County accelerated," the county heads emphasized. Two of the most pressing library problems facing the county, the Council said, are a new library in the North Bethesda area and a new administrative headquarters for the Department of Public Libraries. The North Bethesda Library has been authorized in the 1961-2 budget, but this will not meet all of the library needs in the Bethesda area, the Council conceded. As a result, the county heads said, they have directed the county manager to explore possible solutions to this “critical" problem. One possible alternative, they said, is construction of a Bethesda regional library east of Wisconsin ave. At any rate, Council members added, “we are unanimous in our resolve to improve library service in the Bethesda area. We are confident that a satisfactory solution based on sound long range planning can be identified within the next fiscal year.”
| 43,908 |
perkinsschoolfor02perk_4
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,845 |
Perkins School for the Blind Bound Clippings: Anthology of English Verse, 1845-1869
|
Perkins School for the Blind, formerly Perkins Institution
|
English
|
Spoken
| 8,307 | 12,259 |
She drooped for him ; for what was life but naught? Its gladsome hotirs of sunshine all were past ; Where now the cherished hopes with sweetness f;-aught ? All strewed, like frail leaves, on the autumn blast. Her noon of life o'ercast with shadows dim ; Thus did she mourn for him. Bhe thought of him when death's cold hand had laid Its icy impress on her pallid brow ; And fervently her gentle spirit prayed That they might meet, in death though parted now, In the far world of light and bliss above, ■Where all is peace and love. Thus did she pass from time and earth away. To seek beyond the skies a fairer home, Where the hearfs feelings may not know decay. And where the blight of sorrow may not come. Oh, thus when hope's fair blossoms withered lie, How better far to die ! I i^B~ THE EAELIER POEMS 01' WILLIAM WOEDSWORTH. CORRECTED AS IN THE LATEST EDITIONS. WITH PEEPACE, AND NOTES SHOWING THE TEXT AS IT STOOD IN 1816. BY WILLIAM JOHNSTON. LONDON : EDWAED MOXON, DOVEE STEEET. 1857, 4 THE EAELY DEAD, — O E — TEANSPLANTED F,LOWEES: A COLLECTION OF THOUGHTS, POETICAL AND SCRIPTUEAL, ON THE DEATH OF CHILDREN. " There 's many an empty cradle, There 's many a vacant bed, There 's many a lonely bosom Whose j oy and light have fled ; For thick in every graveyard The little hillocks lie— And every hillock represents An angel m the sky." WOKCESTER: PRINTED BY HENEY J. HO"WLAND, 245 Main Street. %i CHRISTIAN R E G I S T E R BOSTON, SATURDAY, JUNE 26, 1858. THE BLIND GIRL TO HER MOTHER. I never saw the glitt'ring forms of beauty's outward cast You tell me fill the sky, the earth, the sea's unfathomed vast. Yet, in my vision-peopled mind, transcendent to behold. Fantastic shapes of beauty rise In Ideal sculptur'd mould ! There is a world within myself, imagination fills, ' Whose fascinating form my soul with aspiration thrills ; And poetry and music are the angel spirits there. That wed me to a love for life, and keep me from despair. Oh ! mother, think not of my fate as though ' twere nought but care. For pleasure reigns o'er all the world, and each one has a share ; The rain, the breeze, the voice of birds, waft music to my heart, To linger there, that other themes, less welcome, may de- part. Yes, mother ! there is much to love conveyed unto my mind. To wean me from the mocking thought, which tells me " I am blind." CHRISTIAN REGISTER NOVEM BER 20, 1858. A BL.IND GIRI.>S IDS! A OF liADIES. {These lines are from the December number of Godey's Lady's Book, — which is an unusually attractive number in Its handsome and useful illustrations, as well as in the liveli- ness and instructive character of its articles. Now is the time to subscribe, and we would call attention to their pro- ffiectus, or advertisement for 1859, in this week's paper.] I have a fancy ladies are like flowers ; And so I class and keep them in my mind. The delicate and gentle are the jasmines ; The mirthful and warm-hearted — these are pinks ; The loving are the rose, for love is sweet, And beautiful in mother as in bride ; The stately and precise are dahlias, set As they were carved and colored for a show ; The tulips, such as talk of love and beaux ; The spiritual, whose pure sweet thoughts seem given As are the star-beams from the light of heaven— These are the lilies ; and the violets Are gentle-hearted ones who love the lilies. And would be like them could they choose their fate. Mrs. Halb, =S5^ CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS. A BLIND MAN'S THOUGHTS. I LITTLE knew the worth of sight Before my lamp was snatched away; Ah, had I garnered up the Hght, My mind had not hcen dark to-day ! Had coming eve foreshadowed thought, How precious, then, would morn have been ; Alas, I saw not what I ought, And saw what I sliould not have seen ! The blow descended as I slept, I woke, unconscious of my doom. While morning unsuspected crept "With stealthy footsteps round my room ; But when the dawn had passed away, Th' unwonted merry call of some Who came to tell me it was day. Told me— my polar night was come. It died — that first bewild'ring pain; But rapid mem'ry, ne'er at rest, Marshals a long and mournful train Of dead enjoyments once possessed ; So to the minds of drowning men, When past the anguish and the strife. One flashing moment shews again Each letter of the page of life. Yet would I not complain ; I feel Some pleasures are obscured -by light, As darkness can alone reveal The solitary orbs of night : The flowers unseen yield sweeter scent ; The touch of love is prized the more ; And woman's silvery voice is blent With music never heard before. Yea, though I tread the vale of night, I fear no ill, for He is there Who with the rod of pain to smite Has given the staff of strength to bear And thus, with darkened steps and slow, Yet led by faith, I venture on So close to Him who deals the blow, That half its heavy weight is gone. R. R. Printed and Published bv W. & K. Chambers, 47 Paternoster Row, London, and 339 High Street, Edinburgh. Also sold by WiLUAM lloiiKnTsoN, 23 Upper Sackville Street, Dublin, and all Booksellers. Mi m\: -m' S)03tntt Cul&atnr, | Published weekly, on Saturday mornings, by OTIS BREWER, To whom all letters and papers, whether Intended for publication, or not, should be addressed. .^afitrbiig, 0ttohtx 15, 1S50. For the Boston Cultivator. AVhat the Blind Man Sees.* He's blind, he's blind, but he can see. With faith's keen, piercing eye. The hills of Canaan rise to view. That In God's sunlight He. Its boundless fields where fadeless flowera By angel nurture bloom In' fair. Immortal loveliness Beyond the narrow tomb ! Ah ! reaper glorious ! He can see His Saviour on the throne ; And that His life was fraught with good, Yet not for him alone ! He sees that man Is blinder far Whose sight's obscured by sin. And fain he would the bandage loose That shuts his vision in ! With trembling voice and tearful eye, I've often heard him say, "Come friends, will you not go wlthme. And walk Heaven's holy way 7" Ah ! pitying reader would you see— And are you blinded still? Then ope your soul to the blind man's light, And Joy your heart will fill. Zenodia. * My friend lost his sight by the premature explo- sion of a charge ol powder while blasting rocks. •T" PSALMS AND HYMNS SELECTED FOR FAMILIES, SCHOOLS, AND CONGREGATIONS. BY THE LATE THOMAS WEBSTER, B. D. KECTOR OF ST. BOTOLPH'S, CAMBRIDGE, AND YICAR OP OAKINGTON, 'Carmengue Christo quasi Deo dicer e semm invicem.' Plin. ad Traj. ffo£n+j)-fift^ (Kbition. SEELEY, JACKSON, & HALLIDAY, FLEET STREET. LONDON, MDCCCLIX. M RHYMINGS. HOWARD WAINWRIGHT. M 1 Nurse. What's this? Whafs this? Juliet. A rhyme I learrCd even now Of one I danced withal. NEW YORK: "D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. 1 860. 1 Ilii : ;' ' Id ©Ijrj.stiaii ^Bgj^tBr. Boston, Saturday, November 3, 1860. Tor the Christian Register. THE BLIND GIEL'S THOUGHT, On being told that she could never see and never hear. She talks with her fingers. Totally blind ! What does he mean f Mother, what did he say ? Shall never more the light be seen, Or the bright orb of day ? Shall I never see the silver moon. Or the stars so golden bright 't Has evening really come so soon ? Shall my days be ever like night? Mother, what does he mean ? Shall I never see you again ? Mother, you're weeping. I feel the drops Fall on my hand Uke rain. But, mother, pray do not weep, It is not so bad as it seems, And when I lie down to peacefully sleep, I sometimes can see in my dreams. Mother, I know that I am blind, I can feel in my ears the seal, I know that my tocgue is in silence tied, But, mother. I still can feel. Mother, what matter if I am blind — The day that is longest soon dies ; And though, on the earth, of sight I'm bereft, "In Heaven I shall have both my eyes." Warren Street Chapel. 0. B. 2d. SONGS LABOUR AND DOMESTIC LIFE ; WITH RHYMES FOR LITTLE READERS. ALEXANDER SMART, AUTHOR OF " RAMBLING RHYMES." EDINBUEGH : WILLIAM P. NIMMO, 2, ST DAVID STREET. SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & CO., LONDON. I :Xi. I iiifsis LA^I^X^^^ 1— rr. Good New- Year wishes for my friends ! Good New- Year wishes truly ! In these my heart its fervour spends, Yet cannot speak them duly. The very phrases others use Half jar upon my ear ; They seem to miss my inmost thought Of blended hope and fear. " A happy year, with many more To follow in its train !" So runs the hackneyed form, as though Long life to all were gain ! As though bright suns had only power To colour, not to fade ! As though no growth of human flower Were fairest in the shade ! My many friends, I dare not breathe A common wish for aU ! A honeyed thought to you or you, To others were but gall. So different the heart within, The outward life around, Ye scarcely see the self-same sky, Or tread the self-same ground. There are who wake from troubled sleep, This birthday of the year, To feel their anguish but renewed By sounds of general cheer : £ljc itlrmin)* NEW BEDFORD: WEDXESDAY MORXIXG, OCT. 23, 1S61. THE BLIND MEN AND THE ELEPHANT. A HTSDOO TABLE — ET JOHX G. SAXE. It was six men of Indoostan, To learning mncii incliaed, "Whi went to see the elephant, (Though all of them were blind,) That each by observation Alight satisfy his mind. They first approached the elephant. And happening to fall. Against his broad and sturdy side. At once began to ball : "G-od bless me ! — bnt the elephant Is very like a wall !" The second feeling of the task. Cried, "Ho! — what have we here So very round, and smooth and sharpl To me 'tis mighty dear The wonder of an elephant Is very like a spear!" The third approached the animal. And happening to take The squirming trunk within his bands, Thus up and boldly spake: "I see," quoth, he, "the elephant , Is very like a snake!" The fourth reached out his eager hand, And felt about the knee; "What most this wonderful beast is like Is mighty plain," quoth he; "'Tis clear enough the elephant Is very like a tree ! " The fifth, who chanced to touch the eat. Said, "E'en the blindest man Can tell what this resembles most — Deny the fact who can, v This marvel of an elephant Li very like a fan ! " The sixth no sooner had begun Ab-jut the beast to grope, Than seizing on the swinging tail That fell within his scope, "I see," qooth he, "'the elephant Is very like a rope ! " And so these men of Indoostan Disputed loud and long. Each in his own opinion Exceeding stiff and strong. Though each was partly in the right. And all were in the wrong! MORAL. So , oft in theologic wars The disputants. I ween. Rail 00 in utter ignoraoce Of what the others mean. And prate about an elephant Not one of them'haa seen. -A'. Y. Ledger. I -^' /o. POEMS CHILDHOOD, " 0 I dear to memory are those hours "Wbeu every pathway led to flowers," BOSTON: OEOEOE COOLIDGE, 13 TaSMONT Row. 1861. il| ii I i ! \ '''it;,' attljman ani ^rfltrtor. BOSTON, THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 27, 1862. For the Watclimuii and Reflector. BARTIMEUS. Thp blind man, begging by the way, Hears a tumultuous acclaim, A vast procession passing — they Hosannas shout, in Jesus' name ! Exulting tongues with rapture sing ; Whose triumph cannot be restrained — O ! Zion's daughter, 'tis your king ! He comes, the Christ, of God ordained ! Behold the brightness of the skies ! In triumph rides the Prince of peace ! Fear not ! He comes in lowly guise. To give the captive church release ! Now, joy for ashes Jesus brings ; Deliverance from every pain ; And Salem, liberated, sings ; He breaks her yoke ; he bui'sts her chain ! The word our gracious Saviour saith. From every sickness makes us whole: It summons Lazarus from death ; And yields a manna for the soul ! When this poor Bartimeus learns — "Now, surely, is my chance," he thought: "The light, for which my bosom yearns. To my blind eyes may now be brought !" So much, that day, doth earth rejoice, If men were stilled, the stones would cry ; Yet, that poor blind man's eager voice Is louder still, in misery. "Hush, Bartimeus ! hold your peace ! Nor Christ with this loud plaint, assail !" But the poor blind man would not cease : Still louder waxed his piteous wail ! So none the Saviour seek in vain : Not one who comes He casts away, He hears the blind man thus complain; And doth, to answer him, delay. He stops His hour of triumph, thus, To hear an hiimble beggar's plea ; And says to him — as still to us — "What wouldst thou, mourner ? Come to me !' His followers, with one accord, The blind man comfort, now, and say — "He calls you ; Come ! it is the Lord ;" Not one who comes he casts away ! Ye blind of soul, say not "We see !" But seek the Lord — He's passing by ! And, when the world would hush your plea, Like Bartimeus, louder cry ! Now, in His glory, Christ shall hear; And interrupt the angels' praise. To catch, with His attentive ear. Each trembling word a sinner says. And He will answer — "Come to me !" His saints your soul shall comfort, then ; For all God's promises are yea ; Not yea and nay, but yea, amen ! In heavenly places you shall sit ; Read wondrous things out of His law : Which Jesus in the heart has writ — Such, in the mount, as Moses saw ! Then, throw aside sin's cumbrous cloak I Christ's burden, you shall find, is light ! Asmime His kind and easy yoke f And let your soul receive its sight ! R. F. Fuller. J OS K VOL. XIII. SEPTEMBER, 1862. NO. 9. THE CHRISTIAN WORLD: MAGAZINE AMERICAN AND FOREIGN CHRISTIAN UNION. C O NT E N TS : ■ Pagre, Kussia and the Kussians, - - 265 Interesting Facts about Ireland, - 272 Who are IntolGrant '?--'- 275 Present Extent o^ the Church of Rome, 276 Speeches at the British and Poreign Bible Society, 278 Blind Bartimeus Restored to Sight — Poetry, 280 The Pobeign Field : — Italy, - - 281 France, 282 Italian Mission in Constantinople, - 284 Chili, 285 Extracts from Colporteur's Journal in South America, - - - . 285 The Home Field : — What a G-erman Missionary Says — Report of an Ital- li ian Missionary, - - - 287 From a Missionary in the West, - 288 A Bible-Woman Sv rites, - - 289 Mission to the French Canadians on the St. John's — French Mission in Phila^ delphia, . - - - - Mission AKT Intelligence : — The Work in the Papal Field, - Turkey, Syria — Mission among the Nestorians — • China, - - - ' - Japan — Siam — India, ... News op the Chdeches : — England, - . - - , Scotland — Ireland — France, Germany — Switzerland — Madagas- car— Our Encouragements, Receipts, ------ 290 290 291 292 293 293 294 295 295 PUBLISHED :BY THE SOOEETT, 156 Chambers St. NEAB TEE HUDSON "B-VTSS. XAILSOAD DEFOT FOSTAOE of tUa MsnzlBe Is SIX CEKTS a year, pay. able qgarterly or yearly in advance. !•:;.■(>. # ♦.-f (Jljiistiaii ||BgJ5tir. SATURDAY, DECEMBER 13, 1862. THE BLIND GIRL. You tell me of the sunshine. And the silvery rays of night, But what must be the blessing Of one single beam of light ? By which to see thy gentle face, That I ever loved the best, Smile once upon me, mother, E'er my spirit went to rest ? I've dreamed of lands immortal. Where there falls no drifting snow ; No scorching heat may wither, And no raging tempests blow. There bands of angels wandered By a deathless, deathless tree, And soon beneath its shadow. Will my home of resting be ! I've heard them say, "come hither," In the hush of early dawn, In floods of lonely music, From the sunset mountains borne ; In strange, mysterious breathings, From a thousand whispering trees; In- the restless moan of tempests, And the harpings of the seas, » I've seen the living radiance Of its bright celestial bloom, Though Jordan swept before it In a flood of death -cold gloom ! I've seen the endless glory Far beyond its turbid flow. To darkness sealed no longer, Mother, fare thee well, I go ! — Youth'' s Companion. «k4 tn CO t> '•Q 3 El o) B5 o ^ So o -a -S » o I" a 2 SSSg m O P c S. " §5 8 i 6-1 5 C M - S| = <( PI M! i_ ^. « '^ S SI fl G - to <u — i c fl 3 ^ ^ g J) .^O •o ja T) _ lif ! h « s a J.- - £ f II J= 5 i£ « '0 w ^ *^ tJD a ?-o ^a n I- ■= s £ CQ .C3 J3 ^ °^ J! fe-5 >,g r. oi n ei " s s a - o S - as gea Bi m O „ >i ^ ^< P jj; - a> a> "S ^ > ro CJ c5 "^ <S V- — 3 .E O C o ,- OJ ■" a 5 — £ 6- tTMi a -s S 1 as E<4 ^ 6c £5 ^j^^s::^^^^^ (^^^ ^^^^^^-^^c^^*—^ New Series. FEBRUARY, 1863. No. 5. MONTHLY MAGAZINE (if f iteratnre, ^xi, politics, aitb ^octetg. KINAHAlSr OORNWALLIS Editor and Proprietor. NEW-YORK: PUBLISHED AT THE OPPICE OF THT5 MAGAZINE, 37 PARK ROW, BY J. H. ELLIOT. GENERALAGENTS: NEW-YORK: HENRY DEXTER and SINCLAIR TOUSEY BOSTON : A. WILLIAMS & CO. and J. J. DYER k CO. PHILADELPHIA: T. B. CALLENDER. LONDON : SAMPSON LOW, SON & CO., Ludgate Hill. \\\. i! I'i; ! Old ISTo. Vol. LXI. Wo, 2. THE WELL-SPPvING Rostov. VAa,ss. SON& FOR A BLIND CHILD. I cA>-NOT see the sunny gleam Which gUiddens every heart but mine; But I c!in fBe! the warming beijn, And bless the God who bade it shine! 0 Lord, each murmuring thought control, Let no ripening tear-drop fall; ' Pour heavenly light upon my »nnl, 1 hat 1 may sec thy love in all ! 1 cannot see the flowerets bloom, AJl glistening with the summer showers; lint I can breathe their sweet perfume, And bless the God who made the flowers ! 0 Lord, each murmuring thought control; Let no ripening tear-flrop fall ; Pour heavenly light upon my soul. That I may see thy love in all ! 1 cannot read the pages wliere Thy holy will is written, Lord; But I can seek thy house of prayer, And humbly listen to the Word Which lifcs my sou! to that blest place Where I at thy loved feet shall fall, Behold my Saviour face to face. And see and own his love in all ! GOLDEN LEAVES THE WORKS POETS AND PAINTERS EDITED BY ROBERT BELL LONDON GRIFFIN, BOHN & CO. STATIONERS' HALL COURT 1863 /// ii' ^ - 113 iiWii wiBin^'— i,«iim»t<iii«aww<wwwsc«<s '/ I POEMS. ELLINOE J. S. MAITLAND. |i IN ill': j i l!' i ^oitbnn anb- Camfaribgf: MACMILLAN AND CO. 1863. [Tilt Right of Translation, is reserved.} :/l\ ii : - » * ART AND FASHION: WITH OTIIEK Mt\tB, Bmp, aitir %mms. CHARLES SWAIN, AUTHOR OF "THE MIND," "ENGLISH MELODIES," ETC. LONDON: VIETUE BEOTHEES & CO., 1, AMEN COENEE, PATERNOSTER ROW 1863. t*».i' i^ *!jI' Ill OCTOBER ■m PUBLISHED MONTHLY. 1863. HALL'S JOURNAL OF HEALTH. "HKTVLTM 18 A r>TJTY."-Aaxoii. ..mi:k conbitme too mitoh food and ^o° ■^'^^'f^f ^^^^^= ^^^^ . ^ TKB>r TAKB TOO MOCH MHDICINB AKD TOO LITTI.B BXBHOWB M. be regarded u the reavdt of Ignorance or aujnalhm, and wUI degrade Uie moinau^. the good, M much as dmnkennew now doe*."— Un>. W, W. HALL, M.D., Editor. Terras, One Dollar a Year r Single Numbers, Ten Cents. OFFICE OF PUBUICATION, 831 BROADWAY, NEW-YORK, ANB 60 PATERNOSTER AOW, LONDON. H.D10XTEB AND SINCLAIR TOHSEY. Sole Agents for the Trade. ^^^^^^., 'ill »f)t;,-- I Ks Piers I.jl ^ * f.-y I POETICAL //"^ DIVERTI8BMENT8 OF FOEMEE YEAES BATH : WILLIAM GREGORY, BATH STREET. 1863. << . ^' .. . . ) /z/ SUNDAY SCHOOL GAZETTE Boston, lV\su6S. THE LITTLE BLIND GIKL. And are you in the room, mother'? And will you speak one word So that your poor, blind child may go Just whore your voice is heard '( And will you draw me close, mother 1 There — I am happy so, My sisters all can look at you, But I mast feel, you know. They like, they say, to see you talk, And watch your dear eyes shine ; And I g;row cheerful when I feel Your warm hand throb in mine. That loving, gentle touch, mother, I prize it more each day ; For often, when my heart is full, It soothes the pain away. And will you tell us now, mother, This quiet Sabbath hour. Some story of the Blessed One, And of his wondrous power ? How when he walked the pleasant hills, The hills of Palestine, The sick and lame and deaf and blind, Besought his touch divine. And how his hand was freely laid. And all grew well again. And, mother, don't you think he healed Some poor blind children then "? I 'm very sure if he should come, Just as he did before, And I could find my way to him, I should be blind no more. But I can ask him now, mother, To send some day for me. And well I know, in his own home, I shall forever see. rCongrfgationalist. I '^M-^ ';yM^ /xx HARPEE'S MONTHLY MAGAZINE. No. CLXVIL-APRIL, ISSi-YoL XIVIII. HOW SPRING COMES TO THE BLIND. THE elm-tree's slender, tapering sprays Are green with buds tliese April days ; And in the liquid, azure sky The mottled clouds entranced lie. The pale, transparent, purple mist, In color like the amethyst, Hangs over all the distance wide, And veils the mountain's shadowy side. Along the margin of the stream The willow's silvery branches gleam. And from the dark soil round their roots The blue-veined trembling violet shoots. Crowning the swelling slopes are seen The wheat fields clothed in living green; In garden plots the crocus blows, The cowslip in the meadow grows. The winds are soft and pure and bland ; The orchards crowned with blossoms stand ; And in the field, with patient toil. The farmer plows the heavy soil. I hear the robin's plaintive cry ; The restless bluebird twitters by ; The linnet in the elm-top thrills The air with his impassioned trills I hear the big wheel of the mill. So long in icy fetters still, Adown the stream, go round and round With somewhat of a ponderous sound. And, musing, call I now to mind The miller's daughter, who is blind: Alas, poor girl, her sightless eyes Have never looked upon the skies! She never saw the violet's face. The tulip in its pride of grace, The sunset's glory in the west, The crimson on the robin's breast. The hyacinths she tends with care For her no bloom or beauty wear; The fresh-plucked lilacs iu her room She loves tliem for their sweet perfume. To her the soft, ethereal Spring No sight of bud or flower can bring ; She only knows the season near By mildness in the atmosphere, And songs of birds, that every where With music fill the balmy air; These, and fresh fragrance in the wind:- 'Tis thus that Spring comes to the blind. I m^^mm. ppi I VOICES OF THE MORNING. BELLE BUSH. " To set this age to music is the task before the Poets now." — Alexander Smith. PHILADELFHIA: J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 18G5. ;./. /;. LONDON POEMS By ROBERT BUCHANAN AUTHOR OF 'idyls and legends of INVERBIIRN," " L'NDERTONES," ETC. ^JU^^«. ALEXANDER STRAHAN, PUBETSHER LONDON AND NEW YORK 1866 ■iiiiiBfe* J?' 14 < BOSTON, SATUEDAY, FEB. 10, 1866. THE BLIND ASLEEP. "I always see in dreams," she said, "Nor then believe tliat I am blind." That simple thought a shadowy pleasure shed Within my mind. In a like doom, the nights afford A like display of mercy done. Uow oft I've dreamed of sight as full restored ! Not once a.s gone. Restored as with a flash ! I gaze On open books with letters plain ; And scenes and faces of the dearer days Are bright again. 0 sleep I in pity thou art made A double boon to such as we ; Beneath closed lids and folds of deepest shade. We think we see. 0 Providence ! when all is dark Around our steps and o"er thy will,. The mercy -seat that hides the covenant ark Has angels still. Thou who art light ! Illume the page Within ; renew these respites sweet ; And show, beyond the films and wear of age, Both walk and seat. N. L. F. n Sijje Christian |vcgister. BOSTON, SATURDAY, MAY 19, 1866. "TVbat would'st tljou I should do for thee?'' .Said he \^o held the wonder key Of Nature's secret virtues ; who The utmost that he said could do ; For, uot like these poor breaths of ours, ^ His words were gifts, and acts and powers. •' (J ao The questioned man had ears to hear, And touch was true in Its small sphere ; llis tongue was quick ; he rose to meet The Grace that called him to his feet. But hidden were Christ's form and face, ' The raoring crowd, the unmoTing place ; iJThe kingly sense that lights the mindL;. Was gone ; — Timeeus' son was blind. He answered — did he answer right ? — "Lard, that I might receive my sight." 0, chide not that he could not lift His heart to any higher gift ; And when a heavenly offerer came. No heavenly gift could think or name. "Receive thy sight,'' the Christ replied. And the glad wretch walked justified. Sat there that day a king at hand, - IFith sceptre- over sea and land. And wealth and splendor round his throne, Free to all eyes — denied his own — On his crowned brow were blot like that, ■\Vould he not cast to mole and bat His royalty, fcu'leave to share A portion with that beggar there ; And rags to jewelled robes prefer, , With power to see that rags they wiere ? The Mind are happy, it is said. Not so the Scripture tale has read. WilV' The sharp cry could not silenced be, ""Have mercy, mercy, upon me Thou son of David." What he craved - Was met with this, "Thy faith hath saved." Tet list we to that plaintive cheer ; • ',... . 'Tis wisely spoke and sweet to hear j ■ ■ at BTWWK I And many witnesses renew '>**.'>• The feith, that it is strangely true. ^ tngrfi '~ f Yes, happy ; — cleave we to the hope — Though feet must swerve and hands must grope ; All nature played behind a screen ; The world no space and life no scene ; Though nature, art, streets, fields and books. And better, best, all friendly looks, Have faded into nought ; the gaze That spans a world and threads a maze. And, when the round of day is done, Outshoots the arrows of the sun. Changed for the thin, short line that slips Beneath the moving finger-tips. Who that hath watched the smiles, that chase Each other o'er the tranquil face Thus mutilate, does not decree A place for them in memory ? The human soul a debtor lies. To him who sang of Paradise ; Who tells us that a siogle jot Of ueart or hope he bated not. Nay, there are those who«e playful strain ^(l•^• HI1 Has argued that this want was gain. Still, Memory's rigid canvas glows. And Fancy's free conception flows. And Reason tells her problems o'er. And gleaning Thoughts find field and store. What, then ? — Did our poor Israelite Prize at too jnuch the wealth of sight? And is its loss a lighter woe Thau men have thought ? 0 no '. 0 no ! This new Beatitude will prove The wonder of the Father-love, That bids such compensation wait On a calamity so great. Because so great. 0, bless the care, That stoops to siich a deep despair. The blind are happy ? Only such As make the world's small remnant much. And call an inward state to atone For what makes this wirhout, so lone. Nor all concealed from human thought How this celestial work is wrought. They who see not, have eyes that lend Their aid to guide and to defend ; Aye, numberless. They sit immured -.v In kindly ofiSces ; secured By their strong helplessness. Who stem The boldest crowds, make way for them. Mark on the pavement how the click Of their half-seeing, slender stick,] Is potent as a sultan's word, Or marshal's staff, or point of sword. Close tended by the good and kind They form the temper that they find. Shall not that disposition bless. And good-will grow to happiness ? With narrowing range of earth's ado The field of strife is narrowed too ; The tents are struck, the flags are furled, That make a camp of half the world ; As feuds and provocations close, The unchallenged Spirit tastes repose. The Son of Man as be passed by, Heeded his supi^liant's frantic cry. Opened bis eyes to drink the day, rri'iai'ri <c.tT And showed his following steps the way, — '> He passes by no more. A sphere Immortal holds him. But e'en here And now and evermore he stands, And lifts his voice, and lays his hands. Courage and cure ! But not as when He moved among those Hebrew men. No miracle or transient sign Attest the word or act divine. The painted earth and painted sky And looks of dear humanity He brings not back ; but shows in light ■NYhat needs no orb of sensuous sight. Ideal growths flush into bloom And dove-like sits that raven gloom. I ■'I ' I r l!»«.Tvf( 0 son of David 1 Many sit In that deep valley. Speak to it .' Set Duty's plain, and Faith's high hill Before them ; and, within them still, let Mind pursue its even trains, Affection chant its sweet refrains. And Truth draw clear its landscape lines. Clear as where Nature buds and shines. From that blight realm reflect a ray Where tears and films are wiped away. Let patience hold, and love increase, And fold them in thy peace, thy peace. /x CINCINNATI DAILY GAZElTEj ft ~ - ~ : -■ OFFICE— OAZETXE Bi:iI.I>IN6, Nortbast Corner of Fourth and Vine Streets. TUESDAY, JULY 31,4866. The SkTlaik. »■- A -writer in the British Standard thus 'flescribes the authoress of the lines giren jbelow: - _ Janet Hamilton is above the middle hight of women, all blind of one eye and half blind of the other. A black silk handkerchief is tied round the' extinct organ; on her head she wears an unfashionable but spotlessly white Scotch mutch ; and she is dressed in an nnfashiohable, but neat, clean gown of a Bober color. Her face is an excellent specimen of the longish and best type of Scottish features — high, well developed forehead, with good breadth, handsomely shaped Romanish nose, and flexible, expressive lips, and really speaking mouth, and a chin of that peculiar breadth which is understood to indicate decision and vigor. I had seen her portrait and read her poems, while in imagination I had pondered much over the old woman eloquent — ^victorious over the countless ills of a lengthened and laborious life ; teaching herself in old age to write in order that she. might put on record the th^oughts aiid fancies, and irrepressible imaginings that sought to be released from the bondage of half a century of silence. The lines were suggested" by the singing of a caged skylark, and the reader will dis- cover that the other skylark is Janet herself, who, being nearly blind, is in a measure caged. ''Sweet minstrel of the summer dawn, Band of the sky, o'er lea and lawu Thy rapturous anthem clear and loud, Rings from the dim and dewy cloud That swathes the brow of infant morn, Dame Nature's first and fairest born. From grassy couch I saw thee spring, Aside the daisy curtain fling, Shake the bright dewdrops from thy breast. Preen thy sofc wing, and smooth thy crest — i Then, all the bard within thee burning. Heaven in thine eye, the dull earth spurning, [ Thou soared and sung, till lost on high, In morning glories of the sky ! I Not warMiDg at thine own sweet will. Far up yon 'heaven kissing hill,' With quivering wing and swelling throat, On waves of ambient air afloat — , Not so I saw thee last, sweet bird ; I heard thee— and my heart was stirred — Above the tumult of a street, Where smoke and sulphurous gases meet; Where, night and day, resounds the clamor Of shrieking steam, of wheel and hammer— A Babel rude of many a tongue ; There, high o'er head, thou blithely sung. Caged, 'cribbed, confined,' yet, full and clear As silver flute, fell on my ear Thy joyous song; as void of sorrow As when, to bid the sun good morrow. Just rising from his couch of gold, Thou sung, and soared o'er meaa and wold. Thy prison song, O bird beloved. My heart hath strangely, deeply moved. In leverie, a waking dream Steals o'er my senses, and I seem The joyous girl that knew no care. When fields were green, and skies were fair ; And, sweetest of the warbling throng. The thrilling, gushing voice of song I seem to bear — Ah, 'tis the lark, That, mounting, 'sings at heaven's gate;' hark! These rapturous notes are all his own; Bard of the sky, he sinE!S alone ! Sweet captive, thy fate be mine. I will not languish, will not pme ; Nor beat my wings against Dhe wijres. In vain regrets and strong desires To roam again, all blithe and free, ThroughNature's haunts — again to see The blooming, bright and beauteous things That in her train each season brings ; Spring's bursting buds and tender leaves. The Summer flowers, the Autumn sheaves. The purple hills, the running streams, Where lingering memory broods and dreams ; But, never more — ah ! never more To climb the hill or tread the shore With foot untiring, swift and free — It may not — nay, it cannot be. Ah 1 cannot be ! my eyes are dark, A prisoner, too, like thee, sweet lark ; But I have sought and found content, And so our songs sha;!! oft be blent — I singing in my hermitage. Thou warbling in thy prison cage. Aspire thou to thine own blue sky, I to a loftier sphere on high !" te^^^ THE BLIND STRRET-PIDDLER. 93 that Heaven where tliey dwelt. His darkened eyes dropped tears, and, with one despairing effort, he cried aloud, " Come back, my early days ! Come back ! '' 5. And his j-outh did retm-n ; for all this had been but a cb-eam, visiting his slumbers on New Year's night. He was still young ; his errors only were no dream. He thanked God fer- vently that time was stiU his own ; that he had not yet entered the deep, d;u-k cavern, but that he was free to ti-ead the road leading to the peaceful land where sumiy harvests waA'e. G. Ye wlio still linger on the thi-eshold of life, doubting which path to choose, remember that when years shall be passed, and yom- feet shall stumble on the dark mountain,^'^ you will cry bit- terly, but cry in vain, " 0, youth, retiu:n ! O, give me back my eai-ly days ! " eichter.ei XXVn.— THE PRESENT 91 TDIE. f- 1. Of Memory many a poet smgs ; p- / jW- ff ^ J. And Hope hath oft inspired the rhyme; nfCA'''^ IIA^'^ But who the charm of music brings c fl a i /"^ To celebrate the present ^^^ time ? OO^*- CL4-A>*^ , 2. Let the past guide, the future cheer, / ^^ w While youth and health are in then- prime ; _ But, O, be still thy greatest care That awfuP'' point — the present time ! 3. Fulfil the duties of the day — The next may hear thy funeral-chime ; So shalt thou wing thy glorious way, Where all shall be the present time. XXVni. — THE BLIND STREET-FIDDLER. 1. An Orpheus ! ^' an Orpheus ! — he works on the crowd ; He sways them with harmony merry and loud ; He fills with his power all then- hearts to the brim — Was aught ever heard like his fiddle and him? 2. What an eager assembly ! what an empire is this ! The weary have life, and the hungiy have bliss ; The mourner is cheered, and the anxious have rest ; And the guilt-burdened soid is no longer oi)pressed. 3. That errand-bound 'prentice ^*i was passing in haste — What matter ? he's caught — and his time runs to waste ; THE BEQ&AR. • Sho sat upon tlie wnyside beeping, Very poor and old and b:in(! ; yet many footsteps came and passed her, And they left no joy behind. She thoughl upon that waysido beggar Whom the Saviour met of old; How lie had touched and healed and blest him. Nor had thought his cry too bold. And thinking of her weary waiting, ' Lord,' she in her anguish said, ' Hast thou no ministering spirit Thou wilt send to bring me aid? ' She started; for a soft hand touched her; And a voice, like angel's sweet. Said, ' I'oor, poor woman, I am coming With some food for you to eat.' She heard a child's light step retreating Down the farm-lane (hat was near; And soon again the same sweet greeting Fell upon her anxious ear: — ' Poor woman I come : my mother bade me Bring yousa'ely to our home; For she herself would like to see you. And to help you. Wont you come? ' The litt'e hand then .ed her gently Down the short but rugged lane; And the poor blind wanderer never Felt so desolate again. For God had sent the wayside beggar Friends to help her from that hour: He put it in their hearts to help her, And he gave their hands the power ; And the deep sting neglect had planted, Adding bitterness to \Toe, A child's sweet pity had extracted, — Doing angels' work below." •^i>-,- A'.cJ^ ,.:r^-<l^j /•3. wm /33 r - ur,fvi — fr- — ''' — '— — - POEMS BY BURR GRISWOLD HOSMER. RIVERSIDE PRESS: CAMBRIDGE. 1868. HMaHi«ria /•SPFST' SACRED POEMS. OEORGE F. WORTHINGTON, A. M. FIRST KECTOE OF ST. TIMOTHY'S CHURCH AND HALL, NEAR BALTIMORE, MD. THIRD EUITION. WITH ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. BALTIMORE : ' PUBLISHED BY THE. AUTHOR. 1868. i Ch Christian |legister* Office, Fo. 26 Chauncy Street. BOSTON, SATURDAY, FEB. 13, 1869. THE BLIND PASTOE. A DRAMATIC FRAGMENT. BY E. L. COSHINO. PASTOB. How soft the air which, from yon lucid lake. Fans my moist brow ! The eve Is balmy sweet". Breathing of peace and fraught with harmonies Mysterious, deep ; uttered by nature's voice. In ceaseless homage to the one great Source That formed, and animates with life and joy. This wondrous world. Tljere came a vagrant breeze, Bearing the breath of wild flowers on its wing ; Gushing in gladness o'er me, then with sigh, Gentle as that which wafts the good man's soul To his last rest, dissolving soft m odors I'asElng sweet on the still air. AD ALIA. Dear father. Would thine eye could rest its ravished gaze On yon fair view of hill, and dale, and wood. Bathed as I see them now. In twilight hues. Glorious as though through heaven's unclosing gate The radiance streamed. Yon mountain, like a king. Wears on his haughty brow a crown of gold. And folds with regal pride a purple robe Round his majestic form. The dimpling lake Is strewed with geras ; and glistening in the 3he«n Of dying day, the thousand polished blades Of yon broad corn -field seem to fancy's eye Like gleaming spears of mimic warrior host. Encamped to guard the treasures of the wave. Kever, my father, saw I eve more sweet ! They talk of those that soft Italian skies Shed in their glory on the silent earth ; But naught, I ween, of beauty can they boast Which dwells not here— soft odor laden airs- Resplendent hues— the madrigal of birds— The gentle falling of the balmy dews On softly folding flowers, that with a sigh Of gushing fragrance breathe their last farewell To day's departing smile. How were my Joy Enhanced could'st thou look forth on this fair earth As now it lies, touched wllh a gloiy From the hand divine. PASTOB. My child, I see it all ! Feel Its calm Influence with a Joy like that Which lends to thy soft voice its gladsome lone. Whatthough thro' these sealed orbs there steals no ray To light the darksome prison-house where dwells A heavenly guest ! The soul's eye is undimmed— Its wing still plumed for flight above this earth. And through these well known scenes where day by day Our lives pass gently on ;— nor needs the aid Of outward sense to tell me how Ihey change- How the morn rises with Its robe of mist— Nor how at dewy eve yon mountain dons His purple vesture, and the fairy waves Of yon small lake come dancing to the shore. Radiant with gems caught fr9m the evening sky. I see them all ! the hill, the grove, the stream, And the grey church tower rising 'mid the trees. The scene of my long labors, where I've sou ght— I, In my blindness— to win souls to God. Praise to his name. If any shall be set. As precious seals, In my immortal crown Of truth preached not In vain. Lingers not yet The glowiu' sunlight on those tlmestained walls? Methlnks I see It, as I oft have done From this green knoll, briglit 'mid the gathering gloom. Like smile of faithful friend. 'TIs a strange power. Most strange indeed that, by the soul possessed. To aall the objects of its early love From ' memory's waste," unchanged, undimmed. With Its most fine perceptions to behold The varied .shapes and scenes of its past life As in a magic glass— to stand at will In regions most remote, and commune hold With the long absent, or the silent dead — To pierce the earth, or with Its untlred wing. Soar to the gate of Heaven, and worship there. What is this power mysterious, undefined. But a sweet earnest of capacities That dormant He during our sojourn here. But are designed for limitless expansion When the veil of flesh shall be withdrawn. And the freed spirit wakes to higher Joys, To nobler purposes than earth unfolds To our contracted sight. ADALIA. Speak on, dear father; I so love to hear thy calm, sweet words. 'TIs beautiful to see thy spirit soar In holy triumph o'er the Ills of flesh. Cheerful, resigned, and with undoubtlnt? trust Kissing the rod whose chastening touch has quenched For thee day's pleasant light. PASTOR. Alasl my daughter. Would my spirit bowed more meekly to His will - Whose gracious hand mingles rich blessings In the bitter cup my lips must quafi'. If I have strength with patient heart to bear Mysore aflSlctlo, 'tis derived from Him Who gives unsparingly to them that ask For aid In sorrow's hour. Yet, one fond wish Will sometimes rije to dim the brighter thoughts Ihat should be evermlne— a yearning wish Which seldom utterance finds, but stronger grows As o'er my onward path the lengthened shadows Warn of day 's decline. This, this It is— To see thy face, my child, thy young, fair face. Which I have shaped Into the loveliest image Ever yet wore human form. I still can Joy In nature, though forbid to feast my sight On her bright forms— still love the pleasant tones. The grateful intercourse of my own kind;— But the strong yearning, as each day goes by, fastens Itself more closely on my heart. Once to behold thee, child of my soul's love. But only once, ere In their last long sleep My eyelids close. ADALiA (in tears). Ob, my dear father. Would to God thy wish might be fulfilled ;— And yet, perchance, thy love would grow less strong Should It be granted to our earnest prayers. PASIOB. I could not love the less, Adalla sweet. And more I would not, else should I defraud God of the worship due to him alone. No more of this ; 'twas but a fevered thought. Which in unguarded moment issued forth From my soul's depths— there shall It henceforth sleep ; It is enough lor me to know thee near. Tending my steps, to hear thy gentle voice Cheering my hours of gloom ; enough to feel Thou art Hie her who gave thee to my arms— C^i K r '• •»■!• ^'l^^ Like her In soul, and, 'tis my joy to tlilnk, In outward loveliness tbe very same. ADALIA. Ah ! had eha lived to chocr the deep, deep gloom Of those long years that have been dark to thee, Her presence would have lent the light of Joy To our lone home. PASTOK. Aye, would It, sweet. If God bad willed It so— but he la wise. And for some gracious purpose summoned hence My heart's desire and hope. Come, let us rest In this cool shade awhile, and speak of her. Here was her favorite seat ; I know it well By the low drooping of the willow boughs, That, like the tresses of Ihy silken hair, Sweep o'er my face. The soft leaves rustle In the summer air like spirit voices ■Whispering of the past— of those sweet days When here with me thine angel-mother sat, And thou, young sparkler, smiling at our feet. Strewed the green herbage with thy fragrant spoils. Or chased, with airy step, the vagrant bee That came with drowsy hum and loaded thigh, To sip the nectar from the dewy bells Thy hand had culled. ADALIA. Methlnks I have A faint remembrance of those happy days; Of a fair face that looked on me with love. And gentle tones that murmured tenderly O'er my young head. I hear them yet In dreams. And oft times feel the warm, soft pressure Of those angel lips that printed kisses On my infant brow. PABTOB. 'Tl8 sweet to think She hovers o'er us with her eyes of love. Watching our progress to that splrlt-land Which Is her radiant home. Four brief, bright years She blessed my heart, and gladdened it with thee— Thee, with thy cherub smile, thy asking eye Imploring love and oare. Then the strong spell Of earth enchained my soul, and I was lapped As in Eiysian dreams of deep delight, — Forgetting heaven— forgetting that I stood God's messenger to man— the lost, the fallen— Myself degraded most, since I had made Earth my heart's home,— formed Idols of Its clay. And worshipped them, reckless how frail they were ; Frail as the lealT that fades in autumn's bower. And fleeting as the hues that paint tlie sky. Ere the still night her sable pall unfurls. ADALIA. Dear father, be more lenient to thyself. Since on another thou wouldst not pronounce Such judgment stern. God's minister thou art. The zealous, the untlred, the follower meek Of him who knew no guile. Such art thou now, And ouch hast ever been— in darkness even. Faithful at thy past, to serve the altar — Binding the broken heartj and pouring balm Into the spirit's wounds. PASTOR. Alas 1 my daughter.
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Elisa Victoria Quintana (Silver City, Mexiko Berria, Ameriketako Estatu Batuak, 1973a) estatubatuar astronomoa da. Goddard Espazio Hegaldi Zentroan egiten du lan. Exoplaneten detekzioa eta karakterizazioa ikertzeaz gain, hauen itxura ere aztertzen du. Kepler-186f exoplaneta detektatzeagatik ezaguna da, Eguzkiaz beste izar baten bizigarritasun gunean aurkitu zen Lurraren neurriko lehen planeta.
Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako astronomoak
Emakume astronomoak
Mexiko Berritarrak
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L'Indépendant des Basses-Pyrénées : paraissant les lundi, mercredi et vendredi ["puis" paraissant tous les jours excepté le dimanche "puis" journal républicain quotidien "puis" le mieux informé des journaux de la région]
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«eaasaaaaafisfiaaaaaaaaas 69-' ANNEE — N» 51.572 DIMANCHE-LUNDI 4-5 OCTOBRE 1936 2 Edition i.isa«n«sBgsigBBeaasaBBBBa L’INDÉPENDANT DES PYRÉNÉES JOURNAL RÉPUBLICAIN QUOTIDIEN' | L« publicité est reçue à PAU : au Bureau du Journal al i l’Agence Havas, Palais des Pyrénées • è Paria s Agence Havas, 62, rue de Richelieu el ses succursales ■Baaagww sagaaea—HHi REDACTION <£■ ADMINISTRATION [i Palais des Pyrénées ;ï Télégrammes INDEPENDANT-PAU Téléphone 29.01 (trois lignes) C/c Bordeaux 172.95 PUBLICITE aux Bureaux du Journal et à l’Agence Havas PAU-PARIS Le Numéro : 25 esgiagag.BBg5BBggB5sg8Bsaag. * : . . ; ...... .i C . . * ’ ♦ .. Une liberté en danger Il s’agit de la liberté de le presse; elle n’est pas encore supprimée, le gouvernement de Front Populaire se contente de la saboter. Voici la seconde fois, en un mois, que l’indépendant est victime de ce sabotage ; voici la seconde fois que notre éditorial quotidien télégraphié de Paris aux heures habituelles, est systématiquement retardé de vingt-quatre heures dans sa transmission, par le Ministre des P.T.T., qui prétend tirer ce dre t d’un abus d interprétation de la loi dictatoriale du 29 novembre 1850. C’est ainsi que notre article du 9 septembre n’est parvenu à la rédaction que le lendemain ; il en a été de même de notre article du 1er octobre, que nous avions appelé ; « Pour ou contre la dictature ». Déjà, sous le ministère Flandin, nous avions été victime des trafics du cabinet noir, mais M. Flandin se contentait de faire copier nos télégrammes pour les avoir sous les yeux et n’en retardait pas la transmission. LeFront Populaire n’a pas, on le voit, les mêmes scrupules et s’il juge que le momènt n est pas encore venu d étouffer complètement la voix des écrivains indépendants, il s’ingénie, en attendant, par des brimades plus mesquines encore, à saboter leur travail. Nous avions passé la nuit de mercredi à jeudi à attendre les décisions des deux Chambres, de façon à ne présenter à nos lecteurs qu’un commentaire bien au point; c’est, à leur place, le gouvernement qui 1 a lu. Que voulez-vous qu un journaliste, simple citoyen, puisse entreprendre contre ces actes de despotisme ? Protester? Réclamer? A quoi bon, quand l’autorité devient une tyrannie, sa force brutale pr me le droit, il n y a plus place pouT l’équité. Que l’opinion soit donc juge, c’est le seul recours qu’on puisse encore se permettre dans ce pays républicain que les marxistes poussent sournoisement vers la servitude. En regard des brimades dont nous voilà l’objet, épinglons cette phrase extraite du discoms que M. Léon Blum a prononcé, il y a dix jours : « La France croit à la liberté politique ; e.le place au premier rang la liberté de pensée et de conscience. » La France croyait aussi au franc Poincaré. M. Blum parle d’or, mais il paye en francs dévalués. F XX. HARRY BAUR blessé dans un accident d’auto Versailles. — L'artiste de cinéma Harry P-aur circulait dans son automobile, eue conduisait son chauffeur avec son fils Cécil. 16 ans, et une jeune fille, Mlle Ursula „ Gitinan, 15 ans. Dans la descente de la côte de Saint-Cluucl avant d'aborder le pont' noir, une autre automobile doubla la voi-t ire a'Ha J n Baur et fit aussitôt une queue de poisson. Le chauffeur de M. Baur V-iaqua sur sa gauche et jeta son véhicule contre un arbre. Les quatre occupants de l'auto ont été blesses. M. Harry Baur souffre de fortes contusions aux omoplates e: est en outre blessé à D tête, mais suri état ne paraît pa? grave. Son fils a deux côtes fracturées. Le chauffeur et Mlle Git-man sont légèrement contusionnés. ff. A la 4e page : LA VIE SPORTIVE Après la dévaluation du franc Hausse considérable sur toutes les valeurs à la Bourse de Paris Paris. — La Bourse a tenu hier une séance historique : on peut vraiment donner ce nom à la réouverture qui a eu lieu après quatre jours exceptionnels de chômage. Rien n’a manqué à cette journée pour la rendre sensationnelle, ni L’affluence — on ne pouvait à peu près pas circuler dans le Palais de la Bourse, — ni les hausses d’envergure. ni iles affaires. On devait normalement s’attendre à voir l’ensemble du marché s'établir de 20 ’/c clu-dessus ies cours de vendredi dernier en raison de l’abaissement de la valeur or du franc. Mais cette proportion a é» 6 fort 1souvent dépassée, Drune pari eu"effet les acheteurs sont arrivés en foule compacte et ont passé des ordres Qui Se chiffraient fréquemment par des milliers de titres. D’autre -M ' | part les possesseurs de papier trou-| valent l’occasion bonne et ne prétendaient vendre qu’à hon escient, et à des cours Plus élevés. Dans ces conditions il n’a guère été possible d’ajuster les offres aux'demandes. La proportion était souvent de : 1 titre offert pour 10 demandés et souvent bien davantage. Pour un titre industriel il a été un moment parlé de 11.000 demandes pour quelques centaines do’ffres. Il y a lieu de constater en outre que les acheteurs étrangers se sont dirigés en foule sur notre place en raison non seulement du profit qu’ils espèrent bien tirer de la hausse qui suit normalement toute opération monétaire, mais encore dé ce fait que la majorité de nos titres, même de premier ordre, n’ont pas monté en valeur absolue depuis la crise et sont à des cours incontestablement avantageux. n*. : — A Rome on prépare des compromis et des demi-mesures Rome. _ La situation financière créée en Italie par la fermeture des bourses municipales sera résolue selon toutes les apparences dès le début de la semaine prochaine. On a pu s’étonner à l’étranger de la lenteur des réactions italiennes devant l'alignement du franc avec les devises anglo-saxonnes. Une dévaluation pure et simple pourrait paraître à l’opinion publique un abandon définitif de la politique d'au' tarchie qui a été présentée par le chef du gouvernementcomme le seul salut possible d'uft pays défavorisé par la nature. Ajoutons que des statistiques publiées ici, il ressort entre autres les points suivants : 1° Jusqu'à maintenant, l'Italie a été un pays éminemment importateur. Pauvre Pauvre matières premières, elle a toujours enregistré un déséquilibre de sn balance commerciale qui, dans les meilleures années de sa prospérité s’est traduit par un déficit de cinq milliards de lires. On doit en outre retenir le fait que 80 % des importations italiennes consistent en matières premières et en produits alimentaires. 2° Le développement des industries fascistes s'est fait tel au cours des dernières années que la production a notablement dépassé les besoins d’un mar ché intérieur peu. absorbant. Les exportations industrielles ont en fait atteint 70 % de la production générais Cherchant à concilier les dogmes po: litiques qui restent pour lui essentiels, avec les nécessités immédiates de la situation financière, le gouvernement de Rome a préparé des compromis et des : demi-mesures. c Les détaillants contre la hausse des prix Paris. — La Fédération des commerçants détaillants communique : Le bureau central de la Fédération des commerçants détaillants, réuni à son siège social. 21. rue du Château-d'Eau sous la prescience de M. Geor-ges-Maus, a émis les voeux suivants : « Considérant que l’alignement des monnaies étant adopté par le Parlement ; » Demain, la vie économique normale doit continuer : » Que le commerce de détail est d'accord pour s’oppoSU»"dans l’iniérêf général, à toute hausse des prix qui ne serait pas justifiée par des éléments certains ; » Indique qu; l°s pouvoirs publics doivent » 1" Equilibrer le budget par des économies indispensables ; » 2° Alléger les charges fiscales ; » 3° Instituer une politique de large crédit ; » 4Obtenir de tous les partis la suspension des manifestations publiques. afin d'assurer, dans l’apaisement et le calme le plein succès de l’Expo-sitioi internationale de 1937. » La Tchéco-Slovaquie va aussi dévaluer Prague. — Legouvernement tchécoslovaque piepare une dévaluation dont le taux ne sera en aucun cas, supérieur à IG Cette mesure serait le complément âs ce;!tdécidée le 10 février 1934, date où la couronne tchéco-slovaque, fut déjà dévaluée de 16,66 Les dévaluations récentes du franc et de p.lu-rieurmonnaies "<* vaut, ‘été N plus considérables que celle pratiquée par la Tchéco-B-ovaquie ;n 1934 il s’agirait aujourd'hui dé ramener la valeur d e-îban.te de la couronne i chéco-slovaque à l’étranger au niveau de son pouvoir l’achat, sur le marché intérieur. TERREUR ET PANIQUE A MADRID Hcndaye. — Dans le secteur de Biscaye, les treupes de la junte de Burgos ont occupé les villes de Durango, Ver-gara, Elgoibar, Marquina et Placentia et poursuivent leur avance dans la direction de Guernica. L'avance fut fulgurante et la résistance des gouvernementaux débordée La prise de la ville d'Eibar est une question d'heures. La marche sur Bilbao est impétueuse et les troupes, qui se trouvent à 23 kilomètres de la ville, progressent sans rencontrer de grandie résistance., Le bombardement de la ville continue. Dans le secteur d’Avila, les forces du général Mo-la ont conquis hier le fort de Mijares et la ville de Casa-Viejo, où un important matériel de guerre a été saisi. Dans la province de Guadalajara, les troupes nationalistes, fortement _ appuyées par raviat.on, ont occupe les fortifications extérieures de Sigüenza, dont -voici: la dénomina ton : El Otero, Mont-Miron, colline Saint-Christobal ei la côte de Quebrâda. La terreur et la panique régnent dans la capitale. Le gouverneur de Madrid a donné l’ordre de saisir tous les biens de ceux qui combattent les forces mili-ciennes LE DRAPEAU ROUGE ET OR FLOTTE SUR L’AMBASSADE D’ESPAGNE PRES DU VATICAN Rome. — On apprend que M. Zu-lueta, ambassadeur d’Espagne près le Saint-Siège, ayant décidé de quitter son poste, est parti pour la France. Aussitôt après son départ, MM. de la Mora y Arena ministre conseiller, et Estrada y Acebal. premier secrétaire, qui s’étaient depuis longtemps déjà mis à la disposition du général Franco ont pris possession du palais de la place d’Esoagne au nom du gouvernement de Burgos. Ils ont immédiatement fait flotter au balcon du palais Tancieu drapeau rouge et or sans couronne ni blason. UN ARGENTIN FUSILLE A MADRID Buenos-Ayres. — Un communiqué du ministère des affaires étrangères annonce que l’ambassade d’Argentine à Madrid a été informée que, malgré tous les efforts qu’elle avait entrepris ooii-sauver la vie du citoyen argentin Fernande-Jaime Cruz, arrêté par les milices voici quelques jours, ce ressortissant argentin a été fusillé jeudi matin. Le gouvernement argentin a chargé immédiatement son ambassade de déposer auprès dugouvernement espagnol une protestation contre cette exécution. « ■ ; ’■ ' -ri CE QUE RACONTE UN AVIATEUR BELGE QUI A PASSÉ QUINZE JOURS DANS L’ARMÉE GOUVERNEMENTALE Le gouvernement de Madrid qui fait grief aux généraux nationalistes d|em-ployer des marocains, a dû, lui-même, faire appel à des mercenaires étrangers, tout au moins pour diriger ses services techniques. Quelques-uns sont partis comme volontaires pour défendre une cause qu’ils croient juste, mais ils sont raresLe « Cri de Paris » a pu obtenir les confidences d’un officier de réserve d’aviation belge, parti très enthousiaste et revenu bientôt profondément dégoûté. Nous en extrayons ces passages : ,. « j espérais que l’ordre et la discipline régnaient au moins chez ’es troupes restées fidèles au gouvernement. Je dus vite déchanter. Affecté à une escadrille d'aviation il m’apparut immédiatement que du haut en bas de la hiérarchie l’incohérence régnait seule. Tout le monde commandait et le plus souvent à tort et à travers. Le chef de l'escadrille était le littérateur français Malraux qui n’a jamais piloté un avion. Ses pilotes étaient presque tous des étrangers payés _de 25,000 à 50 000 francs par mois. Le loyalisme de ces aventuriers était infiniment douteux. Us menaient une vie désordonnée à Madrid, 6e battaient entre eux sous le moindre prétexte et me traitèrent en suspect dès qu’ils apprirent que je n’étais pas rémunéré. Quelques-uns connaissaient si peu leur métier que la plupart des avions furent brisés hors de tout contact avec l’ennemi. Ainsi dix « Dewoi-tine » se trouvaient hors d’usage en quelques jours. « La défense de l’aérodrome était assurée d’une façon ahurissante. Les miliciens dormaient toute la journée le fusil entre les jambes et lorsqu’une attaque était signalée l'affolement le plus complet régnait. On massait au milieu du terrain quelques canons et des mitrailleuses. On alignait les appareils devant les hangars et des autos circulaient dans le désordre le plus indescriptible. « Les tireurs ne savaient pas viser. Les appareils ne pouvaient pas décoller sans renverser les tireurs mais tous r.’agitaient. Quand l’alerte était passée chacun reprenait sa sieste. « Aucun service de renseignements n’existait à l’aércdrome et les pilotes ne disposaient que de cartes routières. « Enfin un jour on m’invita à piloter un appareil de bombardement. C'était un bi-moteur qui contenait dans la cabine, outre Un capitaine et sept miliciens, une centaine de bombes à ailettes entassées pêle-mêle sur le plancher. « Je crus à une plaisanterie. Il était impossible de décoller sans risquer de tout faire sauter. Je protestai mais les moteurs étaient en marche et on me fit comprendre que je n’avais qu’à obéir. « * v, 1 r Jamais même pendant la guerre je n'ai éprouvé une telle frayeur. J’avais la gorge tellement sèche que je n'ai pu proférer une seule syllabe pendant plus d’un quart d’heure. En me retournant ! pendant le décollage, qui par ses chocs répétés menaçait de faire exploser les bombes, je pus voir les miliciens couchés sur les engins dé’ mort pour lés caler plus complètement. « Je réussis à enlever l'appareil malgré sa charge anormale et dangereuse et suivis l'itinéraire indiqué oar l’officier espagnol. Nous allions sur Talavera. Arrivés au-dessus d'une colonne du « Tercio » je vis les miliciens précipiter les bombes par les hublots et'même faire un trou dans le plancher pour les jeter plus Vite. Presque tous les villages brûlaient aux environs, l’un d’eux paraissait intact. L’officier espagnol m’ordonna de le survoler et actionna au passage un système de déclenchage qui libérait des bombes de 250 kilos. Le village fut en partie détruit. J'étais atterré. « Au retour, je manifestai mon indignation : « — Pourquoi avoir bombardé ce village ? « — 11 est occupé par des rebelles, me répondit le chef dé bord. « — Mais la population est composée en majeure partie dé vos partisans, poursuivis-je. « — C'est exact, coupa l'officier, mais tant pis pour eux. i. << Mon essai avait, parait-il été satisfaisant. On me p*opôsa de signer .le contrat suivant : « Je soussigné... pilote aviateur, m’engage àeffectu.er. de jour et de nuit toutes les missions qui me seront commandées. » « Je refusai d'accepter une besogne qui consistait à assassiner des femmes et des enfants sans défense et je demandai à être rapatrié. « Peu de jours aorès un avion me ramenait à Barcelone après avoir échappé difficilement à la poursuite d’un chasseur rebelleBientôt je passais la frontière en poussant un soupir de soulagement ». ATTENTION !... nillllüilllimi^llïIllilllllllllUII C’est ce soir, que vous devez retarder vos montres et pendules pour le retour à l’heure normale. q >(• ÇJu ' UTVIN0V SERA-T-IL “ DÉGOMMÉ ” l "Les milieux diplomatiques de Moscou ont été pris au dépourvu par l'arrestation de SteDhan Raïevsky, qui avait remplacé à la tête du « Tournai ' de Moscou ». édité en langue française, Loukianov, déporté lui-même en Sibérie. Dans le passé, il avait été le sous-chef du service de renseignements soviétique, 11. Kronprinzenufer, à Berlin, dirigé par Lapinsky. ami intime de Lénine. Ensuite, il remplit les fonctions de représentant de l'Agence Tass en divers pays d’Europe. Avec le poste de rédacteur en chet du « Journal de Moscou ». il cumulait celui d'agent de liaison entre le commissariat des affaires étrangères et les diplomates et journalistes étrangers. Les quatre chefs successifs du bureau de presse de ce commissariat; Oumans-ky, Astakhov. Alexis Neumann et Bere-sine. ne furent que ses sous-ordres. La direction centra’e de l’agence Tass était également contrôlée par lui. Son arrestation, est très commentée, d'autant plus qu'on estime généralement qu’elle pourrait signifier le déclenchement d’une action visant une personnalité autrement importante. En effet, Raïevsky était toujours le protégé de Litvinov. auprès duquel il exerçait les fonctions de conseiller privéLes rumeurs qui couraient sur la retraite imminente du commissaire aux affaires étrangères paraîtraient ainsi confirmées. Déjà depuis quelque temps, un courant dirigé contre Litvinov se dessinait dans les hautes sphères soviétiques. A la tête du groupe préconisant le remplacement de Litvinov et qui suit aussi la tendance antisémite qui marque en U. R. S. S. des progrès constants. se trouveraient : Vorochilov, Ie-gov et Mikoyan. Parmi IPS candidats à sa succession, on cite : Potemkine, protégé par Vorochilov ; Krestinsky, premier adjoint de Litvinov, et Mikoyan. — Un maire démissionne parce qu’il ne pouvait empêcher le défilé i ~r du drapeau rouge dans sa commupe. Senlis. — MA, Thibaüd, îpaire de là commune, vient d’adresser au sous-préfet de Senlis sa double démission de maire et de conseiller municipal. Dans sa lettre de démission, le maire écrit : « J’ai accepté la charge de maire de Vineuil-Saint-Firmin pour essàver de réaliser l’union que j'estimais-indispensable aux intérêts de tous. « Je ne puis réaliser cette union, puisque je n'ai pas le pouvoir d’empêcher le défilé du drapeau rouge dans les rues de notre commune. L’ACCIDENT D’AUBISQUE En haut : Matériaux demeurés après l’éboulement sur la chaussée particulièrement étroite à cet endroit. On aperçoit derrière l’cchelle le plan du glissement. En bas : La section de la route en Corniche sur laquelle s’est produit l’accident. La croix indique le l.eu de l’é boulement ci la ligne en pointillé le trajet suivi par la ca mionnette et les corps des ouvriers dans leur chute. (Photos communiquées par le service des Ponts et Chaussées». (Photogravure Janini). Vue générale $ar le dispositif de la loi monétaire A l’encontre de ce que donneraient à penser les péripéties d’une « navette » laborieuse, le dispositif de la loi monétaire, telle que l’avait proposée par le gouvernement,'n’a pas subi de grands changements. Trois différences non négligeables sont pourtant à noter : L Le système dit de l’échelle mobile, auquel des pouvoirs illimités de contrôle avaient été uïi moment substitués, est remplacé,, en défiüitivè, ' par Une 1 procédure d’arbitrage obligatoire, assortie de garanties dont le Conseil National Economique et le Conseil d’Etat doivent assurer le respect. 2“' Une taxe extraordinaire sur les bénéfices réalisés sur certaines opérations à terme a été instituée. D’abord étendue aux Bourses de Commerce, cette disposition a été ensuite restreinte aux Boursês des valeurs et, enfin, aux opérations engagées entre le 21 et le 26 septembre, les rentes françaises étant exclues. La portée pratique en est donc très réduite. Il reste à craindre qu’elle n’illustre de la manière la plus troublante l’idée singulière que se forment les législateurs français dii mécanisme des maiohés à terme. 3° Quant à la forme-de la loi, le Sénat avait manifesté la volonté de prendre seulement acte de la dévaluation, et d’assurer le contrôle du nouveau franc, sans accepter de retenir aucune mesure étrangère à ce double objet. Une satisfaction — assez mince— lui a été accordée, eh ce sens que le texte primitif a été morcedé en plusieurs projets distincts.. Ceux-ci ont reçu bon accueil à la Haute Assemblée. Il est vrai que les compensations à reconnaître aux retraités ont été ajournées. En revanche, les lécoïiomies réalisées précédemment sur les pensions de guerre et la retraite du combattant sont supprimées. : il en coûtera au budget une dépense d’environ un milliard. Sous fe'bénéfice de ces observations, tout le dispositif de la dévaluation se trouve en quelque sorte recomposé, de la manière qu’avait voulu le gouvernement. * (La loi et ses annexes ayant force depuis hier, il sembleIntéressant de |V' * 5 ......... y V la considérer immédiatement par .apport aux trois points essentiels où se peuvent mesurer ses chances de durée. De quelque manière qu’elle ait été provoquée, conçue et réalisée, le succès d’une opération de dévaluation est subordonné à la réunion immédiate ou très proche de trois conditions fondamentales qui consistent, en somme, à rétablir l’ordre dans la monnaie — dans le budget — dans l’économie. Comment la loi nouvelle répond-elle à cette triple nécessité ? 1° ASSAINISSEMENT DU SYSTEME MONETAIRE La Banque de France était menacée d’être débordée par la simultanéité des sorties d’or et des sorties de billets, celles-ci ayant pour cause prépondérante les besoins de la Trésorerie. Une dévaluation, par l’application de la loi du « fait accompli » provoque automatiquement des rentrées d’or. Au delà de l’immédiat, il est pourtant évident que par elle-même elle ne suffit pas à déterminer un courantdurable de capitaux. C’est pourquoi il est de la plus haute importance' que le système monétaire renversé soit reconstruit solidement et, sans aucune fissure. Cet édifice, on èn trouve le plan dans le bilan remanié de l’institut d’émission.." A cet égard, l’assainissement qui serait désirabïe — ou nécessaire — n’est pas obtenu. Le Trésor-bénéficiera en effet d’un avoir net de 6 milliards, seulement. Comme cette marge est insuffisante, il sera dains l’obligation de tirer sur son compte d’avances. Au bout de quelques rtiois — tout au plus — il est à craindre que le bilan de la Banque ne soit chargé d’avances diverses à l’Etat, pour un montant considérable. C’est, à savoir : Avances antérieures à juin 1936 14 milliards Avances nouvelles.. 10 » Bénéfice libre de 6 » 30 milliards Encore ne itient-on pas compte dams cette liste de deux postes dont y . * ..." t le statut a été réglé précédemment: Prêt sans intérêts à l'Etat 3.200 mULons Bons négociables de la Caisse autonome 5.600 millions On voit ainsi que le bilan de la Basique portera à son actif une masse de titres dont la liquidité est très faible, ou nulle, et, en tout cas, insuffisante pour servir de bonne garantie à une monnaie. En principe, un dispositif sûr, puissant, eût été convenable. Celui qui est adopté paraît calculé au-dessous de sa limite admissible de sécurité. 2” L'ASSAINISSEMENT DU BUDGET Force est de constater qu’il n’en est même pas question. En gros, les charges supplémentaires qui résulteront des textes votés seront supérieures à un milliard pour le budget général. On Ignore l’importance des sommes dont la Caisse autonome ou la future Caisse des Pensions assureront le règlement. Quelles que soient les distinctions juridiques à faire, c’est toujours l’économie nationale qui les paiera. Pour mémoire, on rappellëra que le découvert global de la Trésorerie peut être évalué, pendant les douze mois de 1937. à un chiffre supérieur à 25 milliards. En attendant que des précisions aient été données par le gouvernement sur la manière dont il compte traiter ce problème, on ne saurait prétendre que la dévaluation soit fondée sur l’assainissement du budget. 3" LA REPRISE. DE L’ECONOMIE NATIONALE De toute évidence, c’est le centre dm débat. Par définiticn, la reprise d’une activité économique saine est subordonnée, d’abord, à des conditions d’ordre général, c’est-à-dire politiques : on les trouvera examinées plus loin. Roger CHAMPEROUX. (Voir la suite à la y page) ""ÉCHOS-La ""ÉCHOS-La en rose Il y a la vie en rose, que des gens voient quelquefois. Mais il y a aussi la. route en rose dont on peut parler quand s’ouvre le salon de l’automôbüe. Quelle est la meilleure couleur à donner au sol des routes ? Des ingénieurs anglais l’ont recherchée. Et c’est surtout pour éviter la nuit les accidents de circulation qu’ils ont tourné leurs études. Un tronçon dp chemin a été sacrifié pour faire des expériences, et le sol en a été passé suscessivement aux différentes teintes de l’arc en ciel. il en est résulté que le rose pâle est sorti victorieux de tous les essais ! Alors un jour, outre-Manche, les routes pourront être refaites avec un sol rose tendre, et l’on se demande si cette coutume est capable de passer le détroit ? Nous imitons, en effet, volontiers nos amis anglais. Ainsi chez nous les touristes verraient très facilement la vie en rose comme les chemins sur lesquels ils rouleraient en vélo, en moto ou en auto. Ce serait évideminent le triomphe de l’optimisme ! Mais on ne peut pas prévoir encore. en vérité, si pour cela il y aurait moins d’accidents ? NOUVEAU PARIS, Sept-Cantons P4U-Trousseaux de pension. Victor Hugo fasciste ! ■ " : De grandes affiches viennent d’être apposées dans Paris, reproduisant, sans autre commentaire, la profession de foi de Victor Hugo, candidat aux élections de 1848. Il faut convenir que le grand poète de la République, généralement moins clairvoyant, exprime des idées fort judicieuses sur une forme de République singulièrement voisine de celle dont, si l’on peut dire, nous jouissons aujourd'hui. Aussi cet affichage est-il vivement commenté. Et l’autre jour, un brave passant, sympathisant du Front populaire, ne se igênait |pas pour demander bien haut, avec une visible indignation, ce qu’on attendait pour « f... en prison ce Victor Hugo ». Wl 'fc. M. Bérard à l’Elysée M. Léon Bérard a été reçu il y a trois jours par le Président de la République. Le Figaro dit que cette visite a fait beaucoup parler et il rapporte ce dialogue entre un journaliste et le sénateur des Basses-Pyrénées : — quelle qualité avez-vous fa:t la visite ? Vous avez l’embarras dji choix. Comme académicien ? — Non. je ne suis pas encore reçu ! — Comme président de 'l’Union républicaine du Sénat ? — Oui, c’est cela. Ma visite était d ailleurs une démarche. — D’union sacrée ? — D’union... monétaire. vw Une belle paroisse Cette immense paroisse, qui à elle seule représente plus du quart du territoire français, se trouve à Ponds inlet, dans la terre de Baffin, grande île du Canada aue traverse le cercle polaire arctique Elle est dirigée par un oblat, le père Girard,. qui vit au milieu des Esquimaux depuis 1915. La paroisse compte 103 catholiques. Le père Girard a été reçu cette année par le pape à Gastel Gandolfo; il a remis à Pie XI un herbier contenant tous les spécimens de la flore polaire recueillis par lui durant ses voyages jusqu’au 78° de latitude nord. Ce qu’une jeune fille doit savoir avant le mariage Pour gagner la reconnaissance de son épcux, elle doit savoir que le Diable enlève les cors en six jours, pour toujours. Mais attention !... Exigez « Le Diable », 3 fr. SB, toutes pharmacies. ■ É >i CARNET DE LA T. S. F. Quelques programmes du dimanche 4 octobre 7 heures. — Radio-Paris : Disques variés; Heure exacte; Informations et Revue de la presse; Culture physique; Musique enregistrée. 10 heures. — Bordeaux-Lafayette (relais de Paris P. T. T.) ; Concert de musique légère. 11 heures. — Radio-Paris : Concert par l’orchestre Roger Ellis. 11 heures. — Radio-Toulouse : Musique viennoise; chansonnettes; causerie religieuse; extraits de films; marches militaires; Prêche de M. le Pasteur Langereau. 13 heures. — Radio-Paris : Musiqüe d'orgue; causerie religieuse; informations; concert d’orchestre et matinée de musique et comédie pour la jeunesse. 12 Meures. — Radio-Agen : Musique enregistrée. 13 heures. — Luxembourg : Concert varié anglais « Dancing ». 17 heures. — Radio-Paris : Orchestre Victor Pascal. 17 heures 30. — Radio-TouioUse : « Thé dansant »; orchestre de salon; chansonnettes; extraits de films. 18 heures 30. — Bordeaux-Lafayette : Radio-Journal de France. 19 heures. — Poste parisien : Résultats sportifs ët physionomie 'de la journée. 19 heures. — Radio-Paris : Guignol « Bilboquet ». 30 heures 30. — Juan-les-Pins : Soirée dé variétés, ? ... f ■ .» ; r. * m m MImmm<mi L’INDEPENDANT mm mm0-» —r~T’rrMriinnr”"— —HTr* ————-— 4-10-36 SS5S* k • CHRONIQUE LOCALE • LE TEMPS I BULLETIN METEOROLOGIQUE DE LA MAISOfc DAIGNAS SAMEDI 3 OCTOBRE 9 heures (soleil) + 6°9 Midi (soleil) ,<• • ■ —' ..... • • . + 14°7 2 heures (soleil) .+ 16°5 Maxima + 18° 3 Minima .. . + 4°2 Baromètreà 746, en baisse. DIMANCHE 4 OCTOBRE ! Soleil ; lever 6 h. 55, coucher 17 h. 23 Lune : pleine lune îé 30, dernier quartier le 71 S. François d’Assise. LUNDI 5 OCTOBRE Soleil : lever 5 h. 57, coucher 17 h. 21 Lune Pleine lune le 30, dernier quartier le 7. 1 Fête à souhaiter : S. Constant-' Constant-' Imperméables Rolain PAU 23, rue Serviez PAU PHARMACIES DE SERVICE Dimanche. 4 octobre, le service de garde sera assuré par les pharmacies Earnetche, rue des Ecoles et Trey, 6 rue Gachet. MEDECIN DE SERVICE Pour les cas urgents et en_ l’absence ; du médecin habituel, le médecin de service peut, être demandé au n° 2053 eu aux postés de police St-Louis et Carnot. CADEAUX à ‘tous les Ecoliers AUX BONNES AFFAIRES 25, place de la République, 25 (près du Passage) REUNIONS AGRICOLES Le Syndicat des Agriculteurs nous communique : ,. Nous avisons nos adhérents que de très intéressantes conférences seront faites dans les localités ët aux heures indiquées ci-dessous par M. Vergniaud, ingénieur agricole, délégué par le Bureau de Renseignements Agricoles et de propagande de Paris. Nous ne saurions trop engager les igriculteurs à assister nombreux à ces réunions, où en termes simples tet clairs .eur seront exposés, par un'technicien, les moyens à mettre eh oeuvre pour retirer de l’emploi des engrais les meilleurs-résultats. , _ „„. Pau, lundi 5 octobre, à 14 h. 30, Maison Justin Blanc, 9, rue Lata,pie. Orthez, mardi 6 octobre, à 14 h. 30, grande salle de la 'Mairie. Artix. mercredi 7 octobre, à 14 h. 30, Hôtel Saint-Jean. Gan, jeudi 8 octobre; à 20 h, 30, salle de la Mairie. OSoron, vendredi 9 octobre, à 14 h. 30, grande salle de la Mairie. A l’issue de chacune de ces réunions, une tombola gratuite,, comprenant-plusieurs dizaines de lots de sacs d’engrais ?era tirée entre tous les assistants. . -«3 ri* IA, >'■• r : **-■ --r.—« — Monsieur Sallenavé, Commissionnaire sn Marchandises, Henri IV à Pau, a l’honneur d’infqrtp.er îà clientèle des Grands Magasins dû Rouvre de Paris à Pau, qu’il tient à sa disposition le Catalogue général des Nouveautés d’Hi-ver qui vient de paraître. Monsieur Sallenave se fait un plaisir de recevoir ; et transmettre vos commandes, les colis sont livrés à domicile le jour même de leur arrivée, franco de tous frais, quelles que soient la valeur et la nature des commandes, Catalogues, Echantillons, Renseignements. LE MARCHE DU LAIT d ! Il est porté à la connaissance des agriculteurs que le Syndicat des Producteurs de Lait ,s’est mis d’accord avec les Ramasseurs pour fixer, ainsi qu’il suit le prix du lait à la production dans les communes suivantes : 0 franc 50 le litre, communes de : Bou-garber, Cescau, Uzin, -Caubios-Loos, Mo-mas, Mazerolles, Aubin, Denguin, Là-bastide, Artix, Saint-Castin. St-Amou, Haut de Morlaàs, Haut de Serres-Mor-laàs, Ouillon, Saint-Jammes, Andoins, Sendets, Artigueloutan, Nousty, Sou-moulou, Angaïs, Beuste, Lagos, Bordè-res, Bénéjacq. Boeil-Bezing, Baudreix, Mirepeix, Coarraze-Nay, Baliros, Par-dies, St-Abit, Amos, Bourdette, Nay. Haut d’Uzos, Hameau de Rontignon, Hameau de Narcastet, Bosdarros, Vallée Heureuse, Artiguelouve, St-Faust, Arbus, Gan (campagne), Rébénacq, Haut de Gan, Beyrie. 0 franc 55 le litre, communes de : Lesear, Siros, Aussevielle, Poey, Buros; Serres-Castet, Montardon, Sauvagnon, Bas de Morlaàs, Bas de Serres-Morlaàs, Lée, Ousse, Meillon, Àssat, Bordes, Uzos, Bourg de Rontignon, Narcastet, Laroin, Gan ville, Gèles (Béterette), Gelos-Piétat. Gelos-Haut de Mazères. 0 franc 60 le litre, communes de ; Hameau de Pau, Billère, Lons, Idron, Bizanos, Aressy, Gelos, Mazères, Jurançon. AyiC Les bureaux de MM. J.et F. r» » Il3. NOtJTARY, architectes, sont transférés à -partir du 1er .octobre, 14, rue Valéry-Meunier. '. , AVIS ET COMMUNIQUES Ouvriers et apprenti^ pâtissiers. -Les ouvriers et apprentis’ patissier-s de Pau et de la région sont invités à assister à la réunion qui eüéüra Y.m dans une 'salle de la Maison Justin Bilans, le j mardi .6 octobre, à 21 heures, 9. rue La-1 tapie, à Pau. ! fédération Nationale dSs .HUS-çffi> nier s des armées de terre, de mer et de l’air (87ème Section). — Lés membres de la Section sont priés <fe vouloir bien assister à la réunion qui aura lieu mercredi 7 octobre, à 20 h. 45. dans une salie du café du Commerce. > Présence indispensable-COMITÉ indispensable-COMITÉ FÊTES DU QUARTIER CLEMENCEAU Tous n i T Y Vendredi 9 Samedi 10 „ r Il et Dimanche 11 Octobre ^ pour. les. GRANDES FÊTES POPULAIRES ET COMMERCIALES Les Vendredi 9 et Samedi 10 Octobre GRANDE VENTE RÉCLAME COSTUMÉE MARCHE FORMIDABLE Plusieurs millions de marchamdices étalées sur la voie publique vendues à des prix exceptionnels Défilé Concerts Attractions diverses Feu d’Artifice Commerçants, faites-vous inscrire On n’a pas oublié le -triomphe de la Braderie de 19213. On n’a pas oublié les feules innombrables qui envahirent notre ville pendant deux journées inoubliables. On n’a pas oublié îles trains, les cars, pris (d’assaut -par une clientèle venue de tous les points du département et des départements voisins. Les rues, les bousculades devant les étalages; lies stocks, pourtant considérables, littéralement volatilisés, les occasions exceptionnelles, tout ce’.à est encore présent à la mémoire 'des participants à la Braderie, acheteurs et commerçants. Le Comité 1 des Fêtes Clémenceau, pour üa fête annuelle du quartier, renouvelle cette armée cette manifestation. H s'est mis, encore une fois a la besogne avec la même -persévérance et le même entrain qui lui ont v-alu (déjà tant de -succès. La « Grande Vente Réclame Costumée » eur la voie publique des 9 et 10 octobre sera la fête d-u commerce et de la joie et aussi celle des yeux. Le Comité des Fêtes Clemenceau fait un pressant appel pour que tous les étalages soient occupés par des vendeurs et des vendeuses costumés. Le public viendra d’abord -pour voir et pour s’égayer et quand la joie et l'admiration sont dans les coeurs, les portes-monnaie sont bien près de s’ouvrir. Il importe (donc r ue les commerçants, peur leur succès -personnel, fassent présenter leurs marchandises par des personnages amusants, gracieux et pittoresques. -Des récompenses seront d’ailleurs remises aux vendeuses costumées assistant -au bal -du dimanche 11 octobre. Le Comité rappelle aux commerçante qu'il reste encore de .très bons emplacements dans le quartier Clemenceau. Les demandes d’adhésion eon-t reçues à, l’Agence Havas, Palais des Pyrénées, Pau. LA COURSE DES MIDINETTES ■Midinettes, employées, daclylos, Hâtez-vous de vous faire inscrire. La course des midinettes est le isu-jet de conversation de toutes -nos vaillantes petites travailleuses. Cette épreuve sera courue le dimanche 11 octobre, à 15 heures. ■Les (prix -sont les suivante ; 1er. prix : 200 fr.; 3e prix ; 125 fr.; 3e prix ; 75 fr. ; 4e prix : 50 fr. ; 5e prix : 30 fr.; flef prix l; 120 fr. Des prix spéciaux seront attribués tout au long du parcours. Faites-vous inscrire à l’Agence Havas, Palais des Pyrénées, Pau. — — ■ ■——~ — LA COURSE DES GARÇONS DE CAFE Nous rappelons que cette course aura lieu -le samedi 10 oc-.obre à 15 heures-Il heures-Il peut-être -pas une corporation aussi sympathique eue celle des garçons de café ! Approchant de très -près le public, dont cl est bien souvent l’ami, le confident, le garçonde café représente une élite parmi tant de corporations. On l’aime, -parce qu'il est avenant, parce qv.'il a de la distinction et qu’il sait •teujours aller au-devant dès désirs Ide la clientèle. Dans notre vie de tous Lés jours* on leconnaît, il fait) un'ipeu partie de la « famille ». On l'appelle Lucien-, Victor, Eugène. On se familiarise javeç lui. Notre course sera donc la bienvenue et du çcté personnel et. du côté public. Rien ne sera négligé -pour que cette épreuve obtienne le plus grand succès-La succès-La -garçons, est de vous entraîner. Les adhésions sont reçues à l’Agence Havas, Pau, et au üafé Régent. LES PRIX De nombreux prix en espèces et en nature récompenseront les concurrente. La liste -complète ides prix sera publiée prochainement. Rappelons que le -premier prix auraune valeur au moins de 300 frahes. LA FETE FORAINE Le Comité, désireux de donner à sa manifestation un éclat particulier, a -prévu l’crgarisatlon, siur la place Clemenceau, foraine. ..... u Sous les feux (dé guirlandes électriques. dans la 'caatrhcmie des musiques et des lumières multiples, nos concitoyens -pourront se divertir au milieu des attractions iteOJes que : Autodrome, manèges de chevaux de -bols, manèges enfantins, balançoires, -tirs à la carabine, jeux d’adresse, etc.. HAUT-PARLEURS ORCHESTRES CHANTEURS Le Comité prévient les commerçants qui installeront des -ha.utSHparieurs ou qui auront des orchestres ou chanteurs, qu’ils sont susceptibles de payer des droits d’auteur. Ils doivent se mettre en règle à cet éga-rd. Pour simplifier les formalités, le Comité plemenceau centralisera toutes les demandes. Les déclarations devront être adressées à heures : Spectacles cinématographiques : Cinéma des Pyrénées : L’Appel du silence. Casino Palace : Marinella. Variétés Cinéma : Vrille d’armes. Olympia Cinéma : La mille et deuxième nuit. 15 heures : Foot-ball, Stade de la Croix-*du-Prince, Challenge du Manoir . Biarritz Olympique, champion de France 1935 contre Section Paloise. 16 heures : Pelote Basque : Fronton de la gare : Match de Yoko-Garbi : Kapito-Harri d’Ustaritz (Champion de France 1935) contre Section Paloise (finaliste 1936). 31 heures, dans les cinémas mêmes spectacles qu’en matinée. Après 3 jours H était torturé par les Vers intestinaux, mais après 3 jours de bon Vermifuge L-unë cl’ a retrouvé sa santé et son sourire. Le bon Vermifuge Lime est dû à une récente découverte scientifique. C’e-Si ù::è poudre de santé sans goût que les enfants prennent sans le savoir. Aucun produit ne peut -le remplacer. Il extermine -tous les Vers intestinaux, même lez micrcscc-piques. La cure ccm-.plète de poudre Lune coûte 6 francs chez voire pharmacien. (Le Vermifuge Lune existe aursi eh sirop anti-glaireux). LLE BON VERMIFUGE VMEI Coûte moins cher que ta maladie > . , i • ■ « CHRONIQUE ASTROLOGIQUE Ce qaê les étoiles prédisent v J Dimanchgfl octobre 1' '» - Une journée de très heureuse influence pour tous mais surtout pour ceux q-ui ont une relation quelconque, dans les carrières militaires ou 1 sportives-Journée sportives-Journée peur les réunions publiques et privées de même que pour les unions ou mariages. Les, enfants qui naîtront Ce jour seront beaux, aimables et courageux mais peu chanceux. Pour la chance. — Chiffre : 2; pierre : diamant; couleur ; jaune orangé. Les personnes dont l’anniversaire de -la naissance est aujourd’hui 4 octobre, auront une très grande occasion pour changer leur situation au. cours de ces 12 mois à venir. La chance viendra également peur la question sentimentale. ■k. * *• i Lundi 5 octobre Journée de luttes pour la position matérielle. Menaces pour les biens par vol ou procès. Les affaires sentimentales seront modifiées et retardées. Les enfants qui naîtrontce jour seront indépendante et aimeront le luxe-Le-. ipCus -grands succès sont prédite à ceux qui deviendront des musiciens ou des médecins. Les personnes dont l’anniversaire de lt'. naissance est, aujourd’hui. 5 octobre, auront des -ennuis oee-r hommes de loi ou docteurs, au cours des 12 mois à venir. Leur post-tien sera instable; Cependant une amélioration sera à attendre vers juin 1937. La vie sén-timenftaiè connaîtra quelques déceptions, suivies de compensations. Maurice de FIEVRES * * *, * M. de Fièvres réprend ses consultations te 7. octobre, 21, rue Serviez, de 14 à 19 heures-'* heures-'* » 1—■» Il T P R Pour vos déplacements 1. T . I. Noces Banquets Excursions Voyages organisés Consulter les AUTOCARS T. P. R. (Pullmans ronge et noir) qui vous offrent aux meilleures conditions, le maximum de confort et de sécurité. Pour tous renseignements, s’adres-au Bureau des T. P. R., 8, place Clemenceau, à PAU Tél. : 45-98 ÉTAT CIVIL Naissances, -r Claude, fils de Félix Menbiole, restaurateur, et de ■ Marie Sarragousse, s. p. f— Jean, fils de Léon Coustet, -cantonnier, et de Marie Là-lanne, ménagère. — Jacques, fils de Emile -Chauvet, agent d’assurances, et de Hélène Lartigue, employée. — Guy, fils de -Georgs Taroueü, bottier, et de Paulette Passant, p. -—. Marc, filsde Jean -Rechencq, propriétaire! et de Rosa Poeyto, s. p. — Marie-Thérèse, fille de Jean Errecalt, garçon dé salle, et de Gracianne Guemaimburu, cuisinière. — Josette, fille de Pierre Août, ouvrier, et jde Mêlante Jaureguitrhahart, ménagère. — Suzanne, fille de Pierre P-edeu-tour, boulanger, et de Félicie Vallade, s. p. — Réné, fils de Emile Ferré, cultivateur, et de Marcelle Cossou, ménagère. — Anne-Marie, fille de Cëlestin Daugé, chef d'e (bureau à la Caisse d'Epargne.et de -Léa Lay, s. p. — Michel, fils de Ro-berto Patino, -propriétaire, et de Simone Bonnamy, s. p. — Jean-Marie, fils de Xavier Buteâ, représentant, et de -AnneR/uauit, Ep. — Suzanne, fille de Pierre Lauga, cul-tiiva-teur, et de Marie Betbeûer, sP— Andrée, fille de -Roger Laplace, charpentier, et de Jeanne Dugachard, ménagère. Mariages. — Vincent Médout, soldat au 18e RI-, et (Marie Vi-gnau, dactylo-— dactylo-— Bruzou, conducteur électricien, et Marie Lamaison, couturière. — Jean-Marie iGranel et Eliane Hourticq, les deux sans profes. — Jules Gay dél Santé, preprétaire, et Lucienne Lacoste, s. p. — (Michel Laulhère, menuisier, et Germaine Lalanne, couturière. — Alexandre Davancens, typographe, et Jeanne Lacotte, papetière. — Jean Moura, employé de banque, et Suzanne Cazaurang, couturière. — Henri Colorado,sergent au 168e RIet Alice Canton, s. -p. — Laurent Garcia, représentant, et Marcelle Bayonne, s. p. Publications. .— Justin Louné, serrurier, et Anna Dexpers, commerçante. — Jean-Marie Fille, comptable, et Ger-maiéne Sibers, s. p— Emmanuel Ter-ren. tailleur d'habits, et Julienne Cous-té, s. p. — Roger ICohort, chauffeur, et Marie-Louise Pradères, tricoteuse. — Jean Mazouat, plombier, et Misa Lanot, s. p. — Jean Istilar-te, employé, et Léo-r.-ie Loustau, sp. — Henri Junqua, instituteur, et Georgette Palingat, dactylo. — René Peton, inventoriste, et Madeleine Lesccute, sp; Décès. — Marie Poeyarre, couturière, née à Pau, 85 ans. — Jeanne Hillon, •sans prof., née à Oraeanco, 85 ans. — Juliette Cassa, épouse PcOère, sans prof., née à Gailhau, 31 ans. — -Marie Dhé-rété, veuve Seguinotte, ménagère, née à St-Oastin, (79 |ans. — Elisabeth Bever-nage, sans prof-, née ’à Kortrijüc «Belgique), 20 ans. — Sylvain Lacoste, cultivateur, né à tAurions-Ideme, 63 ans. — Denise -Broustant, tricoteuse, née à Lons, -24 ans. — Jean Bansouert, sans prof-, (née à Escou-bès, 74 ans. — Laurence Mechin, sans prof., née à Dissay, 76 ans. — ,Valen,tine Alcetea, épouse Lcpez, ménagère, née à BaltàÛVftdo. 40 -ans. Les grands Magasins AUX GALERIES LAFAYETTE de PARIS, ont l’avantage d'informer leur nombreuse clientèle que les catalogues de la saison d’hiver sont arrivés chez leurs agents, M. MARKTONNIER, à NAY (Basses-Pyrén ). Chez les sapeurs-pompiers On nous communique : Le Conseil d'Administration de la Société de Secours Mutuels et de Retraites de la Compagnie des Sapeurs-Pompiers de Pau va faire procéder, à partir du lundi 5 octobre -prochain, au recouvrement des cotisations des membres honoraires. Il a chargé l’adjudant-chef Laborde de ces recouvrements; celui-ci se présentera, en -tenue, au domicile des habitants, pour recueillir les sommes que ceux-ci voudront bien verser entre ses mains. Le capitaine-président compte sur la générosité bien connue de la population paloise envers lés sapeurs-pompiers, pour apporter, dans la plus large mesure possible, leur contribution à la prospérité de ladite Société. Au nom des sapeurs-pompiers de la ville de Pau, le capitaine remercie tous ceux qui auront répondu a-u présent appel. Les souscriptions sont reçues au Poste Central de Police (bureau du trésorier). Le Cabinet du Docteur PRADAL (Médecine homéopathique) 19, rue Taylor, sera réouvert à partir du 6 octobre. La route d’Âubisque n’est pas encore ouverte à la circulation Nous avons dit hier que -la route j’Aubisque, a Tendroit où s’est produit : !e tragique accident que nous avons relaté,, serait dégagée aujourd’hui, mais teservice des -Ponts et Chaussées nous avise que par suite de nduvea-ux’glissements de roches, ce travail ne pourra être effectué que lurtdi. La liaison Argelès-Aubisque estdonc toujours interrompue. : o ■ » Autobus urbains pour la fête de Gelbs | 1 A l’occasion de la Fête de Gélos. un 1 service spécial d’autobus fonctionnera à partir de 14 h. 30. avec départs place Clemenceau. Le soir, un même service sera organisé à partir de 21 heures. * m ! Au Comité des fêtes Trespoey r J ! Le Comité Trespoey organise demain 4 octobre, boûlevâ-rd Gu-illemin, une f-itet’ de bienfaisance au pfoflt dés enfante 1 nécessiteux. Grand concours de ballotte à partir de 10 heures du matin. A 14 heures, grand carrousel hippique, fête champêtre dans te parc du Terminus , riluminations. i , = SPECTACLES » CINEMA DES PYRENEES Du 2 au 8 octobre mtt aaLftL itezAfetutét u!a&ét/üu & tv&tt&dk c£H/fntâik Téauçaii Tous les jours en matinée à 15 h., soirée à 21 heures CASINO PALACE Tous les soirs et DIMANCHE, LUNDI et JEUDI en matinée UNO ROSSI dans son plus gros succès “MARINELLA” MSSSMnSSSBSSwS8B8SSSSSSnnSSMSi3SSnnSnSSSSMnS««SSk { DIMANCHE (en matinée et soirée) | Annabella et Victor Francen 1 dans j VEILLE D’ARMES SAMEDI DIMANCHE Ivan Mosjoukine dans LA MILLE ET DEUXIEME NUIT Tous les mercredis soirée. T1 ■ii.»iSa»ia«wiiw»ii»ii âii ■ mmmimrti CAFÉ BRASSERIE DES PYRÉNÉES-PAU Tous les soirs, à 21 heures 1 CINÉMA GRATUIT Nécrologie On apprend avec regret la mort de M. Albert Bonnemaison-Pouchan, à l’âge de 67 ans. Depuis une trentaine d'années, notre concitoyen dirigeait une fabrique de meubles de style qui l’avait fait connaître parmi les familles aisées de Pau et du Béarn. Nous adressons à sa famille et notamment -à MCharles Pouchan, agent générai des bières Heid, l’expression de nos sincères regrets. Pour 2 francs Peur 2 francs, vous pouvez gagner une automobile 4 places aérodynamique marque Peugeot, une très belle stnsiniè-re émaillée, une batterie de cuisine aluminium, ou encore un service dé table en faïence. Prenez des billets de la loterie organisée par T « Union des Femmes de France » aux caisses des « Galeries Modernes ». «*-•->■.
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https://github.com/sabbir073/ariphp/blob/master/dashboard.php
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
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ariphp
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sabbir073
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PHP
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Code
| 2,712 | 15,440 |
<?php
include("auth.php");
include("db.php");
include("functions.php");
$name = $_SESSION['username'];
$query = "SELECT * FROM user WHERE email = '".$name."' LIMIT 1";
$result = mysqli_query($con,$query);
$data = mysqli_fetch_assoc($result);
$rows = mysqli_num_rows($result);
if ($rows == 1){
$myname =$data['name'];
$email = $data['email'];
}
else {
echo mysqli_error($con);
}
?>
<?php include("header.php");?>
<!-- Begin Page Content -->
<div class="container-fluid">
<!-- Page Heading -->
<div class="d-sm-flex align-items-center justify-content-between mb-4">
<!--success or rejected -->
<h1 class="h3 mb-0 text-gray-800">Dashboard</h1>
<form method="post" action="excel.php">
<button type="submit" name="downloadreport" class="d-none d-sm-inline-block btn btn-sm btn-primary shadow-sm"><i class="fas fa-download fa-sm text-white-50"></i> Generate Report</button>
</form>
</div>
<!-- Content Row -->
<div class="row">
<!-- Earnings (Monthly) Card Example -->
<div class="col-xl-3 col-md-6 mb-4">
<div class="card border-left-primary shadow h-100 py-2">
<div class="card-body">
<div class="row no-gutters align-items-center">
<div class="col mr-2">
<div class="text-xs font-weight-bold text-primary text-uppercase mb-1">Accidents (This Month)</div>
<div class="h5 mb-0 font-weight-bold text-gray-800">40,000</div>
</div>
<div class="col-auto">
<i class="fas fa-calendar fa-2x text-gray-300"></i>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Earnings (Monthly) Card Example -->
<div class="col-xl-3 col-md-6 mb-4">
<div class="card border-left-success shadow h-100 py-2">
<div class="card-body">
<div class="row no-gutters align-items-center">
<div class="col mr-2">
<div class="text-xs font-weight-bold text-success text-uppercase mb-1">Accidents (Last Month)</div>
<div class="h5 mb-0 font-weight-bold text-gray-800">30,000</div>
</div>
<div class="col-auto">
<i class="fas fa-calendar fa-2x text-gray-300"></i>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-xl-3 col-md-6 mb-4">
<div class="card border-left-success shadow h-100 py-2">
<div class="card-body">
<div class="row no-gutters align-items-center">
<div class="col mr-2">
<div class="text-xs font-weight-bold text-success text-uppercase mb-1">ঝুঁকিপূর্ণ থানা/মেট্রো পুলিশ</div>
<div class="h5 mb-0 font-weight-bold text-gray-800">ঢাকা</div>
</div>
<div class="col-auto">
<i class="fas fa-clipboard-list fa-2x text-gray-300"></i>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Earnings (Monthly) Card Example -->
<!-- <div class="col-xl-3 col-md-6 mb-4">
<div class="card border-left-info shadow h-100 py-2">
<div class="card-body">
<div class="row no-gutters align-items-center">
<div class="col mr-2">
<div class="text-xs font-weight-bold text-info text-uppercase mb-1">Tasks</div>
<div class="row no-gutters align-items-center">
<div class="col-auto">
<div class="h5 mb-0 mr-3 font-weight-bold text-gray-800">50%</div>
</div>
<div class="col">
<div class="progress progress-sm mr-2">
<div class="progress-bar bg-info" role="progressbar" style="width: 50%" aria-valuenow="50" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-auto">
<i class="fas fa-clipboard-list fa-2x text-gray-300"></i>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div> -->
<!-- Pending Requests Card Example -->
<div class="col-xl-3 col-md-6 mb-4">
<div class="card border-left-warning shadow h-100 py-2">
<div class="card-body">
<div class="row no-gutters align-items-center">
<div class="col mr-2">
<div class="text-xs font-weight-bold text-warning text-uppercase mb-1">Pending Accidents</div>
<div class="h5 mb-0 font-weight-bold text-gray-800">18</div>
</div>
<div class="col-auto">
<i class="fas fa-comments fa-2x text-gray-300"></i>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Content Row -->
<div class="row">
<!-- Area Chart -->
<div class="col-xl-8 col-lg-7">
<div class="card shadow mb-4">
<!-- Card Header - Dropdown -->
<div class="card-header py-3 d-flex flex-row align-items-center justify-content-between">
<h6 class="m-0 font-weight-bold text-primary">এই বছরের দুর্ঘটনার চিত্র</h6>
<div class="dropdown no-arrow">
<!-- <a class="dropdown-toggle" href="#" role="button" id="dropdownMenuLink" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
<i class="fas fa-ellipsis-v fa-sm fa-fw text-gray-400"></i>
</a>
<div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right shadow animated--fade-in" aria-labelledby="dropdownMenuLink">
<div class="dropdown-header">Dropdown Header:</div>
<a class="dropdown-item" href="#">Action</a>
<a class="dropdown-item" href="#">Another action</a>
<div class="dropdown-divider"></div>
<a class="dropdown-item" href="#">Something else here</a>
</div> -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- Card Body -->
<div class="card-body">
<div class="chart-area">
<canvas id="myAreaChart"></canvas>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Pie Chart -->
<div class="col-xl-4 col-lg-5">
<div class="card shadow mb-4">
<!-- Card Header - Dropdown -->
<div class="card-header py-3 d-flex flex-row align-items-center justify-content-between">
<h6 class="m-0 font-weight-bold text-primary">এই মাসের দুর্ঘটনার মাত্রা</h6>
<div class="dropdown no-arrow">
<!-- <a class="dropdown-toggle" href="#" role="button" id="dropdownMenuLink" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
<i class="fas fa-ellipsis-v fa-sm fa-fw text-gray-400"></i>
</a>
<div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right shadow animated--fade-in" aria-labelledby="dropdownMenuLink">
<div class="dropdown-header">Dropdown Header:</div>
<a class="dropdown-item" href="#">Action</a>
<a class="dropdown-item" href="#">Another action</a>
<div class="dropdown-divider"></div>
<a class="dropdown-item" href="#">Something else here</a>
</div> -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- Card Body -->
<div class="card-body">
<div class="chart-pie pt-4 pb-2">
<canvas id="myPieChart"></canvas>
</div>
<div class="mt-4 text-center small">
<span class="mr-2">
<i class="fas fa-circle text-primary"></i> F
</span>
<span class="mr-2">
<i class="fas fa-circle text-success"></i> G
</span>
<span class="mr-2">
<i class="fas fa-circle text-info"></i> S
</span>
<span class="mr-2">
<i class="fas fa-circle text-customs"></i> M
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Content Row -->
<div class="row">
<!-- Content Column -->
<div class="col-lg-6 mb-4">
<!-- Project Card Example -->
<div class="card shadow mb-4">
<div class="card-header py-3">
<h6 class="m-0 font-weight-bold text-primary">Top Accidents Thanas/Metro police</h6>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<h4 class="small font-weight-bold">Dhaka Metro Police <span class="float-right">1296</span></h4>
<div class="progress mb-4">
<div class="progress-bar bg-danger" role="progressbar" style="width: 75%" aria-valuenow="75" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100"></div>
</div>
<h4 class="small font-weight-bold">Chittagong Metro Police <span class="float-right">1120</span></h4>
<div class="progress mb-4">
<div class="progress-bar bg-warning" role="progressbar" style="width: 63%" aria-valuenow="63" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100"></div>
</div>
<h4 class="small font-weight-bold">Syleth Metro Police <span class="float-right">987</span></h4>
<div class="progress mb-4">
<div class="progress-bar" role="progressbar" style="width: 48%" aria-valuenow="48" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100"></div>
</div>
<h4 class="small font-weight-bold">Mymensing metro Police <span class="float-right">772</span></h4>
<div class="progress mb-4">
<div class="progress-bar bg-info" role="progressbar" style="width: 37%" aria-valuenow="37" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100"></div>
</div>
<h4 class="small font-weight-bold">Keraniganj Model Thana <span class="float-right">533</span></h4>
<div class="progress">
<div class="progress-bar bg-success" role="progressbar" style="width: 22%" aria-valuenow="22" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Color System -->
<!-- <div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-6 mb-4">
<div class="card bg-primary text-white shadow">
<div class="card-body">
Primary
<div class="text-white-50 small">#4e73df</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-6 mb-4">
<div class="card bg-success text-white shadow">
<div class="card-body">
Success
<div class="text-white-50 small">#1cc88a</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-6 mb-4">
<div class="card bg-info text-white shadow">
<div class="card-body">
Info
<div class="text-white-50 small">#36b9cc</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-6 mb-4">
<div class="card bg-warning text-white shadow">
<div class="card-body">
Warning
<div class="text-white-50 small">#f6c23e</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-6 mb-4">
<div class="card bg-danger text-white shadow">
<div class="card-body">
Danger
<div class="text-white-50 small">#e74a3b</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-6 mb-4">
<div class="card bg-secondary text-white shadow">
<div class="card-body">
Secondary
<div class="text-white-50 small">#858796</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div> -->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 mb-4">
<div class="card shadow mb-4">
<div class="card-header py-3">
<h6 class="m-0 font-weight-bold text-primary">Illustrations</h6>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="text-center">
<img class="img-fluid px-3 px-sm-4 mt-3 mb-4" style="width: 25rem;" src="img/undraw_posting_photo.svg" alt="">
</div>
<p>Add some quality, svg illustrations to your project courtesy of <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://undraw.co/">unDraw</a>, a constantly updated collection of beautiful svg images that you can use completely free and without attribution!</p>
<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://undraw.co/">Browse Illustrations on unDraw →</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card shadow mb-4">
<div class="card-header py-3">
<h6 class="m-0 font-weight-bold text-primary">Development Approach</h6>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<p>SB Admin 2 makes extensive use of Bootstrap 4 utility classes in order to reduce CSS bloat and poor page performance. Custom CSS classes are used to create custom components and custom utility classes.</p>
<p class="mb-0">Before working with this theme, you should become familiar with the Bootstrap framework, especially the utility classes.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div> -->
</div>
<div class="col-lg-6 mb-4">
<!-- Project Card Example -->
<div class="card shadow mb-4">
<div class="card-header py-3">
<h6 class="m-0 font-weight-bold text-primary">Top Died Thanas/Metro police</h6>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<h4 class="small font-weight-bold">Dhaka Metro Police <span class="float-right">1296</span></h4>
<div class="progress mb-4">
<div class="progress-bar bg-danger" role="progressbar" style="width: 75%" aria-valuenow="75" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100"></div>
</div>
<h4 class="small font-weight-bold">Chittagong Metro Police <span class="float-right">1120</span></h4>
<div class="progress mb-4">
<div class="progress-bar bg-warning" role="progressbar" style="width: 63%" aria-valuenow="63" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100"></div>
</div>
<h4 class="small font-weight-bold">Syleth Metro Police <span class="float-right">987</span></h4>
<div class="progress mb-4">
<div class="progress-bar" role="progressbar" style="width: 48%" aria-valuenow="48" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100"></div>
</div>
<h4 class="small font-weight-bold">Mymensing metro Police <span class="float-right">772</span></h4>
<div class="progress mb-4">
<div class="progress-bar bg-info" role="progressbar" style="width: 37%" aria-valuenow="37" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100"></div>
</div>
<h4 class="small font-weight-bold">Keraniganj Model Thana <span class="float-right">533</span></h4>
<div class="progress">
<div class="progress-bar bg-success" role="progressbar" style="width: 22%" aria-valuenow="22" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- /.container-fluid -->
</div>
<!-- End of Main Content -->
<!-- Large modal -->
<div id="modal" class="modal fade bd-example-modal-lg" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="myLargeModalLabel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="modal-dialog modal-lg">
<div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-header">
<h5 class="modal-title" id="wizard-title">Add New Accidents</h5>
<button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">
<span aria-hidden="true">×</span>
</button>
</div>
<div class="modal-body">
<ul class="nav nav-tabs" id="myTab" role="tablist">
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link active" data-toggle="tab" href="#primarypanel" role="tab">প্রাথমিক তথ্য বিবরণী</a>
<li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#officeuse" role="tab">অফিস ডাটা</a>
<li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#vehicledriver" role="tab">যানবাহন/চালক</a>
<li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#passenger" role="tab">যাত্রী/পথচারী</a>
<li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#finalstep" role="tab">দুর্ঘটনার সহায়ক কারণ</a>
<li>
</ul>
<form action="" method="post">
<!-- 1-28 -->
<div class="tab-content mt-2">
<div class="tab-pane fade show active" id="primarypanel" role="tabpanel">
<h4>প্রাথমিক তথ্য</h4>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="accidentnumber">1.দুর্ঘটনার ক্রমিক নাম্বার</label>
<input type="number" class="form-control" name="accidentnumber" id='accidentnumber' placeholder="Ex: 123"></input>
<label for="primaryinformationumber">2.প্রাথমিক তথ্য বিবরণী নাম্বার</label>
<input type="number" class="form-control" name="primaryinformationumber" id='primaryinformationumber' placeholder="Ex: 123"></input>
<label for="thana">3.থানা</label>
<select class="form-control" name="thana" id="thana">
<option selected disabled>থানা সিলেক্ট করুন</option>
<option>উত্তরা</option>
<option>মোহাম্মদপুর</option>
<option>আদাবর</option>
<option>বনশ্রী</option>
<option>শাহজাহানপুর</option>
</select>
<label for="zilla">4.জিলা/মেট্রোপলিটন পুলিশ</label>
<select class="form-control" name="zilla" id="zilla">
<option selected disabled>জিলা/মেট্রোপলিটন পুলিশ সিলেক্ট করুন</option>
<option>উত্তরা</option>
<option>মোহাম্মদপুর</option>
<option>আদাবর</option>
<option>বনশ্রী</option>
<option>শাহজাহানপুর</option>
</select>
<label for="accidentcarnumber">5.দুর্ঘটনা কবলিত গাড়ির সংখ্যা</label>
<input type="number" class="form-control" name="accidentcarnumber" id='accidentcarnumber' placeholder="Ex: 2"></input>
<label for="injureddrivernumber">6.হতাহত ড্রাইভারের সংখ্যা</label>
<input type="number" class="form-control" name="injureddrivernumber" id='injureddrivernumber' placeholder="Ex: 3"></input>
<label for="injuredpassengernumber">7.হতাহত যাত্রীর সংখ্যা</label>
<input type="number" class="form-control" name="injuredpassengernumber" id='injuredpassengernumber' placeholder="Ex: 4"></input>
<label for="injuredpassersbynumber">8.হতাহত পথচারীর সংখ্যা</label>
<input type="number" class="form-control" name="injuredpassersbynumber" id='injuredpassersbynumber' placeholder="Ex: 5"></input>
<label for="accidentlevel">9.দুর্ঘটনার মাত্রা</label>
<select class="form-control" name="accidentlevel" id="accidentlevel">
<option selected disabled>দুর্ঘটনার মাত্রা সিলেক্ট করুন</option>
<option>মৃত্যু ঘটিত দুর্ঘটনা</option>
<option>মারাত্মক ক্ষত জনিত দুর্ঘটনা</option>
<option>সাধারণ ক্ষত জনিত দুর্ঘটনা</option>
<option>মোটর সংঘর্ষ</option>
</select>
<label for="day">10.দিন</label>
<div class="row container">
<div class="form-radio" style="margin-right:5px;">
<label class="form-radio-label">
<input type="radio" value="Saturday" name="day" class="form-radio-input" id="saturday">
শনিবার
</label>
</div>
<div class="form-radio" style="margin-right:5px;">
<label class="form-radio-label">
<input type="radio" value="Sunday" name="day" class="form-radio-input" id="sunday">
রবিবার
</label>
</div>
<div class="form-radio" style="margin-right:5px;">
<label class="form-radio-label">
<input type="radio" value="Monday" name="day" class="form-radio-input" id="monday">
সোমবার
</label>
</div>
<div class="form-radio" style="margin-right:5px;">
<label class="form-radio-label">
<input type="radio" value="Tuesday" name="day" class="form-radio-input" id="tuesday">
মঙ্গলবার
</label>
</div>
<div class="form-radio" style="margin-right:5px;">
<label class="form-radio-label">
<input type="radio" value="Wednesday" name="day" class="form-radio-input" id="wednesday">
বুধবার
</label>
</div>
<div class="form-radio" style="margin-right:5px;">
<label class="form-radio-label">
<input type="radio" value="Thursday" name="day" class="form-radio-input" id="thursday">
বৃহস্পতিবার
</label>
</div>
<div class="form-radio" style="margin-right:5px;">
<label class="form-radio-label">
<input type="radio" value="Friday" name="day" class="form-radio-input" id="friday">
শুক্রবার
</label>
</div>
</div><br>
<label for="accidentdate">11-13.দুর্ঘটনার তারিখ</label>
<div class="row container">
<input class="form-control" type="date" name="accidentdate" id="accidentdate">
</div>
<label for="accidenttime">14.দুর্ঘটনার সময়</label>
<div class="row container">
<input class="form-control" type="time" name="accidenttime" id="accidenttime" value="22:00">
</div>
<label for="reporttime">রিপোর্ট করার সময়</label>
<div class="row container">
<input class="form-control" type="time" name="reporttime" id="reporttime">
</div>
<label for="reportdate">রিপোর্ট করার তারিখ</label>
<div class="row container">
<input class="form-control" type="date" id="reportdate">
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="accidentlocationtype">15.সংযোগ স্থলের ধরণ</label>
<select class="form-control" name="accidentlocationtype" id="accidentlocationtype">
<option selected disabled>সংযোগ স্থলের ধরণ সিলেক্ট করুন</option>
<option>সংযোগ স্থল নয়</option>
<option>চৌরাস্তা</option>
<option>তিন রাস্তার মোড়</option>
<option>চতুর্মুখী মোড়</option>
<option>বৃত্তাকার মোড়</option>
<option>রেলওয়ে ক্রসিং</option>
<option value="7">অন্যান্য</option>
</select>
<input id="onno1" type="text" class="form-control d-none" name="extendedoption1" placeholder="অন্যান্য লিখুন..."></input>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="trafficcontrolsystem">16.ট্রাফিক নিয়ন্ত্রন ব্যবস্থা</label>
<select class="form-control" name="trafficcontrolsystem" id="trafficcontrolsystem">
<option selected disabled>ট্রাফিক নিয়ন্ত্রন ব্যবস্থা সিলেক্ট করুন</option>
<option>অনিয়ন্ত্রিত</option>
<option>রোড ডিভাইডার দ্বারা নিয়ন্ত্রিত</option>
<option>পথচারী পারাপার</option>
<option>পুলিশ নিয়ন্ত্রিত</option>
<option>ট্রাফিক বাতি নিয়ন্ত্রিত</option>
<option>পুলিশ ও ট্রাফিক বাতি নিয়ন্ত্রিত</option>
<option>থামা/যেতে দিন সংকেত দ্বারা নিয়ন্ত্রিত</option>
<option value="8">অন্যান্য</option>
</select>
<input id="onno2" type="text" class="form-control d-none" name="extendedoption2" placeholder="অন্যান্য লিখুন..."></input>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="collisiontype">17.সংঘর্ষের ধরণ</label>
<select class="form-control" name="collisiontype" id="collisiontype">
<option selected disabled>সংঘর্ষের ধরণ সিলেক্ট করুন</option>
<option>মুখোমুখি</option>
<option>পশ্চাদ ভাগ</option>
<option>সমকোণ</option>
<option>পার্শ্ব ঘর্ষণ</option>
<option>উল্টে যাওয়া</option>
<option>রাস্তার উপরস্থ বস্তুকে আঘাত</option>
<option>রাস্তার ধারের বস্তুকে আঘাত</option>
<option>দাঁড়ানো গাড়িকে আঘাত</option>
<option>পথচারীকে আঘাত</option>
<option>জন্তুকে আঘাত</option>
<option value="11">অন্যান্য</option>
</select>
<input id="onno3" type="text" class="form-control d-none" name="extendedoption3" placeholder="অন্যান্য লিখুন..."></input>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="carmovementdirection">18.গাড়ি চলাচলের দিক</label>
<select class="form-control" name="carmovementdirection" id="carmovementdirection">
<option selected disabled>গাড়ি চলাচলের দিক সিলেক্ট করুন</option>
<option>একমুখী চলাচল</option>
<option>উভয়মুখী চলাচল</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="roaddivider">19.রোড ডিভাইডার</label>
<select class="form-control" name="roaddivider" id="roaddivider">
<option selected disabled>রোড ডিভাইডার সিলেক্ট করুন</option>
<option>আছে</option>
<option>নাই</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="weather">20.আবহাওয়া</label>
<select class="form-control" name="weather" id="weather">
<option selected disabled>আবহাওয়া সিলেক্ট করুন</option>
<option>ভালো</option>
<option>বৃষ্টি</option>
<option>ঝড়</option>
<option>কুয়াশা</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="light">21.আলো</label>
<select class="form-control" name="light" id="light">
<option selected disabled>আলো সিলেক্ট করুন</option>
<option>দিন</option>
<option>ভোর/সন্ধ্যা</option>
<option>আলোকিত সড়ক (রাতে)</option>
<option>অনালোকিত সড়ক (রাতে)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="roadgeometricinfo">22.রাস্তার জ্যামিতিক বিবরণ</label>
<select class="form-control" name="roadgeometricinfo" id="roadgeometricinfo">
<option selected disabled>রাস্তার জ্যামিতিক বিবরণ সিলেক্ট করুন</option>
<option>সোজা-সমতল</option>
<option>বাঁকানো</option>
<option>অসমতল</option>
<option>বাঁকা-অসমতল</option>
<option>চূড়া</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="roadsurfacecondition">23.রাস্তার উপরিভাগের অবস্থা</label>
<select class="form-control" name="roadsurfacecondition" id="roadsurfacecondition">
<option selected disabled>রাস্তার উপরিভাগের অবস্থা সিলেক্ট করুন</option>
<option>শুকনা</option>
<option>ভেজা</option>
<option>কর্দমাক্ত</option>
<option>প্লাবিত</option>
<option value="5">অন্যান্য</option>
</select>
<input id="onno4" type="text" class="form-control d-none" name="extendedoption4" placeholder="অন্যান্য লিখুন..."></input>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="roadtype">24.রাস্তার প্রকারভেদ</label>
<select class="form-control" name="roadtype" id="roadtype">
<option selected disabled>রাস্তার প্রকারভেদ সিলেক্ট করুন</option>
<option>পাকা</option>
<option>ইটের রাস্তা</option>
<option>কাঁচা</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="roadcondition">25.রাস্তার প্রকৃতি</label>
<select class="form-control" name="roadcondition" id="roadcondition">
<option selected disabled>রাস্তার প্রকৃতি সিলেক্ট করুন</option>
<option>ভালো</option>
<option>এবড়ো-থেবড়ো (রাফ)</option>
<option>মেরামত কাজ চলছে</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="roadclass">26.রাস্তার শ্রেণী</label>
<select class="form-control" name="roadclass" id="roadclass">
<option selected disabled>রাস্তার শ্রেণী সিলেক্ট করুন</option>
<option>ন্যাশনাল</option>
<option>রিজিওনাল</option>
<option>ফিডার রোড</option>
<option>রুরাল রোড</option>
<option>সিটি রোড</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="roadcharacteristic">27.রাস্তার বৈশিষ্ট্য</label>
<select class="form-control" name="roadcharacteristic" id="roadcharacteristic">
<option selected disabled>রাস্তার বৈশিষ্ট্য সিলেক্ট করুন</option>
<option>সাধারণ রাস্তা</option>
<option>সেতু</option>
<option>কালভার্ট</option>
<option>সংকীর্ণ/বাঁধাপ্রাপ্ত</option>
<option>স্পীড ব্রেকার</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="areatype">28.এলাকার ধরণ</label>
<select class="form-control" name="areatype" id="areatype">
<option selected disabled>এলাকার ধরণ সিলেক্ট করুন</option>
<option>শহর</option>
<option>গ্রাম এলাকা</option>
</select>
</div>
<button class="btn btn-secondary" id="primarycontinue">Continue</button>
</div>
<!-- 1-28 end -->
<!-- 29-37 start -->
<div class="tab-pane fade" id="officeuse" role="tabpanel">
<h4>অফিস ডাটা</h4>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="xymap">29.XY MAP</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" name="xymap" id='xymap' placeholder="ex: 23.345"></input>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="xaxis">30.X</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" name="xaxis" id='xaxis' placeholder="ex: 23.345"></input>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="yaxis">31.Y</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" name="yaxis" id='yaxis' placeholder="ex: 23.345"></input>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="route">32.ROUTE</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" name="route" id='route' placeholder="ex: 23.345"></input>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="kilometre">33.KM</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" name="kilometre" id='kilometre' placeholder="write in km"></input>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="hundredmetre">34.100m</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" name="hundredmetre" id='hundredmetre' placeholder="write in meter"></input>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="nodemap">35.NODE MAP</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" name="nodemap" id='nodemap' placeholder="ex: 23.345"></input>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="nodeone">36.NODE 1</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" name="nodeone" id='nodeone' placeholder="ex: 23.345"></input>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="nodetwo">37.NODE 2</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" name="nodetwo" id='nodetwo' placeholder="ex: 23.345"></input>
</div>
<h6><b>অবস্থান</b></h6>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="cityname">নগর/শহর/গ্রাম এর নাম</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" name="cityname" id='cityname'></input>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="distance">থেকে দূরত্ব</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" name="distance" id='distance' placeholder="কি.মি./মি."></input>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="roadname">রাস্তার নাম</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" name="roadname" id='roadname'></input> { মধ্যে } </br>
<label for="roadorplace">রোড/স্থান (১)</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" name="roadorplace" id='roadorplace'></input>
<label for="distancetwo">থেকে দূরত্ব</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="কি.মি./মি." name="distancetwo" id='distancetwo'></input>
<label for="roadorplacetwo">রোড/স্থান (২)</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" name="roadorplace2" id='roadorplace2'></input>
<label for="distancethree">থেকে দূরত্ব</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="কি.মি./মি." name="distancethree" id='distancethree'></input>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="roadnametwo">দ্বিতীয় রাস্তার নাম</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" name="roadnametwo" id='roadnametwo' placeholder="শুধুমাত্র সংযোগ স্থানের দুর্ঘটনার ক্ষেত্রে"></input>
<label for="distancefour">থেকে দূরত্ব</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="কি.মি./মি." name="distancefour" id='distancefour'></input>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="accidentsigns">দুর্ঘটনা স্থানের রেখা চিত্র</label>
<input type="file" class="form-control" id='accidentsigns'></input>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="collisionsigns">সংঘর্ষের রেখা চিত্র</label>
<input type="file" class="form-control" id='collisionsigns'></input>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="accidentsummary">দুর্ঘটনার সংক্ষিপ্ত বিবরণী</label>
<br>
<textarea name="দুর্ঘটনার সংক্ষিপ্ত বিবরণী" name="accidentsummary" id="accidentsummary" class="form-control" cols="80" rows="5" placeholder="accident summary write here..."></textarea>
</div>
<h6>সাক্ষী </h6>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="nameandaddress">১.নাম ও ঠিকানা</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" name="nameandaddress" id='nameandaddress' placeholder="name and address"></input>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="nameandaddresstwo">২.নাম ও ঠিকানা</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" name="nameandaddresstwo" id='nameandaddresstwo' placeholder="name and address (2)"></input>
</div>
<h6>বিবরণী লিপিবদ্ধকারী অফিসার</h6>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="nameorrank">নাম/পদবি</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="নাম/পদবি" name="nameorrank" id='nameorrank'></input>
<input type="date" class="form-control" placeholder="তারিখ" name="infoentrydate" id='infoentrydate'></input>
</div>
<h6>অনুসন্ধানকারী অফিসার</h6>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="nameorranktwo">নাম/পদবি</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="নাম/পদবি" name="nameorranktwo" id='nameorranktwo'></input>
<input type="date" class="form-control" placeholder="তারিখ" name="infoentrydatetwo" id='infoentrydatetwo'></input>
</div>
<h6>তত্ত্বাবধায়নকারী অফিসার</h6>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="nameorrankthree">নাম/পদবি</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="নাম/পদবি" name="nameorrankthree" id='nameorrankthree'></input>
<input type="date" class="form-control" placeholder="তারিখ" name="infoentrydatefour" id='infoentrydatefour'></input>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="lawrulesnumber">আইনের ধারা</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" name="lawrulesnumber" id='lawrulesnumber'></input>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="casesituation">কেসের অবস্থা</label>
<select class="form-control" name="casesituation" id="casesituation">
<option value="0">১.চার্জশীট</option>
<option value="1">২.ফাইনাল রিপোর্ট</option>
<option value="2">৩.তদন্তাধিন</option>
</select>
</div>
<button class="btn btn-secondary" id="officecontinue">Continue</button>
</div>
<!-- 29-37 end -->
<!-- 38-52 start -->
<div class="tab-pane fade" id="vehicledriver" role="tabpanel">
<h4>যানবাহন/চালক</h4>
<div id="scheduleAccordion" class="mb-3" role="tablist" aria-multiselectable="true">
<div id="vehiclenumberone">
<!--the place to show vehicle -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="scheduleAccordiontwo" class="mb-3" role="tablist" aria-multiselectable="true">
<div id="drivernumberone">
<!--the place to show driver -->
</div>
</div>
<button class="btn btn-secondary" id="vehicledrivercontinue">Continue</button>
</div>
<!-- 38-52 end -->
<div class="tab-pane fade" id="passenger" role="tabpanel">
<h4>হতাহত যাত্রী/পথচারী</h4>
<div id="scheduleAccordionthree" class="mb-3" role="tablist" aria-multiselectable="true">
<div id="passengernumberone">
<!--the place to show vehicle -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="scheduleAccordionfour" class="mb-3" role="tablist" aria-multiselectable="true">
<div id="walkernumberone">
<!--the place to show driver -->
</div>
</div>
<button class="btn btn-secondary" id="passengercontinue">Continue</button>
</div>
<div class="tab-pane fade" id="finalstep" role="tabpanel">
<div class="form-group">
<label for="accidentreasonone">65.দুর্ঘটনার সহায়ক কারণ</label>
<select class="form-control" name="accidentreasonone" id="accidentreasonone">
<option>১.মাত্রাতিরিক্ত গতি</option>
<option>২.বেপরোয়া চালান</option>
<option>৩.চালকের ক্লান্তি</option>
<option>৪.সামনের গাড়ীর অতি সন্নিকটে চালানো</option>
<option>৫.চালকের ভুল সংকেত</option>
<option>৬.ভুল ওভারটেকিং</option>
<option>৭.ভুল ভাবে মোড় নেওয়া</option>
<option>৮.মদ্যপ চালক</option>
<option>৯.পথচারীর কার্যক্রম</option>
<option>১০.যাত্রীর কার্যক্রম</option>
<option>১১.খারাপ রাস্তার জন্য</option>
<option>১২.রাস্তার জ্যামিতিক সমস্যা</option>
<option>১৩.আবহাওয়া</option>
<option>১৪.গাড়ীর যান্ত্রিক সমস্যা</option>
<option>১৫.বিপজ্জনক বোঝাই</option>
<option>১৬.টায়ার ফেটে যাওয়া</option>
<option>১৭.পশুর কার্যক্রম</option>
<option>১৮.অন্যান্য (যেমনঃ রাস্তার উপর দানাদার / পিচ্ছিল জিনিস পরে থাকা, গতিরোধক, দুর্বল ব্রিজ, ইত্যাদির কারণে)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="accidentreasontwo">66.দুর্ঘটনার সহায়ক কারণ</label>
<select class="form-control" name="accidentreasontwo" id="accidentreasontwo">
<option value="0">১.মাত্রাতিরিক্ত গতি</option>
<option value="1">২.বেপরোয়া চালান</option>
<option value="2">৩.চালকের ক্লান্তি</option>
<option value="3">৪.সামনের গাড়ীর অতি সন্নিকটে চালানো</option>
<option value="4">৫.চালকের ভুল সংকেত</option>
<option value="5">৬.ভুল ওভারটেকিং</option>
<option value="6">৭.ভুল ভাবে মোড় নেওয়া</option>
<option value="7">৮.মদ্যপ চালক</option>
<option value="8">৯.পথচারীর কার্যক্রম</option>
<option value="9">১০.যাত্রীর কার্যক্রম</option>
<option value="10">১১.খারাপ রাস্তার জন্য</option>
<option value="11">১২.রাস্তার জ্যামিতিক সমস্যা</option>
<option value="12">১৩.আবহাওয়া</option>
<option value="13">১৪.গাড়ীর যান্ত্রিক সমস্যা</option>
<option value="14">১৫.বিপজ্জনক বোঝাই</option>
<option value="15">১৬.টায়ার ফেটে যাওয়া</option>
<option value="16">১৭.পশুর কার্যক্রম</option>
<option value="17">১৮.অন্যান্য (যেমনঃ রাস্তার উপর দানাদার / পিচ্ছিল জিনিস পরে থাকা, গতিরোধক, দুর্বল ব্রিজ, ইত্যাদির কারণে)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="accidentreasonthree">67.দুর্ঘটনার সহায়ক কারণ</label>
<select class="form-control" name="accidentreasonthree" id="accidentreasonthree">
<option value="0">১.মাত্রাতিরিক্ত গতি</option>
<option value="1">২.বেপরোয়া চালান</option>
<option value="2">৩.চালকের ক্লান্তি</option>
<option value="3">৪.সামনের গাড়ীর অতি সন্নিকটে চালানো</option>
<option value="4">৫.চালকের ভুল সংকেত</option>
<option value="5">৬.ভুল ওভারটেকিং</option>
<option value="6">৭.ভুল ভাবে মোড় নেওয়া</option>
<option value="7">৮.মদ্যপ চালক</option>
<option value="8">৯.পথচারীর কার্যক্রম</option>
<option value="9">১০.যাত্রীর কার্যক্রম</option>
<option value="10">১১.খারাপ রাস্তার জন্য</option>
<option value="11">১২.রাস্তার জ্যামিতিক সমস্যা</option>
<option value="12">১৩.আবহাওয়া</option>
<option value="13">১৪.গাড়ীর যান্ত্রিক সমস্যা</option>
<option value="14">১৫.বিপজ্জনক বোঝাই</option>
<option value="15">১৬.টায়ার ফেটে যাওয়া</option>
<option value="16">১৭.পশুর কার্যক্রম</option>
<option value="17">১৮.অন্যান্য (যেমনঃ রাস্তার উপর দানাদার / পিচ্ছিল জিনিস পরে থাকা, গতিরোধক, দুর্বল ব্রিজ, ইত্যাদির কারণে)</option>
</select>
</div>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary btn-block" name="finalstepbutton" id="finalstepbutton">Save All</button>
</div>
</div>
</form>
<div class="progress mt-5">
<div class="progress-bar" role="progressbar" style="width: 20%" aria-valuenow="20" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100">Step 1 of 5</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-dismiss="modal">Cancel</button>
<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Save for later</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<?php include("footer.php");?>
| 27,548 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortskapelle%20Oberth%C3%BCrnau
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Ortskapelle Oberthürnau
|
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ortskapelle Oberthürnau&action=history
|
German
|
Spoken
| 155 | 348 |
Die Ortskapelle von Oberthürnau ist eine in der österreichischen Kunsttopographie erwähnte und unter Denkmalschutz () stehende Kapelle in Niederösterreich.
Geschichte und Beschreibung
Die Ortskapelle von Oberthürnau wurde gegen Ende des 18. beziehungsweise zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts errichtet.
Das rechteckige Bauwerk besitzt an der Westseite einen vorgebauten Turm mit quadratischem Grundriss und an der Ostseite eine leicht eingezogene, halbkreisförmige Apsis. An den Längsseiten der innen flach gedeckten Kapelle befindet sich je ein rundbogiges Fenster.
Der Turm mit ziegelgedecktem Spitzdach besitzt abgefaste Kante und mit Lisenen eingefasste Seiten. Die Schallfenster wurden rundbogig ausgeführt.
Der Altar mit gedrehten Säulen und verkröpftem Gebälk stammt aus der Zeit um 1617.
Literatur
Österreichische Kunsttopographie, herausgegeben von der k.k. Zentral-Kommission für Kunst- und historische Denkmale, Band V, Die Denkmale des politischen Bezirkes Horn in Niederösterreich, in Kommission bei Anton Schroll & Co, Wien, 1911
DEHIO Niederösterreich – nördlich der Donau ISBN 3-7031-0652-2 (1990)
Ortskapelle Oberthurnau
Oberthurnau
Kulturdenkmal (Niederösterreich)
Kirchengebäude in Niederösterreich
| 31,354 |
https://superuser.com/questions/452543
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,012 |
Stack Exchange
|
ChocoDeveloper, Godrej Panvel, M.L. Mahler, Nils, Peter, Priya Sharma, Richard Lassiter, Thor, choroba, gabish01, https://superuser.com/users/105002, https://superuser.com/users/1170900, https://superuser.com/users/1170901, https://superuser.com/users/1170902, https://superuser.com/users/1170907, https://superuser.com/users/1170925, https://superuser.com/users/1170934, https://superuser.com/users/1171015, https://superuser.com/users/133552, https://superuser.com/users/145296, https://superuser.com/users/145968, user3343945
|
English
|
Spoken
| 331 | 507 |
How to escape newline in the commandline?
I need to do this:
$ echo '
File
Contents
' > my-file
The problem is that the resulting file contains a newline at the beginning and at the end.
I tried this but didn't work:
$ echo '\
File
Contents\
' > my-file
What can I do?
Maybe you can use a HERE document?
cat << '==end' > my-file
File
Contents
==end
Yes this looks good. But how to send the result to a file? Right now it's only printing it on the screen.
@ChocoDeveloper: Use redirection. Answer updated.
Another simple answer not mentioned is:
echo -e "Line 1\nLine 2"
The -e option causes echo to interpret backslash escape sequences.
printf "%s\n%s\n%s\n" "Line 1", "Line 2", "Line 3"
I need to be able to paste the file contents without any change, I can't separate it into lines. And I need to be able to execute this as a command, I don't want to open vim and paste it manually.
I think I cannot understand what you want to do. Do you want to just copy some files to another one?
I want to copy/paste file contents (ie: something I don't want to write by hand each time, like a config file) into a command to create the file, to automate an installation.
Then, a good example, is to use grep. For example, you find the line you want and then, count the lines you want to copy: grep myline -A6 will copy from "myline" and the next 6 lines.
I would use cat instead:
cat > file
Paste what you want to go into file and finish with Ctrl+d on an empty line.
But I want to do everything in a single command. If I can paste to a file, I could as well just have pasted into the file I need.
@ChocoDeveloper: ok, you're probably looking for the heredoc option then, see choroba's answer but with > file after the first ==end.
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21798126
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Category:Tuscany populated place stubs
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Categoria:Stub - centri abitati della Toscana
categoria di un progetto Wikimedia
Categoria:Stub - centri abitati della Toscana istanza di categoria di abbozzi di un progetto Wikimedia
Categoria:Stub - centri abitati della Toscana categoria contiene Aiuto:Abbozzo
Category:Tuscany populated place stubs
Wikimedia category
Category:Tuscany populated place stubs instance of Wikimedia category of stubs
Category:Tuscany populated place stubs category contains Wikipedia:Stub
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bpt6k65767241_7
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Armorial et nobiliaire de l'ancien duché de Savoie. Volume 2
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(1) Les héritiers de Françoise Bernarde, savoir Jeanne-Catherine de Montfalcon, Antoine de Lescheraine, Gasparde do Livron (alors remariée en troisièmes noces à N° Amédée Portier, seig de Charrières), Louis de la Faverge, administrateur de ses enfants nés de la D— Françoise Bernarde sa femme, héritiers de leur mère, sont appelés en cause par François de Gruel, auquel la Dme Françoise Bernarde avait vendu la quatrième partie des biens d'Epagny : l'appelant était aussi héritier pour un quart, les quatre faisant le tout, do Mre François David, etc. Catherine de Montfalcon, héritière pour un quart de N° Sibois David, par la médiate personne de Sibois ou Sibuet de Montfalcon, héritier d'Alexandrine David, fille et héritière pour un quart dudit Sibois David, héritier testamentaire de N° François David, son frère, est appelée première en cause, en octobre 1600 (Arch. Saint-Jorioz). DAVIET DE FONCENEX à Sm® OBLE Claude Daviet, seigr d'Allard (1), de Thonon. Il reçut, à cause de ses bons services militaires, pendant lesquels il eut un cheval tué sous lui, des Patentes de noblesse, le 15 janvier 1616 (Pat. Sav. Reg. 31, fo 184. Arch. de la Ch. des Comptes de Turin), l'anoblissant autant que de besoin, ses prédécesseurs ayant été déjà nobles (je n'ai pas eu le bonheur de les rencon trer), mais déchus. On lui confirme les anciennes armoiries de sa famille : d'azur à trois pistons pommetés et poignés d'argent, un en pal deux en fasce. Comme j'ignore complètement comment on figure les pistons dans le Blason, je m'abstiens de les donner. Cimier : un dextrochère armé, tenant au poing une manche nue avec les mots (en devise) : VITA PRIVSQVAM MOTVS. Il était capitaine au régiment du Mis de Lullin. Il épousa, le 27 septembre 1627 (Reg. Par. de Thonon), Dlle Françoise, fille de Ne François Joly. Elle se remaria, le 19 février 1640 (Ibid.], avec Jacques de la Pierre, de Dougenaz près Annecy. (1) ALLARD. Nom d'une ancienne famille noble de la paroisse d'Allinges possédant une localité de ce nom, dite maintenant Grange-Allard seigneur équivaut à propriétaire. (2) FONCENEX. Seigneurie que lui vendit, avec juridiction, le titre devant en rester aux seigneurs de Foras, Marie-Victorine de Foras, veuve de Gaspard de Baudry, en considération du mariage que François Daviet contractait avec Claudine-Prospère de Foras. — Voir Foncenex aux Fiefs et Foras. DAVIET DU BOUCHET — Voir PETHOZ. 259 DEAGE, SEIGRS DE MESMES ET LOISINGE P. d'or au chevron d'azur accompagne d'un croissant de même en pointe (BESSON) OBLE Mamert Déage (1) (de Agio devrait faire de Age), d'une vieille famille de la Roche en Genevois, avait été déjà anobli par le duc de Genevois, le 15 août 1555 (Arch. de Cour) ; il reçut confirmation par Patentes du Duc de Savoie du 20 octobre 1565, inscrites aux Preuves, 1723, qui donnent la filiation marquée par de doubles 1 -* --* ] * --* j x • • , traits. Acheta la juridiction de Mesme ou Loisinge procédée des Nes d'Amancy et vendue par les Nes Favre de Bignin (qu'il reconnut le 3 août 1563 (FIEFS) et les nobles d'Arenthon. Alliance inconnue. Mort avant 1579. Son nom est écrit parfois de Daage. Il était fils de Jean Déage, mort avant 1563. Il (1) Voir au SUPPLÉMENT plusieurs degrés d'une famille Déage, issue de la présente, qui fut aussi anoblie en 1827. (2) Selon Grillet (Hist. de la Roche), le prieur de Talissieu eut pour autres neveux : Pierre, chanoine archidiacre de l'église collégiale de la Roche qui fut primicier après son oncle François, 1659, mort en mars 1676; Michel, curé de Bernex, 1631, et probablement Gaspard, qui fut d'abord châtelain de la Roche, marié et père de cinq enfants de l'un desquels descendaient les Déage qui vivaient à la Roche du temps de Grillet, et embrassa plus tard l'état ecclésiastique, devenu chanoine, 1659, quoique simple sous-diacre : les quatre autres fils de Gaspard furent prêtres, deux étaient curés, un troisième bernardin à Saint-Jean-d'Aulps. (3) Héritière, du moins comme prétention. Elle et Ra François, son frère, cederent tous leurs droits sur l'oirie Chaffardon à Jérôme de Piochet, seig' de Monterminod par transaction du 9 octobre 1631 (Arch. la Place). Elle céda au président d'Oncieu, en 1633 (lInd,), les droits que le prieur prétendait comme héritier fidéicommissaire de Dme Julie de Castiglione. ---- (4) Ce nom de Loisinge a été aussi porté par la famille des N" MAIIIN de Thonon. Voir ce nom. — MESMES s'écrit aussi MESME. DEAUSSENS ou DAUSSENS. Voir OSSENS (D'). DE COUZ BARONS DE L'EMPIRE. P. écartelé: au 1er d'argent au croissant de sable surmonté d'un cœur de gueules, au chef d'azur chargé de trois étoiles d'or rangées en fasce; au 2me des Barons militaires (de gueules à l'épée d'argent en pal); au 3me d'azur à la forteresse d'or maçonnée et bréchée de sable baignée d'une mer d'argent (aj ; au 4me de sable à la momie d'or en rencontre (!) posée en pal (b), accompagnée à dextre de six fers de lance, deux, deux et deux et à senestre de même (c). (a, b, c) Les hérauts d'armes du premier Empire n'auraient pas dù conserver l'ancien langage héraldique, ou bien ils auraient dû l'employer convenablement, c'est-à-dire : au 3me d'azur au château d'or de deux tours jointes par un entremur, celle de dextre ébréchée, le tout maçonné de sable, mouvant du flanc dextre et d'une mer d'argent passant en pointe; au 4me de sable à la momie d'or en pal (rencontre est digne de celui qui l'a écrit), accostée de douze fers de lance de même, six par côté en deux pals. 1 n , _n - É. ANS la pléiade d'illustres généraux que la Savoie a fournis, de 1793 à 1814, aux armées de Napoléon Ier, une place de choix revient au brave lieutenant-général, le baron Pierre de Couz, commandant une division de la Jeune Garde, né à Annecy, le 18 juillet 1775, de Jacques-Joseph De Coux et de Jeanne-Françoise Chabal. Les De Couz ou De Coux étaient d'une vieille famille de la bourgeoisie d'Annecy, ayant un blason (1) qui a été conservé au premier quartier des armes accordées par Napoléon 1er au général. Voici les glorieux états de services du général, relevés sur les pièces originales, brevets et patentes que possède son fils et qui m'ont été communiqués : 1793. 1er mai. Sous-lieutenant au 2me bataillon des volontaires nationaux du Mont-Blanc. Procès-verbal d'élection par le bataillon avec l'assistance des autorités constituées. 1794. 21 décembre (1er nivôse an II). Lieutenant au même corps, par scrutin épuratoire des sousofficiers et volontaires de la 22me compagnie, en remplacement du lieutenant Joly promu capitaine. — Passé avec la même qualité dans la 69me demi-brigade. 1797. (An V). Passé adjudant-général. 1798. 30 septembre (9 vendémiaire an VII). Nommé capitaine par le général en chef Bonaparte, sur le champ de bataille des Pyramides. (1) Tous les bourgeois d'Annecy, surtout ceux qui appartenaient par un lien quelconque à l'ordre judiciaire, ce qui était général, se prétendaient nobles et avaient des armoiries. Dans le rôle des nobles anciens et nouveaux du Genevois (1631), ils se prétendaient nobles, en vertu de la capitulation avec le Roi de France à la dernière usurpation de ce pays. Le commissaire enquêteur déclare cette qualité douteuse.Antérieurement, et de beaucoup, à la capitulation, les bourgeois d'Annecy, Rumilly, Thonon, Sallanches, Bonne et autres villes, s'intitulaient souvent nobles et égrèges, à tort ou à raison. Voir COHENDIER, COPPIER. — Les de Couz ont été reçus bourgeois d'Annecy le 13 septembre 1621. Le père du général épousa, en deuxièmes noces, en 1783, Dlle Claudine de Mailland, d'où naquirent (entre autres), Sigismond et Étienne mentionnés au f° suivant, note 3. A cette famille se rattachent les deux frères et sœur, Rds Pierre, chanoine de N.-D. d'Annecy, aumônier de S. A. R., Jean-Claude, vicaire de Saint-Sulpice, puis supérieur de la communauté de Saint-Sulpice à Paris, et Guicharde de Couz qui épousa le 3 octobre 1679, Ne Philibert de Sauvage. Ils sont tous trois mentionnés dans une cession faite aux RR. PP. Minimes de Thonon, du 23 juillet 1683 (Arch. départementales de la Haute-Savoie), acte qui m'est signalé par MM. Mudry et Dubouloz, auteurs d'un intéressant mémoire sur les Minimes de Thonon. 1798. 4 août (17 thermidor an VII). 1800. 26 mars (6 germinal an IX). 1801. 6 janvier (17 nivôse an X). 1802. 4 novembre (14 vendémiaire an X). 1803. 25 janvier (16 pluviôse an XI). 1804. 14 juin (26 prairial an XII). — 4 septembre (18 fructidor an XIII). 1805. 26 septembre (6 nivôse an XIV). 1808. 19 mars. 1809. 12 juillet. — 21 septembre. 1810. 26 janvier. — 2 mai. 1813. 8 mars. 4 août. 11 août. 28 novembre. 21 décembre. Nommé chef de bataillon sur le champ de bataille d'Aboukir, à cause de sa rare bravoure, chargé du détail de la division du général Lannes (1). Nommé adjudant-commandant par le général en chef de l'armée d'Orient. Confirmé dans ce grade, inscrit à l'État-Major général de l'armée. Adjudant-commandant d'État-Major de la 7me division militaire. Membre de la Légion d'honneur. Officier de la Légion d'honneur. Commandant d'État-Major au corps d'armée du maréchal Lannes. Colonel du 21me régiment de ligne (2). Baron de l'Empire : titre transmissible. Général de brigade. Commandant de la Légion d'honneur. Dotation de 4,000 livres de revenu sur les biens réservés de Westphalie. Désigné pour l'armée de Naples. Colonel des chasseurs à pied de la Garde impériale, en remplacement du général Grodel admis à la retraite. Général de division au corps d'observation de la Bavière: à cause de sa brillante conduite aux affaires de Lutzen et de Bautzen. Commandant la 3me division de la Jeune Garde. Chevalier de la Couronne de fer. Commandant la 2me division de la Jeune Garde. Comme on le voit, le général de Couz s'est distingué dans toutes les campagnes d'Italie, d'Egypte, de Syrie, d'Allemagne, Prusse, Pologne. Il eut des chevaux tués sous lui à Austerlitz, à Pultusk. Il termina glorieusement sa carrière. Grièvement blessé à Brienne, au commencement de l'action, il refusa de quitter le champ d'honneur : frappé de nouveau mortellement, il mourut peu de jours après à Paris, le 18 février 1814 (3). Il avait épousé, à Grenoble, le 16 mai 1808, Louise Michel, veuve de Louis-Alexandre Grand-Thorane, fille de M. Jean-François Michel et de Marie-Anne Viard. (1) Le général Lannes, dont de Couz était aide de camp, lui confia une mission importante en Syrie. (2) Dans ce brevet, son nom est orthographié de Cous. C'est en commandant ce régiment qu'il se couvrit de gloire à Iéna, Friedland, etc. A Wagram, il enleva une des îles du Danube où il fit prisonnier un régiment de quinze cents hommes et prit un grand nombre de pièces d'artillerie. C'est pour avoir grandement contribué au succès de cette journée qu'il fut nommé général et commandant de la Légion d'honneur (Biogr. univ. des Contemp. Rabbe). (3) Le général avait, entre autres, trois ireres, tous trois morts glorieusement devant l'ennemi : Jean-Joseph, chef d'escadron au 2me régiment de chasseurs à cheval (avait eu trois chevaux tués sous lui à Iéna), tué à la bataille de Raab (1809), âgé de trente-sept ans ; Étienne, capitaine au 21 me régiment de ligne, tué à la bataille de Dresde, à l'âge de vingt-cinq ans ; Sigismond, chef de bataillon dans la vieille garde, tué à la bataille de Waterloo. DEGALLIS. Voir GALLIS (DE). DEL BENE D'ELBENE, D'ALBENE, D'ALBENNE, DELBEYNE, D'ALBAINE, D'ALBENS, etc. D'azur à deux bâtons fleurdelisés et enracinés d'argent (PALLIOT, etc.) (1). OBLE Marc-Antoine Del Bene, dit Blanclys (d'où est venu Blanly, Blanlis, Blandlit, etc.), fils de Monseigneur Alphonse Del Bene (famille florentine), archevêque d'Albi, puis abbé d'Hautecombe, légitimé par Patentes du 3 février 1594 (Preuves 1723, relatant avec celui-ci les trois degrés suivants. Bibl. du Roi, à Turin). Il s'établit à Montfalcon où il épousa Sébastienne Lanzard. Il mourut le 23 juillet et fut enterré le 24 juillet 1625, à la Biolle. Peut-être cette famille continue-t-elle encore. Je trouve dans les notes du comte Greyfié un Jean Delbene, marié à Louise Dagand, qui mourut le 22 février 1858. DELEAVAL. — Voir LEAVAL (DE). DÉMOTZ. — Voir MOTZ (DE). DEPORTES ou DESPORTES. ou PORTES (DES). DEPREZ ou DESPRÉS. Voir PREZ (DE). DÉRÉE (DE) En latin anciennement : DE DEREYAZ, DE DEREYER, DE DEREYA ou DE DAREYA, SEIGNEURS DE DÉRÉE ET DU NOYRET PRÈS DUYN, DE BOISY ET DE GROISY EN BORNES, COSEIGNEURS DE LA VAL DES CLETS. P. d'or au chevron d'azur (BESSON). On trouve aussi les émaux intervertis. ( ~m~ 1 ETTE famille est fort ancienne. Vers la moitié du XIVe siècle (en 1355), je la trouve pour la première fois intitulée noble, mais ayant déjà des biens de franc-alleu. Ils possédaient, dès 1350 et probablement plus anciennement — la maison portant leur nom de Dérée, près Duyn : elle fut transformée au plus tôt vers le milieu du xve siècle (à en juger par l'architecture) , en château, et qualifiée de seigneurie, ce qu'il faut prendre dans le sens étroit du mot, c'està-dire propriété (1). Bertrand de Dérée, président de Genevois, et Louis, son fils, président de Genevois, puis de Savoie, sont les personnages les plus connus de cette famille. Le premier épousa Jeanne des Clets qui lui apporta la seigneurie de Boisy et Groisy et la coseigneurie de la Val des Clets (2). A dater de ce moment, ils s'allièrent avec les premières familles de Savoie, Menthon, Clermont-Mont-Saint-Jean, Chevron-Villette. Bonaventure de Chevron-Villette, la dame aux quatre maris, veuve de Philippe de Dérée, dernier du nom, apporta la seigneurie de Boisy à son second mari Melchior de Sionnaz, aïeuls maternels de saint François de Sales, dans la famille duquel passa cette seigneurie et la plus grosse part des biens des Dérée. Une autre partie des biens des Dérée passa aux Clermont-Mont-Saint-Jean, qui en portèrent pendant quelque temps le nom. (lï Tout récemment, très artistiquement réparé par son propriétaire actuel, mon ami M. Francisque Frèrejean. (2) Nous avons dit, à l'article de l'illustre famille des Clets, qu'il serait plus exact de dire coseigneurs dans la Val des Clets. Les Dérée étaient pourtant parmi les plus importants seigneurs de cette vallée, grâce à ce mariage et aux nombreuses acquisitions qu'ils y firent ensuite. DES CHAMPS BARONS DE JUIF EN DOMBES, MARQUIS DE CHAUMONT, COMTES DE MONTBEL, SEIGNEURS DE L'EPINE ET DE ROCHEFORT, EN SAVOIE. P. d'azur à trois bourdons d'or ornés chacun d'une coquille de gueules rangés en pals (Preuves de Malte, H. 191, H. 197. Arch. du département du Rhône). 1 OBLE Nicolas Des Champs, baptisé à Villefranche en Beaujolais, le 8 janv. 1623, vint s'établir en Savoie — il y était conseiller de S. A. R. et gabellier général, dès 1653 (Minutre Jaquilliard, Arch. Thuyset). Il fut nommé, par Pat. du 20 décembre 1657 (Arch. Thuys., 31 janvier 1658, selon Capré), maître auditeur à la souveraine Chambre des Comptes et président des Fi nances à la même Cour, par Patentes du 8 février 1672 (Ibid.). Quoiqu'on le trouve, à cette époque, qualifié de baron de Juys ou Juif, il est certain qu'il est le premier noble de sa famille, anobli avec sa descendance par sa charge. Louis Hyacinthe d'Allinges, son petit-fils, postulant la croix de Malte, dut obtenir un bref du Grand-Maître de l'Ordre (6 février 1716), pour être dispensé de prouver la noblesse des quartiers Des Champs et Fabry, bisaïeux paternels. — Par contrat du 30 janv. 1665 (Preuves de Malte), Nicolas acheta, du marquis de la Serraz, la seigneurie et château de Rochefort, avec juridiction haute, moyenne et basse (provenant de Ne Georges Louys), pour 7,500 ducatons. Il obtint, le 25 janv. 1670 (Ibid.), du roi de France, la permission de continuer à demeurer avec sa famille en Savoie et de servir le duc comme maître auditeur. Il épousa, contrat de mariage du 4 mars 1658 (Ibid.), DUc Louise Claudine, fille de Ne Jean-Louis Balland (1). (1) Nicolas était fils d'Étienne des Champs et de Françoise, fille de Pierre Fabry et de Françoise Moudry. Étienne était fils de Claude des Champs et de Claudine, fille de François Trouillet et de Jeanne de la Coste. Claude était fils de Nicolas des Champs et de Françoise de la Barmondière (Preuves de Malte). Ne Nicolas des Champs nous fournit un exemple, entre quatre cents, d'un membre du Tiers-Etat parvenu très rapidement de rien à tout. Les hauts emplois, les faveurs étaient bien loin d'appartenir exclusivement à la noblesse de race. Nous n'avions pas besoin de 89 pour établir dans notre glorieuse patrie une saine égalité pour le mérite et le talent. Le fils de Nicolas, second noble de son nom, était marquis, comte, baron et seigneur de plusieurs fiefs, chevalier d'honneur au Sénat. Sa fille s'alliait avec le Mu d'Allinges, de la plus antique noblesse du monde. Son petit-fils était évêque et prince de Genève. Je trouve un No Isaac des Champs, seigr de Rochefort (sic), qui épousa DUo Jeanne du Coudrey. Ils étaient morts avant le 24 janvier 1646 (Arch. Saumont). Leur succession était alors en litige entre François-Annibal de Seyssel-Châtelard auquel Ne Charles de Prez et Claudine-Amédée du Clos, mariés, avaient vendu la seigneurie de la Martinière, et Ne Vincent du Coudrey, seigr de Lutrin. Était-ce un frère de Nicolas? Mais celui-ci n'acquit Rochefort qu'en 1665. Il s'agit peut-être d'un autre fief du nom de Rochefort. DESPINE (BARONS) D'ESPINE, DE LEPINE, DE LESPINE. EN LATIN : DE SP1NA. De gueules au chevron d'or accompagné de trois roses d'argent boutonnées du champ (Armorial de la Chambre des Comptes de Turin). Devise : NON SINE SPINIS. NE très vieille famille de ce nom existait enTarentaise. Pierre de Spina, prêtre, témoin en 1215 à un acte entre l'archevêque de Tarentaise et les Nes de Chevron (manuscrit de ma bibliothèque). — Ne Antermet de Spina prête hommage au Ctc de Savoie, le 27 octobre 1323 (Arch. de Cour), pour les biens qu'il tient en fief de lui, en Tarentaise. — Ne Guillaume de Spina, en Tarentaise, reçoit, le 20 janvier 1347 (Ibid.), investiture, par le Cte de Savoie, des fief, biens et droits féodaux, situés au territoire de l'Espine, Bellentre, Mont-Valesan, la Chapelle, etc. — Ne Guillaume de Spina, damoiseau, témoin à Cuvne. le 17 février (Arch. Savoiroux) Ne Guillaume de l'Espine, lieutenant, châtelain de Beaufort, en 1398 (Arch. de la Cour des Comptes) — Nes Antermet, Bon et Charles frères, fils de feu Ne Guillaume de Spina, reçoivent, le 10 août 1417 (IbÙl.), des biens dont ils ont hérité dudit Guillaume. — C'est probablement ce même Ne Antermet, alors secrétaire ducal (4 janvier, 21 février, 8 juin 1426, qui, à cette dernière date, avait un frère du nom de N° Bon. Arch. Savoiroux), qui était, le 17 novembre 1441, Thesaurarius gentium armorum (Ibill.), Thesaurarius guerrarum Sabaudie, 1439, châtelain de Chambéry et receveur de la châtellenie du Châtelard en Bauges, 1445,1446, châtelain de Tarentaise, 1447, 1451, année où il rendit ses comptes (Arch. de la Chambre des Comptes de Turin). Je trouve aussi un Ne Jacques de l'Espine, lieutenant du Présidial de Genevois, 1484,1485, un Ne Étienne de l'Espine, comptable des munitions de guerre à Annecy, en 1597 : un Ne Antoine de Spina de Bellentre, qui épousa Dme Jacquemette Rubod d'Yenne, laquelle étant veuve fit une donation, le 12 janvier 1507 (Arch. Lucey), à Ne Claudine de l'Epine, sa fille, femme de Ne Guillaume Eymin ou Henyn : celle-ci était veuve en 1528 (Ibid.). Les Despine actuels viennent-ils de cette famille? Cela est fort possible, mais n'est pas prouvé. Ce qui est certain, c'est que l'orthographe moderne Despine est vicieuse. On ne peut traduire régulièrement de Spina que par De l'Espine ou tout au moins D'Espine. Leur généalogie remonte, par actes authentiques, à Guillaume D'Espine, notaire ducal au Châtelard en Bauges, qui vivait en 1515. C'était peut-être le fils, le petit-fils ou le neveu de Ne Antermet de Spina, qui, nous l'avons vu plus haut, était receveur de la châtellenie du Châtelard en Bauges, encore en 1446. Quoi qu'il en soit, ce Guillaume D'Espine, notaire ducal, eut un fils Guillaume, vivant en 1602, aussi notaire, qui fut père de deux autres notaires ducaux. L'un d'entre eux, Me Claude D'Espine fut le grand-père de Jean-Baptiste D'Espine avocat et secrétaire du roi Victor-Amédée II, en 1713, et plus tard, châtelain de Chambéry L'autre frère, Me Jean-Claude, eut un fils Me Claude, aussi notaire ducal et châtelain du Châtelard en Bauges, dont la femme, dite « la châtelaine Lépine », y mourut le 2 mai 1652 (Reg. Par.), (dans ses patentes de notariat de l'an 1651, son nom est orthographié D'Espine). Claude, entre autres enfants, eut Claude-François dont nous reprendrons la descendance continuant honorablement en Savoie ; Jean-Baptiste, secrétaire du roi, à la Haye en 1715' 1719 et 1720, et Pierre, médecin, qui s'établit à Saint-Malo, où sa descendance a continué transportée depuis à Genève; Joseph, officier dans les troupes du roi de Sardaigne, etc (Suit tableau généalogique). (1) Comme notaire de la Couronne, il dressa l'acte de mariage de la princesse Marie-Thérèse de Savoie-Carignan avec le prince de Lamballe et fit au Pont-Beauvoisin la remise de la princesse de Savoie, femme de Louis XVIII, roi de France. Cet arbre est dressé en grande partie sur des actes ou copies d'actes qui m'ont été communiqués en 1866 par feu le baron Constant d'Espine. DESSAIX COMTE DU PREMIER EMPIRE. Armes concédées. Toque de velours noir retroussée de contre-hermines, avec porte-aigrette or et argent, surmontée de cinq plumes, accompagnée de quatre lambrequins, les deux supérieurs en or, les deux autres en argent. Franc quartier à dextre d'azur à l'épée haute en pal d'argent montée d'or. Au deuxième de gueules au cor d'or. Au troisième de gueules à une branche de chêne d'argent en bande et une branche de laurier d'or en barre, croisées par la tige. Au quatrième d'or à la rivière en bande de sinople sinistrée de trois pièces de canon de sable en position. Je dois la figuration de ces armes à l'obligeance de M. le Bon de Rottembourg, qui les a relevées dans l'Armorial de l'Empire de Simon. Sans cette figure, je ne me serais pas chargé d'interpréter par le crayon ce texte héraldiquement barbare, notamment les trois canons en position. Voici, étant donnée cette situation, comment on peut essayer d'adapter cette figure au texte : Écartelé: au premier, le quartier des comtes de l'Empire tirés de l'armée (d'azur à l'épée d'argent en pal, garde et poignée d'or) ; au deuxième, de gueules à la trompe d'or (le cor héraldique n'a pas cette forme) ; au troisième, de gueules à une branche de chêne d'argent et une branche de laurier d'or, se croisant en sautoir; au quatrième, d'or à la bande de sinople ondée en guise de rivière, cotoyée en dessus de trois pièces de canon à leurs affûts de sable, en barres. Le corps de la lettre ornée à la page suivante, représente le cachet du général, appartenant à M. Léon Charmot-Breissand. | ES comparaisons sont souvent odieuses. Sans vouloir diminuer la gloire d'aucun des brillants divisionnaires des armées de Napoléon Ier que la Savoie a donnés à la France, je crois pourtant que la place la plus éminente appartient au lieutenant général comte Dessaix, auquel une rare bravoure unie au sang-froid qui sait la contenir et de véritables talents militaires ont mérité le glorieux surnom de Bayard du Mont-Blanc. Je n'ai pas à m'occuper des principes politiques de Joseph-Marie Dessaix. Le point de vue auquel je devrais me placer impartialement pour juger les folles équipées de son ardente jeunesse, surexcitée par les idées du moment, est totalement différent de celui auquel s'est placé son récent biographe (1). Le petit-fils de celui qui partit jadis pour la cour de Turin, afin d'implorer de la clémence royale la grâce des auteurs de l'échauffourée du 2 juin 1791, et porter en même temps aux pieds du trône la protestation d'inviolable fidélité des habitants de Thonon, doit laisser de côté les tristes souvenirs des dissensions politiques. Il rendra un hommage d'autant plus éclatant aux talents et aux qualités morales du général. Le comte Dessaix apporta dans les camps une rude franchise et une indépendance de caractère sans lesquelles Napoléon Ier, — toujours en défiance contre un homme qui n'avait pas voulu seconder le 18 Brumaire, — en eût très probablement fait un de ses maréchaux. Dessaix conserva toute sa vie des idées libérales qui furent bien loin d'être pour lui un marchepied, un vil moyen de parvenir. A portée, mieux que tant d'autres — grâce à ses hautes charges de gouverneur des pays conquis — de s'enrichir aux dépens des vaincus, il préféra l'honneur. Pauvre il vécut : pauvre il mourut ! C'était un caractère taillé à l'antique. Quel que soit le camp où se trouvent des hommes pareils, si l'on peut détester des principes dus, sans doute, à l'excitation du temps, on doit estimer des qualités qui ont été, à toutes les époques de l'histoire, le plus précieux apanage des cœurs noblement trempés (2). Le général Dessaix appartenait à une vieille famille de Saint-Jeoire, en Faucigny, ramifiée à Marigny, Bonneville et dans les environs (3), dont une branche s'est transportée à Thonon (1) Feu M. Joseph Dessaix (neveu du général), continué et augmenté par M. André Folliet, sous le titre de Vie politique et militaire du général Dessaix (Mém. de l'Acad. de Savoie. IIIe série, vol. V). Ainsi, quand son biographe nous montre le capitaine Dessaix à la poursuite de l'armée piémontaise arrivant au sommet du Mont-Cenis, il s'exclame : « C'est ainsi que le condamné à mort venait de « payer sa contumace en plantant le drapeau de la liberté sur les Alpes ! » Pour moi, je trouve qu'il plantait le drapeau de l'asservissement de la Savoie, brutalement et révolutionnairement conquise et enlevée à ses souverains légitimes, en combattant contre ses propres amis et compatriotes. Toute préférence gouvernementale à part, je demande, au nom du bon sens, comment un écrivain de 1879 peut mettre sous le drapeau de la liberté les horreurs de la Révolution et les gloires militaires de l'empire autocratique — s'il en fut jamais — de Napoléon I ! (2) D'ailleurs, si Dessaix, par haine pour les Piémontais, a donné dans les idées révolutionnaires, il était trop généreux, trop humain et troD honnête pour être le iacobin que l'on voudrait en faire. (3) Pour distinguer entre les généraux Desaix et Dessaix, que l'on confond souvent en France, le biographe de notre général dit : « Une seule lettre différencie les noms de ces deux hommes de guerre. Desaix appartient à la noblesse, Dessaix n'avait pas de blason, etc., etc. ». La différence orthographique est nulle. Desaix et Dessaix ont exactement la même portée. De Sex, du ou de Saix, Desex, Desaix, Dessaix viennent tous du latin de Saxo, et pour les écrire correctement en français, nobles ou non, il n'y a qu'un seul mode, De ou de Saix. Le nom des aïeux du général savoyard se trouve écrit bien plus souvent de Sex, Dessex, Desex, Decez que Dessaix ou Dussaix. On ne saurait attacher une importance à cette orthographe éminemment variable, si ce n'est en vertu de la très fausse idée que la particule peut avoir une influence nobiliaire sur un nom. Quant au blason, les Dessaix en avaient-ils un indépendamment de celui concédé au général par l'empereur? Son biographe dit hardiment non : je n'en suis pas aussi sûr Rodolphe de Saix possédait une maison à Bonne, où se tint le vendredi avant Noël 1325 (Arch. Thuyset), par-devant le bailli de Faucigny Ne Thyset Roero, une assemblée de noblesse. — Vénérable Messire Pierre de Saix (de Saxo) chapelain, Jacques et Jean de Saix, ses frères, Jean-Pierre et Claude de Saix, leurs neveux, de Saint-Jeoire en Faucigny achetèrent des biens nobles, entre Cluses et Marigny, dont ils reçurent laod le 22 février 1560 (Arch. Thuyset). S'ils n'étaient pas nobles, ils participaient certainement aux droits et privilèges des nobles. — Le contrat de mariage entre Robert de Menthon de la Balme et Françoise de Montvuagnard est passé le 27 novembre 1491 (Ibid,), à Bonneville, dans la grande salle de la maison de noble Guillaume de Sex. — N° Jean du ou de Saix testa le 6 mars 1518, et eut de Ne Pernette, sa femme, une fille, Dlle Jacquemette du Saix, au commencement du XVIIIe siècle. Ils y ont reçu les droits de bourgeoisie le 28 juin 1708 et ils y ont été dès lors médecins, avocats, conseillers et nobles syndics de la ville. Le général Cte Dessaix est mort sans descendance masculine. Voici la filiation directe de l'illustre général. qui épousa, contrat dotal du 13 septembre 1521 (Pr. de Malte), Ne Michel Guillet, seigr de Monthoux. — Ne et Spectle François Dessaix, avocat au Sénat, lieutenant de la judicature mage de Faucigny, mort avant 1655, eut une fille, DUe Jacqueline d'Essaix ou Dessaix, qui épousa, par contrat de mariage du 12 juin 1655, Ne Claude-Emmanuel de Ville, baron d'Epierre et de Villaret. Leur fils fit ses preuves de noblesse pour la croix de justice des SaintsMaurice et Lazare. Dans ces preuves, le quartier et les armes d'Essaix sont admis comme bons. Ces armes sont d'azur à trois bandes d'or. — Voir ci-contre. Enfin, les Dessaix ou Dusaix, à Marigny et ailleurs, étaient curiaux et notaires dès le XVIIe siècle. Ces fonctions étaient dans notre Savoie absolument limitrophes et très souvent source de la noblesse. Cette famille de Sex ou Dessaix dont quelques membres ont été qualifiés nobles, ayant possédé des biens nobles, se trouverait exactement dans le même cas que plusieurs familles figurant dans le nobiliaire de Savoie, si, au lieu de la laisser tomber en désuétude, elle avait su changer une situation, peut-être douteuse, en noblesse officielle. La limite qui séparait la haute bourgeoisie de la noblesse naissante est tranchée seulement pour ceux qui n'ont pas approfondi la question. En tous cas, comme plusieurs maisons de bonne bourgeoisie, adonnée aux professions libérales, les Dessaix avaient un blason bel et bien surmonté du heaume nobiliaire ( nous avons vu qu'il a été admis aux preuves chevaleresques des Saints-Maurice et Lazare). Je n'ai pas la preuve que Égrège Claude-Philippe Dessaix (Dessai, Desex, 1704-1707), médecin ou chirurgien, venu de Bonneville à Thonon, arrière-grand-père du général, fut de la même famille De Saix ou Dessaix qui portait les armoiries d'azur à trois bandes d'or : mais cela est fort probable. Ce même blason servait de cachet, avec un heaume nobiliaire, à un Dessaix de Bonneville, à l'époque où un rameau a quitté cette ville pour s'établir à Thonon. Égrège Claude-Philippe épousa DUs Louise Gentaz (et non Gentoz), fille d'un notaire de la vieille bourgeoisie de Thonon. Le grand-père du général, Égrège André-Joseph Dessaix, aussi médecin, épousa DUe Élisabeth Woothen ou Wootten (et non Woobtens), noble anglaise, d'Oxford, venue probablement à Thonon à la suite de Charlotte-Françoise d'Ogletorpe, marquise des Marches. Élisabeth se convertit à la foi catholique à Thonon : elle était veuve de Sir Thomas Fitz-Gerald, de Dublin. Il épousa en deuxièmes noces, le 5 (et non le 1er) mai 1766, une fille noble, Dlle Jeanne-Marie Rebut (et non Rabut), de Saxel : il fut, à diverses reprises, noble syndic de Thonon. De sa première femme, Élisabeth Woothen, le Dr André-Joseph eut entre autres enfants : 1° Égrège Charles-Joseph-Eugène, né en 1739, filleul du mil de Bellegarde et de Mlle des Marches : il fut aussi docteur en médecine, protomédecin royal de la province de Chablais, premier noble syndic de Thonon : il épousa Dlle Marie-Philippine Favrat, d'une famille dont la noblesse effective commençait à peine alors, mais qui remontait fièrement sa bourgeoisie au XIIIe siècle. La mère de Philippine était une fille noble, DUo Thérèse de Ruphy. C'est de Dlle Favrat que naquirent le général et ses nombreux frères ; 2° Claude-Louis-Victor, né en 1740, avocat au Sénat de Savoie, qui épousa une fille noble, DUe Marie de Barral de Montauvrard. On voit donc de plus en plus que si le général n'était pas noble, sa famille avait singulièrement frayé avec la noblesse. J'espère que cette infection ne diminuera pas, aux yeux de son biographe, la valeur morale de notre illustre compatriote. (1) Parmi les frères du général, nous citerons : 1° François-Amédée-Lubin, chef de bataillon, chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, plusieurs fois blessé, longtemps aide de camp de son frère : père notamment d'Edouard, chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, président du conseil général de la HauteSavoie, etc., etc., mort sans descendance ; 2° Jean-François-Amédée, retiré du service après une grave blessure, puis juge au tribunal de Genève : père notamment de Joseph, écrivain de talent un des fondateurs de la Société savoisienne d'histoire et d'archéologie, auteur d'une Histoire de Savoie, malheureusement machevée; sa descendance continue. 3e Joseph-Marie-Adolphe, médecin militaire, chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, dont la descendance continue encore à Thouon, Féterne et Chambéry Voici le résumé de la brillante carrière militaire du général comte Dessaix, extrait de l'ouvrage plus haut cité, auquel je laisse l'honneur et la responsabilité de ses recherches : 1792. 7 août. Capitaine à la formation de la Légion des Allobroges. Le 10 août suivant, il marcha contre les Suisses des Tuileries, à un grand nombre desquels il sauva la vie après le combat. 1793. 13 août. Chef de bataillon audit corps. — 17 août. Colonel de la Légion. En cette qualité il prit part, en septembre-novembre 1793, au siège de Toulon, où il reçut une balle au côté droit (1) ; il se distingua très particulièrement en 1793, novembre, dans' la guerre d'Espagne, par des prodiges de valeur et d'habileté. 1795. 7 novembre. Chef de la 4e demi-brigade légère. 1796. Avril, mai. Blessé d'un coup de baïonnette à la tête ; se couvre de gloire à l'enlèvement de la redoute de San-Giovanni et à la bataille de Lodi. 29 juillet : blessé d'un coup de feu à l'épaule à Salo. 3 août : entre le premier à Salo à la tête d'une compagnie. Blessé d'un coup de feu à Lonato. Il se fit beaucoup remarquer pendant toute cette campagne, où il fut toujours à l'avant-garde. Il fut encore blessé d'un coup de feu à Mori. Un tableau existant chez Mme veuve Édouard Dessaix, à Thonon, représente cette dernière action. — 7 octobre. Colonel de la 27e demi-brigade (transformation de la 4e demi-brigade). Blessé deux fois, ramassé prisonnier sur le champ de bataille de Rivoli (17 novembre). 1797. 18 avril. Restitué, reprend son commandement. 1801. Commandant supérieur la place de Francfort, puis de la Haye, puis de Bréda. 1803. Commandant du duché de Lunebourg et Lawenbourg. — 19 août. Général de brigade. 1804. 14 juin. Commandant de la Légion d'honneur. — Brumaire. Commandant supérieur des côtes de Groningue, de Frise et des frontières de la Batavie. 1808. 12 avril. Chef d'état-major du 2e corps de la Grande-Armée. — 20 septembre. Commandant une brigade de la 2e division de l'armée d'Italie. 1809. 10 avril. Blessé d'un coup de feu à la tête et d'un ricochet à la mâchoire. — 7 mai. Commande l'avant-garde. Décide le succès de la journée de la Piave ; se distingue à SanDaniele, Vinzone et au col de Tarvis. — Passé au commandement des 62e et 102e régiments de ligne; il emporte la ville de Leoben; puis au commandement des 60e et 62e régiments de ligne, se distingue à Raab ; blessé à la cuisse droite par un biscaïen à Wagram. 9 juillet. Général de division (2e de la Grande-Armée sous le maréchal Masséna qui l'avait demandé); trois blessures, trois chevaux tués sous lui. 15 août. Comte de l'Empire ; doté de 10,000 fr. de revenu dans le pays de Hanovre. 1810. 15 février. Commandant la division française en Hollande. 1811. 5 janvier. Commandant la 2e division de la Grande-Armée (Allemagne), puis la 4° ; chargé de la réorganisation; commandait plus de 20,000 hommes. (Thiers l'appelle un général du premier mérite.) 1812. 3 juin. Grand officier de la Légion d'honneur. Sa division se distingue au combat de Mohilem en soutenant presque seule tout l'effort de l'armée du prince Bagration. — Septembre. A la bataille de la Moscowa commanda, outre sa division (la 4e ), celle (la 5e) du général Compans, blessé au début de l'action, jusqu'à l'arrivée du général Rapp qui en prit le commandement. Dessaix, avec la 4e, passe alors en première ligne. Rapp reçoit quatre blessures. Dessaix le remplace, mais un biscaïen lui fracasse le bras droit (dixième blessure grave). — 8 octobre. Nommé gouverneur de Berlin, où il arrive le 13 décembre 1813 et y séjourne jusqu'au 25 février. Le Mis de Saint-Marsan, ambassadeur de France à Berlin, écrit au général qu'il est chargé personnellement par le roi de Prusse de lui exprimer toute la satisfaction que ce souverain avait éprouvée de sa conduite loyale, probe et ferme pendant qu'il avait eu le gouvernement de la capitale. « C'est toute la fortune que Dessaix a rapportée de Berlin, » dit son biographe (2). (1) Dans la ville assiégée se trouvait, commandant du corps piémontais, le colonel comte de Foras, le même qui avait fait l'impossible pour sauver Dessaix deux ans auparavant. Les guerres civiles ont souvent de ces tristes épisodes. (2) Quelle plus belle fortune que celle de pouvoir forcer l'estime d'ennemis acharnés, qui tous ont rendu hommage à sa loyauté, à son désintéressement et à son humanité ! 1814, 1815. Chargé de défendre le territoire français envahi, et notamment le Mont-Blanc et le Léman, Dessaix fit preuve de talents remarquables de guerrier et d'administrateur. Perclus de douleurs, criblé de blessures, il combattit comme un héros, aussi vaillant soldat que général habile. Il ne déposa les armes, le dernier, que le 23 avril, quinze jours après l'installation du comte d'Artois à Paris (1). Au retour de l'île d'Elbe, Napoléon le nomma gouverneur de Lyon, commandant la 19e puis la 23e division militaire; il commanda en chef toute l'armée des Alpes jusqu'à l'arrivée du maréchal Suchet et après le départ de celui-ci jusqu'au licenciement de l'armée, 19 août. 1817. 1er octobre. Mis à la retraite avec une pension de 6,000 fr. 1834. 26 octobre. Mort à Marclaz. Malgré des instances réitérées, je n'ai pas encore pu obtenir que l'on donne le nom de Général Dessaix à l'une des rues de sa ville natale. (1) C'est uniquement grâce à son initiative et à son énergie que la ville de Genève n'a pas été bombardée, en mais 1814, souvenir que les Genevois célèbrent aussi le jour de l'Escalade. SAIX (DE ou DU) EN MAURIENNE ET TARENTAISE. Voir au SUPPLÉMENT. DESTRES. Voir au SUPPLÉMENT. DEVILLE. — Voir VILLE (DE). DIACETE Voir au SUPPLÉMENT. DICHAT. Voir au SUPPLÉMENT. DIEU-LE-FILS. Voir MAGNIN. DINGY. Voir MENTHON. BOUTEILLER. DIVONNE. — Voir DYVONNE. DIVONNE, — Voir LA FOREST (DE). DOMEN. Voir ci-contre et folios suivants. DON. — Voir au SUPPLÉMENT. DONIER. Voir au SUPPLÉMENT. DONS. Voir au SUPPLÉMENT. DRAILLENS. Voir GENÈVE-LULLIN et SUPPLÉMENT. DROYSIER. — Voir au SUPPLÉMENT. DOMEN SEIGNEURS DU SOUGEY ET DE LA MARMOTTE. P. « ung escusson parti en fasce d'argent et d'azur, charge d'une croix « fichée d'or sur une bande de sable sur l'argent accompagné d'ung « soleil de gueules au coin gauche et en pointe d'ung croissant mon« tant d'argent. » (Pes de concession de noblesse.) J'essaye d'interpréter ce style héraldique officiel comme suit : Coupé : au premier, d'argent à la bande de sable chargée d'une croix au pied fiché d'or accompagnée en chef d'un soleil de gueules; au second, d'azur au croissant du premier. Besson, au lieu d'un coupé a vu un chef; c'est possible. On pourrait également traduire ce logogriphe par : coupé d'argent et d'azur à la bande de sable brochant sur le tout chargée d'une croix au pied fiché d'or et accompagnée en chef d'un soleil de gueules et en pointe d'un croissant d'argent. (Voir HÉRAUT D'ARMES, dans notre DICT. du BLASON *. (1) Titres des Arch. Thuyset. Devise : PER EOS CVNCTA VIVVNT. H OBLE Jean-Louis Domen (on trouve aussi Domant, en latin toujours Domeni ou Domenii), fils de feu Ne Pierre, coseigr du Sougey, paroisse d'Arbusigny, teste le 5 novembre 1598 (1); Dlle Jacqueline, fille de Ne Pierre de Chamboux, sa veuve, teste le 7 septembre 1605 (1) au Sougey, dans la maison de ses enfants. Veut être enterrée dans l'église d'Arbusigny, auprès de son feu mari. I -- DOMEN DE CUSY, PAROISSE DE REIGNIER. P. d'argent à trois roses de gueules en pal (Pes de noblesse du 31 mars 1615). J'en ai un double original dans mes archives où les armoiries sont peintes par Bonnes-Nouvelles (Pompée Brambilla) ; les roses sont pointées de sinople et boutonnées du champ, quoique la description ne le dise pas. Devise : NEC VI NEC METU. — Cimier : un lion issant d'or. ES patentes de noblesse accordées pour leurs bons services militaires à Nes Claude e1 If: t" Jacques Domen le 31 mars 1615. (Reg. 26. Pat. de Sav. fo 289, Arch. de la Chambre des W Comptes de Turin) ne mentionnent pas la communauté d'origine qui pourrait exister ■ entre eux et les Nes Domen du Sougey. Ils étaient de Massinge, près Cusy, où je les trouve £ j établis longtemps avant. Ainsi Jean Domeni, fils de feu Pierre, de Cusy, achète des biens c.,,_iI à Cusy et environs le 21 mai 1521 (Arch. Cevins). Il y avait encore à Reignier des Domen. non nobles, ainsi qu'à Annecy, probablement de la même famille. Voir ci-dessous (à Revd Claude) l'acte de 1647, auquel est témoin Sple Jean-François Domen, avocat au Sénat. Le 28 octobre 1644 et le 31 décembre 1661 (Arch. Th.) Thomasse (fille d'Étienne et d'Huguette Peyssard), femme de Catherin Vel, d'Arculinge, paroisse de Reignier, cède des biens audit lieu à Ne Louis Domen. Un Honnête Alexandre Domen (pourrait être le même que celui ci-contre, à la rigueur) reconnut des biens relevant de la seigneurie d'Arbusigny en 1556. Ces mêmes biens furent reconnus le 12 décembre 1609 (Arch. Rubaud) par un Ne Charles Domen. Or, nous trouvons au fo 275 un noble Charles Domen, de l'autre famille, qui teste en 1617. On pourrait donc supposer que les deux familles ont L même souche, s'il n'était pas difficile que les Pes de noblesse de 1615 et de 1625 n'en eussent pas fai mention. DRUJON SEIGNEURS DES MAISONS FORTES DE RERGIN ET MATTET, DE BEAULIEU ET DE CURTILLES. P. d'azur à trois monts d'or à trois lames d'épée naissantes de chacun aussi d'or (GUICHENON, Ind. Armorial). A cette description ne correspond pas le dessin ci-contre (fourni par trois cachets de la famille, dont M. Girod a la bonté de m'envoyer des empreintes) qu'il faut blasonner : d'azur à trois monts d'or rangés en fasce mouvants de la pointe, de chacun desquels est naissante une épée du même. = NCIENNE famille, originaire, paraît-il, de Belley, établie dès le commencement du XVe siècle ~&.j dans le Petit-Bugey, où elle possédait dans la paroisse de Saint-Jean-de-Chevelu, Bergin et M~M~) Mattet. Elle a été, par arrêt de la Chambre des Comptes du 28 août, 1653, reconnue d'ancienne p~a noblesse après enquête provoquée à la suite de l'incendie qui détruisit le château et les Kj~S~L~ archives de Bergin peu de temps auparavant. Je dois à l'obligeance de feu le général de )'~@&JBM) Baillencourt communication des généalogies manuscrites de cette famille. La filiation est parfaitement conforme à celle que Nes Guillaume et Philibert Drujon ont fait établir sur preuves à la Chambre des Comptes ensuite de l'édit de 1723, remontant à Ne Claude Drujon, leur septième aïeul, par lequel je commencerai. Je pense donc pouvoir m'appuyer aussi, pour des faits moins importants, sur ces généalogies (pour ce qui n'a pas d'autre marque de provenance). Cette famille, éteinte, était, en même temps qu'à Saint-Jean-de-Chevelu, établie à Lavour, en Bugey (part de France). Elle figure depuis 1651 aux assemblées de la noblesse de cette province. (4) Il passa aux Indes où il fut lieutenant de cipayes, puis colonel au service du Maha-Rajah des Marattes, enfin commandant de Dehli, gouverneur de Chah-Allum, empereur des Mogols. Mort à Chandernagor, le 15 juillet 1805. Il avait épousé, more indiorum, Chaise Nepha Begum, dont il eut un fils naturel Jean-Henri, né le 31 juillet 1804, qu'il reconnut par son testament du 1" mars 1805. Jean-Henri vivait encore en 1824, à Chandernagor. DU BOIN P. d'azur à la fasce d'argent accompagnée de trois étoiles d'or en chef et d'un bœuf de même en pointe. Devise : LABORIS PRIEMIUM. Patentes de noblesse, 1627. OBLE Claude Du Boin, de Samoens. Reçoit sans payement de finances, en récompense de ses bons services et de ceux rendus par trois de ses fils dans les dernières guerres, des Pes de noblesse, le 15 avril 1627 (Reg. 32, Pat. de Sav. fo 64, Arch. de la Chambre des Comptes de Turin). Il figure aux Preuves 1723, faites par ses descendants (double ligne). Son alliance est inconnue. Il teste en 1643 (Notes TavernlAr) (1) Il nomme héritier N" François-Henri, fils de N° Isidore du Clos, son parent, lui substituant N° François-Marie-Gaspard du Boin, son parent. Jean-Hyacinthe avait eu un frère Joseph, tué au siège de Verceil, en 1704, et une sœur Adrienne que l'on croit mariée à Jean de la Grange et mère du CIe Joachim de la Grange (2) D'après des notes obligeamment communiquées par M. Tavernier, juge, ce Pierre-Humbert, né en 1618, épousa N° Jacqueline de Marignier, dont il eut Jacqueline, née en lwjk;, et Etienne-Joseph, né en 1647, dont la destinée est inconnue.
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SATURDAY, AUG. 21, 1920 FOUR YOUNG MENHELD. FOR MIK SI BILLS TO SIOBYCIPHER USE CHEYENNE, Wyo., Aug. 21.—A report from Laramie that four young men arrested there Thursday, charged with raising $1.00 bank notes to $10.00 notes by pasting ciphers upon them, also operated successfully in Cheyenne, is not confirmed by inquiry at each of the banks here. No raised notes were presented at any of the Cheyenne banks, nor did any depositor in the banks here report that he had been victimized, through such a fraud. TUBE FUR HUME FOR WYOMING IS POSSIBLE CHEYENNE, Wyo., Aug. 21.—Miss Viola Nohr of Wisconsin, who has arrived here to make a tuberculosis survey of Wyoming for the State Public Health association, expects soon to be launched a movement for the erection in Wyoming of a state home for tubercular persons. Miss Nohr’s first investigations in Wyoming will be conducted in Niobrara county, for which locality she will depart next Sunday. Miss Nohr was abroad with the Red Cross during the war, and after service in Scotland, England, France and Germany went to Albania, where she spent six months. Ninety percent of the people of Albania, she says, are sufferers from tuberculosis. AN EXPRESSION OF GRATITUDE To those who were so kind to come and see me and cheer me up in the hours of suffering and loneliness during my long, severe illness, I extend my deepest gratitude. To those, who again and again filled my room with exquisite flowers of which I am so fond, I am equally as grateful: the lovely bouquets from American Legion and Casper Elks brought me great joy; toy. A most beautifully written letter from Casper Concert Band made me extremely happy. To my kind doctors and sweet nurses I am in great obligation for their wonderful care and attention. Last, but not least, I wish to thank James Shikany (City Fruit Market) for the delicious fruit sent me so frequently, and Mr. and Mrs. Tucker of Virginia hotel for all their kindness; during my convalescence. To everyone who showed me any attention, I am heartily grateful, and will endeavor to show my appreciation in every way possible. RUDOLPH LUNDBERG. • 8-21-It ♦ Nobody can tell why we should have a two-cent piece coined in this country unless it is so we can trade with the Austrians and the Germans. WANTED A Loan of $3000 TO $3000 for one to three years, at 8% interest. Gilt edge security. Address Box 321, Tribune. B. & C. Grocery Fifth & Beech. Phone 545 W, Com Flakes, 4 Aa per package AW Two Half Pound cans AS a Salmoni A W V Four Bars Tar Soap Three Bars Bath Tablets AUV 10-lb. Box Su- d*4 Qff preme Crackers.. V Can Blackberries in Syrup TUV Number 10 Can Qfikd* Apples No. 10 Can o*4 4 A Blackberries V-KsTv No. 10 Can 04 4 R Peaches No. 10 Can AA a Rhubarb v W $1.00 No. 10 Can 04 4 R Apricots 4»JLoJLM These prices hold good Saturday, Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday. CAR EQUIPPED AS HOME USED BY TOURIST CHEYENNE, Wyo., Aug. 21. Thousands of tourists with remarkable motor outfits have passed through Cheyenne—the intersection of the Yellowstone and Lincoln highways —this summer, but none had so complete a traveling home as that of Dr. and Mrs. S. A. Rosborough and Mrs. Christine Schoeb, Mrs. Rosborough’s mother, who were here Thursday, en route from Allentown, Oklahoma, on a tour of the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast states, with Long Beach, Calif., which they expect to reach in December, as their ultimate destination. Their equipment is the more remarkable because of the fact that it is mounted on the chassis of the lightest of trucks manufactured (Ford). Dr. Rosborough’s car is A complete home in one room. Mounted on the truck chassis is a house 5½ by 12 feet in horizontal dimensions and 5½ feet high. The body is made of lap-siding, lined with wall board, with windows, sashed and also screened, all the way around. The weight of the car, without its load, is 2,550 pounds. Inside the car is a built-in double bed. The driver’s seat quickly may be converted into a second bed. There are built-in kitchen cabinets, bureau and miscellaneous drawers, a fireless cooker, a refrigerator, a cooking stove, a heating stove, a sink with a hot-water system, a 15-gallon pressure water-tank, a lavatory and toilet, a complete electric lighting system and many other conveniences of the stationary modern home. Curtains decorate the windows, soft rugs are on the floor — there is even a little library. The purpose of the trip primarily is to keep the effect of changes of temperature. Beginning Saturday, 98 Silk, Serge, Tricotine, and Georgette Dresses—Values up to $45. Your choice $10.95. 50 Summer Coats Have been up to $65. Your choice $10.00. See window display. 156 South Center. - Mwu ISOIW. Do You Drive a Car? Eyestrain can very easily be aggravated by driving a car. The attempt to focus the eyes on objects which you are swiftly passing irritates the already strained nerves of the eye. Don't give up the car—but have your eyes attended to—“The Burnett Way”—that obviates the trouble and makes the ride a joy and pleasure. “Let me look you in the eye”—if you don’t need glasses you can’t buy them from us. BURNETT OPTICAL CO. Artistic Optometrists Hotel Henning Entrance, Casper, Wyo. Casper Dairy Ice Cream As the J,®*** Mountain Gold Dew Ask for It by Name PHONE 471 climate on Mrs. Rosborough’s health. She has been a semi-invaded for several years. WEDNESDAY NIGHT NUW HELD FOR ROBBING THE O. S. MIIL CHEYENNE, Wyo., Aug. 21.—Willard A. Cox, charged with robbery of the United States mails at Worland, Wyoming, was brought to Cheyenne Thursday and is held in the county jail for action by the grand jury of the November term of the federal district court. His bond has been set at $5,000. It is alleged that Cox stole several letters from the mails at Worland. All-metal Weatherstrip. Sylvester F. Pelton, 925 S. Lincoln Ave. Phone 928 J. AT YOUR DRUGGIST— NAME Subscription TO GINGER Your baby wants and needs you. Please write, wire or come. ‘NICKY’ Cte Casper Pang of the city Mrs. Earl E. Hanway and daughter, Charline, returned this morning from Denver where they have been visiting the past month with relatives. They were accompanied to Casper by Miss Opal Porter, of Tyler, Texas, a cousin of Mrs. Hanway, and who will visit here for several days before returning to her home. Before we have any about that $5,000 hat of Mme. Deschanel's we would like to know whether it cost $5,000 in francs or in real money. People’s don’t like a pessimist, but they’re always inclined to believe he’s right. Retail center Greatest in America per capita, the large retail stores of Sioux City do a greater business than those of any other city: More than 4 times as big as New York. More than 2 times as big as Omaha. More than 2 times as big as Des Moines. The 3 largest retail stores of Sioux City alone employ 2 percent of its population. As a retail piano dealer, it is the largest State of Iowa—one house handling 22 different makes of the highest grade. Sioux City's retail buyers reach the greatest markets in the world. They bring to their patrons a wide variety of the best creations of modern times. A Monument to the City's Greatness. Its retail stores are mighty factors. In making the city a great market—a complete, well-rounded commercial center—your logical trading center. Service, progress, vigorous effort—those are the keynotes of the retailers and the keynotes of Sioux City. Sioux City Better! Write for Book One (it is free) CHAMBER OF COMMERCE JOS. I. SCHWARTZ ART JEWELER Watch Repairing Iris Theater Bldg. E. Keating, Mgr. Richards & Cunningham Co. ANNUAL AUG. CLEARANCE SALE IN MEN’S DEPARTMENT Will end on August 31, so you only have 10 DAYS MORE to purchase MEN’S and BOY’S WEARING APPAREL at discounts of 10 to 20 percent, which is really a saving of from 15 to 25 percent on Fall prices. Clothing for SHIRTS Men and Boys We will allow you a discount of 20 percent on any Men’s Shirts in Casper, and while our Men’s or Boy’s Suit during this sale is on we will allow a other merchandise in the men’s discount of 10 percent department. We feature the well-known HIRSH-WICK make of clothing for men, two of the best assortment is complete and the brands of clothing made, which prices are down. You will insure you good wear, the quality not have an opportunity like the latest up-to-date styles and the prices will again soon be very best of tailoring. Ml SHOES UNDERWEAR It will pay you to buy light weight underwear now for future use, as we are closing out all of our SUMMER WEIGHT UNDERWEAR regardless of cost. You can buy $1.50 garments for 95c and $2.50 and $3 grades for they Hats and Caps During this sale, we will give you a discount of 10 PER CENT on any Hat or Cap in the store (except the John B. Stetson) and 2E PER CENT on any STRAW. You can always use a new pair of Shoes and now is HAT, so it will pay you to buy a time to buy them, while our sale is on. WE WILL give one for next season. ALLOW A DISCOUNT OF 10 PER CENT ON ANY Dress or Work Shoe for Men or Boys and 20 PER CENT ON ANY CANVAS SHOES, KEDS OR SAN-O-pecial DALS while they last. This sale will only last 10 days. We are offering special discounts on Tent, Tar paulins, Blankets, Comforters and Pillows, Trunks, Suit more, so don’t forget to come to the store and see what age and Traveling Bags. bargains we have to offer you. THINK RICHARDS & CUNNINGHAM WHEN YOU WANT THE BEST . *oeo<y»oe«eeeseeseese i,. x 9 ' FOR SALE OR RENT ;; Modern bungalow on East Dover, with basement apartment. Apply Peter Clauson. 1 i I 306 0. S. Bldg., between 5 2 and 7 p. m. 8-18-ts 2 THEY ALL TALK ABOUT DR. MURPHY’S FAMOUS ROOT BEER MADE IN CASPER BY Casper Bottling Works ON DRAUGHT AT GUNNISON’S NEWS DEPOT AND 0. RAMSEY’S The Nicolaysen Lumber Co. EVERYTHING IN BUILDING MATERIAL RIG TIMBERS A SPECIALTY FARM MACHINERY, COAL WAGONS, GAS ENGINES Phone 62. Office and Yard: First and Center HARD FACTS: 90% of children entering school at the age of six fail to complete the course through the Eighth grade—they stop to go to work. FUTURE AMERICANISM depends upon the education of the youth of this age. IS THE EDUCATION of your children provided for if you die today? A New York Life Monthly Income Policy would provide. C. H. Bauer, Special Representative New York Life Insurance Co. With R. T. KEMP COMPANY Phone 370 112 East Second St. PAGE SEVEN.
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Unit area ratio accumulator with fail-safe means
Aug. 3, 1965 A, SCHINDEL 3,198,213
UNIT AREA RATIO ACCUMULATOR WITH FAIL-SAFE MEANS Filed Dec. 21, 1962 ARNOLD SCHINDEL INVENTOR.
ATTORNEYS United States Patent Office 3,1982% Patented Aug. 3, 1965 3,11%,213 UNHT AREA RATHU AQCUMULATGR WZTH EARL-SAFE MEANS Arnold Schindel, Fair Lawn, Ni, assignor to General Precision ind, Littie Faiis, N1, a corporation of Deiaware Filed Dec. 21, 1962, Ser. No. 246,527 2 Llaims. (Cl. 138-41.)
The present invention relates to accumulators for hy draulic systems and more particularly to an accumulator adapted to be mounted directly on a hydraulic unit to form a complete hydraulic package.
Accumulators have been used extensively as fluid power storage sources. They generally have a free-floating piston with the fluid to be pressurized on one side thereof and some medium, such as a precharged gas, on the other side thereof to pressurize the fluid. Therefore, the pressure of the fluid is that of the gas which is, in turn, a function of initial precharge pressure, temperature and the displaced position of the piston in steady state conditions. The accumulator provides a supply of oil under pressure for short duration high discharge system requirements where it is not advisable to employ larger equivalent pumps because of the duty cycle involved and the cost and weight factors. The accumulator can be charged during the low demand portion of the cycle so that it is able to maintain system pressure during peak demands which cannot be satisfied by the pump alone. A secondary usage of accumulators is to attenuate surges caused by pump pulsations and high load system dynamic effects, the pressurized gas on the one side of the piston acting as a pulsation absorber.
Recently accumulators have been incorporated as an integral component of hydraulic packages rather than as separate plumbed elements in order to save cost and to reduce size and vulnerability to external leaks. In such an arrangement, the O-ring seal which prevents pressurized fluid from leaking from the accumulator is positioned about the external surface of the accumulator. This results in an increase in the effective area loading on the flange attaching the accumulator to the hydraulic package above that of the effective area of the floating piston operating within the accumulator. Consequently, the stress level in the flange is increased and the safety factor is reduced. High safety factors and fail-safe protection are very important for many accumulator applications because the high energy stored in the precharged gas has explosive characteristics.
Accordingly, it is one object of the present invention to reduce the stress level imposed on attachment flanges by accumulators and thus increase the safety factor.
It is another object of the invention to provide a failsafe protection device for accumulators to prevent their being blown off of hydraulicpackages to which they are attached in the event of'failure of mechanical connections therebetween.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an accumulator having a free-floating piston operating there' in and a primary pressure drain seal with substantially the same effective area as the free-floating piston whereby a higher safety factor is obtained as compared to prior art accumulators in which the effective area of the primary pressure drain seal is significantly greater than the effective area of the piston. It is a still further object of the invention to provide a fail-safe protection device for accumulators of the type described which positively blocks the free-floating pistons against being blown out of the accumulators in the event of failure to prevent acceleration of the accumulators off of the hydraulic packages in a dangerous manner.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention the foregoing objects are accomplished by providing a cylindrical accumulator having a closed end and an open end with a free-floating piston slidably sealed therein. The open end of the accumulator is slidably positioned over a boss projecting from the surface of a hydraulic unit to which the accumulator is to be attached. The boss has substantially the same effective area as the floating piston and an O-ring is seated in a groove in the cylindrical surface of the boss in position to slidably seal against the cylinder wall of the accumulator. A radially projecting attachment flange is also provided about the open end to facilitate clamping the accumulator to the hydraulic unit. Since the Oring which provides the primary drain seal and the free-floating piston engage the same cylinder wall, the effective area determining the loading on the attachment flange is substantially the same as the effective area of the piston itself. This provides a unit ratio as opposed to the multiple ratio of prior accumulators in which the O-ring seals against the outer cylindrical surface of the accumulator. V i
A precharged gas is contained between the closed end of the accumulator and the piston to exert the necessary pressure on the piston. Therefore in the event of failure of the mechanical connection between the accumulator and the hydraulic unit, the accumulator will tend to be blown off of the hydraulic unit by the pressurized gas because of its explosive characteristics. In accordance with another important feature of the present invention the acceleration of the accumulator from the hydraulic unit in the event of such a failure is quickly dampened by a locking ring fixed to and projecting radially inwardly from the cylindrical wall of the accumulator on the fluid side of the piston. Should the accumulator be pulled off of the hydraulic unit, the free-floating piston will be accelerated against the locking ring by the pressurized gas at which point it is positively blocked and a balanced condition prevails to prevent further acceleration of the accumulator. Other objects and features of novelty of the present invention will be specifically pointed out or will otherwise become apparent when referring, for a better understanding of the invention, to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, wherein: FIG. Referring to FIG. 1, an accumulator 10 is shown which illustrates one embodiment of the invention. It comprises a cylinder 12 having an end wall M closing off one end thereof. A radially projecting attachment flange 16 is provided about the open end of the cylinder to facilitate the attachment thereof to a conventional hydraulic unit 18 to form a hydraulic package. A surface 20 of the hydraulic unit is provided with a cylindrical recess 22 having the same diameter as the outside diameter of the attachment flange 16 and an internally threaded portion 24 at the upper end thereof. A boss 26 having the same external diameter as the internal diameter of the cylinder 12 projects upwardly into the recess 22. An externally threaded clamping ring 28 threadably engages the internally threaded portion 24 of the recess to positively clamp the attachment flange 16 against the hydraulic unit 13. A free-floating piston 30 is slidably sealed within the cylinder 12 by a pair of axially-spaced Orings 32 and 34 which slidably seal against the inner surface of the cylinder. A suitable fitting 36 is provided in the end Wall 14 to enable pressurized gas to be introduced into the closed end of the cylinder to continuously urge the piston toward the hydraulic unit.
Fluid is introduced under pressure into the chamber on the other side of the piston through a passageway 38 7 generally has explosive characteristics.
wall.
in the hydraulic unit communicating with the end of the boss, and the pressurized fluid is delivered from the accumulator chamber through an outlet passageway 40 which also communicates with the end of the boss 26. A suitable relief valve (not shown) may be provided in the hydraulic unit to connect the outlet passageway 40 to tank when the pressure of the fluid exceeds a predetermined value.
In order to prevent the pressurized fluid escaping from the accumulator chamber an O-ring 42 is seated within an annular groove 44 in the cylindrical surface of the boss 26 in position to slidably seal against the inner cylindrical surface of the cylinder 12. Consequently the net force attempting to pull the accumulator off of the manifold is equal to the pressure of the hydraulic fluid multiplied by the effective area at the primary pressure drain seal provided by the O-ring 42. Since this effective area is basically the same as the piston area itself, the net force tending to shear the threaded connection between the clamping ring 28 and the threaded portion 24 has a unit ratio with respect to the force on the piston. This is in direct contrast to prior accumulators having the primary pressure drain seal located on the outer surface of the accumulator so that pressurized fluid acts on the underside of the attachment flange. Consequently the effective area determining the force on the attachment flange is greater than the basic piston area. This necessitated heavier restraining means and the yield and burst safety factors were generally marginal.
'Ihe pressurized gas stored within the accumulator Therefore if the threaded connection between the clamping ring 2-8 and hydraulic unit 18 fails, the cylinder 12 will be blown off of the hydraulic unit by the rapidly expanding gas which drives the cylinder away from the hydraulic unit and the piston toward the hydraulic unit. This explosive pressure is applied at a high level until the piston comes out of the cylinder to release the pressure, or conversely, until the cylinder 12 COlInGS off of the end of the piston. In prior accumulators this high duration impulse effectively accelerates the accumulator to a very high velocity since there are no restraining forces against separation of the cylinder from the piston other than the drag provided by the O-rings which slidably seal the piston to the cylinder Because of this there have been instances in the past where lives have actually been lost and much property destroyed as a result of accumulator explosions.
In accordance with the present invention this explosion danger is prevented by seating a locking ring 46 in an annular groove in the inner cylindrical surface of the cylinder 12 near the open end thereof, The locking ring projects radially inward to positively block the piston against removal from the cylinder 12. Consequently in the event of failure the pressurized gas will start to drive the cylinder 12 off of the hydraulic unit, but at the same time the piston 30 will be driven toward the hydraulic unit until it strikes the locking ring 46. In this position the piston reaction against the ring creates a balanced condition and further acceleration of the cylinder off of the hydraulic unit is not possible. By making the piston of lighter material than the cylinder it will have a lower inertia than the cylinder and therefore can be made to move quickly against the locking ring as.
While it will be apparent that the embodiment of the invention herein disclosed is well calculated to fulfill the objects of the invention, it will be appreciated that the invention is susceptible to modification, variation and change without departing from the proper scope or fair meaning of the subjoined claims.
What is claimed is:
1. In combination, a hydraulic unit having a cylindrical recess in one surface thereof with a cylindrical boss of reduced diameter rojecting upwardly into said recess, an accumulator comprising a cylindrical housing having a closed end and an open end with an attachment flange about said open end, the outside diameter of said boss being substantially the same as the inside diameter of the housing, said open end of the housing being slidably positioned over said boss, a clamping ring fitte/d within said recess about said housing and abutting against said attachment flange, said clamping ring threadably engaging the wall of said recess to positively prevent the disengagement of the housing from the boss, a free-floating piston slidably sealed within said housing, said hydraulic unit having inlet and outlet passageways communicating with the end face of said boss to direct pressurized fluid into and out of a chamber on one side of the piston, said piston being maintained against the fluid by a pressurized gas in a chamber on the other side of the piston, and an O-ring seated in an annular groove in the cylindrical wall of said boss and slidably .sealing against the inner cylindrical surface of said housing.
2. The invention as defined in claim 1 including a locking ring fixed within an annular groove in the inner cylindrical surface of the accumulator on said one side of the piston and projecting radially inward to positively block the piston against being blo-wn'out of the accumulator in the event of failure of the threaded connection between the clamping ring and the wall of said recess.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 710,889 10/02 Prescott et al 138'31 XR 1,968,668 7/34 Bredeson 285-205 2,406,197 8/46 Christen-sen 138-31 261 1593 9/52 Gravenhorst 138-31 2,884,955 5/59 Yost 13831 2,963,044 12/60 Hellund 13830 3,043,341 7/62 Worlidge et al 13831 3,077,898 2/63 Raymond 138-31 XR FOREIGN PATENTS 4,448 12/10 Great Britain. 775,342 8/56 Great Britain.
LAVERNE D. GEIGER, Primary Examiner.
LEWIS J. LENNY, Examiner,
1. IN COMBINATION, A HYDRAULIC UNIT HAVING A CYLINDRICAL RECESS IN ONE SURFACE THEREOF WITH A CYLINDRICAL BOSS OF REDUCED DIAMETER PROJECTING UPWARDLY INTO SAID RECESS, AN ACCUMULATOR COMPRISING A CYLINDRICAL HOUSING HAVING A CLOSED END AND AN OPEN END WITH AN ATTACHMENT FLANGE ABOUT SAID OPEN END, THE OUTSIDE DIAMETER OF SAID BOSS BEING SUBSTANTIALLY THE SAME AS THE INSIDE DIAMETER OF THE HOUSING, SAID OPEN END OF THE HOUSING BEING SLIDABLY POSITIONED OVER SAID BOSS, A CLAMPING RING FITTED WITHIN SAID RECESS ABOUT SAID HOUSING AND ABUTTING AGAINST SAID ATTACHMENT FLANGE, SAID CLAMPING RING THREADABLY ENGAGING THE WALL OF SAID RECESS TO POSITIVELY PREVENT THE DISENGAGEMENT OF THE HOUSING FROM THE BOSS, A FREE-FLOATING PISTON SLIDABLY SEALED WITHIN SAID HOUSING, SAID HYDRAULIC UNIT HAVING INLET AND OUTLET PASSAGEWAYS COMMUNICATING WITH THE END FACE OF SAID BOSS TO DIRECT PRESSURIZED FLUID INTO AND OUT OF A CHAMBER ON ONE SIDE OF THE PISTON, SAID PISTON BEING MAINTAINED AGAINST THE FLUID BY A PRESSURIZED GAS IN A CHAMBER ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE PISTON, AND AN O-RING SEATED IN AN ANNULAR GROOVE IN THE CYLINDRICAL WALL OF SAID BOSS AND SLIDABLY SEALING AGAINST THE INNER CYLINDRICAL SURFACE OF SAID HOUSING..
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KORDU AM. CZąŚą PIERWASZA TKYLOUJI. SPISEK KORONACYJNY. (Ciąg dalszy). Słyszą tentent — to Kordjan! — więo okno otworzą — Nie, możebym za zbytnią troskliwość wydała. Co? nikt drzwi nie odmyka? (Ottriera okno) Bota! wielki Boże! Koń przeleciał bez jeźdźca.—Co to jest? drżą cała! (Dzwoni, panna pokojowa wchodzi). Gdzie Grzegórz? Panna. Nie wiem pani, nie siadł do wieczerzy — Widać było, bo dzbankiem z nami się nie dzielił Jak żyd płaszozem Chrystusa. Laura. Szukaj go, niechaj bieży! Grzegórz (wchodząc). Nieszczęście! ob nieszczęście! panicz się zastrzelił! — AKT II. liok 1828. TCędrowiec. Jame's Park w Loedynie — wieczór. Kordjan siedzi pod drze wem, wokoło łi%k I zielone — dalej sadzawka ocieniona drzewa mi — trzody — do okolą parku pałace i dwie wieże Westminister. Kordjan. Wyspę łąk porzucono na pałaców stepy, Uciekam tu opodal od wrącego gminu; Lud woli pić dym węgli i zaglądać w sklepy; A ten ogród, ozarowna sielanka Londynu, Jak ustęp złoty, w nudnym ginie poemaoie. Ladzie! wy się tym drzewom przypatrywać macie Jak cudom Boga, obok cudów waszej ręki. Brzewa nietknięte, rajskie zaohowały wdzięki; Nieraz mgły nadpłynione w kłęby czarne zwiną, 1 liściowym wachlarzem na miasto odwieją. Po sadzawkach łabędzie rozżaglone płyną. Ludzie piaskiem Paktolu węże ścieżek sieją, A łąki flamandzkiego aksamitu puchem. Tam! miasto — zegar, ludzkim kręcący Się ruchem — A tu cisza — tu ludźni nie kwitną ogrody, Ale się po murawach wyperliły trzody. — Był wiek, żem ja w dzieoinnych marzeniach budował Wszystkie stolice ziemskie, dziś je widzę różne; Alem pierwszych obrazów w myśli nie zepsował. Sę dziś porównań celem, jak księgi podróżne. Rzeczywistości naga wynagródźd marzenie! Obym się sam ooenił, skoro świat ooen'ą! — Kto wie? może w szczęśliwych grono mię powoła — Chciałbym bliznę Kaina zmazać z mego czoła — Pierwszy wzrok ludzi czoło samobójcy bada. Zurzezt, że zu złotym wątkiem snuły, I przerwały się nagle — od świata ucieka. Chiałbym go poznać.—Bracie, znasz tego człowieka? Dozorca. To pewien dłużnik, bankrut, potępion wy rokiem. K o r <1 j a n. Dlaczegóż nie w więzieniu duma, leoz w ogrodzie? Dozorca. Prawo w domy nie wchodzi, po słońca za Nie biega po ulicach za dłużnika krokiem; (chodzie Więo dłużnik za dniu sypia, a chodzi po nocy. Myślałem, że pan także przy Boga pomocy, Mijasz się z prawem. Kordjan. Nędzny! Dozorca. Pan jakby lord płaci, Mam honor mu polec ić siebie, moich braci — Jeden, jak ja, przedaje groby w Westminsterze; Trzeci robi na przedaż herbowe pieczęcie, Na każdej ryje łokieć, szalki i dwie wieże, Podobne kształtem do wieź dłużników więzienia. Czwartego lud nazywa Garnkiem tragicznym. Prawdziwie małpi talent wzięł od urodzenia, I Punsza bohatera przed tłumem ulioznym Pokazuje — przez Punsza usta opowiada Jak zabił żonę. dzieoię wyrzuoił przez okno, Obwiesił kata, wreszcie w szpony djahła wpada; A gdy go djabeł porwie, widzę we łzach mokną. — (Kordjan odchodzi). Doror. Kordjan siedzi na białej kredowej skale nad morzem, Czyta Szekspira wyjutek z tragedji pod tytułem: Król Lear. K o r d j a □ (czyta). „Chodź! oto szczyt, stój oicho! Zakręci się w głowie, Gdj rzucisz wzrok w przepaści ubiegłe s pod nogi. Wrony przelatujęce w otchłani połowie Mało większe od żuków — a tam na pół drogi, Czepia się ktoś—chwast zbiera—z ciężkiej żyje praoyl Ztęd go nie większym widać od człowieka głowy. A owi, o się snują po brzegu rybacy Wydają się jak mrówki. — Okręt trójmanztowy Spoczywający w pójcie, widać ztęd, bez żagli, Łupinę ty'ko, moiesząod węzła kotwicy. A szum z hukanej fali, którą wioher nagli, 1 pokłada na brzegów skalistej granicy; War piany i kamieni, równy głośnej burzy, Ucha tu nie doohodzi. — O! nie patrzę dłużej, Bo myśl skręcona głową w otchłań mię zanurzy”.— (Przestaje czytać). Szekspirze! duchu! zbudowałeś górę Większę od góry, którą Bóg postawił! Boś ty ślepemu o przepaści prawił! Z nieskończonością zbliśyłeś twór ziemi. Wolałbym ciemną mieć na oczach chmurę, I patrzeć na świat oozyma two. Wastęść genjuszu świat cały pozłac. Na każdym szczeblu świat cały pozłac. Prawdziwie, jam podobny do tego człowieka, Co zbiera chwast po skałach życia rzeczywistość. Ciężka pracie!— (Odchodzi) Willa wioska — pokój cały zwierciadłami wybity — kobierce — wazony rżnięte sławy, pełne kwiatów. Przez okno widać piękną okolicę. Kordjan i Wioletta, młoda i piękna Włoszka. Kordjan. Duszo! niechaj ci włosy na czole rozgarnę! Weź mię w twoje ramiona, rozkoszą odkwitnę. Patrz na mnie! Twoje oczy jasne, skrzące, czarne, Białka oczu jak perły śnieżysto błękitne. Gdy rzucasz wzrok omdlony, padam, słabnę, mdleję; Tak na przeałodkiej róży mrą złote motyle; A gdy spojrzysz iskrami twych oczu — szaleję! 1 ożywam na całę pocałunku chwilę. W i o 1 e 11 a. Paść mię! omdlewam. Kordjan. Laba! gdy padasz omdlona, Odpychając mię falę kołysaną łona, Wtenczas gdy z rozkwitłego ciebie, czyż wątpisz szalony? Kordjan. Wierzę na koralowych ustach zawieszony Jako motyl na róży. Twoja szyja płonie, A perły takie zimne na płomennem łonie? Hozerwij perły — czekaj — rozgryzę nić! — Wioletta. Szkoda!— Kordjan. Perły po twoich piersiach leję jak woda; Boisz się łaskotania pereł moja miła? Drzysz jak liść! — Czy mię kochasz? — W i o 1 e 11 a. Jam stokroć mówiła, że mi droższy nad życie; wiszę u twej szaty Jak kropla rosy, strząśniesz? rozprysnę się cała. Kordjan. (coraz zimtiiej i z tpiękazem zamyśleniem). Patrzę na wazon z lawy, w którym rosnę kwiaty; — Niegdyś ta lawa ogniem zapalona wrzała, Skoro ostygła, snycerz kształt. Jej nadał drogi. Świat jest nieraz snycerzem, a serce kobiety Lawą ostygłą, f Wioletta. Wyrzut dla płoi naszej srogi! Niezasłużony wiernem sercem Wioletty. Kordjan. Laba! gdzieś na północy stał zamek wieko Herby pradziadów moich świeciły na bramie. | wy— W salach portrety dziadów w ozłooonej ramie Patrzały na mnie; dzisiaj wzrok ojców surowy Aż tu, do włoskioj willi, ściga za mną, goni. Bo zamek ojców mo oh stopiłem na złoto, A z tego złoto nosisz przepaskę na skroni, Wioletta. Luby! zatruwasz serce niewczesną zgry< KO tą. K o rd j a n. Droga! gdybym pałace mógł nazad odzy skać Jedną łzą twoję, nie obcą, abyś łzę wylała. Luba! tobie przystoi brylantami błyskać Jak droga mleczna, światów miljonem biała. Chciałbym w tej pięknej willi przeżyć z tobą wieki, Wśród laurów, wodospadów, róż, bronzów, zwiercia. A kto wie? jutro może otworzysz powieki [deł; — I spojrzysz w lice nędzy, najsroższej z widziadeł. Przekleństwo! jam utracił wszystko! Wioletta. Mio i aro Co się to znaczy? Kordjan. U drzwi stoję wierzyciele Lecz bogactwo w miłości znikomą jest marą. Dawałem ci brylanty, dziś sercem się dzielą. Wioletta. Ach brylantami — gdzie klucze,? — Kor d j a n. Stój! stój moje życie! Wczoraj aby opóźnić majętku rozbicie, Z twojemi brylantami siadłem do gry stoła; 'Gra mi wszystko pożarła.— Lecz serce anioła... Wioletta (ze łzami i gnieuem). * Ach! ach! ja nieszczęślewa! zabrał mi klejnoty! Kordjan. Zabijasz tięłie kochanko niewczesnemi łza Serce twoje przekładaj' nad wszelki dar złoty, [mi— Wioletta. Przegrałeś moje serce razem z klejnota* Nądza! nądza mię czeka! — [mi! Kordjan. Mnie zaś koń mój czeka. Wioletta. Jedź z djabłem! Kor d j a n. Droga moja nie nazbyt daleka, Koń ma złote podkowy, tysięc czętych warte; Wygrałem je był wczoraj na ostatnią. Zą, przed wierzycieli okiem w podkowach uniosą. Przez noc całędzę przez błonia Złotemi kopytami srebrną bijąc rosę. Potem, w najbliści mieście każę rozkuć konia, I za oztery podkowy, uczt wyprawię cztery; A potem, jako czynią modne bohatery, W łeb sobie strzelę.— Panią na uoztę śmiem prosić. A jeźli po kochanku chcesz żałobę nosić, Upewniam, że ci będzie do twarzy z żałobą, Pani czy jedziesz ze mną? — Wioletta (jto chwili). Luby! jadę z tobą. — (Wychodzą). Droga publiczna. Kordjau ua koniu, za nim Wioletta — prze latują c/walem — koń śli/ga się i pada. Kordjan zsadza s ko nia Wiolettę. Wioletta. Cóż to? K o r d j a o. Nio — koA rozkuty? Kordjao. To nio.— Kazałem słabo przybić mu pod kowy. Nie przybić, raczej zwięzać sprucbniałemi druty, Zgubił je przy wyjeździ* — Wioletta (z gniewem), Wężu Adamowy! K o r d j a n. Ewo moja! Adama zastąpią oi drudzy, A ja cieszą się z seroa, że gdzież moi słudzy Wygnani z willi, z czołem spuszczonem ku ziemi. Pójdą tą samą drogą, za ilady mojemi, I będą zbierać złoto, tam gdzie łzy upadną. Wioletta. Niech ludzie z pistoletów kule oi wy. kradną! Niechaj oię głód zabije, zapali pragnienie! — (Odbiega drogą — Kordjan niada na konia i patrzy na nię z n A miechem wzgardy). Kordjan. Prawdziwie, ta kobieta kocha mię szalenie, Poszła, szukając siadów kochanka do drodze. Dalej mój koniu! leć, gdzie zeohoesz! puszczam wodze. (Odfeidio). (Cięg dalszy nastąpi). 50-ta rocznica Ligi Polskiej. Dnia 10 stycznia b. r. minę ło pół wieku od chwili, gdy w W. Ks. Poznańskiem zrodzi ła się jedna z najpiękniejszych — na owe czasy — organiza cyj polskich, majęcych na celu odrodzenie naszej Ojczyzny. Niestety, dzięki uciskowi, Kńczyła niebawem Liga Polskie swój żywot, ale pamięć jej będzie mimo to żyć wiecznie w sercach naszych. Hasło wyszło od rodaków naszych zebranych w Berlinie, zczególnie posłów do sejmu pruskiego. Tymczasową wła dzę stanowiła dyrekcja z nas tępujących osób złożona: Ks. arcybiskup gnieński poznański Leon Prz} łuski, jako prezes honorowy. Członkowie: dr. Karol Li belt, dr. A ntoni Kraszewski Gustaw Potworowski, dr. August hr. Cieszkowski, Woj ciech Lipski, ks. kanonik Richter z Pelplina (dawniej dyrek tor gimnazjum chełmińskiego) poseł Lubawski, syndyk Po krzywnicki z Pelplina, rów nież poseł i dr. Henryk Szu man, jedyny dzisiaj żyjęcy czło nek tej dyrekcji. Stowarzyszenie to w dniu 10 stycznia r. 1840 odbyło w Kór niku, w siedzibie Działyńskich, walne zebranie, na które przy było 106 delegatów, między którymi było 17 księży. Czynności walnego zgroma dzenia Ligi rozpoczęło nabo żeństwo uroczyste w kościele, Da ktorem ks. Jan Chryzostom Saniszewski, późniejszy biskup, miał do zebranych delegatów przemowę, by z m >wnicy świę tyni Pańskiej wzmocnić grono pracowników. Oto Niektóre ustępy z tej wspaniałej mowy. Bodajby służyły za wzór do postępowa nia naszemu zobojętniałemu duchowieństwu tu w Ameryce. „...Nie dziw, że tu i owdzie trwoga na naszemu, bo nie przyjaciele nasi otoczyli nas zewszęd jako pszczoły, i naje żyli żędła swe na nas, aby wy ssać z nas ostatnię kroplę krwi, która w ż) łach naszych płynie; przyjaciele zaś nasi, co nam jutrzenką swobody zabłyśli i pieśń wolności nucili, opuścili nas wtenczas, kiedy nas cienie śmierci otoczyły. Dzięki jed nakże Bogu, że nam pod tym cięśmierci otoczyły. Dzięki jed nakże Bogu, że nam pod tym cięśmierci otoczyły. „Ledwo zabłysła myśl ma jęca ser ca nasze spoić węzłem spólnej miłości i spólnego za ufania, tj. myśl Ligi polskiej, a już znalazła tysięce zwolenników. „Do wykonania tego ważne go dzieła, dla któregoście się tu zgromadzili, potrzeba wam najpierw błogosławiedstwa Bo żego — potrzeba wiary — po trzeba miłości i nadziei. W chwili bowiem, kiedy zakłada cie kamied węgielny do budo wy, która ma być dla nas wszystkich przytułkiem, ratun kiem, wzajemną pociechą tu na tern tułactwie i wygnaniu naszem; w chwili, w której się z rozproszenia gromadzicie pod jedno hasło miłości Ojczyzny; w chwili, którą na ten cel na maszczeniem religijnem uświę cacie, aby sprawa, pod której chorągiew zaciągacie się, mog ła rozwijać się i wzrastać; po trzeba wiary w jej świętość i sprawiedliwość, wiary w ni czem nie wstrząśnionej i nie zachwianej, że to, nad czem pracujecie, jest dobrem i świę tem, jak wierzycie, że Bóg świętym i sprawiedliwym, ż* rychlej czy później wyroki Je go się sp*łaią. Tak wierzy* powinniście, że dobrego i spra wiedliwego dzieła Bóg nie o pańci. Pierwszym krokiem Jo mi łości obszimej, Jaką nam Zba wiciel przykazał, jest rniłośł swoich braci, miłość twoich ro Jaków, miłość spólnego Jolwa, to jest Ojczyzny. Ta miłość jtst obowiązkiem naszym, jest powinnością, bo icszystkiem, czern jesteśmy, przez Ojczyzną naszą jesteśmy. Nie masz za tem ofiary ,kióraby Jla niej była zbyt Jroyą; nie masz poświece nia, któreby lyło Jla niej zbyt wieUciem. „Pałają serca wasze tą miłością ku braci waszej, jakiej Chrétus Pan po was wyma ga? Przejęliście się taką miłością ojczyzny, iżbyście się ra zem ze świętymi bohaterami stali godnymi umrzeć dla za konu i Ojczyzny? Aby siły wasze nie upadały pod cięśa rem prac i trudów, aby przeciwności nie przełamały stałości waszej, Jla tego potrzebna wam jest naJzieją — nadzieja i za ufanie w Bogu. Bez tej na dziei zabraknie wam siły; bez tej nadziei opuści was w chwi lach stanowczych odwaga i męztwo; bez tej nadziei złamie się wytrwałość i stałość wasza. „Czy już możecie razem z psalmistą zawołać: „Lepiej jest ufać w Panu, niż ufać w człowieku; lepiej jest mieć nadzieję w Pan. u, niźli mieć na dzieję w księżętach?” Tak przemawiać mógł tylko kapłan przejęty szczerą miłością cięcięci. 1 o skoriczonem nabożeń stwie nastąpiły obrady zebra njch delegatów Ligi. Pierw szy głos zabrał ks. arcybiskup Leon Przyłuski i podał wska zówki do ustaw Stowarzy nia. Obradowano nad niemi trzy dni. Poczem Stowarzy szenie pod tytułem Ligi Pol skiej się ukonstytuowało. Karol Brzozowski. (Dokńosenie). Brzozowski wyszedł oało i bitwy pod Wrześnią, ohoó kula praakie po szarpały na oim odzie Ł w strzępy, i saras po bitwie zabrał się do sporzą dzania ładunków, którą to czynność stała w oddziale pełnił. Zadanie nie było łatwa, jetali się swaty różno rodno ść kali rów powstańczej broni palnej i oiaaootę laby, w jakiej się robota odbywała. Stiło się, w do ftłownem tego pojęoia znaczeniu, na wulkanie, który każdej obwili mógł wyaadzió w powietrze praoujących.... Nastąpiło dni kilka u jiąiliwych marszów 1 kontramarsiów, których osiem miało być wymknięoie się s o taozającej naszych obławy wojsk praskich. O dalssem prsedłutania walki nie mogło być I a o wy wobeo trsydsestotyslęoznej armji raędowej, ioiskającej garść powstańców Żelaz ną obręczą. Oddział po * sto ń rów topniał a kaidym dniem, wieśniacy aa milcząoą sgodą ofioerów opuszcaa li szeregi i roacbodaili się do swyoh domostw. W końca Mierosławski opoioił obós i w tydsień po oblab nym boju pod Wrześnię powstańcy złoty li brcń w Bardsie. Wprawdzie kapitulacja poręczała Im amnsstję, ale w praktyos wyględała inaczej. Rozbrojonych ochotników piętnował dziki Pbal piekielnym kamieniem po oazach, ioł daotwo kolboweło lob I płazowało przy kaidej apooobnośol, a po watach I dworach krąftyły polhyj na i wojakowe patrole, poezokojące „rebellów’. Polowa Do ze azoiegól niejaią aawaią aawaią aawaią oa wyohodfców, w których opatrywano najgroźniej azy ferment rewolooyjny. To tei niemało trądu i atraohu aatył Brzo aowakl, zaoim przy pomocy Alekaao dra Gottrego udało ma aię wymknąć za granicą aaaką. Trzeba aię było kryć w oiaanyoh framugach, maako wanycb azt fami, albo teft w ogrodzie, wśród pokrzyw I mierzwy ezokić chwilowego “rtytułkn. Nocowało aię na bagoajb, ale 1 ta oetrotnolć nie ooaliła naazyob zbiegów od chwilo wego areaata w Strzełkowie, z które go aię wydoatali II tylko akutklem uozynnośoi mlejaeowego komiaaraa, epłac ająoego w ten apoeób dłog wodaięółołołość za przyełogą, jaką ma Gattry parą dni przedtem wyiwiad oaył. Go wlęść, Brioaowakl, roa stawsay się s towarzyszem niedoli, iniluł wśród nlemoów nadspodz'e waoę pomoc w trndnem połoteniu Za pośrednictwem dsierZawosyni Wi Iowa, taooaj kobiety niemieckiego pocbodaenia, trafił do sslaohetnego landrata inowrocławskiego, Fantowa, który oietyIko aaopatrmył biedaka w paasport zagraniczny, ale nadto dal mu sto talarów na drogą. Russył węc Brzozowski ca długt tułaczkę: Dresoo, Fary i, Stambuł, lasy anatolskle i bałkańskie, brzegi Eufratu i asosyty gór kurdystafizkioh sdeptały jego stopy. Był na prsemiany lnśynierem, leśni kiem, ajentem dyplomaty osnym I plantatorem tytoniu w Lafakieb, gdsie oienił się i rodsinne sałośyl cognisko. Poesję słód sił tęskaotę słód się i ścię, ścią słód się i ścię, ścią słód poeta rodziną i mienie, by pospessyć w bratnie sseregi. W Tusll organisował Miłkowski (Je) oddsiał po wstać ozy, samiersa jęo przę terytorjam romańskie prze drzeć się na Kuś. Ochotników (gło się niewielu, trzysta niespełna, ale byli to ztrańłystko, zdecydowani na wssystko, a nie brakło w ty. Stępie Żołnierzy doświadosonyoh, o strzelanych w niejednym jut boja. Oficerów miał Miłkowski tęgich. Był tam maj. Jagmin, Żołnierz doiwiadciony, byli kapitanowie Cieszkowski i Towarciaki, obowiązki zaśszefa sztabu pełaił major Franciszek Zima, ogólnie lnbiany i szanowany. Brzozowskiemu oddano dowódz two trzeciej kompanjl pieohotj. Rasząo w pochód, oświadczył poeta, it towarzysze jago bez wystrzału u dartą na bagnety. Jakoś spisali się dzielnie pod Konstangalją, kiedy todziesiąćkroó Możniejszy korpus ra mafiski zastąpił naszym drogą, za braniajao przejśoia przejśoia przejśoia granicą. Jedno uderzenie powstańców złamało szyki przejśoia przejśoia, który zaraz po starzeo mieszka stale we Lwowie. W styozoiu b. r. świąoił Brzozow ski pięódsiesiątą rooznioą działalności pisarskiej, w której to uroczystości, zapoczątkowanej przez lwowskie Ko ło iiteraoko artystyczne, wzięły udział najszersze koła naszego społeoztń sta a, jednooząo się w oddaniu czoi winnej ryoersowi poecie! Niemiecki biskup. W a^nwie wyboru aa chiłm.fiską stolicy biakapią niemca samiaat pol aka, pisie pewisa polski duchowny do „Gasety Gdańskiej”: „Oko i my mamy wressoie biskupa po blisko 9 rniesięosnem osierooeniu dyeoesji. W tym samym osasie, ba 00 mówimy w 7 miesięcach, deoesja lana, sdaje mi się rotteoburska, dwa rasy jat biskupa nowego dostała. Obe Ooy biskup umarł, ale doosekaw ssy konsekracji i taras krótko potem obrano i konsekrowano innego. Cót to pracy i ssukania kosstowa ło, nim biskupa chełmińskiego obra no? — Mamy wressoie aroypastersa 1 saonego i uosonego kapłana. Wstysoy dyeoesjanie prsywitali wy bór s radościęcię i obieoują go ełuobaó i kochać. Zyosjmy mu: „Ssosęść Bołe!” Nasuwają się atoli wskutek wy bo ro nowego naszego ki. biskup* mi mowoli różne my iii. I lo: nasta dyeoesj* chełmińska lioay podług ostatniego spisa a* rok 1899 — 707,119 duet. Kt> aa* ookolwtsk aloauaki o*rodowoioiow* ntasej dya o*«jł, ten przyzna, że w licsbiej lej j*at oo oajmniej 000,000 polaków katolików, * najwyżej 100.000 nitm oów katcltków. Chełmińska dyaea aj* jaat więc do ssaió aió dmjob otęiot polaką, a tylko w jednaj atód mej oismeoką — a mamy ka. biaku ) Kapitan Jagmin poległ następnie podczas wojny roayjsko.tureckiej w 1»77 r. na czele oddziału ochotników polskich w szeregach tureckich. Trafiony, pod czas gdy wiódi swój oddział do ataku, ursez dwie kule moskiewskie miał zawo łać: „I)wa grsyby w barszcz, to za dutol” —- i padł, by więoel nio powstać. Cześć Jego pamięci, P. H. pa narodowości nia oaazej, leea nie* mieoklej. I tak był zmarły ks. bi ■kap Radoar — niemoam, ka. biaknp Sad lag — niamoam, ka. biakap Ma* tbey— niamoam, a wyjątkiem ka. biakapa Marwiosa. Gay to powinno tak być? Cay w Polaoa pod mcakalam jest i był kie dykolwiek biaknp narodowości mo akiewaklej biakupam w poisklaj dya* oaaji, albo w Auatrji niemiao biakn p<m w Galioji? Straaaburg w Alaa oji ma tai biakapa; oay tam pod rządami franoaakiemi narzooano al aatoaykom, którzy mówią głównie po niemiaokn, franonaa ledwo co albo mało mówięcego po niemiaokn? Jaat tama około oatery lata. W Milwaukee w Ameryce miano obie* raó aroybiakapa. Irlandoayazy fcą w więkasośoi w Ameryce po mlędzy katcl:kaml wazalkiaj naro dowości w ogóle, dopominali aię tam o biakapa twojej narodowości Hozniejai o do lioaby aą w Milwau kee atoli niamoy katolicy. Jak po atąpił tobie Raym przy oborze arcy biskupa dla tej dyaść? Wezwał oo najpowalniejasyoh duohownyob i najbardziej wpływowyoh wszelkloh innych narodowości do Raym i oi aa aamieoia oświadozyć musieli przed kardynałem aekretarzem etanu, jakiej narodowości powinien być aroybiaknp w Milwaukee. Wiem, te oświadozono, te biaknp powinien być narodowości niemieokiej, albo wiem niemy katolioy przewalają; i tak poetąpiono i tego obrano U naa( N • tabace tak bywa P. R.) raąj ma prawo akrellaó wszystkich. Ile to naazy th talentów zakopanyoh? Powie niejeden: kapłan nie praouje dla świata, tylko dla Boga itd. My ty inamy. Polaczek tylko ma się spodziewać tam we wieczności—inni natomiast nagrody tam we wieczności—inni natomiast nagrody tam we wieczności, a jednak oo aa gorycz wid nieje z niego! Co aa tal kalędza-pola ka, który praoująo gorliwie na niwie Pafizkiej, widai jak jego naród jeat poniewierany na katdym kroku praea tych, którym loa oałego naro du jeat obojętny. Jakże słuszne są kofioowe słowa tego liata. Krwawe to, wymowna akarga deptanyoh i po niewieranych!.... Polacy na obczyźnie. — Nas'.a arystokracja. Pałao księżężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężężęż� II wieku przy Corso, ku piła br. Helena a Turkotów Miaro wa, która sprzedawszy swe dobre Kamionkę, Strumiłową we wsobod niej Galicji hr. Potockiemu i Krze szowic, wyniosła się na zawsze s kraju. Opróos pałaou nabyła także posiadłość ziemską pod Rzymem. Smutny jeat loa naszego krają, który ubogi a w simie przykry, bo gatym ludziom, pragnącym wygody i zabawy, staje się nieznośnym. Uciekają więo z niego, uwożęc m'ę dsy oboycb pieniędze i rodzinne sta rodawne zabytki, które zwykle do Polaki już się nie wracają. Prsed kilku laty apaliło się w Rzymie mieszkanie br. Leonowej Rit wąskiej przy plaou Hiszpańskim, a a niem przywiezione pamiętki hetmańskiego rodu. W Wiedniu ma pałao a w uim prawdziwe muzeum, hr. Karol Lanokorońaki, jeden a najbogatszych ładzi w Galiojl, przedsiębiorący wy kopaliska archeologiczne w Azji Mniejszej. Sam pc polaku alabc mówięc, tyle przynajmniej ma dla kraju pamięoi, te dzieła awoje takie po polaku wydawań kafte, w tyciu publiosnem polakiem udziału prze cież żadnego nie bierze. Gorzej jeat a br. Mikołajem Potockim, po tomkiem Ssoząaoego, który próoz nazwiska nio polskiego w sobie nie Ma, miljony swoje w Paryżu zużywa i wsławiony jezt tylko wyprawia niem polowań dla prezydenta Fanra. — Ś. p. I mownkl. Emigraoja polska a 1881 r. we Fraocji pouiiata oową stratę. W okolioaob Tuluay zmarł Leon Urmowski, b. officer ar tylerjł polskiej, ozdobiony krzyżem złotym „Yirtuti mi li tan”, w 86 rokn iyoia. Prsybywssy do Franoji, wstą pił do sskoły dróg i mostów, po któ rej nkofiosenia praoował jako ioiy oier prsy kolejaoh żelasoyob fran oaaklob. Po prseesło 80 Istniej słuibis otrsymał emerytarą! oaladł w Paryto, gdale praos pewien asa rag lat brał gorliwy tadalał wa waayatkiob oayooolołarh emigraejl, swłassosa w aarsędsi* Caoi 1 Oblaba. Wyacoa wykestałoons, koobany prirawBayatki.il, był daaa% garstki tałaosej. Kiedy w rokn 1893 spu ścił Pary’ i a Amlaaakał w de parte - msooie Haate Garoooe, sarsęd in etytaoji Csci i Chleba mianował go członkiem honorowym rady, — Odczyty o Mickiewiczu.— P. Włodsimirz Spaeowios, jak dono aaę daienmkl pstsrsbnrakie, w tyob do.a oh wygłosi odoayty o Adami# Mioklswiosu w Petersburgu i w Moskwie. K.
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hal-00701811-Gailhanouetal2012-2.txt_1
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French-Science-Pile
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Influence of temperature on the geochemistry of Callovo-oxfordian argillite: batch experiments and modelling at 80° International meeting "Clays in Natural and Engineered Barriers for Radioactive Waste Confinement", Oct 2012, Montpellier, France. ⟨hal-00701811⟩
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Influence of temperature on the geochemistry of
Callovo-oxfordian argillite: batch experiments and
modelling at 80°C
Hélène Gailhanou, Christophe Tournassat, Valérie Laperche, Sylvain
Grangeon, Philippe Blanc, Nicolas C.M. Marty, Catherine Crouzet, Benoît
Henry, Jean-Marc Greneche, Myriam Kars, et al.
To cite this version:
Hélène Gailhanou, Christophe Tournassat, Valérie Laperche, Sylvain Grangeon, Philippe Blanc, et al..
Influence of temperature on the geochemistry of Callovo-oxfordian argillite: batch experiments and
modelling at 80°C. International meeting ”Clays in Natural and Engineered Barriers for Radioactive
Waste Confinement”, Oct 2012, Montpellier, France. �hal-00701811�
HAL Id: hal-00701811
https://brgm.hal.science/hal-00701811
Submitted on 18 Dec 2012
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Influence of temperature on the geochemistry of Callovooxfordian argillite: batch experiments and modelling at 80°C
H. Gailhanou1, C. Tournassat1, V. Laperche1, S. Grangeon1, P. Blanc1, N. Marty1, C.
Crouzet1, B. Henry1, J.M. Grenèche2, M. Kars3, B. Madé4, S. Altmann4 and E.C. Gaucher1.
1.
BRGM – 3 av. Claude Guillemin BP6009 45060 Orléans cedex 2, France ([email protected])
2.
LUNAM –Université du Maine, Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR CNRS 6283,
72085 Le Mans cedex ([email protected] )
3.
Laboratoire des Fluides Complexes et leurs Réservoirs, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour,
Avenue de l'Université, BP1155, 64013 PAU cedex
ANDRA – Parc de la Croix Blanche, 1-7 rue Jean Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex
([email protected]).
4.
1
Introduction
A repository of high-level nuclear wastes in the Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) clay rock will lead to a
temporary increase in temperature locally around the disposal cells, up to about 80°C. Thermally
induced modifications of the pore-water chemistry of the clay rock must be assessed since the pore
water chemistry can affect the rates of corrosion of metallic materials used in the disposal facility
(Gaucher et al., 2009; Altmann, 2008). The chemistry of COx pore water has been studied at ambient
temperature (~ 25°C) using modelling approaches constrained by parameter values measured on core
samples (Gaucher et al., 2006, 2009) and by measurements of pore water collected by means of
specially designed in-situ experiments (Vinsot et al., 2008). In particular, the predictive model from
Gaucher et al. (2009) reproduces the measured, in situ pore-water composition without any estimated
parameters.
In the present study, carried out as part of a collaborative BRGM/Andra research program, the results
of long-term batch experiments performed at 80°C, are compared with compositions predicted using a
model based on the one developed for 25°C.
Batch experiments
Two batch experiments have been performed with COx rock samples in contact with synthetic water,
for respectively 6 and 20 months. The experiments were prepared at 25°C under anoxic atmosphere in
closed reactors, with solution compositions close to the pore water composition. Afterwards, each
system was heated at 80°C. During the experiments, measurements of PCO2 were carried out as this
parameter is considered as an indicator of the reactivity of this carbonate-dominated system. At the
end of the experiments, the suspension was filtered at 0.1 µm at 80°C, under anoxic atmosphere. The
pH was also measured at 80°C. Major cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Sr) and anions (notably Cl, SO4), TIC
and minor and trace elements (notably Si, Al, Fe, Zn, Pb) were analysed.
Concerning the solids, some minor changes were detected in the mineralogy between initial and final
solids, essentially partial dissolution of celestite and a small increase in the amount of dolomite.
Besides, an interesting change was observed by TEM with the formation of needles of nanocrystalline
goethite on pyrite particles for the solid from the 20 months experiment (see figure). Such needles
were not observed on the initial solid, although magnetic measurements at low temperature on the
sample revealed the presence of nanocrystalline goethite. Moreover, an increasing of the Fe2+/Fe3+
ratio in the octahedral environment of clay minerals, compared with initial ratio, was evidenced by
57
Fe Mössbauer spectrometry.
Modelling of batch experiments
The predictive model of composition as a function of temperature was developed, based on the
Gaucher et al. (2009) model and using the PHREEQC code and Thermoddem database (Blanc et al.,
submitted). As a first approximation, the model considers a primary mineral assemblage with quartz,
pyrite, carbonates (calcite, dolomite and siderite), sulfates (celestite), aluminosilicates (chlorite and
illite). Moreover, the model takes into account exchange reactions and dissolution reaction kinetics for
the potentially more reactive minerals.
For both cases, at 6 and 20 months, the comparison between estimated and observed concentrations of
ions in solution are in rather good agreement for pH, Si, Al, major cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Sr) and for
sulphates and chlorides. The calculated concentrations of Fe are, on the other hand, too high compared
with the measured concentrations, for both experiments. The control on the Fe(II) solubility by siderite
was already questioned in Gaucher et al. (2009). This problem is being studied, notably by considering
the presence of nanogoethite detected in the initial sample and in the solid after 20 months experiment.
Goethite
Pyrite
TEM image of needles of nanocrystalline goethite on a pyrite particle, after 20 months experiment at
80°C.
References
Altmann S. (2008) ‘Geo’chemical research: a key building block for nuclear waste disposal safety cases. J.
Contam. Hydrol. 102, 174–179.
Blanc P., Lassin A., Piantone P., Azaroual M., Jacquemet N., Fabbri A. and Gaucher E. C. (submitted)
Thermoddem: a geochemical database focused on low temperature water/rock interaction and waste materials.
Appl. Geochem.
Gaucher E. C., Blanc P., Bardot F., Braibant G., Buschaert S., Crouzet C., Gautier A., Girard J.-P., Jacquot E.,
Lassin A., Negrel G., Tournassat C., Vinsot A. and Altmann S. (2006) Modelling the porewater chemistry of the
Callovian-Oxfordian formation at a regional scale. C. R. Geosci. 338, 917–930.
Gaucher, E. C., Tournassat, C., Pearson, F. J., Blanc, P., Crouzet, C., Lerouge, C., and Altmann, S., (2009) A
robust model for pore-water chemistry of clayrock: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 73, 6470-6487.
Vinsot A., Mettler S. and Wechner S. (2008) In situ characterization of the Callovo-Oxfordian pore water
composition. Phys. Chem. Earth 33, S75–S86.
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https://github.com/wildanfr19/Siakad_kampus-Laravel5-/blob/master/resources/views/tahunakademik/index.blade.php
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
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Siakad_kampus-Laravel5-
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wildanfr19
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PHP
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Code
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@extends('layouts.app')
@section('title','Tahun Akademik')
@section('content')
<div class="container">
<div class="row justify-content-center">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="card">
<div class="card-header">Modul Tahun Akademik</div>
<div class="card-body">
<a href="/tahunakademik/create" class="btn btn-danger" title="">Input Data Baru</a>
<hr>
@include('alert_success')
<table class="table table-bordered" id="users-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th width="70">Kode Tahun Akademik</th>
<th>Tahun Akademik</th>
<th>Status</th>
<th width="53">ACTION</th>
</tr>
</thead>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
@endsection
@push('scripts')
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function(){
$('#users-table').DataTable({
processing: true,
serverSide: true,
ajax: '/tahunakademik/json',
columns: [
{ data: 'kode_tahun_akademik', name: 'kode_tahun_akademik'},
{ data: 'tahun_akademik', name: 'tahun_akademik'},
{ data: 'status', name: 'status'},
{ data: 'action' , name: 'action'}
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| 3,054 |
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%20%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%28%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%29
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Сан Матео Уексојукан (Панотла)
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https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Сан Матео Уексојукан (Панотла)&action=history
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Serbian
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Spoken
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Сан Матео Уексојукан () насеље је у Мексику у савезној држави Тласкала у општини Панотла. Насеље се налази на надморској висини од 2531 м.
Становништво
Према подацима из 2010. године у насељу је живело 1670 становника.
Хронологија
Попис
Види још
Савезне државе Мексика
Референце
Спољашње везе
Мексичка насеља
Насеља у општини Панотла (Тласкала)
Википројект географија/Насеља у Мексику
| 11,532 |
sn83045462_1937-10-20_1_8_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 3,752 | 6,890 |
Cary Grant’s New Picture Gives Him Comic Role “The Awful Truth’’ Introduces Coming Comedian in True Character; Jupiter Dismantles Well. BY JAY CARMODY. CARY GRANT is tall, dark and handsome. At the *'ime time, Mr. Grant is inclined to protrude at the waist which ii not exactly heroic of him. Nor does it lend Mr. Grant automatically to that form of idealization which makes him a matinee idol. In spite of all the waistline, however, it would seem that Grant’* tall, dark handsomeness plus his ability to be comic Is about to propel him into * rw.it inn of creater Drestiee in motion ❖ pictures. The particular film in which fits stature seems destined to be in creased by at least a couple of cubits ts "The Awful Truth.” "The Awful Truth,” which Columbia made on the basis of the very suc cessful stage play and which starred Ina Claire, gives Grant the finest role he yet has had in pictures. He is the husband of the piece, not the mis understood husband of so many a modern tale, but the misunderstand ing one. He does it with a flair that will surprise those who have been under the impression that tall, dark and handsome men are not the kind who make good comedians. After her exhibition of comedienne talents in “Theodora Goes Wild,” Irene Dunne, who began her movie career as a singer, will be more of a pleasure than a surprise in the next Earle picture with Grant. It is the suspicion of this department, which suspects virtually nothing, that her performance will be secondary to that of her leading man simply because she has done it before, while Hollywood never has trusted Grant with quite such an imposing part in the past. sir sir * ■*. 'A LMOST as interesting as seeing Jupiter played by Alfred Lunt is the experience of seeing Jupiter dis mantled afterward by the same Alfred Lunt. Mr. Lunt is so convincingly the greatest of the Grecian gods in “Amphitryon 38" that it is impassible he should carry the illusion off the stage with him. He does just that, however. We know because we saw him do it after the opening night's performance. It was one of the more memorable mo ments of association with the theater. Back in his dressing room, still flushed with the portrayal of a part in which even an Alfred Lunt can revel, the redoubtable Jupiter began to come back to earth. Off came the whiskers first. Then the headdress. Only the eyeshadow (silver colored! remained. The eyeshadow and the rastume. Lunt still was half Jupiter, but he also was half Alfred Lunt. It was one of the most fascinating com binations of characters imaginable. Both of them. Jupiter and Lunt, were curious to know one's reactions to the play. As for himself, he is convinced it is a great piece of work on the part of the playwright. He says nothing about the work of the actors and actresses, but that is merely as things should be. There will be plenty of others to do the talking about the Lunts, the \Vhorfs, Greenstreets, etc. Mr. Lunt does not need to bother, even if he were that kind of person. He is not. He has the humility of a great artist. One goes backstage merely to say hello and what a grand performance it was. That is not enough. One must stay and discuss the whole matter. One does, even though, in the mean time, Jupiter is being dismantled—like an automobile or something equally as modern—right in front of one’s eyes. And, in spite of being eyewitness to the process, it is not disillusioning at all. Jupiter does not seem to diminish in the slightest even as he is trans formed into Alfred Lunt. It all is quite imposing. * * * * gY WAY of report: Mr. H. Mac Arthur, who represents this de partment at screenings, when “The Prisoner of Zenda” is screened prob ably will go around insisting forever that it is one of Ronald (Nolman’j finest roles . . . And that. Madeleine Carroll never had a part so rich as that of the Princess Flavia, the gal who last a commoner and won a king . . . Tonight is the night, rain or shine, when the Civic Theater embarks upon “Excursion,” its first play of the sea son . . . The group which last year was selected by Stage magazine as one of the ultimately perfect drama groups of its kind will make its first bow under the direction of F. Cowles Strickland . . , Mr. Strickland came along from St. Louis, where he spent four successful years before succeeding his friend, Day Tuttle, in the local post . . . John Boles, who won his first screen fame as a singer, sings again in “Fight for Your Lady.” It comes to Keith's on Friday ... As you might guess from the title, it is comedy romance ... Ray Bell, who is becoming approximately the statistician on this page, reports that it took 41,900 man hours of labor to build the sets in "The Prisoner of Zenda.” He goes on to explain that the energy expended is equal to that of building 40 five room dwellings . . . The two visiting press agents attracting the most atten tion in town at the moment are Mark Freeland, representing Columbia on "The Awful Truth,” and Lodewick Vroom, who is doing a nice job of letting every one know “Tovarich” is going to be at the National starting November 1 . . . Mr. Vroom would have every one know, and very thoroughly, that "Tovarich” is ultra comic. which it definitely is. Gable Gets Break-in Role for Old Age BY SHEIf.AH GRAHAM. HOLLYWOOD. October 20 <N.A.N.A.>.—Clark Gable, who is still on the sunny side of 40, is now looking forward to the time when he will be an old man in pictures. And his next film. “Test Pilot,’’ in which Spencer Tracy co-stars, will be a sort of breaker-inner for the Character roles Clark expects to play when his hair thins or grays. Thprp 1* littlp nf mmantin in nilnt rim mKcu-. + out now planes and instruct new pilots. ■ In fact, Myrna Loy, who falls in love with him, has a terrible time—until the final fade-out I —trying to con vince him that love is a better £ (port than flying, m * * * * I Now that Fred- I die Bartholomew D and M-G-M have ^ kissed and made up to the tune of $2,000 a week plus $1 extra pocket money, „ irinHnff's “K’im.” has been resur rected and is Sheil„h Grahlim. being prepared for the boy star’s comeback to the screen. Louis Lighton, who did such a fine job with Freddie and Spencer Tracy in "Captains Courageous." will produce, with the same director, Vic tor Fleming. * * * * George Brent is definitely washed tip as a film actor—as far as Australia Is concerned. His recent annulment „ fight against Constance Worth started a nation-wide campaign in her native Australia to boycott Mr. Brent. Theater owners have cancelled his pictures and one editorial—purporting to speak for the Australian people—says “the best war to deal with Brent's caddishness is with a whip.” * * * * Ben Bernie is the only member of "love and Hisses" who says he's in good health. Walter Winchell's on the verge of a nervous breakdown and is only allowed to work two hours a day. Director Sidney Lanfield has had flu all week and Simone Simon is supposed to be home sick with a temperature of 103. But I think Simone's illness is her usual tempera ment trouble. I saw her at the preview of Eddie Cantor's picture on PViday, and the only high temperature ihe had then was for Gene Markey. * + * * Joan Crawford and Franchot Tone want to do a stage play, and have been rehearsing for two years in the spe cially built theater in their home. But I'm afraid they'll have to wait a little longer. M-G-M won't allow Joan to act on Broadway. Joan put everything she knew’ into her last picture, "The Bride Wore Red." but it was no better than her manv ore vious failures, and the atudio is afraid that a play might finish Joan with the public forever. * * * * Merle Oberon returns to Hollywood | next month, and I understand that | the first thing she'll demand is the ■ removal of David Niven from her | next picture, "Kiss in the Sun.” It was only a few months ago that Merle told me she wanted to marry David. But David said “no” very ! emphatically. And you know the say I ing—Hollywood hath no fury like a ! film actress crossed in love. * * * * Potted production notes . . . George Raft is out of and Don Ameche in "Ensenada." because George cannot sing, and Don can. The musical has a Mexican background—also the sup ! port of Dorothy Lamour, Boh Burns. Martha Raye . . . James Whale, who still has a year to go on his Universal contract, has staged a sit-down strike, and moves over to M-G-M to direct \ Wallace Beery and Frank Morgan in. “Fanny” . . . Dirk Powell has been assigned the leading romantic role in “Howdy, Stranger,” seen on Broadway last season , . . Johnny Weissmuller gets his first straight acting break in “Hell on Wheels.” And hU M-G-M bosses have promised all Tarzan yells are out. When Randy Scott returns from playing nursemaid to Shirley Temple in “Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm,” he will be leading “Marsman” in Paramount’s “Journey to Mars” . .. Darryl Zanuck is contemplating team ing Warner Baxter and Barbara Stan wyck in “Shanghai Deadline.” Tog Cast of New Comedy b ft V • • 'l Ida Lupino and John Boles play leading roles (along with Margot Grahame and J^jck Oakie) in “Fight For Your Lady,” new romantic comedy with music, coming to R-K-0 Keiths screen Friday. __ Where and When Current Theater Attractions and Time ot Showing. National—"Amphitryon 38,” the .,unts in their version of the witty arce: 2:30 and 8:30 p.m. Earle—"The Life of Emile Zola,” »aul Muni, in a masterful film biog ■aphy: 10:30 a.m., 1:15, 4:05, 6:55 md 9:53 p.m. Stage shows: 12:35, 1:25, 6:15 and 9:05 p.m. Keith’s—"Breakfast lor Two,” a gay lew comedy romance: 11:15 a.m., 1, 1:50, 4:40, 6:30, 8:20 and 10:05 p.m. Capitol—“High, Wide and Hand some,” oil in Pennsylvania set to mu sic: 11 a.m., 1:40, 4:25, 7:10 and 9:55 j.m. Stage shows: 12:55, 3:40, 6:25 ind 9:05 p.m. Metropolitan—“This Way, Please," Charles "Buddy” Rogers back in a :omedy with music: 11:40 a.m., 1:40, 5:40, 5:40, 7:40 and 9:45 p.m. Palace—"The Bride Wore Red.” lurk tosses a poor cabaret entertainer into a mad whirl of society: 11:55 am., 2:20, 4:45, 7:10 and 9:35 p.m. Columbia.—"Dead End,” fine screen translation of the Sidney Kingsley play: 11:25 a.m., 2:20, 4:45, 7:10 and 9:35 p.m. Trans-Lux—News and shorts. Show runs 1 hour and 15. minutes, continu Due from 10 a.m. until midnight. Little—"The Wandering Jew,” su perbly done story of the man who had to wait centuries for Christ to return to him: 11:15 a.m., 1:20, 3:25, 5:30, 7:30 and 9:35 p.m. Ambassador—"The Life of Emile Zola”: 2:15, 4:40, 7 and 9:20 p.m. Penn—"Double or Nothing,” Bing Crosby's new musical: 2:15, 4:05, 5:50, 7:40 and 9:30 pin. S h e r i d a n—"Wife, Doctor and Nurse,” new version o1 the old triangle: 2:15, 4:10, 6, 7:55 and 9:45 p.m, Tivoli—"Stella Dallas”: 2:30, 4:55, 7:10 and 9:35 p.m. Uptown—“Souls at Sea,” stirring sea drama plucked from the pages of history: 2, 3:55, 5:45, 7:40 and 9:40 p.m. Howard—“Ever Since Eve,” Marion Davies’ latest comedy venture: 12:30, 4, 7:05 and 10:15 p.m. Stage shows: 2:30, 6 and 9:15 p.m. - - ' ■ • ■ -. Humphrey Bogart, Warner Bros, star, owns a golf-ball retrieving dog. The dog, a Seaiyham, follows Bogart around the course and finds lost balls for him. The animal wiii not touch a ball—he stands near It and points. ■ ..— Richard Thorpe, director of “Night Must Fall,” “Double Wedding" and “The Four Marys,” wrote, directed and produced 36 feature-length pic tures in three years. | THE WASHINGTON $ FORUM J A root eontribution to adult education. 1 a An opportunity to hear A distinguished j • • men of achievement at Constitution < !1 Hall. i! IN PERSON nov. 3 l: H. G. WELLS, ;; Eminent British Novelist-Philosopher' - < i His stlmulatln* subject— ,| !' ‘A View of Tilings in Come’ ;l <! F» sketches a new type of humsn or- ! '■ eanlsatlon. supplementary to our ei-i, !; 1 stint social and political Institutions. ; • Nov. 23, Dal# Carnogio. 1; | Author of record-breaklnt best feller. ]; Jan. 25 Coant do Solos, !; !! Ranklnt Authority In America on ;; Franeo-American affairs. ; Fob. 24 Sinolnir Low is, ; i America s Foremost Literary Interpreter ; ’ Noble Prise Winner. ; i Mar. 10, Thomas Mann, ! Nobel Prise Winner. Champion ol s t Oenaocraok. Outstandlnt Novellat. $4.40 Sorios Tlrkots, $4.40 !| Write or Phone REouhlle Mil !’ Slntle tickets not on ssle until day > 11 before lecture. Make ehecka payable,; ' to the Waahlntton Forum. '; Series Tickets on Ssle at 1 [ j Brtntano’s 1322 F St. N.W.j; fk THEATRE PARKING • P.M. TO 1 A.M. CAPITAL GARAGE fts DANCING._ The Edward F. Miller Studio 814 17th ST. NATIONAL 8093 _For Discriminating People_ PEYTON PENN STUDIO, 1745 F at. n.w. Met. .*1050. Modern dancinr. ballroom a specialty; standard routines, ballroom etiquette._ Please_telephone evenings. DON MARTINI "Distinctive Dance Instruction" 1811 H ST. N.W. K S Learn to Dance from m Master It Costs You Less and you Learn Faster CAKELUS 724 11th St. N.W. District 1673 Private Lessons by Appointment Group Instruction and Daneinf. Tues.. Fri. and Sat. Nights, AOc and «ffe. 22* Vieni . . Vieni .. New Dance iteps to the tune of Vieni . . . Vieni . . . created by Leon D. Canellis. Lots of fun dancing them. Write or phone for a copy. Yours with Mr. Canellis’ compliments. Big Apple .. It's fun dancing it in the Canellis’ Rhythm Ballroom Tues., J*ri. Rat. i, sag -'asacae WHAT FUN TO LEARN to DANCE at Leroy H. Thayer's NOT only good fun—good ex ercise. You'll acquire new poise, new confidence in yourself. And you'll learn oil the newest, smartest dance steps—the rumba, tango, latest foxtrot. Come in. Meet the popular Leroy H„ Thayer instructors. Coll for o guest les son, without obligation. Studios open daily from 10 A M. to 10 P M. LEROY H. THAYER 1215 Coifn. Art. MEt. 4121 fc h I ... nan WOT. Wash. Poo. Opera A»*'n Presents THE BARBER OF SEVILLE I Reservation.: Kilt'i, l.'t3» G 8t.. NA. dlSO TRANS-LUX IBSSJl Latest News Pictorial I New Zealand Travelog ■ is* Sport, Cartoon ar( Mt« I MtfCTtO SHORTSUBJECISlOsj QgQgJTONNMT.I.lO Colombia Opera Co. ot V. T. FAUST TOMORROW, BARBER OF SEVILLE goats. SSr. 8.V. |l.in. ll.fi.V T. Arthur I Smith. Din G St. and Rialto Boi outre ; - PHHI^_ I LAST I ** ! PATS PAUL MUNI T\ lin'Sf EMILE ZOLA” ft CMNEUPONSaU I OUKUFII NTSMH |£f /h ^■BBEZBBEBflBppB I oMTTTTTTrTTriTV/rB Vw W “THIS WAY PLEAST’ / j 0IAJB.ES (IwMy) W6EHS-EETTY OAK! / / m OAVIS—FMIER McfiEE l MOtiT / I and MART UVlWeSTOWE /_ ACADEMY or Per&‘ .st0UGd sPhE01"'" ; E. Lawrence Phillips Theatre Beautiful Continuous From 4:30 P.M. CAROLE LOMBARD. FRED MacMURRAY. “Swing High, Swing Low. “BACKSTAGE,” With ANNA NEAGLE. ARTHURJTRACY. riDnilNi Jllh ‘"I N. t' A»e. !.(. vAKULlPIA Air-Conditioned •BETWEEN TWO WOMEN,” and THE CRIME NOBODY_8AW."_ PI DPI 17 Homo of Mlrroohonlc Sound IIKILX I’enna. Are. at Slat St. Matinees Tuei. Thor,.. Sat.. Sun. SONJA HENIE and TYRONE POWER in • THIN ICE." Cartoon._ DUMBARTON I’UAirM;ondmsne ELEANOR POWELL ROBERT TAYLOR In •BROADWAY MELODY OF 1038.” News.___ CAIDI AWN ANACOSTIA. D. C. rAIKLATTll Air-Conditioned CHESTER MORRIS in "FLIGHT FROM GI.ORY,”_ I inn 3237 M St. N.W. •'•HU Double Feature PAUL MUNI and BETTE DAVIS In "BOR DERTOWN" PAUL KELLY. JUDITH _ALLEN in "IT HAPPENED OUT WEST.” I ITT I C 60S »th Si- N.W. LI 1 1 LE. Air-Condittened CONRAD VEIDT in “THE WANDERING JEW.” DDIWPCCC 11J» H St. N E. 1 IUIiLljiJ Double Feature. JOE PENNER In “NEW FACES OF 1P37.” BETTY FURNESS in “FAIR WARNING.” CTpA 8244 Georgia Are. JLlU Silver Sprint, Md. Continuous From 8:00 P.M. “FIFTY ROADS TO TOWN,” DON AMECHE and ANN SOTHERN. “ON AGAIN*OFF AGAIN,” _WHEELER and WOOL8EY._ CT A KITAU 6th and C St«. N.E. olAWIUn Finest Saund Equipment Continuous From 5:30 P.M. “THINGS TO COME,” With RAYMOND MASSEY. FAIPH RICH ARDSON and SIR CEDRIC HARDWICK*. CHARLIE RUGGLES and ALICE BRADY In I “Mind Your Own Business.* STATE-BETHESDA *Beth»aia’, Mi*' WARNER BAXTER and LORETTA YOUNG in “WIFE, DOCTOR, NURSE.” Technicolor Coronation. HIPPODROME Etouble Feature. WILL ROGERS in “DR. BULL.” H LLOYD NOLAN in Sg ‘KING OF GAMBLERS.’ J CAMEO MT R«R ™ >* CONSTANCE BENNETT U and CARY GRANT in Q “TOPPER.”' 15 A DT A nr HYATTSVILLE. MD. f/3 AKIAUC Today-Tomor. Eleanor Powell in “Broad q way Melody of 1938.” Diruiumin ALEXANDRIA, va ye KlLnnrlUnU Today-Tomor. Sj Gable. Lot. Powell, "Manhattar Melodrama.” 5 REED ALEXA^.A< VA ” W Bette Davis. Henry Fonda, -Thai U Certain Woman." q* Free Parkin* Space—800 Car*. 5 Uim ROCKVILLE. MD. U Ml LU Today-Tomor.-n-i. GARY COOPER and GEORGE RAFT in “SOULS AT SEA,” Free Parkin*. r « o © «J t? c5 He %> e « c * ^ © **■ fc. TA K WI me ASl _w SL B> WTC "BT AMBASSADOR Matinee. 2:00 P.M. PAUL MUNI in THE LIFE OF __ EMILEZOLA."_Also_News._ APOLLO 'pELViW™ SPENCER TRACY. LUISE RAINER in BIG CITY " Edgar Beraen and Charlie McCarthy. "Necking Party.” _Short._ AVALON “"toSa** LUISE RAINER. SPENCER TRACY _in ^ BIG CITY "_Alst^Poneye^ AVENUE GRAND ROBERT TAYLOR ELEANOR POW ELL in BROADWAY MELODY OP _l_W.'i8T_3hqrl_Siihject._ fAI VCDT 2324 Wisconsin An. LALilIW Cleveland 2345 Matinee. 2:00 P.M. LORETTA YOUNG WARNER BAX TER. VIRGINIA BRUCE in "WIFE. _ DOCTOR AND_ NURSE,"_ CENTOA1 425 Ninth St. N.W. Ltn 1 RAL Phone Met. 2841 Oven.. 11:00 A.M. BARBARA STANWYCK and JOHN _ BOLES ln_l’STELLA_DALLASr_ COLONY W5 &. SJfo NW BOBBY BREEN in ‘ MAKE A WISH." Short Subjects.__ UAUr 12.10 C St. N.E. nUlflt Phone Line. 10296 RICHARD CROMWELL in 1 ROAD _BACK." Also Cartoon^__ PENN 050 Pennn.^Ave. S.E. Matinee. 2:00 P.m! BING CROSBY. MARTHA RAYE In _ DOUBLE_OR NOTHING.^_ShojrJ,. e*vrtv 3030 14th St. NW. 3AVUI Phone Col. 4008 JOHNNY DOWNS and ELEANORE WHITNEY in "BLONDE TROU BLE.” Edgar Kennedy Comedy._x MltKlUAN St." N. W. RaiL 2400 Matinee. -1:00 P.M. LORETTA YOUNG. WARNER BAX TER. VIRGINIA BRUCE in "WIFE. DOCTOR AND NUR8E "__ TlVrii i 14th St. t Park Rd. N.W. 11 YULI Phene Cal. 1*00 Matinee. '1:00 P.M. BARBARA HTANWYCK and JOHN BOLES in "STELLA PAULAS.*_ ITDTAU/U Cenn. At*, and Newark UrlUlYH st. N.W. Cler. 5400 Matinee. ‘i:00 P.M. GARY COOPER. GEORGE RAFT In "SOULS AT SEA." Also Newa._ VADir da. Are. and Qaebee IUKli Flaea N.W. Cal. 4510 RONALD COLMAN. JANF WYATT in “LOST HORIZON.” Cartoon. /nil i 4lh and Batternat Sta. MJluA {■• Parking Troablea JOHN KING in “THE ROAD BACK.” IDA LUPINO in LETS GET MARRIED. NCWTAN lSIb A Newton Sta. N.E. NE«yt Ivin Air-Conditioned “Artists and Models,” JACK_BENNY._GAIL_PATRICK._ JESSE THEATER Carrier Air-Conditioned “VARSITY SHOW,” DICK POWELU FRED WARING. CV| VAN lit and R. I. Are. N.W. a IL, V nn Carrier Air-Condltlened “LOVE UNDER FIRE,” LORETTA YOUNG. DON AMBCHE. PALM THEATER delv*atT “BROADWAY MELODY OF 1938,” ELEANOR POWELL and ROBERT TAYLOR.__ ARLINGTON, VA. I CAN 1720 Wllaen Bird. UjUH Onn. Colonial Village C POWELL and FRED WARING In 'ARSITY SHOW.”__ TTON Clarendon, Va. PiL ROGERS In "DAVIP HARUM* FALLS CHURCH, VA. iTC NO PARKING ICC lit WORRIES LEX RBARA STAN- I EDNA MAY OLIVER "M^188 k I STANWYCK • MARSHALL ■ BREAKFAST >- TRIO ■ ILMOA FARRELL • ERtt ILORE I -J-Asu/ay M it HR i A C It I BOLES * OAKIE 1 m “FIGHT Hr YOUR LADY” ^ 1PA LUPIIIO, MARGOT GRflHtME Nut:c::ai TONIGHT at 8:30 Mats. Today A Sat. at 2:30 Second Subscription Play Theatre Guild A American Theatre Society THE THEATER GUILD presents the ALFRED FLAT and L1AA FOATAAAE Production of Jean .Giradoux’s Comedy AMPHITRYON 38 Adapted by 8. N. Bfhrmann With Brilliant New York Cast Prices—Eyes. A Mats.. Orch., $2.15; 1st Bale., f‘2.20. SI 05, $1.10; 2nd Bale., SI.IQ. Tax included. IMPORTANT Curtain rises promptly at 8:30 P.M. I and matinees 2:30 P. M. After curtain rises nobody seated until Utter prologue which _NO ONE SMOtl.P M1S8_ Next Weak—Seats Thurs.! DIRECT FROM HER LONDON TRIUMPH—A SMASH HIT! THE INIMITABLE COMEDIENNE ^ CHARLOTTE Greenwood IN THE HILARIOUS STAGE HIT ,, "leaning on letty Nil.., Mr *l.in. *1.6.1. *T.T(1 * *T.T5. Mil*. Wrd. * Sat., 65c, *1.1(1 h *1.6.1. Mail Order. Now. Taa Inrludfd. «BE3EE33E> CIVIC THEATER Tnnfffht and all weak EXCURSION A Comedy That's Different Reservation* Now IN LOBBY OF HOTEL RALEIGH Wardman Park Theater «»<■ to fl.MV—Phan* I>I. 1A04I A substantial reduction to subscribers. Keats Now Beilin* at HUGO WORCH'S, 1110 G ST. *or the ALBAUGH DANCE SERIES or 4 Important Attractions at National Theatre ! * Thurs. Mat. at 4:30. Dee. • SHAN KAR HINDU DANCERS (NfiP Program) Frl.. Mat. at 4:30. Jan. 14 TRUDI SCHOOP Bc™leT (Kiw Program> Fridas. Mat. at 4:30—February 4 MIRIAM WINSLOW DANCERS rri.. Mat. at 4:80. F.b. SS JOOSS BALLET l<avt Ballet i) Very Moderate Prices >8.00. >4.00. >4.no and fn.OO. plat tax j 4 4 rnmmm Last Two "HIGH. WIDE AND HANDSOME" with IRENE DUNNE D*ys Stage — Washington's Biggest Vaudeville Show , FOR THE GREATEST ROMANTIC ADVENTURE STORY OF ALL TIME Famoua name* add their glory lo a famooa atory of thrilling roman** and breath-taking adventure! David O. Selaniek, maker of davtp coppebpold and a (TAB It Boat*, now givea yon thia immortal drama. SELZNICK INTERNATIONAL prtitnit i Ronald Golman ^Prisoner /zenda MADELEINE CARROLL MARY ASTOR DAVID NIVEN RA YMOND MASSEY C. A UBRE Y SMITH DOUGLAS FAIRBANKSJR at Rupert of Hentzau Produced by DAVID O.SELZNICK JOHN la—d *a fdward Reia'i ygmr ' STARTS THURSDAY AT LOEW'S PALACE _HURRY—LAST DAY—JOAN CRAWFORDJNJTHEJ?RI£EJVORE^RED/^^^^^^^ A I ? : T *.
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johannheinrichj05grolgoog_28
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German-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,835 |
Johann Heinrich Jungs̓, genannt Stilling, sämmtliche Schriften : zum erstenmale vollständig gesammelt und herausgegeben von Verwandten, Freunden und Verehrern des Verewigten : und mit einer Vorrede begleitet
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Jung-Stilling, Johann Heinrich, 1740-1817
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German
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Spoken
| 7,335 | 11,371 |
Bei.riefen Morthen kam Clementine daher gegangen, was habt ihr, ihr Kinder? fragte sie Theodor an: Mein Bruder ist nicht wohl; bei diesen Worten lächelte sie. Clementine merkte etwas, sie ging zu Hans Jacob, der traurig da fand und vor sie nieder sah, sie ergriff ihn an der Hand und fragte: Nun, Bruder! Hast du ihnen nicht etwas zur Stärkung geben? Konntest wohl eher, antwortete er: Hörst du, Bruder! fuhr sie fort, Du hast doch eine vermutliche Natur, daher hoffe ich, es soll gut gehen. Hans Jakob verstand die Räthe vollkommen, Theodor auch; er taumelte herbei, griff Clementinen an der Hand, fasst sie mit nassen Augen an und fragte — fragte — Her drängte sie zu der Zunge, er wolle etwas sagen und wusste nicht was. Clementine hatte noch immer ihre Hand gefasst; endlich fing er an: du allmächtiger Gott! was muß ich da antworten? ich weiß es nicht. Theodor fiel ihrer Schwägerin um den Hals und. Hans Jacob hielt Clementinen an der Hand, Dieser drückte ihm fest seine Finger und fragte: Du hast schon genug gefragt, Bruder! Dietrich war indessen guter Dinge geworden, er kam auch daher und rauchte, er hatte den ganzen Tag an Clementinen geflüstert und zwei Wahrheiten heraufgebracht. Die erste war, sie sep ein schönes Mädchen, die zweit. Kein zudritt, was wohl in Ihrem Leben nicht viel Bauernarbeit getan hat. Daraus machte er den Schluss: es scheint sich gut, wenn sein Haus Jakob das Mädchen nehme; denn wenn er auch ein wenig an Haushaltung und Arbeitsamkeit aus ihr vertritt, so ist es doch billig, dass er auch ein wenig da ein verspieltes, da seine Schwester desto mehr gewöhnt hat, wie er nun bei den drei so vertraulich zusammen saß, so glaubte er, es sei schon bald am besten zweite Hochzeit, daher fing er an: Dank Jakob, kannst als fortmachen, hab nichts dagegen. Ja! ja! rief ihm Elementine entgegen, wir müssen noch erst all das Unkraut vom anderen, dann wollen wir sehen, ob noch so viel da bleibt, dass es der Mähne wert ist. Dietrich, verfand das nicht. Meine helfe, antwortete er. So verfloss Theodoren Hortaitag. Des folgenden Tages blieben sie noch alle beisammen, am dritten aber in den Dietrich die ganze Gesellschaft zu sich auf folgenden Sommerstag, und reiste baranf mit seiner Brücke und dem Sohn nach Haus. Haus Jakob von der Linden war den ganzen Weg über mäuschenstill, es gefiel ihm nichts, was sein Vater und seine Mutter sagten, war ihm gar unecht recht gefällt. Alle Berge und Hügel, über die sie gingen, fanden ihm nicht amüsant, auch schien es ihm, als wenn die Sonne nicht mehr so wäre, wie ehemals. Dietrich und seine Söhne waren auch traurig, aber sie spürten das, was ihnen fehlte, nicht eher ganz, bis sie wieder nach Haufe fanden, da wurde ihnen in allen Winkeln leer, überall waren hohe Stille. Hans Jakob mochte nichts arbeiten, er war immer traurig, immer standen ihm die Tränen in den Augen. Der Blumenhof war ihm das einzige Plätzchen. in der Welt, wo es ihm gefiel; sogar die Zäune dort um den Blumenhof waren ihm ein süßerer Genuß, als alles Vermögen seines Vaters. Indessen war es noch sein einziger Trost, daß er jeden Sonntag das Liebste, was er auf der Welt hatte, sehen und sprechen würde, das machte ihm Freude. Alle Zubereitungen, die diesen Besuch zum Zweck hatten, waren chemisch wie leichteste Arbeit. So verfloß vierzehnlange Zeit, die endlich der erwartete Sonntag ausbrach. Es war feierlicher Schönheit Herbstwetter, und es dachte dem Zagen von der Linde, der Schönheit, als der angenehmste Wruhlingstag. Um 10 Uhr kam Hofmanns bunter Wagen zum Tor hervorgefahren, die jungen Eheleute, der alte Mann und Elemeinte faßen da beifallig an und lachten jedem Freude ins Geistes. Hans Jakob hatte keinen anderen Gedanken, als Clementinen, er half ihr vom Wagen und stellte sich seitwärts neben sie; Theodor sprang herunter und lebte ganz Munterkeit, Lebhaftigkeit und Freude war durch ihre ganze Seele verbreitet, man sah es ihr an, wie sie jetzt mehr Eilens sich entwirrt, so wie eine schöne Blumenknospe, oder ein wohlriechendes Kraut sich an einem schönen Tag mit grossem Triebe zur Vollkommenheit nähert; ein edler Ausdruck fing an, in allen ihren Handlungen hervorzustellen, so da sich Dieterich nicht recht in dem Mädchen finden konnte: denn er hatte nirgend anderswo ein feineres Gefühl, als wo sie etwas vom hundertjährigen Unheil entfernt war. Judelsen befahl sich nicht weiter darum, denn er dachte: das Wildgelbe ist gefangen, und doch irrte er gewaltig. 'Dietrich von der Linden und seine eheliche Frau tatend nach ihrer Art ihr Bestes, heute, ihre lieben Säften roht gut und bieder zu bewirken, und es fing Eva an (so hieß Dietrichs Frau) bei Murdoch an zu sagen, daß sie sich annehmen.' Hier muss ich ein kleines etwas philosophieren: ich weiß nicht, ob meine Leser schon die Bemerkung gemacht haben, dass die meisten Mütter eine ganz andere Gestalt, Gang und Gebärden annehmen, wenn sie einmal ein Kind besitzen. Nirgendwo zeichnet sich diese Veränderung besser aus, als unter den Bäuerinnen, wo die Natur am wenigsten verdeckt bleibt: sobald sie eine verheiratete Tochter oder eine Schülerin haben, fängt in ihrer Seele schon ein neuer Zeitpunkt an. Die Oberaufsicht, bei der sie auch im mehr als einer Haushaltung führen, erhebt ihr Herz und Geist; jetzt fallen ihr alle ihre Erfahrungen der Einigung vor, und die Worte besagen: Durch alle ihre Glieder, so daß man es in ihrem ganzen Denken merkt. Oft machte ich lächeln, wenn ich am Sonntag am meinem Fenster saß und die Landweiber betrachtete, wie sie nach der Kirche gingen, fast wollte ich sagen, welche schon Kinder verheiratet haben: ein heißer Blick, genugsa merkwürdiger wohlwollender Blick, eine gepreßte Haltung im Gehen und Stehen, zeichnet sie vorzüglich: man sieht und weiß man eine Weile mit ihnen redet: so bedienen sie sich vielfach Schleichwege, um das Gespräch auf ihre verheirateten Kinder zu lenken, da wissen sie schon an bemerkbar zu bringen, wie viel Gutes sie schon in den eigenen Haushaltungen gesetzt haben. Mutter Eva fing also mit diesem Sonntag an, sich als Mutter zu sein, und sich bei Hofmann und Klödon in Autorität zu setzen; sie fehlte also in einem gelegen: jen Augenblick schon eine Unterredung auf, was sie die letzten Tage über gemacht, wie sie die Kühe bestellt und das Vieh gefüttert hätten, Hofmann beantwortete alles selbst auf eine unbeschreiblich gefallige Art, so daß die gute Eva die Luft auskam, ein paar Wochen mitzugehen, um die. Blumenhoffer Heuschaltung recht. In der Bauung zur bringingens: Lei es wurde ihr ein großmächtiger Etrich durch ihre: Rechnung gemacht. Es wird viele Leser wohl nicht sonderlich interessieren, wenn ich erzähle, wie Dietrich und seine Eva ihre lieben Säfte hemirtehten. Wer ein wenig historisches Wissen hat, kann leicht erraten. Wichtiger ist, was Hans Jakob am lieben Tag zugebracht hat. Der gute Mann suchte Gelehrigkeit, mir Eleganz zu sprechen; der merkte es, und weil sie seine durchaus edle und engliche Seele markant aussehen, gab sie ihm Auslass dazu, sie schlug ihm im Gegenwart einen Spaziergang vor. Die trickste schielte seine Flamme an, lächelte, Eva zog den Mund in Warten, als wenn sie roch überlegen wollte, Theodor strahlte Ergebenheit, Hofstann blieb Beleidigend, er kannte seine Schwester, und wusste, dass alles, was sie that, in die Bildung ber Dinge gehörte. Der alte Bauer endlich saß und dachte auf Pläne, beund er war noch immer Mentor, und er wurde an den Tag, für in aller Kraft erlauert. Haus Jakob wurde bei Elementeins Antrag roh und bleich, er guckte kaum sich weit, weil er glaubte, er würde überall befchämende Mienen finden; als er aber das nicht fand, so erholte er sich, stand auf und sagte zu Schwester: Komm, lassen wir uns gehen. Elementine stand auf und gingen mit ihm fort. Das Verhältnis dieser beiden Kinder war und wird wichtig sein, daher will ich es von Wort zu Wort herzen. Sobald sie vor dem Tor waren, fing Elementine an, indem sie ihm um den Arm fasste: Bruder, wir wollen und führen und ein einmal vertraulich zusammen reden. Hans Jakob. Deine Schwester! ich bin verärgter, als ich im meinen Leben gewesen bin, das ist, hol mich der Teufel! wahr, lassen wir doch einmal weinen von der Brust zusammen reden. Ihr seid ein feiner, wohlgebildeter junger Mensch, habt ein Element. Das wollen wir, deswegen hab ich ben Spaziergang vorgelegt. Ich hab gemerkt, dass Ihr mich fü von frommes, gutes, edles Herz, das habe ich aus vielen gefährlichen Sachen erfahren, die mir Schweizer Theodor von Euch erzählt hat, und endlich habt Ihr auch Vermögen genug, um eine Frau anständig zu ernähren; aber eins fehlt Euch noch. Hans Jakob. O Schweizer! sag nicht eins, sondern hundert, ich bin ein grober Kerl, bin gut nichts ung, Kolmich Gott! wicht, ich kann Euch ja nicht einmal einen ehrlichen geföhlen Brief schreiben. Element Nun, es gefällt mir, dass Ihr erkennet, wo Euch noch fehlt, deswegen ist Euch auch bei, jetzt will ich Euch einen Vorschlag tun, dem müsst Ihr folgen, so kann alles gut gehen: Mein Bruder wird heute mit seiner Frau eine Reise nach unfern Eltern ins Goldene Land machen, ich reise mit, Ihr werdet schon gemerkt haben, dass wir Feine Bürgerleute sind... Hans Jakob, Freilich habe ichs gemerkt, aber das mag eben August. Element. Dafel braucht Euch, Ruf Augst zu machen, folgt mir, so for Fans gut gefahren, wenn Gott will, Fhr nüßt von Euren Eltern, Ihr: müßt in die Fremde, oder onst irgend eine, um noch etwas zu lernen; wenigstens eine nußt mehr Lebensfreude und Anstand haben, und dazu habe ich schon einen Ort ausgedacht, nur das ist das schwerste, wie wir Euch hinweg bringen; denn es muß mit des Bas erd Willen geschehen, sonst ist kein Segen dabei. Hans Jakob. Oh lieber Vater! Da wird, Hold mei Bort! nichts daraus, mein Vater lässt mich nicht fort. Clement. Den lieben Winter freilich nicht, aber ich bin uch gut dafür, dass es im Frühlinge geschehen wird, be ird, denke ich, Euer Vater selbst kurieren werden. Hans Jakob. Das wäre, hold mei Gott! eine Haupt. Element: Ihr werdet sehen. Den lieben Winter bleibt dr hüblich ruhig Bei Euren Eltern, ich will Euch schreiben, und Ihr könnt mir antworten, so wie Ihr denkt; könntest euch an keinem Briefe, foudern schreißt une so, mich ihr sprecht, ir kennen und ja, und niemand bekommt je- Euren Brief gehen. Hans Jakob. Nun, da werdet ihr. arme Sachen zu fen bekommen, ich wills aber doch so machen. Element. Im Frühjahr wird sichs schicken, dass Ihr ; einen Ort kommt, wo Ihr ganz ein anderer Mensch wird, wir sind ja beide noch jung, gibt dann Gott sein gen: so kann ja binnen ein paar Jahre auch ein Paar s and werden. Hans Jakob. Ugh Gen! fürchte ich gar sehr, Ihr rbet während der Zeit tausend andere Gelegenheiten bes namen, und den guten armen Hans Jakob von der uden vergessen und verlaufen. Element, vergeblich und verloren ist Elementars che wichtig, aber sich mir einem jungen Menschen. ein paar Jahre zu früh verheiraten, auch nicht. Wir wollen nicht, Gott für Wege mit und gehen will, wenn wir und nun e Sache vormehnten, die erst nach etlichen Fahren ges gen Tann, so begehen wir immer einen Fehler. "Das Tale ist. Hol mich Berrin! Kart gefragt. Element. Ist das hart, Bruder! freilich! ich weiß gen wohl, zwei, die sich mit. Leib und Seele verliebt haben, gar oft geichwind zufahres, und sich so fest an einander angedeutet, als sie hinaus; aber immer folgt viel Leiden bar: anf, wenn es auch recht gut geht; das ist und meines Zeichen nicht, ich habe wohl gemocht und gesehen, denn ich habe noch mich eine Drannspernsion gefehlt, in die ich mich so tief verliebt habe, aber ich glaube doch, unser Herr. Gott wird mich auch das vor Bewahren, ich hüte mich, so viel zu saum, und Dank bete ich auch darum, daß er mich nicht fallen lassen wolle. Hans Jakob. Hui! Ihr habt Euch noch weit recht vergessen, als wie. in mich: auch ÄrdE, da siehst, hol mich Sowait! Armut schlechter fühlt mich aus. Element. Bruder! da über! Fr 3 nicht auf dem richtigen Wege, ich sage Euch, vergeßt und verlassen ist meine Sache nicht, aber sich sterblich verlieben auch nicht. Ich kann Euch sagen, dass ich Euch mehr werde lieben, als jemand eine Drannspersön in der Welt, und das ist zum Heiraten genug. Hans Jakob. Nun bas ist, hol mich Gott! und genug. Da gebt mir bie Hand darauf. Element Meisethalben, nun müsst Ihr auch ver Dann werben, den ich aus Euch habe. Will.. . Hans Jakob. Da werde ich mein Bestes tun, so wahr mir Gott helfe! sagt mir alles, ich will Euch folgen. Element. Dazu gibt es andere Lente, die es für mich tun, jetzt will ich Buch: noch etliche nägliche Sachen fragen: ich war ein leichtsimmiges Mädchen, dachte über nichts nach, wie die Kinder zu sein pflegen; meine Eltern aber sind sehr fromme, christliche Leute, die führten mich immer zum Beten und zu allem Guten an, aber ich bekümmerte mich wenig darum. Wo es was zu lachen, zu huften und zu springen gab; da war ich die Vorderste. So wurde ich sechs- zehn Jahre alt. Meine Mutter hatte mich in Allem unterrichtet, was einem Mädchen zustehst, und mein Bruder und ich mussten immer allerhand biblische Bücher lesen, des Benützung zu. befunden. Deswegen ding und wein Vender auf die Universität. Hans Jakob. Was! hat mein Schwager gefunden? Element 9a freilich, und das vermutlich! Hans Jakob. Das ist mir ein Bauer! — da frei. Ich mag doch, geh ich doch, Gott! wie ein Kind, - wenn ihn mein Vater einmal richtig kärnen wird, wie er sich da hinter den Ohren fratzt. Element. Das aber freut Euch wohl, das ist ein schwarzer Sieden an Eud).,: daß Ihr eurem Vater nicht gut gefallen kann, ich kann nicht leiden. Hans Jakob. Ihr habt recht, unser hat Gott wird nichts vergeben; nun erzählt mir jetzt weiter. Clement. Dein Bruder reiste fort, und ich war auch sehr traurig, meine Eltern nahmen mich mit auf einen Spaziergang, sie waren auch betroffen, doch aber nicht wie ich. Ich denke manchmal daran, wie mein Vater und meine Mutter bei zufriedenen redeten, jetzt machte das Alte keinen Eindruck auf mein Herz, stattdessen, sie sprachen davon; wie dieses Leben in der Welt nur ein Aufenthalt in einem fremden Lande sei, just so, als wenn ein junger Mensch auf seine Reise nach der Hohe Schule reiste, so käme dann alles darauf an, dass er auf der Hohen Schule alte seine Studien wohl absolvieren: was er da versäumte, sei auf immer versäumt, und wann er dann von der Hohen Schule in ein Amt käme, so würde er sich finden, wie gut er gehandelt habe, wenn er auf der hohen Schule fleißig gewesen wäre. Ebenso geht es auch mit diesem Leben. Dieses Leben ist eine Hohe Schule für die Menschen, je besser wie hier unsere Zeit andenken, deswegen wäre es der Weise und in jenen vollentonnenen Leben bekommen. Nun nahm mich mein Vater an der rechten und meine Mutter in der Linken Hand, sie führten mich zwischen sich übers Feld hin: und so, fragte mein Vater, wie liebst du mich jetzt, nach und nach würden sich junge Leute finden, die nach dir sehn, auch würden sie dich auf mancher Weise locken, aber bedenke, dass dieses Leben für immer ist. Bitte, behaupte es, verkünde der Dalians Heirat, wenn du willst, wenn du nur mit Deinem Gatten fromm leben und sein Glück verdienen kannst, und du nicht gar zu toll hinein platzest; doch das hoffe ich nicht, denn dir. Ich weiß nicht, wie es passierte, damals war es mir so wohl, ich meinte, fiel meinen beiden Eltern um den Hals, hätte versprochen, ihnen, ewig ihre gehorsame Tochter zu sein und ein gutes Mädchen zu werden. Dieser Eindruck ist mir seit der Zeit fest im Gemüt begraben, obwohl er passierte, den anderen Tag nicht mehr und jetzt ist es wieder verflossen. Des folgenden Tages, so gegen Morgen, kam mir, die ein paar. Ach, wo führ ich hin? — Gehe doch ein paar Stunden mit mir spazieren. Gerne, sagte ich, ich legte mein Strickzeug nieder, warf meinen feinen Mantel um und ging mit ihr; es ging so gegen den Abend, die Sonne schien, und es war still, sanftes Wetter. Bild wir nun außerhalb des Dorfes waren; da fuhr über die Wiese hinab spazieren; ich antwortete: es ist recht; wir gingen also, und führten uns an dem Fluss; nun fing meine Freundin an, ihr Herz auszuschütten, sie flüsterte mir, dass sie seit einigen Tagen unausprechlich traurig sei, und wüsste doch nicht warum, sie und ihr Bruder seien frisch und gesund, und sonst fehle auch niemand was, und doch feine sie traurig, als wenn die Welt vergehen würde; wenn sie nun so darüber nachdenke, was ihr Denken doch keine, so könne sie nichts finden; jetzt wär aber so arg mit ihr, dass sie nicht mehr ausstehe könnte. Das gute Mädel den meinte am meiner Seite laut, ich redete ihr softlich zu, über es bald alles nichts. So gingen wir über die Wiese fort, und endlich fanden wir an ein Wasser, welches ziemlich groß und breit ist, jetzt hatte es geregnet und das Wasser war aufgelaufenv. Über den Fluss lag ein schmales Holz, nur ein paar Hand breit, doch war es gleich eben gehauen, so daß man wohl darüber gehen konnte, wenn man nur nicht schwindlich war. Mir sangen eine Weile an dem Ufer auf und ab, der Schatten stieg die Berge hinauf, und die Sonne wollte nun untergehen. Indem wir so gehen, kommt eine Männerpersönlichkeit auf veranderten Seite des Wassers die Wiese herauf, er hatte einen runden Hut auf und einen weißen Frack an mit grauen Unterkleidern, er spazierte mit einem schmalen braunen Stäbchen auf der anderen Seite des Wassers herauf. Wilhelmine (so hieß die Jungfrau) sah ihn, sie rief: ach mein lieber Hermann! sie warf ihm Küsse zu, er erwiderte sie, warf ihr auch Küsse zu, und nun zog sie die Liebe, sie mussten zusammen; Wilhelmine stand auf dieser Seite an der gefährlichen Brücke, Hermann auf der anderen Seite; ein paar mal versuchte sie über das Holz zu gehen, aber sie taumelte wieder zurück; Hermann versuchte es auch, aber er wurde auch schwindlich, so daß er wieder zurück ging. Da standen wir nun, ich warnt sie Beide, sie folgten wieder nach Haus gehen, es sey zu gefährlich, aber es half nichts, sie strebte hinüber, und er herüber; mir wurde immer banger, denn mir ahnte ein Unglück, sie sprang auf den Holz, tiefer fort und wankte, nun war sie zu weit, als dass ich sie zurück ziehen konnte. Monoren. Ich zitterte und forder sie stehen, schwankte, konnte weder hinein, noch heraus Hermann sah die Gefahr, er rief im Schrecken auf das Holz, streckte auf sie zu, um sie hinüber zu führen, er schwankte auch, sie ergriff ihn, schwankten gerber, er ergriff sie noch einmal, und im Fallen waren sie in seinen Armen gefallen, Mund auf Mund!!! — Elemente stirbt hier, Tränen quollen big aus ihren Augen die Wangen herab, und Hans Jakob schluchzte. Sie fuhr fort: mir ward es schwarz vor den Augen, ich sah, wie die armen Kinder durch das Wasser fortwälzten, sich immer fester in die Arme schlossen, sich noch ein paar Mal küßten, und endlich über ein Wehr, welches das Wasser nach der Mühle abdämmte, hinunter rollten, wo sie nun in den großen Wasserstrudel hinab stürzten. Ich lief ans Wasser hinab, streckte die Arme nach ihnen aus, und sah sie nicht mehr. Alle Kraft verschwand mir, ich wankte auf den Füßen, fiel zu Boden, und wusste von mir fast nichts mehr. Als ich wieder zu mir gekommen war, da fand ich, daß ich im Schnee einer Bauernfrau lag, bei Tränen in den Augen hatte, mir freundlich anlächelte, und mich mit kaltem Wasser wuschte. Die Frau sah so fromm und so brav aus, daß ich fast keine große Liebe zu ihr befand. Ich fing an zu weinen, und fragte: ob sie wüsste, was für ein Unglück passieren wäre! Sie wies mit der Hand die Wiese hinab, ich schaute hinunter, und sah einen Tropfen Wasser, der zwei Unglücklichen auf dem Trockenen liegen harrte, um um sie herum zu fallen. Ich blieb noch bei der Frau auf den grünen Rasen, es war allerdings dunkel, ich war aber noch gut mächtig, nach Hause zu gehen. Die Frau drückte mit der Hand, und fragte: Jungfer! lasse sie sich das Unglück lang vor Augen fliehen, dort oben war ich im Feld, ich "habe das Unglück von Weitem mit angefacht", und leidenschaftlich zusammen gerufen; Die armen jungen Leute, Gott hab sie gefällt! haben sich zu früh mit einander verführt, das tat sein gutes, die Liebe wird je länger, je stärker, wenn man nicht zusammen kommen kann, ich habe es auch erfahren; und wenn es zu lange dauert, so wird nichts Gutes daraus. Bendlich die Liebe zu heftig wird, so vergißt man den lieben Gott, und dann ist es aus! Hüte sich dafür, liebe Jungfer! Sie ist ein sehr schönes Mädchen und wird Gesellschaft haben, dass sie sich nicht zu früh verliebt. Ich fühlte wohl, dass alles wahr war, was die gute Frau sagte, und ich nahm mir fest vor, im Namen Gottes wisse niemals in eine Mannpersohn zu verlieben, die ich nicht sofort heiraten möchte. Hatten wir einen Boten nach unserem Dorf geschickt, da war nun überall wehklagen. Die Eltern meiner Wilhelmine fielen aus einer Ohnmacht in die andere, und damit ich schaue mache, die beiden Liebenden wurden in ein Grab gelegt, und unter tausend Tränen begraben. Mein Vater hieß uns von der Wieße nach Haufe. Ich war wohl drei ganze Monate Frank, und kam nicht wieder zurecht; endlich bekam ich Briefe von meinem Bruder und von seinem Hofmeister, dem ehrlichen, klugen und vorzüchtigen Herrn Osterfeld, die mich wieder ganz stärkten, sie rieten uns, ich sollte mich ganz der Haushaltung annehmen, die Mutter abfinden, und alles beforgen, dabei füllte ich gute Stunden lesen, erfuhr die Bibel, dann Richards. Sonderbar sind 8. Romane, besonders den Grandison und anderen Bücher mehr. Mein Vater las auch tiefe Briefe, sie gefielen ihm wohl, er riet mir auch dazu, und trieb mich an, dass ich beständig etwas nützliches in der Haushaltung tun mußte, und wenn ich etwas Zeit hatte, Gottes Wort musste ich vorlesen; ich kann auch das Klavier spielen. Nun haben wir einen sehr großen Flügel, darauf musste ich schöne Lieder schlagen, und mein Vater spielte die Violin dazu. Ich habe auf eine Tante in Aachen, die besuchte ist zuweilen. Sie ist eine sehr christliche vernünftige Frau, die brachte mich auch in höhere Gesellschaft, wo ich lernte mit vornehmen Leuten umzugehen, ohne daß ich schuldete. Seht, Bruder! so habe ich gelebt, bis mein Bruder vor dem Bade wieder kam. Ich habe viele junge Herren gefesselt, in die ich mich wohl hätte verkaußen können, und die auch ferne auch wir trugen, sobald ich merkte, dass sie mir gefielen, für 308 ich mich zurück, und hätte mich, dass ich sie nicht mehr fahig. Nun glaube ich, dass aus Euch ein Mann werden wird, der sich recht für mich eignet, mein Herz sagt mir auch, dass ich Euch einmal mehr als alle Männerwesen werde lieben können; aber meine Liebe zu Euch ist so besonnen, dass ichs abwarten kann, und euch kann ich Euch versichern, dass Feine Mannpersönlichkeit im der Welt ist, die ich lieber habe als Euch. Hans Jakob. Mehr verlange ich nicht, Schwester! Bel mich Gott! nun will ich kein Wort mehr sagen, ich bin zufrieden, aber ich fühle, daß mir das Blut in allen Adern spannt, ich möchte sogleich alles sein, was ich werden solle, aber doch will ich Geduld haben, und alles in der Melt ertragen, um ein rechter Kerl zu werden. Aber was foll ich denn nun den Winter lang, nichts? — Sehr schlecht als gleich anfangen, mich zu beherrschen! Elementine will Euch sagen, was Ihr tun folgt: Ihr müßt heftig Bücher lesen, und da will ich Endlich ein Buch schicken, das recht schön ist; erstlich, lest -fleißig im der Bibel und bedenkt heftig, was ihr lest, damit ihrs auch recht verstehen. Darnach lest ihr dann andere Bücher, die ich Euch schicken will, indessen geht der Winter um, nur seyd Euren Eltern gehorsam, betet fleißig, und wartet bahm, was der liebe Gott mit Euch vor hat, er macht alles wohl. Hans Jakob verfuhr aus Herzen, er war völler Vergnügen, dass er nun Hoffnung hatte, seinen Zweck zu erreichen. Nichts war ihm zu schwer, das er nicht unters nommen hätte. Er und Elementine redeten noch vertraulich zusammen, und wanderten nun wieder nach Haufe. Als sie in die Stube traten, machte Dietrich eine wichtige Miene und Eva lachte. Nun, wie weit seid ihr denn gelungen ? sagte der Vater an: Hans Jakob war ärgerlich, denn er merkte, dass seine Eltern Clementines Glück hielten, wenn er sie heiratete, da wusste er aber besser. "Hey! fagte er, was ist da weit zu erzählen, ich habe noch Zeit, ich muss erst ein Kerl werden, ehe ich an etwas denen Fein, antwortete Dietrich, das wüßte ich doch nicht, bis doch Kerls genug, es geht alles seinen Gang. Freilich vergeßte Hans Jakob, aber es geht, bel mich Gott! einen Bang, den wir nicht alle gehen Finnen. Eleonine merkte, daß er ärgerlich wurde, daher fagte sie: Hörer, ich werde Euren Sohn nicht verführen, und es folgt alles seinen Gang gehen, habt nur Geduld. Dietrich hätte gern noch Ein und Anderes gefagt, denn er war am Unterricht geben, und sein Zweck war, seine jungen Leute so recht nach seinem Wunsch und Willen zu ihr. Es ist Leicht zu denken, dass Hofmann und der alte Bauer alle Kräfte aufspannen mußten, um in ihrem Plan auszuhalten: denn oft wurde es ihnen zu arg; indessen lang ed ihnen nady Wunsch. Sie blieben noch des andern Zages bei den Alten, und nun trug Hofmann seinen Schwiegervater seinen Plan vor, dass er mit seiner Theodora zu seinen Eltern reifen müßte, seine Schwiegersel würde auch mit geben, sein alter Freund würde diesen Winter die Haushaltung auf dem Blumenhof verfehen bis ind Frühjahr, dann würden sie wieder kommen. Dietrich und Eva waren damit zufrieden, denn sie fagten, er würde es am besten wissen, was sich für ihn schickte. Den Montag Nachmittag nahmen sie alle Abschied, und fuhren wieder fort nach dem Blumenhof." Hans Jakob litt bei diesem Abschied unausgesprochen, er suchte aber, seinen Kummer zu verbergen, so gut er konnte, er flüsterte sich munter, und war seinen Eltern gehorsam, so daß sie nichts merkten, was in ihm vorging. Zuweilen fing sein Vater an, von Elementeien zu schwatzen, er begann nach und nach gleichgültig bei der neuen Heirat zu werben, er schlug sogar seinem Sohn andere Gelegenheiten vor, aber Hans Jakob hatte dazu Beine Ohren, er ließ sich zwar nichts merken, doch argerte er sich oft rechtfertigen „ besonders wenn seine Mutter noch ihr Scherflein dazu tat, und Mutterpläne machte, wie sie Clementinen erziehen wollte, wenn sie ihre Tochter wäre. Das Mädchen ist miserabel hochwürdig, sagte sie dann zuweilen, die glaubt, sie sei mehr als andere Leute, und zwanzig tausend Thaler ist doch auch ein so miserabler Reichthum nicht. Es gibt Leute, die noch im Dorf leben, und so konnte sie oft eine Stunde fort Eden, Hand Jakob fühlte dann einen dringendes Schmerz in den Ohren, doch schwieg er still, aber er freute sich in seiner Seele auf die Hauptzeit, die an seinen Eltern vorgerammte werben wollte. Der alte Bauer blieb, wie gesagt, auf dem Blumenhof, Hans Jakob wusste, dass man die Badehaus eingerichtet hatte, dass er oft dorthin geben durfte. Hofmann hatte seinem Schwiegervater gebeten, er möchte Goch fernen Schwager anschaufen, denn sein Freund verstand die hiesige Landesart noch nicht sechs, darin. Löbte ihm wohl sein Schwager mit Rat und Tat auf die Hand geben. Diesen Trick und seine Frau waren zufrieden, weil sie im Herzen froh waren, dass der Schwiegersohn so viel Vertrauen in seine fetten und seine Sachen ihrer Regierang anvertraute. Indessen ging doch Dietrichs Gang bei weitem nicht. Denn wenn Hans Jakob nach dem Blumenhof kam, so wurde von ganz anderen Dingen gprocediert. Drei Mal nach Hofmanns Abreise trieb Dietrich seinen Sohn an, nach dem Blumenhof zu gehen und dort nach den Sachen zu sehen. Hans Jakob hatte lange darauf gewartet, denn er wollte sich mit Fleiß in Acht nehmen, nicht auf die Gegen nach dem Blumenhof zu dringen, damit er den Verdacht erregte, dass er noch an Elementaren denkt; denn, er befürchtete mit Recht, seine Eltern würden ihm dann Saures machen; er zog sich also ganz gleichgültig an und ging fort. Hans Jakob wanderte auch nun nach dem Blumenfeld hin, er wusste sich noch nicht, was er da eigentlich machen sollte; allein es war ihm bekannt, dass der alte Bauer both die Haushaltung führte, und da hoffte er nach einiger Zeit etwas Neues zu hören, was er zu tun hätte. Unterwegs dachte er hin und wieder, er fühlte einen Drang sich zur Tätigkeit, ohne zu wissen, was er eigentlich tun sollte. Doch ahnte ihm etwas neues Großes, das er noch in seinem Leben erfahren würde, das tauchte ihn mushig froh, und gab ihm einen unerfahrenlichen Vorsatz, ein Mann zu werden, so wie ihn Gott und Clementine, haben wollte. Water folgenden Gedanken kam er zum Blumenfeld; es ging ins Haus und fand den Herrn Osterfeld in seiner ländlichen Kleidung in der Stube am Kisten zwischen Büchern, sitzen; er grüßte den ehrwürdigen Greis, der ihm auffällig auf, drückte ihm freundlich die Hand und grüßte ihn wieder. Hans Jakob setzte sich zu ihm. Herr Osterfeld reichte ihm auch ein Päckchen, welches Clementine an ihn geschickt hatte, darin war ein Brief an ihn und dann ber Gaudi, Sie schrieb ihm recht freundlich und ersuchte ihn, dem Herrn Osterfeld zu folgen, denn der würde ihm den besten Rat und Unterricht geben können. Hans Jakob freute sich über den Brief und über die Bücher ungemein, und weil ein paar Tage da bleiben könnten, so wünschte er sich vor, hier auch zu antworten. Osterfeld nahm nun Anlass, mit dem jungen von der Linden zu reden. Des Abends nach dem Essen setzten sie zusammen eine Pfeife Tabak an und nun fing Osterfeld. Ich weiß, was Gleichnes mit Euch vorhat. Ihr seid alle aufrichtig und von Herzen mit mir gemeinsam. Gebt mir Acht! denn, was ich Euch fragen will, das ist wichtig: Eure Ehr sind recht brave, würdige Leute, daran ist nichts aus zu setzen, der Scheler, den sie haben, ist im Grunde eine feine Tugend, ja er würde sogar eine sehr notwendige Tugend sein, wenn die Welt anders beschaffen wäre, als sie ist. Ich habe gefunden, daß die Leute immer die glücklichsten waren, die sich unter ihrem Staate und Vermögen hielten; nur ist bei Euch der Fehler vorgegangen, daß Ihr zu fehlen von der Welt zurückgehalten worden seid. Nun will ich Euch etwas fragen, das Ihr wohl behalten müßt: Ihr seid in der Welt, Gott hat Euch in die Welt gefallen, Ihr habt Eure Leibes- und Geisteskräfte, die müsst Ihr nun so ausbilden und verbesserung, daß Gott seinen Endzweck mit End erreicht, Er will Euch zeitlich und ewig glücklich machen. Das müsst ihr nun auch tun. Hans Jakob. Das will ich herzlich gerne, wir weiß ich nicht, wie ichs anfangen soll. Dietrichfeld. Das will ich Euch nun fragen, hört mir nur zu, Eure Eltern Haushaltung ist so eingerichtet, wie es ihr Temperament und ihre Natur mit sich bringt; freilich hatte Euer Vater viel mehr Gutes in der Welt tun können, wenn er sich anders eingerichtet hätte, aber er hatte niemand, der ihn unterrichtete. Ihr sollt nun recht mit Euren Kräften und Gütern wuchern, und Gott gebe Euch seinen Segen dazu! Hans Jakob. Ja, das will ich, hol' mich den Schlüssel! wüßte ich nur erst, wie ichs machen muss. Dosterfeld. Nun, so habt denn doch Geduld! Wenn Ihr nur eure Waters eingeschrankte Geisteskraft hättet, so würdet Ihr gar wohl mit Eurem Stand zufrieden sein, Ihr würdet dann noch mehr Geld zusammenhäufen, bis endlich einmal der Wind hineinpfiff, der's aus einander staubte. Nun aber fühlt Ihr einen fernen Trieb in Euch, einen anderen Mann zu werden, alten Euren Vater, und das ist eine Stimme Gottes in der Natur, der Ihr folgen müsst, aber der Weg zum Ziel ist schwer zu treffen. Schon habe Kette gefunden, die auch den Trieb fühlen, sie brachen los, stürmten ihren Lüften nach und wurden zeitlich und ewig unglücklich. Nun versichere ich Euch, Lieber Von der Linden! So wird Euch gewiss gehen, wenn Ihr Euch nicht in Ärger stürzt. Dans Jakob. Was! Was sagt Ihr, Daven, verstehe ich, hol' mich Gott! kein Wort. Dosterfeld. Darum will ich's Euch erklären: wir wollen, einmal den Fall stellen, Euer Vater und Eure Mutter sterben, nun sagt mir einmal, wie woltet Ihr denn Eure Sachen einrichten? Dans Jakob. Darauf muß ich mich ein wenig bedanken. Doc duckte mich, ich würde es so machen: ich teile mit meiner Schwester und handelte so fort, wie auch mein Vater, aber ich würde mit den Leuten umgeben, ich würde. mir ein schönes Haus bauen, ich würde mich anders benehmen, wie auch andere Leute, die nicht so reich sind, als wir. Wir nun! was wollte ich noch weiter fragen? Das ist's, hab' mich Gott! noch nicht alles bereit - Fabel - und dann wollte ich den Armen so viel Gutes tun, als ich nur könnte, und - und - und -. Doch, Feld. Halt! Es ist schon genug, jetzt will ich Euch gleich sagen, dass es schunggerade mit Euch zum Verderben gehen würde: Ihr sagt, Ihr würdet Euch kleiden, wie andere Leute, die nicht so reich wären, wie Ihr, das heißt, Ihr wünscht, sich nach der Mode zu kleiden; wißt Ihr aber wohl, dass Euch das noch zur Zeit ganz und gar nicht ansteht, solange Ihr noch nicht zu leben wißt: wie es sich für solche Kleider eignet, sobald Ihr in Modekleidern daher kommt, ehe Euer Geist und Herz gebildet ist, so würde Euch jeder für einen Narren halten, und Hungerleider, deren edel unter den Vornehmen viele gibt, würden Euch oft belügen, sie würden Euch hinters Licht führen, denn Ihr kennt die Welt nicht; der Eine würde Euch eine Handlung vor schlagen, der andere würde mit Euch in Gesellschaft eine Fabrik anlegen wollen, der Dritte schlägt Euch vor, einen Garten zu bauen, der Vierte ein schönes, bequemes Haus, wieder Einer fächer mit einer christlichen, frommen Miene und beredet Euch zu einem Vor schlag, vielen Armen Gutes zu tun, wo er dann seine Schäfchen scheuern und endlich hinter der Thür absieht nehmen würde. Seht, mein lieber Freund! so geht's reichen Leuten, die keine Weltkenntnis haben und sich auf ein Mal' entschließen wollen. Das ist mehr lange: der rechte Weg. Ihr müsst gar viel daran denken, dass ihr vorne herden wollt, aber barer müsst Ihr denken, so duldet Ihr fromm in der Welt zu werden, als es nur möglich ist. Es ist nötig, dass Ihr oder etwas lernt. Warum nicht ein wenig studieren. Diesen Winter finden Ser neue nützliche Bücher, im Frühjahr wird sich wohl machen. 8 Jakob. Ja, da klingt Gott! studieren — da wird wahrlich mal daraus; was fällt ich studieren? Felder. Ben allem etwas, damit Ihr nur Kenntnis et und die Welt Pannen lernt, daraus wird man unter Wert vornehm, ohne dass man daran denkt. Wenn Eure future Leute leiten und Für folgt ihnen, so werdet Ihr, der ihr geweckt will. Nur müßt Ihr immer den Zweck vor Augen haben, dass Liebe und Wohlthat fruchtbarsten Tugenden sind, und dass ohne diese ein die größte Heiligkeit Frömmlichkeit und Heuchelei ist. müsst Ihr alle Sure Maßregeln so einrichten, wie Fruchtbarsten in der Liede feyn Tonne, immer das und das tun, was Euch am gefälligsten dazu Seht, darin Befehl der Fehler Eurer Eltern. Gerade durch ihre Zerstörung unfähig gemacht, so viel zu tun, als fie wohl ihrem großen Vermögen nach dachten. 8 Jakob. Naaa, das ist doch, Kol, mich Gerät! wahr, rs, ich hab mir den Kopf immer darüber verbrochen, enn doch mein Vater eigentlicher fehlte und das Temperament finden. Schließlich dachte immer: so viel Geld — und barerisch — Je nun, dachte ich dann weiter, dass auch Feine Sünde feyn, und wenns Beine Ende hinein ich Sünde, dass ich unzufrieden Bin. Nun weil vornehm feyn, aber dann fiel mir ein, dass wäre unwürdig; mein doch! dachte ich dann weiter: unwürdig wir will ich, hol mich Gott! nicht feyn, und so dachte und dachte, und konnte's finden; jetzt weiß es doch eine schöne Sache ist, wenn man gefällt. Mann, sagen, darauf liegt mir wichtige Haar, hole mich Gott! Nicht; aber fehl, wir haben gar keinen Umgang in der Welt, was da kann ich ja gar nichts ausrichten. Nun, wollte ich gern für vornehm sein und für viele nötigen, dass ich, wie allen Menschen umgehe, Ehren, mit allen Menschen! Scher, Herr Osterfeld! Des ist meine Sache. Mir ist der Hinter an Pracht gelegen, nur ein solches Kleid, wo mit ich zu allen Leute gehen darf, ohne dass sie mich ausladen, und auch so ein Haus, mehr verlang ich nicht! Wenn ich so zu allen Menschen geben und mir ihnen umgeben darf, dann habe ich genug, und so viel muss ich lernen, dass ich das kann. Geht, Herr Osterfeld! So ist es. Osterfeld. Recht, so recht! Jetzt habt ihr den wahren Fleck erblüht, ihr seht jetzt den Ort von weitem, wohin ihr reifen wolltet: jetzt fangt an zu geben, ich werde euch immer den nächsten Weg zeigen. Bekümmert euch nun gar nicht darum, wie ihr euch vor den Leuten stellen wolltet, ihr musst gar nichts daran denken, Komplimente zu machen, sondern euch nur hüten, dass ihr nichts tut und nichts redet, das schädlich und unmögend ist. Eins habe ich euch abgemacht, ihr pflegt immer den Ausdruck "bose mich Gott!" zu gebrauchen, das ist unmöndig und furchtbar fünflich, denn es ist im Namen Gottes missbraucht, davon müssen ihr euch ganz abgewöhnen, da steht übel. Hank Jakob. Ja, das ist, hol — Siehe, da war Ich, feydom wieder! Ja, das ist wahr, ich will tun, was ich kann, damit ich mir abgewöhne; nun was muss ich wissen? "AFTERFELD. Ihr müsst euch gemöhlen, auf alle eure Gedanken, Worte und Werke Acht zu geben, ihr müsst immer wissen, was ihr denkt, und nichts reden, bis ihr überlegt habt; und ebenso müsst ihr, wenn ihr Etwas tun wollt, alles nacheinmusten gut bedenken, wie ihrs machen wollt, so daß es Gott gefällt, und euch und den Menschen wahrhaft nützt: wenn ihr da recht in Acht nehmt und endlich geruht, so werdet ihr nach und nach ein ganz ansehnlicher Mann werben, für wie ihn Gott und Clementine gern haben." Hans Fakob. Das habe ich recht wohl verstanden, ich will mich darauf geben, ich hoffe, das soll gut gehen; ich bezweifle auch wohl, dass das recht gut und christlich ist. Aber bin noch ein grober Tolpel; wie komm ich davon ab? "Dosterfeld. Das kommt nach und nach. Beseliget euch nur der Reinlichkeit in allen Sachen, zieht nichts an, als was reinlich und ganz ist, nichts macht und verächtlicher, als wenn wir unrein sind, und es zeugt immer von einem sehr übel geordneten Geist, wenn man nicht in allen Dingen reinlich und ordentlich ist. Dies ist sehr wichtig. Ein Freund speist ja nicht einmal bei euch, wenn ihr unreinlich seid; das verfäßen sehr viele brave Leute, und werden dadurch verhasst. Darnach should schamhaft, sprecht so gut ihr es können, und prustiert ja nicht darauf, dass ihr höflicher und bescheidender sprechen wollt, wie ihr es verficht, ihr werdet sonst lächerlich und Niemand hat Respekt vor euch. Wenn ihr nun einmal unter die Leute kommt, so werdet ihr nach und nach lernen, wie man leben muss, ohne dass ihr euch sehr darum zu bemühen braucht. Und ordentlich sprechen könnt ihr leicht lernen, nehmt nur das den Grandison, und wenn ihr ein Stündchen Zeit habt, so geht ganz allein, wo euch Niemand sieht oder hört, da lest baar laut, damit ihr die Zunge recht an die Sprache gewöhnt, so werdet ihr nach und nach leicht und angenehm reden, ohne dass ihr ihre Wissen und daran Gewohnheit, und dann wird euch auch Feine Mensch auslachen: denn man hört euch nun an, dass ihr redet, wie ihrs gewohnt seid, ohne dass man merkt, ihr wolltet vornehmer tun, als ihrs versteht. Ebenso wird euch dann auch das Schreiben leicht, wenn wenn ihr sichtbar geführte Bücher fleißig lest, so besondere kommt ihr Geschicklichkeit in der Sprache, ohne dass ihrs gewahr werdet. Hans Jakob. Nun, das begreif ich alles recht wohl, ich verfahre auch, daß das alles recht nützlich sein wird. Jetzt will ich mich, hol mich — (daß dich!) jetzt will ich mich erst einmal dran machen. "Schreibt nur der Elementine, die ich gerade so machen will, — Dösterfeld. Das schreibt er, er verfährt sich, daß das alles recht nützlich sein wird. Jetzt will ich mich, hol mich — (daß dich!) jetzt will ich mich erst einmal dran machen. "Schreibt nur der Elementine, die ich gerade so machen will, — Dies waren die vornehmsten Lehren, die Dösterfeld dem Hans Jakob gab, und darauf gingen sie schlafen. Der gute Junge konnte aber gar nicht schlafen, er ließ das Lich brennen, stand auf und spazierte in der Stube auf und ab und dachte sich mitleidig, wie er nun alles machen wollte; dann nahm er den Grandison und fing an zu lesen, das gefiel ihm wohl, er begriff, fo wie die Henriette Byron das, so ist Elementine gerade, folgte denn Fein Kerl das im Buch sein, an dem ich ein Exempel nehmen kann, so redete er zu sich; aber ich werde wohl noch etwas finden, das mich angeht, jetz kann ich nicht lassen. — Halt, ich will an Elementine schreiben, ich wills nun verführen. Er nahm einen halben Bogen Papier, faltete ihn zusammen, feßte ihn, nahm Feder und Tinte, und fuhr, wie folgt: Hochgeehrte und herzinnigst geliebte Schwester Clementine!) Ich bin heute auf den Blumenhof gekommen, ich war schon lange gern da gewesen; aber ich konnte nicht eher als heute, ist auch noch immer früh genug. Denn sieh, ich dummer Toledo! darf nicht vorlaufen, sonst falle ich, hohle mich — ich darf nicht mehr holen, Gott! fragen, fragt der Hersteller, und ihr wollt haben, ich folge gerade so schreiben, wie ich denke, und da gibt's tolles Zeug durch einander, wie's der Hirt vor dem Tor treibt. Rund was wollt ich? Doch zweitens Ich habe diesen Brief in seiner fehlerhaften Orthographie nicht einreichen. Diese Mode ist schon abgenugt: Genug, wenn wir den Charakter des Ehrenmannes kennenlernen. Schreiben; ja, da fiel ich auf die Nase, denn ich schreibe vom lieben. Run hat mir Herr Ost erzählt, dass viel erzählt, 'ma Das will ich auch alles, wenn Gott will, halten, dem ich hab euch in der Seele lieb, nur müsst ihr auch so Hübsch Mitleid qalten, was ihr mir versprochen habt. Um eure Worte: ich gern der beste Mensch auf Gomes Erdboden werben, um das wird mir auch selbst gut sein, wenn ichs werde. Da bin ich eine Weile in der Stube herum gegangen ab habe mich bedacht; denn ich möchte so Herzlich gern auch das Schöne schreiben, was man nur schreiben kann. Ganz, dem dieber Gott, was weiß ich? Echt weiß keine solche Worte, wir man sich einem vorausehmenden Mädchen schreibt. Ich weiß und gern meine Liebe zu euch bezeugen, und da weiß auch ganz genau, wie ichs machen fol. Ich Denke mirs oft. So worum fest. wenn wir beide ins Wasser fielen, fehlte wie ihr mir nicht dem Dormann und er Wilhelmine erzählte, was tat ich? Ich machte meine Arme zu eisernen Pfählen, flammte fie um euch herum, hielt euch heraus Wasser, und vertrauete es sind senden; Shöner kam ich euch nichts, Tagen. Da bin ich, wieder eine Welle herumgegangen, und habe geweint, dass ich mein Herz da froh, nicht aufs Papier hinmalen. Zaun, recht, wie es ist. Nun goldige Clementine! ich weiß alles, das ihr haben wolltet. Der Graundißou gefällt mir in der Seele wohl, ich habe schon gefunden, dass die Henriette Byron ungefähr so ein Märchen war, wie ihr. Fest wie ich nur modisch schwul bin, wie ihr Freund ist, und ob ich auch so ein Exner werden will. Mein Adieu, grüßt meine Schwester und Schwager und eure Eltern, ich grüß euch aber tausendmal; bleib serbleib ich. Zehnmal überlasst Dam Jakob den Brief, er ging im Posten. doch wurde es endlich müde, und ging schlafen.
| 16,282 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/52349357
|
StackExchange
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Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,018 |
Stack Exchange
|
ADG, Algirdas Preidžius, Havenard, Pascal Kesseli, Ruosh, https://stackoverflow.com/users/10152445, https://stackoverflow.com/users/156811, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1848654, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5440453, https://stackoverflow.com/users/833060, https://stackoverflow.com/users/9521876, melpomene
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English
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Spoken
| 470 | 950 |
Cannot understand the output of this program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A{
private : static A *ob;
public : static A* fun1();
public : void show(string str){
cout<<"This is :- "<<str<<endl;
}
};
A* A::ob=NULL;
A* A::fun1(){
if(ob==NULL){
ob=new A();
return ob;
}
return NULL;
}
int main() {
A *ob1 = A::fun1();
A *ob2 = A::fun1();
ob1->show("A"); // line 1
ob2->show("B"); //line 2
return 0;
}
the output is :-
This is :- A
This is :- B
Although i expected only "This is :- A" since 'ob2' is NULL and dereferencing it should give error.
Can someone explain the output?
@Fureeish If i replace line1 and line 2 by if(ob1!=NULL) ob1->show("A"); // line 1 if (ob2!=NULL) ob2->show("B"); //line 2 then why i get expected output, since ob2 in not NULL ?
This looks like an attempt of implementing singleton, except A::fun() should always return ob and never NULL. The idea is that if ob is NULL it will instance ob so it stops being NULL, and if ob is already instanced then it will just return it.
Its very similar to singleton but what i tried to implement is that if an object of a class is already created then on creating another object it should report error !
Well that's not reporting anything, maybe you should use throw std::runtime_error("object already exists"); or something like that.
Also see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/47026061/whats-the-difference-between-how-virtual-and-non-virtual-member-functions-are-c
Dereferencing NULL is undefined behaviour (Why dereferencing a null pointer is undefined behaviour?), and so is invoking a non-static member function through NULL: When does invoking a member function on a null instance result in undefined behavior?
That means you can’t rely on any behaviour, not even a crash. On many platforms this will crash, but your described output is just as valid.
@Fureeish Yes, there is.
fun1 returns NULL if the static ob member is not NULL, no?
@melpomene, no there is not. the this ptr is never dereferenced in this code.
@AndrewDGrant Did you look at the implementation of fun1? During first call of it, it returns a valid pointer, while in all subsequent calls it returns NULL. Even original asker acknowledges this, and only asks about why doesn't it crash/give error.
Still undefined behaviour though: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2474018/when-does-invoking-a-member-function-on-a-null-instance-result-in-undefined-beha
@Algirdas, please see my answer. There is no dereferencing of a null pointer in this code.
@AndrewDGrant Please read the question, that was linked to you: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2474018/when-does-invoking-a-member-function-on-a-null-instance-result-in-undefined-beha More specifically this quote from standard: "If E1 has the type “pointer to class X,” then the expression E1->E2 is converted to the equivalent form (*(E1)).E2;" Hence, the dereference is there. If it works for you, and there is an explanation for such behavior, it doesn't mean that the behavior is defined.
Please see http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/users/yechiel/c++-faq/dyn-binding.html. Specifically "the compiler resolves non-virtual functions exclusively at compile-time based on the type of the pointer."
| 28,049 |
schoollawsofst1899montrich_3
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US-PD-Books
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| null |
School laws of the state of Montana, comprising all the laws in force pertainign to public schools, state educational institutions, school lands and public lands appropriated to the use of the state educational institutions
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,366 | 8,669 |
Section 1771. Act approved March 6th, 1897.) Section 1772. In districts of the second and third classes, the election of school trustees shall be held and conducted under the super- vision of the Board of School Trustees. The clerk of the school dis- trict must, not less than fifteen days before the election required under this act, post notices in three public places in said district, and .in in- corporated cities in each ward, which notices must specify the time and place of election, and the hours during which the polls will be open. The trustees must appoint by an order entered in their records, three qualified electors of said district^ to act as judges at such elec- tion, and the clerk of the district shall notify them, by mail of their appointment. Said judges shall appoint one of their number to act as clerk at such election. If the judges named are not present at the time for opening the polls, the electors present may appoint judges and the judges so appointed shall designate one of their number to act as clerk. In the districts of the second and third classes, having fifty or more children of school age, the names of all the candidates for membership on the School Board must be received and filed by the clerk and posted at each polling place at least five days next preceding the election. Any five qualified electors of the districts may file with the clerk the nominations of as many persons as are to be elected to the School Board at the ensuing election. (Sec. 1772. As amended by Act approved Feb. 28th, 1899.) "Section 1773. The Board of County Commissioners shall ,at least thirty days before the annual election of school trustees, by an order entered upon the minutes of their meeting, designate and establish a suitable number of polling places, and create an equal number of elec- tion precincts to correspond, and define the boundaries thereof." (Sec. 1773. Act approved March 3. 1S99 amending act of March 6, 1897.) Section 1774. The board of County Commissoners shall, at least ten davs before the day of annual election for trustees in any district of the first class, appoint three qualified electors of the district for each polling place established, to act as judges of election, and the County Clerk shall notify such persons by mail of their appointment. Such judges shall designate one of their number to act as clerk at such elec- tion. If the judges appointed or any of them are not present at the time for the opening of the polls, the electors present may appoint judges, who must be qualified electors to act in the place of those who are absent. The Countv Clerk shall, at least fifteen davs before the STATE OF MONTANA. 37 election required to be held under this Act, in districts of the first class, give notice of the election to be held in all said districts, by posting a notice thereof in three public places in the district, and in incorporated cities and towns in each ward, which notices must specify the time and place of election, the number of trustees to be elected, and the hours during which the polls will be open. (Sec. 1774. Act approved March 6, 1897.) Section 1775. In districts of the first class the polls must be open- ed at eight o'clock A. ML and kept open until twelve o'clock M. and from one o'clock P. M. until eight o'clock P. M. In districts of the second and third classes the polls may be opened for such length of time as the board of trustees may order: Provided that, such polls must be kept open from two o'clock P. M. to six o'clock P. M. (Sec. 1775. Act approved March 6, 1897.) Section 1776. Whenever in the judgment of the board of county commissioners the best interests of the district will be served by the publication of such notices of election in some newspaper in the county, they may, by an order entered on the minutes of their meeting, direct the County Clerk to publish the notice of election required to be given in districts of the first class in some newspaper in the county. (Sec. 1776. Act approved March 6, 1897.) Section 1777. Every citizen of the United States who has resided in the State of Montana for one year, and thirty days in the school district next preceding the election, may vote thereat. Women of the age of twenty-one years and upwards who are citizens of the United State, and who have resided in the State of Montana one year, and in school district for thirty days next preceding the day of election, may vote thereat: Provided however that before any such person shall be entitled to vote in any district of the first class, he or she shall have registered as in this Act hereinafter required. (Sec. 1777. Act approved March 6, 1897.) Section 1778. The voting must be by ballot, without reference to the general election laws in regard to nominations, form of ballot, or manner of voting in districts of the second and third classes. But in districts of the first class the ballot shall show the name or names of the candidates and the length for which they are to be elected. These ballots shall be as near as possible in the following form. 38 GENERAL SCHOOL LAW FOR SCHOOL TRUSTEES. For three (3) year term. VOTE FOR THREE. JOHN ABNER WILLIAM BROWN ADAM SMITH For one (i) year term. VOTE FOR ONE. GEORGE DAVIS In districts of the first class no person shall be voted for or elected as trustees, unless he or she has been nominated therefor by a bona fide public meeting held in the district at least ten days before the day of election, and at which at least twenty qualified electors were present, and a chairman and a secretary were elected, and a certificate of such nomination setting forth the place where the meeting was held, giving the names of the candidates in full, and if there are different terms to be filled, the term for which such candidate was nominated, duly certified by the chairman and secretary of such meeting, shall be filed with the county clerk at least eight days before the day of election. The nomination and election of any person shall be void, unless he or she was nominated at a meeting as above provided at which at least twenty qualified electors were present, and his or her nomina- tion certified and filed as aforesaid, and the county commissioners shall not count any votes cast for any person, unless he or she has been so nominated and a certificate thereof filed as herein required. The coun- ty commissioners shall cause to be printed ballots of the form aforesaid, on which shall appear the names of all persons who were regularly nominated and whose certificate of nomination was properly filed as aforesaid. In district of the first class the person desiring to vote shall, at the time he or she presents his or her ballot, announce his or hei name, and the judges of election if they find such name on the official check list, or if not and he or she takes the oath herein prescribed, one of the judges shall take the ballot and deposit it in the ballot box, and the clerk shall immediately write the name of such person on the poll STATE OF MONTANA. list and one of the judges shall write opposite the said name on the official check lists the word 'Voted." Any person voting at such elec- tion who is not entitled to vote, and any person voting more than once thereat, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished accord- ingly; and any person taking a false oath, shall be guilty of perjury. No person shall be entitled to vote at any election for school trustees in any district of the first class, unless his or her name shall, on the day of election, appear on the official check list furnished by the county clerk to the judges of election: Provided, however, that if any person, otherwise qualified to vote, makes oath before one of the judges that he or she registered at any registry precinct in such district, naming it, be- fore a registry agent giving his name, to vote at said election, and that his or her name does not appear correctly on said check list, or has been omitted therefrom, or that by reason of absence or sickness dur- ing the period of registration he or she was unable to register, the judges of election shall make an entry opposite his or her name on the poll list to the effect that he or she was sworn and voted, and shall permit him or her to vote. The county commissioners shall provide for each election of trustees double as many ballots as there are voters registered within such district. No other ballot than that provided by the county commissioners shall be received by the judges and in dis- tricts of the first class, where a daily paper is issued, the commissioners shall cause to be published in at least one paper for three days preced- ing the election, such official ballot, and in such districts where there is no daily paper, but a weekly, the official ballot shall be printed at least once in a weekly paper. Trustees must provide in each polling place designated by them a sufficient number of booths, placed, or compart- ments, which must be furnished with such supplies as shall enable the elector to conveniently prepare his or her ballot, and in which electors screened from observation must mark their ballots. Guard railing must be so constructed that only persons within such railing and officers of election can approach within ten feet of the ballot boxes or the booths herein provided. Before delivering any ballot to an elector the judges must print on the back and near the top of the ballot, with a rubber stamp, the designation "official ballot." Each qualified elector shall receive from the judge one ballot. (Sec. 1778. Act approved March 6, 1897.) Section 1779. Any person offering to vote may be challenged by any elector of the district, and the judges must thereupon administer to the person challenged an oath in substance as follows: You do solemn- ly swear that you are a citizen of the United States; that you are twenty- one years of age ; and that you have resided in this State one year, and in this school district thirty days next preceding this election, and that you have not voted this day. So help you God. If he or she is a resident of a district of the second or third class, and he or she takes this oath, his or her vote must be received; otherwise rejected. If he or she is a resident of a district of the first class and takes this oath, and has complied with the provisions of this Act, with reference to elec- tions therein or complies herewith, his or her vote must be received; othenvise it shall berejected. Any person who shall swear falsely be- fore any registry agent or judge of election, shall be guilty of perjury and shall be punished accordingly. (Sec. 1779. Act approved March 6, 1897.) Section 1780. At every election held under this Act, in districts of the first class, a poll and tally list shall be kept by the judges and clerk at each polling place, and immediately after the close of the polls the judges shall count the ballots, and if there be more ballots than votes cast the judges must draw by lot from the ballots without seeing them, a sufficient number of ballots to make the ballots remaining cor- respond with the number of votes cast. The clerk shall write down in alphabetical order in a poll book provided for that purpose the name of every person voting, at the time he or she deposits his or her ballot. There shall also be provided a tally list for each polling place ; after the ballots have been counted and made to agree with the poll list, the judges shall proceed to count them. The clerk shall enter in the tally list the name of every person voted for trustee, and the term, and tally opposite his or her name, the number of votes cast for him or her and at the end thereof set* down in a column provided for that purpose the whole number of votes he or she has received. The judges and clerk shall sign a certificate to said tally list setting forth the whole num- ber of votes cast for each person or trustee, designating the term, and they shall verify the same as being correct to the best of their knowledge STATE OF MONTANA, 41 before an officer authorized to administer oaths. No informality in such certificate shall vitiate the election, if the number of votes received for each person can reasonably be ascertained from said tally list. In dis- tricts of the second and third class said books and tally lists shall be returned to the board of trustees of the district, who shall canvass the vote and cause the clerk of district, to issue certificates of election to the person or persons elected, designating their term, a copy of which must be forwarded to the county superintendent of schools. In districts of the first class said poll books and the tally lists shall be delivered to the county clerk, and the board of county commissioners shall canvass the votes. School trustees are hereby authorized to administer oaths to the judges of election, and the oath of office to the trustees elected. (Sec. 1780. Act approved March 6, 1897.) Section 1781. The Board of County Commissioners shall canvass the votes of all districts of the first class in the same manner that they are required to canvass the votes at other elections and declare the re- sults. The County Clerk shall thereupon make out and mail to the person or persons elected a certificate of election, stating the term, and shall mail a copy thereof to the county superintendent of schools. (Sec. 1781. Act approved March 6, 1897.) Section 1782. Trustees elected shall take office immediately after qualifying and shall hold office for the term of three years and until their successors are elected and qualified, or appointed by the county superintendent of schools and qualified. Every trustee elected shall file his or her oath of office with the county superintendent of schools. Any trustee who shall fail to qualify within fifteen days after being elect- ed shall forfeit all rights to office, and the county superintendent of schools shall appoint to fill the vacancy. (Sec 1782. Act approved March 6, 1897. > Section 1783. Any person, male or female, who is a qualified voter at any election under this act, shall be eligible to office of school trustee in such district. (Sec. 1783. Act approved March 6, 1897.) Section 1784. The board of county commissioners of every county in which there shall be a school district of the first class shall, at least fifteen days before the school election for the year 1897, and thereafter at least twenty days before the next annual school election, by order entered on the minutes of the board, lay out such district into not less- than two nor more than thirty registry precincts as may seem to the board most necessary, and shall define the boundaries thereof, which shall be known as School Registry Precinct No. i, School Registry Pre- cinct No. 2, and so on. They shall at the same time the registry pre- 42 GENERAL SCHOOL LAW cincts are established, appoint one person, male or female, qualified to vote at the coming election in such precinct, registry agent for such precinct, and of the number of registry agents appointed, they shall designate one as principal registry agent for said school district. All registry agents shall be appointed annually, and they are hereby au- thorized and empowered to administer oaths and affirmations, and to do such other acts as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act. Before entering upon the duties prescribed in this Act, the registry agents must severally take and subscribe before an officer authorized to administer oaths the constitutional oath of office, and file the same with the county clerk of their respective counties. The Board of County Commissioners shall designate the place where the office of every registry agent appointed under this Act shall be kept, and they shall cause to be published in a newspaper in the district, or posted in at least three places in each registry precinct, a notice of regis- tration, which shall describe the boundaries of each registry precinct, give the location of the office, and the name of the registry agent there- for, and the date when, and the hours during which the office of the registry agent will be open, and during which persons residing in said precinct may apply and be registered therein. This notice must be pub- lished or posted for three days preceding the day when the registration begins, and continued until registration is closed, and shall be issued and signed by the county clerk. No persons shall be registered by any registry agent unless such per- son is at the time a resident of his or her precinct. Every person apply- ing to the registry agent shall, before he or she shall be entitled t) have his or her name registered, take and subscribe to the following oath or affirmation, which shall be administered by the registry agen: to-wit: I do solemnly swear or affirm that I am a citizen of the United States, or that I am entitled to become a citizen of the United States, and it is my honest intention to become such before the school election day of this year; and that I am of the age of twenty-one years, and will have actually and not constructively, been a bona fide resident in Montana twelve months, and in the school district thirty days next preceding the day of election, and that I am not registered elsewhere in this school district for this election year, So help me God. The registry books shall be open at all times to the inspection of any electors of the district. (Sec. 1784. Act approved March 6, 1897.) Section 1785. The county commissioners in establishing the vot- ing precincts and registry precincts shall so arrange them that each voting precinct in which a polling place shall be established shall be composed of a certain number of designated registry precincts. On the next day succeeding that on which the rgistration is closed each registry agent shall deliver to the county clerk of his or her county his or her official registry duly certified by himself or herself. The prin- cipal registry agent of each district shall immediately enter upon the work of making therefrom official check lists. He or she shall copy into books to be provided for that purpose and to be known as the official check lists for each election precinct, designating the number of the voting precinct thereon, all the names in alphabetical order con- tained in the several official registers which have been returned from the several registry precincts within said voting precinct, together with the other entries contained in the official registers and shall complete the making of one official check list in such manner for each election or voting precinct wrhich has been established, within five days. The county commissioners shall allow him or her such assistance as may be necessary to complete such official check list within such time. When he or she has completed the official list he or she shall verify each of them by his oath that the same is correct according to his or her best 44 GENERAL SCHOOL LAW information, knowledge and belief and deliver the same with all official registers to the county clerk who shall on the day of election at or be- fore the time for the polls to open, deliver the official check list for each election precinct or polling place to one of the judges thereof at such polling place. (Sec. 1785. Act approved March 6, 1897.) Section 1786. All the expenses necessarily incurred in the matter of holding elections for school trustees shall be paid out of the school funds of the district. For districts of the first class the county com- missioners shall provide all the stationery, books and supplies and all bills and claims therefor and for the expenses of such election shall be presented to and allowed by the board of County Commissioners when audited by the County Auditor as other claims, and said board shall thereupon cause the same to be certified and delivered by the County Clerk to the proper board of school trustees, who shall cause the same to be paid out of the school funds of the district as other school expenses are paid. All registry agents shall receive the sum of four dollars per day each for the time which they shall be engaged in work of registration ; judges of election in districts of the first class shall receive not to exceed five dollars per day each for all services con- nected with the election. Judges of election in other districts shall re- ceive no compensation. The compensation hereby provided shall be paid in the same manner as other claims. (Sec. 1786. Act approved March 6, 1897.) Section 1787. Every School Trustee in a district of the first class provided said District shall have a population not less than twenty thousand, shall give an official bond in the sum of ten thousand dollars, for the faithful discharge of his or her duties, which bond shall be ap- proved by the District Judge and filed with the County Clerk, and every such trustee shall be entitled to receive out of the school funds of the district the sum of four dollars for each meeting of trustees, which he or she shall attend in giving the necessary attention to school business, not exceeding however one meeting each week, and he or she shall re- ceive no compensation for his attendance at any meeting unless he or she attends throughout its entire session. The compensation here pro • vided shall be audited and allowed by the Board of Trustees and en- tered upon their records. (Sec. 1787. Act amending Act of March 6, 1897, approved March 3, 1899.) STATE OF MONTANA. 45 ARTICLE V. BOARD OF TRUSTEES. Sec. Sec. 1790. Powers. Quorum. 1805. Misdemeanor. Penalty. 1791. Term. 1806. Repayment of loans. 1792. Trustees of new district. 1807. Must procure American flags. 1793. Meetings. Organization. Clerk. 1808. Flags to be displayed. 1794. Meetings, general. 1809. Expenses of flags. 1795. Financial statement. 1810. Powers concerning bonds. 1796. Chairman. Rules. 1811. Disposal of proceeds of bonds. 1797. Powers and duties. 1812. District responsible on bonds. 1798. Duties concerning privies. 1813. Must levy tax for interest, etc. 1799. Same. 1814. Redemption of bonds. 1800. Penalty. 1815. Payment of interest. 1801. Power over property. 1816. Preparation of bonds. 1802. Shall not be interested in contracts. 1817. Felony. Penalty. 1803. Liability. 1818. Surplus money used for building. 1804. May establish high schools. Section 1790. Except when otherwise authorized by law, even- school district is under the control of a board of school trustees con- sisting1 of three members, a majority of which constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Section 1791. The term of office of school trustees is three years, from the third Saturday in April next succeeding their election. Section 1792. When a new district is organized, such trustees of the old as reside within the limits of the new one shall be trustees in the new district, and the county superintendent must appoint the remaining trustees for the new and old districts, who shall hold office until the next annual school election. Section 1793. The School Trustees shall meet annually on the third Saturday in April, and organize by choosing one of their number chairman, and a competent person, not a member of the Board as Clerk. In districts of the first class, the clerk before entering upon the duties of his office, shall be required to give an official bond in the sum of ten thousand dollars conditioned for the faithful performance of his duties and to be approved and filed as other official bonds. Section 1794. The Board shall hold, in districts of the first class, at least one and not more than five meetings each month, for the trans- action of its business; and in all districts at least four meetings each year shall be held, to- wit: On the third Saturdays of April, July, Oc- tober and January at such places and hours as shall be fixed by the Board. A special meeting of the Board may be held upon the call of the chairman, or of any two members of the board. At least forty- eight hours written notice shall be given to each member of the Board 46 GENERAL SCHOOL LAW of any special meeting, and no business transaction by the Board shall be valid unless transacted at a regular or special meeting thereof. (Sees. 1793-1794. Act approved March 3, 1899.) Section 1795. In school districts in which the funds shall equal or exceed $25,000 in each year, there shall be published in the news- paper which has contracted to do the public printing in the county in which the district is located between the first and tenth days of June of each year, and between the first and tenth days of December of each year, a financial statement, covering the six preceding months, showing in detail the amount of money received, the amount paid out and for what purpose it was so paid, and the balance in the county treasurer's hands to the credit of the district at the time of the making of the statement. The costs of such publication shall be paid by order of the board of school trustees out of their respective school funds, ana the prices paid must not exceed per folio that allowed by the county commissioners for the publication of the financial statement of the county treasurer. Section 1796. The chairman shall preside at all the meetings of the board, and shall perform such duties as usually pertain to such office and in accordance with the customary rules of order. Section 1797. Every school board unless otherwise especially pro- vided by law, shall have power and it shall be its duty: 1. To prescribe and enforce rules not inconsistent with law, or those prescribed by the Superintendent of Public Instruction for their own government of schools under their supervision. 2. To employ or discharge teachers, mechanics or laborers and to fix and order paid their wages; to determine the rate of tuition of non- resident pupils, and to fix the compensation to be allowed the clerk for the time necessarily spent in the service of the district, as required by law, or as directed by the board. 3. To enforce the rules and regulations of the superintendent of public instruction for the government of schools, pupils and teacher and to enforce the course of study. 4. To provide for school furniture and for everything needed in the school house or for the use of the school board. 5. To rent, repair and insure school houses. 6. To build or remove school houses and to purchase or sell school lots when directed by a vote of the district so to do. 7. To hold in trust for their district all real or personal property, for the benefit of the school thereof. STATE OP MONTANA. 47 8. To suspend or expel pupils from school who refuse to obey the rules thereof, and to exclude from school, children under six years of age where the interest of the school requires such exclusion. 9. To provide books for indigent children on the written statement of the teacher that the parents of such children are not able to pur- chase them. 10. To require all pupils to be furnished with suitable books as a condition of membership in the school. 11. To exclude from school and school libraries, all books, tracts, papers and other publications of immoral and pernicious nature. 12. To require teachers to conform to the law. 13. To make an annual report, as required by law, to the county superintendent on or before the first day of October in each year, in the manner and form and on the blanks prescribed and furnished by the superintendent of public instruction. 14. To make a report directly to the superintendent of public in- struction whenever instructed by him to do so. 15. Whenever a pupil resident in one district desires to attend school in an adjoining district, such pupil shall be permitted to do so, Pro- vided,that the board may refuse pupils from such dstrict upon the ground of insufficient room. That the board of trustees shall have power to transfer the school moneys due by apportionment to such pupils to the district in which they may attend school; and provided further, That where any pupil lives five miles or more from the school in his dis- trict such pupil shall have the right to attend any school which is nearer upon petition to the county superintendent. When such petition is made to the county superintendent he or she shall keep a record of the same on file in his office. 1 6. To determine what branches, if any, in addition to those requir- ed by law shall be taught in any school in the district, subject to the approval of the county superintendent. 17. To visit every school in their district at least once in each term and to examine carefully into its management, condition and want. This clause applies to each of the trustees. 1 8. To provide for each school house separate out houses for the sexes. (Sec. 1797. Act approved March 8, 1897.) Section 1798. It is hereby made the duty of the school trustees of all school districts in this State to provide separate privies or out- houses for the use of the sexes at all school houses where the same 48 GENERAL SCHOOL LAW do not exist, and to see that the same are kept in good repair, and in a clean condition. Such privies or outhouses must be located and built in such a manner as to secure privacy. In all cases where there is no fence dividing the play yards of the sexes the privies or outhouses herein named shall be separate and distinct buildings, and situated at least twenty feet apart. Section 1799. It shall be the duty of all trustees, teachers, janitor or janitors of school districts to see that all privies or outhouses are kept in good repair and in a clean condition. Section 1800. Any trustee or trustees, teacher, janitor or janitors failing to comply with the provisions of .this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be fined in a sum not exceeding one hundred dollars or imprisoned in the county jail not exceeding ninety days or both such fine and imprisonment in the discretion of the court. Section 1801. The board of trustees for each school district shall have custody of all school property belonging to the district, and shall have power in the name of the district or in their own names as trust- ees of the district, to convey by deed all the interest of their district in or to any school house or lot directed to be sold by vote of the dis- trict, and all conveyances of real estate made to the district, or to the trustees thereof, shall be made to the board of trustees of the district and to their successors in office ; said board in the name of the district shall have power to transact all business necessary for maintaining schools and protecting the rights of the district. Section 1802. It shall be unlawful for any trustee to have any pecu- niary interest, either directly or indirectly, in any erection of school houses, or for warming, ventilating, furnishing or repairing the same, or to be in any manner connected with the furnishing of supplies for the maintenance of the schools or to receive or to accept any compensa- tion or reward for services rendered as trustee. Section 1803. Any board of trustees shall be liable as trustees, in the name of the district, for any judgment against the district, for any salary due any teacher on contract, and for all debts legally contracted under the provisions of this title, and they shall pay such judgments or liabilities out of the school moneys to the credit of such district. Section 1804. Whenever the interests of the district requires it the board of trustees may establish a high school, employ a principal teacher and subordinate teachers, and grade the school into depart- ments and classes. STATE OF MONTANA. 49 Section 1805. When any school officer is suspended by election or otherwise he shall immediately deliver to his successor in office all books, papers and moneys pertaining to his office; and such officer who shall refuse to do so, or who shall wilfully mutilate or destroy any such books or papers, or any part thereof, or shall misapply any mon- eys entrusted to him by virtue of his office, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by a fine, in the discretion of the court, not exceeding one hundred dollars. Section 1806. Whenever heretofore money has been loaned or ad- vanced to the board of school trustees of any school district for the erection of a school house or school houses therein by any person or corporation in reliance upon the proceeds of the sales of bonds for the repayment of the same, the issuance of which bonds have been voted for by a majority of the electors of such district, voting at an election held for the purpose of authorizing the issuance of the same for the erection of a school house or school houses, which said money has been used by such board of school trustees in the erection of a school house or school houses in such district, but which bonds when issued have been adjudged and held to be void or invalid by the Supreme Court of the state, the money so loaned or advanced may be repaid, together with interest thereon covering the period for which interest has not been paid, at the rate specified in said bonds so held to be void; said payment to be made by the board of school trustees to the person or corporation who or which had loaned or advanced the same, from the proceeds of the sale of any bonds thereafter issued for the purpose of building one or more school houses in said district, or for any other school purposes. Section 1807. That the trustees of the several school districts of the State of Montana shall, within ninety days from the passage of this act, procure by purchase or donation, an American flag with accompanying necessary poles and ropes, etc., for each and every school house in their respective districts. Said flags shall be of dimensions not less than four by six feet, and they shall be made from durable material. Section 1808. It shall be the duty of the school trustees to cause said flags to be displayed over such school houses every day, during the sessions thereof, provided the weather is such as to permit the dis- play without injury to the flags. Section 1809. The school trustees are hereby authorized and em- powered to use such portion of the school funds as remain in their 50 GENERAL SCHOOL LAW hands and which is not othewise appropriated, for the purchase and erection of the flags, poles, etc. Section 1810. The school trustees of any school district of the State of Montana, shall have and are hereby given in addition to the power already conferred on them, authority to issue on the credit of their respective districts, coupon bonds (and sell the same), for the purpose of providing the necessary funds to pay maturing bonds under the following conditions, to-wit: First — When there is not sufficient money to the credit of the school district applicable to pay said maturing bonds. Second — When in the judgment of the school trustees to levy and collect a special tax for the purpose of paying said maturing bonds, would be a hardship and a burden to the school district. Third — All bonds issued under the provisions of this act shall bear upon their face the words, "Refunding School Bonds," and shall also recite in the body of the bond that "This bond is issued for the purpose of providing funds to pay maturing and outstanding bonds." Fourth — Said bonds shall bear interest at a rate not exceeding six per cent per annum (and interest may be payable semi-annually) and payable and redeemable within a period not to exceed twenty years from the date of issue; Provided, That such issue of bonds shall not exceed in amount the face value of the bonds they are issued to replace, and Provided further that such reissue shall not be made more than once upon any indebtedness. Fifth — The trustees shall fix the denomination, term, rate and form of said bonds not inconsistent with the requirements hereinbefore set forth; and may issue and sell such bonds at any time when deemed necessary and expedient to preserve and maintain the credit of their respective school districts; Provided, however, that said school trustees shall be required to first submit the question of issuing said bonds to the electors of said school districts as required in the case of issuing other bonds. Sixth — Said bonds shall be advertised for sale in not less than one newspaper of general circulation, published in the State of Montana, for a period of not less than four weeks preceding the date fixed for sale of said bonds; said advertisement shall briefly describe the bonds, stating the time when, and place where said sale will take place; Pro- vided, That said bonds shall not be sold at less than their par value, and the trustees are authorized to reject any bids and sell said bonds at private sale, if they deem it for the best interests of the district to do so. STATE OF MONTANA. 51 Seventh — Said bonds and coupons (attached), shall be signed by the chairman of the board of trustees, and the school clerk of the district; Provided, a lithographic or engraved fac simile of the signatures of the chairman and clerk may be affixed to the coupons only when so recited in the bond. Eighth — Each bond so issued shall be registered by the county treasurer of the county wherein such school district is located, in a book provided for the purpose, which shall show the date, number, term and amount of each bond, and the person or persons to whom the bonds are issued or sold. Section 1811. All moneys arising from the sale of said bonds shall be paid forthwith into the treasury of the county in which said school district is located, and shall be immediately available to apply for the purpose authorized and no other purpose. Section 1812. The faith of each school district is solemnly pledged for the payment of the interest and the redemption of the principal of the bonds which shall be issued under this act. And for the purpose of enforcing the provisions of this act, each school district shall be a body corporate, which may sue and be sued by, or in the name of, the board of school trustees of such district. Section 1813. The school trustees of each district shall ascertain the amount of levy annually, a tax necessary to pay the interest, when it becomes due, and provide a sinking fund to redeem the bonds at their maturity; and said tax shall become a lien upon the property in said school district and be collected in the same manner as other taxes for school purposes. Section 1814. When the sum in said sinking fund shall equal or ex- ceed the amount of any bond then due, the county treasurer shall post in his office a notice that he will, within thirty days from the date of such notice, redeem the bonds then payable, giving the number thereof, and the bonds bearing the lowest number shall be redeemed first, in their order; and Provided, that such redemption shall be made at some regular interest period as set forth in the bond; and if at the expiration of the said thirty days, the holder or holders of said bonds shall fail or neglect to present the same for payment, interest thereon shall cease; but the treasurer shall at all times thereafter be ready to redeem the same on presentation, and when any bond or bonds shall be so pur- chased or redeemed, the county treasurer shall cancel all bonds so pur- chased and redeemed, by writing or stamping across the face of such bond or bonds, in ink the words, ''Redeemed and Cancelled/' and the 52 GENERAL SCHOOL LAW elate of such redemption. And the bonds paid shall be exhibited to the board of county commissioners at their first meeting thereafter. Section 1815. The county treasurer shall pay out of any moneys belonging to the school district, the interest upon any bonds issued by authority of this act, by such district, when the same shall become due, upon the presentation at his ofHce, of the proper coupon, which shall show the amount due, and the number of the bond to which it belongs ; and all coupons so paid shall be cancelled and exhibited to the board of county commissioners at their first meeting thereafter. Section 1816. The school trustees of any school district shall cause to be printed or lithographed, at the lowest rate, suitable bonds with the coupons attached, when the same shall become necessary and pay therefor out of any moneys in the county treasury to the credit of said school district. Section 1817. If any of the school trustees of any district shall fail or refuse to pay into the proper county treasury the money arising from the sale of any bonds provided for by this act, they shall be deemed guilty of a felony and upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by imprisonment in the State penitentiary for a term of not less than one year, nor more than ten years. Section 1818. County school moneys may be used by the county superintendent and trustees for the various purposes as authorized and provided in this article, and for no other purpose, except that in any district, any surplus in the general school fund to the credit of said district, after providing for the expenses of not less than eight months' school may, on a vote of the qualified electors of said district, be used for the purpose of building and improvement. If any school money shall be paid by the authority of the board of trustees for any purpose not authorized by this section, the trustees consenting to such payment shall be liable to the district for the repayment of such sum and a suit to recover the same may be brought by the county attorney or if he shall refuse to bring the same, a suit may be brought by any taxpaying elector in the district. ARTICLE VI. DISTRICT CLERKS. Sec. 1830. Duties Compensation.
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,022 |
python-scripts
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Kirklin12
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Python
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Code
| 30 | 93 |
import requests
message = raw_input('Enter a Message: ')
number = raw_input('Enter the phone number: ')
payload = {'number': number, 'message': message}
r = requests.post("http://textbelt.com/text", data=payload)
if r.json()['success']:
print('Success!')
else:
print('Error!')
| 49,945 |
http://data.theeuropeanlibrary.org/BibliographicResource/3000051805232 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/3000051805232 http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/annoshow?call=wrz|18600819|1|10.0|0 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/fullscreen/3000051805232_2
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Europeana
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| null |
Wiener Zeitung
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None
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German
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Spoken
| 6,667 | 13,998 |
Lokal- Uhr Minut K Lokal- Uhr Minut. ff Lokal 'S Bus Uhr Minut. Lokal Zug Uhr Minut. Lokal 'Zug Uhr Minut. S Lokal 'Zug Uhr Minut. Postzug Uhr Minut. Lastzug KS OS ds r>s « v? cs «>v o »-»- so Sd Z O 2 ?. «d V s B G s V» F s ?» K -S «- s» A-e» -Z^ S -ö s s s L »d,' UZ S Z.Z's ' «3 - - L» e ?« tS L? v«<R? vr »s «s ^ ^ a«s LS ^ ^ ^ V' veZ Meilen » S s o s Uhr' ' l ^ Minut. Postzug OvA? <? ve«? ' d»Z L- »- «s ^ ^ ssD « « c»<! « -V'--r --r 3 ». v« »r. .«v « « »s is v«as KS „ s s ovZ t» — iS'Z' . o3 An Sonn- und Feiertagen An Sonn- und Feiertag m An Sonn- und Feiertagen An Sonn- und Feiertagen Uhr Minut. K Lokal- > Zug Uhr Minut. K Personenzug Uhr Minut. Lokal- S Zug Uhr Minut. K Lokal- T Uhr Minut. ff Lokal- ^ Zug Uhr Minut. ff Lokal- xz Zug Uhr Minut. M Schnell- > Zug Uhr Minut. K Lokal-, Uhr Minut. Lokal- S»g Uhr Minut. Lastzug W« s « « N ? S s »? Z G s ! N <^s N ? N s »? kO S s V' N <?V S- ?"S tS i>V OS A ? Z M S s s. Intelligenzblatt. Effekten- und Wechsel-Course der k.k. Österreichischen Nationalbank in Wien. Samstag den 6. August 1852. Effekten. Öffentliche Schuld des Staates (Kurs in Wiener Florin). S äst. Währung... zu S 1/2 Aus der National-Anleihe, S 1. vom 1. 1851, LVRI S , S , Convertierung, S , convertible... 8 , dem 4% . dem 4%...... 4 , dem 3% 2 1/2 . dem 2 1/2 1 . Mit Verlosung vom Jahre 1838 . . . 1844 . . . 1840 . terno-Centen-Schein zu 421 fl., zu S 1/2 Seriöse Obligation... 4 1/2 , für alten Staatsschuld 1 , 4 , 3 1/2 - S . 2 1/2. 2 1/2 2 1/2.. verlosbare Obligation der alten Staatsschuld im Anlande verzinslich / Durchschnitt-Course Letzter Course Geld ! Währung Gulden isterr. Währung 64.25 7 1/2 — 88.40 87.50 Obligation... der alten Staatsschuld 4 1/2 , verzinslich 4 . verlosbare Obligation der alten Staatsschuld im Auslande verzinslich. Kronländer Grundrentenlastung-Obligation für 100 fl. Vom Nieder-Österreich, zu 1 , Oberösterreich, u. Salzburg, 8 u. Küsten, -Z . Ungarn . ZSerbia, Kroat. u. Sl., Vielben. u. Pulkow., Lomb.venet.Anleih.v.3.1850. Venetianlehen v.S.1855. Tiroler Landesschuld, Salzburger, Steirerische, . S . s . ä . ä , S . S . 4 . 5 2>- S i'. 72.20 SS.75 S4.25 77.50 SS.- SS — S8.20 S0.25 S4- 40- 34 570 127 S2. S2.55 15.50 SS SS. S2. 49. 57. »S. 47. SS. SS SS — S2 S2.50 S0.25 S2.- St.- 87.- 88 — so— 87.- 72.— S8.75 87. 75.000 SS,— S2 — 48 — 38 — 22- 25.- 22 54.50 77.50 100.- 100.- S8.50 S0.75 94.25 40.80 54.50 15,80 127.50 S2.50 S3 15.75 SS. S0. SZ. 48.50 S8. — St. 49. 49. SS. SS. so. S3- SS S0.75 SS. St so 87.50 88.50 St.- 87.50 72.50 SS70 88. — 78.75 SS — SS — 49. — 35 — SS — 25. — SZ. — Stand« Dementsikal-Oblig. Zu S '. 2V. 200 200 200 200 Aktien (pr. Stück.). Rationalbank Kredit-Anst. f. Handel u. Gewerbe zu AM.öf Ried.-öst.E»kompte-Gesellsch., 500, Kaiser Kredit.-Forderung zu 1000 fl. CM. ^staalS.Eis.-Ges. zu 20vfl. C. M. od. 50k tatseriii Eis.-Nahn zu 200 fl. C. M., 120 fk 150 Einzahlung . . . öreßb.-Tyrn. Eisenb. I. Emission zu 200 fl , . . 200, Brüderbader Eisenbahn ... 500, Auspuff-Teplitzer Eisenbahn . 200, Breslau-Rosenberger Eisenbahn . 200 , mit Priorität 200 , Reich-Köfl. Eis.u.Bergb..Ses., 200 . ö.W, Oest. Donau-Dampfsch.-Ges.zu 50vfl Oesterreichisch. Lloyd m Triest, 500 . Ofen-Pester Kettenbrücke , 500 , Wiener Dampfmühle Akt..Ges., 500 . Allgemeiner Gas.-Versellsch. . 250 , Pfandbriefe. RationaIbank . 500 für auf Mitteletting i ' detto 500 . auf 1 Jahr bar 500 . an k 12 monatlich . 500 st. W. überlosbar . 2500 . Credit-Anstalt C. M. 4 500 . Prioritäts-Obligationen. Kais.Elisab.-Bahn zu ö°/„ für t00fl.C.M. Oestttr, Staats-Eisenb.-Ges. zuS00Krank». Kaiser KerdinandS-Nordb. für tv0 fl. C. M. Lomb. venet. Bahn zu S00 Krank» pr. Stück Wucher Bahn für 100 fl. C. M. . . DooM-Dampfschiffs.'Ges. für t00 fl. E.M. Oesterreichischer Lloyd für tvl> fl. E. M.. Durch« Letzter Cour« Geld > Waare Gulden »sterr. N iührung. tö.- 18 — — tS- t4 — t2- tS — tt — t2.— t0 — tt — 804.- 804.— 8'iS- . t8S— t82.20 t«2.S0 SSS- SS». SS2 — — t8SS tSSS 2St.- 2SS — — tSt.- tSt.2S — ttS.7S t2«.2S - t47— t47 — t4t- t42— — tS2.- t«2.S0 — 22.- 24 — — SS.- so.- — S4S.- sso.— — 84.— 86.— 200.— — — ttk — 4tS. 4t4- 4tS. — t70.- tS0.- S70.— 37S- — SSS- 340- t0tS0 t02.- S7.SS S7.S0 S».— St.- St.S0 ! .. tvv- — I 87 L0 87.40 87.S0 83.S0 84,. S4- S4.S0 ^ tZ3.S0 t33.S0 tS4 - z. »4 — S4.S0 " — t2S- t2S.S0 Z — ... 84.-. — SS - ^ — ^ 85 — SS.- «. v o s c. Kred.-Anft. f. Handel u. Sew. zu t00fl.öst.W. Donm».Dampss..Gesellsch. zu tVV fl. C. M. Triester Stadt-Anleihe zu t00 A. E. M. . Stadtgemeinde Ofen zu 40 fl. öst. W. .. Esterhazy Salm PalffY Clary Genoi» WindischgräK Waldstein Keglevich zu 40 fl. 40 40 40 40 20 20 t0 C. M. Durch- schnitt»- «»»r« letzter G« Geld j Waar» t07.4S t07.Z0 tt2.- S7.7S 80.S0 S7.ZS Z8.S0 ZS.L0 ZS.2S 2S.7S 2S.7S t4 — t07S0 Mso !tZ.— 3S.2S 8t.S0 Z7.7S SS- 37.1- ZS.7S 24.W SSW t4.S« Z Monate I Bank- fudd. Währung für t W fi. Mailand, für 100 Gulden öst. W. - Mess, für 100 Gulden öst. W. Venedig, für 100 Gulden oft. W 30 Tage nach Sicht. Durchschnitt Letzter Kurs Geld - Brief Onlinde öst. Währung ttt.5t0ttt.25 ttt.4t0ttt.40ttt.80 St.10 St. SV — S820 S820 t25.85t20.-^t50.25 St.75 t8.85 St.80 t5. St. 90 Durchschnitt in öst. W, kr, S . 25 v. — t5. t0 ^8 . , » S fl. 25 24 Kurs der Gold-Sorten. Münz-Dukaten 6 fl. 23 ,72 nen . , . t7 fl. 47 Rkr. > Halbe Kronen . . - st, - Kurs der Krone bei k. k. Kassen tZ fl. 50 kr. öst. Währung. Mehel 8 qm. Stadt, beginnt das neue (einundzwanzigste) Schuljahr am t. O Gerold's Sohn am Stephansplatz und L. W. Tridl lll Salvatorgasse Nr. 368 (zum großen Christoph), tobt er, und werden ausführliche Programme hierüber sowohl im Institut-Lokal, als in den Buchhandlungen von C. am Graben unentgeltlich ausgefolgt und franko versendet, so wie weitere Informationen auf mündliche oder briefliche Anfragen bereitwilligst erteilt. Das Institut des Gefertigten zählte im abgelaufenen Schuljahre (einschließlich der Hörer des Abend- und Sonntagskurses) über 2000 Frequentanten. Es ist dies wohl der sicherste Beweis, dass die streng wissenschaftliche und dabei vollständig praktische Richtung des Institutes, so wie die Leistungen der außerhalb bewährten und renommrierten Fachmännern bestehenden Lehrkörper, in immer weiteren Kreisen Anerkennung finden. Wien, im August 1860. Der Instituts-Vorsteher Schon am erfolgten die Versteigerung /leimig 6er wobei Haupttreffer mit ZW.W) - O.M W.Ajij fl etc. und der mindeste Gewinn eines jeden Loses TTA fl. ist. Der Gefertigte, Bezug nehmend auf seine Annonce bei der letzten stattgehabten Ziehung, worin er den seiner Zeit noch so billigen Kurs dieser Lose seinen Kunden zur Beachtung empfahl, und worin er den in kürzester Zeit wahrscheinlichen Kurs von 1 tv fl. pro Stück andeutete, erlaubt sich auch jetzt noch seinen Kunden den bestehenden Kurs dieser ' bezeichnen. Da das Publikum die ihm dargebotenen Teile, nämlich 4 Ziehungen des Jahres, erstand, und der Begehr der Lose sich hierdurch bedeutend steigert, ermöglichte jedoch jedes Jahr steigenden mindesten Gewinn durch Zuschlag der Prozent der eigentlichen Nominalwert einer solchen Credit-Lose auf 6r v ItS fl. sich erhöht. Daß die bis zur letzten Ziehung in Händen von Geschäftsleuten befindlichen Lose bereits vergriffen, dürfte aber bei derselben Verlosung sich eingestellte Mangel an Stücken trotz des zum Verkauf angebotenen so hohen Kurses hinlänglich er viel haben, und daß die löbliche Credit-Anstalt mit dem verhältnismäße nach dürfte der jetzige Preis zum Ankauf noch sehr geeignet erscheinen. Dies zur Beachtung mittheilend, empfiehlt sich der Gefertigte angemessen so geringen Kurs bis zu einem Kurs, welcher ihr die Zinsen des Kapitals decken, zu warten wird, ist ersichtlich, demnach zum Ein- und Verkauf dieser Lose nach dem Tageskurs. Gefertigte zu "HTWÜR" Comptoir und Wechselstube Stadt, am Hof Nr. 47. Bei geneigten auswärtigen Aufträgen wird um frankierte Einsendung des Betrages und um gütige Übersendung von 30 kr. öst. W. für Porto und Zusendung der Ziehungsliste s. Ä. gesucht. Gleichzeitig erlaubt sich der Gefertigte einem T. Publikum in den Provinzen zur Kenntnis zu bringen, dass er den Ein- und Verkauf aller Tatzen Staats- und Privat-Papiere, Obligationen, Aktien etc. besorgt, und bemüht sein wird, derartige Aufträge auf das Wünschenswerteste zu effektuieren. 1860, Nr. 195. Anhang 1860. Nr. 195. Meteorologische und magnetische Beobachtungen an der Central-Station für Meteorologie und Erdmagnetismus und 17. August 1860. Temperatur der Stadt und des Flusses Seine Meteorologische Daten Magnetische Daten Wolkenschicht Wettervorhersage Morgen, Abend 10 Uhr. 27. VZ 32. SS 32. 81 14. 68 92. 12 10. 23. 7 401 12 23 7g 15. S 59 2 18 19 4.6 13. 51 N 1 > R. 7 SSW. 3 > SSW. 8 1. 8 W. 4 über Null, ober Null, ober Null. K. Ozonwetter den 17. August 6 Uhr Morgen. V. Elektrizität -4. 55, Ozonsmeter 85. Abends 4. Elektrizität St. Auf dem Wege vom Lackenboden am Ganzen bis zum Alpenlek, welche sich durch eine Höhenregion von 850 bis 4200 Meter Seehöhe hinzieht, fällt der Boden sanft gegen Süden ab, und ist durch Bäume und Sträucher nur wenig beschattet. Hier fand man am 13. August noch eine sehr reiche Flora. An der Entfaltung der ersten Blüten waren begriffen: der bittere Enzian, und zwar die großblumige Art, Gentiana nivalis, die Fersozellen, der wahre Eisenhut, Xenolithon Xanthus, der bunte Eisenhut, X., und die Art der stauroglideartigen Flockenblume mit kahlen, furchigten Blättern, Gentiana Sebata, Carlsson, hier mit dunkelpurpurnen Blumen. Auf dem nordöstlich-abgehenden Hang des Alpenleck in der Höhenzone von 400 bis 450 Meter entwickelten am 13. August die ersten Blüten: die klebrige Kreuzdistel, Lysimachia punctata, die wilde Engelwurz, Anemone rustica, die Art des gemeinen Heilkrautes mit fieserspaltigen Blattabschnitten, Kerseelbeer Spagnolium anarrhichoides, und so weit ohne nähere Untersuchung geschlossen werden darf, das breitblätterige Laserkraut, Laserpitium latifolium. Von den drei letzten Pflanzen waren indessen die Blüten der zuerst zu Entwickelung gelangenden endständigen Dolden, welche die anderen an Größe übertreffen, bereits vollständig entfaltet. Verstorbene. Den 12. August. Jaroschka Ararziska, Magd, 25, von der Leopoldstadt 48, Aisergrund 188, Bauchfellentzündung. Euch, Maria, Magd, 34, von der Leopoldstadt 684, Aisergrund 15, Blutzersetzung. Den 14. August. Minderer Elisabeth, Lederhändlers Witwe, 63, Leopoldstadt 318, Magenkrebs. Turbine Theresia, Bronzearbeiterin, 11, Gummersdorf 18, Keuchhusten. Lanzpr Aurelia, 11, Tochter des Gustav Balz, Beamten der Kreditanstalt, Roßau 188, Scharlach. Ratena Anna, Seidenzeugarbeiterin, 23, Krottenhof 45, Lungentuberkulose. — Zeiner Marta, Dienstmagd, 32, Stadt 116, Lungen tuberkulose. (Leide im k. k. allgemeinen Krankenhaus.) Den 16. August. Mörth Maria, Viktualienhändlers-Gattin, 83, Wieden 142, Lungen tuberkulose. Machan Joseph, Glasergehilfe, 13, Laaerstraße 7, Typhus. Hinteregger Anna, Bürgerin, Tuchscherers Witwe, 66, Schiffahrt 472, Rückenmarklähmung. Ettendorfer Josephe, Zeugwachergesellens Witwe, 48, Krottenhof 323, Lungen tuberkulose. Bächl Anna, Hinterlassene Bankdirektors Tochter, 16, Aisergrund 186, Skrophel. Blieb Franz, pensioniert. Direktion. Adjunkt beim k. k. Armee Oberkommando, 58, Aisergrund 285, Blutschwäche. Tümer Barbara, Milchmeisters Tochter, 3, Roßau 18, Scharlach. Lenf Joseph, 38, Gattin des Joseph Senft, Mithausinhabers, Mariahilf 134, Darm geschwürt. Hinger Michael, Stroblereiniger, 86, Lichterfeld 174, Altersschwäche. Gröf Anna, 66, Gattin des Johann Graf, Hausinhaber und bürgerlicher Bäckermeister, Wieden 446, Lungen tuberkulose. Weltsch Katharina, bürgerliche Greidlers Gattin, 42, Wieden 48, Lungenlähmung. Leitgeb Leopoldine, Zeugschmiedemeisters Witwe, 52, Schützenfeld 82, Lungen tuberkulose. Landsberg Anna, ehemalige Schuhmachers Witwe, 53, Mariahilf 37, Auszehrung. Schill Anna, Truppeurs Tochter, 6, Mariahilf 123, Lungenlähmung. Kautner Anna, Pfündnerin, 82, Landstraße 340, Altersschwäche. Regensdorfer Franz, Diurnist, 48 I., Strozzengründ 85. Oedem.- Schacherl Johanna, Privat, ÜSZ., Stadt 485V, Entartung der UnterleibSorgane. (Im Israelitenspitale in der Roßau) Babel Karl, gewes. Schlossergasse, 16 Sahr, Erdberg 153, Lungentuberkulose. — Hajek Joseph, Tischler-gasse, 19 3. MariahilfZ2, Typhus. — Rohn Barbara, Magd, 34 ?. Leopoldstadt 87, Typhus. — Linzer Ignaz, Hausmeister, 62 I., Echottenfeld 72, Lungen tuberkulose. — Weiß Joseph, Döblers-gasse, 3t) I., Margareten 148. Tuberkulose. (Samtlich im k. k. allgemeinen Krankenhaus.) Den 1. August. Bondy Theresia, Kappenmacherin-Gattin, St) 3., Stadt, Schottenfeld t.w, Lungentuberkulose. Ingekommene. Römischer Kaiser, Stadt: Klein Jakob, Rentier, v. Mainz. Weißer Löwe, Stadt: Baron L., Asm., v. Reich-Land. — Kohn Bernh., Ksm., von Michaeloe. Heilige Dreifaltigkeit, Stadt: Nagy Emilie, Gutsbesitzerin, v. Preßburg. — Stanzer Joh., Privat, v. Gorobiz. Hotel Wandt, Stadt: Sneller Anton, Gutsbes., v. Dobra. — Belach Math., Gutsbesitzer v. Skra. — Mihaly Paul, Professor, von Neutra. — Dr. Kendi; Frz., RegimentSarzt. — Grund Karl, Dr. d. Rechte, v. Preßburg. -- Bucher Georg, Ingenieur, v. Agram. — Dausek Wzl., Privat, v. Prag. — Waitberg Herd., Goseowiz E. M., Private, v. Pesth. — Meiner W., Bauunternehmer, v. Warschin. — Feischl Philipp, Asm., v. Dubreczin.— Deitsch I., Ksm., v. Pesth. — Dobrovich Frz, Kfm., v. Fiume.— Tappeiner Ant., Professor, v. Kaschau. — Grohmann Ant., Fdrkt., v. Eichenbrunn. Goldener Stern, Stadt: Hornyanszky Vikt., Redakteur, v. Ofen. — Kullmann Alfr., Dr. d R., v. Brunn. — Hitzinger Krz. Privat, v. Fünfkirchen. — Kuhnt Leop., Ksm., v. Brünn. — Strohmayer Fei, Ksm., v. Wilhelmsburg. — Kollmann Joy., Kfm., v. Prag. Stadt voudou, Staat: Rödler Ferdinand, Fbrkt., v. Leipzig. — Kämmerer Gust., Kfm., o. Dessau. Svihler Wolf, Stab: Gammeroff K., Papajou Niko!, St'phopoulos Panajot, Kflt, von Achen. — Weiß Will, Kfm., v. Temesvar. — Parolini Nikol., Ksm., v. Trieft. — Groß Leon, Spediteur, v. Miskolcz. — Hilberth Christoph, Kbrkt., v. Klausenburg. Weltmeister Stadt: Nemeczky Szent, Domherr, b. Trnau. — Regenbogen Karl, Kfm., v. Oedenburg. König von Ungarn. Stadt: Graf August Starzinsky, Gutsbes., v. Kalizien, — v. Latinnovits Loh., Gutsbes., ». Bersod. — Dr. Günel Gust., sächs. Hofrat, v. Leipzig. — Dr. Hoch A, St., Advokat, v. Prag. — Pighlin Heinrich, Hbrlt, v. Prag. — Chiachich Jos., Kfm,, von Trief. - Jancen W., Lembecke E., Kfm., von Hamburg. — Liegert Frz., Kfm, v. Prag. Kathrin Elisabeth. Stadt: Luterschek Amalie, Verpflegungswerkalin, v. Mantua — Mauers Elise, Gutsbesitzerin, v. Dorohoe. Ungarische Krone, Stadt: Graf Dessewitz Marzell, Kämmerer, v. Pesth. — de Blaramberg Jean, russ. General, v. Petersburg. — v. Friederichs Jg., Gutsbes., v. Tramin. — o. Makar Aug, Privat, v. Ard. — Koch Karl, Privat, ». Marburg. — o. Buchwald Karl, Ingenieur, v. Kaiserslautern Ed, Kfm, v. Trief Erzherzog Karl, Stadt: Graf Batthyany Huszár, Graf Eötvös Denis, Graf Zichy Jószef, Gutsbes., v. Ungarn. — Graf Erdödy István, Gutsbes., v. Royala. — Baron Bajzath László, Gutsbes., v. Ofen. — Baron Nöchel, Vicz-präfident, v. Ofen. — v. Hegedűs, Advokat, v. Tims. — Haftedk, Privat, o. Hamburg. -- Duncan Mary, Kell Anna, Davidson Elise, Tomlin Georgine, Private, von London. Hesvi Munch, Stadt: Lakmann M., brit. General, v. Bukarest. — Bourke Rob, Calthorpe M., Raphael John, Rentiers, v. London — Skibniewski Viktor, Gutsbes., ». Rußland. — Brettschneider Fr., Fabrikbes., v. Hannover. Hotel Meißl, Stadt: Graf Falkenhayn, k k. Feldherren, v. Graß. zu Gorah Korzak-Gorayski Adam, Tuttoves., v. Lemberg. — Graf Czochoniewski, Gutsbes., v. Krakau. — v. Engel A., Gutsbes,, v. Breslau. — Stark Rudolph, Ritterstr., v. Prag. — Moscovski H., Dr. der Rechte, v. Pesth. — Müller B. W., Arzt, von Warschin. — Nervegna Jos., Kfm., 0. Trief. Stadt Krankenhaus Stadt: Gräfin Zichy, Gutsbes., v. Ungarn. — Graf Stürgth, Gutsbes., v. Gratz. — Graf Bissingen, Gutsbes., v. Prag. — Graf Belrupt, Domherr, v. Olmütz. — Trezendorf Ed., pr. Kommerzrat V. Stettin. — v. Ritter H., Privat, v. Trief. — Dost Ludwik, Privat, 0. Petersburg. — Stefanie I., Ingenieur, s. Pesth. Matschakeryos, Stadt: Gräfin Almásy, Gutsbesitzerin, v. Pesth. — Ritter v. Springinsfeld, pens, Kmi. - Dr. Hoffmann Gustav, sächs. Hofrat, v. Leipzig. - Lücke Fr. W., Privat, v. Leipzig. — Dr. Weiß Joh., Professor, v. Grau. — Weissauer I., Masius TH., Advokaten, von Schwerin. — Dr. Radek Krz., Notar, von Csakatur. — Mieth Ferdinand, Kfm., von Hamburg. Hotel Garms, Stadt: Öehlert Aug., Fabr., v. Neustadt. Wilder Mann, Stadt: v. Radis Daniel, Statthalter, Stadtrat, v. Schönbrunn. Mowarffy F., Küterdirektor, s. Ungarn. Hvffmann L., Kfm., v. Leipzig. Stadt Hamburg, Äeopoldstadt: Weber A., bad. Hauptmann, v. Karlsruhe. Müller Otto, Kfm., v. Brandenburg. — Goldenthal Johann, Tanakin, Konst., Kfl., O. Bukarest. — Halsig R., Kfm., v. Giurgewo. — Zelner Wolf, Kfm., von Galatz. Schwarzer Adler, Leopoldstadt: v. Groppe Ludwig, Oberkriegskommissär, v. München. — v. Stegmann A., Obergerichts-Assessor, von Aurich. — Bermann C. A., Amtmann, O. Zöblitz. — Dr Brenner Karl, Privat, V.Basel. — Hoyt, Med. Dr., Hannover. v. Sima i!usa, Äsm., v. Szamefigvary. — Dr. Semmer Aloys, Kreisarzt, v. Zalejczyk. — Koch Wilhelm, Lehrer, v. Berlin. — Stieudner Justus, Lehrer, v. Bremen. Weißes Roß, Leopoldstadt: Wladika Fr., Schuldirektor, v. RehauS. — Meyer Heinrich, Rechtsanwalt, v. Jüterburg. — Schubart Fried., Ingenieur, v. Magdeburg. — Eisenberger Moriz, Großhändler, v. Breslau. — Hüger Ewald Kbrkt., v. Essen. — Liebe Kind F., Buchhändler, von Leipzig. — Spängler Johann, Kfm., v. Salzburg. — Müller A., Kfm., v. Breslau. Hotel Schröder, Leopoldstadt: Harrisson M., Privat v. London. — Ludow ?. A, Med. Dr., v. Petersburg — Lösenfeld Emma, Hüttenbeamter, v. Breslau. — Merklein Ludwig, Advokat, v. Nürnberg. — Steinberg Julius, Kfm., v. Prag. National-Hotel, Leopoldstadt: Dr. Heymann Ulrich, Beamter, ». Lemberg. — Jahns Wilhelm, Eisenwerksdirektor, v. Bors-Sebes. Ascher Julius, Kfm., von Bukarest. — Stuhr S. H., Kfm., v. Hamburg. — Schwartz Louis, Privat, v. Berlin. — v. LyS Albrecht, Privat, von Genf. Kussischer Hof, Leopoldstadt: Blum Herm., Pferdehändler, v. Pesth. — Tumig Salomon, Kfm., v. Prag. Weinberger, Deutsch Heinrich, Kfl., v. Preßburg. — Kronstein Jakob, Kfm., von Homon. Goldene Lamm, Leopoldstadt: Graf Thun, Privat, v. Prag. — Perdiear Georg, Privat, v. Bukarest. — Hill Georg, Privat, v. London. — Droun William, Privat, v. Philadelphia. — Schott Beruh., Rieß I., Kfl., v. Stuttgart. — Meßger I., Marktrichter, v. Stuttgart. — Dr. Arnold, v. Sagun. — Low Karl, Rentier, von Bukarest. — Curtis William, Rentier, v. Wallington. — Dober Math., Rentier, v. Koblenz. — Dr. Levi Bernhard, Grosch Ansein, Advokaten, von Mainz. — Esquilay Daniel, Advokat, von Ungarn. — Holl Michael, Gutsbesitzer, v. München. Todesanzeige. Die Verstorbenen geben ihren Verwandten und Bekannten die betrübende Nachricht bekannt, dass ihre Mutter, Frau Johanna Müller, geb. Madl, k.k. Kammerdienerin, aus Pregarten in Oberösterreich, am 11. d.M. in ihrem 68. Jahr selbs in dem Herzen entschlafen ist. Wohnung zu Miethen (1866). Im ersten Stock, die eine bestellend aus 2 Zimmern auf die Gasse, 2 Zinken und 2 Küchen nebst Boden und Keller zu jährlich 5 fl., die andere bestehend aus 1 Zimmer auf die Gasse 1 Küche und 2 Kammerchen nebst Boden und Keller zu jährlich 2 fl. Näheres Schamumbaugergrund, Starhemberggasse Nr. 69, teils Hausmeister. Die Vorlesungen an der Handels-Lehr- und Fortbildungsanstalt beginnen mit 1. Oktober 1866. Ferdinand Mahr, Direktor. Z kr. llo^vk'8 k>kN5ii(»mt l!!!' kllilbell. s7(X)t-iSj (Stadt, Schottengasse Nr. ,KS.) ' In der Anstalt erhalten Gymnasial- und Realschüler, so auch die der unteren deutschen Klassen, vollständigen Privatunterricht in allen vorgeschriebenen Lehrfächer, dann in der französischen, italienischen, ungarischen, böhmischen, kroatischen und polnischen Sprache, in der Musik und Kalligraphie, im Singen, Zeichnen, und Tanzen - Durch eins humane Behandlung und strenge Überwachung bemüht sich die Anstalt die Moralität der Zöglinge zu fördern. — Die Zöglinge werden in vollständige oder nur teilsweise Verpflegung oder nur zum Unterricht aufgenommen. — Der Pensionssatz wird nach der Altersstufe der Zöglinge bemessen. Gymnasialschüler, welche sich der Maturitätsprüfung unterziehen wollen, erhalten in der Mathematik, Philologie und Physik gründlichen Unterricht. Programme sind in der Anstalt zu haben. K Feinster Französischer Waisenknabe, Verluste lüivq», K.« lerer 1^. M»«Ser«r e»r«e bl»»elie, A? Kl», HeiÄsieell A S«n>l»., Oe?I Se Älovt et vk»»S«n, Stadt, Haarmarkt Nr. 73t—73s, ,zu den zwei Matrosen/ f6ZW-9f Für Eltern ! Ein oder zwei Studierende werden bei einem geprüften Lehrer an Städtischen Grund Nr tt im I. Stock, im Hof unter guten Bedingungen in Klass und Wohnungen, vorteilhafte Erlernung des Wiederholungs-Unterrichts aufgenommen. f«>S1 Zj 3295 K A. Haft-rg-Cheater. Das Ärbild des Tartuffe. Lustspiel in fünf Aufzügen von K. Gußkow. Personen: Ludwig der Vierzehnte, König von Frankreich Hr. Gabillon. Lionne, Minister . Hr. Förster. Delarive, Kammerherr ... Hr. K. Kierschner. Präsident L»roquett . .Hr. Lewinsky. Parlamentsrat Lefevre . . . Hr. Baumeister. Leibarzt Dubois . . ... Hr. Meixner. Chopelle, Akademiker ........ Hr. ArnSburg. Muhre Hr. Wagner. Mademoiselle. ^ Schauspielerinnen ' ' ' ^Bendorff. Malhieu, Bürger von Paris . .Hr. Beckmann. Germain, Diener der Chapelle ...... Hr. Schmidt. Louison, Armandens Mädchen ..... . Krl. v. KietiK. Lakai des Königs ........... Hr. Bayer. Ein Offizier ............. Hr. Werner. Diener des Ministers . ....... Hr. Jehly. Theaterdiener - ..... Hr. Berstl. Kommisarien. Abgeordnete. Ort der Handlung: Paris. — Zeit: 17?? A. K. Pkw. Theater auf der Wiedner Höhe. Neunte Vorstellung der englischen amerikanischen Akrobaten. Die lebendig-toten Eheleute. Posse in 1 Akte. Der Verstorbene. Posse in 1 Akte. Theater - K.K. Hoftheater nächst dem Kurgarten. 87. Ausstellung im Abonnementsherz in Szene gesetzt. Der Postillon von Lonjumeau. Komische Oper in 2 Abtheilungen und 4 Akten nach dem Kranzöischen. Musik von Adolph Adam. Erste Abtheilung in 4 Akten: Die Entführung des Bräutigams. Personen: Chapelou, ein Postillon, Bijou, ein Wagner, Herr Mayerhofer. Marquis von Corcy, königlicher Kammerherr, Herr Hölzel. Madelaine, Wirtin, Frau Hoffmann. Bauern, Bäuerinnen. Ort der Handlung: Das Posthaus im Dorf Lonjumeau. Zeit: 1786. Zweite Abtheilung in 2 Akten. (Spielt um 25 Jahre später.) Der Bräutigam in Verlegenheit. Personen: St. Phar, erster Sänger der königl. Oper, Marquis von Corcy, Herr Hölzel. Frau von Latour, Frau Hoffmann. Rose, deren Kammermädchen, Frau Zoczek. Sänger und Chorführer. Freunde und Nachbarn der Frau von Latour. Gefreiter, Landreiter, Diener. Ort der Handlung: Das Landhaus der Frau von Latour. Chapelou, Herr Wachtel als Gast. K.K. priv. Carl-Theater. Die schlimmen Buben, Burleske mit Gesang in 4 Akten, von Johann Reisky. Intermezzo. Nur solid, oder: Karnevals-Abenteuer im Schlossergasse. Faschingspfeife mit Gesang und Tanz in 2 Auszügen, von Gottleb. Theater. Der Rosali Sepp. Volkstück mit Gesang in vier Abtheilungen von Therese Megerle. K.K. priv. Theater in der Leopoldstadt. Paul Hoffmanns große geologische und astronomische Vorstellung. Komödie-Theater im Kraahirschen. Von unten und von oben. Stereoskopisches Panorama der vergangenen und gegenwärtigen Theaterwelt mit Gesang und Künstlerzug in 2 Abtheilungen und einem Vorspiel. In Berücksichtigung des Sommertheaters von einem Meteorologen versetzt. Musik aus beiden Hemisphären. Lotto -Ziehungen. Gezogene Nummern am 18. August 1860. Linz 13 22 43 40 8 Brünn 18 87 KV 74 77 Tries g St 80 36 17 21 Ofen 34 46 84 48 87 Sommerröcke zu H ft. zu haben im großen Kleidermagazin am Stephansplatz Nr. 627 im 2. Stock, bei Jakob Rothberger. Dingvede Ditte. Eine Ober-Keld-Stabsarzten-Waise, 17 Jahre alt, welche ganz allein in der Welt dasteht, unkennt und hilflos ist, bittet sehr um eine achtbare Stelle, vorzüglich aus dem Land, als Beschleunigerin oder Haushälterin zu einem älteren, leidenden, distinguirten Herrn, oder auch als Erzieherin zur liebevollen Pflege kleiner mutterloser Kinder von 2 bis 6 Jahren. In der Expedition der Wiener Zeitung bittet man die Adresse mit den Buchstaben 1^ S. R. abzugeben. Die 18. Auflage. Motto: "Männliche Kraft erzeugt Ruhe und Selbstvertilgung, und verbürgt jedem Sieg!" Ärztlicher Ratgeber in allen geschlechtlichen Krankheiten, namentlich in Schwächezuständen. Herausgegeben von persönlich Laurentius in Leipzig 24 Aufl. Günstig stark 2 Hb. Band von 8 S. Sei 3 11 12 tente mit anatomenischen Abbildungen in Stahlstich. — Die im Umschlag versiegelte Buch, besonders nützlich für junge Männer, wird auch Eltern, Lehrern und Erziehern anempfohlen, und ist fortwährend in allen namhaften Buchhandlungen vorrätig. In Wien bei C. Gerold's Sohn, Stephansplatz Nr. 52S. 24. Aufl. — Der persönlich Schutz von Laurentius. 8 fl. 70 kr. Eine weitere Anpreisung des Werthes und der Nützlichkeit des Buches dürfte nach dem Erscheinen von 24 Auflage wohl überflüssig sein. Im Seminär der k.k. Wilhelmslichen Anstalt für erziehungsberechtigte Kinder am Rennweg Nr. 13, ist nun im Laufe des Jahres 1847, 1830 bis 1839. Ausweise und Berichte von der Anstalt kostenlos und verlangt von jedem. W Sieh. Vollständige. Verzeichnis. Preis 8 fl. 8 kr. Zur Mädchen- der in Wien, Alservorstadt Nr. 192, im ersten Stock, beginnt der neue Lehrkurs am 1. September. Aufnahme findet täglich statt. Programm erhältst du gratis von der Anstalt. Die Kanzlei des Hof- und Gerichts-Advokaten Fr. Franz Kramarz v. Haberler befindet sich in der Stadt, Tanzhausener Nr. 37, im ersten Stock. Dr. H. Ferschbach besitzt ein Büro in der Stadt, Tanzhausener Nr. 1072 im ersten Stock. Stellwagen-Geschäft, billig abzulösen, Gumpendorf Nr. 261. Zwei neue Feuerlöscher kleiner Gattung, leicht angefertigt, besitzen, dass sie und Einbruch sichere Kassen, welche nach einem k.k. Prinzip wurden, und den Vorteil eben den zwei mit einer Masse und Sohn, Stadt gefüllten Doppelwände noch nützt einer dritten Eisenwand verschließt, und ein Tresor die Kassen von oben bis unten schließt. In der Papierware, Leitungen des Herrn Kriegsministeriums, Tanzhausener Nr. 11, 17. Hoffen - Antrag. Ein gebildeter Mann, Fünfziger, vollkommen gesund, vermögend, wünscht sich mit einer beleibten Dame, deren Vermögen auf einem Hauf gesichert wird, zu verehelichen. Jene Dame (vielleicht aus der Provinz), welche sich an ein treues, rechtschaffenes Herz zu binden wünscht, um sich glücklich und gesichert zu wissen, denn: Was sucht der Mensch, als einen Freund, der ihm Versprechungen zu Macht scheint? Dies wünsche ich, die - suche du, wenn gesund, giese zu, wird um gütige Zuschrift bis Ende September gebeten. Praktische Erfahrung über die verschiedenen Formen verschwiegener Krankheiten, nebst einer sehr einfachen, sicheren und in allen Verhältnissen anwendbaren Heilmethode derselben, von Grund Mathias Peyenberg, Doktor der Medizin und Chirurgie, ehemaliger Primärarzt der k.k. österreichischen Armee und praktischer Arzt in Wien. Diese Kenntnisse sind durch eine 48-jährige Erfahrung einer Militär- und Zivilpraxis untadelhaft und feldtätig so bestätigt, dass derlei sowohl anfängliche, als auch sehr veraltete Krankheiten in kürzerer Zeit vollkommen und gründlich geheilt werden. Auch können während der Behandlung die Kranken ihre Geschäfte nachkommen, und dass diese Art kann sowohl die Behandlung, als auch die Krankheit vollkommen verschwiegen bleiben. Die Broschüre der dritten, mit mehreren tausend nachfolgenden praktischen Erfahrungen bereicherten Auflage ist zu haben in der Wohnung des Verfassers, am Spitalplatz, nach dem Kärntnerthor-Theater Nr. 14S, im ersten Stock, während der Ordinationsstunden von 8 bis 10 Uhr morgens. Preis R fl. EM. Für das Militär unentgeltlich. I>I« Olovkon «-er-!,!» mit ^?s?l>m»o!i > > Il<>r nri'l nrt't >i,!l>i>i>?» ttil>'.«rn iu >!ei» 3296 ljß^^ - V*rat«>L»U, aufgenommen durch die mit Magistratsbeschluss vom 2. Juli 18KO ent sandten Kommission, Z. S4LS8 Gegenwärtig dieG- fertigten. Gegenstand. Den Gegenstand dieser Kommission bilden Verhandlungen, die zu Anfertigungen des Herrn Leopold Schostal, Dach-Steinpappen-Fabrikanten zu Brünn und Men, Wieden, Wienstraße Nr. 807, angeordneten Vornahmen einer Feuerprobe im Extravillan auf der städtischen Sandstatte nächst der Kärntner Straße mit der a. h. Orts priv. Dachstein-Zappe des genannten K. j Leopold Schostal. - Befund. Das Objekt der Feuerprobe bestand aus einem 4 Schuh langen und 2 Schuh hohen Bretterverschlag, einem senkrechten viereckigen von 3 Seiten und oben mit Brettern abgeschlossenen Raum, welcher nach einer Seite offen war, von den Wänden war nur die obere und rückwärtige Wand von außen mit der angeblich Leop. Schostal'schen Dachsteinpappe überzogen. Nach Beifertigung des Obel, wurde die Feuerprobe vorgenommen, und zwar wurden zuerst an der Rückwand in unmittelbarer Nähe und dann weiter hin 5 cM Holzspäne mit darauf gelegten Holzscheitern angezündet, und so ein starkes Feuer angelegt, welches sieben Minuten dauerte, hiebei wurde wahrgenommen, dass die anschlagende Flamme des Feuers eine Ausdünstung der Pappe veranlasste, welche obenhin verbrannte und von selbst erloschte ohne das Innere der Bretter zu ergreifen, als nach sieben Minuten das Objekt vom Feuer weggezogen wurde, zeigte es sich dass die Pappe als eine zwar nicht fest zusammenhängende Kruste zurückgeblieben war, welche durch schlechten Wärmeleiter die darunter befindliche Bretterverschallung gegen Entzündung geschützt hat. Hierauf wurde auf der oberen horizontalen Fläche gleichfalls ein Feuer mittels Holzspänen angelegt und es ergab sich auch hier dasselbe Resultat, nur insofern günstiger, dass die Einwirkung des Feuers hier auf die Pappe geringer war. Endlich wurde in dem Hohlraum des Bretterverschlages ein gleiches Feuer mittels Holzspänen und Holzscheitern angelegt, welches sehr rasch die Bretter ergriff, und zwar so, dass die von der Pappe unbedeckten Seitenwände zumeist schon zerstört waren, als die Klammen durch die bedeckten Teile noch nach außen durchschlugen, erst nachdem teils die Seitenbretter und die obere Bretterdecke eingestürzt war, drang die Flamme durch die dadurch aufgerissene Pappe und es blieb die Substanz der Dachsteinpappe als eine nicht mehr flammende kohlige Masse zurück. Bau- und Bruchsteine, vollen Nagelmaß, von mindestens 1,5 Zoll-Zentner. Bezeichnung der Linien und Bahnstrecken, auf welche dieser Tarif Anwendung findet. Bon nach Hivivl» Gegenstand und Beschaffenheit der Sendungen, auf welche dieser Tarif Bezug hat. Bau- und Bruchsteine Tarif. Einzuhebende Gebühr für einen Zoll-Zentner und eine Meile Gulden 1,028 Anmerkung. Die Auf- und Ablade-Gebühren, ferner die allgemeine Versicherungs-Gebühr werden nach dem allgemeinen Tarife eingehoben. Es wird dem Aufgeber freigestellt, das Auf- und Abladen selbst zu besorgen, in welchem Falle derselbe von der Entrichtung der Lade-Gebühren befreit ist. Die Gesellschaft. Der k. k priv. österr. Credit-Anstalt für Handel und Gewerbe. Die unterzeichnete Anstalt bringt hiermit zur öffentlichen Kenntnis, dass sie vom 13. d. M. an die von den Conto-Inhabern ihrer Giro-Abteilung auf sie ausgestellten Anweisungen (Forderungen), welche deren Inhaber nicht alsogleich zu bereinigen wünschen, letzteren über verlangen unter nachfolgenden Bedingungen verzinst: 1. Als die Anweisung bei der Giro-Abteilung anzumelden, welche die erfolgte Anmeldung auf der Anweisung bestätigt - 2. Läuft die Verzinsung von dem Tage an, welchem die Anmeldung erfolgte, bis zu einem Monat nach diesem Termin. Der Inhaber der Anweisung ist jedoch berechtigt, die Einlösung derselben jederzeit, auch vor Ablauf dieses Termins und ohne vorausgegangene Kündigung zu verlangen. 3. Wenn die Anweisung auf eine nicht runde Summe lautet, so wird für den Rest, welcher sich bei der Division des in Gulden ausgedrückten Betrags durch 10 ergibt, keine Verzinsung geleistet. 4. Beträgt der Zinssatz bis auf weitere Kundmachung 4pCt., wobei der Monat zu 30 Tagen gerechnet wird. 5. Haftet die Anstalt für die Zahlung jeder Anweisung, welche mit der erklärungsmäßigen Bestätigung über die erfolgte Anmeldung zur Verzinsung versehen ist, als Selbstschuldner, und erlischt mit der Bestätigung über die erfolgte Anmeldung jede Haftung des Ausstellers oder Zwischenbesitzers der Anweisung. Die unterzeichnete Anstalt verzinst ferner vom genannten Tage an den Conto-Inhabern ihrer Giro-Abteilung auch den 100V0V fl. übersteigenden Teil ihres Guthabens, behält sich jedoch das Recht vor, von einem einzelnen Conto-Inhaber an einem und demselben Tage keine höhere Einlage als 100V0V fl. anzunehmen. Das obige Bestimmungen gemäß abgeänderte Reglement der Giro-Abteilung kann jederzeit im Expediert der Anstalt in Empfang genommen werden. Wien den 7. August 1860. Wie den 13. August 1860. Zusa -ZZ Nie k. k. priv. österr. Credit-Anstalt für Handel und Gewerbe. 3977 "Wram Stamm- und Reserve-Kapital laut veröffentlichter BM am 1. Februar 1860 übers Milliär WM^i W W. H ^ 5 erstreckt sich nunmehr auch auf Lebens-Mutuen-und Krankheit-Verpensionen, Aussteuerungen. Alle Versicherten participieren an dem Geschäfts-Gewinne jeder betreffenden Abteilung — was bei keiner anderen Assekuranz-Gesellschaft der Fall ist, — ohne daß die Prämien dieser wegen höher bemessen wurden. Prospekte und alle hierauf Bezug habenden Drucksorten werden im Kanzlei-Lokal Stadt, Dorotheergasse Nr. 254, gratis verabfolgt und daselbst Auskünfte bereitwilligst erteilt. Die General-Repräsentanz: U. Ml öe W rivS. US. x erster Sekretär. zweiter Sekretär und Inspektor. Feuerschaden Berichterstellung (besonders beachtenswert: die Assekuranz der Wohnungs-Gimachtingen) werden wie bekannt zu den billigsten Prämien geleistet. Die Einträge an der Wiener Handels-Akademie für das Studienjahr 1860/61 beginnen am 1. und im Abend-Kursus am 8. Oktober H. J. „ .»tz, Mehr Aufnahme der Schüler am 21. September angefangen in der Kanzlei der Direktion (Stadt, Ringasse Str. 140) statt. Die Anfangsbedingungen sind in dem gedruckten Jahresberichte der Wiener Handels-Akademie enthalten, welcher in der Direktions-Kanzlei an Diejenigen, die Auskunft wünschen, verabfolgt, und Auswärtigen auf briefliche Anfragen zu gesendet wird. Wien am 4. August 1860. Im Auftrag des Verwaltungs-Vates: Der Direktor Kr. Hauke. Im Kampfe der Schlacht! -unter ärztlicher Leitung des Gefertigten. Der Mageninhalt von frisch geschlachteten Tieren im lebenswarmen Zustande hat seine Heilwirkung, nach den bisherigen Erfahrungen bewährt bei Skrophthlose, Rhüchitis (englische Krankheit), Atrophie der Kinder, Coxalgie (freiwilliges Hin- und Her). Rheumatismus, Gicht, Drüsenanschwellungen, Geschwülste, vermehrten Wundden, Gelenksverwachsungen, Lähmungen, Muskelschwäche, Knochenauftreibungen, chronischer Beinhautentzündung, Sehnenverkürzung, Schwellungen (durch Blut-, Sauresverlust, Anstrengung und langwierige Krankheitszeit bedingt), vielen Hautkrankheiten und Nervenleiden. Dr. Eckstein, Stadt, Bauernmarkt Nr. 688, Alle Sommer-Kleider werden um den halben Preis, feine Röcke daher um 3—6 fl. Beinkleider um 2—3 fl. Gilets um 1 —2 fl. Bürgl. Schneider, Stadt, Nabenplatz Nr. 492, im zweiten Stock, 1884—85 Verkauft. Im Schwimmen und laufen in der Visitenstube, Stadt, Nabenplatz Nr. 492, ist die Wasserschule unter der Leitung von Professor Eckstein und Doktor Eckstein der Verleihung von Künstlerdiplomen abgestattet und wurde 1889 gegründet. Zu den Kursen gehören Schwimmen, Laufen, Wasserball, Wassergymnastik, Tauchen, Krankengymnastik, Turnen und Fußball. 1887 wurde die Mitgliedschaft der Vereinigung der Lehrer für Korporalwissenschaften gestellt. Stadt, untere Bräunerstraße, Ecke der Dorotheer- und Staaburggasse Nr. 145, Parterre und 1. Stock. 1887—89 Die neu eröffnete Badeanstalt befindet sich in der Stadt, KSnlthaerstraße Nr. 252, im Stock. Erste k. k. Privat. KMM-DMMWHtt-GtMfchllfl. Die gefertigte Administration beehrt sich hiermit zur allgemeinen Kenntnis zu dringen, dass bei der heute stattgefundenen 13. Verlosung des Aalehens vom Jahre 5842 pr. 4.000,000 fl. C. M. folgende 400 Stück Obligationen gezogen worden, 22 370 692 429 4744 24 380 603 197 4724 38 384 648 1474 1726 36 386 822 4484 1766 63 382 644 4206 4763 54 383 846 4208 4803 78 404 678 4269 4808 414 402 686 4304 4838 444 426 709 4422 4865 442 444 844 4464 4884 444 447 823 4488 4888 548 460 844 4498 4896 562 470 868 4608 4900 468 479 888 4616 4904 485 4SK 903 4666 4942 24 497 543 4683 4936 284 602 944 4688 4944 346 607 4024 4604 4973 362 683 4084 4687 4988 36 686 4444 4694 4996 Wien am 18. August 1860. 1222—12! Die Administration. A. A. W. LlliMchs Klllljzspmmi. Die ?. I'. Herren Aktionäre der k. k. priv. Lambacher Flachsspinnerei werden hiermit zu dieser jährigen VII. ordentlichen General-Versammlung, welche am 26. September d. Z., Vormittags 9 Uhr, im Sitzungssaal der Handels- und Gewerbekammer dahier abgehalten werden wird, höflichst eingeladen. Programm. 4. Bericht des Rechnungsführers-Berichtes der Direktion. 2. Verfügung über das Erträgnis des abgelaufenen Geschäftsjahres. 3. Verlosung von 25.000 fl. Prioritäts-Obligationen. 4. Wahl von zwei Direktoren. Linz am 12. August 1860. Die Direktion l«uo-si der k. k. priv. Lambacher Flachsspinnerei. Die so allgemein beliebten geruchlosen Hans- mit Zimern-Netråde sind stets in jeder beliebigen Möbelform zu dem Preise Von 20fl. bis 35 fl., Luftverschiffung für Retiraden zu 5 fl., wie such die k.k.a.p. geruchlosen Leib-schusseln zu 9 fl., zu haben bei dem Erfinder Josef Fachini, Maschinist Ricker-lage neue Wieden, Hauptstraße Nr. 763. Auswärtige Bestellungen und Reparaturen werden prompt erledigt. s8283— Niederlage s7S84—Sj kemerat und hydraulischer Kalk, unter Garantie, bester Qualität bei Mädrick Laimgrube an der Wien Nr. 27. Mit 1. August 1860 erscheint in Wien-Neustadt eine neue Zeitschrift, unter dem Titel: Witwe-N und zwar jeden Mittwoch und Sonnabend. Dieselbe enthält außer Tagesneuigkeiten, Lokalberichte, Mitteilungen über Handel und Gewerbe, auch belletristische und humoristische Aufsätze. Preise auspreis: Ganzjährig 8 fl. — kr. Mit Postversendung 8 fl. Halbjährig 4 fl. — kr. Mitteilungen über Handel und Gewerbe, auch belletristische und humoristische Aufsätze. Preise auspreis: Ganzjährig 8 fl. — kr. Mit Postversendung 8 fl. Halbjährig 4 fl. — kr. Vierteljährig 2 fl. 60 kr. — kr. Die Inserate werden bei einmaliger Einrückung die dreispaltige Petitzeile mit 8 kr., die Doppelzeile mit 8 kr., die durchlaufende Zeile mit 1 v kr., und bei mehr als dreimaliger Einschaltung ein Pauschalbetrag berechnet. Die Redaktion des »Wiener Neustädter Anzeigers." Erste k l. privil. vMWllMpkedjllklitt-KeMzchstt Verkehr vom 11. bis 18. August 1860. Zwischen Wien—Lm—Negeasburg: In Wien angekommen 1302 Passagiere, 4270 Zentner Ware. In Wien abgegangen 4423 Passagiere. 8078 Zentner Ware, 28,696 Meter Frucht und 3900 Zentner Holz. Zwischen Wien—Pesth—Brüßow: In Wien angekommen 774 Passagiere. 27,770 Zentner Ware, 33,963 Meter Frucht. Von Wien abgegangen 1407 Passagiere, 28,328 Zentner Ware. In Pesth angekommen von unten 1468 Passagiere, 48,849 Zentner Ware, 24,442 Meter Frucht, 400 Schweine. Von Pesth abgegangen nach unten 4029 Passagiere, 10,638 Zentner Ware. 6676 nach der Levante Wohllollgs-Vttöudermg. Der bis jetzt auf der Laimgrube Rr. 35 wohnende Erfinder und Erzeuger der ersten k. t. ausschl. priv. Kühl-, Konservir- und Gefrier-Apparate für Speisen, Getränke und Gewürze, gibt sich die Ehre, einem hohen Adel und den hochgeehrten Kunden seine neue Wohnung anzuzeigen. Derselbe drückt für das bisher geschenkte Vertrauen seinen innigsten Dank aus und bittet um fernere Gewogenheit. 187504 7j Karl Friedrich Kirchhof, neue Mieden, große Neugasse, Rittergasse Nr. 87V. Die Original-Reklam-Oel-Ieife mit Glycin, von welcher durch ihre vorzüglichen Eigenschaften als eine vollkommene Haar-, Haut- und anerkannt wurde, ist auch in Beziehung zur Parfum für die feine Toilette bestens zu empfehlen und in ausgewählter Qualität bei nachfolgenden Firmen am Lager: Joh. Filz, Parfümeur, Graben. Adolph Az, Joh. Audrassy, „obere Bräunerstraße. Aug. Klein, Nürnberger-Waarenkandlung, Graben. A. Langer, „Stock und Eisen. I. Kalmus, „Tuchlauben. I. Herrmann, „Bischofgasse. I. Lammer. „Franziskanerplatz. Lud. Rath, alder Haupt-Depot, Mariahilf 40. Fabrik-Haupt-Niederlage: Messinggraben m. Herren G. Parfum, liche Öl C. Scheidler in Wien. Braila den 18. September 1885. Ich fühle mich angenommen verpflichtet Ihnen mit Gegenwärtigem Kenntnis zu geben, wie vortrefflich sich die von Ihnen gekaufte Kaffee Nr. 3 bei dem jüngsten hier vorgenommenen fürchterlichen Brande bewährte, bei welchem ich und meine Familie, außer dem Inhalte der Kasse nichts als das nackte Leben retteten. Das Feuer währte 2 Stunden, und nach dem die Kasse dieser Tage aus den Trümmern der Brandstätte gezogen wurde, zeigte sich der ganze Inhalt an Geld, Papieren, Prätiosen und Uhren gänzlich unbeschädigt, was umso mehr Anerkennung verdient, da die Kasse meines Nachbars aus einer der renommiertesten Fabriken sich nicht bewährte, indem der ganze Inhalt derselben total zu Asche verbrannt war. Wollen Sie vom Vorstehenden den beliebigsten Gebrauch machen, Sie werden sich durch dieses Bekanntgeben bei dem kassenbedürftigen Publikum verbinden. Mit der Versicherung meiner vollkommenen Hochachtung zeichne ich ergebens. A?. m/p. Herren S. Pfannkuche C. Scheidler in Aich, Bieting am 24. M. 1858. In der Nacht vom 20. M. sprengten Diebe ein großes Vorhängeschloß meines Komptoirs, sperrten alle übrigen Türen- und Möbelschlösser mit Dietrichen oder falschen Schlüsseln auf, machten alle möglichen Versuche, um die Kubusschlösser der von den Herren Wittmann & Cie hier gekauften Geld- und Dokumenten-Kassette, ihrer Konstruktion, in welcher eine bedeutende Summe Bargeld nebst vielen Wertpapieren sich befand, zu eröffnen. Nachdem aber ihre ersichtliche Schlosserfähigkeit nichts vermochte, stellten sie mit scharfen Brech- und Stemmeisen, Feilen und Bohrern gewaltige Anstrengungen an, um die Kassentür zu erbrechen. Da diese jedoch den vollkommensten Widerstand leistete, mußten die Diebe von ihrem verbrecherischen Treiben abkommen, zogen sich zurück, nicht ohne auf dem Boden Bruchstücke von eisernen Werkzeugen, welche sie erfolglos angewendet hatten, uns welche bei der betreffenden Behörde niedergelegt worden sind, zu hinterlassen. Indem ich mich sehr freue, Ihnen diese Mittheilung als Beleg der bewährten Einbruchsicherheit Ihrer Fabrikate machen zu können, zeichne ich. m/p. Solchen unläugbaren, schon öfter vorgekommenen Tatsachen gegenüber, erlauben wir uns abermals ein geehrtes Publikum auf die Wichtigkeit dieses Erzeugnisses aufmerksam zu machen, sowie, daß diese Kassen wirklich ihren Zweck erfüllen und nicht als Charlatanerie zu betrachten sind. Wegen der genannten Tatsache erlauben wir uns, es G. Pfannkuche & C. Scheidler zu danken. Größtes Lager in Österreich von GUT'S ESTATE. Wöchentliche Zusendungen von London und Paris, so wie eigene, nett eingerichtete Fabrikation, die erste und einzige in Österreich, welche ein vorzügliches Erzeugnis liefert. HW- Ein Reisealbum mit 15 Bildern in einem eleganten Carton zu nur 2fl.-st Bilder von allen größeren Städten und Ländern. Truppen ?c. ? schwarz pr. Exd. von IV— 12 fl., coloriert von 4— 14 fl., transparent von L—- 18fl. Besonders scharfe neue Ansichten von Wien a St.-Sv kr. Apparate in den verschiedensten Formen von 1 — 40 fl. pr. Stück. Original-Aufnahmen von Wien ?e., so wie Copien nach berühmten Gemälden, Stichen ic. — Spezielle Preis Courante gratis. — Wiederverkäufe?» angemessenen Rabatt. Haarmarkt I. Stock. Weininger M Mützenherren Schaumwein, so fein und gut wie der französische Champagner, aus der ältesten Champagner-Fabrik in der österreichischen Monarchie, des ü. v Haupt» Niederlagen: Stadt, Hohenmarkt Nr. 390, .zum Tiroler/ 8792—SJ » Haarmarkt Nr. 731 —732, ,zu den zwei Matrosen," und in allen renommirten Weinhandlungen.
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Es una verdad que se convencerá de que los alimunios hormeses con ROYAL BAKING POWDER Únes unas texturas más delicadas, siguiendo más dignas que cualquier otros, fuesen en la etiqueta ROYAL! Proteja Ahora Su Techo en los tejados. CARES-LASTIC de ocuidado Astesio-Carbo-Lastic es una composición impermeable, resistente al fuego, aclaraciones alcalis, en forma semiligua o plástica, lo que permite su fácil aplicación. ¡Puede aplicarse del especial que se desce, formando una capa protecitora firme, impermeable y que absolutamente detiene toda forma de orín, corrupción, corrosión. Este producto está teniendo en el mercado una especie de uso, excepto asombrosa, por un vivir, se venga a resolver el problema más engorroso y más sólo que ha venido prorrumpiendo el propietario de “. 25as por muchos años. Carbo-Lastic es durable. Permanente resistente a la vista del tiempo y de lo intemperie. Garantizamos un impermeable abundancia durante un año, solicita otra información hoy de la Representación. Representantes: H.G. Gregory, Gregorio Inc., Edificio del Banco de San Juan, P. K. TEA LA JOVEN No hay que trabajar en la calle. Para alquilar la calle, se levante la calle, y se levante la calle. 22, Manturrce. --Informarás: Eurepa St, No. 2£, Tel 1208 ; ' Azul, Santurce. | Cortinas Awnings MARCA “KITA-SOL” T …_… …_ X&:u&?ñ¡ : u.Lñ——º.i V RN IS MECHAS PARA QUE Llame al Tel. 1366, San Juan &mm R. NIN, INC., i E…A H …… . p o C ; - í " , C 1 : : g i y [ Ai * R E 7 EEE OORE -A - E AE AEAp n : . l ——— —É tó c o aaa p _-T y ¿ | ';ra : = n N ¿ E la ' ¿ leN E de ? E í [NO LEVAN- LQOUE INFANEES r——— ¿¿O D ( . , 1 1i ¡D¿u"%ME m£..; - "TA"E O 7.t .|,( PBMON9¡ NO y ¿ 4 _ E , | r tCE 11000 'LEVAN> fú£ FOR QUE ME LEVAN: . ! b ? í A I_M:T :?9¡A“UA9 .I' ' NAe las k_Te[ _ ' "“. 4 PO ¿ H &. 1 ! i7v YC, ./ |'K““H¡¡ 'l . , a !'L !: , COMO £ : ? N u N wD 1 7EZ N ;. V.º kD o E _¿J L1 / '9's > a—a m j;¡l_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡_¡ EOMCMBNUSS º N b C 1925 ey IntTi Featusz Service, Ine) N ua OOOE A ENN : - v _ ! I…“í d. '. Grear Britain righe; reserved, y ¿'¿_,5 f 7..:;_./ Z _, " 5 TA TA A | |. j'u -_—-—_T_.——.… ' a id - EO l a Aec mo … _ ; a Es A >* - , …… ' a id - EO l a Aec mo … _ ; a Es A >* - , …… ' a id - EO l a Aec mo … _ ; a Es A >* - , …… ' a id - EO l a Aec mo … _ ; a Es A >* - , …… ' a id - EO l a Aec mo … _ ; a Es A >* - , …… ' a id - EO l a Aec mo … _ ; a Es A >* - , …… ' a id - EO l a Aec mo … _ ; a Es A >* - , …… ' a id - EO l a Aec mo … _ ; a Es A >* - , …… ' a id - EO l a Aec mo… _ ; a Es A >* - , …… ' a id - EO l a Aec mo… _ ; a Es A >* - , …… ' a id - EO l a Aec mo… _ ; a Es A >* - , …… ' a id - EO l a Aec mo… _ ; a Es A >* - , …… ' a id - EO l a Aec mo… _ ; a Es A >* - , …… ' a id - EO l a Aec mo… _ ; a Es A >* - , …… ' a id - EO l a Aec mo… _ ; a Es A >* - , …… ' a id - EO l a Aec mo… _ ; a Es A >* - , …… ' a id - EO l a Aec mo… _ ; a Es A >* - , …… ' a id - EO l a Aec mo… _ ; a Es A >* - , …… ' a id - EO l a Aec mo… _ ; a Es A >* - , …… ' a id - EO l a Aec mo… _ ; a Es A >* - , …… ' a Acompañado al señor Pennington en su labor de técnica del proyecto del nuevo acueducto los señores Ingenieros y teólogos don Ulpiano Cassá, don P. Porta y don Enrique Abarca. Mabiendo obtenido del señor Peunington las ventajas conclusivas finales de la investigación realizada, no vacilamos en darles inmediatamente a la publicidad reconocida, el profundo y beneficioso sitio realizado: CONCLUSIONES: De este informe legamos a las siguientes conclusiones: Primero: El proyecto del Río Bayamón no es adecuado por sí solo para las necesidades de la ciudad. Segundo: La capacidad combinada de los Ríos Bayamón, Piedras y Guaynabo, nunca será lo suficientemente adecuada para abastecer a San Juan en períodos de seca. Tercero: El costo de los dos nuevos Ríos Bayamón y Gusynabo se excederá de un millón de dólares. Segundo: El costo de los dos nuevos Ríos Bayamón y Gusynabo se excederá de un millón de dólares. lares con la potibilidad de escasez de agua durante períodos de seca, cuarto: Costará una cantidad adicional de 2 millones de dólares el conseguir otras fuentes de agua para llenar los requisitos de la ciudad en 1930. ¡Quinto: Se tardará de seis a diez meses para completar el sistema de emergencia del río Qupg-nabo durante cuyo tiempo puede haber una escasez de agua fuerte. lm.:-—n…u…uml ne tendrá una producción garanti zada de ocho millones de …sl diarios con una cantidad total en reserva para casos de emergncia de diecinueve millones de :¡lnr.es…l Séptimo:-—-Pozos adicionales pa ra lenar las demandas de la ciu.| dad pueden ser instalados y co- Octavo:-—Con el sistema de po 20s Layue se garantiza que se en tregarán dos millones de galones disrios dentro de cuatro meses y * razón de dos millones de galo nas por cada mes després de los pri merca 4 meses basta completar )os *cho millones de galones en un ve víedo de 10 meses. .. Noveno:—La combinación del í…ºr¡s Con cada teloj damos | dos en oro. Esto reloj enchapado en o:o| ; > *í'_"—.g l O » ad A = É|. ¡ E ¡_"'/ . y 3! a , t', N y ¡s“¡ í m aE í CÁL a. | ; - .. á ” 1 ! ZAN e Tembién ; gratis nuestro catálogo .“ ?='», este buen por “ THE HALAS CO., INO. _ . Dey 5. Deyt. 9. New Yesk, Y. Y. sistema de pozos Layne con los tanques de la planta de filtración de arriba, una capacidad de diecinueve millones de galones de agua en cualquier emergencia. Décimo:—Cuando se complete la tubería de 30 pulgadas que conocen la planta de fuerza con la presa del río Bayamón tendremos una planta hidro-eléctrica con una capacidad de 600 a 1000 cavallos de fuerza. Undécimo:—La fuerza adicional producida por la planta hidro-eléctrica y que no se utilice en el sistema de pozos se pueda emplear para el alúmbrado de las calies de la ciudad. Décimo:—Duodécimo:—Habrá dos fuertes de fuerza disponibles: La de múltiples de petróleo, y la de maquinaria hidro-eléctrica. Décimo:—Las dos fuertes de fuerza serán equipadas con unidades de reserva. Décimo:—La primera parte del trabajo, esto es, el sistema de pozos Layne, con una capacidad de ocho millones de galones diarias; una planta de fuerza, y la instalación de. La tubería entre la planta de filtración y el sistema de pozos, se hará inmediatamente a un costo aproximadamente de $950,000, cantidad que la ciudad tiene disponible del dinero que está disponible del dinero adicional para instalar la tubería de 30 pulgadas entre el planta de filtración y la represa del Río Bayamón y la construcción de la represa, este trabajo puede hacerse con el dinero de las ganancias o sea la diferencia entre el costo de operación de la planta. tual y la que ofrecemos, estimán- Liou que se echará de seis a diez años para completarlo, Décimo-sexto:—En el caso que .1¡ cindad pueda obtener los fondos ¡ necesarios que estimamos en $550,. —ºcoo para completar inmediatamen- Ite todo el sistema, una economía adicional se efectuará lo que per !mit'r?—. ámortizar esta cantidad de |55:0870 EN cuatro 0 seis años. | Dicimo-séptimo:—Un gran fac. ítor' es la Ígzuridad positiva de 'ccnsezuir una cantida.d¡_y de agua pu-] ra y potable de los pozos, elimi ;nando el elemento humano sujeto la descuido y negligencia que siem pre existe en una planta de purifi cación. A Décimo-octavo:— Hay la seguri ¡ dad de una cantidad adecuada de ¡¡gua que no disminuirá durante períodos de seguía, eliminando así el peligro de escasez de agua. Décimc-noveno:—Hay la garan tía de que el agua de los pozos se rá tan pura y potable que acepte' el Departamento de Sanidad Insu lar como apropiada para usarse sin ser tratada o filtrada. Positivamen te asegura a los consumidores cá lidad del agua pura creando con fianza a tal extremo que todos los filtros particulares y aparatos de hervir água se descartarán, elimi nando así un gran trabajo y moles- Vigésimo:—En caso de que la tubería de 30”' entre la represa y la planta de filtración sufra una avería, el sistema de pozos Layne puede operar con la fuerza gene rada por los motores de petróleo, dando servicio de agua a las des tuberías de 20 pulgadas sin inte-. rrupción m molestias al pueblo con Vigésima primera:—Después —que se completo todo el proyecto se puede ir recogiendo los bonos creando un fondo de amortización con las economías y beneñicios, lo ¿¿—? ¿¿¿, ¿, En carta dirigida... (Continuación de la página) Noto en la prensa que el cable. Programa creó la impresión de que pretendiamos aquí la venta privada de los bonos. Por supuesto, que este no es el caso, Nunca se han vendido bonos privadamente por el Bureau, y tengo la certeza de que ningún Secretario de la Guerra aprobaría tal acción. Los bonos que hasta ahora se han vendido han tenido la más amplia publicidad compatible con economía razonable y el número de licitadores ha sido generalmente grande. Siempre ha habido competencia razonable y de buena, decir que los precios conseguidos han sido siempre favorables, considerando la variación en el mercado. Creo también, ahorra que trato de este asunto, que sería bueno a repetir la posición tomada por el Bureau en el asunto de la venta de los bonos de El Pueblo de Puerto Rico y de sus municipalidades. El Bureau ha creído que debiera aprovecharse de la ventaja de la disposición de la Ley Orgánica bajo la cual el Pueblo de Puerto Rico puede vender honos en montantes iguales a los bonos de los municipios retenidos en el Tesoro sin tales bonos adicionales ser contados al computarse el límite de La duda pública de Puerto Rico bajo la Ley Orgánica. La posición del Bureau es nuevos bonos de los municipios, preparados en la forma legal más simple, deberían depositarse con el Tesorero de Puerto Rico y que los bonos de la Gaceta de Puerto Rico debieran venderse al público y no a otros. Esta es la forma más económica y la única manera que aseguraría al pueblo completo, el precio de sus bonos. Con la cindad de San Juan, que es mayor y mejor conocida en los Estados Unidos, esto no es tan imperante como “con las máscaras municipales; no sólo porque es mejor conocida, sino muy que en general sus emisiones de los que serían más alto precio por bonos. El Bureau tenía mucho gusto en dar su ayuda en la venta de los bonos municipales de San Juan cuanto. Ido iban a venderse en San Juan y por la misma ciudad, y por la misma ciudad, y por su supuesto, haría lo mismo si este método se adoptase en el futuro, pero cree que no es el mejor método de dispone: de los bonos, ni tampoco el método que pudiera traer el mejor precio al pueblo por los bonos. Se observará que la mayoría de las sugestiones que hemos hecho por el Bureau son igualmente aplicable si los bonos han de venderse por el Bureau o no. Quedo, Muy atentamente, (Firmado) Frank McINTYRE, Jefe del Bureau. INCL.—Copia de la carta al Alcalde Todd, nos de pozos Layne y la planta de fuerza combinada con el pueblo Yecto del Río Bayamón, incluyendo la represa, tubería y tancueños de planta de filtración, es muy supefior al proyecto sólo del Río Bayamón, y por lo cual, si esta propición recibe la aprobación de esa honorable Asamblea, la Layne New York Company está en conjiciones y dispuesta a firmar un contrato inmediatamente para proceder con el trabajo, de acuerdo con el trabajo, de acuerdo con el trabajo. érdo con los detalles anteriormente especificados, y según se expresa en la siguiente proposición. El MUNDO. ¿Desea Ud. colocar: se inmediatamente? Cada vez que en nuestras columnas de anuncios clasificados aparece un anuncio solicitando táquiográficos, se reciben no menos de cien solícitos de aspirantes a dicha colocación. Los solicitantes cometen un error al esperar que aparezca el aviso para luego solicitar la colocación, pues entonces se encuentran conocidos, pues entonces se encuentran conocidos, siendo por lo tanto una casualidad que su solicitud sea atendida. Creemos firmemente que si estas personas en busca de colocación dejaran conocer sus muecesidades por medio de “EL MUNDO” no tendrían competidores, pues las contestaciones irían directamente al solicitante, quien no necesita dar su nombre, pues las direcciones pueden ser dirigidas a la Administración de “EL MUNDO”, Nuestro último aviso de una taquígrafa solicitando colocación fue ordenado por una semana costando un dólar, pero debido a la efectividad de los avisos clasificados de EL MUNDO. La publicación fue descontinuada por haber encontrado colocación al segundo día. Lea y utilice la sección de avisos clacificados de EL MUNDO. ANUNCIESE: Sección Económica y obtendrá buenos resultados. Una nueva circulación en la isla 2000 ejemplares verdaderamente. Este es el de la marca de qué quality - Standard de la química, es el reflejo de la habilidad y pericia de los mejores expertos en la industria de papelería fina, y puede por lo tanto comprarse en la plena seguridad de haber obtenido el extricto valor de su dinero. Nosotros somos los distribuidores exclusivos para Puerto Rico de esta célebre línea de papelería (AMERICAN WRITING PAPER CO.) y contamos con una adecuada existencia en nuestros almacenes para satisfacer las exigencias diarias en la marcha de los negocios. Tendremos sumo gusto en suministrar muestras de papelería a aquellos que las interesen y no olvide que somos los únicos en Puerto Rico dedicados exclusivamente al ramo de papelería, en el cual especializamos y por lo tanto estamos en. condiciones de proporcionar un servicio rápido y eficiente. El servicio rápido y eficiente. El BORINQUEN PAPER COMPANY, INC. albos E Ae LA CASA DE PAPEL VICTOR R. un solo día, y es una pregunta para catarros, gripe, fístulas, y malaria. También se encuentra en el mundo, pues, una necesidad de la más vulnerable de su delicado organismo, es su sensible cutis, infinidad de enfermedades en la niñez se originan en este. Mañana puede ser tarde para arrepentimientos. Proporcione a su miño hoy la defensa que su impotencia natural exige. Se Cansa Fácilmente? Si está usted desanimado (o desanimado) por frecuentes períodos de debilidad, mal humor, depresión mental y nerviosa. Si parece habersele escapado el vigor o energía naturales de la salud y se cansa Ud. con poces fuerzas, haga usted esta prueba. Note cuanto tiempo puede andar o trabajar hasta cansarse. Luego tome hierro Nuxado y haga la misma prueba y vea si gradualmente pero seguridad no le alarga los período de actividad y le aumenta notablemente la resistencia al desgaste de sus fuerzas. No importa que haya usted tomado otros medicamentos. Ha sido esa prueba con Hierro Nuxado. Infinidad de personas se han maravillado de si alcante como reconstituyente de la fuerzas y vitalidad. Pruébelo dos semanas para mayor ¡ Graduado de la Universidad de Pennsylvania, Harvard y Puerto Rico. Postula ante las Cortes de Puerto Rico y Corte Federal, P. O. Box 128 Tel, 143, S. J. Edificio NOA, San Juan, P. R. DR. JOSE VICENTE CIRUJANO-DENTISTA Especialista de la Sociedad Española de Auxilio Mutual y Beneficencia. Horas de Oficina: 7:00 a 12:00 A.M. y 1:30 a 5:00 P.M. San Justo 33 (altos de “El Louvre”) Teléfono 240. San Juan, P. R. DR. RAMON F. CARBALLO DENTISTA Participa a sus colegas, clientes y amigos, que ha trasladado su oficina a la parada 19 frente al teatro Olimpo, donde ofrece sus servicios profesionales. Tel. 1203. Santurce HARRY F. BESOSA Attorney and Counsellor as Law Teléfono 1347. San Juan, P. R. Cable Address: “HARIBESA” —]];— eo ——_——]——]—————]—É 1 x Y TP o / ¡ ! HA Ae | ! : PE A AEA É a l '. '?…__í.,“ a _,¡¡ ';.k. ' m La NER-VIT Aectimnla elsis. E * !e:"m'.'cr'—'¡u?.nvn tre atadaslas. E - e células y tejidos débiles o de. teriorados del organismo, ¡No D y / Demore ! 1n Z a ' .'$ : M » :¿¿. _<.A CAA a N ¿£&—¿“;) a E NE );; ' Ng P )“º ,¡_'—¡4… F ,—-: ; " / '/,¡l';': ', “ROPA INTERIOR . Especiales para Niños. _ Sólidos y Cómodos, Box 1494 —— Tel 1975 '»'á ¿A "vfi—í'*“v,_.Q eME %i + P MEO EEO.
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oldworlditswaysd00brya_19
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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Old world and its ways ... : describing a tour around the world and journeys through Europe.
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Bryan, William Jennings, 1860-1925
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English
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Spoken
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Russia is not decaying. She has extent of territory, abundant natural resources and an immense population. To be sure, a majority of her people were serfs until a generation ago, but there is no race distinction between the nobility and the peasant, and with educa- tion the extremes of society are being drawn closer together. That Russia has a great future is not open to doubt. What experiences she may pass through before she emerges a free, self-governing and prosperous nation no one is wise enough to foresee, but the people who have sacrificed as much for liberty as have the Russian patriots have in them the material of which mighty nations are made. The duma is ready to do its part; will the government rise to the occasion? Time alone can tell. Note — Since this article was written the Duma has been dissolved, and a second Duma is now in session. CHAPTER XXXVIII. AROUND THE BALTIC. The discussion of the duma occupied so much space that I was compelled to omit from that article all mention of Russia in general, and to St. Petersburg in particular; I shall therefore begin this article with a brief reference to the Moscovite empire. Two and a half years ago, when I saw Russia for the first time, I entered by the way of Warsaw and went to St. Petersburg from Moscow. While considerable territory was covered, the winter’s snows made the whole country look barren and uninviting. This time our course lay through the Baltic provinces, and as farming was at its height, the country presented a much fairer picture. The cities and villages through which we passed were busy with life and each had its church, for the Russians are a church-going people. St. Petersburg is a fascinating city. The Church of St. Isaacs, with its great granite monoliths on the outside, its pillars within covered with malachite and lapsus lazuli, and its immense bronze doors, is among the world’s most imposing places of worship; the equestrian statue of Peter the Great is famous, and the art gallery is of rare merit. Russia’s bronzes are most excellent, and her stores exhibit a large assortment of furs. In St. Petersburg I found myself, as on my former visit, admiring the horses, they being, upon the whole, the best that I have seen since leaving America. Possibly the fact that so many stallions are driven singly and in pairs may account, in part, for the handsome and stylish animals seen upon the streets, but certain it is that the Russian horse is a splendid representative of his breed. There is a large park, called the Point, near the city, and in the evening this park and the approaches to it are thronged with carriages and droskies. As the sun does not set there at this season of the year until between nine and ten and is followed by a long twilight, the drives are gay with life until midnight. We did not reach our hotel until eleven o’clock, although we were among the first to leave the park. Speaking of horses, reminds me that the Russian coachman has an 417 418 THE OLD WORLD AND ITS WAYS individuality all his own. His headgear is peculiar, being a squatty beaver with a spool-shaped crown, hut one soon forgets the hat in contemplation of the form. The skirt of the coachman’s coat is very full and pleated, and the more stylish the equipage, the broader is the driver. Beginning at the shoulders, his padding gradually increases until about the hips he is as broad as the box upon which he sits. This padding is carried to such an extreme that the coachman some- times has to be lifted upon the box, and it is needless to say that he is practically helpless, as well as useless, in case of an accident. It may be that this style of dress is designed for a wind break for those A VIEW OF STOCKHOLM. who are seated behind the wearer — this was one of the explanations given — or it may be that it, like some other fashions in wearing ap- parel, has no foundation in reason. I found to my disappointment that Tolstoy is not contributing materially to the political revolution that is taking place in Russia. Being revered throughout the land not only because of his philosophy, but also because of his fearless arraignment of the despotism that has afflicted Russia, he might be a powerful factor in giving direction to the popular movement, but believing that individual regeneration AROUND THE BALTIC 419 furnishes the only complete emancipation from all forms of evil, he takes but little interest in what he regards as the smaller and less important remedies proposed by the duma. It remains to be seen whether it is wiser to secure that which is now within reach, and then press forward for other advantages, or to reject piecemeal reforms in the hope of ultimately gaining larger ones. Probably the pioneer in thought and the practical reformer will never be able to fully agree upon this point. The boat ride from St. Petersburg to Stockholm is one of unsur- passed beauty. It requires about thirty hours to make the trip, and of that time but two hours are spent in the open sea, the remainder of the route being between islands that fill the Baltic and the Gulf of Finland as the stars stud the sky. Just out of St. Petersburg is Russia’s most important naval station, where we saw a number of warships and were informed that the crew of one of them had recently refused to comply with a sailing order, answering that it was waiting to see what the duma would do. Until about a hundred years ago Finland was a part of the Baltic Empire, of which Sweden was the head, and of the three million inhabitants of Finland, something like twenty per cent are of Swedish descent. As might be expected, the Swedish element was not only the official element, enjoying to a large extent the titles of nobility, but it is still the wealthier and more influential portion. The Finns proper are not Laplanders, as their northern position would suggest, neither are they in race closely akin to the Slavic or Scandinavian population. As mentioned in the article on Hungary, they came from western Asia and are quite distinct in race characteristics from their present neighbors. They acquired from their Swedish con- querors a fondness for the public school, and the percentage of illit- eracy is much less in Finland than in other parts of Russia, under whose dominion they unwillingly came in 1808. Our boat stopped at Helsingfors for a few hours, and we had an opportunity to visit the principal points of interest in the capital of Finland. It is a substantial and prosperous looking city with large school houses, attractive public buildings and commodious churches. We passed several small parks where children were playing and where numerous 'comfortable seats beckoned the weary to rest beneath the shade. I confess to a partiality for the small city park; it is much better to have these breathing spaces so scattered about through densely populated sections that the children, as well as the adults, can find in them a daily refuge than to have the entire park fund lavished upon suburban parks, which can only be visited occasionally. 420 THE OLD WORLD AND ITS WAYS It is a pity that space is not more often reserved for these parks in the laying out of towns, for the ground not only becomes more valu- able in proportion as these small parks are the more needed, but the opening of them in the heart of a city brings a large unearned incre- ment to those who own land adjacent to them. We could not help noticing the contrast between the market ot Helsingfors and those which we visited in Asia. At the former neatly dressed peasants, men and women, exposed for sale from the end of their carts a bountiful supply of vegetables, meats, but- ter, eggs and cheese. The eggs were stamped with the name of the owner and the date of laying, , the butter was packed in wooden buckets of various sizes, and the cheese was of many varieties. Some of the carts were filled with stacks of black bread baked in large flat cakes. The rad- ishes presented a temp- tation that I was not able to withstand ; the fondness for them, re- strained during the months of travel through the Orient, overcame me, and at the risk of being thought extravagant, I purchased five dozen at a gross outlay of about five cents and lived high until they were all gone. The Finns are rejoicing over the autonomy recently secured, and they have signalized their partial independence by creating a single parliamentary body whose representatives are elected by the entire population, male and female, above the age of twenty-four. No one can understand the persistency with which the Finns have struggled KING OSCAR OF SWEDEN. AROUND THE BALTIC 421 for constitutional government without recalling that, as a part of Sweden, their country long enjoyed the right to representation in the nation’s councils. The people have always resented Russian methods, and only a few years ago the governor general sent from St. Peters- burg was assassinated by a young Finn who, having thus given expres- sion to his nation’s hatred of despotism, immediately took his own life. The death of the governor was followed by the suspension of such few privileges as the people had been enjoying, but when last year the whole of Russia seemed about to rise in rebellion, the czar announced his willingness to grant all that was asked, and now one can travel through Finland without being harassed by soldiers or bothered about passports. If Constantinople can claim to be the natural capital of the east- ern hemisphere, Stockholm can with equal justice claim to be its natural summer resort. It is situated at a point where a chain of lakes pours its flood into the Baltic, so that the citizens of Sweden’s capital have their choice between the fresh water and the salt. As the lakes and the sea are filled with innumerable islands, each family can have one for itself. Summer homes are probably more numer- ous near Stockholm, in proportion to the population, than anywhere else, because during the winter months the people live in flats. One is immediately struck with the compactness of the city and with the absence of single dwellings surrounded by yards. Owing to the severe cold and the long, dark days of winter, the people huddle together in great blocks and thus economize fuel, and they are at the same time close to their work. As soon as spring opens there is a general movement toward the islands, and as we approached Stockholm from the Baltic and left it through the lakes, we saw a great many summer cottages and watched the boats carrying their cargoes of passengers to and fro. Sweden’s lakes are so numerous and so large that about eight per cent of her entire area is given up to these internal waterways, and they probably account for the fact that her people had a large domes- tic commerce before the era of railroads. These lakes are so situated that by connecting them by canals water transit has been secured between Stockholm on the east coast and Gothenburg on the west. The boat trip through these lakes and canals is one of the most pleasant to be found in Europe. The Swedes who have come to the United States are such excellent farmers that I was surprised to find but twelve per cent of the area of Sweden devoted to agriculture and fifty-one per cent described as woodland. Only fifty-five per cent of the population is now engaged 422 TIIE OLD WORLD AND ITS WAYS in farming, the proportion having fallen from seventy-two per cent since 1870, while the proportion engaged in other industries has risen from fifteen to twenty-seven per cent. Lumbering, fishing and shipping each gives employment to a large number of men, and iron mining, long a leading industry, is still important, although, owing to the development of mines elsewhere, Sweden now furnishes but one per cent of the entire output of ore as against ten per cent in the eighteenth century. The fact that she had such an abundant supply of the raw material early gave her a conspicuous place in iron manufactures, and the familiarity with this metal may be due to the fact that Sweden was quick to take advantage of the railroad, the telegraph and the telephone. In elec- trical appliances she now claims a second place among the nations. A large use has also been made of the water power with which the country abounds, notably at Norrkoping, where an industrial expo- sition is now in progress. We spent a day at this exposition for the purpose of gathering information in regard to industrial Sweden. While the agricultural display was not ready, the exhibit of the products of the factory was exceedingly interesting. The articles shown included metal work of all kinds and varieties, from heavy machinery to parlor ornaments. In one section canned fruit was displayed, in another great rolls of linoleum and oilcloth, and in still another textile fabrics. The cloth was especially worthy of notice, being of superior quality and of every color. There was also a complete assortment of dairy imple- ments and farm tools. ' So skillful is the Swedish artisan that the International Harvester Company has recently established a branch factory at Norrkoping, and with the aid of American foremen is preparing to manufacture reapers and mowers there, not only for Sweden but for northern Europe. In addition to the machine-made exhibits, there were specimens of the handwork of peasants and students. These included many varie- ties of needlework, wood carving, and decoration on leather and bark. Peasant girls in native costume presided over these displays and gave the visitor a glimpse of the picturesque garb now fast disappearing before the prosaic dress of the cities. At Skansen, in the suburbs of Stockholm, and at a few of the enterprising stores, this quaint costume may still be seen, but it is not generally worn now even in the country. There is a gallery at Norrkoping exposition where one may see a collection of Swedish and Danish art, the pictures not only por- AROUND THE BALTIC 423 traying the familiar features and flaxen hair of the north, but recall- ing the long nights and the winter scenes of that latitude. Sweden was a pioneer in the matter of universal education and has at Upsala a state university founded in 1477 — fifteen years before Columbus sailed for America. She has also had a college of medi- cine for more than a hundred years, and her sons have taken high rank in all the departments of science. Her grammar schools run back to the time of Gustavus Adolphus, and her common school system is almost as old. She has given to the world among other things the Sloyd system of teaching, which combines manual training with mental instruction. Sweden has shown by her prominence in literature, science, art and music that the higher altitudes do not chill the imagination or repress genius, and yet, the country is even more noted for the high average of intelligence among the people than for the extraordinary accomplishments of a few. The Swedish language contains so many words that resemble the English that the Swedish newspaper looks much more familiar than the Greek or the Russian, but it is not always safe to rely upon the similarity in spelling. For instance, “rum” means room, and when it appears in a window or on a door, it is only an innocent announce- ment that travelers can find accommodation within. The word “bad” means bath, and “bad rum,” therefore, is a familiar sign in hotels. Sweden has her political problems like all the other nations, and just now her people are absorbed in the question of extending the suffrage. The upper house is an aristocratic body composed of rep- resentatives of the wealthier classes. In electing members to this body a rich man’s vote counts for more than a poor man’s vote, it being possible for the richest person to have about ten times as many votes as the poorest. As might be expected, the upper house is con- servative and stands in the way of some of the reforms proposed by the more popular branch. The last ministry was a liberal one, but resigned when the upper house defeated the measure for the exten- sion of the suffrage. The new' ministry has at its head Mr. Lindmann, a business man -who represents the commercial and conservative ele- ments, and his party is willing to accept an extension of the fran- chise, provided it is coupled wfith minority representation, the aim being to increase the conservative strength in the lower house in order to protect the upper house from attack. The conservatives fear — and not without reason — that an overwhelming liberal majority in the popular branch wTould soon endanger the aristocratic character, if not the very existence of the upper house. The situation is inter- 424 THE OLD WORLD AND ITS WAYS esting in that it indicates the growth of radicalism in the country. The conservatives recognize this and are prepared to make conces- sions; they hope to retard the progress of the movement but realize that they cannot defeat it entirely. Industrial questions are receiving consideration in Sweden; laws concerning child labor have been enacted, accident insurance has been provided, and an old age pension is being discussed. Attention is also being given to the housing problem in the cities, to farm allot- ments and to the establishment of labor bureaus and boards of arbi- tration. The Gothenburg license system is in operation in Sweden, under which the sale of liquor, where the sale is not entirely pro- hibited, is in the hands of semi-official corporations. Whether this system is responsible for it or not may be open to question, but statistics show that there has been a large decrease in the sale of beverages containing a high percentage of alcohol. By the courtesy of the American minister, Colonel Graves, I had an opportunity to pay my respects to King Oscar II. I was glad to do so for twro reasons: First, because so many of his former subjects have become American citizens; and, second, because of the honorable part which he played in the recent crisis which resulted in the sepa- ration of Sweden and Norway. He is of powerful frame, and though seventy-seven years old, would pass for a much younger man. He has a kindly face and rides about the city without a guard. A more ambitious monarch would have met Norway’s demand with armed resistance, but he, recognizing that the holding of Norway against the will of the people would involve his country in perpetual strife, advocated a peaceful separation, provided the people of Norway asked for it in unmistakable terms. For thirty years he had been the sovereign of both, and in his old age he could not bear to see the two countries engaged in a bloody conflict. He is just now criticised by some who did not become sanguinary until all prospect of war was past, but he has the con- solation of knowing that his critics are not only alive but have no dead relatives to mourn. Had he plunged his country into war, his critics could remind him of vacant chairs at the fireside. King Oscar has, in a most practical way, proved himself to be a promoter of peace and as such deserves the prize provided by that great Swedish chemist, Alfred Nobel. By giving conspicuous approval to his course, the trustees of the Nobel fund may be able to encourage other sovereigns to imitate him. CHAPTER XXXIX. DEMOCRATIC NORWAY— HER SUN, HER SCENERY AND HER CORONATION. Norway was so full of attractions at the time of our visit that I am at a loss to know in what order to treat of them. As those things which are permanent will interest a larger number than the transient ceremonies attending the crowning of a new king, I shall give the preference to the most distinguishing feature of Norway, that which has been interwoven with her name, viz., the midnight sun. Owing to its accessibility and to the fact that its climate is moderated by the influence of the Gulf stream, the coast of upper Norway furnishes the best opportunity which Euro- peans have to mount the Arctic merry-go-round and view the sun through the whole nightless day. It is a weird experience, this passing from day to day without intervening darkness, and one returns from it somewhat exhausted, for the light tempts him to encroach upon the hours of sleep. The North Cape, the northernmost point of the continent of Europe, is usually the destination of the tourist, but it is not necessary to go so far to see all that there is worth seeing. There are several towns above the Arctic circle where for several weeks the sun never sinks to the horizon. At Bodo, which is. but little more than a day’s ride by boat from Trond- hjem, the sun is visible at midnight from May 30 to July 11. At Ham- merfest, which is the terminus of some of the steamboat lines and which claims to be the northernmost town in the world, the sun does not set between May 13 and July 28, while at Tromso, not quite so far north as Hammerfest, the inhabitants have but ten days less of the midnight sun. We stopped at Svolvaer, one of the chief fishing stations of the Lofo- den Islands, nearly two hundred miles north of the Arctic circle. We arrived about seven in the evening, and would have seen the sun the previous night but for a bank of clouds behind which it passed at about 11:30. Svolvaer nestles at the foot of some snow-crowned peaks which shut out the northern horizon, and it is necessary to go out into the open sea or to climb a mountain to get an uninterrupted view. With our usual good luck we found an English-speaking Norwegian who had 425 426 THE OLD WORLD AND ITS WAYS studied in the United States, and with him to direct us, we spent a mem- orable night among the islands. The channel to the north, known as Raftsund, is one of the most pic- turesque along the entire coast, and the Troldfjord which leads from it through a rockbound gorge to the outlet of a famous mountain lake, is not surpassed in rugged grandeur. Troldfjord deserves to be described by a poet, for prose can not do it justice. If any of my readers have ever passed through the Royal Gorge in southern Colorado, they may understand me when I say that Troldfjord is a Royal Gorge with its! walls widened to a quarter of a mile and lengthened to a mile, and the space between them filled with a transparent sea, whose surface per- THE VIKING SHIP AT CHRISTIANIA. fectly mirrors every rock and shrub. At the upper end of the fjord is a majestic cascade, the dashing, splashing, foaming outlet of the lake two hundred feet above. Our launch ceased its throbbing and sat swanlike on the fathomless water, while we feasted our eyes upon a picture so beautiful that darkness hesitates to draw a curtain over its charms The mountain, Digermulkollen, selected as an observation point, is on the Raftsund and not far from the Troldfjord. I can not give its height, but when I guessed at it before the ascent, I put it at five or six hundred feet; after ascending it I am satisfied that it is a thou- sand. We timed our trip so as to reach the top at midnight, slaking our 427 DEMOCRATIC NORWAY thirst from the snowbanks along the trail, and it was the fault of the clouds that we did not see the orb of day — at this season and in this lati- tude he is orb of the night as well — as he reached the lowest point; but they were kind to us a little later, for through a rift in them we saw the face of old Sol just long enough to be sure that he, like ourselves, was up for all night. Even though the clouds concealed the sun at the witching hour of midnight, the light was the light of day, and I had no difficulty in reading a paper (which truth, as well as loyalty to my own publication, compels me to say was The Commoner). The IN HJORENDFIORD. fact that we almost missed seeing the sun at all leads me to remark that many make the entire trip without catching a glimpse of it. We were informed that an excursion steamer had gone to the North Cape and back in mist and rain just a few days before. It had not occurred to us in planning our visit to Norway that cloudy weather had to be taken into consideration, but we found that clear nights are the excep- tion rather than the rule, especially during the latter part of the season. Svolvaer is a quiet place in summer, but during January, February and March its little harbor is full of fishing smacks, for thirty thousand 428 THE OLD WORLD AND ITS WAYS men fisli in the waters of the Lofoden Islands. Cod is the principal fish taken and codliver oil is one of the chief products of the islands. Im- mense quantities of dried fish are shipped to southern Europe, while the fresh and salted fish find a market in the British Isles and Germany. If one desires to see merely fjords, glaciers, lakes and mountain streams, the southern part of Norway offers a sufficient variety of each. Bergen, the principal city on the west coast, the second city in the coun- try and a former member of the Hanseatic League, is the seaport of this northern Switzerland. With the Sogne Fjord on the north, Ilardanger Fjord on the south and west and a chain of lakes almost connecting the TROLDFJORD. two, one can see every variety of scenery in a three days’ trip around Bergen. As we had but two days to spend there, we had to miss the northern fjord, but Ilardanger, the twenty-one mile ride across the mountains and the railroad from Voss back to Bergen, furnished such a wealth of scenery that another day could hardly have added much to our enjoyment. Taking a boat at Bergen, we devoted eleven hours to winding about through Ilardanger Fjord, and every moment presented some new at- traction. These fjords seem to have been formed by a convulsion that DEMOCRATIC NORWAY 429 opened great cracks in the mountains which line the coast of Norway. In some places the shores are precipitous cliffs, reaching from the water upwards for hundreds of feet, but for most of the way the banks slope back and are covered with stunted pines and undergrowth. Scattered all along the way are innumerable cascades and waterfalls, varying in width from a few inches to many feet. At one place we counted eleven of these in sight at one time, and we were never out of hearing of their music. Some of them are harnessed to little sawmills. At one point the boat halted within a few hundred yards of a great glacier, which is crawling down a mountain gorge, and from whose mouth, as from a fountain, gushes a ceaseless stream. For ages this mass of ice has been slowly moving down from the mountains, and every day tons upon tons melt and disappear, but its losses at its base are made good at its top, and it lives on like the human race, ever dying and yet ever young. Disembarking at Eide we took a four-hours carriage ride, following a mountain stream to its source, crossing the range at an elevation of a thousand feet and descending along another stream to the lake upon which the village of Voss is situated. From this point a scenic railroad, which passes through fifty-two tunnels in seventy miles, took us back to Bergen. As might be gathered from what has already been said, Norway does not impress the tourist as a farmer’s paradise, although agriculture is first among her industries. The farms, as seen from the routes of trav- el, seem very diminutive and are usually triangular in form and look like wedges inserted in the cracks of the mountains. Occasionally a val- ley i^ broad enough to invite the cultivation of a level piece of land and the invitation was long ago accepted. Potatoes grow well in Norway .and are of excellent flavor. On the coast boats they furnished the staple, and sometimes almost the only, vegetable, although the bill of fare often in- cluded seven different kinds of fish, nearly as many varieties of cold meat, half as many brands of cheese, besides white, brown and black bread. Rye, barley and wheat are grown in the southern districts and grass everywhere. Owing to the frequent showers and the long days of summer, grass grows very rapidly, but as it is difficult to cure it, the people have adopted a plan which looks peculiar to foreigners. They build frames that look like sections of a fence and the green hay is hung upon the boards or wire as the case may be. The lower rows are pro- tected from the rain by the upper one, and the air has access to all of it. About three hours’ drive from Bergen there is a little wooded island on which the great Norwegian violinist, Ole Bull, built a summer home where he was wont to retire at the conclusion of his tours and where at last he died. He was not only a great admirer of American institutions and of the American people in general, but he married an American, 430 THE OLD WORLD AND ITS WAYS and his daughter returns to Norway every year to celebrate May 17, Norway’s independence day, at her father’s home and with her father’s countrymen. The daughter is one of the many connecting links be- tween the two countries, and by her invitation, extended through our consul, Mr. Cunningham, we had the privilege of visiting this historic OLE BULL. spot. We were glad to do so, because Ole Bull was not only one of the great musicians of the last century, but he was one of the greatest demo- crats that Norway has produced — a democrat not in a partisan sense, but in that broader sense in which it describes one who believes in the people, trusts them and labors for their welfare. DEMOCRATIC NORWAY 431 There are many public men in Norway worthy of mention, but space forbids an enumeration of them. There is, however, a relic of great his- toric interest to which I must devote a line. It is the Viking Ship, a thousand years old, now on exhibition at Christiania. It was dug up twenty-five years ago and is fairly well preserved. It gives one an idea of the ships used by those early seamen of the north whose daring exploits make fiction seem tame. It so happened that we arrived in Norway just in time to attend the coronation of King Haakon VII., and we had our first opportunity to see royalty on parade. The new king is a son of the king of Denmark, and his wife, Queen Maud, is daughter of the king of England. When, last year, Norway withdrew from her union with Sweden, the crown was offered to a son of King Oscar, but the offer was refused, and it is probably not too much to say that the Norwegians expected it to be re- fused, but they wanted to show that separation was not due to antag- onism to the reigning house. It was then tendered to the son of King Frederick and accepted. I shall speak later of the circumstances which explain this selection ; it is sufficient at present to say that the new king is a sober, earnest, sensible looking young man of about thirty-five and seems to have made a very favorable impression upon the Norwegian people. By the courtesy of Minister Graves, who represents our country at Stockholm, and who, our minister to Norway not having received his appointment in time, was our nation’s special ambassador to attend the coronation, we received invitations to the coronation ceremonies and were presented at court. While the newspaper reports of the coronation may rob what I am about to say of some of its freshness as news, I shall venture to describe what we saw, begging the reader’s indulgence if I betray a lack of familiarity with the technical phrases employed on such occasions. The coronation took place at Trondhjem, the former capital, a city situated on one of the numerous fjords that indent the western coast. The building selected for the occasion was the Gothic cathedral, the largest in Scandinavia, which was commenced in the eleventh, and com- pleted in the fourteenth century. It is a historic building and belonged to the Bishopric of which Ireland was a part before America was dis- covered by Columbus. The cathedral has suffered from several fires, and a part of it was in ruins for three centuries. It is now sufficiently re- stored t’o furnish a larger audience room than is to be found in most cities of the size. Under the dome a circular space was left for the royal party while the visitors were seated, the foreign representatives nearest the center, on raised seats in the nave and transepts. A broad aisle was left, extending from the entrance through the center to the chapel at 432 THE OLD WORLD AND ITS WAYS the other end. Just before time for the king to arrive, a company of white-robed Lutheran priests marched from the chapel to the door, and a stalwart body of men they were. They marched back at the head of the procession, the king following, his crimson, ermine-lined robe trail- ing many feet behind — or it would have trailed but for the fact that it was carried by four attendants. The king was accompanied by several officers and followed by the standard bearer holding aloft the royal banner. Then came the queen wearing a robe similar to the king’s, but it only required three attendants to keep its folds from the floor. She was attended by three maids of honor. The king and queen were es- corted to thrones on opposite sides of the aisle, and the representatives of royal families occupied seats next to them. The Prince of Wales sat nearest the queen, next to him Prince Henry of Germany, and the American ambassador next. Near the king sat Denmark’s representa- tive, then Russia’s, and next to him the representative from France. There was gold braid galore; some of the foreign representatives had enough on their clothes to put the Sultan of Sulu to shame. I never before saw so much gold, and I have been wondering since whether there may not be a new yellow peril of which our financiers have little dreamed. Our representatives used less of this ornamentation (they all wore military uniforms) than those of any other country, and the ques- tion arises, what is going to become of the honest dollar if, with the spread of the ideas of a republic, the amount of gold braid is decreased and a vast quantity of gold is poured through the mints into the volume of the world’s currency? It might so enlarge the volume of money as to make the money changers clamor for the demonetization of gold, and, then the silverites would be called gold bugs for insisting upon the free and -unlimited coinage of gold. After some excellent music, instrumental and vocal, a member of the clergy ascended a pulpit not far from the king and queen and delivered an earnest address. lie was a typical Norwegian, powerful of frame and strong of face — such as we might imagine one of the Viking chiefs to have been. Then there was more music, and it may interest the readers to know that all the music was prepared for the occasion, the words of the cantata being by the pastor of the church, and the hymns being written in the language of the peasants. Finally the king arose, pro- ceeded down the aisle to the chapel and kneeling, received from the bishop the insignia of office, the crown being placed upon his head, a gold chain about his neck, a sceptre in one hand and a golden globe in the other. As soon as he returned to the throne, the queen advanced to the chapel and was likewise invested, and then the premier, Mr. Michel- DEMOCRATIC NORWAY 433 son, proposed a salute to the king and queen. The people responded with earnestness and the exercises were concluded. I do not expect to witness another coronation, and it will be some satisfaction to remember that the first and only one attended was that of a king whom the people of their own accord selected; for if there is anything more democratic than a republican form of government, it is the fundamental principle that the people have a right to have whatever form of government they desire. Jefferson emphasized this doctrine when the people of France called Napoleon to the throne, and it has Bible sanction as well, for when the children of Israel still demanded a KING HAAKON AND QUEEN MAUD. king, even after Samuel explained what a king would do, he was told to let them have their way. The next day we put on our best clothes and joined the line that passed before the king and queen. It was not a very satisfying experience, but it is worth something to know how such things are done, and I may add, the more an American sees of it, the more he appre- ciates the simplicity of public life in his own country. Norway, in spite of the choosing of a king, is the most democratic country in northern Europe. She has no nobility, confers no titles and had to go outside of her own realm to find one of royal birth. She had 434 THE OLD WORLD AND ITS WAYS her kings and princes in the early days, but one Norwegian statesman explained to us that when they lost their privileges they emigrated to America and went to farming. The choice of a Dane was not strange, if a king was to be chosen from without, for Norway was united with Denmark for more than three centuries, and there has always been a friendly feeling between the two countries. It was expedient, too, under the circumstances, to offer the crown to the son of the Danish king, for this brought Norway’s throne into kinship with the thrones of England and Russia, as well as with that of Denmark. In fact, the circumstances and the situation had a good deal to do with the four-to-one vote in favor of a monarchy. When it is remembered that Norway’s paramount aim was to secure independence and that this might have been jeopard- ized by an attempt to establish a republic at the same time, it is really surprising that one-fifth of the people had the courage to vote to plant a republic amid surrounding monarchies. There are many in Norway who prefer a president to a king and who object to having two and a half millions of people taxed nearly two hundred thousand dollars a year to pay the salary of a kingly figurehead, but the monarchists reply that the king’s position is purely ornamental and enables the govern- ment to maintain cordial relations with other European countries while the people govern themselves through the storthing. They point out that the king has much less power than our president. While this is true, they forget that a president elected by the people and holding office but four years can be trusted with more executive authority than an heredi- tary monarch. The storthing has absolute power, and as its members are elected by universal suffrage every three years, and as there is but the one parliamentary body, public sentiment finds prompt expression in the government. Norway has a promising future. Her people are hardy and intelli- gent. Education has been compulsory for fifty years, and it is the coun- try’s boast that it spends more per capita on schools than any other country in Europe. Because of Norway’s immense shipping interests she demanded a separate consular service, and it was the refusal of Sweden to consent to this that led to the separation. Now that her des- tiny is in the hands of her own people, much is to be expected of her. Her sons and daughters, those who have emigrated to America, as well as those who have remained at home, prove to the world that it is possi- ble for a people to acquire the refinements of civilization without losmg their original strength and vigor. CHAPTER XL. ENGLAND’S NEW LIBERAL GOVERNMENT. Great Britain has recently experienced one of the greatest political revolutions she has ever known. The conservative party, with Mr. Bal- four, one of the ablest of modern scholars, at its head, and with Mr. Jo- seph Chamberlain, a powerful orator and a forceful political leader, as its most conspicuous champion, had won a sweeping victory after the Boer war, and this victory, following a long lease of power, led the Con- servatives to believe themselves invincible. They assumed, as parties made confident by success often do, that they are indispensable to the nation and paid but little attention to the warnings and threats of the Liberals. One mistake after another, however, alienated the voters and the special elections two years ago began to show a falling off in the Conservative strength, and when the general election was held last fall the Liberals rolled up a majority of something like two hundred in the House of Commons. A new ministry was formed from among the ablest men of the party — a ministry of radical and progressive men seldom equaled in moral purpose and intellectual strength. Mv main object in visiting London at this time was to become acquainted with the personnel of the new7 government and learn of their program. Before speaking of the ministers, just a word in regard to the king, w7ho is the head of the government vThether it be liberal or conservative. The government of Great Britain is always in harmony w7ith the House of Commons, and as the ministers speak for the king, he does not em- phasize the virtue of consistency, for he may be put in the attitude of advocating a thing to-day and opposing it to-morrow7. He is not expected to have opinions upon public questions or, if he has them, they are always presented w7ith the understanding that if the ministers will not adopt his views he will adopt theirs. It is much easier to be a king now than it used to be and the burdens of a monarchy have been very much lightened in the nations w7hich, like England, recognize the omnipo- tence of parliament. I was very glad to avail myself of the opportunity offered by a private audience to meet his majesty, King EdwTard, and to be assured of his personal interest in the promotion of peace. The king has a very genial 435 KING EDWARD VII. of the king. Because knee breeches are worn at court functions many have understood, and I among them, that they were required on all occasions; but this is not the case. Most of the calls made upon him in- formally are made before lunch and the ordinary black coat is worn.
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Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.