identifier
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14.8k
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stringclasses 7
values | license
stringlengths 0
1.18k
| date
float64 0
2.02k
⌀ | title
stringlengths 0
1.85k
⌀ | creator
stringlengths 0
7.27k
⌀ | language
stringclasses 471
values | language_type
stringclasses 4
values | word_count
int64 0
1.98M
| token_count
int64 1
3.46M
| text
stringlengths 0
12.9M
| __index_level_0__
int64 0
51.1k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/26%20Novembre
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
26 Novembre
|
https://nrm.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=26 Novembre&action=history
|
Norman
|
Spoken
| 38 | 99 |
26 d'Novembre – 26 du meis d'novembre – 26 de novembe
Ch'est l'330 jour d'l'an s'lon l'almonnas Grégorien. (331 jour ès années bissextiles).
Chein tchi s'pâssit
Les fêtes
Les cheins tchi fûtent nés
Les cheins tchi mouothîtent
Jours
| 25,494 |
3366439_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,016 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 977 | 1,287 |
[EDITOR'S NOTE: This case is unpublished as indicated by the issuing court.]MEMORANDUM OF DECISION
This action is a petition requesting habeas corpus relief from the allegedly incorrect calculation by the respondent of certain time credits to which the petitioner claims to be entitled. These purported miscalculations involve the following time spans and issues:
1. Employment credit, awardable under General Statutes § 18-98a, from July 27, 1987 to November 4, 1987;
2. Employment credit from February 20, 1990 to April 30, 1990;
3. Jail credit for time spent in custody in South Carolina awaiting extradition to Connecticut.
4. The application of so-called Seno credit to the petitioner's maximum term, viz, life imprisonment.
The amended petition also raised claims to additional credits, but these claims were resolved by the parties before the habeas CT Page 7058 trial.
The petitioner presently serves a twenty-five years to life sentence for murder and a consecutive one year sentence for failure to appear first degree. While free by virtue of posting an appeal bond, the petitioner absconded and was eventually captured in South Carolina on December 17, 1985. He remained in the custody of South Carolina while he contested his extradition from that state to Connecticut. Following the loss of that legal contest, the petitioner was returned to Connecticut on March 11, 1986. The respondent refuses to confer jail credit for the eighty-five days the petitioner spent in custody in South Carolina fighting extradition to Connecticut.
On July 21, 1987 under the provisions of the Interstate Corrections Compact, General Statutes §§ 18-105 through 18-107, the petitioner received a transfer to a correctional facility in Arizona. During the service of his Connecticut sentence in Arizona, the petitioner engaged in a variety of prison jobs, activities, and programs. The respondent has awarded employment credit to the petitioner for a portion of this time span. The respondent declines to confer such credit for the period from July 27, 1987, to November 4, 1987, however. The petitioner contends that he is entitled to employment credit for this time period because he was employed as a prison barber, maintenance worker, and legal assistance volunteer and was on-call seven days per week to perform these functions during this period. The respondent counters that the petitioner's prison records from Arizona fail to support this contention.
The petitioner makes a similar claim with respect to the time period from February 1990 to April 1990 arising out of the petitioner's work as a prison barber. Again, the respondent asserts that the petitioner cannot substantiate this claim.
I
With respect to the petitioner's claim for jail credit for the time he spent in custody in South Carolina awaiting extradition to Connecticut, the court holds that this claim has been conclusively rejected by our Supreme Court in Johnson v. Manson, 196 Conn. 309,328 (1985); U.S. cert. den. 474 U.S. 1063 (1986). The court finds that no distinguishing circumstances exist in the present case which justify a deviation from the clear holding in Johnson v.Manson, supra, which denies jail credit for time spent in custody CT Page 7059 in another jurisdiction awaiting extradition to Connecticut, Taylorv. Robinson, 196 Conn. 572, 578 (1985).
II
Similarly, with respect to the petitioner's claim regarding the application of Seno credit to his life term, this issue has been previously resolved by the Appellate Court contrary to the petitioner's position in Williams v. Bronson, 24 Conn. App. 612
(1991). Simply put, good conduct credit does not reduce a term of life imprisonment for offenses committed before July 1, 1981, Id, 619.
III
Turning now to the petitioner's claim that he is entitled to employment credit for the period from July 27, 1987, to November 4, 1987, the court finds that the petitioner has failed to meet his burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, that he is so entitled.
Credibility is for the trier-of-fact to determine. The court has carefully examined the evidence presented and finds that the petitioner's claim to this employment credit is unsupported by that evidence. For example, records from the Arizona corrections department show that the petitioner's work status was classified as "unassigned", before November 4, 1987 (Joint Exhibit 0-15). The same prison records indicate that November 4, 1987, was the commencement date of the petitioner's barber duties (Joint Exhibits 0-15 and H-8). The petitioner's volunteer work as a legal assistant to other inmates cannot be construed as "employment" under General Statutes § 18-98a, nor does it appear to the court that such assistance was rendered on a daily basis. Despite the petitioner's assertions to the contrary, the court concludes that the petitioner was not employed for seven, consecutive days during this time period within the meaning of General Statutes § 18-98a.
IV
With respect to the petitioner's claim that he is entitled to employment credit, under General Statutes § 18-98a, from February 20, 1990, to April 30, 1990, the court agrees. The petitioner's work status records while incarcerated in Arizona demonstrate that during this time period the petitioner was assigned to work as a prison barber (see e.g. Joint Exhibit M-13 and Petitioner's Exhibit CT Page 7060 PP). The petitioner's version of his duties as a barber, including the requirement of being "on-call" seven days per week to perform such service was verified, by letter, by the Arizona prison authorities (Petitioner's Exhibit V). Although this letter refers to an earlier time span, it verifies the petitioner's version of the duties and on-call status which were expected of prison barbers within the Arizona penal system. This credit amounts to ten days. At that time Connecticut corrections officials recognized "on-call" status as satisfying the seven consecutive day per week requirement of General Statutes § 18-98a.
For the above reasons the respondent is ordered to credit the petitioner with ten additional days of employment credit, but in all other respects the petition is dismissed.
Sferrazza, J..
| 36,200 |
https://github.com/joshcai/resumatch/blob/master/resume_app/migrations/0006_auto__add_field_job_skills.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,015 |
resumatch
|
joshcai
|
Python
|
Code
| 455 | 2,591 |
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import datetime
from south.db import db
from south.v2 import SchemaMigration
from django.db import models
class Migration(SchemaMigration):
def forwards(self, orm):
# Adding field 'Job.skills'
db.add_column(u'resume_app_job', 'skills',
self.gf('django.db.models.fields.TextField')(default=''),
keep_default=False)
def backwards(self, orm):
# Deleting field 'Job.skills'
db.delete_column(u'resume_app_job', 'skills')
models = {
u'resume_app.additional': {
'Meta': {'object_name': 'Additional'},
'descriptions': ('django.db.models.fields.TextField', [], {'default': "''"}),
u'id': ('django.db.models.fields.AutoField', [], {'primary_key': 'True'}),
'name': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'}),
'user_id': ('django.db.models.fields.related.ForeignKey', [], {'to': u"orm['resume_app.User']"})
},
u'resume_app.additional_section': {
'Meta': {'object_name': 'Additional_Section'},
u'id': ('django.db.models.fields.AutoField', [], {'primary_key': 'True'}),
'name': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'}),
'sections': ('django.db.models.fields.related.ManyToManyField', [], {'to': u"orm['resume_app.Additional']", 'symmetrical': 'False'}),
'user_id': ('django.db.models.fields.related.ForeignKey', [], {'to': u"orm['resume_app.User']"})
},
u'resume_app.comment': {
'Meta': {'object_name': 'Comment'},
'comment': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '200'}),
u'id': ('django.db.models.fields.AutoField', [], {'primary_key': 'True'}),
'resume': ('django.db.models.fields.related.ForeignKey', [], {'to': u"orm['resume_app.Resume']"}),
'user_id': ('django.db.models.fields.related.ForeignKey', [], {'to': u"orm['resume_app.User']"})
},
u'resume_app.edu': {
'Meta': {'object_name': 'Edu'},
'degree': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'}),
'descriptions': ('django.db.models.fields.TextField', [], {'default': "''"}),
'finish': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'}),
'gpa': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'}),
u'id': ('django.db.models.fields.AutoField', [], {'primary_key': 'True'}),
'start': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'}),
'tags': ('django.db.models.fields.related.ManyToManyField', [], {'to': u"orm['resume_app.Tag']", 'symmetrical': 'False'}),
'university': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'}),
'user_id': ('django.db.models.fields.related.ForeignKey', [], {'to': u"orm['resume_app.User']"})
},
u'resume_app.exp': {
'Meta': {'object_name': 'Exp'},
'company': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'}),
'descriptions': ('django.db.models.fields.TextField', [], {'default': "''"}),
'finish': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'}),
u'id': ('django.db.models.fields.AutoField', [], {'primary_key': 'True'}),
'location': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'}),
'position': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'}),
'start': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'}),
'tags': ('django.db.models.fields.related.ManyToManyField', [], {'to': u"orm['resume_app.Tag']", 'symmetrical': 'False'}),
'user_id': ('django.db.models.fields.related.ForeignKey', [], {'to': u"orm['resume_app.User']"})
},
u'resume_app.honor': {
'Meta': {'object_name': 'Honor'},
'date': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'}),
'descriptions': ('django.db.models.fields.TextField', [], {'default': "''"}),
u'id': ('django.db.models.fields.AutoField', [], {'primary_key': 'True'}),
'location': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'}),
'name': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'}),
'tags': ('django.db.models.fields.related.ManyToManyField', [], {'to': u"orm['resume_app.Tag']", 'symmetrical': 'False'}),
'user_id': ('django.db.models.fields.related.ForeignKey', [], {'to': u"orm['resume_app.User']"})
},
u'resume_app.info': {
'Meta': {'object_name': 'Info'},
u'id': ('django.db.models.fields.AutoField', [], {'primary_key': 'True'}),
'user_id': ('django.db.models.fields.related.ForeignKey', [], {'to': u"orm['resume_app.User']"})
},
u'resume_app.job': {
'Meta': {'object_name': 'Job'},
'description': ('django.db.models.fields.TextField', [], {'default': "''"}),
u'id': ('django.db.models.fields.AutoField', [], {'primary_key': 'True'}),
'skills': ('django.db.models.fields.TextField', [], {'default': "''"}),
'title': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'})
},
u'resume_app.resume': {
'Meta': {'object_name': 'Resume'},
u'id': ('django.db.models.fields.AutoField', [], {'primary_key': 'True'}),
'private': ('django.db.models.fields.BooleanField', [], {'default': 'False'}),
'resume': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'}),
'skill_string': ('django.db.models.fields.TextField', [], {'default': "''"}),
'upvotes': ('django.db.models.fields.IntegerField', [], {}),
'user_id': ('django.db.models.fields.related.ForeignKey', [], {'to': u"orm['resume_app.User']"})
},
u'resume_app.skill': {
'Meta': {'object_name': 'Skill'},
u'id': ('django.db.models.fields.AutoField', [], {'primary_key': 'True'}),
'name': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'}),
'skill_set': ('django.db.models.fields.related.ForeignKey', [], {'to': u"orm['resume_app.Skill_Set']"})
},
u'resume_app.skill_set': {
'Meta': {'object_name': 'Skill_Set'},
u'id': ('django.db.models.fields.AutoField', [], {'primary_key': 'True'}),
'name': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'}),
'tags': ('django.db.models.fields.related.ManyToManyField', [], {'to': u"orm['resume_app.Tag']", 'symmetrical': 'False'}),
'user_id': ('django.db.models.fields.related.ForeignKey', [], {'to': u"orm['resume_app.User']"})
},
u'resume_app.tag': {
'Meta': {'object_name': 'Tag'},
u'id': ('django.db.models.fields.AutoField', [], {'primary_key': 'True'}),
'name': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'}),
'user_id': ('django.db.models.fields.related.ForeignKey', [], {'to': u"orm['resume_app.User']"})
},
u'resume_app.user': {
'Meta': {'object_name': 'User'},
'email': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'}),
u'id': ('django.db.models.fields.AutoField', [], {'primary_key': 'True'}),
'name': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'}),
'password': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'}),
'username': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'max_length': '120'})
}
}
complete_apps = ['resume_app']
| 27,863 |
https://workplace.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/3383
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
Joe Strazzere, Monica Cellio, https://workplace.meta.stackexchange.com/users/325, https://workplace.meta.stackexchange.com/users/7212, https://workplace.meta.stackexchange.com/users/7777, ignis
|
English
|
Spoken
| 221 | 355 |
Why can't I delete a comment on a Question which is on hold?
I like to delete comments after a few days, so that I don't contribute to our
"Comments Problem".
But I can't delete any comment when the associated question is On Hold or locked. Thus, I end up with a batch of un-deletable comments like Could Wearing My Star of David Be Bad for Career?.
I'm wondering why the delete feature works this way? A bug? A feature? Can it be changed? Seems odd to me.
@NormalHuman - hmm. I can't delete http://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/56847/could-wearing-my-star-of-david-be-bad-for-career#comment147155_56847 and the question is On Hold.
Questions which are migrated to here but get closed end up locked (feature? bug?). It is considered a rejected migration.
Most of our locked questions are locked as a result of this.
Locked questions prevent everything. Edits, comments, deleting, flagging, etc.
As an FYI, too, regarding locked questions, they are hard to really do anything with because of this. If there are questions you feel could be edited into on-topic feel free to post them either on meta or in chat. As moderators we can unlock them (even rejected migrations).
I had not noticed that the star-of-david question was locked, and I've just unlocked it. In particular, it's unfortunate that it was blocked from edits -- sorry folks; didn't notice.
| 46,298 |
https://github.com/marco-c/gecko-dev-wordified/blob/master/third_party/rust/warp/src/filter/wrap.rs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference
| 2,023 |
gecko-dev-wordified
|
marco-c
|
Rust
|
Code
| 387 | 821 |
use
super
:
:
Filter
;
pub
trait
WrapSealed
<
F
:
Filter
>
{
type
Wrapped
:
Filter
;
fn
wrap
(
&
self
filter
:
F
)
-
>
Self
:
:
Wrapped
;
}
impl
<
'
a
T
F
>
WrapSealed
<
F
>
for
&
'
a
T
where
T
:
WrapSealed
<
F
>
F
:
Filter
{
type
Wrapped
=
T
:
:
Wrapped
;
fn
wrap
(
&
self
filter
:
F
)
-
>
Self
:
:
Wrapped
{
(
*
self
)
.
wrap
(
filter
)
}
}
pub
trait
Wrap
<
F
:
Filter
>
:
WrapSealed
<
F
>
{
}
impl
<
T
F
>
Wrap
<
F
>
for
T
where
T
:
WrapSealed
<
F
>
F
:
Filter
{
}
/
/
/
Combines
received
filter
with
pre
and
after
filters
/
/
/
/
/
/
#
Example
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
use
crate
:
:
warp
:
:
Filter
;
/
/
/
/
/
/
let
route
=
warp
:
:
any
(
)
/
/
/
.
map
(
|
|
"
hello
world
"
)
/
/
/
.
with
(
warp
:
:
wrap_fn
(
|
filter
|
filter
)
)
;
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
You
can
find
the
full
example
in
the
[
usage
example
]
(
https
:
/
/
github
.
com
/
seanmonstar
/
warp
/
blob
/
master
/
examples
/
wrapping
.
rs
)
.
pub
fn
wrap_fn
<
F
T
U
>
(
func
:
F
)
-
>
WrapFn
<
F
>
where
F
:
Fn
(
T
)
-
>
U
T
:
Filter
U
:
Filter
{
WrapFn
{
func
}
}
#
[
derive
(
Debug
)
]
pub
struct
WrapFn
<
F
>
{
func
:
F
}
impl
<
F
T
U
>
WrapSealed
<
T
>
for
WrapFn
<
F
>
where
F
:
Fn
(
T
)
-
>
U
T
:
Filter
U
:
Filter
{
type
Wrapped
=
U
;
fn
wrap
(
&
self
filter
:
T
)
-
>
Self
:
:
Wrapped
{
(
self
.
func
)
(
filter
)
}
}
| 13,227 |
US-201729591876-F_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,017 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 155 | 193 |
Basketball light raising and lowering apparatus
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the basketball light raising and lowering apparatus in a raised position.
FIG. 2 a perspective view of the basketball light raising and lowering apparatus in a lowered position.
FIG. 3 is right side view of the basketball light raising and lowering apparatus, the left side view is symmetric.
FIG. 4 is a top view of the basketball light raising and lowering apparatus.
FIG. 5 is a lower view of the basketball light raising and lowering apparatus.
FIG. 6 is a rear view of the basketball light raising and lowering apparatus; and,
FIG. 7 is a front view of the basketball light raising and lowering apparatus.
The broken lines represent portions of the basketball light raising and lower apparatus that form no part of the claimed design.
CLAIM The ornamental design for a basketball light raising and lowering apparatus, as shown and described..
| 10,707 |
https://github.com/scafinicv90/Una-gauchada/blob/master/application/views/favorAgregado.twig
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Una-gauchada
|
scafinicv90
|
Twig
|
Code
| 61 | 249 |
{% extends 'layout.twig' %}
{% block content %}
<div class="row main ">
<div class="migas-de-pan">
<ol class="breadcrumb">
<li><a href="{{ dirpath }}home/">inicio</a></li>
<li>Favor agregado</li>
</ol>
</div>
<!-- end breadcrum -->
<div class="col-md-8">
<p>Favor agregado correctamente</p>
<a href="{{dirpath}}favor/crear" class="btn btn-info" role="button">Agregar otro favor</a>
<a href="{{dirpath}}home/" class="btn btn-info" role="button">Ir a incio</a>
<a href="{{ dirpath }}favor/verMisGauchadas/" class="btn btn-info" role="button">Ver mis favores</a>
</div>
</div>
{% endblock %}
| 28,623 |
https://github.com/JLLeitschuh/SocialSDK/blob/master/deps/com.ibm.sbt.dojo180/src/main/webapp/dojo/cldr/nls/sbp/currency.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, Apache-2.0, MIT-0, BSD-3-Clause
| 2,022 |
SocialSDK
|
JLLeitschuh
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 238 | 1,033 |
define(
"dojo/cldr/nls/sbp/currency", //begin v1.x content
{
"USD_displayName": "Ihela ya Malekani",
"TZS_displayName": "Ihela ya Tansaniya",
"MAD_displayName": "Ihela ya Moloko",
"NGN_displayName": "Ihela ya Nijeliya",
"ZWD_displayName": "Ihela ya Simbabwe",
"SDG_displayName": "Ihela ya Sudani",
"MWK_displayName": "Ihela ya Malawi",
"KMF_displayName": "Ihela ya Komolo",
"SCR_displayName": "Ihela ya Shelisheli",
"EGP_displayName": "Ihela ya Misili",
"CVE_displayName": "Ihela ya Kepuvede",
"LYD_displayName": "Ihela ya Libiya",
"CAD_displayName": "Ihela ya Kanada",
"INR_displayName": "Ihela ya Indiya",
"JPY_displayName": "Ihela ya Japani",
"TZS_symbol": "TSh",
"LRD_displayName": "Ihela ya Libeliya",
"ZAR_displayName": "Ihela ya Afilika Kusini",
"AOA_displayName": "Ihela ya Angola",
"TND_displayName": "Ihela ya Tunisiya",
"GHC_displayName": "Ihela ya Ghana",
"BWP_displayName": "Ihela ya Botiswana",
"DZD_displayName": "Ihela ya Alijeliya",
"ZMK_displayName": "Ihela ya Sambiya",
"NAD_displayName": "Ihela ya Namibiya",
"AED_displayName": "Ihela ya Shitwa sha Shiyalabu",
"ETB_displayName": "Ihela ya Uhabeshi",
"MZM_displayName": "Ihela ya Musumbiji",
"BIF_displayName": "Ihela ya Bulundi",
"RWF_displayName": "Ihela ya Lwanda",
"STD_displayName": "Ihela ya Sao Tome ni Pilinsipe",
"SZL_displayName": "Ihela ya Uswasi",
"EUR_displayName": "Ihela ya Ulaya",
"ERN_displayName": "Ihela ya Elitileya",
"SAR_displayName": "Ihela ya Sawudiya",
"DJF_displayName": "Ihela ya Jibuti",
"CDF_displayName": "Ihela ya Kongo",
"GBP_displayName": "Ihela ya Uwingelesa",
"CHF_displayName": "Ihela ya Uswisi",
"MUR_displayName": "Ihela ya Molisi",
"SOS_displayName": "Ihela ya Somaliya",
"BHD_displayName": "Ihela ya Bahaleni",
"XOF_displayName": "Ihela ya CFA BCEAO",
"GNS_displayName": "Ihela ya Gine",
"SLL_displayName": "Ihela ya Siela Liyoni",
"UGX_displayName": "Ihela ya Uganda",
"MGA_displayName": "Ihela ya Bukini",
"AUD_displayName": "Ihela ya Awusitilaliya",
"KES_displayName": "Ihela ya Kenya",
"SHP_displayName": "Ihela ya Santahelena",
"XAF_displayName": "Ihela ya CFA BEAC",
"LSL_displayName": "Ihela ya Lesoto",
"MRO_displayName": "Ihela ya Molitaniya",
"CNY_displayName": "Ihela ya Shina",
"GMD_displayName": "Ihela ya Gambiya"
}
//end v1.x content
);
| 47,685 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128532102
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Käärmelammen letto
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 27 | 65 |
Käärmelammen letto
arie protejată din Finlanda
Käärmelammen letto ID sit Natura 2000 FI1201001
Käärmelammen letto este un/o Sit Natura 2000
Käärmelammen letto coordonate
Käärmelammen letto țară Finlanda
| 3,867 |
https://github.com/beer-garden/brew-view/blob/master/test/unit/controllers/roles_api_test.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
brew-view
|
beer-garden
|
Python
|
Code
| 99 | 421 |
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import pytest
from tornado.httpclient import HTTPRequest
from bg_utils.mongo.models import Role
from brewtils.models import PatchOperation
from brewtils.schema_parser import SchemaParser
@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
def drop_roles(app):
Role.drop_collection()
class TestRolesAPI(object):
@pytest.mark.gen_test
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"operation,value,expected_value,succeed",
[
("update", "new_description", "new_description", True),
("INVALID", None, None, False),
],
)
def test_patch_role_description(
self,
http_client,
base_url,
mongo_role,
operation,
value,
expected_value,
succeed,
):
mongo_role.save()
body = PatchOperation(operation=operation, path="/description", value=value)
request = HTTPRequest(
base_url + "/api/v1/roles/" + str(mongo_role.id),
method="PATCH",
headers={"content-type": "application/json"},
body=SchemaParser.serialize_patch(body),
)
response = yield http_client.fetch(request, raise_error=False)
if succeed:
assert response.code == 200
updated = SchemaParser.parse_role(
response.body.decode("utf-8"), from_string=True
)
assert updated.description == expected_value
else:
assert response.code >= 400
| 7,462 |
199400220340
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 1,994 |
L'ARCHE PERDUE
|
ASSOCIATIONS
|
French
|
Spoken
| 24 | 29 |
aider au développement, au soutien et à la diffusion de la création artistique sous toutes ses formes. et cela dans un contexte d'échange mondial
| 26,782 |
bub_gb_45tDAAAAYAAJ_8
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,819 |
Histoire de l'empire de Russie
|
Karamzin, Nikolaĭ Mikhaĭlovich, 1766-1826 | St. Thomas | Jauffret | Divov, Pavelʹ Gavrilovich, 1763-1841
|
French
|
Spoken
| 6,673 | 10,730 |
Le 11 juin, n'ayant point encore reçu la nouvelle de l'assassinat de Fédor, il écrivit dans toutes les villes de Russie, et jusqu'en Sibérie que, sauvé par un pouvoir invisible de la scélératesse de Boris, et parvenu à l'âge mûr, il était monté par droit de succession sur le trône de Moscou ; que le Clergé, le Conseil et toutes les classes de la nation s'étaient empessés de baiser la croix en lui prêtant serment ; il ajoutait que les Voïévodes des villes devaient immédiatement faire prêter un pareil serment à la Tsarine mère, la religieuse Marpha Fédorovna, et à lui le tsar Dmitri, en prenant l'engagement de les servir avec fidélité, de ne pas leur donner de poison, et de n'avoir aucun rapport, ni avec la femme de Boris, ni avec son fils Fedka, ni avec aucun membre de la famille des Godounoff ; de ne point exercer de vengeances et de ne tuer personne sans l'ordre du Souverain ; enfin, de vivre en paix, et de servir avec droiture, courage et fidélité. L'Usurpateur s'occupait aussi de la politique extérieure. Il ordonna de rejoindre l'ambassadeur anglais Smith qui n'avait pas encore quitté la Russie; de lui reprendre les lettres de Boris au Roi, et de lui dire que le nouveau Tsar, pour témoigner l'amitié particulière qu'il portait à l'Angleterre, accorderait à ses marchands de nouveaux privilèges pour leur commerce, et qu'immédiatement après son couronnement, il enverrait de Moscou, un de ses principaux Dignitaires à Londres; se conformant en cela à l'usage établi en Europe et à l'impulsion des sentiments d'amitié qu'il avait pour le roi Jacques. Enfin, lorsqu'il apprit que ses ordres étaient exécutés; le Patriarcat déposé, Fédor et Marie dans la tombe, leurs proches exilés, et que Moscou tranquille attendait avec impatience Dmitri ressuscité, Otrepieff partit de Toula, et le 16 juin, il établit son camp sur les bords de la Moskva, près du bourg de Kolomensk; où les Dignitaires et les principaux citoyens lui présentèrent, avec le pain et le sel, des vases en or et des zibelines: les Boyards lui offrirent aussi les plus magnifiques ornements de Tsar, et lui dirent, avec l'assurance d'un dévouement unanime: « Viens, et possède l'apanage de tes ancêtres; les Temples saints, Moscou et le palais d'Ivan t'attendent; les scélérats n'existent plus, la terre les a engloutis; le temps de la paix, de l'amour et de la joie est arrivé »! Le faux Dimitri répondit qu'il pardonnait les fautes de ses ennemis; que la Russie n'aurait pas en lui un monarque rigoureux, mais un tendre père. Les Allemands se présentèrent aussi avec une supplique, dans laquelle ils conjuraient l'Imposteur de ne point leur faire un crime d'avoir conservé jusqu'à la fin, leur fidélité à Boris ; d'avoir versé leur sang pour lui, dans deux combats, et de n'avoir point participé à la trahison des Voïévodes, sous les murs de Kromy ; car ils l'avaient fait, disaient-ils, dans la pureté de leur conscience, et ils ajoutaient : « Nous avons honorablement rempli les obligations de notre serment, et comme nous avons servi Boris, nous sommes prêts à te servir, maintenant que tu es Tsar légitime.» Le faux Dmitri reçut leurs chefs avec une grande bienveillance : « Soyez pour moi désormais ce que vous avez été pour Godounov, leur dit-il, j'ai plus de confiance en vous que dans mes Russes. » Il voulut voir l'officier allemand qui avait porté l'étendard dans le combat de Dobrin, et lui ayant posé la main sur la poitrine, il loua son intrépidité. Les Russes ne pouvaient entendre ces éloges avec plaisir, mais ils étaient forcés de paraître satisfaits. Le 20 juin, par un beau jour d'été, l'Imposteur fit son entrée solennelle à Moscou. La marche était ouverte par les Polonais, après eux venaient les timbales, les trompettes, une troupe de cavaliers armés de lances, les arquebusiers, des chars attelés de six chevaux, et les chevaux de main du Tsar, richement caparaçonnés ; ensuite marchaient les tambours et les régiments russes : enfin, le clergé portant la Croix, précédait le faux Dmitri qui, monté sur un cheval blanc, était revêtu d'un habit magnifique, et avait à son cou un collier éclatant, de la valeur de cent cinquante mille ducats ; il était environné de soixante Boyards ou Princes, suivis par les Lituaniens, les Allemands, les Cosaques et les Streletz. Toutes les cloches de Moscou sonnaient. Les rues étaient remplies d'une foule innombrable ; les toits des maisons et des églises, les tours et les murailles étaient également couverts de spectateurs. En apercevant le faux Dmitri, le peuple se prosternait en s'écrivant : « Vive notre père, le souverain et grand-duc Dmitri, fils d'Ivan ; Dieu te sauve pour notre bonheur ! Poursuis ta course radieuse, toi soleil de la Russie ! » Le faux Dmitri répondait par des paroles de bienveillance, en les appelant tous ses fidèles sujets; il leur ordonnait de se lever et de prier Dieu pour lui ; mais, malgré toutes ces démonstrations, il ne croyait pas encore à la sincérité des Moscovites. Des officiers dévoués parcouraient à cheval les rues, et lui rapportaient continuellement tous les mouvements du peuple : Le calme et la joie régnait partout. Mais tout à coup, au moment où le nouveau Tsar, après avoir passé le pont volant et la porte de la Moskva, parvint sur la place, il s'éleva un ouragan si violent, que les cavaliers ne pouvaient à peine se tenir sur leurs chevaux, et les tourbillons de poussière les aveuglaient au point que le cortège fut obligé de s'arrêter. Cet événement, quoique naturel, effraya cependant les soldats et les citoyens; ils se mirent à faire le signe de la croix, en se disant les uns aux autres : « Dieu, préserve-nous de malheur ! C'est un mauvais pronostic pour la Russie et pour Dmitri ». Dans cette même solennité, les gens pieux furent troublés par un scandale. Au moment où le nouveau Tsar, ayant rencontré sur la grande place les Evêques et tout le Clergé de Moscou, descendait de cheval, pour baiser les saintes images, les musiciens lithuaniens sonnèrent une fanfare qui couvrit les chants du Te Deum. On fut aussi témoin d'une autre inconvenance : le faux Dmitri étant entré, à la suite du Clergé, dans le Kremlin et dans l'église cathédrale de l'Assomption, y introduisit plusieurs personnes d'une autre croyance, Polonais et Hongrois; ce qui, jusque-là, n'avait jamais eu lieu, et parut au peuple une profanation du Temple. C'est ainsi que le moine déroché, dès le premier jour, effraya la Capitale par son irrévérence pour tout ce qu'on regardait comme sacre ! Il se rendit ensuite à l'église de l'Archange Michel, où, avec l'apparence de la plus grande ferveur, il s'inclina sur le tombeau d'Ivan, répandit des larmes et dit : « O mon père adoré ! tu m'avais laissé orphelin dans l'exil ; mais par tes saintes prières, je suis sauvé, et je règne ! » Cette scène adroite ne fut point inutile, le peuple pleura en disant : « C'est le véritable Dmitri ». Enfin l'Imposteur monta sur le trône de Moscou, dans l'antique demeure des Tsars. Dans ce moment plusieurs Boyards sortirent du palais, pour parler au peuple rassemblé sur la grande place. Bogdan-Belsky était à leur tête ; monté sur une éminence, il ôta de son cou l'image de Saint-Nicolas, la baisa et jura aux citoyens de Moscou, que le nouveau Souverain était effectivement le fils d'Ivan, conservé par Saint-Nicolas. Il conjura les Russes d'aimer celui qui était chéri de Dieu, et de le servir avec fidélité. Le peuple répondit unanimement : « Vive notre souverain Dmitri ! Périssent ses ennemis ! » La satisfaction paraissait sincère et générale. L'Imposteur donna, dans son palais, un festin aux Grands et au Cierge, et l'on fêta cette journée sur les places publiques et dans les maisons; on but et on se réjouit jusqu'à la nuit close. « Mais les larmes n'étaient pas loin de la joie, dit l'Annaliste, et au vin qui coulait à Moscou, devaient bientôt succéder des flots de sang ». On distribua des grâces : le faux Dmitri rendit la liberté, les rangs et les fortunes, non seulement aux Nagoï, ses prétendus parents, mais encore à tous ceux qui avaient été dispensés sous le règne de Boris. Le martyr Michel Nagoï fut nommé grand-écuyer, son frère et ses trois neveux, Ivan-Romanoff, deux Schérémétieff, deux princes Galiizin, Dolgorouki, Tateff, Kourakine, Kachin furent nommés Boyards; plusieurs furent promus au rang de grands officiers. Parmi ces derniers fut compris Vassili-Stchelkaloff, éloigné des affaires par Boris. Le prince Vassili-Galilzin fut nommé grand-maître d'Hôtel; Belsky, grand-armurier; le prince Michel Skopin Schouisky, grand-porte-éclame; le prince Léonidoff-Obolensky, grand-échanson; Pouchkin, grand-fauconier; le diak Soutoupoff, grand-secrétaire et garde des sceaux; et Vlassieff, également grand-secrétaire et trésorier. C'est ainsi que le faux Dmitri, outre des dignités nouvelles, introduisit en Russie des dénominations étrangères, empruntées aux Polonais, telle que le rappela également de son exil dans le couvent Michel. yent, Antoine, le moine involontaire Philarète, et lui conféra la dignité de Métropolitain de Rostoff. Cet homme vertueux, qui avait été un des principaux seigneurs de Russie et parent du Tsar, eut enfin la douce consolation de revoir ceux après lesquels son cœur avait langui, dans la retraite du couvent: son ancienne épouse et son fils. La religieuse Marpha et le jeune Michel, dont l'éducation lui avait été confiée, habitèrent depuis, près de Kastrama, dans le couvent de Saint-Ipate de l'Éparchie de Philarète, lieu où tout rappelait l'éclat passager et la chute frappante de leurs ennemis personnels; car ce Couvent avait été fondé dans le quatorzième siècle, par le Mourza-Tcheta, aïeul des Godounoff, et richement orné par eux. Le bizarre épouvantail de l'imagination de Boris, le prétendu tsar et grand-duc du nom Godoun, Siméon Bekboulatovitche, privé, assure-t-on, de la vue, et exilé par Godounoff, fut également honoré de la faveur du faux Dmitri, en mémoire d'Ivan. apportés à Mocou et rendus, avec honneur, à la terre, dans l'endroit où reposaient leurs ancêtres et leurs proches. Ayant satisfait toute la Russie, par les bienfaits, grâces répandues sur les victimes innocentes du règne tyrannique de Boris, le nouveau Tsar chercha encore à lui plaire par des bienfaits généraux : il doubla les appointements des Dignitaires et de l'armée; il donna de payer toutes les dettes de la Couronne, contractées sous le règne d'Ivan; il supprima plusieurs impôts prélevés sur le commerce et sur les procès; défendit sévèrement toute vénalité, et punit plusieurs juges prévaricateurs : il fit publier que chaque mercredi et samedi il recevrait lui-même les suppliques et les réclamations du peuple, sur le péristile du palais. Il promulgua également la loi mémorable sur les paysans et les esclaves. Il ordonna qu'on rendit à leurs seigneurs et à leurs propriétaires, tous les fuyards, à l'exception de ceux qui les avaient quittés par le manque de moyens d'existence, pendant la famine qui avait eu lieu sous le règne de Boris. Il déclara libres les serviteurs privés de la liberté par la violence, et sur lesquels les droits de propriété n'auraient pas été inscrits dans les livres de la Couronne. Le faux Dmitri, pour témoigner sa confiance à ses sujets, congédia ses gardes du corps étrangers et tous les Polonais; après avoir donné à chacun d'eux, pour récompense de leurs services, quarante florins en argent et en fourrures. Mais leur avarice n'était pas satisfaite, ils voulaient davantage et ne sortaient point de Moscou, se plaignaient et passaient leur temps dans les festins ! Séduit par les usages du pays où avait commencé l'éclat de son existence, et où tout lui semblait supérieur et préférable aux usages de la Russie, le faux Dmitri ne se contenta pas de l'introduction de nouvelles dignités dans ses Etats, et de nouveaux termes pour les désigner : il se hâta, par suite de cet esprit d'imagination, de changer la composition de notre antique conseil souverain. poussière pour le roi de France, Henri IV, Comme Boris, il se piquait de clémence, de douceur, de générosité, et répétait aux plus intimes de ses courtisans : « J'ai deux moyens de me maintenir sur le trône : la tyrannie et la clémence ; je veux essayer de celle-ci, et tenir religieusement le serment que j'ai fait à Dieu, de ne point répandre de sang ». Tel était le langage du meurtrier de l'innocent Fédor et de la bienfaisante Marie! On célébra l'amiral Ses louanges : l'archiprêtre de l'église de l'imposteur l'Annonciation de Moscou ; nommé Tertius, composa un Panégyrique en son honneur, où il le représentait comme un souverain vertueux, dont les paroles ne respiraient que la clémence ; et le patriarche de Jérusalem l'informa, par une lettre des plus humbles, que toute la Palestine se réjouissait du salut du fils d'Ivan, prévoyant qu'il serait son futur libérateur; et que trois lampes étaient allumées jour et nuit, sur le tombeau du Sauveur, au nom du tsar Dmitri. Ceux qui approchaient l'Imposteur, lui conseillaient, pour affermir sa puissance, de se faire couronner le plus tôt possible ; car l'opinion générale était que même le malheureux Fedor ne serait pas devenu aussi facilement victime de la trahison, s'il avait eu le temps d'être sanctifié aux yeux de la nation, par le titre sacré d'Oint du Seigneur. Cet acte solennel devait être fait par le Patriarche; n'ayant point de confiance dans le Clergé russe, le faux Dmitri, à la place de Job, choisit un étranger, le grec Ignace, archevêque de Chypre, qui, après avoir été chassé de sa patrie par les Turcs, avait passé quelque temps à Rome, d'où il était venu en Russie, sous le règne de Fédor, fils d'Ivan ; il avait su plaire à Boris, et depuis 1603, il gouvernait l'Éparchie de Rézan. Il s'était concilié la faveur du faux Dmitri, en allant à sa rencontre à Toula ; et n'ayant ni foi pure, ni moralité, ni amour pour la Russie, il lui semblait l'instrument le plus sûr, pour tous les scandales qu'il méditait. On se hâta de consacrer Ignace comme patriarche, et de faire les dispositions nécessaires pour le couronnement, tandis que l'Imposteur préparait une autre scène solennelle, qu'il jugeait indispensable pour convaincre Moscou et la Russie, que la couronne de Monomaque allait être posée sur la tête du fils divin. L'armée, le conseil, les autorités de l'Empire, avaient tous reconnu OtrepiEFF pour le véritable Dmitri; tous, à l'exception de sa mère, dont le témoignage était si important et si naturel, que la Nation devait l'attendre avec impatience. L'Imposteur régnait déjà depuis un mois à Moscou, et le peuple n'avait pas encore aperçu la Tsarine religieuse, quoiqu'elle n'habitât qu'à cinq cents verstes de la Capitale. Le faux Dmitri ne pouvant compter sur sa participation à une imposture, à la fois si contraire au caractère sacré de religieuse, et au cœur d'une mère, avait dû l'y préparer par des négociations qui demandaient du temps; d'un côté il lui présentait la plus brillante existence; de l'autre, les tourments et la mort. Dans le cas d'un obstination redoutable pour l'Imposteur, on pouvait étouffer l'infortunée, dire ensuite qu'elle était morte de maladie ou de joie, et par l'enterrement pompeux de la prétendue mère du Souverain, satisfaire un peuple crédule. La veuve divan, d'un âge encore peu avancé, se rappelait les plaisirs du monde, de la cour et de la grandeur; pendant treize ans elle avait gémi dans l'humiliation, souffert pour elle-même, et pour ses proches; elle n'hésitait pas dans son choix. Alors le faux Dmitri Tsarine religieuse. envoya ostensiblement, auprès d'elle, dans le couvent de Vyksa, le grand Porte-épée, prince Michel Skopin-Schouisky, et d'autres Boyards, avec l'humble prière d'un tendre fils qui la suppliait de lui donner sa bénédiction, pour monter sur le trône. Il alla lui-même à sa rencontre, le 18 juillet, jusqu'au bourg de Tolinski. La cour et le peuple furent témoins de ce spectacle curieux, où la contrainte et l'hypocrisie prirent le masque de la sincérité et de la nature. Près de la route on avait dressé une tente magnifique dans laquelle on fit entrer la Tsarine, et où le faux Dmitri la reçut en particulier; on ignora le sujet de leur entretien, mais on en vit les conséquences: le fils et la mère prétendus, sortirent de la tente avec des démonstrations mutuelles de joie et d'affection; ils se jetèrent dans les bras l'un de l'autre, et excitèrent, dans l'âme des spectateurs, un vif sentiment d'attendrissement. Le bon peuple pleurait en voyant les larmes de la Tsarine, qui d'ailleurs pouvait en répandre de sincères, par le souvenir du véritable Dmitri, et par le sentiment du crime qu'elle commettait, envers lui, sa conscience et la Russie! Le faux Dmitri fit monter Marpurg dans un char magnifique; et lui-même marcha devant elle, tête nue et entouré de tous ses Boyards, la distance de quelques verstes. Enfin il monta à cheval, prit les devants et reçut la Tsarine dans le Palais divan, qu'elle habita jusqu'à ce qu'on lui eut préparé des appartements magnifiques dans le Couvent des religieuses de Vosnessensk, où on lui forma une Cour particulière. Là, Otrépieff, en fils tendre et respectueux, allait chaque jour la voir: il était satisfait de son adroite dissimulation; mais il éloignait d'elle tous les gens suspects, afin que son discrétion, ou ses remords, ne trahissent pas un secret aussi important. Enfin, le couronnement se fit, le 21 juillet, couronnement. avec les rites d'usage; mais ce ne fut point sans surprise que les Russes, après cette cérémonie sacrée, entendirent le jésuite Nicolas Chernikovsky complimenter le nouveau couronné, dans un discours latin, inintelligible pour eux. Les principaux membres du Clergé, les Grands et les Dignitaires, dînèrent, ce jour-là, chez le Tsar, et s'efforcèrent de lui témoigner leur dévouement et leur joie; mais la plupart n'étaient plus sincères, l'erreur générale commençant déjà à se dissiper. Le faux Dmitri n'avait point d'ennemi plus conséquent que lui-même. Inconséquent et emporté par caractère, grossier par manque d'une bonne éducation, présomptueux et imprudent par suite de son bonheur; il étonnait les Boyards par la finesse et la vivacité de son esprit dans les affaires d'État; et souvent aussi cet aventurier, sur le trône, oubliait son rang, les offensait par ses railleries; leur reprochait leur ignorance, et les blessait par l'éloge continuel des étrangers, ne cessant de répéter que les Russes ne pouvaient être que leurs écoliers, et qu'ils devaient voyager pour voir, observer, se former et mériter le nom d'hommes. Il vantait à tout propos les institutions de la Pologne. Cependant il congédia ses gardes du corps étrangers, mais il montrait une prédilection particulière pour les Polonais; eux seuls avaient un libre accès auprès de lui; il les traitait toujours amicalement, et les consultait comme ses proches: il prit même, pour ses secrétaires particuliers, deux Polonais nommés Boutchinsky. Quoique les Grands de Russie, en trahissant la loi et l'honneur, eussent perdu tout droit à la considération, ils en exigeaient de celui auquel ils avaient sacrifié leur conscience: l'amour-propre ne se tait point dans l'opprobre. Un seul Russe jouit constamment de la confiance et de l'amitié de l'Imposteur; ce fut Basmanoff, le plus coupable de tous. Mais ce malheureux même s'était trompé : il vit qu'il n'était que le favori et non le guide du faux Dmitri, qui n'avait point recherché le trône pour y être le disciple de Basmanoff. Quelquefois il le consultait et suivait ses avis; mais le plus souvent il les négligeait, n'écoutant en tout que son propre jugement ou sa folie. Tout en outrageant les Boyards par sa grossière étireuse, il leur permettait, dans leurs entretiens avec lui, une liberté inconvenante et contraire à la haute idée que les Russes se faisaient du rang suprême. Aussi les Boyards, en butte à ses mépris, étaient eux-mêmes loin de le respecter à l'égal des souverains ses prédécesseurs. L'Imposteur refroidit également, par ses nombreuses inconséquences, l'amour que le peuple lui portait. Ayant acquis quelques connaissances par l'étude et dans ses rapports avec des Polonais de distinction, il se croyait un sage, se moquait de la prétendue superstition des Russes pieux et, à leur grand scandale, il ne voulait point faire le signe de la croix devant les images; il défendit aussi de bénir et d'asperger d'eau sainte la table du Tsar, et s'y plaçait au son de la musique, au lieu des prières usitées. Les Russes n'étaient pas moins scandalisés de la bienveillance qu'il témoignait aux Jésuites, auxquels il donna la plus belle maison dans l'enceinte sacrée du Kremlin, en leur permettant de célébrer la messe latine. Passionné pour les usages étrangers, il ne songeait point, dans sa légèreté, à suivre ceux des Russes. Il désirait ressembler en tout à un Polonais, par son habillement, sa coiffure, sa démarche et ses gestes. Il mangeait du veau, dont la chair, en Russie, était considérée comme un mets impur; il ne pouvait souffrir les bains, et ne dormait jamais après dîner, ce que faisaient, depuis les temps les plus reculés, tous les Russes, depuis le Souverain jusqu'au bourgeois; mais il aimait à employer ce temps à la promenade. Il sortait à la dérobée du palais, seul, ou avec un compagnon, et courait de place en place, visitant les joailliers, les peintres et d'autres artistes. Les Fonctionnaires de la Couronne ne sachant où était le Tsar, le cherchaient avec inquiétude et le demandaient dans toutes les rites, ce qui étonnait les Moscovites qui, Jusqu'alors, n'avaient vu leurs Souverains qu'environnés de tout l'éclat du trône et suivis par la foule des principaux Dignitaires. Tous les plaisirs, toutes les inclinations Digitized by Google BE RUSSIE. 215 du faux idéal semblait étrange : il aimait à monter des étalons sauvages et indomptés, et à tuer, de sa propre main, des ours, en présence de la Cour et du peuple (270). Il éprouvait lui-même les canons neufs, et s'en servait pour tirer au but, avec une adresse particulière. Il exerçait les troupes, les disciplinait, prenait d'assaut des forteresses ses faites en terre, se précipitait dans les mêlées ; et dans ces sortes de luttes, il souffrait qu'on le heurtât avec violence, jusqu'à le faire quelquefois tomber (271). C'est ainsi qu'il se glorifiait des talents du cavalier, du chasseur, de l'artilleur, de l'athlète, oubliant la dignité du Monarque. Il en perdait également le souvenir dans ses accès de violence : pour la moindre faute ou maladresse, il se mettait hors de lui, et frappait, d'un bâton, les officiers les plus distingus. La bassesse dans un souverain, répugne au peuple ; encore plus qu la cruauté. On reprochait aussi au nouveau Tsar, une prodigalité démesurée ; il semait l'argent et récompensait sans discernement. Il donnait aux musiciens étrangers des appointements que n'avaient eus premiers ministres Digitized by Google de l'Etat. Passionné pour le luxe et la magnificence, il achetait continuellement, commandait toute sorte de choses précieuses; et dans l'espace de trois mois, il dépensa plus de sept millions de roubles (272). Le peuple n'aime point la prodigalité dans les souverains, car il redoute les impôts. Dans la description que les étrangers font de la magnificence qui existait alors à la Cour de Moscou, ils parlent avec surprise du trône du faux Dimitri, qui était d'or massif, orné de glands en diamants et en perles; il était soutenu par deux lions en argent, et couvert de quatre riches boucliers, posés en croix au-dessus desquels brillaient une boule en or et un bel aigle de même métal. Quoi que l'Imposteur sortît toujours à cheval, même pour aller à l'église, il avait une quantité de chars et de traîneaux ornés d'argent et garnis de velours et de zibelines; les selles, les brides et les étriers de ses trois coursiers d'Asie, resplendissaient d'or, d'émeraudes et de rubis. Les cochers et les palfreniers du Tsar étaient mis comme les plus grands seigneurs de la Cour. Il n'aimait pas à voir les murs nus dans les appartements du Kremlin: il les trouvait tristes. Après avoir fait détruire le palais de Boris, qu'il regardait comme un monument détesté, il fit construire pour lui, plus près de la Moskova, un nouveau palais également en bois; il en orna les murs d'étoffes précieuses de Perse; les poêles de faïence étaient décorés de grillage en argent, et les serrures des portes étaient dorées. À la grande surprise des Moscovites, il fit placer devant cette habitation favorite, l'image sculptée du gardien des enfers; un énorme cerbère en bronze, dont les trois gueules s'ouvraient et bruissaient au plus léger attouchement. « Par cet emblème, disent les Annalistes, le faux Dmitri présageait la demeure qu'il aurait dans l'éternité : l'enfer et les ténèbres ». Agissant ainsi contre nos usages et contre la prudence, le faux Dmitri méprisait également les principes plus sacrés de la morale. Il ne voulait point réprimer ses désirs, et brûlant de volupté, il violait publiquement les lois de la chasteté et de la décence, comme pour ressembler par là, à son père prétendu. Il profanait la Cour, et les saintes retraites, par l'impudence de ses débauches, et il ne rougit point de commettre une action plus odieuse que tous ces crimes : après avoir rappelé la mère et le frère de Xénie, il en fit sa concubine. La beauté de cette princesse informée, devait être flétrie par la dureté; « au désespoir de la victime, l'horreur même du forfait lui prêtait un charme de plus, aux yeux du scélérat. Par cette seule atrocité, il méritait le châtiment qui l'attendait, et qui le frappa presque au moment de son triomphe. Quelques mois après son déshonneur, la malheureuse Xénie fut forcée de prendre le voile. sous le nom d'Olga, et en l'an 1 enfermé dans un Couvent, sur le Biélo-Ozero, près du rassemblement de Kiriloff. Tel était le dévouement des Russes à l'ancienne dynastie de leurs Souverains, que l'Imposteur aurait pu longtemps encore, à l'aide du masque de Dmitri, se livrer à son extravagance et à ses excès criminels, sous la couronne de Monaco, si ce masque magique n'était tombé aux yeux de la Nation. Les Russes avaient élevé l'aventurier; la vérité devait renverser l'Imposteur. Vérité Job n'était pas le seul à Moscou qui eût connu le fugitif du couvent de Tchoudoff. Otrépiev espérait-il s'être assez déguisé, en tâchant de paraître à demi Polonais, et en troquant le froc du moine, contre la pourpre des Tsars? Ou, aveuglé par la fortune, tenant dans ses mains un pouvoir formidable, et regardant les Russes comme un troupeau de brebis, sans voix et sans défense, ne voyait-il plus de dangers pour lui-même? Ou bien encore croyait-il par l'audace, diminuer ce danger, ébranler la conviction et faire taire la vérité? Il ne cherchait point à se cacher, et bravait hardiment les regards de tous les curieux qu'il rencontrait dans les rues; seulement il évitait d'aller dans le couvent de Tchoudoff, où il était trop connu, et qui lui rappelait des souvenirs fâcheux. Il n'est donc point étonnant qu'au commencement même du nouveau règne, lorsque Moscou retentissait encore des éloges de Dmitri, il s'élevât déjà quelques murmures confus sur sa ressemblance avec le diacre Grégoire; l'extravagance de l'Imposteur. st rinconduite du Tsap faisait taire les éloges, et les murmures en devenaient plus distincts ; bientôt ils mirent la Capitale en fermentation. Le premier accusateur et la première victime fut un Moine qui dit publiquement que le présumé Dmitri lui était connu dès son enfance, sous le nom d'Otrepiev, qu'il lui avait appris à lire, et qu'ils avaient demeuré dans le même Couvent. Ce Moine fut secrètement mis à mort en prison. Il se présenta un autre témoignage de la vérité, bien plus redoutable ; celui auquel la Providence remettait une vengeance juste, mais dont l'heure n'était pas encore venue : le prince Vassili-Schouisky. Ayant, avec les autres Boyards, dans la confusion de l'effroi, reconnu le vagabond pour Tsar, il pouvait, moins qu'un autre, rejeter cette lâcheté sur l'erreur, puisqu'il avait vu, de ses propres yeux, le fils d'Ivan dans le cercueil. Soit qu'il fût déchiré par le remords et la honte ; soit qu'il eût déjà des vues secrètes d'ambition, Schouisky ne garda pas longtemps le silence. Il dit à ses parents, à ses intimés, à ses amis, que la Russie était aux pieds d'un imposteur ; d'un autre côté, ses adversaires, le marchand Fédor-Koiief et d'autres, cherchaient à insinuer au peuple, que Godounov et Job avaient déclaré la vérité, en disant que Dmitri était un fourbe, un hérétique, l'instrument des Polonais et des papistes. Mais le faux Dmitri avait encore beaucoup de serviteurs dévoués. Basmanoff découvrit et dénonça ce complot, dangereux par le rang de son auteur. On arrêta Schouisky avec ses frè res , et on les fit juger , comme on n'avait en core jugé personne en Russie , par une assem blée d'hommes choisis dans tous les rangs et dans toutes les classes. L'Annaliste assure que le prince Vassili-Schouisky, dans cette seule circonstance de sa vie , se conduisit en héros il ne se rétracta point et continua à soutenir généreusement la vérité. Les juges, saisis d'une horreur véritable ou simulée, vou lurent par leurs cris, étouffer la voix, qui prononçait de semblables blasphèmes contre leur Monarque.On mit Schouisky à la torture; mais il garda le silence et refusa de nommer aucun de ses complices. 11 fut seul condamné à mort ; ses frères furent privés de la li berté. Le peuple se pressait en silence , sur la 3o2 HISTOIRE place des exécutions (280) , où , comme sous le règne d'Ivan , se tenait le Boyard condamné, au milieu des inslramensdu supplice , et d'un détachement de soldais, de streletz et de cosa ques. Les murs et les tours du Kremlin , étaient également garnis de troupes armées , pour en imposer aux Moscovites ; et Pierre Basmanoff , un papier à la main , dit au peu ple , au nom du Tsar: « Le Grand-Boyard « Vassili-Schouisky m'a trahi , moi Dmitri, « fils d'Ivan , souverain de toute la Russie ; « il a employé la calomnie et la médisance « pour m'aliéner le cœur de mes fidèles sujets; « il m'a nommé un Tsar imposteur il a vou « lu me renverser du Trône : voilà pour* « quoi il €St condamné au supplice. Qu'il « meure comme traître et calomniateur ». Le peuple qui avait toujours aimé les Schouisky, gardait un morne silence , et il versa des lar mes, lorsque l'infortuné prince Vassili , déjà dépouillé de ses vêtemens par le bourreau , dit à haute voix aux spectateurs : « frères, je « meurs pour la vérité, la religion chrétienne « et pour vous (281) ». La. téte du condamné était déjà sur le billot.... Tout à coup on en Digitized by Google de fttissiï. À cette même époque, s'ébruitèrent à Moscou les témoignages de plusieurs habitants de Galitché, concitoyens et proches parents de Grégoire Otrepieff ; son oncle, son frère, et même sa mère, une honnête veuve nommée Barbe : ils le virent, le reconnurent et ne voulurent pas se taiser. On les enferma, et son oncle Smirnoï Otrepieff, qui, en 1604, avait été auprès de Sigismond, pour dénoncer son neveu, fut envoyé en Sibérie. On arrêta encore le gentilhomme Pierre Tourguénieff et le bourgeois Fédor, qui ameutèrent publiquement le peuple contre le faux Tsar. L'Imposteur les fit exécuter tous deux, et vit avec plaisir que le peuple, reconnaissant pour la grâce de Schouisky, ne témoigna aucune compassion pour ces deux martyrs, qui marchaient au gibet sans crainte et sans regrets ; appelant à haute voix l'Imposteur Ante-Christ et favori du démon, plaignant la Russie et prédisant ses malheurs. La populace les insultait en leur criant : « Vous méritez la mort ». Dès ce moment, les dénonciations, vraies ou fausses, se succédèrent sans interruption, comme sous le règne de Boris ; car l'Imposteur, qui jusqu'alors avait voulu faire parade de sa clémence, suivait déjà des principes tout opposés. Il prétendait, par des exemples effrayants, réprimer la hardiesse des discours, et, dans ce but, il favorisait toute espèce de délations. On torturait, on exécutait, on étouffait les prisonniers, on confisquait les biens et on en voyait dans l'exil, pour un seul mot contre l'Imposteur. Soit par suite de semblables dénonciations, ou parce que le faux Dmitri craignait l'indiscrétion de ses anciens amis, il ordonna qu'on fit passer dans d'autres couvents, plusieurs des moines de celui de Tchoudoff. Cependant, ce qui est digne de remarque, il laissa en paix Pafnouly, métropolitain de Kroutitsy, qui, ayant été de sorte temps, Archimandrite du couvent de Tchoudoff, avait, au premier regard, reconnu en lui le diacre Grégoire ; mais il avait probablement échappé à la persécution, par de feints ou de lâches témoignages de dévouement à l'Imposteur. sance, par amour ou par politique; il offrit Digitized by Google l'histoire sa main et sa couronne à Marine, dont l'affection et la confiance pour l’Aventurier lui méritaient l’honneur d’occuper le trône avec lui. Les rapports, entre le Voïévode de Senador et son gendre désigné, n’avaient jamais été interrompus. L’Imposteur informait Mniche V de tous ses succès; il l’appelait toujours son père et son ami: il lui écrivit de Poutivle, de Toula, de Moscou; et le Voïévode ne se borna pas à répondre à l’Imposteur, il écrivit aussi aux Boyards de Moscou, sollicitant leur reconnaissance en ces termes: « J’ai contribué au bonheur de Dimitri; je suis prêt à faire de nouveaux efforts pour que ce grand événement soit aussi un bonheur pour la Russie; mes motifs pour agir ainsi sont, non seulement l’amour que j’ai toujours porté à votre Nation, mais encore le désir que j’ai de mériter et d’obtenir votre reconnaissance. Eh! comment pourrais-je vous la refuser, lorsque vous verrez mes ardentes sollicitations auprès du Trône, en votre faveur, et que vous leur devrez de nouveaux avantages, de nouveaux droits. » ? Enfin, au mois de septembre, le faux Dimitri envoya le premier diak et trésorier Athanase Vlassieff, à Cracovie, pour faire solennellement la demande en mariage, et remettre une lettre de sa part, à Sigismond, ainsi qu’une autre de la tsarine Marpha, au père de la fiancée. Les Russes pouvaient-ils approuver ce mariage avec une étrangère d'une religion différente, d'une famille illustre, à la vérité, mais non de sang royal? Pouvaient-ils voir avec plaisir, dans un orgueilleux Polonais, le beau-père du Tsar; attendre à Moscou une foule de ses proches non moins présomptueux que lui, et respecter servilement en eux, leur alliance avec un Monarque qui, en choisissant une épouse étrangère, montrait du mépris pour toutes les nobles russes? Le faux Dmitri, contre les usages reçus, n'informa même pas les Boyards de cette importante affaire. Il ne parlait qu'aux Polonais, ne prenait conseil que d'eux seuls; et cependant lorsqu'il mécontentait si inconsidérément les Russes, il ne satisfaisait pas complètement les désirs de ses amis étrangers. Personne ne servait avec plus de zèle les intérêts de l'Imposteur, que le nonce du Pape Rangoni. En lui adressant ses félicitations sur son avènement au Trône, dans une lettre emphatique et pompeuse, il louait Dieu et s'écriait : « Nous avons vaincu ! » Il flattait le faux Dmitri par des éloges outrés; espérant, disait-il, que la réunion des Eglises serait la première de ses actions immortelles ; « Ton portrait, continuait-il, est déjà dans les mains du Saint-Père ; ce chef des Fidèles est rempli pour toi d'amour et d'amitié; ne tarde pas à lui témoigner ta reconnaissance, et reçois de ma part les présents spirituels de l'Église, l'image du puissant Sauveur, par le secours duquel tu as vaincu et tu règnes ; un rosaire pour prier, une bible en latin, pour t'instruire, afin que tu jouisses en la lisant et que tu deviennes un second David ». Bientôt arriva à Moscou un dignitaire de Rome, le comte Alexandre Rangoni, légat du Nonce, apportant la bénédiction Apostolique, et une Lettre de félicitations, du successeur de Clément, qui désirait avec impatience, se voir à la tête de notre Église. Mais l'Imposteur, dans une réponse polie, se louant de la protection miraculeuse du Ciel, qui avait fait périr le scélérat, assassin de son père, ne dit pas un mot en faveur de la réunion des Églises. Il parla seulement de l'intention généreuse où il était de ne point vivre dans l'oisiveté; il voulait, disait-il, se joindre à l'Empereur, pour marcher contre le Sultan, et détruire la puissance des Infidèles. Il conjurait le pape Paul V, de ne point permettre à Rodolphe de faire la paix avec les Turcs; et lui-même voulait, à cet effet, envoyer un Ambassadeur particulier en Autriche. Le faux Dmitri écrivit encore une seconde lettre au Pape, lui promettant une entière sûreté pour les Missionnaires, qui devaient traverser la Russie pour se rendre en Perse; et l'assurant qu'il sera à fidèle à la parole qu'il avait donnée. Il envoya lui-même le jésuite André Lavitsky à Rome; mais il semble que ce fut plutôt pour une affaire d'État, que dans l'intérêt de celles de l'Église. Ce Jésuite était chargé de consulter avec le Pape, sur la guerre de Turquie, à laquelle Otrepev était réellement. Séduit par l'idée de la gloire et des avantages qu'elle lui procurerait; devenu présomptueux par l'excès de son bonheur; naturellement brave et aimant les dangers, l'Imposteur, dans les rêves de son ambition, ne se contentait plus de l'Empire de Moscou: il voulait des conquêtes et des Empires nouveaux. Ce désir augmenta encore, par le rapport des Voïévodes de Tersk, qui l'informaient que leurs strelets et leurs cosaques avaient remporté l'avantage dans une affaire avec les Turcs, et que quelques tributaires du Sultan, dans le Daguestan, avaient prêté serment à la Russie. Rome, qui depuis longtemps prêchait une croisade générale des puissances chrétiennes contre les Ottomans, devait encourager le faux Dmilri. Le Pape applaudissait à ses dispositions guerrières; il lui conseillait seulement de commencer par attaquer le pays le plus voisin, la Tauride, et par la destruction de ce repaire de Brigands si funeste à la Russie et à la Pologne, couper les ailes et le bras droit au Sultan, dans sa guerre contre l'Empereur d'Autriche. Cependant le Pape devait avoir peu de confiance dans le dévouement de l'Empereur à l'Église latine, voyant combien il évitait, dans ses lettres, toute expression positive sur la religion. Il paraît que son zèle à rendre les Russes papistes s'était bien ralenti; car malgré l'inconséquence qui lui était naturelle, il comprenait le danger d'un projet aussi absurde, et il est douteux qu'il eût voulu le mettre à exécution, si même il avait régné plus longtemps. Bientôt le principal bienfaiteur du faux Dmitri, le rusé Sigismond, s'aperçut également que la fortune et l'éclat du trône avaient changé celui qui naguère baisait sa main avec transport, et gardait, devant lui, le silence respectueux d'un humble esclave. Ce prince, premier auteur des succès de l'Aventurier, qu'il avait honoré comme le fils des Tsars, à qui il avait donné de l'argent, des troupes, et procuré par là la confiance des habitants de Séversk, devait naturellement s'attendre à sa reconnaissance ; et lorsqu'il fit complimenter le nouveau Tsar, par son secrétaire Gossevsky, il eut l'indiscrétion d'exiger que le faux Dmitri lui livrât les Ambassadeurs suédois, s'il en venait de la part du rebelle Charles. Gossevsky, dans une conférence particulière avec le Tsar, lui déclara, sous le secret, que le Roi était inquiet d'un bruit extraordinaire qui venait de se répandre. « Depuis peu, dit-il, un empoisonné est venu de Russie en Pologne : il a surement que Boris existe : qu'effrayé par tes victoires, et suivant les conseils des devins, il a cédé la Couronne à son fils, le jeune Fédor ; s'est fait passer pour mort, a ordonné d'enterrer solennellement, à sa place, un autre homme qu'on avait empoisonné à cet effet ; et lui-même n'ayant communiqué son secret qu'à la Tsarine et à Siméon Godounoff, a fui en Angleterre, sous le nom d'un marchand. Sigismond a chargé des gens sûrs de s'informer à Londres, si effectivement ton dangereux ennemi y était réfugié ; et il a cru, en ami sincère, devoir t'en prévenir ; il pense que la fidélité des Russes est encore douteuse, et il a ordonné à nos Voïévodes de Lituanie, d'être prêts pour ta défense.
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레이즈드 바이 울브스
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https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=레이즈드 바이 울브스&action=history
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Spoken
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《레이즈드 바이 울브스》()는 HBO 맥스에서 2020년 9월부터 2022년 2월까지 방영된 미국의 공상 과학 드라마이다.
외부 링크
2020년에 시작한 미국 TV 프로그램
2022년에 종료한 미국 TV 프로그램
2020년대 미국의 텔레비전 프로그램
미국의 텔레비전 드라마
미국의 SF 드라마
영어 텔레비전 프로그램
로봇을 소재로 한 텔레비전 드라마
가공의 행성을 배경으로 한 작품
세계 종말 이후를 배경으로 한 텔레비전 드라마
HBO 맥스 오리지널 프로그램
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https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batozonellus%20willistoni
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Batozonellus willistoni
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https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batozonellus willistoni&action=history
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Kaliwatan sa insekto ang Batozonellus willistoni. Una ning gihulagway ni Banks ni adtong 1944. Ang Batozonellus willistoni sakop sa kahenera nga Batozonellus, ug kabanay nga Pompilidae. Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Insekto
Batozonellus
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https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl%20Magnin
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Wikipedia
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Joël Magnin
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https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joël Magnin&action=history
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Joël Magnin (* 31. Mai 1971) ist ein ehemaliger Schweizer Fussballspieler und jetziger Fußballtrainer. Seine angestammte Position war das Mittelfeld, er war aber vielseitig einsetzbar und spielte auch schon Stürmer oder Verteidiger und trug zwischenzeitlich sogar die Kapitänsbinde bei den Young Boys. Nach der Saison 2006/07 beendete er seine Karriere und wurde ab dann Trainer der U21-Mannschaft des BSC Young Boys. In der Saison 2019/20 war er Trainer von Neuchâtel Xamax.
Anfang 2021 übernahm er den Co-Trainer-Posten beim FC Zürich unter Massimo Rizzo.
Weblinks
Einzelnachweise
Fußballspieler (Grasshopper Club Zürich)
Fußballspieler (BSC Young Boys)
Fußballspieler (FC Lugano)
Fußballtrainer (BSC Young Boys)
Schweizer Meister (Fussball)
Schweizer Cupsieger (Fussball)
Schweizer
Geboren 1971
Mann
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void samsung() {
print('This is Samsung Moble');
}
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/70849703
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Alan Birtles, Build Succeeded, Eljay, MSalters, Marek R, Yanyu Peng, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1387438, https://stackoverflow.com/users/15416, https://stackoverflow.com/users/15475302, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2129218, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4641116, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5494370
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what cause the ambiguous overload in gcc?
#include <type_traits>
#include <iostream>
template<typename T>
struct Wrapper {
T value;
operator T&() & { std::cout << "call const ref" << std::endl; return this->value; }
operator const T&() const& { std::cout << "call const ref" << std::endl; return this->value; }
operator T&&() && { std::cout << "call move" << std::endl; return std::move(this->value); }
operator const T&() const&& = delete;
operator T&&() & = delete;
operator T&&() const& = delete;
};
class A {
public:
A& operator=(const A&) { std::cout << "use copy" << std::endl; return *this; }
A& operator=(A&&) { std::cout << "use move" << std::endl; return *this; }
};
int main() {
Wrapper<A> b;
A bb;
bb = std::move(b);
}
I compiled this code with gcc10.2, and get the following error
test.cc: In function ‘int main()’:
test.cc:24:21: error: ambiguous overload for ‘operator=’ (operand types are ‘A’ and ‘std::remove_reference<Wrapper<A>&>::type’ {aka ‘Wrapper<A>’})
24 | bb = std::move(b);
| ^
test.cc:17:12: note: candidate: ‘A& A::operator=(const A&)’
17 | A& operator=(const A&) { std::cout << "use copy" << std::endl; return *this; }
| ^~~~~~~~
test.cc:18:12: note: candidate: ‘A& A::operator=(A&&)’
18 | A& operator=(A&&) { std::cout << "use move" << std::endl; return *this; }
| ^~~~~~~~
But I tried the same code with clang in cppinsights.io, and compiled successfully.
link
So, what cause the difference between gcc and clang?
And how do I change the Wrapper to fix it?
https://godbolt.org/z/37dPqafGK
msvc produces the same error
you want to move Wrapper object to A object. Are you sure?
cppinsights uses Clang and clang is fine with that https://godbolt.org/z/45EbfGP3d
Does GCC 10.3 or GCC 11.2 have the problem too?
Interestingly this does work with gcc 8.3 or older
I'd like to support Wrapper&& can implace conversion to A&&, and match with A::operator=(A&&)
Quoted text is from the C++20 standard, but links are to N4861.
First let's minimize the given code. The results with GCC 11.2 and Clang 12.0.1 are as indicated in the question (Clang accepts, GCC rejects) if three of the conversion functions are deleted, leaving only:
operator const T&() const&; // not deleted
operator T&&() &&; // not deleted
operator const T&() const&& = delete;
From this we can infer that Clang only accepts the code because, in trying to form an implicit conversion sequence that would enable A& A::operator=(const A&) to be called, it selects the deleted Wrapper<A>::operator const T&() const&& to perform the conversion to const A&. Thus, forming the implicit conversion sequence fails, and A& A::operator=(const A&) is not viable, leaving only the other candidate.
The divergence between GCC and Clang appears to be related to CWG issue 2525. The issue is as follows: it appears that the intent of Note 1 to [over.ics.best.general]/2 ([over.ics.best]/2 in N4861) is that if an implicit conversion sequence involves a deleted function, the implicit conversion sequence is still considered to be formed, and only if the candidate that requires this implicit conversion sequence is selected, then the program is ill-formed since it requires a call to the deleted function. But the normative wording does not seem to reflect this intention.
GCC and Clang agree that the declaration const A& t = std::move(b); is ill-formed because it invokes the deleted function Wrapper<A>::operator const A&() const&&. Thus, Clang appears to be following the normative wording as it currently exists: since the initialization const A& t = std::move(b) would be ill-formed, it follows that std::move(b) is not implicitly convertible to const A& under [conv]/3, and thus the implicit conversion sequence required to make the copy assignment operator a viable candidate does not exist, and only the move assignment operator is viable according to Clang. But GCC is following what the note seems to be telling us: to ignore (at the overload resolution stage) the fact that one of the implicit conversion sequences contains a deleted function. This ultimately results in GCC being unable to decide whether to call the copy assignment operator or the move assignment operator.
It looks like the problem is that you have two overloads. There's the overload resolution of A::operator=, but there is also the overload resolution of the Wrapper<A> conversion operator in the conversion sequence. C++ cannot resolve multiple overloads simultaneously.
For a simpler case, imagine if A::operator= was overloaded for int and float, and Wrapper<A> defined both operator int and operator float.
This is of course only the case if there is an overload, i.e. there are multiple candidate conversion operators in Wrapper<A>. But I don't see a reason why clang should exclude 2 out of the 3 conversion operators.
I also don't seen an obvious fix. The problem itself looks ambiguous to me.
Thanks for you answer. In my view, after call std::move, it's must be lvalue. I have no idea why the lvalue can implace conversion to const rvalue to match the other A::operator=.
@YanyuPeng: No, the point of std::move is to produce an xvalue. That's why it can be moved-from. An xvalue is both an rvalue and a glvalue.
A aa; bb = std::move(aa); Why this code is ok, if the point is std::move?
@YanyuPeng: That's a single overload: The function called is A::operator= and the argument is an A&& xvalue. The best conversion sequence is no conversion at all.
| 31,100 |
2023/32023R1676/32023R1676_PL.txt_1
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Eurlex
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Open Government
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CC-By
| 2,023 |
None
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None
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Spoken
| 7,609 | 23,105 |
L_2023216PL.01001101.xml
1.9.2023
PL
Dziennik Urzędowy Unii Europejskiej
L 216/11
ROZPORZĄDZENIE DELEGOWANE KOMISJI (UE) 2023/1676
z dnia 7 lipca 2023 r.
uzupełniające rozporządzenie Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2021/1060 w odniesieniu do definicji stawek jednostkowych, kwot ryczałtowych i stawek ryczałtowych oraz finansowania niepowiązanego z kosztami stosowanych w celu refundacji przez Komisję wydatków poniesionych przez państwa członkowskie
KOMISJA EUROPEJSKA,
uwzględniając Traktat o funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej,
uwzględniając rozporządzenie Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2021/1060 z dnia 24 czerwca 2021 r ustanawiające wspólne przepisy dotyczące Europejskiego Funduszu Rozwoju Regionalnego, Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego Plus, Funduszu Spójności, Funduszu na rzecz Sprawiedliwej Transformacji i Europejskiego Funduszu Morskiego, Rybackiego i Akwakultury, a także przepisy finansowe na potrzeby tych funduszy oraz na potrzeby Funduszu Azylu, Migracji i Integracji, Funduszu Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego i Instrumentu Wsparcia Finansowego na rzecz Zarządzania Granicami i Polityki Wizowej (1), w szczególności jego art. 94 ust. 4 i art. 95 ust. 4,
a także mając na uwadze, co następuje:
(1)
W celu uproszczenia korzystania z Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego Plus (EFS+) i Funduszu na rzecz Sprawiedliwej Transformacji (FST) oraz zmniejszenia obciążenia administracyjnego beneficjentów należy zdefiniować niektóre stawki jednostkowe oraz określić kwoty finansowania niepowiązanego z kosztami, które są dostępne w ramach refundacji wkładu Unii na rzecz programów. Zgodnie z art. 25 ust. 2 rozporządzenia (UE) 2021/1060 te stawki jednostkowe i kwoty finansowania niepowiązanego z kosztami mogą być również wykorzystywane w operacjach kwalifikujących się do EFS+ i wspieranych z Europejskiego Funduszu Rozwoju Regionalnego.
(2)
Stawki jednostkowe na potrzeby refundacji wydatków poniesionych przez państwa członkowskie zostały określone na podstawie rzetelnej, sprawiedliwej i weryfikowalnej metody obliczeń w oparciu o dane historyczne i statystyczne, zgodnie z art. 94 ust. 2 akapit drugi lit. a) rozporządzenia (UE) 2021/1060.
(3)
Przy określaniu kwot finansowania niepowiązanego z kosztami Komisja przestrzegała zasady należytego zarządzania finansami, w szczególności zasady, zgodnie z którą wykorzystane zasoby mają być adekwatne do prowadzonych inwestycji.
(4)
Biorąc pod uwagę dodatkowe działania niezbędne do zaspokojenia szczególnych potrzeb obywateli państw trzecich, w tym uchodźców i osób uciekających przed rosyjską agresją na Ukrainę, należy określić szczególne stawki jednostkowe w odniesieniu do odpowiednich rodzajów operacji.
(5)
Uproszczenie realizacji operacji w dziedzinach kształcenia formalnego, szkolenia pracowników, szkolenia zarejestrowanych bezrobotnych, osób poszukujących zatrudnienia lub osób biernych zawodowo oraz poradnictwa w dziedzinie zatrudnienia przyczyni się również do skutecznego wdrożenia Europejskiego Roku Umiejętności.
(6)
Potwierdzając zobowiązania w ramach Planu działania na rzecz Europejskiego filaru praw socjalnych (2) wraz z nowym głównym celem Unii na 2030 r. w zakresie ubóstwa i włączenia społecznego, należy ułatwiać realizację i tworzyć zachęty do wdrażania operacji, które pomagają zmniejszyć liczbę osób zagrożonych ubóstwem lub wykluczeniem społecznym. W związku z tym należy określić uproszczone metody rozliczania kosztów i systemy finansowania niepowiązanego z kosztami w odniesieniu do operacji w zakresie świadczenia usługi opieki w domu i usług opieki środowiskowej, a także operacji w zakresie świadczenia usług mieszkaniowych i innych niż mieszkaniowe dla ofiar przemocy domowej i osób doświadczających krótkotrwałej lub długotrwałej bezdomności.
(7)
Istnieją znaczne różnice między państwami członkowskimi w odniesieniu do poziomu kosztów tego rodzaju operacji. Zgodnie z zasadą należytego zarządzania finansami kwoty określone przez Komisję odzwierciedlają specyfikę każdego państwa członkowskiego.
(8)
Aby zapewnić adekwatność stawek jednostkowych do faktycznie ponoszonych kosztów oraz adekwatność kwot finansowania niepowiązanego do prowadzonych inwestycji w całym okresie programowania, przewidziano odpowiednie metody dostosowania,
PRZYJMUJE NINIEJSZE ROZPORZĄDZENIE:
Artykuł 1
Przedmiot i zakres stosowania
W załączniku określono warunki refundacji wkładu Unii na rzecz operacji prowadzonych w ramach EFS+ i FST w oparciu o stawki jednostkowe i finansowanie niepowiązane z kosztami, w tym rodzaje operacji, których to dotyczy, rezultaty, które należy osiągnąć, lub warunki, które należy spełnić, kwoty takiej refundacji, a także metodę dostosowania tej kwoty.
Artykuł 2
Wydatki kwalifikowalne
Kwoty obliczone na podstawie niniejszego rozporządzenia uznaje się za wydatki kwalifikowalne do celów stosowania rozporządzenia (UE) 2021/1060.
Artykuł 3
Wejście w życie
Niniejsze rozporządzenie wchodzi w życie dwudziestego dnia po jego opublikowaniu w Dzienniku Urzędowym Unii Europejskiej.
Niniejsze rozporządzenie wiąże w całości i jest bezpośrednio stosowane we wszystkich państwach członkowskich.
Sporządzono w Brukseli dnia 7 lipca 2023 r.
W imieniu Komisji
Przewodnicząca
Ursula VON DER LEYEN
(1) Dz.U. L 231 z 30.6.2021, s. 159.
(2) Plan działania na rzecz Europejskiego filaru praw socjalnych (europa.eu).
ZAŁĄCZNIK
Warunki refundacji wkładu Unii na rzecz programów zgodnie z art. 94 ust. 4 oraz art. 95 ust. 4 rozporządzenia (UE) 2021/1060 w oparciu o stawki jednostkowe i finansowanie niepowiązane z kosztami w przypadku operacji w obszarach kształcenia formalnego, szkoleń, poradnictwa w dziedzinie zatrudnienia, usług opieki w domu i usług środowiskowej opieki dziennej oraz usług wsparcia dla ofiar przemocy domowej i osób bezdomnych
Kwoty i warunki określone w niniejszym rozporządzeniu nie mają zastosowania do programów, dla których ustalono osobne, konkretne uproszczone metody rozliczania kosztów lub systemy finansowania niepowiązanego z kosztami, w odniesieniu do odpowiednich rodzajów operacji, zgodnie z art. 94 ust. 3 oraz art. 95 ust. 2 rozporządzenia (UE) 2021/1060.
1. OPERACJE DOTYCZĄCE KSZTAŁCENIA FORMALNEGO, KTÓRE MOGĄ BYĆ OBJĘTE REFUNDACJĄ W OPARCIU O STAWKI JEDNOSTKOWE
1.1. Rodzaje operacji
Operacje kształcenia formalnego (od wczesnej edukacji do kształcenia na poziomie wyższym, w tym formalnego kształcenia zawodowego).
1.2. Definicja wskaźnika uruchamiającego wypłacenie stawek jednostkowych
Nazwa wskaźnika: Uczestnik kształcenia formalnego przez jeden rok szkolny
Jednostka pomiaru danego wskaźnika: Liczba uczestników, w przypadku których zweryfikowano status uczestnictwa w ciągu jednego roku szkolnego/akademickiego w kształceniu formalnym, zróżnicowanym według klasyfikacji ISCED Zweryfikowane uczestnictwo oznacza, że potwierdzenie uczestnictwa ucznia/studenta w kształceniu formalnym lub szkoleniu jest weryfikowane przez organy krajowe dwa lub trzy razy w ciągu roku szkolnego/akademickiego, zgodnie z normalnymi praktykami i procedurami każdego państwa członkowskiego.
Międzynarodowa Standardowa Klasyfikacja Kształcenia: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education_(ISCED)
1.3. Wysokość stawki (w EUR)
Kwoty określone w tabelach 1a i 1b poniżej obejmują wszystkie kwalifikowalne koszty bezpośrednio związane z dostarczaniem podstawowych towarów i usług w ramach kształcenia formalnego, w tym czesne, wpisowe, opłaty egzaminacyjne, wycieczki szkolne, koszty stołówki.
Inne kategorie kosztów, które mogą być niezbędne do realizacji operacji, takie jak dodatki wypłacane uczestnikom, koszty transportu, zakwaterowania lub inne rodzaje wsparcia udzielanego uczestnikom, nie są pokrywane w ramach stawki jednostkowej, a zatem mogą stanowić dodatkowe koszty kwalifikowalne zgodnie z rozporządzeniem (UE) 2021/1060, rozporządzeniami dotyczącymi poszczególnych funduszy i krajowymi zasadami kwalifikowalności.
Jeżeli instytucja zarządzająca lub instytucja pośrednicząca odpowiedzialna za wdrażanie programu stosuje te stawki jednostkowe w celu ustalenia wkładu Unii na rzecz programu w odniesieniu do jednej operacji objętej zakresem niniejszego rozporządzenia, kwoty te stanowią kwotę refundowaną przez Komisję w odniesieniu do wszelkich operacji kształcenia formalnego w ramach tego samego programu na rzecz tego samego rodzaju beneficjenta. Ograniczenie to nie dotyczy innych programów zarządzanych przez różne instytucje pośredniczące lub instytucje zarządzające.
Kwoty te dotyczą uczestnictwa w pełnym wymiarze godzin w roku szkolnym/akademickim.
W przypadku uczestnictwa w niepełnym wymiarze godzin, kwotę ustala się proporcjonalnie do uczestnictwa danego ucznia/studenta. Jeżeli kurs trwa krócej niż jeden pełny rok szkolny/akademicki, kwotę ustala się proporcjonalnie do czasu trwania kursu.
W odniesieniu do kursów trwających co najmniej jeden pełny rok szkolny/akademicki, kwoty te mogą zostać zwrócone państwu członkowskiemu na następującej podstawie: 50 % za pierwszy dowód uczęszczania w roku szkolnym/akademickim (zwykle na początku roku szkolnego/akademickiego, zgodnie z przepisami i praktykami krajowymi), 30 % za drugi i 20 % za trzeci i końcowy dowód uczęszczania na zajęcia. W przypadku tych państw członkowskich, których systemy krajowe przewidują zbieranie tych informacji tylko dwa razy do roku, lub w przypadku kursów trwających krócej niż jeden pełny rok szkolny/akademicki, zwrot wyniesie 50 % za pierwsze potwierdzenie uczestnictwa i 50 % za drugie i końcowe potwierdzenie uczestnictwa.
Kursy mogą odbywać się na miejscu, online lub w formacie hybrydowym, przy czym zawsze muszą być realizowane w obecności zarówno instruktora, jak i uczestników.
W celu uwzględnienia dodatkowych działań wymaganych do zaspokojenia szczególnych potrzeb obywateli państw trzecich lub uchodźców (1), w tym osób uciekających przed rosyjską wojną napastniczą przeciwko Ukrainie, w tabeli 1b określono konkretne wartości dla operacji skierowanych do tej grupy docelowej. Wartości te mogą być stosowane zamiast odpowiednich wartości określonych w tabeli 1a. Nie są to wartości skumulowane i nie można ich stosować w połączeniu z tabelą 1a.
Te same warunki refundacji mają zastosowanie do wartości określonych w tabelach 1a i 1b. Z uwagi na fakt, że jedyną różnicą jest grupa docelowa, należy określić szczegółowe kryteria kwalifikowalności i ścieżkę audytu dla uczestników zgodnie z konkretnymi krajowymi definicjami i praktykami.
1.4. Metoda dostosowania
Stawki jednostkowe i wartości w tabeli 1a mogą być co roku automatycznie dostosowywane przez zastosowanie indeksu kosztów zatrudnienia dla edukacji (2). Podstawowym wskaźnikiem służącym do ustalania wartości w tabeli 1a jest LCIEducation2021 (indeks kosztów zatrudnienia na 2021 r.). Dostosowane wartości z indeksem roku N będą miały zastosowanie do wszystkich odnośnych operacji od 1 stycznia roku N+1.
Dostosowanie to opiera się na następującym wzorze:
AdjustedSCO = BaseSCO x LCIEducation latest
Kwoty określone w tabeli 1b mogą zostać automatycznie dostosowane poprzez pomnożenie dostosowanych stawek jednostkowych z tabeli 1a przez współczynnik 1,10.
Tabela 1a
Wysokość stawek za uczestnictwo w kształceniu formalnym (w EUR)
„nd.” oznacza, że nie są dostępne dane dotyczące konkretnego poziomu kształcenia w danym państwie członkowskim.
Rokiem referencyjnym do celów gromadzenia danych jest rok 2021, z wyjątkiem pól dotyczących FR i NL, w przypadku których rokiem referencyjnym jest rok 2019.
AT
BE
BG
CY
CZ
DE
DK
EE
EL
ES
FI
FR
HU
HR
Wczesna edukacja
ED0
5 614
nd.
2 649
2 133
3 704
9 655
10 912
5 179
nd.
4 121
10 618
5 963
3 145
2 627
Wczesna edukacja – rozwój edukacyjny
ED01
4 848
nd.
nd.
357
nd.
13 279
15 775
nd.
nd.
4 132
18 275
nd.
3 152
nd.
Wychowanie przedszkolne
ED02
5 793
7 243
2 649
2 771
3 704
8 288
8 012
nd.
2 994
4 117
8 872
5 963
3 145
3 275
Kształcenie podstawowe
ED1
10 777
8 577
1 858
7 635
3 871
7 981
11 103
5 402
3 734
4 566
8 305
5 768
3 233
5 537
Kształcenie podstawowe i średnie I stopnia (poziomy 1 i 2)
ED1_2
12 451
9 331
2 167
8 055
5 036
9 067
11 338
5 474
3 729
4 969
9 948
6 456
3 054
3 072
Kształcenie średnie I stopnia
ED2
14 177
10 995
2 574
8 936
6 626
9 812
11 786
5 645
3 719
5 710
13 247
7 319
2 889
nd.
Kształcenie średnie I stopnia – ogólne
ED24
13 332
nd.
2 359
8 936
6 635
9 812
11 770
5 627
3 719
5 710
13 247
7 319
2 889
nd.
Kształcenie średnie I stopnia – zawodowe
ED25
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
5 134
nd.
16 126
5 773
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
3 301
nd.
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia
ED3
13 111
11 124
2 033
9 844
5 773
9 895
9 831
4 060
3 229
6 400
7 867
9 583
3 306
3 359
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia i kształcenie policealne (poziomy 3 i 4)
ED3_4
12 791
11 124
2 030
9 844
5 664
8 769
9 831
4 234
2 665
6 400
7 867
9 522
3 411
3 359
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia – ogólne
ED34
10 760
10 812
1 835
8 888
4 926
10 599
9 790
2 930
2 781
5 432
7 569
9 421
3 225
nd.
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia i kształcenie policealne – ogólne (poziomy 34 i 44)
ED34_44
11 933
10 812
1 835
8 888
4 709
1 099
9 790
2 930
2 781
5 432
7 569
9 403
3 225
nd.
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia – zawodowe
ED35
14 711
11 365
2 232
14 624
6 108
9 236
9 895
5 678
4 280
8 471
7 990
9 890
3 401
3 408
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia i kształcenie policealne – zawodowe (poziomy 35 i 45)
ED35_45
13 314
11 365
2 224
14 624
6 060
7 615
9 895
5 782
2 513
8 471
7 990
9 741
3 580
3 408
Kształcenie policealne
ED4
2 054
nd.
354
nd.
836
4 893
nd.
6 276
333
nd.
nd.
6 688
4 242
nd.
Kształcenie policealne
ED44
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
653
10 323
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
6 437
nd.
nd.
Kształcenie policealne – zawodowe
ED45
1 359
nd.
354
nd.
1 222
4 545
nd.
6 276
333
nd.
nd.
6 748
4 242
nd.
Krótki cykl kształcenia na poziomie studiów wyższych
ED5
14 857
10 474
nd.
557
13 910
1 920
9 000
nd.
nd.
5 383
9 138
8 829
465
nd.
Szkolnictwo wyższe (poziomy 5–8)
ED5-8
15 483
9 376
2 627
2 900
4 784
6 806
9 173
3 790
1 144
4 029
8 590
6 739
2 828
3 929
Szkolnictwo wyższe z wyłączeniem krótkiego cyklu kształcenia na poziomie studiów wyższych (poziomy 6–8)
ED6-8
15 596
9 338
2 627
3 178
4 756
6 817
9 195
3 790
1 144
3 665
8 590
6 105
2 926
3 353
IE
IT
LV
LT
LU
MT
NL
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
SE
Wczesna edukacja
ED0
7 707
5 346
3 824
3 807
17 293
6 240
7 161
2 767
3 286
1 805
5 173
3 445
13 449
Wczesna edukacja – rozwój edukacyjny
ED01
nd.
nd.
nd.
3 794
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
3 746
6 171
nd.
17 407
Wychowanie przedszkolne
ED02
5 526
5 346
3 384
3 809
17 293
6 240
7 161
2 767
3 449
1 724
4 731
3 445
12 033
Kształcenie podstawowe
ED1
7 404
6 110
3 600
3 577
17 158
6 132
7 936
3 754
5 229
1 169
5 570
4 148
10 677
Kształcenie podstawowe i średnie I stopnia (poziomy 1 i 2)
ED1_2
7 507
6 282
3 621
3 563
17 931
7 502
9 053
3 753
5 801
1 770
6 000
3 919
10 642
Kształcenie średnie I stopnia
ED2
7 788
6 552
3 664
3 553
19 256
10 281
10 712
3 749
6 782
2 543
7 006
3 713
10 564
Kształcenie średnie I stopnia – ogólne
ED24
8 324
6 552
3 660
3 532
19 256
10 230
9 426
3 749
nd.
2 543
7 006
3 640
10 564
Kształcenie średnie I stopnia – zawodowe
ED25
nd.
6 615
4 956
4 788
nd.
16 143
14 131
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
6 970
nd.
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia
ED3
7 964
6 654
4 369
3 839
18 676
9 626
8 193
3 236
6 113
2 414
4 839
4 262
11 012
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia i kształcenie policealne (poziomy 3 i 4)
ED3_4
8 532
6 654
4 420
4 003
18 435
9 626
8 193
3 130
6 113
2 232
4 839
4 311
10 823
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia – ogólne
ED34
8 496
5 946
3 935
3 495
16 939
10 104
8 997
2 848
nd.
5 200
5 589
3 867
9 710
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia i kształcenie policealne – ogólne (poziomy 34 i 44)
ED34_44
8 496
nd.
3 935
3 495
16 939
10 100
8 997
2 848
nd.
5 200
5 589
3 867
9 689
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia – zawodowe
ED35
nd.
nd.
5 016
4 813
19 760
8 312
7 781
3 537
nd.
320
4 489
4 455
13 189
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia i kształcenie policealne – zawodowe (poziomy 35 i 45)
ED35_45
4 192
nd.
5 053
4 826
19 344
8 312
7 781
3 320
nd.
416
4 489
4 515
12 633
Kształcenie policealne
ED4
15 476
nd.
5 314
4 843
2 769
9 569
5 360
1 793
nd.
838
nd.
546
6 657
Kształcenie policealne
ED44
4 192
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
9 569
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
8 894
Kształcenie policealne – zawodowe
ED45
15 476
nd.
5 314
4 843
2 769
8 624
5 360
1 793
nd.
838
nd.
5 457
5 353
Krótki cykl kształcenia na poziomie studiów wyższych
ED5
nd.
2 771
3 637
nd.
4 734
11 289
7 099
5 684
2 471
nd.
2 378
4 999
6 205
Szkolnictwo wyższe (poziomy 5–8)
ED5-8
6 298
2 528
2 750
2 495
23 639
12 754
6 750
3 356
2 993
3 517
6 835
3 484
10 356
Szkolnictwo wyższe z wyłączeniem krótkiego cyklu kształcenia na poziomie studiów wyższych (poziomy 6–8)
ED6-8
7 315
2 526
2 609
2 495
26 424
12 907
6 745
3 356
2 967
3 517
7 468
3 460
10 788
Tabela 1b
Wysokość stawek za uczestnictwo w kształceniu formalnym (w EUR), z uwzględnieniem szczególnych potrzeb obywateli państw trzecich lub uchodźców, w tym osób uciekających przed rosyjską wojną napastniczą przeciwko Ukrainie
„nd.” – nie są dostępne dane dotyczące konkretnego poziomu kształcenia w danym państwie członkowskim.
AT
BE
BG
CY
CZ
DE
DK
EE
EL
ES
FI
FR
HU
HR
Wczesna edukacja
ED0
6 175
nd.
2 914
2 346
4 074
10 621
12 003
5 697
nd.
4 533
11 680
6 559
3 459
2 890
Wczesna edukacja – rozwój edukacyjny
ED01
5 333
nd.
nd.
393
nd.
14 607
17 352
nd.
nd.
4 545
20 103
nd.
3 467
nd.
Wychowanie przedszkolne
ED02
6 372
7 967
2 914
3 048
4 276
9 116
8 814
nd.
3 294
4 529
9 759
6 559
3 459
3 602
Kształcenie podstawowe
ED1
11 854
9 435
2 044
8 398
4 259
8 779
12 213
5 942
4 108
5 023
9 135
6 345
3 556
6 091
Kształcenie podstawowe i średnie I stopnia (poziomy 1 i 2)
ED1_2
13 696
10 264
2 384
8 860
5 540
9 974
12 472
6 021
4 102
5 466
10 943
7 102
3 360
3 379
Kształcenie średnie I stopnia
ED2
15 594
12 095
2 832
9 830
7 288
10 794
12 965
6 210
4 091
6 281
14 571
8 051
3 177
nd.
Kształcenie średnie I stopnia – ogólne
ED24
14 665
nd.
2 595
9 830
7 298
10 794
12 947
6 189
4 091
6 281
14 571
8 051
3 177
nd.
Kształcenie średnie I stopnia – zawodowe
ED25
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
5 648
nd.
17 739
6 350
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
3 631
nd.
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia
ED3
14 422
12 237
2 237
10 829
6 350
10 884
10 814
4 466
3 551
7 040
8 653
10 541
3 636
3 694
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia i kształcenie policealne (poziomy 3 i 4)
ED3_4
14 070
12 237
2 233
10 829
6 230
9 646
10 814
4 658
2 931
7 040
8 653
10 474
3 752
3 694
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia – ogólne
ED34
11 836
11 893
2 019
9 776
5 419
11 659
10 769
3 223
3 059
5 975
8 326
10 363
3 547
nd.
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia i kształcenie policealne – ogólne (poziomy 34 i 44)
ED34_44
13 126
11 893
2 019
9 776
5 180
1 209
10 769
3 223
3 059
5 975
8 326
10 343
3 547
nd.
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia – zawodowe
ED35
16 182
12 501
2 455
16 086
6 719
10 159
10 885
6 246
4 708
9 318
8 789
10 879
3 741
3 748
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia i kształcenie policealne – zawodowe (poziomy 35 i 45)
ED35_45
14 645
12 501
2 446
16 086
6 666
8 376
10 885
6 360
2 764
9 318
8 789
10 715
3 938
3 748
Kształcenie policealne
ED4
2 259
nd.
389
nd.
919
5 382
nd.
6 904
366
nd.
nd.
7 357
4 666
nd.
Kształcenie policealne
ED44
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
719
11 355
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
7 081
nd.
nd.
Kształcenie policealne – zawodowe
ED45
1 495
nd.
389
nd.
1 345
5 000
nd.
6 904
366
nd.
nd.
7 423
4 666
nd.
Krótki cykl kształcenia na poziomie studiów wyższych
ED5
16 342
11 521
nd.
613
15 301
2 112
9 900
nd.
nd.
5 922
10 052
9 712
511
nd.
Szkolnictwo wyższe (poziomy 5–8)
ED5-8
17 031
10 314
2 890
3 190
5 263
7 487
10 090
4 169
1 258
4 431
9 449
7 413
3 111
4 321
Szkolnictwo wyższe z wyłączeniem krótkiego cyklu kształcenia na poziomie studiów wyższych (poziomy 6–8)
ED6-8
17 155
10 272
2 890
3 496
5 231
7 498
10 114
4 169
1 258
4 031
9 449
6 716
3 218
3 688
IE
IT
LV
LT
LU
MT
NL
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
SE
Wczesna edukacja
ED0
8 477
5 881
4 207
4 188
19 022
6 864
7 877
3 044
3 615
1 986
5 691
3 790
14 794
Wczesna edukacja – rozwój edukacyjny
ED01
nd.
nd.
nd.
4 173
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
4 121
6 788
nd.
19 147
Wychowanie przedszkolne
ED02
6 079
5 881
3 723
4 190
19 022
6 864
7 877
3 044
3 794
1 897
5 204
3 790
13 236
Kształcenie podstawowe
ED1
8 144
6 721
3 960
3 935
18 874
6 746
8 730
4 129
5 752
1 285
6 127
4 562
11 745
Kształcenie podstawowe i średnie I stopnia (poziomy 1 i 2)
ED1_2
8 257
6 910
3 983
3 919
19 724
8 252
9 958
4 128
6 381
1 947
6 600
4 311
11 706
Kształcenie średnie I stopnia
ED2
8 566
7 207
4 031
3 909
21 182
11 309
11 783
4 124
7 461
2 797
7 707
4 085
11 620
Kształcenie średnie I stopnia – ogólne
ED24
9 156
7 207
4 026
3 885
21 182
11 253
10 369
4 124
nd.
2 797
7 707
4 004
11 620
Kształcenie średnie I stopnia – zawodowe
ED25
nd.
7 277
5 452
5 267
nd.
17 758
15 544
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
7 667
nd.
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia
ED3
8 760
7 319
4 806
4 223
20 543
10 589
9 012
3 559
6 725
2 655
5 323
4 688
12 114
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia i kształcenie policealne (poziomy 3 i 4)
ED3_4
9 385
7 319
4 862
4 404
20 278
10 589
9 012
3 443
6 725
2 455
5 323
4 742
11 905
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia – ogólne
ED34
9 345
6 540
4 329
3 844
18 633
11 115
9 897
3 133
nd.
5 720
6 148
4 254
10 681
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia i kształcenie policealne – ogólne (poziomy 34 i 44)
ED34_44
9 345
nd.
4 329
3 844
18 633
11 110
9 897
3 133
nd.
5 720
6 148
4 254
10 657
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia – zawodowe
ED35
nd.
nd.
5 517
5 295
21 736
9 143
8 559
3 891
nd.
351
4 938
4 901
14 508
Kształcenie średnie II stopnia i kształcenie policealne – zawodowe (poziomy 35 i 45)
ED35_45
4 611
nd.
5 558
5 309
21 279
9 143
8 559
3 652
nd.
457
4 938
4 967
13 897
Kształcenie policealne
ED4
17 023
nd.
5 845
5 327
3 046
10 526
5 896
1 972
nd.
922
nd.
601
7 323
Kształcenie policealne
ED44
4 611
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
10 526
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
nd.
9 783
Kształcenie policealne – zawodowe
ED45
17 023
nd.
5 845
5 327
3 046
9 486
5 896
1 972
nd.
922
nd.
6 003
5 888
Krótki cykl kształcenia na poziomie studiów wyższych
ED5
nd.
3 048
4 001
nd.
5 207
12 417
7 809
6 253
2 718
nd.
2 616
5 499
6 825
Szkolnictwo wyższe (poziomy 5–8)
ED5-8
6 928
2 781
3 025
2 744
26 003
14 030
7 425
3 691
3 292
3 868
7 518
3 833
11 392
Szkolnictwo wyższe z wyłączeniem krótkiego cyklu kształcenia na poziomie studiów wyższych (poziomy 6–8)
ED6-8
8 047
2 779
2 870
2 744
29 067
14 197
7 420
3 691
3 263
3 868
8 214
3 806
11 866
2. OPERACJE DOTYCZĄCE SZKOLENIA ZAREJESTROWANYCH BEZROBOTNYCH, OSÓB POSZUKUJĄCYCH ZATRUDNIENIA LUB OSÓB BIERNYCH ZAWODOWO
2.1. Rodzaje operacji
Wszelkie operacje dotyczące szkolenia zarejestrowanych bezrobotnych, osób poszukujących zatrudnienia lub osób biernych zawodowo. Szkolenia mogą mieć charakter głównie instytucjonalny albo mogą być prowadzone głównie w miejscu pracy, jednak pewna ich część musi odbywać się w kontekście instytucjonalnym.
W przypadku szkoleń instytucjonalnych kursy mogą odbywać się na miejscu, online lub w formacie hybrydowym, przy czym zawsze muszą być realizowane w obecności zarówno instruktora, jak i uczestników. Szkolenia w miejscu pracy muszą zawsze odbywać się na miejscu.
2.2. Definicja wskaźnika uruchamiającego wypłacenie stawek jednostkowych
Nazwa wskaźnika: Liczba uczestników, którzy pomyślnie ukończyli szkolenie
Jednostka pomiaru danego wskaźnika: Liczba uczestników, którzy pomyślnie ukończyli szkolenie
Szkolenie jest uznawane za »pomyślnie ukończone«, jeżeli wydany zostanie dokument potwierdzający ukończenie zgodnie z krajowymi przepisami lub praktykami. Dokumentem tym może być np. certyfikat wystawiony przez organizatora szkoleń lub równoważny dokument akceptowany zgodnie z krajowymi przepisami lub praktykami.
Warunek pomyślnego ukończenia szkolenia nie zostanie uznany za spełniony, jeżeli uczestnik ukończy tylko niektóre z modułów szkolenia.
2.3. Kwoty (w EUR)
Kwoty określone w tabelach 2a i 2b poniżej obejmują wszystkie kwalifikowalne koszty bezpośrednio związane z prowadzeniem szkoleń.
Inne kategorie kosztów, które mogą być niezbędne do realizacji operacji, takie jak dodatki wypłacane uczestnikom, koszty transportu, zakwaterowania lub inne rodzaje wsparcia udzielanego uczestnikom, nie są pokrywane w ramach stawki jednostkowej, a zatem mogą stanowić dodatkowe koszty kwalifikowalne zgodnie z rozporządzeniem (UE) 2021/1060, rozporządzeniami dotyczącymi poszczególnych funduszy i krajowymi zasadami kwalifikowalności.
Jeżeli instytucja zarządzająca lub instytucja pośrednicząca odpowiedzialna za wdrażanie programu stosuje te stawki jednostkowe w celu ustalenia wkładu Unii na rzecz programu w odniesieniu do jednej operacji objętej zakresem niniejszego rozporządzenia, kwoty te stanowią kwotę refundowaną przez Komisję w odniesieniu do wszelkich operacji dotyczących szkolenia zarejestrowanych bezrobotnych, osób poszukujących zatrudnienia lub osób biernych zawodowo w ramach tego samego programu zarządzanego przez ten sam organ na rzecz tego samego rodzaju beneficjenta. Ograniczenie to nie dotyczy innych programów zarządzanych przez różne instytucje pośredniczące lub instytucje zarządzające.
W celu uwzględnienia dodatkowych działań wymaganych do zaspokojenia szczególnych potrzeb obywateli państw trzecich lub uchodźców (3), w tym osób uciekających przed rosyjską wojną napastniczą przeciwko Ukrainie, w tabeli 2b określono konkretne wartości dla operacji skierowanych do tej grupy docelowej. Wartości te mogą być stosowane zamiast odpowiednich wartości określonych w tabeli 2a. Nie są to wartości skumulowane i nie można ich stosować w połączeniu z tabelą 2a.
Te same warunki refundacji mają zastosowanie do wartości określonych w tabelach 2a i 2b. Z uwagi na fakt, że jedyną różnicą jest grupa docelowa, należy określić szczegółowe kryteria kwalifikowalności i ścieżkę audytu dla uczestników zgodnie z konkretnymi krajowymi definicjami, zasadami i praktykami.
W przypadku państw członkowskich wymienionych w tabeli 5:
—
stawki określone w tabelach 2a i 2b należy pomnożyć przez wskaźnik właściwy dla danego programu regionalnego;
—
w przypadku gdy programy obejmują więcej niż jeden region, kwota do refundacji obliczana jest z uwzględnieniem regionu, w którym realizowane są operacja lub projekt.
2.4. Metoda dostosowania
Stawka jednostkowa określona w tabeli 2a może być co roku automatycznie dostosowywana przez zastosowanie indeksu kosztów zatrudnienia dla edukacji (4). Wskaźnikiem podstawowym wykorzystanym do ustalenia wartości w tabeli 2a jest LCIEducation2021 (indeks kosztów zatrudnienia na 2021 r.). Dostosowane wartości z indeksem roku N będą miały zastosowanie do wszystkich odnośnych operacji od 1 stycznia roku N+1.
Dostosowanie to opiera się na następującym wzorze: AdjustedSCO = BaseSCO x LCIEducation latest
Stawki jednostkowe określone w tabeli 2b mogą zostać automatycznie dostosowane poprzez pomnożenie dostosowanych stawek jednostkowych z tabeli 2a przez współczynnik 1,10.
Tabela 2a
Wysokość stawek za szkolenie zarejestrowanych bezrobotnych, osób poszukujących zatrudnienia lub osób biernych zawodowo (w EUR)
Rokiem referencyjnym jest rok 2021, z wyjątkiem pól oznaczonych „*”, w przypadku których rokiem referencyjnym jest rok 2019.
Państwo członkowskie
AT
BE
BG
CY
CZ
DE
DK
EE
EL
ES
FI
FR*
HU
HR
EUR
2 944
3 635
1 143
3 133
838
7 757
6 344
1 052
2 193
2 870
6 141
6 512 *
2 464
831
Państwo członkowskie
IE
IT
LV
LT
LU
MT
NL*
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
SE
EUR
12 362
3 697
1 103
2 060
19 971
3 292
5 219 *
785
1 216
1 244
1 088
626
8 555
Tabela 2b
Wysokość stawek za szkolenie zarejestrowanych bezrobotnych, osób poszukujących zatrudnienia lub osób biernych zawodowo (w EUR), z uwzględnieniem szczególnych potrzeb obywateli państw trzecich lub uchodźców, w tym osób uciekających przed rosyjską wojną napastniczą przeciwko Ukrainie
Państwo członkowskie
AT
BE
BG
CY
CZ
DE
DK
EE
EL
ES
FI
FR*
HU
HR
EUR
3 239
3 998
1 257
3 446
922
8 533
6 979
1 157
2 413
3 158
6 755
7 163 *
2 711
914
Państwo członkowskie
IE
IT
LV
LT
LU
MT
NL*
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
SE
EUR
13 598
4 067
1 213
2 266
21 968
3 621
5 741 *
863
1 338
1 368
1 197
689
9 411
3. OPERACJE DOTYCZĄCE OFEROWANIA SZKOLEŃ OSOBOM ZATRUDNIONYM
3.1. Rodzaje operacji
Wszelkie operacje dotyczące działań szkoleniowych, których głównym celem jest uzyskanie nowych kompetencji lub rozwój i poprawa istniejących kompetencji i które są finansowane przynajmniej częściowo przez przedsiębiorstwa i skierowane do ich pracowników zatrudnionych na podstawie umowy o pracę. Praktyki zawodowe lub umowy szkoleniowe są wyłączone.
Kursy szkoleniowe mogą odbywać się na miejscu, online lub w formacie hybrydowym, przy czym zawsze muszą być realizowane w obecności zarówno instruktora, jak i uczestników.
3.2. Definicja wskaźników uruchamiających wypłacenie stawek jednostkowych
Nazwa wskaźnika:
1)
Stawka godzinowa w przypadku szkolenia osób zatrudnionych
2)
Stawka godzinowa wynagrodzenia wypłacanego pracownikowi za czas przeznaczony na szkolenie
Jednostka pomiaru danego wskaźnika:
1)
Liczba ukończonych godzin szkolenia osób zatrudnionych w przeliczeniu na uczestnika
2)
Liczba godzin, za które wypłaca się pracownikowi wynagrodzenie za czas przeznaczony na szkolenie.
Liczbę godzin należy wykazać za pomocą możliwego do sprawdzenia systemu zarządzania czasem zgodnie z przyjętymi standardowymi praktykami krajowymi.
3.3. Wysokość stawki (w EUR)
Kwoty określone w tabelach 3a i 3b obejmują wszystkie kwalifikowalne koszty operacji, w tym następujące kategorie kosztów:
—
opłaty i płatności za kursy szkoleniowe,
—
podróże i dodatki wypłacane uczestnikom związane z kursami szkoleniowymi,
—
koszty pracy wewnętrznych instruktorów związane ze szkoleniami (koszty bezpośrednie i pośrednie),
—
koszty ośrodka szkoleniowego, sal szkoleniowych i materiałów dydaktycznych.
Czas spędzony na szkoleniach odnosi się do płatnego czasu pracy (w godzinach) spędzonego na szkoleniach; obejmuje to tylko rzeczywisty czas szkolenia i tylko czas spędzony w ramach płatnego czasu pracy.
W przypadku, w którym wynagrodzenie pracownika za czas przeznaczony na szkolenie nie jest kosztem kwalifikowalnym, refundowana jest tylko stawka jednostkowa 1). W przypadku, w którym wynagrodzenie pracownika za czas przeznaczony na szkolenie jest uznawane za koszt kwalifikowalny, refundowana jest łączna kwota stawek jednostkowych 1) i 2).
Jak określono w rozporządzeniu w sprawie wspólnych przepisów, szczegółowe kryteria kwalifikowalności i wymogi dotyczące ścieżki audytu należy ustalić zgodnie z określonymi krajowymi definicjami, zasadami i praktykami.
Jeżeli instytucja zarządzająca lub instytucja pośrednicząca odpowiedzialna za wdrażanie programu stosuje te stawki jednostkowe w celu ustalenia wkładu Unii na rzecz programu w odniesieniu do jednej operacji objętej zakresem niniejszego rozporządzenia, kwoty te stanowią kwotę refundowaną przez Komisję w odniesieniu do wszelkich operacji dotyczących oferowania szkoleń osobom zatrudnionym w ramach tego samego programu zarządzanego przez ten sam organ na rzecz tego samego rodzaju beneficjenta. Ograniczenie to nie dotyczy innych programów zarządzanych przez różne instytucje pośredniczące lub instytucje zarządzające.
W celu uwzględnienia dodatkowych działań wymaganych do zaspokojenia szczególnych potrzeb obywateli państw trzecich lub uchodźców (5), w tym osób uciekających przed rosyjską wojną napastniczą przeciwko Ukrainie, w tabeli 3b określono konkretne wartości dla operacji skierowanych do tej grupy docelowej. Wartości te mogą być stosowane zamiast odpowiednich wartości określonych w tabeli 3a. Nie są to wartości skumulowane i nie można ich stosować w połączeniu z tabelą 3a.
Te same warunki refundacji mają zastosowanie do wartości określonych w tabelach 3a i 3b. Z uwagi na fakt, że jedyną różnicą jest grupa docelowa, należy określić szczegółowe kryteria kwalifikowalności i ścieżkę audytu dla uczestników zgodnie z konkretnymi krajowymi definicjami i praktykami.
W przypadku państw członkowskich wymienionych w tabeli 5:
—
stawki określone w tabelach 3a i 3b należy pomnożyć przez wskaźnik właściwy dla danego programu regionalnego;
—
w przypadku gdy programy obejmują więcej niż jeden region, kwota do refundacji obliczana jest z uwzględnieniem regionu, w którym realizowane są operacja lub projekt.
3.4. Metoda dostosowania
Stawka jednostkowa określona w tabeli 3a może być co roku automatycznie dostosowywana przez zastosowanie indeksu kosztów zatrudnienia dla edukacji (6) i indeksu kosztów zatrudnienia dla wsparcia administracyjnego. Wskaźnikami podstawowymi wykorzystanymi do ustalenia wartości w tabeli 3a jest LCIEducation2021 i LCIAdminSupport2021 (indeks kosztów zatrudnienia na 2021 r.). Dostosowane wartości z indeksem roku N będą miały zastosowanie do wszystkich odnośnych operacji od 1 stycznia roku N+1.
1)
Dostosowanie stawki godzinowej za szkolenie osób zatrudnionych opiera się na następującym wzorze:
AdjustedSCO = BaseSCO x LCIEducation latest
2)
Dostosowanie stawki godzinowej wynagrodzenia wypłacanego pracownikowi za czas przeznaczony na szkolenie opiera się na następującym wzorze:
AdjustedSCO = BaseSCO x LCIAdminSupport latest
Stawki jednostkowe określone w tabeli 3b mogą zostać automatycznie dostosowane poprzez pomnożenie dostosowanych stawek jednostkowych z tabeli 3a przez współczynnik 1,10.
Tabela 3a
Wysokość stawek za szkolenie osób zatrudnionych (w EUR)
Rokiem referencyjnym jest rok 2021, z wyjątkiem pól oznaczonych „*”, w przypadku których rokiem referencyjnym jest rok 2019.
AT
BE
BG
CY
CZ
DE
DK
EE
EL
ES
FI
FR*
HU
HR
Stawka godzinowa za szkolenie osób zatrudnionych (EUR)
44,84
25,63
8,75
21,37
13,52
40,60
44,31
19,19
19,16
18,98
42,36
37,93 *
21,16
12,42
Stawka godzinowa wynagrodzenia wypłacanego pracownikowi za czas przeznaczony na szkolenie (EUR)
32,69
33,55
2,96
13,39
10,68
27,61
35,59
10,00
13,87
20,37
29,26
26,75 *
7,27
7,41
IE
IT
LV
LT
LU
MT
NL*
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
SE
Stawka godzinowa za szkolenie osób zatrudnionych (EUR)
36,23
27,90
10,60
10,88
31,31
23,06
34,73 *
14,52
10,34
0,45
24,27
15,41
67,97
Stawka godzinowa wynagrodzenia wypłacanego pracownikowi za czas przeznaczony na szkolenie (EUR)
32,77
25,30
10,12
5,34
26,88
8,83
23,91 *
6,75
12,39
4,49
9,75
18,49
36,47
Tabela 3b
Wysokość stawek za szkolenie osób zatrudnionych (w EUR), z uwzględnieniem szczególnych potrzeb obywateli państw trzecich lub uchodźców, w tym osób uciekających przed rosyjską wojną napastniczą przeciwko Ukrainie
AT
BE
BG
CY
CZ
DE
DK
EE
EL
ES
FI
FR*
HU
HR
Stawka godzinowa za szkolenie osób zatrudnionych (EUR)
49,32
28,20
9,63
23,51
14,87
44,66
48,75
21,10
21,07
20,88
46,60
41,72 *
23,27
13,67
Stawka godzinowa wynagrodzenia wypłacanego pracownikowi za czas przeznaczony na szkolenie (EUR)
35,96
36,91
3,26
14,73
11,75
30,37
39,14
11,01
15,25
22,41
32,18
29,42 *
8,00
8,15
IE
IT
LV
LT
LU
MT
NL*
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
SE
Stawka godzinowa za szkolenie osób zatrudnionych (EUR)
39,85
30,70
11,66
11,96
34,44
25,36
38,20 *
15,97
11,38
0,49
26,70
16,95
74,77
Stawka godzinowa wynagrodzenia wypłacanego pracownikowi za czas przeznaczony na szkolenie (EUR)
36,04
27,83
11,13
5,87
29,57
9,72
26,30 *
7,42
13,62
4,94
10,73
20,34
40,12
4. OPERACJE DOTYCZĄCE USŁUG W ZAKRESIE PORADNICTWA W DZIEDZINIE ZATRUDNIENIA
4.1. Rodzaje operacji
Wszelkie operacje dotyczące usług w zakresie poradnictwa w dziedzinie zatrudnienia na rzecz zarejestrowanych bezrobotnych, osób poszukujących zatrudnienia lub osób biernych zawodowo. Poradnictwo w dziedzinie zatrudnienia może być zapewnianie w bezpośrednim kontakcie z beneficjentem lub grupowo. Poradnictwo to obejmuje wszelkie usługi i działania publicznych służb zatrudnienia oraz usługi innych agencji publicznych lub wszelkich innych organów finansowanych ze środków publicznych, które to usługi lub działania ułatwiają integrację na rynku pracy osób bezrobotnych i innych osób poszukujących pracy lub które pomagają pracodawcom w poszukiwaniu i doborze pracowników.
4.2. Definicja wskaźników uruchamiających wypłacenie stawek jednostkowych
Nazwa wskaźnika:
1)
Stawka godzinowa za usługi w zakresie poradnictwa
2)
Stawka miesięczna za usługi w zakresie poradnictwa
3)
Stawka roczna za usługi w zakresie poradnictwa
Jednostka pomiaru danego wskaźnika:
—
Liczba godzin świadczenia usług w zakresie poradnictwa na rzecz zarejestrowanych bezrobotnych, osób poszukujących zatrudnienia lub osób biernych zawodowo.
—
Liczba miesięcy świadczenia usług w zakresie poradnictwa na rzecz zarejestrowanych bezrobotnych, osób poszukujących zatrudnienia lub osób biernych zawodowo.
—
Liczba lat świadczenia usług w zakresie poradnictwa na rzecz zarejestrowanych bezrobotnych, osób poszukujących zatrudnienia lub osób biernych zawodowo.
Liczbę godzin należy wykazać za pomocą możliwego do sprawdzenia systemu zarządzania czasem. Liczbę miesięcy lub lat należy wykazać zgodnie ze zwykłymi krajowymi praktykami administracyjnymi dotyczącymi tego rodzaju rejestracji czasu lub uzasadnienia.
Stawka jednostkowa obejmuje świadczenie usług w zakresie poradnictwa przez 1 godzinę/miesiąc/rok, niezależnie od liczby osób korzystających z usługi.
Jeżeli stosowana jest stawka miesięczna lub roczna w przypadku świadczenia usług w niepełnym wymiarze czasu pracy, stawki są ustalane proporcjonalnie do stawek miesięcznych lub rocznych.
Szczegółowe kryteria kwalifikowalności i ścieżkę audytu należy ustalić zgodnie z określonymi krajowymi definicjami, zasadami i praktykami.
4.3. Wysokość stawki (w EUR)
Kwoty określone w tabelach 4a i 4b obejmują wszystkie kwalifikowalne koszty operacji (tj. bezpośrednie koszty personelu + stawka ryczałtowa w wysokości 40 % na pokrycie wszystkich innych kosztów kwalifikowalnych), z wyjątkiem dodatków wypłacanych uczestnikom, które mogą w związku z tym stanowić dodatkowe koszty kwalifikowalne zgodnie z rozporządzeniem (UE) 2021/1060, rozporządzeniami dotyczącymi poszczególnych funduszy i krajowymi zasadami kwalifikowalności.
Jeżeli instytucja zarządzająca lub instytucja pośrednicząca odpowiedzialna za wdrażanie programu stosuje te stawki jednostkowe w celu ustalenia wkładu Unii na rzecz programu w odniesieniu do jednej operacji objętej zakresem niniejszego rozporządzenia, kwoty te stanowią kwotę refundowaną przez Komisję w odniesieniu do wszelkich operacji dotyczących usług w zakresie poradnictwa w dziedzinie zatrudnienia w ramach tego samego programu zarządzanego przez ten sam organ na rzecz tego samego rodzaju beneficjenta. Ograniczenie to nie dotyczy innych programów zarządzanych przez różne instytucje pośredniczące lub instytucje zarządzające.
W celu uwzględnienia dodatkowych działań wymaganych do zaspokojenia szczególnych potrzeb obywateli państw trzecich lub uchodźców (7), w tym osób uciekających przed rosyjską wojną napastniczą przeciwko Ukrainie, w tabeli 4b określono konkretne wartości dla operacji skierowanych do tej grupy docelowej. Wartości te mogą być stosowane zamiast odpowiednich wartości określonych w tabeli 4a. Nie są to wartości skumulowane i nie można ich stosować w połączeniu z tabelą 4a.
Te same warunki refundacji mają zastosowanie do wartości określonych w tabelach 4a i 4b. Z uwagi na fakt, że jedyną różnicą jest grupa docelowa, należy określić szczegółowe kryteria kwalifikowalności i ścieżkę audytu dla uczestników zgodnie z konkretnymi krajowymi definicjami i praktykami.
W przypadku państw członkowskich wymienionych w tabeli 5:
—
stawki określone w tabelach 4a i 4b należy pomnożyć przez wskaźnik właściwy dla danego programu regionalnego;
—
w przypadku gdy programy obejmują więcej niż jeden region, kwota do refundacji obliczana jest z uwzględnieniem regionu, w którym realizowane są operacja lub projekt.
4.4. Metoda dostosowania
Stawka jednostkowa może być co roku automatycznie dostosowywana przez zastosowanie indeksu kosztów zatrudnienia dla administracji publicznej. Wskaźnikiem podstawowym wykorzystanym do ustalenia wartości w tabelach 4a i 4b jest LCIPublic Administration 2021 (indeks kosztów zatrudnienia na 2021 r.). Dostosowane wartości z indeksem roku N będą miały zastosowanie do wszystkich odnośnych operacji od 1 stycznia roku N+1.
—
Stawka godzinowa: AdjustedSCO = BaseSCO x LCIPublic administration year N
LC – indeks kosztów zatrudnienia według działalności NACE Rev. 2 - wartość nominalna, dane roczne [lc_lci_r2_a] NACE Rev. 2 (działalność = O. Administracja publiczna i obrona narodowa; obowiązkowe ubezpieczenia społeczne)
—
Stawka miesięczna: AdjustedSCO = AdjustedSCOHourly rate x Ti x 4,348121417
Ti - średnia liczba godzin przepracowanych w tygodniu zatrudnienia w pełnym wymiarze czasu pracy w danym państwie; 4,348121417 – liczba tygodni pracy w miesiącu;
—
Stawka roczna: AdjustedSCO = AdjustedSCOMonthly rate x 52,177457
52,177457 – liczba tygodni w roku;
Stawki jednostkowe określone w tabeli 4b mogą zostać automatycznie dostosowane poprzez pomnożenie dostosowanych stawek jednostkowych z tabeli 4a przez współczynnik 1,10.
Tabela 4a
Wysokość stawek jednostkowych za usługi w zakresie poradnictwa (w EUR) – poziomy cen z 2021 r.
AT
BE
BG
CY
CZ
DE
DK
EE
EL
ES
FI
FR*
HU
HR
Stawka godzinowa (EUR)
48,30
46,74
7,36
34,64
17,51
54,69
62,57
24,43
23,60
23,59
51,47
53,77
22,24
13,18
Stawka miesięczna (EUR)
8 904
8 352
1 306
6 266
3 158
9 750
10 446
4 303
4 504
4 164
8 997
9 469
3 916
2 338
Stawka roczna (EUR)
106 844
100 228
15 666
75 189
37 892
116 998
125 347
51 639
54 044
49 973
107 957
113 632
46 992
28 064
IE
IT
LV
LT
LU
MT
NL*
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
SE
Stawka godzinowa (EUR)
38,54
35,37
15,62
20,03
41,63
16,84
42,49
11,66
31,71
21,12
38,32
14,72
60,79
Stawka miesięczna (EUR)
6 838
6 260
2 739
3 484
7 349
3 082
7 519
2 116
5 751
3 701
6 896
2 637
10 757
Stawka roczna (EUR)
82 053
75 120
32 861
41 791
88 195
36 984
90 235
25 387
69 011
44 403
82 757
31 634
129 094
Tabela 4b
Wysokość stawek jednostkowych za usługi w zakresie poradnictwa, z uwzględnieniem szczególnych potrzeb obywateli państw trzecich lub uchodźców, w tym osób uciekających przed rosyjską wojną napastniczą przeciwko Ukrainie (w EUR) – poziomy cen z 2021 r.
1.
Usługi opieki w domu to usługi świadczone w domu osoby korzystającej z usług opieki w celu zapewnienia pomocy osobom, które nie mogą same się sobą zająć z powodu obiektywnych okoliczności, w zakresie podstawowych czynności życia codziennego, takich jak mycie się, ubieranie się i jedzenie, lub w zakresie złożonych czynności życia codziennego, takich jak przygotowywanie posiłków, zarządzanie pieniędzmi czy zakupy artykułów spożywczych lub osobistych. Usługi opieki w domu obejmują również mobilną opiekę pielęgniarską i domowe usługi terapeutyczne.
Następujące rodzaje działań kwalifikują się do refundacji:
a)
pomoc osobista w domu;
b)
usługi z zakresu higieny osobistej;
c)
domowa opieka wytchnieniowa;
d)
domowe usługi terapeutyczne i rehabilitacyjne (tylko w przypadku niepełnosprawności ruchowej);
e)
domowa opieka pielęgniarska zapewniająca wsparcie w samodzielnym życiu (z wyłączeniem zakupu sprzętu);
f)
usługi w zakresie rehabilitacji społecznej.
Państwa członkowskie są zobowiązane do zapewnienia co najmniej działań, o których mowa w lit. a), b) i c) łącznie, aby móc ubiegać się o zwrot powiązanych kosztów na podstawie stawki jednostkowej.
2.
Usługi środowiskowej opieki dziennej są najczęściej świadczone w ośrodkach opieki dziennej – instytucjach zapewniających opiekę społeczną i usługi rehabilitacji społecznej w ciągu dnia. Ośrodki opieki dziennej są otwartymi placówkami zapewniającymi opiekę i przyjmującymi osoby, które nie są w stanie w pełni same się sobą zająć i zazwyczaj cierpią na choroby przewlekłe. Ośrodki te umożliwiają podopiecznym nawiązywanie kontaktów towarzyskich i uczestniczenie w zaplanowanych zajęciach grupowych, a jednocześnie zapewniają opiekę w zorganizowanym środowisku w godzinach dziennych.
Następujące rodzaje działań kwalifikują się do refundacji:
—
opieka pielęgniarska;
—
opieka wytchnieniowa;
—
usługi rozwoju zdolności funkcjonowania i umiejętności społecznych;
—
zajęcia grupowe obejmujące stymulację intelektualną, ćwiczenia grupowe i programy na rzecz poprawy kondycji psychicznej i fizycznej.
Jako warunek kwalifikowalności do refundacji państwa członkowskie są zobowiązane do zapewnienia całego zestawu rodzajów działań określonych powyżej na potrzeby operacji dotyczących usług środowiskowej opieki dziennej.
6.2. Definicja wskaźnika uruchamiającego wypłacenie stawek jednostkowych
Nazwa wskaźnika:
1.
Świadczenie usług opieki w domu
2.
Świadczenie usług środowiskowej opieki dziennej
Jednostka pomiaru danego wskaźnika:
1.
Liczba godzin/dni/miesięcy/lat uczestnictwa dla wszystkich uczestników korzystających z usług opieki w domu
2.
Liczba godzin/dni/miesięcy/lat uczestnictwa dla wszystkich uczestników korzystających z usług środowiskowej opieki dziennej
6.3. Wysokość stawki (w EUR)
Kwoty określone w tabelach 6 i 7 poniżej obejmują wszystkie kwalifikowalne koszty operacji (8).
Przy opracowywaniu pojedynczej operacji na rzecz świadczenia usług opieki w domu i usług środowiskowej opieki dziennej wspieranych w ramach EFS+ państwa członkowskie nie mogą dokonywać dowolnego wyboru z wykazu kwalifikowalnych działań określonych w pkt 6.1.1 i 6.1.2. Jako warunek kwalifikowalności do refundacji państwa członkowskie są zobowiązane do zapewnienia pełnego zestawu standardowych operacji określonych w pkt 6.1.2 w przypadku usług środowiskowej opieki dziennej lub – w przypadku opieki w domu – co najmniej działań, o których mowa w pkt 6.1.1 lit. a), b) i c) łącznie.
Dokumenty wymagane do uzasadnienia, że odpowiednie działania zostały zrealizowane i że wszystkie deklarowane produkty zostały uzyskane, są dokumentami wymaganymi zgodnie ze standardowymi praktykami i procedurami każdego państwa członkowskiego. Instytucje zarządzające muszą jasno określić ścieżkę audytu.
Przykłady dokumentów uzasadniających
W przypadku usług opieki w domu:
—
umowa z opiekunem, ewidencja prowadzona przez opiekunów; ocena opiekuna przeprowadzona przez lekarza podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej osoby korzystającej z usług opieki w domu lub przez lokalne instytucje opieki społecznej lub równoważna dokumentacja;
—
karty czasu pracy opiekunów (w celu zastosowania stawki godzinowej) lub inne możliwe do sprawdzenia ewidencje zarządzania czasem.
W przypadku usług środowiskowej opieki dziennej:
—
rejestry zapisów i obecności uczestników;
—
karty czasu pracy pracowników opieki dziennej (w celu zastosowania stawki godzinowej) lub inne możliwe do sprawdzenia ewidencje zarządzania czasem.
Jeżeli instytucja zarządzająca lub instytucja pośrednicząca odpowiedzialna za wdrażanie programu stosuje te stawki jednostkowe w celu ustalenia wkładu Unii na rzecz programu w odniesieniu do jednej operacji objętej zakresem niniejszego rozporządzenia, kwoty te stanowią kwotę refundowaną przez Komisję w odniesieniu do wszelkich operacji dotyczących świadczenia usług opieki w domu i usług środowiskowej opieki dziennej w ramach tego samego programu na rzecz tego samego rodzaju beneficjenta. Ograniczenie to nie dotyczy innych programów zarządzanych przez różne instytucje pośredniczące lub instytucje zarządzające.
6.4. Metoda dostosowania
Wartości stawek jednostkowych za oba rodzaje usług opiekuńczych mogą być co roku dostosowywane na podstawie indeksu kosztów zatrudnienia (LCI) Eurostatu dla działalności gospodarczej „usługi w zakresie ochrony zdrowia i opieki społecznej”. Dostosowane wartości z indeksem roku N będą miały zastosowanie do wszystkich odnośnych operacji od 1 stycznia roku N+1.
Wzór na dostosowanie: Stawka jednostkowa państwa członkowskiego X * indeks LCI państwa członkowskiego X
Tabela 6
Wysokość stawek jednostkowych za usługi opieki w domu – poziomy cen z 2021 r.
| 17,500 |
https://github.com/tonymande/sharespresso/blob/master/CoffeemakerPS/oled_spi.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, LicenseRef-scancode-warranty-disclaimer
| 2,018 |
sharespresso
|
tonymande
|
C++
|
Code
| 268 | 1,052 |
#include "oled_spi.h";
//U8G2_SSD1327_MIDAS_128X128_1_4W_HW_SPI u8g2(U8G2_R0, /* cs=*/ 5, /* dc=*/ 15, /* reset=*/ 8); // PageBuffer
U8G2_SSD1327_MIDAS_128X128_F_4W_HW_SPI u8g2(U8G2_R0, /* cs=*/ 5, /* dc=*/ 15, /* reset=*/ 8); // FullBuffer
OledSpiDisplay::OledSpiDisplay() {}
void OledSpiDisplay::initDisplay() {
u8g2.begin();
u8g2.clearBuffer();
u8g2.setFont(u8g2_font_ncenB12_tr);
u8g2.drawStr(20,24, "Welcome to");
u8g2.setFont(u8g2_font_ncenB14_tr);
u8g2.drawStr(60,24, "Sharepresso");
u8g2.sendBuffer();
}
void OledSpiDisplay::print_logo() {}
void OledSpiDisplay::message_print(String msg1, String msg2, int wait) {
this->message_print(msg1, msg2, "", "", wait);
}
void OledSpiDisplay::message_print(String msg1, String msg2, String msg3, int wait) {
this->message_print(msg1, msg2, "", "", wait);
}
void OledSpiDisplay::message_print(String msg1, String msg2, String msg3, String msg4, int wait) {
#if defined(SERLOG)
if (msg1 != "") { Serial.print(msg1 + " "); }
if (msg2 != "") { Serial.print(msg2); }
if ((msg1 != "") || (msg2 != "")) { Serial.println(""); }
#endif
u8g2.clearBuffer();
if (msg1 != "") {
u8g2.setFont(u8g2_font_ncenB12_tr);
u8g2.drawStr(0, 20, msg1.c_str());
}
if (msg2 != "") {
u8g2.setFont(u8g2_font_ncenB10_tr);
u8g2.drawStr(0, 40, msg2.c_str());
}
if (msg3 != "") {
u8g2.setFont(u8g2_font_ncenB10_tr);
u8g2.drawStr(0, 60, msg3.c_str());
}
if (msg4 != "") {
u8g2.setFont(u8g2_font_ncenB10_tr);
u8g2.drawStr(0, 80, msg4.c_str());
}
u8g2.sendBuffer();
if (wait > 0) {
delay(wait);
u8g2.clearDisplay();
}
}
void OledSpiDisplay::message_print_scroll(String msg) {
u8g2.setFont(u8g2_font_ncenB12_tr);
int fontsize = 12;
int displaywidth = 128;
int displayheight = 128;
int stringwidth = u8g2.getStrWidth(msg.c_str());
// cannot calculate exact textlines because of word-wraps
// -> add three lines for offset.
// change this if you have an idea how to calculate exact textlines
// from a given msg.
int lines = (stringwidth / displaywidth) + 3;
for (int i=128; i>-(lines * fontsize); i--){
u8g2.clearBuffer(); // clear the internal memory
u8g2.drawStr(0, i, msg.c_str());
u8g2.sendBuffer(); // transfer internal memory to the display
// scrollspeed
delay(50);
}
delay(1);
}
void OledSpiDisplay::message_clear() {
u8g2.clearDisplay();
}
| 37,320 |
https://github.com/muxigame/GalForUnity/blob/master/View/BackgroundAutoSize.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
GalForUnity
|
muxigame
|
C#
|
Code
| 254 | 1,217 |
//======================================================================
//
// CopyRight 2019-2020 © MUXI Game Studio
// . All Rights Reserved
//
// FileName : BackgroundAutoSize.cs
//
// Created by 半世癫(Roc) at 2021-01-02 11:46:56
//
//======================================================================
using GalForUnity.Attributes;
using UnityEngine;
using UnityEngine.Events;
namespace GalForUnity.View{
/// <summary>
/// 自动调整背景的大小，使其自动等比拉伸填充屏幕
/// </summary>
public class BackgroundAutoSize : MonoBehaviour{
private float _screenWidth;
private float _screenHeight;
private float _screenWidthWithHeight;
private SpriteRenderer _spriteRenderer;
private Vector3 _screenWorldPosition;
[Rename(nameof(renderingMode),"指定图片应当做何种处理，默认执行等比缩放")]
[Tooltip("指定图片应当做何种处理，默认执行等比缩放")]
public RenderingMode renderingMode = RenderingMode.GeometricScaling;
// [Rename("自定义方法","请指定自定义方法")]
[Tooltip("请指定自定义方法")]
public UnityEvent<Sprite> customMethod;
private void Start(){
_spriteRenderer = GetComponent<SpriteRenderer>();
_screenWidth = Screen.width;
_screenHeight = Screen.height;
_screenWidthWithHeight = _screenWidth / _screenHeight;
// ReSharper disable once ConvertIfStatementToConditionalTernaryExpression
if (Camera.main != null){
_screenWorldPosition = Camera.main.ScreenToWorldPoint(new Vector3(_screenWidth, _screenHeight, 1));
} else{
_screenWorldPosition = Camera.current.ScreenToWorldPoint(new Vector3(_screenWidth, _screenHeight, 1));
}
}
// Update is called once per frame
private void Update(){
if (_spriteRenderer.drawMode != SpriteDrawMode.Sliced&&renderingMode != RenderingMode.None){
_spriteRenderer.drawMode = SpriteDrawMode.Sliced;
}
switch (renderingMode){
case RenderingMode.GeometricScaling:
GeometricScaling();
break;
case RenderingMode.Tiled:
Tiled();
break;
case RenderingMode.Custom:
customMethod?.Invoke(_spriteRenderer.sprite);
break;
default:
None();
break;
}
}
private void GeometricScaling(){
var sprite = _spriteRenderer.sprite;
if (sprite != null){
float widthWithHeight = sprite.bounds.size.x / sprite.bounds.size.y;
//如果图片的横纵比小于屏幕即，图片比屏幕高，则拉满宽度如1:8
if (_screenWidthWithHeight > widthWithHeight){
_spriteRenderer.size=new Vector2(_screenWorldPosition.x * 2, _screenWorldPosition.x * 2 / widthWithHeight);
} else{ //如果图片的横纵比大于屏幕即，图片比屏幕长，则拉满高度如8:1
_spriteRenderer.size=new Vector2(_screenWorldPosition.y * 2 * widthWithHeight, _screenWorldPosition.y * 2);
}
}
gameObject.transform.localScale=new Vector3(1,1,1);
}
private void Tiled(){
_spriteRenderer.size=new Vector2(_screenWorldPosition.x * 2, _screenWorldPosition.y * 2 );
}
private void None(){
var bounds = _spriteRenderer.sprite.bounds;
_spriteRenderer.size=new Vector2(bounds.size.x,bounds.size.y);
}
}
public enum RenderingMode : byte{
[Rename(nameof(Tiled))]
[Tooltip("图像填充整个屏幕")]
Tiled = 0,
[Rename(nameof(GeometricScaling))]
[Tooltip("按比例缩放图片直至最短边覆盖屏幕")]
GeometricScaling = 1,
[Rename(nameof(Custom))]
[Tooltip("用自己的算法执行填充背景")]
Custom =2,
[Rename(nameof(None))]
[Tooltip("保持原有图像")]
None = 3
}
}
| 34,494 |
https://github.com/apache/tapestry-5/blob/master/tapestry-core/src/test/java/org/apache/tapestry5/integration/app1/mixins/EchoValue3.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0, MIT, BSD-3-Clause, MIT-0, CC-BY-2.5, LGPL-2.0-or-later, LicenseRef-scancode-proprietary-license, MPL-1.0, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference, LGPL-2.1-or-later, GPL-1.0-or-later, MPL-1.1
| 2,023 |
tapestry-5
|
apache
|
Java
|
Code
| 178 | 440 |
// Copyright 2009 The Apache Software Foundation
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package org.apache.tapestry5.integration.app1.mixins;
import org.apache.tapestry5.annotations.BindParameter;
import org.apache.tapestry5.annotations.InjectContainer;
import org.apache.tapestry5.MarkupWriter;
import org.apache.tapestry5.ClientElement;
/**
* Mixin demonstrating the use of BindParameter, using explicit naming of the parent parameter.
*/
public class EchoValue3
{
@BindParameter(value = {"object","value"})
private Object boundParameter;
@InjectContainer
private ClientElement element;
private Object temp;
void beginRender(MarkupWriter writer)
{
writer.element("div","id",element.getClientId() + "_before3");
writer.writeRaw("echo3-" + boundParameter + "-before");
writer.end();
temp = boundParameter;
boundParameter = "world";
}
void afterRender(MarkupWriter writer)
{
boundParameter = temp;
writer.element("div","id",element.getClientId() + "_after3");
writer.writeRaw("echo3-" + boundParameter + "-after");
writer.end();
}
}
| 31,586 |
https://github.com/msmbaldwin/azure-sdk-for-net/blob/master/src/ResourceManagement/WebSite/Microsoft.Azure.Management.Websites/Generated/Models/BackupRequest.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,016 |
azure-sdk-for-net
|
msmbaldwin
|
C#
|
Code
| 367 | 903 |
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the MIT License. See License.txt in the project root for
// license information.
//
// Code generated by Microsoft (R) AutoRest Code Generator 0.14.0.0
// Changes may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is
// regenerated.
namespace Microsoft.Azure.Management.WebSites.Models
{
using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using Newtonsoft.Json;
using Microsoft.Rest;
using Microsoft.Rest.Serialization;
using Microsoft.Rest.Azure;
/// <summary>
/// Description of a backup which will be performed
/// </summary>
public partial class BackupRequest : Resource
{
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the BackupRequest class.
/// </summary>
public BackupRequest() { }
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the BackupRequest class.
/// </summary>
public BackupRequest(string location, string id = default(string), string name = default(string), string type = default(string), IDictionary<string, string> tags = default(IDictionary<string, string>), string backupRequestName = default(string), bool? enabled = default(bool?), string storageAccountUrl = default(string), BackupSchedule backupSchedule = default(BackupSchedule), IList<DatabaseBackupSetting> databases = default(IList<DatabaseBackupSetting>), BackupRestoreOperationType? backupRequestType = default(BackupRestoreOperationType?))
: base(location, id, name, type, tags)
{
BackupRequestName = backupRequestName;
Enabled = enabled;
StorageAccountUrl = storageAccountUrl;
BackupSchedule = backupSchedule;
Databases = databases;
BackupRequestType = backupRequestType;
}
/// <summary>
/// Name of the backup
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "properties.name")]
public string BackupRequestName { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// True if the backup schedule is enabled (must be included in that
/// case), false if the backup schedule should be disabled
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "properties.enabled")]
public bool? Enabled { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// SAS URL to the container
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "properties.storageAccountUrl")]
public string StorageAccountUrl { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Schedule for the backup if it is executed periodically
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "properties.backupSchedule")]
public BackupSchedule BackupSchedule { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Databases included in the backup
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "properties.databases")]
public IList<DatabaseBackupSetting> Databases { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Type of the backup. Possible values for this property include:
/// 'Default', 'Clone', 'Relocation'.
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "properties.type")]
public BackupRestoreOperationType? BackupRequestType { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Validate the object. Throws ValidationException if validation fails.
/// </summary>
public override void Validate()
{
base.Validate();
if (this.BackupSchedule != null)
{
this.BackupSchedule.Validate();
}
}
}
}
| 20,848 |
https://openalex.org/W3200142747_2
|
Spanish-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| 2,022 |
La Pena de multa en serio : reflexiones sobre su dimensión y aseguramiento aflictivos a través del delito de quebrantamiento de condena (art. 468 CP)
|
None
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 7,296 | 13,034 |
Evidentemente, también aquí debe el juez valorar el riesgo del traslado penal de la multa y optar
por imponer una pena distinta cuando ello resulte posible y razonable. Ahora bien, lo que me
interesa de ahora en adelante es valorar si la conducta consistente en trasladar el dolor penal de
la multa a un tercero —a espaldas de la autoridad judicial—59 puede ser constitutiva de delito, en
particular, del de (auto)quebrantamiento de condena (art. 468 CP). Dejo, pues, desde este
momento también a un lado la cuestión de si el pago directo o indirecto a cargo de una sociedad
de una multa impuesta a sus directivos o trabajadores podría ser constitutivo de un delito de
administración desleal (art. 252 CP).60 A un lado debe quedar también aquí la cuestión de si la
Las particularidades en TRAPERO BARREALES, El nuevo modelo de suspensión de la ejecución de las penas
privativas de libertad, 2017, pp. 336 ss.
55
Así, tempranamente, BAUMANN, Beschränkung des Lebensstandards anstatt kurzfristiger Freiheitsstrafe,
1968, p. 49.
56
HILLENKAMP, FS-Lackner, 1987, pp. 464 s., n. 48; GRUBE, «Vor § 40», LK-StGB, 13ª ed., 2019, nm. 28; o
RADTKE, «§ 40», MK-StGB, 4ª ed., 2020, nm. 14. Esta posibilidad está regulada con carácter general en el §
47 StGB, en donde se autorizan las penas privativas de libertad cortas cuando ello es ineludible para
asegurar la “intervención sobre el autor o la defensa del ordenamiento jurídico”. Sobre esto mismo, vid. VON
SPIEGEL, Drittwirkung der Geldstrafe, 1979, pp. 183 s.
57
58
Cfr. en detalle infra 3.3., c).
Si el reo pone en conocimiento de la autoridad judicial que ha recibido un préstamo o una donación, el
juez simplemente habrá de modificar el importe de las cuotas periódicas atendiendo a la nueva situación
económica del penado (art. 51 CP).
59
En la discusión alemana, cfr. al respecto p. ej., KRANZ, «Bezahlung von Geldstrafen durch das
Unternehmen — § 258 StGB oder § 266 StGB?», ZJS, (5), 2008, pp. 471 ss.; HORRER/PATZSCHKE,
«Strafrechtlicher Umgang mit Fremdzahlungen von Geldbußen, -strafen und -auflagen durch Unternehmen
für ihre Mitarbeiter», CCZ, (3), 2013, pp. 94 ss.
60
82
Ivó Coca Vila
InDret 3.2021
promesa de pago de una multa penal previa a la comisión de un delito puede constituir ya una
complicidad psíquica punible (art. 29 CP).61
La doctrina española asume tradicionalmente que el condenado que permite que sea un tercero
el que pague la multa o que la abona personalmente con el dinero que le entrega un tercero no
comete un quebrantamiento de condena penalmente típico (art. 468 CP).62 Dos son los
argumentos esgrimidos en favor de esta tesis. Por un lado, se afirma que la noción de “condena”
del art. 468 CP no comprendería la pena de multa, pues aquella habría de interpretarse a la luz
del antiguo art. 129 del CP de 1870 que, en una definición auténtica de condena, no incorporaba
a la multa.63 Por el otro, es común aseverar que el pago por tercero no puede ser constitutivo de
delito porque el legislador ya ha previsto un mecanismo para hacer frente a la no satisfacción de
la pena de multa, a saber, la vía de apremio o, en su caso, la responsabilidad personal subsidiaria
correspondiente (art. 53 CP).64
En mi opinión, sin embargo, ninguno de estos dos argumentos resulta decisivo: ni es evidente
que la noción de “condena” haya de interpretarse conforme a la voluntad histórica del legislador
decimonónico; ni cabe descartar la tipicidad ex art. 468 CP del pago a costa de un tercero por el
simple hecho de que el legislador prevea la vía de apremio o la responsabilidad subsidiaria en
caso de impago. Una cosa es no pagar la multa y otra (muy) distinta pagarla sin soportar la
buscada reducción de la capacidad de consumo. Por qué razón la previsión de un sistema de
ejecución alternativo en caso de impago habría de ocluir la tipicidad del traslado de la multa ex
art. 468 CP precisa de una fundamentación que, hasta donde alcanzo, todavía no ha sido
expuesta.65 En última instancia, esta discusión ensombrece la pregunta central todavía no
discutida: ¿frustra la ejecución de su castigo quien satisface la multa evitando la reducción de su
capacidad de consumo?
Nuestro problema sí ha sido objeto de una viva discusión en Alemania, primero a propósito del
ya derogado delito de encubrimiento (Begünstigung) del § 257 StGB, y posteriormente en relación
En favor del castigo como cómplice de quien se compromete a pagar la multa futura, cfr. p. LÓPEZ PEREGRÍN, La complicidad en el delito, 1997, pp. 320 ss.
61
Cfr. SUÁREZ LÓPEZ, El delito de autoquebrantamiento de condena en el Código Penal Español, 2000, pp. 304
ss.
62
63
Vid. CORCOY BIDASOLO, «El quebrantamiento de condena. Una propuesta legislativa: la frustración de la
pena», ADPCP, (45:1), 1992, pp. 113 s.
Vid. SUÁREZ LÓPEZ, El delito de autoquebrantamiento de condena en el Código Penal Español, 2000, p. 306;
ROVIRA TORRES, El quebrantamiento de condena, 1999, p. 39; CANCIO MELIÁ, «Art. 468», en RODRÍGUEZ MOURULLO
(dir.), Comentarios al Código Penal, 1997, p. 1225; o MAPELLI CAFFARENA, «Quebrantamiento de condena y
evasión de presos», Revista de Estudios Penitenciarios, (244), 1991, p. 23.
64
SUÁREZ LÓPEZ, El delito de autoquebrantamiento de condena en el Código Penal Español, 2000, pp. 304 ss., sí
ofrece una justificación material: el delito de quebrantamiento de condena operaría como norma de
refuerzo de la ejecución de penas que quedan a la voluntad del reo: la existencia de un mecanismo
subsidiario coactivo tornaría innecesario el recurso al art. 468 CP para garantizar la ejecución de la multa.
El problema, de nuevo, es que una cosa es no poder o no querer pagar la multa y otra muy distinta pagarla
evitando toda afectación personal. Lo primero activa mecanismos subsidiarios de ejecución de la pena, lo
segundo pone punto final a la ejecución de una pena no aflictiva para el reo.
65
83
Ivó Coca Vila
InDret 3.2021
con el vigente delito de frustración de la ejecución del § 258 (2) StGB.66 De hecho, hasta el año
1990, el BGH consideraba punible como delito de frustración de la ejecución el pago directo de
la multa penal por parte de un tercero. Sin embargo, a propósito de un supuesto en el que el
responsable de una asociación había pagado directamente la multa penal y los costes judiciales
y de defensa de su director como consecuencia de la comisión de un delito de contaminación del
agua (§ 324 StGB),67 el BGH cambió de postura, negando —en contra de la doctrina mayoritaria
por entonces en Alemania— la tipicidad del pago por parte de tercero en cualquiera de las formas
imaginables. En favor de su tesis, arguye el Tribunal los siguientes tres argumentos.
En primer lugar, afirma que la pena de multa obliga tan solo al condenado a ingresar en la cuenta
del juzgado una determinada cantidad de dinero.68 Los funcionarios públicos deben asegurar que
se lleve a cabo el pago de multa; sin embargo, lo que no puede asegurarse a través de la ejecución
es la afectación personal (persönliche Betroffenheit) de la multa, pues ello dependería
esencialmente de la voluntad del reo. Esta afectación personal no sería ejecutable y, por lo tanto,
no puede ser objeto del delito del § 258 (2) StGB. Así las cosas, solo cometería el delito quien
afecta o distorsiona el procedimiento externo de ejecución encaminado al cobro de la multa
(äußeren Ablauf der Vollstreckung), por ejemplo, facilitando datos falsos que supongan la
liberación del condenado o facilitando documentación falsa que acredite un trabajo que no existe
a fin de conseguir una suspensión de la pena. Extender esta norma a la protección del fin de la
pena sería, así lo entiende el BGH, contrario a la prohibición de analogía in malam partem. En
segundo lugar, señala dicho Tribunal que la tesis según la cual ciertas clases de pago por tercero,
aquellas más evidentes, sí serían típicas, en particular, el pago directo y la donación vox populi
previa al pago, supondría privilegiar las estrategias de burla (“Privilegierung von Komödien”).69 La
referida tesis, sostenida entonces por un importante sector doctrinal, llevaría únicamente a
castigar al autor torpe que es incapaz de recurrir a una de las múltiples formas de disimular el
pago de tercero, por ejemplo, recibiendo un préstamo cuya devolución nunca será exigida. En
tercer y último lugar, en contra de quienes pretenden castigar incluso el supuesto en el que la
donación al condenado se hace tras el pago de la multa, entiende el BGH que ello supondría una
injerencia desmedida en las relaciones privadas del condenado, al mismo tiempo que llevaría a
castigar comportamientos de asistencia al penado socialmente adecuados.70
b.
El pago de tercero como (auto)quebrantamiento de condena
Aunque en nuestro país apenas se ha discutido la posibilidad de castigar el traslado del dolor
penal de la multa a un tercero como forma de quebrantamiento de condena (art. 468 CP),71
advierto sobradas razones para entender que, como mínimo una parte de las maniobras de
desplazamiento del costo de la multa a un tercero, constituye efectivamente una forma de
Frustración del castigo - § 258 (2): Igualmente será castigado quien, a propósito, o intencionadamente,
total o parcialmente, frustre la ejecución de una pena o medida impuesta a otro.
66
67
BGHSt 37, 226; NJW, 1991, pp. 990 ss.
68
BGHSt 37, 226; NJW, 1991, p. 992.
69
BGHSt 37, 226; NJW, 1991, p. 993.
70
BGHSt 37, 226; NJW, 1991, p. 993.
Vid. sin embargo ya MANZANARES SAMANIEGO, La pena de multa, 1977, pp. 248 ss.; y posteriormente,
negando la tipicidad, SUÁREZ LÓPEZ, El delito de autoquebrantamiento de condena en el Código Penal Español,
2000, pp. 304 ss.
71
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quebrantamiento de condena penalmente típico.72 Dos son las premisas que sustentan esta
conclusión.
En primer lugar, y asumiendo que penar supone irrogar al culpable un mal fáctico-aflictivo,
entiendo que una adecuada ejecución de la pena de multa, acorde por lo tanto con los principios
de efectividad e identidad entre lo ejecutado y lo resuelto (art. 3.2 CP y 18.2 LOPJ),73 no pasa
simplemente por garantizar que aquella sea abonada en la cuenta de consignaciones del juzgado
o tribunal. Es más, ni siquiera cabe entender correctamente ejecutada la pena cuando es el propio
penado el que lleva a cabo la transferencia en pago de la multa. Las apariencias o la realidad
formal no pueden ser aquí decisivas. En mi opinión, una ejecución adecuada de la pena de multa
debe garantizar la afectación personal del reo, esto es, que sea realmente el sujeto objeto del acto
de censura quien soporte la dimensión fáctico-aflictiva de la pena.74 A falta de tal afectación
personal, la pena no se ha cumplido, y sin extinción de la responsabilidad criminal (art. 130.2º
CP), el procedimiento de ejecución tampoco puede concluir.
Lo anterior, en contra de lo sostenido por GÜNTHER,75 no supone vincular la correcta ejecución de
la pena a la efectiva provocación en el penado de determinados sentimientos: una cosa es la
afectación personal de la pena contemplada objetivamente, y otra muy distinta cómo el concreto
sujeto perciba subjetivamente la pena que efectivamente se le impone. La ejecución de la pena,
en palabras de HILLENKAMP, no asegura el “verse afectado” (“Betroffensein”), sino tan solo el
“poderse ver afectado” (“Betroffenwerden”) como precondición del dolor penal.76 Con un ejemplo:
cuando el penado paga la multa y sufre una reducción de su capacidad de consumo del 10%
durante seis meses aquella se ha ejecutado correctamente. El que el concreto sujeto apenas
perciba como algo doloroso esa específica pérdida de consumo, por ejemplo, porque como
consecuencia de un confinamiento domiciliario apenas tendrá posibilidad de consumir durante
los seis meses es, a estos efectos, irrelevante. Y adviértase que lo aquí defendido, en contra de lo
comúnmente afirmado en la doctrina alemana, tampoco significa confundir la ejecución de la
pena con la garantía del fin último de aquella.77 El traslado de la multa a un tercero no solo atenta
contra el fin último de la pena (prevención general, retribución comunicativa…), sino que impide
ya hablar siquiera de una pena ejecutada.78 Ante una mera frustración del fin de la pena
En Alemania, siguen abogando por la tipicidad ex § 258 (2) StGB de ciertas formas de traslado del dolor
penal de la multa, entre otros: HILLENKAMP, FS-Lanckner, 1987, pp. 466 s.; o WALTER, «§ 258 StGB», LK-StGB,
12ª ed., 2010, nm. 47 ss., con ulteriores referencias.
72
Sobre ambos principios, su regulación legal e interpretación constitucional, cfr. SERRANO BUTRAGUEÑO,
«Ideas generales sobre la ejecución de sentencias civiles y penales», en EL MISMO (dir.), Ejecución de sentencias
civiles y penales, 1994, pp. 26 ss. En general, sobre la naturaleza jurídica y los principios rectores de la
ejecución de la sentencia penal, vid. SEOANE SPIEGELBERG, «La ejecución de las sentencias penales», en
AAVV., Derecho Procesal Penal, 3ª ed., 2014, pp. 1080 ss.; en particular, sobre la ejecución de la pena de
multa, ob cit., p. 1102.
73
74
Muy claro en este sentido, vid. ya VON SELLE, Gerechte Geldstrafe, 1997, pp. 74 ss., 79.
Vid. GÜNTHER, Das Unrecht der Strafvereitelung (§ 258 StGB), 1998, p. 196, n. 588; asimismo, ENGELS,
«Vollstreckungsvereitelung durch Zahlung fremder Geldstrafe?», JURA, (11), 1981, p. 584; quienes
confunden la imprescindible afectación personal objetiva del penado con la sensibilidad subjetiva del mal.
75
76
Cfr. HILLENKAMP, «Entscheidungen – Strafrecht», JR, (2), 1992, pp. 75 s.
Cfr. en cambio GÜNTHER, Das Unrecht der Strafvereitelung (§ 258 StGB), 1998, p. 196, para quien el delito
de frustración de la ejecución solo habría de garantizar el éxito de lo primero, pero no la consecución del
fin último de la pena.
77
Y una pena no ejecutada, como señala MAÑALICH («El derecho penitenciario entre la ciudadanía y los
derechos humanos», Derecho y Humanidades, [18], 2011, p. 172), en realidad, no es una pena: “si tiene
78
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estaríamos en el supuesto en el que el amigo del reo trata de convencerle insistentemente
durante sus encuentros en prisión de que no debe arrepentirse por el homicidio cometido. Aquí,
el amigo frustra el fin resocializador de la pena, pero no su afectación personal. En los casos que
aquí nos ocupan, sin embargo, no es solo que la pena no ejerza su fin, sino que al trasladar el
pago de la multa a un tercero el condenado no soporta menoscabo alguno en su capacidad de
consumo, de modo que la pena queda reducida a su dimensión simbólica de reproche.79 Ello
frustra la adecuada ejecución de la pena: ¿o es que alguien no vería inconveniente alguno en que
fuera una persona distinta al condenado la que ingresara voluntariamente en prisión una vez
declarado culpable al verdadero responsable del delito? De nuevo en palabras de HILLENKAMP:
“nadie puede perturbar o destruir las condiciones de posibilidad de la afectación personal y, por
lo tanto, nadie puede blindar al condenado de la prestación penal, asumir su pena y, con ello,
eliminar los presupuestos bajo los cuales la pena puede surtir efecto tal y como debería hacerlo”.80
Pese a las tradicionales voces críticas en la doctrina española, ahora ya en segundo lugar, el
castigo del (auto)quebrantamiento de condena no supone un abuso del ius puniendi estatal.81 El
delito del art. 468 CP, más bien, protege de un modo legítimo una de las dos dimensiones de la
pretensión punitiva del Estado derivada de una sentencia penal condenatoria. Aquel no solo
queda facultado a censurar el hecho de quien es declarado responsable de la comisión de un
delito, sino que también lo está para irrogarle al culpable un mal fáctico-aflictivo a fin de reforzar
el mensaje de reprobación. Esta pretensión punitiva del Estado encuentra su correlato lógico en
el deber del condenado de soportar la pena (art. 118 CE, art. 17.2 LOPJ y art. 4 LOGP). además ZACYZK, «Die Bedeutung der Strafbegründung für den Strafvollzug», en SCHNEIDER et al. (eds.),
Festschrift für Manfred Seebode, 2008, pp. 592 ss., 594, quien considera inaceptable que el ente político
llamado a ejecutar la pena (Estado federado) sea distinto al que legisla penalmente (Federación).
Tampoco desaparecen las consecuencias aflictivas no estrictamente punitivas asociadas al proceso o a la
declaración de culpabilidad, en particular, la inscripción en el Registro Central de Penados. Sobre tales
efectos colaterales, vid. SILVA SÁNCHEZ, En busca del Derecho penal, 2015, pp.73 ss.
79
80
HILLENKAMP, «Entscheidungen – Strafrecht», JR , (2), 1992, p. 75.
Al respecto, cfr. SUÁREZ LÓPEZ, El delito de autoquebrantamiento de condena en el Código Penal Español,
2000, pp. 245 ss., donde se compendian las tesis contrarias a la incriminación del autoquebrantamiento, en
particular, de condenas privativas de libertad. Para una ilustrativa defensa de la legitimidad de este delito,
así como su relevancia en sistemas que quieren prescindir de la pena privativa de libertad en régimen
cerrado, vid. EL MISMO, «De la desaparición a la expansión del autoquebrantamiento de condena», en
CARBONELL MATEU et al. (coords.), Estudios Penales en Homenaje al Profesor Cobo del Rosal, 2005, pp. 925 ss.,
928 s. Próximo, ÁLVAREZ GARCÍA, «Sobre quebrantamiento de condena, desobediencias, impago de
pensiones, falta de comparecencia a comisiones de investigación y a citaciones judiciales», en GARCÍA VALDÉS
et al. (coords.), Estudios Penales en Homenaje a Enrique Gimbernat, t. II, 2008, pp. 1791 ss.
81
Así célebremente PAWLIK, Confirmación de la norma y equilibrio en la identidad, 2019, p. 65; EL MISMO,
Ciudadanía y Derecho penal, 2016, p. 56. Próximos, vid. asimismo MAÑALICH, Derecho y Humanidades, (18),
2011, p. 172, SILVA SÁNCHEZ, Malum passionis. Mitigar el dolor del Derecho penal, 2018, pp. 175 s., n. 456.
Sobre el deber de soportar la pena como derivación del primigenio deber ciudadano en la teoría de la pena
de Binding, vid. además ROBLES PLANAS, «Coacción, retribución, demostración. Sobre la teoría de la pena en
Binding», en Libro Homenaje a Ignacio Muñagorri Laguía, en prensa.
82
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de sujeción especial de nuevo cuño.83 A los efectos que aquí interesan baste con afirmar que el
injusto del delito de (auto)quebrantamiento de condena reside en la frustración de la pretensión
estatal de castigo en su dimensión fáctico-aflictiva. El art. 468 CP, con otras palabras, castiga a
quien burla la pretensión del Estado sustrayéndose de la afectación personal que ha de dotar de
seriedad a la declaración de culpabilidad.84 A esto mismo alude la doctrina mayoritaria en nuestro
país cuando afirma que el bien jurídico protegido por el art. 468 CP es la efectividad de los
pronunciamientos de la Autoridad judicial en materia de ejecución de penas y medidas.85
Pues bien, tomando en consideración que el delito de quebrantamiento de condena del art. 468
CP pretende proteger la pretensión punitiva del Estado y que dicha pretensión es defraudada a
través de cualquier maniobra que reduce de forma sustancial o elimina la afectación personal de
la pena, creo plausible afirmar que el traslado de la multa a un tercero es, con carácter general,
un quebranto de la pretensión penal punitiva del Estado típica conforme al art. 468 CP.86 En mi
opinión, ninguno de los argumentos clásicamente esgrimidos contra esta conclusión resulta
concluyente. Habiendo ya mostrado que no hay razón decisiva para excluir interpretativamente
de la noción de “condena” a la pena de multa, ni para concebir la existencia de un mecanismo de
apremio o la previsión de la responsabilidad personal subsidiaria como un obstáculo para afirmar
la tipicidad del traslado de la multa a un tercero, en este lugar procedo a dar respuesta a las tres
principales objeciones restantes formuladas contra la tesis aquí amparada.
En primer lugar, es común afirmar que dada la imposibilidad de descubrir todas o siquiera una
gran mayoría de las formas de traslado del dolor penal de la multa, sería injusto castigar aquellas
formas más evidentes. Quien se conforma con sancionar tales quebrantamientos de la pena de
multa, en realidad, estaría “privilegiando las comedias”.87 En mi opinión, la dificultad para
descubrir y sancionar un hecho no es, sin embargo, una razón suficiente para negar la tipicidad
de aquel comportamiento merecedor de pena que encaja en un tipo legal.88 ¿O es que acaso
De lo que no debería haber duda es de que este deber especial de tolerar la pena es, con carácter general,
exigible. Por humano que pueda ser el hecho de intentar sustraerse a un mal, es legitimable una norma de
comportamiento que obliga a quien ha sido condenado como responsable de un delito a tolerar su pena
impuesta en el marco de un proceso judicial. Vid. sin embargo, MAPELLI CAFFARENA, Revista de Estudios
Penitenciarios, (244), 1991, p. 24: “Si, por el contrario, no debe perseguirse penalmente el quebrantamiento
de la reclusión es por respeto a lo que es un instinto natural y porque frente a ese impulso el Estado no puede
exigir tales grados de docilidad” [cursiva en el original].
83
84
Así ya, SILVA SÁNCHEZ, Malum passionis. Mitigar el dolor del Derecho penal, 2018, p. 175, n. 456.
Pars pro toto, SUÁREZ LÓPEZ, El delito de autoquebrantamiento de condena en el código Penal Español, 2000,
pp. 254 ss., 276 ss., 282 s. Que la represión penal eficaz del (auto)quebrantamiento de condena es a su vez
fundamental para fomentar el progresivo abandono de la pena de prisión cerrada fue puesto ya de relieve
entre nosotros de forma convincente por GARCÍA ALBERO, «Del quebrantamiento de condena», en QUINTERO
OLIVARES (dir.), Comentarios al Código Penal Español, t. II, 2016, p. 1545: “la incriminación de tales conductas
es pues el precio razonable que conlleva la irrupción de mayores esferas de libertad en el cumplimiento de
las penas, con la consiguiente mayor vulnerabilidad de la efectividad de las resoluciones judiciales, y por
ello, la atribución de más cotas de corresponsabilidad del sujeto en el cumplimiento de aquellas”. En la
doctrina alemana, sobre la importancia de asegurar la personalidad de la pena de multa para reducir el
recurso a la prisión, vid. ya STREE, «Anmerkung», JZ, (18), 1964, p. 589.
85
Aunque a propósito del § 258 (2) StGB, como en el texto, vid. HILLENKAMP, JR, (2), 1992, p. 75; SCHOLL, «Die
Bezahlung einer Geldstrafe durch Dritte – ein altes Thema und noch immer ein Problem», NStZ, (12), 1999,
p. 605; o KLESCZEWSKI, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil, 2016, § 19, nm. 112. Próximo WODICKA, «Bezahlung einer
Geldstrafe durch Dritte», NStZ, (10), 1991, p. 487.
86
87
Así ya, V. BAR, Gesetz und Schuld. Bd. II: Die Schuld nach dem Strafgesetze, 1907, p. 778.
88
Muy claro en este sentido, vid. HILLENKAMP, JR, (2), 1992, p. 76.
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dejaríamos de castigar por robo a quien entra a cara descubierta en un banco porque de haberlo
hecho a cara cubierta no hubiera sido nunca identificado? Y tampoco es cierto que sancionar las
formas de traslado de la multa suponga sancionar la torpeza del autor incapaz de ocultar su
hecho. Lo que se reprime es única y exclusivamente el quebrantamiento de condena. Cuestión
distinta es que cuanto más sofisticada sea la maniobra, menor será la probabilidad de ser
descubierto: esto, sin embargo, no es un problema propio de la represión del quebrantamiento
de la pena de multa.89 Lo relevante, en definitiva, no es si se pueden o no descubrir todas las
formas de quebrantamiento penalmente típicas, sino más bien qué específicas formas de traslado
de la multa a un tercero pueden ser consideradas típicas conforme al art. 468 CP.90
En segundo lugar, se afirma que la represión del traslado de la multa, en la medida en que exigiría
un seguimiento profundo y prolongado en el tiempo de todas las relaciones económicas del
penado, supondría una intromisión injustificable en la intimidad, tanto del condenado como de
su entorno familiar y social. Y es que, a diferencia de lo que sucede en la actualidad, en donde los
jueces apenas investigan la capacidad económica del reo,91 una ejecución personal de la pena de
multa requeriría de una investigación escrupulosa de los patrones de consumo del penado y de
sus relaciones financieras con terceros. En mi opinión, sin embargo, tampoco este argumento es
convincente. Aunque es cierto que una concepción de la multa como la aquí defendida ha de
llevar a una intensificación del control judicial de la situación patrimonial del penado y sus
relaciones financieras, tanto antes como después de la determinación de la multa, la injerencia
en la intimidad del penado (y su entorno) es justificable. Por un lado, resulta que los arts. 50.5 y
51 CP obligan ya al juez que impone una multa a indagar la situación económica del reo. Por el
otro, la injerencia en la intimidad derivada de un control exhaustivo de tal situación en poco o
nada se diferenciará de las toleradas hoy en día en el marco de una instrucción penal por delitos
económicos (p. ej., blanqueo de capitales, defraudación tributaria) contra sujetos todavía no
declarados culpables, o a los efectos de practicar el decomiso (arts. 127 ss. CP). Y en tercer y último lugar, frente al planteamiento aquí acogido cabría afirmar que resulta cuanto
menos paradójico tratar de reducir el uso de la pena de prisión criminalizando el quebranto de la
pena de multa. Dado que, a diferencia de lo que contempla el vigente art. 468 CP, la pena a
imponer en tal caso no puede ser otra multa, el aseguramiento de su ejecución habría de pasar
por la imposición de una pena de prisión. Así, ni se reduciría el dolor penal, ni se llegaría a
ninguna consecuencia práctica distinta a la que llegan quienes abogan por recurrir también en
los casos que aquí nos ocupan al régimen de responsabilidad personal subsidiaria (art. 53 CP). En
mi opinión, tampoco esta objeción es decisiva. En realidad, la paradoja señalada es una
manifestación particular de la paradoja que caracteriza a todo el sistema penal: el recurso a un
mal, la pena, para evitar otro mayor, el bellum omnium contra omnes. Creo que hay buenas razones
Acertadamente, KLESCZEWSKI, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil, 2016, § 19, nm. 112, quien señala que lo
fundamental es evitar los privilegios normativos, algo que sin embargo no haría el BGH al no sancionar a
quien desplaza la multa a un tercero.
89
90
Infra c).
Al respecto, en detalle, vid. BARQUÍN SANZ, «La pena de días multa en la práctica judicial española», en DE
VICENTE REMESAL et al. (dirs.), Libro Homenaje al Profesor Diego-Manuel Luzón Peña, v. II, 2020, pp. 1245 s.;
CARDENAL MONTRAVETA, La pena de multa, 2020, pp. 98 ss., 120 ss., 148 ss.; o DAUNIS RODRÍGUEZ, Ejecución de
penas en España. La reinserción social en retirada, 2016, pp. 299 s.
91
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para creer que el aseguramiento de la multa, incluso a costa del recurso a la prisión ante su
quebranto en casos excepcionales, es condición necesaria para que aquella pueda ser prevista
como la pena por antonomasia también ante delitos graves. Si esto es así, el recurso puntual a la
prisión podría efectivamente ser —en determinadas circunstancias—92 un peaje adecuado para
una reducción global del dolor penal. El recurso al régimen de responsabilidad personal
subsidiaria supondría dejar de castigar el injusto adicional que comete quien frustra la pretensión
punitiva del Estado. En realidad, la tesis que aboga por tratar a quien frustra dicha pretensión de
igual forma que quien no paga la multa no ha sido capaz de explicar por qué razón algo distinto
habría de valer ante el quebranto del resto de penas. ¿O es que acaso el que quebranta su pena
privativa de libertad solo habría de ser forzado a cumplir la pena inicialmente prevista? De nuevo,
una cosa es no cumplir la multa y otra cosa frustrar la pretensión punitiva del Estado.
c.
Casuística
Al rebatir el argumento del “privilegio de las comedias” se ha afirmado que lo relevante no es si
ciertas modalidades de traspaso del dolor de la multa a un tercero son de muy difícil detección,
sino qué formas de pago por tercero son efectivamente constitutivas de delito de
quebrantamiento de condena ex art. 468 CP. Llegados a este punto queda tan solo por dar
respuesta a esta última cuestión.
En los supuestos en los que es un tercero el que directamente paga la multa en la cuenta de
consignaciones del juzgado, asumiendo que el reo ha consentido esa maniobra y,93 con ello, como
mínimo, se retrasa de un modo significativo la ejecución de la pena de multa, este estará
efectivamente cometiendo un delito de quebrantamiento de condena típico (art. 468 CP).94 El que
el pago abiertamente en favor de tercero no haya de ser aceptado por parte del Letrado de la
Administración de Justicia no quita para afirmar la tipicidad ex art. 468 CP, sino que más bien
obliga a preguntarse por la eventual responsabilidad del funcionario que ejecuta una pena de
forma distinta a lo establecido en la sentencia (art. 3.2 CP). Mayores son los problemas que
plantea el pago indirecto por parte de un tercero, esto es, aquellos supuestos en los que, pese a
ser el propio condenado el que satisface en la cuenta de consignaciones la multa, es un tercero
el que soporta la reducción de la capacidad de consumo. A su vez, como he señalado arriba, cabe
distinguir tres escenarios atendiendo al momento en el que el tercero asume el costo de la multa
impuesta al penado.
Efectivamente, el vigente art. 468 CP sanciona el quebrantamiento de una condena no privativa de
libertad con una multa, por lo que el quebrantamiento de la multa habría de ser castigado con otra multa.
Sin embargo, ello no es un argumento decisivo para negar la tipicidad de la frustración de la ejecución de la
multa. Más bien, habla en favor de la necesidad de una reforma del delito de quebrantamiento de la pena
de multa. Solo ante casos especialmente graves debería preverse una pena privativa de libertad, en el resto
de supuestos, los trabajos en beneficio de la comunidad aparecen como una alternativa preferible a una
nueva multa.
92
Puede quedar aquí a un lado la pregunta por la responsabilidad en la que incurre el extraneus que paga la
multa. El Tribunal Supremo (STS 395/2005, ponente Martín Pallín) ha admitido la cooperación necesaria
del extraneus en el delito de (auto)quebrantamiento de condena. En todo caso, dado que el art. 468 CP es un
delito especial, el hecho quedará siempre impune si el tercero satisface directamente la multa a espaldas
del condenado.
93
Aunque a propósito del § 258 (2) StGB, en este mismo sentido, vid. WALTER, «§ 258 StGB», LK-StGB, 12ª
ed., 2010, nm 51. Próximo, vid. también ALTENHAIN, «§ 258 StGB», NK-StGB, 5ª ed., 2017, nm. 65; o HECKER,
«§ 258», Schönke/Schröder-StGB, 30ª ed., 2019, nm. 29, quien solo quiere castigar el pago directo por parte
del tercero que engaña al funcionario sobre su identidad.
94
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En primer lugar, es posible que el condenado reciba el dinero del tercero inocente de forma previa
a la condena, ya sea antes o después de la comisión del hecho delictivo. A los efectos que aquí
interesan, esta entrega solo es problemática cuando el juez no pueda tomarla en consideración a
la hora de establecer el quantum de la multa. En contra del castigo en estos supuestos podría
afirmarse que el objeto de la acción del quebrantamiento no existe en el momento de la donación,
el sujeto no ha sido todavía condenado, así que no es posible imputar la frustración de la
ejecución a este incremento patrimonial previo a la condena. Asimismo, cabría afirmar que el
condenado que paga su multa con el dinero que ha recibido no estaría quebrantando su condena,
sino más bien cometiendo un injusto de peligro distinto, similar estructuralmente al del art.
258.1 CP, que castiga en sede de alzamiento de bienes (frustración de la ejecución) la
presentación a la autoridad de una relación de bienes o patrimonio incompleta o mendaz.95 En
mi opinión, ninguna de las dos objeciones resulta concluyente. Por un lado, si partimos de que
el comportamiento típico es la conducta que crea un riesgo relevante para un bien jurídico y de
que ese riesgo no es sino probabilidad de lesión futura, lo único que ha de concurrir en el
momento de la acción es precisamente esa probabilidad de lesión. Como ha señalado SILVA
SÁNCHEZ, la norma penal protege la indemnidad del bien jurídico frente a agresiones probables,
de modo que lo único cuya presencia se requiere en el momento de la acción es el valor o la
pretensión de vigencia del bien jurídico.96 Pues bien, del mismo modo que quien coloca una
bomba delante de un cuadro que va a ser declarado bien de interés cultural al día siguiente,
programándola para que estalle unos minutos después de la declaración, comete un delito de
daños a un bien de interés cultural; quien recibe una donación para pagar la multa futura quiebra
su condena cuando consigue con ello que la ejecución no afecte a su capacidad de consumo.97 Así
las cosas, tampoco cabe reducir el injusto en estos supuestos a una mera no revelación de su
situación patrimonial de forma análoga. No se sanciona la falta de colaboración del penado, sino
el haberse sustraído a la dimensión aflictiva de la pena.
En segundo lugar, es posible que el condenado reciba el dinero por parte de un tercero tras la
condena, pero antes del pago de la multa. También este supuesto puede ser considerado
constitutivo de un delito de quebrantamiento de condena ex art. 468 CP. Y ello con
independencia de si el tercero lleva a cabo una burda donación o la enmascara, por ejemplo, a
través de un préstamo. El que el condenado pague él mismo la deuda es irrelevante, pues con ello
no se consigue reducir su capacidad de consumo. El pago de la deuda no es sino el mecanismo
para ocultar la anulación de la afectación personal de la multa.98 Y esto, en principio, vale incluso
cuando el condenado paga la multa gracias al préstamo con intereses concedido por un tercero.
Asimismo, el art. 86.1.d) CP prevé la revocación de la suspensión de la pena privativa de libertad cuando
el condenado facilite información inexacta o insuficiente sobre el paradero de bienes u objetos cuyo
decomiso hubiera sido acordado, o facilite información inexacta o insuficiente sobre su patrimonio,
incumpliendo la obligación impuesta en el artículo 589 de la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil.
95
96
SILVA SÁNCHEZ, «La dimensión temporal del delito y los cambios de estatus del objeto de la acción», en
QUINTERO OLIVARES/MORALES PRATS (eds.), El nuevo derecho penal español. Estudios penales en memoria del
profesor José Manuel Valle Muñiz, 2001, p. 763.
El elemento típico objeto de la acción, en este caso la condena, basta que concurra ex post, al igual que
sucede con el proceso resultativo con sus correspondientes medios y características.
97
Acertadamente críticos contra las aproximaciones formalistas centradas exclusivamente en quién paga la
multa en la interpretación del delito de encubrimiento (Begünstigung), cfr. STREE, JZ, (18), 1964, p. 589; y
anteriormente, muy claro, STOOSS, «Geldstrafe und Begünstigung», SchZStr, (11), 1898, pp. 364 ss.; o VON
DER DECKEN, «Ist die Bezahlung einer Geldstrafe durch einen Dritten zuläßig oder Strafbar?», ZStW, (12),
1892, pp. 99 ss.
98
90
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También aquí el préstamo —no tenido en cuenta en el cálculo de la cuota— priva (aunque sea
parcialmente) a la multa de su idoneidad para reducir la capacidad de consumo del penado.
Cuestión distinta es que cuando la pérdida de aflicción sea mínima el hecho sea considerado
atípico en atención al principio de insignificancia.99
Y en tercer y último lugar, es también posible que el condenado afronte personalmente el pago
de la multa, recibiendo sin embargo posteriormente una cantidad de dinero que compensa la
multa. La valoración penal de este supuesto no depende de si la donación se había prometido o
no antes del pago de la multa, y de si tal promesa se considera lícita o ilícita.100 Más bien, lo
decisivo aquí es si el pago compensatorio evita o no que el condenado soporte la reducción de la
capacidad de consumo buscada. Allí donde la pena de días-multa se haya de satisfacer a través
de un único pago, algo común en el marco del sistema penal español,101 una compensación
inmediatamente posterior evita la reducción de la capacidad de consumo del penado, por lo que
ha de ser considerada también penalmente relevante ex art. 468 CP. Frente a esta tesis, sin
embargo, cabría alegar que la ejecución de la condena ya ha finalizado con el pago único, así que
la posterior compensación no puede quebrantar ya la condena.102 Por el contrario, allí donde la
pena de días-multa se cumpla a plazos (art. 50.6 CP), el reintegro del dinero pagado una vez
finalizada la ejecución de la pena de multa no será constitutivo de un delito de quebrantamiento
de condena. En este segundo caso, en realidad, la multa ha sido correctamente ejecutada,
también en su dimensión fáctico-aflictiva. El posterior pago supone un incremento patrimonial
idóneo para compensar la reducción total padecida, pero no anula retroactivamente la ejecución
de la multa, pues no hace desaparecer la pérdida de capacidad de consumo ya soportada.103 Algo
distinto deberá valer cuando la compensación posterior ha sido previamente pactada y el pago
temporal de la multa no consigue reducir la capacidad de consumo de quien mantiene su patrón
a costa de endeudarse. Aquí, de nuevo, la promesa de compensación sí elimina la dimensión
aflictiva de la pena.
4.
Conclusiones
1. Pese a la gran relevancia práctica y sus múltiples ventajas político-criminales, la posibilidad
de desplazar el coste de la multa, ya sea dispersándolo en el entorno social del condenado, ya sea
recurriendo a un tercero para que voluntariamente lo asuma, constituye un rasgo característico
patológico fundamental de la pena de multa.
Que un préstamo con intereses también reduce el dolor penal de la multa es advertido correctamente por
WALTER, «§ 258 StGB», LK-StGB, 12ª ed., 2010, nm. 50, quien, sin embargo, considera atípico el pago a través
de un préstamo no gratuito en virtud del principio de insignificancia.
99
100
Cfr. al respecto STREE, JZ, (18), 1964, pp. 588 ss., con ulteriores referencias.
Aunque el pago fraccionado de la pena de días-multa se configura legalmente como la excepción (art.
50.6 CP), lo cierto es que la ejecución de la multa a través de un único pago desnaturaliza el sistema de díasmulta, concebido originariamente para obligar al penado al pago periódico de las cuotas establecidas como
forma de evidenciar a lo largo del tiempo la fuerza aflictiva (reducción de la capacidad de consumo) de la
pena de multa.
101
Podría sin embargo replicarse que con el pago todavía no se cumple la condena en el sentido del art. 130
CP, pues dicho cumplimiento presupone el trascurso del tiempo sobre cuya base se ha calculado la pena de
días-multa.
102
Próximo, STREE, JZ, (18), 1964, p. 590, quien, sin embargo, llega a la conclusión opuesta cuando la
promesa de compensación es previa.
103
91
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2. Así las cosas, la pena de multa sigue siendo hoy comprendida con frecuencia como una pena
impropia, consistente en una mera obligación de pago. La fuerza de los hechos la condenaría a
ser una pena de facto impersonal, inidónea para expresar los niveles de censura que requieren
delitos graves o lesivos de intereses eminentemente personales.
3. En este trabajo, sin embargo, he defendido que la multa no consiste en una mera obligación
de pago ni en una pena contra el patrimonio del culpable. El pago de la multa es un instrumento
llamado a reducir la capacidad de consumo del penado durante un tiempo determinado en tanto
que manifestación particular fundamental de la libertad de actuación de un ciudadano en el
marco de las actuales sociedades de consumo.
4. El que el sujeto condenado y quien padece la afectación personal de la pena de multa coincidan
es condición necesaria para que la multa pueda seguir ganando terreno a la pena privativa de
libertad.
5. Aunque es imprescindible una reforma del régimen legal e institucional de la multa, he
defendido en este trabajo que ya existen mecanismos de lege lata para tratar de garantizar la
personalidad de la multa. Por un lado, ante el riesgo de dispersión social resulta indicada la
imposición de una pena alternativa. Por el otro, el recurso a un tercero para evitar la afectación
personal de la multa es, en contra de lo tradicionalmente defendido en nuestro país, constitutivo
de un delito de quebrantamiento de condena (art. 468 CP).
5.
Bibliografía
ALFARO ÁGUILA-REAL (2021), «¿Importa quién pague las multas?», Almacén de Derecho,
03.04.2021. Disponible en: https://almacendederecho.org/importa-quien-pague-las-multas
ÁLVAREZ GARCÍA (2008), «Sobre quebrantamiento de condena, desobediencias, impago de
pensiones, falta de comparecencia a comisiones de investigación y a citaciones judiciales», en
GARCÍA VALDÉS et al. (coords.), Estudios Penales en Homenaje a Enrique Gimbernat, v. II, Edisofer,
Madrid, pp. 1773 ss.
ALTENHAIN (2017), «§ 258 StGB», en KINDHÄUSER et al. (eds.), Nomos Kommentar-StGB, v. III, 5ª
ed., Nomos, Baden-Baden.
VON BAR (1907), Gesetz und Schuld: Die Schuld nach dem Strafgesetze, v. II, J. Guttentag, Berlin.
BARQUÍN SANZ (2020), «La pena de días multa en la práctica judicial española», en DE VICENTE
REMESAL et al. (dirs.), Libro Homenaje al Profesor Diego-Manuel Luzón Peña, v. II, Reus, Madrid,
pp. 1241 ss.
BAUMANN (1968), Beschränkung des Lebensstandards anstatt kurzfristiger Freiheitsstrafe,
Luchterhand, Neuwied.
——–––— (1968), «Was erwarten wir von der Strafrechtsreform?», en EL MISMO (ed.),
Programm für ein neues Strafgesetzbuch: der Alternativ-Entwurf der Strafrechtslehrer,
Fischer, Fráncfort del Meno, pp. 14 ss.
92
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——–––— (1963), Entwurf eines Strafgesetzbuches, Allgemeiner Teil, Mohr, Tubinga.
——–––— (1963), «Von den Möglichkeiten einer Lauzeitgeldstrafe: Erwiderung auf den
kritischen Beitrag von Lackner zu meinem Gegenentwurf», Juristen Zeitung, (23/24), pp.
733 ss.
BERMEJO (2008), «Aflicción Directa e Indirecta en el Concepto de Pena», en ALEGRE et al. (coords.),
Homenaje a Carlos S. Nino, La Ley, Buenos Aires, pp. 183 ss.
BERNER (1882), Lehrbuch des Strafrechts, 12ª ed., Bernhard Tauchnitz, Leipzig.
BOLDOVA PASAMAR (2006), «Penas privativas de Derechos», en GRACIA MARTÍN (coord.), Tratado de
las consecuencias jurídicas del delito, Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia, pp. 123 ss.
CANCIO MELIÁ (1997), «Art. 468», en RODRÍGUEZ MOURULLO (dir.), Comentarios al Código Penal,
Civitas, Madrid.
CARDENAL MONTRAVETA (2020), La pena de multa. Estudio sobre su justificación y la determinación
de su cuantía, Marcial Pons, Madrid.
——–––— (2020), Ejecución y prescripción de la pena de multa, Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia.
COCA VILA (2021), «What’s Really Wrong with Fining Crimes?», Criminal Law and Philosophy, en
prensa.
COCA VILA/PANTALEÓN DÍAZ (2021), «Lo intransferible y lo asegurable en el sistema de
responsabilidad de los administradores societarios», Anuario de Derecho Civil, (LXXIV:1), pp. 113
ss.
CORCOY BIDASOLO (1992), «El quebrantamiento de condena. Una propuesta legislativa: la
frustración de la pena», Anuario de Derecho Penal y Ciencias Penales, (45:1), pp. 113 ss.
CUERDA RIEZU (2009), «El principio constitucional de responsabilidad personal por el hecho
propio. Manifestaciones cualitativas», Anuario de Derecho Penal y Ciencias Penales, (LXII), pp. 157
ss.
DAUNIS RODRÍGUEZ (2016), Ejecución de penas en España. La reinserción social en retirada, Comares,
Granada.
VON DER DECKEN (1892), «Ist die Bezahlung einer Geldstrafe durch einen Dritten zuläßig oder
Strafbar?», Zeitschrift für die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft, (12), pp. 97 ss.
DIETMEIER (2020), «§ 258 StGB», en MATT et al. (eds.), Matt/Renzikowski-StGB, 2ª ed., Franz
Vahlen, Múnich.
ENGELS (1981), «Vollstreckungsvereitelung durch Zahlung fremder Geldstrafe?», JURA, (11), pp.
581 ss.
93
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EISENBERG/KÖLBEL (2017), Kriminologie, 7ª ed., Mohr Siebeck, Tubinga.
ESER (1969), Die strafrechtlichen Sanktionen gegen das Eigentum, Mohr, Tubinga.
FARALDO CABANA (2018), «La transmisibilidad de la pena de multa en las modificaciones
estructurales. Sobre la aplicación del principio de personalidad de las penas a las personas
jurídicas», en MORALES PRATS et al. (coords.), Represión penal y estado de derecho. Homenaje al
profesor Gonzalo Quintero Olivares, Thomson Reuters, Cizur Menor, pp. 515 ss.
——–––— (2017), Money and the Governance of Punishment, Routledge, Londres.
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Public Domain
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Semiconductor device and method for fabricating the same
ABSTRACT
A semiconductor device and a method for fabricating the same are provided. The semiconductor device includes a substrate, first and second recesses spaced apart from each other in a first direction within the substrate, a first gate electrode filling the first recess and protruding above the substrate, a second gate electrode filling the second recess and protruding above the substrate, a first source/drain formed between the first and second recesses, a second source/drain formed in an opposite direction to the first source/drain with respect to the first recess, and a third source/drain formed in an opposite direction to the first source/drain with respect to the second recess and electrically connected to the second source/drain.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2016-0180924 filed on Dec. 28, 2016 in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the content of which in its entirety is herein incorporated by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present disclosure relates to a semiconductor device and a method for fabricating the same.
DISCUSSION OF RELATED ART
In semiconductor devices, an image sensor is a device to convert an optical image into an electric signal. The image sensor may be categorized into a charge coupled device (CCD) type, and a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) type. The CMOS image sensor (CIS) includes a plurality of two-dimensionally arranged pixels. Each of the plurality of pixels includes a photodiode (PD), and the PD converts an incident light into an electric signal.
In recent years, rapid development in the computer and communication industries has resulted in an increased demand for the image sensors with enhanced performances in a variety of fields such as digital cameras, camcorders, personal communication systems (PCS), gaming devices, security cameras, medical micro cameras, robots, and the like. To obtain image sensors with enhanced performances, highly-integrated semiconductor devices are adopted to achieve high integration of the image sensors.
SUMMARY
The present disclosure provides a semiconductor device with enhanced operating characteristic, and a method for fabricating the same.
According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a semiconductor device including a substrate, first and second recesses spaced apart from each other in a first direction within the substrate, a first gate electrode filling the first recess and protruding above the substrate, a second gate electrode filling the second recess and protruding above the substrate, a first source/drain formed between the first and second recesses, a second source/drain formed in an opposite direction to the first source/drain with respect to the first recess, and a third source/drain formed in an opposite direction to the first source/drain with respect to the second recess.
According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a semiconductor device including a photodiode configured to output an electric signal according to incident light, a floating diffusion node electrically connected to the photodiode, a first transistor configured to apply a reset signal to the floating diffusion node, a second transistor structure configured to use voltage of the floating diffusion node as a gate voltage and a third transistor connected to the second transistor structure in series, in which the second transistor structure comprises a substrate, first and second recesses extending in parallel in a first direction within the substrate and spaced apart in a second direction intersecting the first direction, a first gate electrode filling the first recess and protruding above the substrate, a second gate electrode filling the second recess and protruding above the substrate, a first source/drain formed between the first and second recesses, a second source/drain formed in an opposite direction to the first source/drain region with respect to the first recess, and a third source/drain formed in an opposite direction to the first source/drain region with respect to the second recess.
According to still another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a semiconductor device including a substrate, a select gate electrode formed on the substrate, a reset gate electrode spaced apart from the select gate electrode in a first direction and formed on the substrate, a plurality of drive gate electrodes formed between the select gate electrode and the reset gate electrode, in which the plurality of drive gate electrodes fill a plurality of recesses formed within the substrate, respectively, and sources and drains formed on one side or between two adjacent ones of the plurality of drive gate electrodes, the select gate electrode, and the reset gate electrode, in which the sources and the drains are alternately disposed in the first direction, and the sources are electrically connected to each other, and the drains are electrically connected to each other.
According to still another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method for fabricating a semiconductor device including forming first and second recesses extending in parallel in a first direction within a substrate and spaced apart in a second direction intersecting the first direction, forming first to third source/drains on side surfaces of the first and second recesses, in which the second source/drain is disposed between the first and third source/drains, forming first and second gate electrodes filling the first and second recesses and protruding above the substrate, respectively, electrically connecting the first and third source/drains to each other, and electrically connecting the first and second gate electrodes to each other.
According to still another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a semiconductor device including a substrate, a first gate electrode formed on the substrate, the first gate electrode including a first lower gate electrode filling a first recess within the substrate and a first upper gate electrode protruding above the substrate, a first source/drain and a second source/drain formed within the substrate on each side of the first gate electrode, a second gate electrode formed on a side of the second source/drain with the second source/drain interposed between the first gate electrode and the second gate electrode, the second gate electrode including a second lower gate electrode filling a second recess within the substrate and a second upper gate electrode protruding above the substrate, and a third source/drain formed on a side of the second gate electrode with the second gate electrode interposed between the second source/drain and the third source/drain, in which the first source/drain is electrically connected to the third source/drain, and the first upper gate electrode and the second upper gate electrode are directly connected to each other, or connected to each other through a connection part.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above and other features of the present disclosure will become more apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art by describing in detail exemplary embodiments thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram provided to explain a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 2 is an equivalent circuit view of the sensor array of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged equivalent circuit view provided to explain in detail one of the pixels of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a layout view provided to explain a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view taken along line A-A′ of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view provided to explain a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 7 is a layout view provided to explain a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 8 is a layout view provided to explain a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 9 is a layout view provided to explain a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 10 is a layout view provided to explain a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 11 is a layout view provided to explain a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 12 is a layout view provided to explain a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 13 is a layout view provided to explain a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 14 is a layout view provided to explain a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; and
FIGS. 15 to 21 are views illustrating intermediate stages of fabrication, provided to explain a method for fabricating a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
Since the drawings in FIGS. 1-21 are intended for illustrative purposes, the elements in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, some of the elements may be enlarged or exaggerated for clarity purpose.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
Hereinafter, a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 5.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram provided to explain a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, and FIG. 2 is an equivalent circuit view of the sensor array of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is an enlarged equivalent circuit view provided to explain in detail one of the pixels of FIG. 2, and FIG. 4 is a top view provided to explain a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view taken along line A-A′ of FIG. 4.
Referring to FIG. 1, an image sensor according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure includes a sensor array 10 composed of two-dimensionally arranged pixels each including photoelectric devices, a timing generator 20, a row decoder 30, a row driver 40, a correlated double sampler (CDS) 50, an analog to digital converter (ADC) 60, a latch 70, a column decoder 80, and so on.
The sensor array 10 includes a plurality of two-dimensionally arranged unit pixels. The plurality of unit pixels serve to convert optical images into electric output signals. The sensor array 10 receives a plurality of driving signals including row-select signal, reset signal, charge transmission signal, and so on from the row driver 40, such that the sensor array 10 is driven accordingly. Further, the converted electric output signal is provided to the correlated double sampler (CDS) 50 through vertical signal lines. The plurality of unit pixels may include CMOS image pixels.
The timing generator 20 provides a timing signal and a control signal to the row decoder 30 and the column decoder 80.
The row driver 40 provides the active pixel sensor array 10 with a plurality of driving signals to drive the plurality of unit pixels according to the decoding result of the row decoder 30. Generally, the driving signals are provided to each row when the unit pixels are arranged in a matrix form.
The correlated double sampler (CDS) 50 receives an output signal formed at the active pixel sensor array 10 through a vertical signal line, and holds and samples the received signal. That is, the correlated double sampler (CDS) 50 double-samples a certain noise level and a signal level of the output signal, and outputs a difference level corresponding to a difference between the noise level and the signal level.
The analog to digital converter (ADC) 60 converts an analog signal corresponding to the difference level into a digital signal, and output the digital signal.
The latch 70 latches the digital signal, and the latched signal is sequentially outputted to an image signal processor according to the decoding result of the column decoder 80.
Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, pixels P are arranged into a matrix form to constitute the sensor array 10. Each of the pixels P includes a photoelectric transistor PD, a floating diffusion region (or node) FD, a charge transfer transistor TX, a drive transistor DX, a reset transistor RX, and a select transistor SX. The functions of those mentioned above will be described with reference to i-th row pixel (P(i, j), P(i, j+1), P(i, j+2), P(i, j+3), . . . ) as an example.
The photoelectric transistor PD absorbs incident light and accumulates charges according to the quantity of light absorbed. For the photoelectric transistor PD, photodiode, phototransistor, photogate, pinned photodiode or a combination thereof may be applied, although the photodiode is illustrated in the drawings as an example.
Each photoelectric transistor PD is coupled with each charge transfer transistor TX that transfers the accumulated charges generated by the photoelectric transistor PD to the floating diffusion region FD. The floating diffusion region FD is a region where the charges are converted into voltages, and because of the parasitic capacitance, the charges are cumulatively stored.
The drive transistor DX, exemplified herein as a source follower amplifier, amplifies a change in the electrical potential in the floating diffusion region FD which receives the accumulated charges from each photoelectric transistor PD, and outputs the amplified result to an output line Vout. That is, the drive transistor DX may be configured to use the voltage of the floating diffusion node FD as a gate voltage.
The reset transistor RX periodically resets the charges stored in the floating diffusion region FD. The reset transistor RX has a drain connected to a power voltage VDD terminal, a source connected to the floating diffusion node FD. The reset transistor RX may be composed of one metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistor that is driven by the bias provided by a reset line RX(i) for applying a predetermined bias (i.e., reset signal). When the reset transistor RX is turned on by the bias provided by the reset line RX(i), a predetermined electrical potential provided to a drain of the reset transistor RX, e.g., a power voltage VDD, is transmitted to the floating diffusion region FD. That is, the floating diffusion region FD is reset to the power voltage VDD.
The select transistor SX plays a role of selecting a pixel P to be read in a row unit. The select transistor SX may be composed of one MOS transistor that is driven by the bias (i.e., row select signal) provided by a row select line SEL(i). The select transistor SX may have a source connected to a drain of the drive transistor DX, a drain connected to the power voltage VDD terminal, and a gate connected to the row select line SEL(i). That is, the select transistor SX may be connected to the drive transistor DX in series. When the select transistor SX is turned on by the bias provided by the row select line SEL(i), a predetermined electrical potential provided to the drain of the select transistor SX, e.g., the power voltage VDD, is transmitted to the drain region of the drive transistor DX.
The transfer line TX(i) to apply the bias to the charge transfer transistor TX, the reset line RX(i) to apply the bias to the reset transistor RX, and the row select line SEL(i) to apply the bias to the select transistor SX may be arranged in column direction and may extend substantially in parallel with each other in row direction.
In an example, a plurality of transistors are connected in parallel in the drive transistor DX. Although the drive transistor DX illustrated in FIG. 3 includes three transistors connected in parallel as an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, however, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. That is, the drive transistor DX may include a plurality of transistors connected in parallel, and there is no limitation on the number of the transistors being connected as long as the number is two or more.
Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5, the semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure includes a substrate 200, first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230, first to fourth source/drains 240, 250, 260, 270, a select gate electrode 280, a reset gate electrode 290, first to third gate contacts 310, 330, 350, and first to fourth source/drain contacts 300, 320, 340, 360.
The substrate 200 may be, for example, a bulk silicon (Si) or a silicon-on-insulator (SOI). Alternatively, the substrate 200 may include other material such as, for example, silicon germanium (SiGe), indium antimonide (InSb), lead telluride (PbTe), indium arsenide (InAs), indium phosphide (InP), gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium phosphide (GaP), or gallium antimonide (GaSb). Alternatively, the substrate 200 may be a base substrate having an epitaxial layer formed thereon. The epitaxial layer may include one of the above described materials.
The drive transistor DX, the select transistor SX and the reset transistor RX may be formed on the substrate 200. In an example, the drive transistor DX and the select transistor SX may share the first source/drain 240. Further, the drive transistor DX and the reset transistor RX may share the fourth source/drain 270.
Although drawings illustrate that both of the first source/drain 240 and the fourth source/drain 270 belong to the drive transistor DX, the first source/drain 240 may also belong to the select transistor SX and the fourth source/drain 270 may also belong to the reset transistor RX.
The first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 may extend in a second direction Y. The first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 may be spaced apart from one another in a first direction X. Accordingly, the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 may extend in parallel to the second direction Y. As used above, the expression, “extend . . . in(to) . . . direction,” may indicate extending in an extending direction of a longer side.
In the case described above, the first direction X and the second direction Y may be orthogonal to each other. Further, a third direction Z may be orthogonal to the first direction X and the second direction Y. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
When the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 are formed to be a rectangular shape as illustrated in the drawings (e.g., FIG. 4), they may include a relatively longer side and a relatively shorter side, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In an example, long sides of the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 may extend in the second direction Y and short sides of the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 may extend in the first direction X. As used herein, the expression, “first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 may extend in the second direction Y,” may indicate that long sides of the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 may extend in the second direction Y.
The first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 may have the same length in the second direction Y. Further, the length may also be defined as a width in the second direction Y. That is, the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 may have the same width as a first width W1 in the second direction Y.
The second gate electrode 220 may be positioned between the first gate electrode 210 and the third gate electrode 230.
The substrate 200 may include first to third recesses 210T, 220T, 230T formed in a depth direction, the third direction Z. The first recess 210T may be formed with the first gate electrode 210, and the second recess 220T may be formed with the second gate electrode 220. The third recess 230T may be formed with the third gate electrode 230.
The first gate electrode 210 may include a first upper gate electrode 210 a and a first lower gate electrode 210 b. The first lower gate electrode 210 b may be a portion filling the first recess 210T, and the first upper gate electrode 210 a may be a portion protruding above the substrate 200. That is, the portion of the first gate electrode 210 lower than the upper surface of the substrate 200 is the first lower gate electrode 210 b, and the portion of the first gate electrode 210 higher than the upper surface of the substrate 200 is the first upper gate electrode 210 a. As illustrated, a width in the first direction X of the first upper gate electrode 210 a may be greater than that of the first lower gate electrode 210 b, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
The second gate electrode 220 may include a second upper gate electrode 220 a and a second lower gate electrode 220 b. The second lower gate electrode 220 b may be a portion filling the second recess 220T, and the second upper gate electrode 220 a may be a portion protruding above the substrate 200. That is, the portion of the second gate electrode 220 lower than the upper surface of the substrate 200 is the second lower gate electrode 220 b, and the portion of the second gate electrode 220 higher than the upper surface of the substrate 200 is the second upper gate electrode 220 a. As illustrated, a width of the second upper gate electrode 220 a in the first direction X may be greater than that of the second lower gate electrode 220 b, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
The third gate electrode 230 may include a third upper gate electrode 230 a and a third lower gate electrode 230 b. The third lower gate electrode 230 b may be a portion filling the third recess 230T, and the third upper gate electrode 230 a may be a portion protruding above the substrate 200. That is, the portion of the third gate electrode 230 lower than the upper surface of the substrate 200 is the third lower gate electrode 230 b, and the portion of the third gate electrode 230 higher than the upper surface of the substrate 200 is the third upper gate electrode 230 a. As illustrated, a width of the third upper gate electrode 230 a in the first direction X may be greater than that of the third lower gate electrode 230 b, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
The first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 may include a conductor. For example, the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 may include polysilicon or a metal. Alternatively, the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 may include, for example, a conductive nitride, a conductive metal oxide, a conductive metal oxynitride or the like, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
A first gate insulating film 211 may be formed along a bottom surface and an inner sidewall surface of the first recess 210T. Accordingly, a lower surface and an outer sidewall surface of the first lower gate electrode 210 b may be in contact with the first gate insulating film 211. Likewise, a second gate insulating film 221 may be formed along a bottom surface and an inner sidewall surface of the second recess 220T. Accordingly, a lower surface and an outer sidewall surface of the second lower gate electrode 220 b may be in contact with the second gate insulating film 221.
A third gate insulating film 231 may be formed along a bottom surface and an inner sidewall surface of the third recess 230T. Accordingly, a lower surface and an outer sidewall surface of the third lower gate electrode 230 b may be in contact with the third gate insulating film 231.
The first to third gate insulating films 211, 221, 231 may include silicon oxide (SiO₂), or may include other material such as, for example, silicon nitride (SiN), silicon oxynitride (SiON) or a high-k dielectric material with a dielectric constant higher than that of silicon oxide.
A first gate spacer 212 may be formed on a sidewall surface of the first upper gate electrode 210 a. A second gate spacer 222 may be formed on a sidewall surface of the second upper gate electrode 220 a. A third gate spacer 232 may be formed on a sidewall surface of the third upper gate electrode 230 a.
The first to third gate spacers 212, 222, 232 may include at least one of, for example, silicon oxide (SiO₂), silicon nitride (SiN), and silicon oxynitride (SiON). However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. As exemplified in the drawings, the first to third gate spacers 212, 222, 232 may be a single film, but may also be multi-spacers where a plurality of films are stacked. Shapes of the single spacers forming the first to third gate spacers 212, 222, 232 and shapes of the multi-spacers forming the first to third gate spacers 212, 222, 232 may each be an I- or an L-shape, or a combination thereof depending on fabrication process or purpose of use.
The select gate electrode 280 may be formed on a position adjacent to the first gate electrode 210. The reset gate electrode 290 may be formed on a position adjacent to the third gate electrode 230. Accordingly, the select gate electrode 280, the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 and the reset gate electrode 290 may be sequentially arranged in the first direction X.
A height of the select gate electrode 280 may be the same as that of the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230. Likewise, a height of the reset gate electrode 290 may be the same as that of the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230.
Lengths of the select gate electrode 280, the reset gate electrode 290, and the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 in the second direction Y may be the same as each other.
A select gate insulating film 281 may be formed on the substrate 200. The select gate insulating film 281 may be formed between the select gate electrode 280 and the substrate 200. The select gate insulating film 281 may include silicon oxide (SiO₂), or may include other material such as, for example, silicon nitride (SiN), silicon oxynitride (SiON) or a high-k dielectric material with a dielectric constant higher than that of silicon oxide.
A select gate spacer 282 may be formed on sidewall surfaces of the select gate insulating film 281 and the select gate electrode 280. The select gate spacer 282 may include at least one of, for example, silicon oxide (SiO₂), silicon nitride (SiN) and silicon oxynitride (SiON). However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
A reset gate insulating film 291 may be formed on the substrate 200. The reset gate insulating film 291 may be formed between the reset gate electrode 290 and the substrate 200. The reset gate insulating film 291 may include silicon oxide (SiO₂), or may include other material such as, for example, silicon nitride (SiN), silicon oxynitride (SiON) or a high-k dielectric material with a dielectric constant higher than that of silicon oxide.
A reset gate spacer 292 may be formed on sidewall surfaces of the reset gate insulating film 291 and the reset gate electrode 290. The reset gate spacer 292 may include at least one of, for example, silicon oxide (SiO₂), silicon nitride (SiN) and silicon oxynitride (SiON). However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
The first to fourth source/drains 240, 250, 260, 270 may each be formed between two adjacent ones of the select gate electrode 280, the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230, and the reset gate electrode 290. Specifically, the first source/drain 240 may be formed between the first gate electrode 210 and the select gate electrode 280. The second source/drain 250 may be formed between the first gate electrode 210 and the second gate electrode 220. The third source/drain 260 may be formed between the second gate electrode 220 and the third gate electrode 230. The fourth source/drain 270 may be formed between the third gate electrode 230 and the reset gate electrode 290.
The first source/drain 240 may be in contact with lower surfaces of the select gate spacer 282 and the select gate insulating film 281. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. Likewise, the fourth source/drain 270 may be in contact with lower surfaces of the reset gate spacer 292 and the reset gate insulating film 291. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
The first to fourth source/drains 240, 250, 260, 270 may have a second width W2 in the second direction Y, which may be smaller than the first width W1. A depth of the lower surfaces of the first to fourth source/drains 240, 250, 260, 270 may be smaller than that of the first to third recesses.
First to third gate contacts 310, 330, 350 may be formed on the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230. Specifically, the first gate contact 310 may be formed on the first gate electrode 210, the second gate contact 330 may be formed on the second gate electrode 220, and the third gate contact 350 may be formed on the third gate electrode 230.
First to fourth source/drain contacts 300, 320, 340, 360 may be formed on the first to fourth source/drains 240, 250, 260, 270. Specifically, the first source/drain contact 300 may be formed on the first source/drain 240, and the second source/drain contact 320 may be formed on the second source/drain 250. Further, the third source/drain 340 may be formed on the third source/drain 260, and the fourth source/drain contact 360 may be formed on the fourth source/drain 270.
The first to fourth source/drains 240, 250, 260, 270 may be formed by doping impurity such as phosphorus (P) into a silicon layer. The process of doping impurities into a silicon layer may be achieved through ion implantation.
A height of upper surfaces of the first to third gate contacts 310, 330, 350 may be the same as that of upper surfaces of the first to fourth source/drain contacts 300, 320, 340, 360. That is, the upper surfaces of the first to third gate contacts 310, 330, 350 and the first to fourth source/drain contacts 300, 320, 340, 360 may be all flush with each other. The same height may be provided for facilitating connection of the contacts with the wires formed on upper portions of the contacts.
The drive transistor DX of FIGS. 2 and 3 may include the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 and the first to fourth source/drains 240, 250, 260, 270. In this case, the three transistors may be connected in parallel.
The first gate electrode 210 and the second gate electrode 220 may share the second source/drain 250, and the second gate electrode 220 and the third gate electrode 230 may share the third source/drain 260. Further, the first gate electrode 210 and the select gate electrode 280 may share the first source/drain 240, and the third gate electrode 230 and the reset gate electrode 290 may share the fourth source/drain 270.
The second source/drain 250 and the fourth source/drain 270 may be connected to each other and with application of the power voltage VDD, and may form a common drain region. The first source/drain 240 and the third source/drain 260 may be connected to each other to form a common source region. That is, the sources and the drains may be alternately disposed in the first direction X, in which the sources may be electrically connected to each other and the drains may be electrically connected to each other. The first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 may be connected to each other, and connected to the floating diffusion region FD. Accordingly, the drive transistor DX may satisfy an equivalent circuit where the three transistors are connected in parallel. In addition, a fifth source/drain may be formed on a side surface of the select gate electrode 280, and the fifth source/drain may be electrically connected to the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230.
As described above, the three transistors are illustrated, but this is provided only for illustrative purpose. That is, an equivalent circuit may include a larger number of gate electrodes and source/drains, so that a larger number of transistors may be connected in parallel.
Electric connection between the gate electrode and the source/drain may be formed by the first to third gate contacts 310, 330, 350 and the first to fourth source/drain contacts 300, 320, 340, 360. Specifically, the parallel connection may be formed by an upper interconnect structure of the first to third gate contacts 310, 330, 350 and the first to fourth source/drain contacts 300, 320, 340, 360.
The semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure may be a semiconductor device in consideration of two performance parameters of the drive transistor DX. First, transconductance g_(m) of the drive transistor DX may be related to high speed operation of the image sensor. Secondly, a random telegraph signal RTS of the drive transistor DX may be related to noise characteristic of the image sensor. Low transconductance may impede the operating speed and large amount of the RTS noise may reduce the sensitivity of the image sensor.
Transconductance of the drive transistor DX may be proportional to a channel width of the drive transistor DX in the second direction Y, and inversely proportional to a channel length in the first direction X. Alternatively, RTS of the drive transistor DX may be proportional to both of a channel width in the second direction Y and a channel length in the first direction X.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the drive transistor DX is formed such that a plurality of transistors may be connected in parallel so as to increase the transconductance for high speed operation of the image sensor. That is, as the number of parallel connections increases, an equivalent circuit has the effect as if it has an increased channel width in the second direction Y. Therefore, the transconductance of the drive transistor DX may be enhanced.
As the case described above, because one gate electrode should be branched into several parts, a channel length in the first direction X may be reduced within a predetermined space as the number of the source/drains increases. Accordingly, noise RTS characteristic of the image sensor may be degraded.
To prevent the degradation of the RTS characteristic, the semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure may form the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 in the first to third recesses 210T, 220T, 230T. As a result, lengths of the first to third channels Ch1-Ch3 increase as the first to third channels Ch1-Ch3 detour downward, and therefore, the RTS characteristic may not be degraded.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a semiconductor device including the image sensor with enhanced operating characteristic may be provided, because the transconductance of the drive transistor DX can be enhanced and the RTS performance thereof can be maintained.
Hereinbelow, a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure will be described with reference to FIG. 6. In the following description, description overlapped with the exemplary embodiments already provided above will not be described or described briefly for the sake of brevity.
FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view provided to explain a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
Referring to FIG. 6, the semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure may be formed in a shape where the select gate electrode 280 and the reset gate electrode 290 are also formed in a recessed shape.
The substrate 200 may include a fourth recess 280T and a fifth recess 290T.
The fourth recess 280T may be formed on one side of the first recess 210T. That is, the first recess 210T may be formed in the first direction X between the fourth recess 280T and the second recess 220T. The fifth recess 290T may be formed on one side of the third recess 230T. That is, the third recess 230T may be formed in the first direction X between the second recess 220T and the fifth recess 290T. In other words, the fourth recess 280T may be formed on one side of the first to third recesses 210T, 220T, 230T, and the fifth recess 290T may be formed on the other side of the first to third recesses 210T, 220T, 230T in the first direction.
The select gate electrode 280 may include an upper select gate electrode 280 a and a lower select gate electrode 280 b. The lower select gate electrode 280 b may be a portion filling the fourth recess 280T and the upper select gate electrode 280 a may be a portion protruding above the substrate 200. That is, the portion of the select gate electrode 280 lower than the upper surface of the substrate 200 is the lower select gate electrode 280 b, and the portion of the select gate electrode 280 higher than the upper surface of the substrate 200 is the upper select gate electrode 280 a. As illustrated, a width of the upper select gate electrode 280 a in the first direction X may be greater than that of the lower select gate electrode 280 b, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
The reset gate electrode 290 may include an upper reset gate electrode 290 a and a lower reset gate electrode 290 b. The lower reset gate electrode 290 b may be a portion filling the fifth recess 290T and the upper reset gate electrode 290 a may be a portion protruding above the substrate 200. That is, the portion of the reset gate electrode 290 lower than the upper surface of the substrate 200 is the lower reset gate electrode 290 b, and the portion of the reset gate electrode 290 higher than the upper surface of the substrate 200 is the upper reset gate electrode 290 a. As illustrated, a width of the upper reset gate electrode 290 a in the first direction X may be greater than that of the lower reset gate electrode 290 b, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
The select gate insulating film 283 may be formed along a bottom surface and an inner sidewall surface of the fourth recess 280T. Accordingly, a lower surface and an outer sidewall surface of the lower select gate electrode 280 b may be in contact with the select gate insulating film 283. Likewise, the reset gate insulating film 293 may be formed along a bottom surface and an inner sidewall surface of the fifth recess 290T. Accordingly, a lower surface and an outer sidewall surface of the lower reset gate electrode 290 b may be in contact with the reset gate insulating film 293.
In the semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the select transistor SX and the reset transistor RX as well as the drive transistor DX may include the gate electrode formed in a recessed shape on the substrate instead of the gate electrode stacked on the substrate 200. The length of the gate electrode formed in a recessed shape may decrease in the first direction X in the actual occupying space as a length of the channel region increases. The length of the channel region may increase as the channel detour downward along the recess.
An area occupied by the drive transistor DX and a length thereof in the first direction X may relatively increase compared to an existing structure (e.g., exemplary embodiments of FIGS. 1 to 5). Accordingly, the number of the parallel transistors forming the drive transistor DX may be increased to a maximum, and a channel length in the first direction X may be further extended. Accordingly, high speed operation and RTS characteristic of the image sensor of the semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure may be enhanced.
Hereinbelow, a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure will be described with reference to FIG. 7. In the following description, description overlapped with the exemplary embodiments already provided above will not be described or described briefly for the sake of brevity.
FIG. 7 is a layout view provided to explain a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
Referring to FIG. 7, the semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure further includes a first connecting part 239 a which connects the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 as one.
The first connecting part 239 a may connect the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 as one. The first connecting part 239 a and the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 may be formed as one integral structure without being separated from each other. That is, the first connecting part 239 a and the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 may be formed as one integral structure in the same process. Thus, the first connecting part 239 a and the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 may include the same material.
The first connecting part 239 a may be formed on one side surface of the first to fourth source/drains 240, 250, 260, 270 in the second direction Y. Specifically, the first connecting part 239 a may be formed to entirely overlap the second source/drain 250 and the third source/drain 260 in the second direction Y. Further, the first connecting part 239 a may be formed to overlap a portion of the first source/drain 240 and the fourth source/drain 270 in the second direction Y. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. That is, unlike the illustration, the first connecting part 239 a may not overlap the first source/drain 240 and the fourth source/drain 270 in the second direction Y. The first connecting part 239 a may not overlap the first to fourth source/drains 240, 250, 260, 270 in the third direction Z.
In an example, the first connecting part 239 a may be formed on the substrate 200. The first connecting part 239 a may have an upper surface having the same height as the upper surfaces of the first upper gate electrode 210 a, the second upper gate electrode 220 a, and the third upper gate electrode 230 a. The first connecting part 239 a may connect the first to third upper gate electrodes 210 a, 220 a, 230 a. Alternatively, in an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the first connecting part 239 a may also be formed in a recessed shape on the substrate 200.
Because the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 are connected to each other by the first connecting part 239 a, the gate contact may not be necessarily in plural number. Accordingly, only one of the first to third gate contacts 310, 330, 350 of FIGS. 1 to 5 may be sufficient. Drawings exemplify and illustrate the second gate contact 330. However, one gate contact may be formed on any one of the connecting part 239 a and the first to third upper gate electrodes 210 a, 220 a, 230 a.
The semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure may reduce the number of the gate contacts as the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 are connected together by the first connecting part 239 a. As a result, design margin of an upper wire electrode may be secured more easily, and risk of having problems such as mis-alignment during a process may be lowered.
With simplification of the upper interconnect structure, parasitic capacitance between the interconnect structures may be minimized, and a semiconductor device having higher reliability can thus be provided. Accordingly, a semiconductor device with further enhanced operation characteristics may be provided.
Hereinbelow, the semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure will be described with reference to FIG. 8. In the following description, description overlapped with the exemplary embodiments already provided above will not be described or described briefly for the sake of brevity.
FIG. 8 is a layout view provided to explain a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
Referring to FIG. 8, the semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure may additionally include a second connecting part 239 b.
The second connecting part 239 b together with the first connecting part 239 a may connect the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 as one. The first connecting part 239 a, the second connecting part 239 b and the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 may not be separated from each other, but may be formed as one integral structure. That is, the first connecting part 239 a, the second connecting part 239 b and the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 may be formed as one integral structure in the same process. Thus, the first connecting part 239 a, the second connecting part 239 b and the first to third gate electrodes 210, 220, 230 may include the same material.
With the formation of the second connecting part 239 b, a structure of the gate electrode may be formed symmetrically. Symmetry of the gate structure is one of important factors to consider, when scale of the semiconductor device decreases. As stress or damage to the gate electrodes varies due to various factors on a process, even the devices with the same specification may exhibit varied performance such as variation in threshold voltage. Such distribution problem should be alleviated or solved, because this can cause considerable damage to the reliability of the semiconductor device.
| 18,678 |
https://github.com/ptro-development/trader/blob/master/trader/libs/plot.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
trader
|
ptro-development
|
Python
|
Code
| 112 | 436 |
from pylab import subplot, plot, grid, title, ion, clf
from pylab import show, setp, rcParams, imshow, draw
def plot_data(x, y, subplot_id):
subplot(subplot_id)
plot(x, y, "b--")
grid(True)
# title("Progress of network error.")
return subplot_id + 1
def plot_distribution(data, subplot_id):
sp = subplot(subplot_id)
grid(True)
number_of_bars = 60
n, bins, patches = sp.hist(
data, number_of_bars, normed=1, histtype="bar"
)
setp(patches, "facecolor", "g", "alpha", 0.75)
return subplot_id + 1
def plot_two_vectors(first_and_second, subplot_id):
for i, (first, second) in enumerate(first_and_second):
subplot(subplot_id)
plot(first, "b--", second, "k-")
grid(True)
subplot_id += 1
return subplot_id
def plot_plus_correlations_for_sample(data, sample, subplot_num, limit=1):
two_vectors = []
for index, position in enumerate(sample["+correlation_positions"]):
if index < limit:
two_vectors.append(
[
sample["sample_data"],
data[sample["+correlation_positions"][index]: sample["+correlation_positions"][index] + len(sample["sample_data"])]
]
)
plot_two_vectors(two_vectors, subplot_num)
| 13,507 |
shortlifeofabrah1902nico_8
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,902 |
A short life of Abraham Lincoln : condensed from Nicolay & Hay's Abraham Lincoln : a history
|
Nicolay, John G. (John George), 1832-1901 | Nicolay, John G. (John George), 1832-1901. Abraham Lincoln
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,138 | 9,081 |
XIII The Secession Movement — South Carolina Secession — Buchanan'' s Neglect — Disloyal Cabinet Members — Washington Central Cabal — Anderson's Transfer to Sumter — Star of the West — Montgomery Rebellion — Davis and Stephens — Corner-stone Theory — Lincoln Inaugurated — His Inaugural Address — Lincoln's Cabi- net— The Question of Sumter — Seward's Memorandum — Lincoln's Anszver — Bombardment of Sumter — An- derson's Capitulation IT is not the province of these chapters to relate in detail the course of the secession movement in the cotton States in the interim which elapsed between the election and inauguration of President Lincoln. Still less can space be given to analyze and set forth the lamentable failure of President Buchanan to employ the executive authority and power of the government to prevent it, or even to hinder its development, by any vigorous opposition or adequate protest. The deter- mination of South Carolina to secede was announced by the governor of that State a month before the presi- dential election, and on the day before the election he sent the legislature of the State a revolutionary mes- sage to formally inaugurate it. From that time for- ward the whole official machinery of the State not only led, but forced the movement which culminated on December 20 in the ordinance of secession by the South Carolina convention. This official revolution in South Carolina was quickly 17s 176 ABRAHAM LINCOLN imitated by similar official revolutions ending in seces- sion ordinances in the States of Mississippi, on January 9, 1861 ; Florida, January 10; Alabama, January 11; Georgia, January 19; Louisiana, January 26; and by a still bolder usurpation in Texas, culminating on February i. From the day of the presidential election all these proceedings were known probably more fully to President Buchanan than to the general public, be- cause many of the actors were his personal and party friends; while almost at their very beginning he became aware that three members of his cabinet were secretly or openly abetting and promoting them by their official influence and power. Instead of promptly dismissing these unfaithful ser- vants, he retained one of them a month, and the others twice that period, and permitted them so far to influ- ence his official conduct, that in his annual message to Congress he announced the fallacious and paradox- ical doctrine that though a State had no right to secede, the Federal government had no right to coerce her to remain in the Union. Nor could he justify his non-action by the excuse that contumacious speeches and illegal resolves of par- liamentary bodies might be tolerated under the Amer- ican theory of free assemblage and free speech. Al- most from the beginning of the secession movement, it was accompanied from time to time by overt acts both of treason and war ; notably, by the occupation and seizure by military order and force of the seceding States, of twelve or fifteen harbor forts, one extensive navy-yard, half a dozen arsenals, three mints, four im- portant custom-houses, three revenue cutters, and a variety of miscellaneous Federal property ; for all of which insults to the flag, and infractions of the sov- ereignty of the United States, President Buchanan ANDERSON'S TRANSFER TO SUMTER 177 could recommend no more efficacious remedy or redress than to ask the voters of the country to reverse their de- cision given at the presidential election, and to appoint a day of fasting and prayer on which to implore the Most High "to remove from our hearts that false pride of opinion which would impel us to persevere in wrong for the sake of consistency." Nor must mention be omitted of the astounding phe- nomenon that, encouraged by President Buchanan's doctrine of non-coercion and purpose of non-action, a central cabal of Southern senators and representatives issued from Washington, on December 14, their public proclamation of the duty of secession ; their executive committee using one of the rooms of the Capitol build- ing itself as the headquarters of the conspiracy and re- bellion they were appointed to lead and direct. During the month of December, while the active treason of cotton-State officials and the fatal neglect of the Federal executive were in their most damaging and demoralizing stages, an officer of the United States army had the high courage and distinguished honor to give the ever-growing revolution its first effective check. Major Robert Anderson, though a Kentuckian by birth and allied by marriage to a Georgia family, was, late in November, placed in command of the Fed- eral forts in Charleston harbor; and having repeatedly reported that his little garrison of sixty men was in- sufficient for the defense of Fort Moultrie, and vainly asked for reinforcements which were not sent him, he suddenly and secretly, on the night after Christmas, transferred his command from the insecure position of Moultrie to the strong and unapproachable walls of Fort Sumter, midway in the mouth of Charleston harbor, where he could not be assailed by the raw Charleston militia companies that had for weeks been 178 ABRAHAM LINCOLN threatening him with a storming assault. In this stronghold, surrounded on all sides by water, he loyally held possession for the government and sovereignty of the United States. The surprised and bafifled rage of the South Caro- lina rebels created a crisis at Washington that resulted in the expulsion of the President's treacherous coun- selors and the reconstruction of Mr. Buchanan's cab- inet to unity and loyalty. The new cabinet, though unable to obtain President Buchanan's consent to aggressive measures to reestablish the Federal author- ity, was, nevertheless, able to prevent further conces- sions to the insurrection, and to effect a number of im- portant defensive precautions, among which was the already mentioned concentration of a small military force to protect the national capital. Meanwhile, the governor of South Carolina had be- gun the erection of batteries to isolate and besiege Fort Sumter ; and the first of these, on a sand-spit of Morris Island commanding the main ship-channel, by a few shots turned back, on January 9, the merchant steamer Star of the West, in which General Scott had attempted to send a reinforcement of two hundred recruits to Major Anderson. Battery building was continued with uninterrupted energy until a triangle of siege works was established on the projecting points of neighboring islands, mounting a total of thirty guns and seventeen mortars, manned and supported by a volunteer force of from four to six thousand men. Military preparation, though not on so extensive or definite a scale, was also carried on in the other revolted States; and while Mr. Lincoln was making his mem- orable journey from Springfield to Washington, tele- grams were printed in the newspapers, from day to day, showing that their delegates had met at Montgomery, CORNER-STONE THEORY 179 Alabama, formed a provisional congress, and adopted a constitution and government under the title of The Confederate States of America, of which they elected Jefferson Davis of Mississippi President, and Alexan- der H. Stephens of Georgia Vice-President. It needs to be constantly borne in mind that the be- ginning of this vast movement was not a spontaneous revolution, but a chronic conspiracy. "The secession of South Carolina," truly said one of the chief actors, "is not an event of a day. It is not anything produced by Mr. Lincoln's election, or by the non-execution of the fugitive-slave law. It is a matter which has been gathering head for thirty years." The central motive and dominating object of the revolution was frankly avowed by Vice-President Stephens in a speech he made at Savannah a few weeks after his inauguration : "The prevailing ideas entertained by him [Jeffer- son] and most of the leading statesmen at the time of the formation of the old Constitution, were that the enslavement of the African was in violation of the laws of nature ; that it was wrong in principle, socially, mor- ally, and politically. . . . Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea ; its foundations are laid, its corner-stone rests upon the great truth, that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery — subordination to the superior race — is his natural and normal condition. This, our new government, is the first, in the history of the world, based upon this great physical, philosophical, and moral truth." In the week which elapsed between Mr. Lincoln's ar- rival in Washington and the day of inauguration, he exchanged the customary visits of ceremony with President Buchanan, his cabinet, the Supreme Court, the two Houses of Congress, and other dignitaries. In his rooms at Willard's Hotel he also held consultations i8o ABRAHAM LINCOLN with leading Republicans about the final composition of his cabinet and pressing questions of public policy. Careful preparations had been made for the inaugura- tion, and under the personal eye of General Scott the military force in the city was ready instantly to sup- press any attempt to disturb the peace or quiet of the day. On March 4 the outgoing and incoming Presidents rode side by side in a carriage from the Executive Mansion to the Capitol and back, escorted by an im- posing military and civic procession ; and an immense throng of spectators heard the new Executive read his inaugural address from the east portico of the Capitol. He stated frankly that a disruption of the Federal Union was being formidably attempted, and discussed dispassionately the theory and illegality of secession. He held that the Union was perpetual ; that resolves and ordinances of disunion are legally void; and an- nounced that to the extent of his ability he would faith- fully execute the laws of the Union in all the States. The power confided to him would be used to hold, occupy, and possess the property and places belonging to the government, and to collect the duties and im- posts. But beyond what might be necessary for these objects there would be no invasion, no using of force against or among the people anywhere. Where hostil- ity to the United States in any interior locality should be so great and universal as to prevent competent resi- dent citizens from holding the Federal offices, there would be no attempt to force obnoxious strangers among them for that object. The mails, unless re- pelled, would continue to be furnished in all parts of the Union ; and this course would be followed until current events and experience should show a change to be necessary. To the South he made an earnest INAUGURAL ADDRESS 18 1 plea against the folly of disunion, and in favor of maintaining peace and fraternal good will ; declaring that their property, peace, and personal security were in no danger from a Republican administration. "One section of our country believes slavery is right and ought to be extended," he said, "while the other believes it is wrong and ought not to be extended ; that is the only substantial dispute. . . . Physically speaking, we cannot separate. We cannot remove our. respective sections from each other, nor build an im- passable wall between them. A husband and wife may be divorced, and go out of the presence and beyond the reach of each other ; but the different parts of our coun- try cannot do this. They cannot but remain face to face, and intercourse, either amicable or hostile, must continue between them. Is it possible, then, to make that intercourse more advantageous or more satisfac- tory after separation than before? Can aliens make treaties easier than friends can make laws? Can trea- ties be more faithfully enforced between aliens, than laws can among friends ? Suppose you go to war, you cannot fight always ; and when,, after much loss on both sides and no gain on either, you cease fighting, the identical old questions as to terms of intercourse are again upon you. ... In your hands, my dissatis- fied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momen- tous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. ... I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battle-field and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of 1 82 ABRAHAM LINCOLN the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature." But the peaceful policy here outlined was already more difficult to follow than Mr. Lincoln was aware. On the morning after inauguration the Secretary of War brought to his notice freshly received letters from Major Anderson, commanding Fort Sumter in Charles- ton harbor, announcing that in the course of a few weeks the provisions of the garrison would be ex- hausted, and therefore an evacuation or surrender would become necessary, unless the fort were relieved by supplies or reinforcements; and this information was accompanied by the written opinions of the officers that to relieve the fort would require a well-appointed army of twenty thousand men. The new President had appointed as his cabinet William H. Seward, Secretary of State; Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury; Simon Cameron, Secretary of War; Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy; Caleb B. Smith, Secretary of the Literior; Montgomery Blair, Postmaster-General ; and Edward Bates, Attorney-General. The President and his offi- cial advisers at once called into counsel the highest military and naval officers of the Union to consider the new and pressing emergency revealed by the unex- pected news from Sumter. The professional experts were divided in opinion. Relief by a force of twenty thousand men was clearly out of the question. No such Union army existed, nor could one be created within the limit of time. The officers of the navy thought that men and supplies might be thrown into the fort by swift-going vessels, while on the other hand the army officers believed that such an expedition would surely be destroyed by the formidable batteries which the insurgents had erected to close the harbor. Li view THE QUESTION OF SUMTER 183 of all the conditions, Lieutenant-General Scott, general- in-chief of the army, recommended the evacuation of the fort as a military necessity. President Lincoln thereupon asked the several mem- bers of his cabinet the written question : "Assuming it to be possible to now provision Fort Sumter, under all the circumstances is it wise to attempt it?" Only two members replied in the affirmative, while the other five argued against the attempt, holding that the coun- try would recognize that the evacuation of the fort was not an indication of policy, but a necessity created by the neglect of the old administration. Under this advice, the President withheld his decision until he could gather further information. Meanwhile, three commissioners had arrived from the provisional government at Montgomery, Alabama, under instructions to endeavor to negotiate a de facto and de jure recognition of the independence of the Confederate States. They were promptly informed by Mr. Seward that he could not receive them ; that he did not see in the Confederate States a rightful and accomplished revolution and an independent nation; and that he was not at liberty to recognize the com- missioners as diplomatic agents, or to hold correspon- dence with them. Failing in this direct application, they made further efforts through Mr. Justice Camp- bell of the Supreme Court, as a friendly intermediary, who came to Seward in the guise of a loyal official, though his correspondence with Jefiferson Davis soon revealed a treasonable intent; and, replying to Camp- bell's earnest entreaties that peace should be main- tained, Seward informed him confidentially that the military status at Charleston would not be changed without notice to the governor of South Carolina. On March 29 a cabinet meeting for the second time dis- 1 84 ABRAHAM LINCOLN cussed the question of Sumter. Four of the seven members now voted in favor of an attempt to supply the fort with provisions, and the President signed a' memorandum order to prepare certain ships for such an expedition, under the command of Captain G. V. Fox. So far, Mr. Lincohi's new duties as President of the United States had not in any wise put him at a disad- vantage with his constitutional advisers. Upon the old question of slavery he was as well informed and had clearer convictions and purposes than either Sew- ard or Chase. And upon the newer question of secession, and the immediate decision about Fort Sumter which it involved, the members of his cabinet were, like himself, compelled to rely on the profes- sional advice of experienced army and navy officers. Since these differed radically in their opinions, the President's own powers of perception and logic were as capable of forming a correct decision as men who had been governors and senators. He had reached at least a partial decision in the memorandum he gave Fox to prepare ships for the Sumter expedition. It must therefore have been a great surprise to the President when, on April i. Secretary of State Seward handed him a memorandum setting forth a number of most extraordinary propositions. For a full enumera- tion of the items the reader must carefully study the entire document, which is printed below in a foot-note;^ 1 Some Thoughts for the culpable, and it has even been un- President's Consideration. avoidable. The presence of the April i, i86i. Senate, with the need to meet ap- plications for patronage, have pre- First. We are at the end of a vented attention to other and more month's administration, and yet grave matters. without a policy, either domestic Third. But further delay to or foreign. adopt and prosecute our policies Second. This, however, is not for both domestic and foreign af- SEWARD'S MEMORANDUM 185 but the principal points for which it had evidently been written and presented can be given in a few sentences. A month has elapsed, and the administration has neither a domestic nor a foreign policy. The adminis- tration must at once adopt and carry out a novel, radi- cal, and aggressive policy. It must cease saying a word about slavery, and raise a great outcry about Union. It must declare war against France and Spain, fairs would not only bring scandal on the administration, but danger upon the country. Fourth. To do this we must dismiss the applicants for office. But how? I suggest that we make the local appointments forthwith, leaving foreign or general ones for ulterior and occasional action. Fifth. The policy at home. I am aware that my views are singu- lar, and perhaps not sufficiently ex- plained. My system is built upon this idea as a ruling one, namely, that we must CHANGE THE QUESTION BEFORE THE PUBLIC FROM ONE UPON SLAVERY, OR ABOUT SLAVERY, for a question upon union or dis- union. In other words, from what would be regarded as a party question, to one of Pat7-iotism or Union. The occupation or evacuation of Fort Sumter, although not in fact a slavery or a party question, is so regarded. Witness the temper manifested by the Republicans in the free States, and even by the Union men in the South. I would therefore terminate it as a safe means for changing the issue. I deem it fortunate that the last ad- ministration created the necessity. For the rest, I would simulta- neously defend and reinforce all the ports in the Gulf, and have the navy recalled from foreign stations to be prepared for a blockade. Put the island of Key West under mar- tial law. This will raise distinctly the question of Union or Disunion. I would maintain every fort and possession in the South. For Foreign Nations. I would demand explanations from Spain and France, categor- ically, at once. I would seek explanations from Great Britain and Russia, and send agents into Canada, Mexico, and Central America, to rouse a vigor- ous continental spirit of indepen- dence on this continent against Eu- ropean intervention. And, if satisfactory explanations are not received from Spain and France, Would convene Congress and de- clare war against them. But whatever policy we adopt, there must be an energetic prose- cution of it. For this purpose it must be somebody's business to pursue and direct it incessantly. Either the President must do it himself, and be all the while active in it, or Devolve it on some member of his cabinet. Once adopted, debates on it must end, and all agree and abide. It is not in my especial province. But I neither seek to evade nor assume responsibility. 1 86 ABRAHAM LINCOLN and combine and organize all the governments of North and South America in a crusade to enforce the Mon- roe Doctrine. This policy once adopted, it must be the business of some one incessantly to pursue it. "It is not in my especial province," wrote Mr. Seward ; "but I neither seek to evade nor assume responsibility." This phrase, which is a key to the whole memorandum, enables the reader easily to translate its meaning into something like the following: After a month's trial, you, Mr. Lincoln, are a failure as President. The country is in desperate straits, and must use a desperate remedy. That remedy is to sub- merge the South Carolina insurrection in a continental war. Some new man must take the executive helm, and wield the undivided presidential authority. I should have been nominated at Chicago, and elected in November, but am willing to take your place and per- form your duties. Why William H. Seward, who is fairly entitled to rank as a great statesman, should have written this memorandum and presented it to Mr. Lincoln, has never been explained; nor is it capable of explanation. Its suggestions were so visionary, its reasoning so fallacious, its assumptions so unwarranted, its conclu- sions so malapropos, that it falls below critical exam- ination. Had Mr. Lincoln been an envious or a resent- ful man, he could not have wished for a better occasion to put a rival under his feet. The President doubtless considered the incident one of phenomenal strangeness, but it did not in the least disturb his unselfish judgment or mental equipoise. There was in his answer no trace of excitement or passion. He pointed out in a few sentences of simple, quiet explanation that what the administration had done was exactly a foreign and domestic policy which LINCOLN'S ANSWER 187 the Secretary of State himself had concurred in and helped to frame. Only, that Mr. Seward proposed to go further and give up Sumter. Upon the central suggestion that some one mind must direct, Mr. Lin- coln wrote with simple dignity : "If this must be done, I must do it. When a gen- eral line of policy is adopted, I apprehend there is no danger of its being changed without good reason, or continuing to be a subject of unnecessary debate; still, upon points arising in its progress I wish, and suppose I am entitled to have, the advice of all the cabinet." Mr. Lincoln's unselfish magnanimity is the central marvel of the whole affair. His reply ended the argu- ment. Mr. Seward doubtless saw at once how com- pletely he had put himself in the President's power. Apparently, neither of the men ever again alluded to the incident. No other persons except Mr. Seward's son and the President's private secretary ever saw the correspondence, or knew of the occurrence. The Presi- dent put the papers away in an envelop, and no word of the affair came to the public until a quarter of a century later, when the details were published in Mr. Lincoln's biography. In one mind, at least, there was no further doubt that the cabinet had a master-, for only some weeks later Mr. Seward is known to have writ- ten : "There is but one vote in the cabinet, and that is cast by the President." This mastery Mr. Lincoln retained wath a firm dignity throughout his adminis- tration. When, near the close of the war, he sent Mr. Seward to meet the rebel commissioners at the Hamp- ton Roads conference, he finished his short letter of instructions with the imperative sentence : "You will not assume to definitely consummate anything." From this strange episode our narrative must return to the c[uestion of Fort Sumter. On April 4, official 188 ABRAHAM LINCOLN notice was sent to Major Anderson of the coming re- lief, with the instruction to hold out till the eleventh or twelfth if possible; but authorizing him to capitulate whenever it might become necessary to save himself and command. Two days later the President sent a special messenger with written notice to the governor of South Carolina that an attempt would be made to supply Fort Sumter with provisions only; and that if such attempt were not resisted, no further effort would be made to throw in men, arms, or ammunition, with- out further notice, or unless in case of an attack on the fort. The building of batteries around Fort Sumter had been begun, under the orders of Governor Pickens, about the first of January, and continued with industry and energy ; and about the first of March General Beauregard, an accomplished engineer officer, was sent by the Confederate government to take charge of and complete the works. On April i he telegraphed to Montgomery: ^'Batteries ready to open Wednesday or Thursday. What instructions?" At this point, the Confederate authorities at Mont- gomery found themselves face to face with the fatal alternative either to begin war or to allow their rebel- lion to collapse. Their claim to independence was denied, their commissioners were refused a hearing; yet not an angry word, provoking threat, nor harm- ful act had come from President Lincoln. He had promised them peace, protection, freedom from irri- tation ; had offered them the benefit of the mails. Even now, all he proposed to do was — not to send guns or ammunition or men to Sumter, but only bread and provisions to Anderson and his soldiers. His prudent policy placed them in the exact attitude described a month earlier in his inaugural : they could have no BOMBARDMENT OF SUMTER 189 conflict without being themselves the aggressors. But the rebellion was organized by ambitious men with desperate intentions. A member of the Alabama legis- lature, present at Montgomery, said to Jefferson Davis and three members of his cabinet : "Gentlemen, unless you sprinkle blood in the face of the people of Alabama, they will be back in the old Union in less than ten days." And the sanguinary advice was adopted. In answer to his question, "What instructions?" Beaure- gard on April 10 w^as ordered to demand the evacua- tion of Fort Sumter, and, in case of refusal, to reduce it. The demand was presented to Anderson, who replied that he would evacuate the fort by noon of April 15, unless assailed, or unless lie received supplies or con- trolling instructions from his government. This an- swer being unsatisfactory to Beauregard, he sent Anderson notice that he would open fire on Sumter at 4:20 on the morning of April 12. Promptly at the hour indicated the bombardment was begun. As has been related, the rebel siege-works were built on the points of the islands forming the har- bor, at distances varying from thirteen hundred to twenty-five hundred yards, and numbered nineteen batteries, with an armament of forty-seven guns, sup- ported by a land force of from four to six thousand volunteers. The disproportion between means of at- tack and defense was enormous. Sumter, though a work three hundred by three hundred and fifty feet in size, with well-constructed walls and casemates of brick, was in very meager preparation for such a con- flict. Of its forty-eight available guns, only twenty- one were in the casemates, twenty-seven being on the rampart en barbette. The garrison consisted of nine commissioned officers, sixty-eight non-commissioned officers and privates, eight musicians, and forty-three I90 ABRAHAM LINCOLN non-combatant workmen compelled by the besiegers to remain to hasten the consumption of provisions. Under the fire of the seventeen mortars in the rebel batteries, Anderson could reply only with a vertical fire from the guns of small caliber in his casemates, which was of no effect against the rebel bomb-proofs of sand and roofs of sloping railroad iron ; but, refrain- ing from exposing his men to serve his barbette guns, his garrison was also safe in its protecting casemates. It happened, therefore, that although the attack was spirited and the defense resolute, the combat went on for a day and a half without a single casualty. It came to an end on the second day only when the cartridges of the garrison were exhausted, and the red-hot shot from the rebel batteries had set the buildings used as officers' quarters on fire, creating heat and smoke that rendered further defense impossible. There was also the further discouragement that the expedition of relief which Anderson had been in- structed to look for on the eleventh or twelfth, had failed to appear. Several unforeseen contingencies had prevented the assembling of the vessels at the appointed rendezvous outside Charleston harbor, though some of them reached it in time to hear the opening guns of the bombardment. But as accident had deranged and thwarted the plan agreed upon, they could do nothing except impatiently await the issue of the fight. A little after noon of April 13, when the flagstaff of the fort had been shot away and its guns remained silent, an invitation to capitulate with the honors of war came from General Beauregard, which Anderson accepted; and on the following day, Sunday, April 14, he hauled down his flag with impressive ceremonies, and leaving the fort with his faithful garrison, pro- ceeded in a steamer to New York. XIV President's Proclamation Calling for Seventy-Uve Regi- ments— Responses of the Governors — Maryland and Virginia — The Baltimore Riot — Washington Isolated — Lincoln Takes the Responsibility — Robert E. Lee — Arrival of the Nezv York ScventJi — Suspension of Ha- beas Corpus — The Annapolis Route — Butler in Balti- more— Taney on the Merryman Case — Kentucky — Missouri — Lyon Captures Camp Jackson — Boonville SkirmisJi — The Missouri Convention — Gamble made Governor — The Border States THE bombardment of Fort Sumter changed the political situation as if by magic. There was no longer room for doubt, hesitation, concession, or com- promise. Without awaiting the arrival of the ships that were bringing provisions to Anderson's starving garri- son, the hostile Charleston batteries had opened their fire on the fort by the formal order of the Confederate government, and peaceable secession was, without provocation, changed to active war. The rebels gained possession of Charleston harbor ; but their mode of ob- taining it awakened the patriotism of the American people to a stern determination that the insult to the national authority and flag should be redressed, and the unrighteous experiment of a rival government founded on slavery as its corner-stone should never succeed. Under the conflict thus begun the long-tol- erated barbarous institution itself was destined ignobly to perish. 191 192 ABRAHAM LINCOLN On his journey from Springfield to Washington Mr. Lincoln had said that, devoted as he was to peace, he might find it necessary "to put the foot down firmly." That time had now come. On the morning of April 15, 1 86 1, the leading newspapers of the coun- try printed the President's proclamation reciting that, whereas the laws of the United States were opposed and the execution thereof obstructed in the States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, by combinations too power- ful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, the militia of the several States of the Union, to the aggregate number of seventy-five thou- sand, was called forth to suppress said combinations and cause the laws to be duly executed. The orders of the War Department specified that the period of ser- vice under this call should be for three months; and to further conform to the provisions of the Act of 1795, under which the call was issued, the President's proclamation also convened the Congress in special session on the coming fourth of July. Public opinion in the free States, which had been sadly demoralized by the long discussions over slavery, and by the existence of four factions in the late presi- dential campaign, was instantly crystallized and con- solidated by the Sumter bombardment and the Presi- dent's proclamation into a sentiment of united support to the government for the suppression of the rebellion. The several free-State governors sent loyal and enthu- siastic responses to the call for militia, and tendered double the numbers asked for. The people of the slave States which had not yet joined the Montgomery Confederacy — namely, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware — remained, however, more or less di- BALTIMORE RIOT 193 vided on the issue as it now presented itself. The gov- ernors of the first six of these were already so much en- gaged in the secret intrigues of the secession movement that they sent the Secretary of War contumacious and insulting replies, and distinct refusals to the President's call for troops. The governor of Delaware answered that there was no organized militia in his State which he had legal authority to command, but that the officers of organized volunteer regiments might at their own option offer their services to the United States; while the governor of Maryland, in complying with the re- quisition, stipulated that the regiments from his State should not be required to serve outside its limits, except to defend the District of Columbia. A swift, almost bewildering rush of events, however, quickly compelled most of them to take sides. Seces- sion feeling was rampant in Baltimore; and when the first armed and equipped Northern regiment, the Mas- sachusetts Sixth, passed through that city on the morning of April 19, on its way to Washington, the last four of its companies were assailed by street mobs with missiles and firearms while marching from one depot to the other ; and in the running fight which en- sued, four of its soldiers were killed and about thirty wounded, while the mob probably lost two or three times as many. This tragedy instantly threw the whole city into a wild frenzy of insurrection. That same afternoon an immense secession meeting in Monument Square listened to a torrent of treasonable protest and denunciation, in which Governor Hicks himself was made momentarily to join. The militia was called out, preparations were made to arm the city, and that night the railroad bridges were burned between Baltimore and the Pennsylvania line to prevent the further transit of Union regiments. The revolutionary furor spread 194 ABRAHAM LINCOLN to the country towns, and for a whole week the Union flag practically disappeared from Maryland. While these events were taking place to the north, equally threatening incidents were occurring to the south of Washington. The State of Virginia had been for many weeks balancing uneasily between loyalty and secession. In the new revolutionary stress her weak remnant of conditional Unionism gave way; and on April 17, two days after the President's call, her State convention secretly passed a secession ordinance, while Governor Letcher ordered a military seizure of the United States navy-yard at Norfolk and the United States armory at Harper's Ferry. Under orders from Washington, both establishments were burned to prevent their falling into insurrectionary hands ; but the destruction in each case was only par- tial, and much valuable war material thus passed to rebel uses. All these hostile occurrences put the national capital in the greatest danger. For three days it was entirely cut off from communication with the North by either telegraph or mail. Under the orders of General Scott, the city was hastily prepared for a possible siege. The flour at the mills, and other stores of provisions were taken possession of. The Capitol and other public buildings were barricaded, and detachments of troops stationed in them. Business was suspended by a com- mon impulse; streets were almost deserted except by squads of military patrol ; shutters of stores, and even many residences, remained unopened throughout the day. The signs were none too reassuring. In addition to the public rumors whispered about by serious faces on the streets, General Scott reported in writing to President Lincoln on the evening of April 22 : "Of rumors, the following are probable, viz. : First, WASHINGTON ISOLATED i95 that from fifteen hundred to two thousand troops are at the White House ( four miles below Mount Vernon, a narrow point in the Potomac), engaged in erecting a battery; Second, that an equal force is collected or in progress of assemblage on the two sides of the river to attack Fort Washington ; and Third, that extra cars went up yesterday to bring down from Harper's Ferry about two thousand other troops to join in a general attack on this capital — that is, on many of its fronts at once. I feel confident that with our present forces we can defend the Capitol, the Arsenal, and all the executive buildings (seven) against ten thousand troops not better than our District volunteers." Throughout this crisis President Lincoln not only maintained his composure, but promptly assumed the high responsibilities the occasion demanded. On Sun- day, April 21, he summoned his cabinet to meet at the Navy Department, and with their unanimous concur- rence issued a number of emergency orders relating to the purchase of ships, the transportation of troops and munitions of war, the advance of $2,000,000 of money to a Union Safety Committee in New York, and other military and naval measures, which were despatched in duplicate by private messengers over unusual and circuitous routes. The most prominent case, however, was that of Colonel Robert E. Lee, the officer who captured John Brown at Harper's Ferry, and who afterward became the leader of the Confederate armies. As a lieutenant he had served on the staff of General Scott in the war with Mexico. Personally knowing his ability. Scott recommended him to Lincoln as the most suitable officer to command the Union army about to be assembled under the President's call for seventy-five regiments; and this command was informally tendered him through a friend. Lee, however, declined the offer, explaining that "though opposed to secession, and deprecating war, I could take no part in an invasion of the Southern States." He resigned his commission in a letter written on April 20, and, without waiting for notice of its acceptance, which alone could discharge him from his military obligation, proceeded to Rich- mond, where he was formally and publicly invested with the command of the Virginia military and naval THE ANNAPOLIS ROUTE 197 forces on April 22 ; while, two days later, the rebel Vice-President, Alexander H. Stephens, and a commit- tee of the Richmond convention signed a formal mili- tary league making Virginia an immediate member of the Confederate States, and placing her armies under the command of Jefferson Davis. The sudden uprising in Maryland and the insur- rectionary activity in Virginia had been largely stimu- lated by the dream of the leading conspirators that their new confederacy would combine all the slave States, and that by the adhesion of both Maryland and Virginia they would fall heir to a ready-made seat of government. While the bombardment of Sumter was in progress, the rebel Secretary of War, announcing the news in a jubilant speech at Montgomery, in the presence of Jefferson Davis and his colleagues, confi- dently predicted that the rebel flag would before the end of May "float over the dome of the Capitol at Wash- ington." The disloyal demonstrations in Maryland and Virginia rendered such a hope so plausible that Jefferson Davis telegraphed to Governor Letcher at Richmond that he was preparing to send him thirteen regiments, and added : "Sustain Baltimore if practi- cable. We reinforce you" ; while Senator Mason hur- ried to that city personally to furnish advice and mil- itary assistance. But the flattering expectation was not realized. The requisite preparation and concert of action were both wanting. The Union troops from New York and New England, pouring into Philadelphia, flanked the ob- structions of the Baltimore route by devising a new one by way of Chesapeake Bay and Annapolis ; and the opportune arrival of the Seventh Regiment of New York in Washington, on April 25, rendered that city entirely safe against surprise or attack, relieved the 198 ABRAHAM LINCOLN apprehension of officials and citizens, and renewed its business and public activity. The mob frenzy of Bal- timore and the Maryland towns subsided almost as quickly as it had risen. The Union leaders and news- papers asserted themselves, and soon demonstrated their superiority in numbers and activity. Serious embarrassment had been created by the ti- midity of Governor Hicks, who, while Baltimore re- mained under mob terrorism, officially protested against the landing of Union troops at Annapolis ; and, still worse, summoned the Maryland legislature to meet on April 26 — a step which he had theretofore stub- bornly refused to take. This event had become doubly dangerous, because a Baltimore city election held dur- ing the same terror week had reinforced the legislature with ten secession members, creating a majority eager to pass a secession ordinance at the first opportunity. The question of either arresting or dispersing the body by military force was one of the problems which the crisis forced upon President Lincoln. On full reflec- tion, he decided against either measure. "I think it would not be justifiable," he wrote to Gen- eral Scott, "nor efficient for the desired object. First, they have a clearly legal right to assemble; and we cannot know in advance that their action will not be lawful and peaceful. And if we wait until they shall have acted, their arrest or dispersion will not lessen the effect of their action. Secondly, we cannot perma- nently prevent their action. If we arrest them, we can- not long hold them as prisoners; and, when liberated, they will immediately reassemble and take their action. And precisely the same if we simply disperse them : they will immediately reassemble in some other place.
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Rigacci is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Susanna Rigacci (born 1960), Swedish-born Italian singer/soprano
(1921–2019), Italian composer
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Ноубъл Смит
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Ноубъл Мейсън Смит () е американски изпълнителен продуцент на документални филми, драматург и писател, автор на произведения в жанровете исторически приключенски роман и документалистика.
Биография и творчество
Ноубъл Мейсън Смит е роден на 4 юни 1968 г. във Флорида, САЩ. По влиянието на баща си чете много. Започва да пише още на 14 години, първо на пишеща машина, а после на един от първите домашни компютри. На 18 години печели награда за нова пиеса от фестивала в Ню Йорк, а в постановката на пиесата му играе Синтия Никсън.
Работи по проекти за компаниите „Vivendi“, „Machinima.com“, „Snowblind“ и „Bungie Studios“, както и като медиен директор на фондация за защита на човешките права. Сътрудничи на научно-фантастичния сайт „Legendarium“ и съавтор на блога „Dungeons & Dorkwads“.
През 2000 г. е издаден първият му роман, историческата пародия „Stolen from Gypsies“ (Откраднат от цигани). Композиторът Артур Рубинщайн адаптира романа в комична опера.
Той е голям фен на произведенията на Дж. Р. Р. Толкин и през 2012 г. е издадена книгата му „Мъдростта на графството“, в която събира идеи от живота на здраво стъпилите на земята дружелюбни хобити и техните радости от живота в градинарството, кулинарията и празниците.
През 2013 г. е издаден първият му роман „Sons of Zeus“ (Синовете на Зевс) от историческата приключенска поредица „Войн“. През 431 г. пр.н.е. в древна Гърция започва война между Атина и Спарта. Младият войн Никиас мечтае за слава на Олимпийските игри, но коварно предателство го заставя да защитава семейството и годеницата си и да води армия за отбрана на града-държава Платаа.
Ноубъл Смит живее със семейството си в Удинвил, Вашингтон.
Произведения
Самостоятелни романи
Stolen from Gypsies (2000)
Серия „Войн“ (Warrior)
Sons of Zeus (2013)
Spartans at the Gates (2014)
Sword of Apollo (2015)
Новели
The One-Armed Warrior (2013)
Документалистика
The Wisdom of the Shire (2012)Мъдростта на графството: как да живееш като хобит, изд.: „Сиела“, София (2014), прев. Боряна Игова
Екранизации
2001 Point of View – видео игра, сценарист
2007 Protagonist – документален, изпълнителен продуцент
2007 Neither Memory Nor Magic – документален, изпълнителен продуцент
2010 The Road to Nasiriyah – документален, изпълнителен продуцент
Източници
Биография и библиография във „Fantasticfiction“
Биография и библиография в „Goodreads“
Биография в официалния сайт
Интервю в „AmazingStoriesMag“
Външни препратки
на Ноубъл Смит
Интервю в „e-vestnik“
Американски филмови продуценти
Американски автори на приключенски романи
Американски драматурзи
Американски хумористи
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By Judge Thomas D. Horne
This is an action for declaratory relief brought by the Fairchild Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiary, RHI Holdings, Inc. Fairchild and RHI Holdings seek a declaration of rights and injunctive relief. They suggest that the defendant, Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (“MWAA” or the “Authority”), is without authority to acquire by eminent domain all or part of complainants’ leasehold interest in certain property located at Washington Dulles International Airport.
In June of 1983, Fairchild entered into a contract with the United States to lease 223,489 square feet of land at Dulles Airport. Pursuant to its agreement with the United States, Fairchild began construction of an office building on the site. The forty-year term provided for in the lease commenced upon a determination by the United States that the building was ready for occupancy. The initial term of the lease is to expire on November 30, 2024.
*128There is a dispute between the parties as to extensions of the lease.
In 1985, the Commonwealth and the District of Columbia enacted enabling legislation authorizing the creation of a regional airport authority for the metropolitan Washington area, the MWAA, which would lease Dulles and National (now Reagan National) Airports from the United States. 1985 Va. Acts, Ch. 598; 1985 D.C. Law 6-67. The Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority was created as:
a public body corporate and politic and independent of all other bodies, having the powers and jurisdiction hereinafter enumerated, and such other and additional powers as shall be conferred upon it by the legislative authorities of both the Commonwealth of Virginia and the District of Columbia.
1985 Va. Acts, Ch. 598, § 2.
The Virginia Act creating the authority provided that it would consist of eleven members to be appointed by the Governor of Virginia, the Governor of Maryland, the Mayor of the District of Columbia, and the President of the United States. It was expressly provided that:
the Authority ... is hereby granted full power to exercise the right of eminent domain in the acquisition of any lands, easements, privileges, or other property interests which are necessary for airport and landing field purposes, including the right to acquire by eminent domain aviation easements over lands or water outside the boundaries of its airports or landing fields where necessary in the interests of safety for aircraft to provide unobstructed air space for the landing and taking off of aircraft utilizing its airports and landing fields even though such aviation easement be inconsistent with the continued use of such land, or inconsistent with the maintenance, preservation and renewal of any structure or any tree or other vegetation standing or growing on the land at the time of such acquisition. Proceedings for the acquisition of such lands, easements and privileges by condemnation may be instituted and conducted in the name of the Authority in accordance with Title 25 of the Code of Virginia.
1985 Va. Acts, Ch. 598, § 9(C).
Subsequent to such action by the Virginia General Assembly, Congress passed the Metropolitan Washington Airports Act (Transfer Act). 49 U.S.C. § 49101, et seq. On two occasions, the federal act permitting the lease of Dulles and National Airports has undergone judicial scrutiny resulting in *129various provisions of the Act being declared unconstitutional. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority v. CAAN, 501 U.S. 252 (1991) (conditioning transfer to MWAA on creation of Congressional Review Board with veto power over decisions of Board of Directors declared unconstitutional); Hechinger v. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, 36 F.3d 97 (D.C. Cir. 1994) (Board of Review under amended Transfer Act again found unconstitutional as violative of separation of powers). Complainants argue that the instant case presents yet another opportunity for judicial nullification.
This is a case of first impression. Counsel have furnished no authority where the right of the Authority to exercise the power of eminent domain has been challenged. Condemnation proceedings have been conducted in the past without question as to defendant’s authority to exercise the power of eminent domain.
Complainants’ arguments raise significant questions as to the Authority’s ability to proceed with condemnation of the leasehold interest. First, complainants note that the Authority seeks to condemn an interest that arises out of a contract with the United States which was executed prior to the Authority’s acquisition of its interest in the airport property. Although granted the power of eminent domain, the Authority is required, according to complainants, to honor leases that were extant at the time it acquired its interest in the airport property. Complainants suggest in their papers that the term of their lease may be extended beyond the term of the lease between the Authority and the United States. It is asserted that to permit the Authority to proceed would thus run afoul of the terms of the Transfer Act, the constitutional prohibition against impairment of contracts, and the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution. U. S. Const., art. VI.
Second, the Complainants draw the Court’s attention to the limiting terms of the Transfer Act by highlighting the distinction between the provisions of the Transfer Act relating to the exercise of the power of eminent domain and the related provisions of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority Compact. Like those of the Airports Authority, the actions of the Transit Authority have a profound impact on interstate commerce. The Transit Authority is involved in the planning and regulation of mass transit for the metropolitan Washington area. In the case of the Transfer Act, the compact gives to the MWAA the power of eminent domain “conferred on it by Virginia.” In the case of the WMATA, the compact grants the power of eminent domain to the Authority without qualification. This unfettered grant to the Transit Authority has been interpreted as a grant of the federal power of eminent domain. Thus, the Transit Authority may exercise a “quick take” power of eminent domain even when such power violates the constitutional *130provisions of one of the signatory states. Conversely, the Airports Authority may not.
This limiting language in the Transfer Act forms the centerpiece of complainants’ challenge to the Authority’s power to condemn their leasehold interest. They note that the compact should be reviewed using familiar contract principles. As the Court noted in Cuyler, supra,
The requirement of congressional consent is at the heart of the Compact Clause. By vesting in Congress the power to grant or withhold consent, or to condition consent on the States’ compliance with specified conditions, the Framers sought to ensure that Congress would maintain ultimate supervision power over cooperative state action that might otherwise interfere with the full and free exercise of federal authority.
Id. at 439, 440 (authority omitted).
Complainants suggest that in authorizing the Commonwealth to grant the power of eminent domain, Congress did not condition its consent upon the Commonwealth granting to the Authority the power of eminent domain. Nor did Congress mandate that the Commonwealth grant such power to the Authority. Thus, the grant of the power by the Commonwealth was a unilateral act subject to Virginia and not federal law. Under familiar contract principles, the delegation by the Commonwealth lacks mutuality. Accordingly, the grant of the power of eminent domain cannot be viewed as a provision of the compact. Instead, the delegation by the Commonwealth to the Authority must, according to complainants, be judged not by federal law but by the laws of the Commonwealth.
Complainants further assert that such delegation of the power of eminent domain by the General Assembly to the Authority violates the Constitution of Virginia in that it constitutes an impermissible delegation of a sovereign power. Complainants note that a Board of Directors, the majority of which may vote to exercise the power of eminent domain, controls the Authority. Given the Board’s makeup, such a majority could consist entirely of non-Virginian members. That is to say, condemnation of property in Virginia could take place without the inclusion and assent of representatives from the Commonwealth. Various scenarios were suggested by the complainants in which Virginia land use policies could be controlled by regional forces contrary to the will and without regulation by Virginia’s duly elected representatives.
Congress has sanctioned the lease of the federally owned Dulles Airport and associated property for a period of 50 years to the MWAA provided the *131MWAA is authorized by joint action of the legislatures of Virginia and the District of Columbia to, inter alia, “exercise the powers of eminent domain in Virginia that are conferred on it by Virginia.” 49 U.S.C. § 49106(b)(1)(D). The Secretary of Transportation and the Airports Authority are authorized to negotiate at any time an extension of the lease. 49 U.S.C. § 49104(d).
Subsequent amendments to the Virginia statute have brought the enabling legislation into conformity with the requirements of the Transfer Act.
Fairchild and RHI Holdings seek in these proceedings a judicial determination that the Airports Authority lacks authority to acquire all or part of Fairchild’s leasehold interest by eminent domain and disturb its quiet enjoyment of the leasehold. In addition, they seek injunctive relief to prohibit the Authority from proceeding to acquire any of the leasehold property by eminent domain. Complainants suggest that agents of the defendant have committed repeated trespasses to their property in preparation for the construction of a parking garage. They request that the Court enjoin such trespasses.
The basis for the relief Fairchild seeks is articulated in six numbered counts. In response, the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority has demurred to each of the counts. Under familiar principles applicable to the consideration of a demurrer, this Court must consider Defendant’s challenge only upon the facts as pleaded and the necessary inferences to be drawn from such facts.
Fairchild suggests in Count I that the delegation of the power of eminent domain to the Authority is violative of the Constitution of America. Such complaint is susceptible to a determination as a matter of law on the extant record. It is ripe for adjudication on demurrer.
Complainants contend there are but four categories of entities to which the power of eminent domain may be delegated in the Commonwealth. These are localities, political subdivisions, Virginia public service companies, and transportation district commissions, all of which are subject to the exclusive sovereignty of the Commonwealth of Virginia. The MWAA, however, because of the composition of its Board of Directors, is not, according to complainants, subject to the Commonwealth’s exclusive sovereignty. As previously noted, it is possible that a majority of the MWAA’s Board, consisting of no members appointed by the Governor of Virginia and confirmed by the General Assembly, could determine whether the power of eminent domain should be exercised within the Commonwealth. Such a delegation of the power of eminent domain would, in complainants’ estimation, constitute an “improper surrender, alienation, abridgement, or destruction of the sovereign power of the Commonwealth.”
*132The MWAA has its origins in the actions of the Commonwealth and the District of Columbia. However:
[b]ecause the Compact creating the MWAA was congressionally sanctioned in accordance with the Compact Clause (“No state shall, without the consent of Congress ... enter into any agreement or compact with another state.” Art. I, § 10, cl. 3.), it is a federal law subject to federal construction, notwithstanding its genesis in the enabling acts of Virginia and the District of Columbia.
Alcorn v. Wolfe, 827 F. Supp. 47, 51 (1993).
The legislation of Congress, the District of Columbia, and the Commonwealth of Virginia providing for the creation of the MWAA meets the two-prongéd test used in determining the existence of a compact within the contemplation of Article 1, § 10, cl. 3, of the United States Constitution. (“No state shall, without the consent of Congress ... enter into any agreement or compact with another state.” Cuyler v. Adams, 449 U.S. 433 (1983).) Firstly, the Airports Authority has been specifically authorized by Congress to lease the airport facilities for fifty years, and, secondly, the creation of the Authority is an appropriate subject for federal legislation given its significant impact on interstate commerce. Thus, the provisions of the Act enjoy supremacy over inconsistent state statutory and constitutional mandates and must be interpreted in light of federal law. Washington Metro. Area T. A. v. One Parcel of Land, 706 F.2d 1312 (1983).
Furthermore, the Court believes that the provisions of the Transfer Act and of the enabling legislation passed by the District of Columbia and the Commonwealth must be harmonized within the context of the legislative histoiy giving rise to the creation of the Authority. Thus, the grant contained in the Virginia enabling act, which preceded the adoption of the Transfer Act, contains the grant of the power to the Authority, which Congress later approved in accordance with its constitutional right of review. Once approved, the delegation became a matter of federal law not subject to state constitutional restrictions.
A compact between the States, sanctioned by Congress, is “a consensual agreement, the meaning of which, because made by different States acting under the Constitution and with congressional approval, is a question of federal law.” Petty v. Tennessee-Missouri Bridge Commission, 359 U.S. 275, 279 (1959). The terms of the compact “cannot be modified unilaterally by state legislation and take precedence over conflicting state law.” Alcorn, supra, at 51, 52 (authorities omitted). As Justice Frankfurter, in commenting upon the Compact Clause, observed:
*133The growing interdependence of regional interest, calling for regional adjustments, has brought extensive use of compacts. A compact is more than a supple device for dealing with interests confined within a region. That it is also a means of safeguarding the national interest is well illustrated in the Compact now under review.
State v. Sims, supra, 341 U.S. 22, 27 (1951).
Here, the General Assembly elected to delegate the power of eminent domain to an independent corporate body established to acquire, by lease, Dulles and National Airports. Fairchild’s view of the limitations of the grant is too restrictive. In determining whether or not the General Assembly has acted contrary to the Constitution, the Court may not limit itself to a consideration of the four categories enumerated by the complainants.
Accordingly, it is the Court’s opinion that in conferring the power of eminent domain upon the Authority, the General Assembly violated no provision of the Constitution of Virginia. Its actions involved a “conventional grant of legislative power.” State v. Sims, 341 U.S. 22, 30, 31 (1951). Not only does the grant provide for a delegation of the power, but also for the procedures to be followed should condemnation proceedings be instituted. See Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Com’n. etc. v. Colburn, 310 U.S. 419 (1940). There is no limitation such as the one complainants assert on the grant of the power of eminent domain.
The question then arises as to whether such a delegation of the power of eminent domain is proper, that is whether the delegation implicates a public use. As the Court observed in Phillips v. Fuster, 215 Va. 543 (1975):
It has been universally held that the spirit of the Constitution of Virginia and the Federal Constitution prohibits the taking of private properly for private use under any conditions .... The salient consideration is not whether a public benefit results, but whether a public use is predominant ... the public use implies a possession, occupation, and enjoyment of the land by the public at large, or by public agencies.
Id. at 546, 547 (authorities omitted).
In other words, the result obtained from the exercise of the power of eminent domain delegated by the General Assembly must be one not of incidental benefit, but one for the use of the citizens of the Commonwealth. “The right of the public to receive and enjoy the benefit of the use is the determining factor whether the use is public or private.” Iron Co. v. Pipeline Co., 206 Va. 711, 715 (1966). Whether or not a public use is served by *134condemnation of the subject leasehold is an issue subject to judicial review.
Here, the MWAA operates under a mandate from the United States, Commonwealth of Virginia, and District of Columbia with specific enumerated powers. 1985 Va. Acts, Ch. 598, § 2. In the exercise of the power of eminent domain, the Authority is authorized to acquire “lands, easements, privileges, or other property interests which are necessaiy for airport and landing field purposes.” Id. at § 9(C).
Dulles and National Airports are transportation centers in the Commonwealth. They serve vast numbers of patrons and play significant roles in the economy of the region. Their close proximity to the nation’s capital makes them key players in the economic and political life of the country. Although not subject to regulatoiy control by the Commonwealth, the use of the property acquired by the Authority through its lease with the federal government is inherently public. See generally, 26 Am. Jur. 2d, Eminent Domain, § 24.
Clearly, then, this is not a situation where the General Assembly has improperly removed from the representatives the power to exercise legislative authority. Fairfax County v. Fleet Industrial Park, 242 Va. 426 (1991). Accordingly, the Court finds that while the Authority exercises its power of eminent domain pursuant to an Article I compact, even were this not so, the General Assembly’s delegation of the exercise of the power of eminent domain to the MWAA is not violative of the Constitution of Virginia. Thus, the demurrer will be sustained as to Count I of the Bill of Complaint.
It should be added, however, that resolution of the specific issue of whether, under the facts of this case, a public use is implicated by the instant taking must await an evidentiary hearing. As the Court noted in Iron Company, supra:
The critical inquiry is whether the taking ... is necessary for its use in serving the public, that is, whether the taking is for a public use.
These constitutional limitations on the delegation of the power of eminent domain have been fixed by our former decisions: (1) the taking must be for a public use; private property cannot be taken for private use; (2) the use must be needful for the public; and (3) the rights of the public to use the facilities must be adequately protected.
Id. at 715.
The issue of the necessity of the instant taking is not one that can be determined on demurrer; hence, the Court makes no finding here with respect to the necessity of such taking. Clearly, though, the power of the Authority to condemn a leasehold interest in property for a public use is unassailable.
*135In Count II, complainants contend that Fairchild’s contract with the United States is a vested, substantive contract right protected from impairment by subsequent legislation. U. S. Const., art. I, § 10; Va. Const., art. I, § 11. Fairchild and the United States entered into the lease of the subject property prior to the enactment by the General Assembly of the enabling legislation creating the Airports Authority. Thus, complainants assert that the exercise of the power of eminent domain pursuant to the enabling legislation, coming only after the execution of the lease, would constitute an unconstitutional impairment of their rights under the contract.
The Authority here seeks to exercise the power of eminent domain. Complainants rely on Heublein, Inc. v. Alcoholic Beverage Control Dept., 237 Va. 192 (1989), in support of their position. In Heublein the Court concluded that the relevant provisions of the Virginia Wine Franchise Act were violative of the Contract Clause of the Virginia Constitution in that the questioned legislation was “not a proper exercise of the police power but simply an effort to protect a small group of wholesalers from possible economic loss.” Id. at 197. Thus, Heublein did not involve the exercise of the power of eminent domain. In contrast, it has long been recognized that the exercise of the power of eminent domain is an incident of state sovereignty which is “essential to advance the public interest.” Accordingly, the exercise of the power does not implicate the Contract Clause of the Constitution of Virginia or the United States. West River Bridge Co. v. Dix, 47 U.S. 507, 536 (1848).
Pursuant to its agreement with the United States, the Authority retains the interest of the United States in complainants’ lease during the period of its fifty-year lease of the airport facilities from the federal government. The United States has waived any interest it may claim during that period, as has the Authority. Although the Complainants’ lease may have been executed prior to the date of the creation of the Authority and the execution of the federal lease, this does not, as a matter of federal law, limit the power of eminent domain. The implications of an extension of the complainants’ lease beyond the expiration date of the Authority’s lease with the United States involve factual matters that cannot be settled on demurrer and are critical to a determination of the contract and supremacy issues raised in Count II.
Adjudication of the allegations contained in Count II is thus not ripe for determination, and the demurrer should be overruled as to such count. However, to the extent that the period of the complainants’ lease does not exceed that of the Authority’s lease with the United States, the Court finds that the Authority is not prohibited from the exercise of the power of eminent domain by reason of its interference with the preexisting lease between the United States and Fairchild.
*136In Count III, the complainants assert that the Airports Authority has no authority to condemn federal lands. Absent condemnation, and with the continued performance by the parties during the balance of the period of the lease, the Authority would remain as complainants’ landlord. As noted earlier, the complainants have observed that the language of the Transfer Act provides that the Authority may only “exercise the powers of eminent domain in Virginia that are conferred on it by Virginia.” 49 U.S.C. § 49106(b). They have thus argued that the delegation of the power is limited to that which the General Assembly was capable of conferring on the Authority. The Court has rejected this argument, concluding that while it was not the intent of the parties that a federal right of eminent domain be conferred on the Authority, the exercise of the power of eminent domain arises out of a compact and must therefore be interpreted in light of federal law. Complainants contend that under the Supremacy Clause, the Airports Authority cannot condemn federal lands. U. S. Const., art. IV, § 3. The Court agrees. However, it is asserted that the interest sought to be condemned is only the leasehold interest of the complainants.
Whether the Authority in fact seeks to condemn an interest of the United States is a matter of fact that cannot be resolved on demurrer. Absent the consent of Congress, the Authority cannot condemn federal property. No such consent is contained within the compact. See Transwestern Pipeline Co. v. Kerr-McGee Corp., 492 F.2d 878 (1974).
The Transfer Act provides that:
[t]he Metropolitan Washington Airports and the Airports Authority are not subject to the requirements of any law solely by reason of the retention of the United States Government of the fee simple title to those Airports.
49 U.S.C. §49111(b).
While this would limit the applicability of various statutes during the period of the lease by the Authority from the United States, it does not constitute an abandonment of the interest of the federal government. Further, if the interest of the United States in the instant lease were to be affected by the condemnation to the extent that it became a “condemnation action against the United States,” such action would be barred. Transwestern Pipeline Co., supra, at 883.
The Airports Authority, however, is the successor in interest to the lease between the United States and Fairchild. Furthermore, Fairchild’s instant lease will expire prior to the lease between the Authority and the federal government. Thus, if the inquiry were to end here, the Authority could *137condemn complainants’ leasehold as a proper exercise of the power granted to it by Congress. Such a condemnation would not, in the opinion of the Court, be barred by the general proposition that absent congressional assent, property of the federal government is not subject to condemnation. See City of Sacramento v. Secretary of HUD, 363 F. Supp. 736 (E.D. Cal. 1972); United States ex rel. Tennessee Valley Authority v. Welch, 327 U.S. 546 (1946).
However, this matter cannot be concluded on demurrer. In addition to the issue of the impact of the taking on the interest of the United States, complainants have suggested that their lease may be extended beyond the period of the Authority’s lease with the federal government. These issues, like those presented in Count H, involve issues of fact that cannot be resolved on the instant demurrer. Accordingly, the demurrer is overruled as to Count HI.
Complainants next challenge MWAA’s exercise of the power of eminent domain based upon the express terms of the Virginia, D.C., and United States enabling legislation. The applicable provisions of the legislation are to be found in § 22(C) of the Virginia Act (“The Authority shall be responsible for all executory contracts entered into by the United States with respect to the former Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority before the date of acquisition of those airports.”) and in § 49104(6)(A) of the federal enabling legislation (“The Airports Authority shall assume all rights, liabilities, and obligations ... including leases.”). These provisions are to be read in connection with the provisions of the Virginia Act indicating that the statute should be construed liberally. 1985 Va. Acts, Ch. 598, § 24.
The Court is of the opinion that the limitations contained in the Transfer Act and Virginia enabling legislation were meant only to ensure that the leases of airport property in existence at the time of the transfer were honored. They are not an expression of an intent to restrict the ability of the Authority to conduct eminent domain proceedings. In fact, the intent of the parties to the compact was to expressly provide, in contrast to the common law rule, for a liberal construction of the provisions relating to the exercise of the power of eminent domain.
Although statutes conferring the power of eminent domain are generally subject to the rule of strict construction, this maxim is inapplicable where, as in the instant case, the legislature has expressed a contrary intent. Here, public policy demands that when necessary to provide efficient services to the public, the Authority be permitted to exercise the right of eminent domain over leasehold interests existing prior to the transfer by the United States of such interests to he MWAA. The creation of the Authority was, therefore, not intended to lock in time extant leasehold interests, the future acquirement of *138which might become necessary as the demands on the airport increased.
Accordingly, as Count IV is ripe for adjudication on the instant pleadings, the demurrer thereto will be sustained.
Count V (alleging arbitrary and capricious conduct by the defendant and a lack of necessity) and Count VI (alleging trespass by the Authority’s agents on the leasehold of the complainants) raise factual issues that cannot be resolved on demurrer. Although Count V would ordinarily be raised in the condemnation proceeding, such a practice does not constitute a bar to proceeding in the instant chancery cause. Accordingly, the demurrers to Counts V and VI are overruled.
As this case is before the Court on demurrer, the decision of the Court must rest on the scant record before it. However, in determining this matter, the Court has been mindful of the burden which complainants must carry in demonstrating the unconstitutionality of the Authority’s exercise of the power of eminent domain. Walton v. Commonwealth, 255 Va. 422 (1998).
January 11,2000
In their Amended Bill of Complaint, the Fairchild Corporation and RHI Holdings, Inc., once again challenge the right of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority to proceed with the condemnation of a portion of the leasehold interest obtained by Fairchild from the federal government and assigned to RHI. Reference is made to the letter opinion of this Court of June 23,1999, for an earlier discussion of the statutes and documents relevant to many of the issues raised in the instant proceedings.
The Amended Bill of Complaint contains eight numbered counts. In those counts it is asserted as follows:
Count I. The delegation of eminent domain to the authority violates the Virginia Constitution because it surrenders Virginia’s sovereign power.
Count II. Any Federal requirement that Virginia grant eminent domain power improperly commandeers Virginia’s sovereign powers.
Count DI. The creation and structure of the Authority violates the United States Constitution.
Count IV. The Virginia enabling legislation is unconstitutional as applied to Fairchild because the delegation and exercise of eminent domain powers will impair Fairchild’s contract.
Count V. The Authority has no power to condemn Federal lands.
Count VI. Under established rules of strict construction, the Airports Authority’s power to condemn is limited and expressly subject to honoring Fairchild’s leases.
Count VII. There is no necessity for the taking of Fairchild’s property.
*139Count VIII. Injunction against defendant’s repeated trespasses.
In response to the Amended Bill, the Airports Authority filed a demurrer, motion to strike, and answer. It requests that the Court strike and dismiss Counts I and VI as these counts contain substantially the same allegations as those previously dismissed by the Court. By order entered on August 6,1999, the Court did dismiss certain counts set forth in the original Bill of Complaint for the reasons set forth in detail in its letter opinion of June 23, 1999. Complainants have been permitted to reargue these issues as if raised by a motion for reconsideration.
The Airports Authority has demurred to Counts I, II, HI, and VI. There being factual issues raised with respect to the claims asserted in Counts IV, V, VII, and VHI, the Court proceeded to take evidence as to such claims, excepting the complaint of trespass.
In its earlier letter opinion, this Court observed that the Authority is a creature of a congressionally sanctioned compact between the Commonwealth of Virginia and the District of Columbia. Art. I, § 10, cl. 3, Constitution of the United States. Thus, this agreement “is a federal law subject to federal construction, notwithstanding its genesis in the enabling acts of Virginia and the District of Columbia.” Alcorn v. Wolfe, 827 F. Supp. 47, 51 (1993). In accordance with the terms of the agreement, the Virginia General Assembly was charged with defining the limits of the power of eminent domain to be exercised by the Authority as a matter of federal law. It did so through enabling legislation that provided for a grant to the Authority of the “full power to exercise the right of eminent domain in the acquisition of any lands, easements, privileges, or other property interests which are necessary for airport and landing field purposes.” 1985 Va. Acts, Ch. 598, § 9(C). The Court sees no reason to depart from its earlier position in this regard.
The power to take private property for public uses is an essential attribute of sovereignty. Evans v. Smyth-Wythe Airport Commission, 255 Va. 69, 72 (1998). But for the existence of the compact, it may be fairly argued that the General Assembly of Virginia could not independently delegate to the Authority the power of eminent domain where the only limitation placed upon the exercise of the power would be for “airport purposes.” Such a delegation may very well offend the Constitution of Virginia. However, it is not the Commonwealth’s power that the Authority seeks to exercise, but that which is derived from a compact sanctioned by Congress. Washington Metro. Area T. A. v. One Parcel of Land, 706 F.2d 1312 (1983).
Complainants then posit the following hypothesis. If the Court determines that the power of eminent domain was not voluntarily relinquished by Virginia (an act that would violate the Virginia Constitution), then it must have been *140mandated by Congress. Such a commandeering of state sovereignly by the Federal Government could not then survive constitutional scrutiny under the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, complainants argue.
The Tenth Amendment provides that “[t]he powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” An act of Congress that mandates or commandeers action by a state legislature violates the Tenth Amendment. New York v. United States, 505 U.S. 144 (1992). The Court noted in New York that:
the Tenth Amendment confirms that the power of the Federal Government is subject to limits that may, in a given instance, reserve power to the states .... In providing for a stronger central government, therefore, the Framers explicitly chose a Constitution that confers upon Congress the power to regulate individuals, not States. As we have seen, the Court has consistently respected this choice. We have always understood that even where Congress has the authority under the Constitution to pass laws requiring or prohibiting certain acts, it lacks the power directly to compel the States to require or prohibit those acts.
Id. at 155,156, and 166.
Accountability to the people is a significant characteristic in distinguishing a proper federal regulation from an impermissible mandate. The Supreme Court observed in New York that:
[wjhere Congress encourages state regulation rather than compelling it, state governments remain responsive to the local electorate’s preferences; state officials remain accountable to the people. By contrast, where the Federal Government compels States to regulate, the accountability of both state and federal officials is diminished.
Id. at 168.
However, here the power of eminent domain that the Authority seeks to exercise is not the product of a federal mandate. No federal commandeering of action by the Commonwealth has occurred. Although the limits of accountability are obscured, such a blurring of the object of responsibility is inherent in compact agencies.
The Authority’s power to pursue eminent domain proceedings against the complainants’ leasehold traces its origins to the Compact Clause of the Constitution. It has been observed that:
*141[bjecause Compact Clause entities owe their existence to state and federal sovereigns acting cooperatively, and not to any “one of the United States,” their political accountability is diffuse; they lack the tight tie to the people of one State that an instrument of a single State has: “An interstate compact, by its very nature, shifts a part of a state’s authority to another state or states, or to the agency the several states jointly create to run the compact. Such an agency under the control of special interests or gubematorially appointed representatives is two or more steps removed from popular control, or even of control by a local government.” In sum, within any single State in our representative democracy, voters may exercise their political will to direct state policy; bistate entities created by compact, however, are not subject to the unilateral control of any one of the States that compose the federal system.
Hess v. Port Authority Trans-Hudson, 513 U.S. 30, 42 (1994) (citations omitted).
It is congressional consent that “is at the heart of the Compact Clause.” Cuyler v. Adams, 449 U.S. 433, 439 (1981).
Congressional consent is not required for interstate agreements that fall outside the scope of the Compact Clause .... But where Congress has authorized the States to enter into a cooperative agreement, and where the subject matter of that agreement is an appropriate subject for congressional legislation, the consent of Congress transforms the States’ agreement into federal law under the Compact Clause. Congress may consent to an interstate compact by authorizing joint state action in advance or by giving expressed or implied approval to an agreement the States have already joined.
Id. at 440, 441.
In the instant case, Congress gave its consent in the Transfer Act to the exercise of the power of eminent domain by the Authority as provided for in the Virginia enabling legislation. As noted earlier, the creation of the Authority and the leasing of federal lands were appropriate subjects for congressional legislation.
Based on the reasoning applied by the Supreme Court in New York, supra, this Court need not concern itself with whether the test applied in Columbia River Gorge United Protecting People and Property v. Yeutter, 960 F.2d 110 (9th Cir. 1992), should be applied in analyzing the instant complainants’ *142Tenth Amendment related arguments. The Court in Columbia River held as follows:
We have already determined that the Act is within Congress’ power under the Commerce Clause. For a similar reason, the Act cannot be a violation of the Tenth Amendment. Since the Act is within the powers granted to Congress under the Commerce Clause, it cannot constitute an exercise of a power reserved to the states.
Complainants’ Tenth Amendment claim would fail such a test. However, the power of eminent domain to be exercised by the Authority is derived from the Compact Clause. Article I, § 10, of the United States Constitution.
In granting its approval to the contract, Congress merely sanctioned what the other parties had already agreed upon or set conditions for its approval. Metropolitan Washington Airports Act (Transfer Act), 49 U.S.C. § 49101 et seq. The Commonwealth was neither commandeered nor commanded by Congress to grant such power to the Authority.
Accordingly, the Court affirms its earliér decision on this matter as contained in the June 23,1999, letter opinion and will dismiss Count I.
Count VI of the Amended Bill contains a claim that is substantially the same as that stated in Count IV of the original Bill of Complaint, which was previously ruled upon by this Court. The Court sees no reason to vary from its earlier opinion. Thus, for the reasons previously stated in its letter opinion of June 23,1999, the motion to dismiss will be granted as to Count VI.
In addition, the Court finds that the “plain statement rule” is inapplicable to this case. As counsel observed in their papers, the “plain statement rule” is a rule of statutory construction which requires Congress to make its intention “unmistakably clear” when it seeks to legislate with respect to an essential state interest. Gregory v. Ashcroft, 501 U.S. 452 (1991); BFP v. Resolution Trust Corp., 511 U.S. 531 (1994). As the Court noted in Gregory:
Congressional interference with this decision of the people of Missouri, defining their constitutional officers, would upset the usual constitutional balance of federal and state powers. For this reason, “it is incumbent upon the federal courts to be certain of Congress’ intent before finding that federal law overrides” this balance. We explained recently: “[I]f Congress intends to alter the ‘usual constitutional balance between the States and the Federal Government,’ it must make its intention to do so ‘unmistakably clear in the language of the statute’ ... .” This plain statement rule is nothing more than an acknowledgment that the States retain substantial sovereign powers *143under our constitutional scheme, powers with which Congress does not readily interfere.
501 U.S. at 460,461 (citations omitted).
As counsel for the Authority have observed, the grant of the power of eminent domain to the Authority was not a condition imposed by federal mandate but instead a condition voluntarily agreed upon by the parties and submitted for approval by Congress. Congress did not, in expressing its consent in the Transfer Act, intend to alter the constitutional balance between the states and the federal government.
In Count II of the Amended Bill, complainants contend that, contrary to the command of the Tenth Amendment of the United States Constitution, the Federal Transfer Act compels a delegation of the power of eminent domain by the Commonwealth. As noted earlier, the power of the Authority to institute eminent domain proceedings against the complainants’ leasehold interest is derived from an Article I compact. Accordingly, the demurrer to Count II of the Amended Bill will be sustained and the count dismissed.
Complainants contend in Count Hi of the Amended Bill that the creation and structure of the Airports Authority violate Article IV, Section 4, of the Constitution of the United States. They assert that the structure of the Authority conflicts with the principles of a republican form of government. The Authority suggests that judicial review be foreclosed by the political question doctrine.
The Supreme Court has noted with respect to issues relating to the Guarantee Clause as follows:
We approach the issue with some trepidation, because the Guarantee Clause has been an infrequent basis for litigation throughout our history. In most cases in which the Court has been asked to apply the Clause, the Court has found the claims presented to be nonjusticiable under the “political question” doctrine.
New York, 505 U.S. at 184.
If the Supreme Court of the United States approaches this issue with “some trepidation,” it is with an abundance of caution that this Court rules upon this issue. Nevertheless, even if the Court were to assume that a justiciable claim exists as to Count HI, which it does not, the structure of the Authority does not affect the Commonwealth’s form of government. Instead, the instant case relates to a Compact agency, one in which political accountability is, as previously noted, “diffuse.” Accordingly, the demurrer to Count HI will be sustained and the count dismissed.
*144The Court earlier identified factual issues relating to the complainants’ assertion that federal lands might be affected by the exercise of the power of eminent domain. As counsel for the Authority have observed, the provisions of the lease between the United States and the Authority are sufficiently broad to permit the Authority to construct a garage on the leased premises without affecting its reversionaiy interest. During the period of the lease, the Authority may use the property for airport uses, whether or not such uses may require, involve, or have an impact on the construction, alteration, or removal of structures. Based upon the evidence before it, the Court will find for the defendant and against the complainants as to Counts IV, V, VI, and VII. The Authority may proceed to condemn the interest in the leasehold without affecting the reversionary interest of the United States.
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EVALUATION OF POROUS CONCRETE RESISTANCE TO FREEZING BY DIFFERENT METHODS/AKYTOJO BETONO ATSPARUMO ŠALČIUI, TAIKANT SKIRTINGAS BANDYMŲ METODIKAS, VERTINIMAS
|
Romualdas Mačiulaitis
|
Lithuanian
|
Spoken
| 4,877 | 13,399 |
Statyba ISSN: 1392-1525 (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tcem19 R. Mačiulaitis & D. Nagrockienė To cite this article: R. Mačiulaitis & D. Nagrockienė (2001) EVALUATION OF POROUS
CONCRETE RESISTANCE TO FREEZING BY DIFFERENT METHODS, Statyba, 7:5, 397-404,
DOI: 10.1080/13921525.2001.10531761 Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at
https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tcem20 ISSN 1392-1525. STATYBA- CIVIL ENGINEERING- 2001, VII tomas, Nr. 5
·············································································································· 1. fvadas Duj4_ ir put4_ akytqji beton~ klasifikuoti gana sude-
tinga, nes tai galima atlikti pagal daugeli tokio betono
savybi4_ ir funkcij4_. Akytajam termoizoliacines-konstruk-
cines bei konstrukcines paskirties betonui svarbi nor-
matyvine savybe yra atsparumas salCiui [1, 2]. Teoriskai ir eksperimentiskai pagristi vienpusio sal-
dymo principo taikymo biitinum~ ir standartizuoti tuo
pagrindu sukurt~ metodik~ pavyko dar 1978 m., taikant
j~ keraminems apdailos plytoms arba blokeliams [6], o
1991 m. - ir silikatinems plytoms bei blokeliams [10]. Standartiniai akytojo betono atsparumo salCiui nu-
statymo metodai visame pasaulyje buvo grindziami kla-
sikiniu tiirinio saldymo principo taikymu. Lietuvoje sie
metodai per pastaruosius desimtmecius keitesi tyrimus
vykdant ciklinio tiirinio saldymo ir atSildymo ardomojo
poveikio bandiniams sumazinimo linkme. Tai buvo re-
alizuota pereinant nuo bandini4_ atSildymo vandenyje i
j4_ atSildym~ maksimaliai dregname ore (virs vandens)
[3, 4]. Pagrindinis sio darbo tikslas buvo issiaiskinti, ar
fasad4_ keramikai nustatyti skirting4_ silumos krypci4_ ita-
kos desningumai galioja ir vertinant akytojo betono at-
sparum~ salciui, kai taikomi skirtingi saldymo biidai. Be to, buvo svarbu panagrineti akytojo betono destruk-
cijos proces~ ciklinio vienpusio saldymo ir atSildymo
metu ir palyginti ji su vykstanciu tiirinio saldymo ir
atSildymo metu. Kaip rodo moksline patirtis [5, 6], toks bandymo
s~lyg4_ pakeitimas apriboja tolesni galim~ poringosios
erdves uzpildymo vandeniu laipsnio didejim<l, kuris yra
biidingas, kai bandiniai sildymo metu tiesiogiai kontak-
tuoja su vandeniu. Naujos atSildymo s~lygos skatina tik
dregmes migracij~ ir tam tikras jos sankaupas tokios
medziagos porose ir kapiliaruose ciklinio poveikio me-
tu bei jos nuostolius saldant del garavimo arba subli-
macijos proces4_. Taigi realiai galima laukti itempim4_
ir deformacij4_ vystymosi sumazejimo, 0 kartu ir destruk-
cijos proceso suletejimo tokio ciklinio poveikio metu. AKYTOJO BETONO ATSPARUMO SALCIUI, TAIKANT SKIRTINGAS
BANDYMTJ METODIKAS, VERTINIMAS R. Maciulaitis, D. Nagrockiene R. Maciulaitis, D. Nagrockiene
Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas pektu [4]. Tokiose konstrukcijose visi gaminiai ir me-
dziagos patiria krypting<l, vienpusi saldym~ ir didesni
ar mazesni atmosferos dregmini poveiki. 3. Tyrimq rezultatai ir jq aptarimas Tyrim4 rezultatus santykinai galima suskirstyti i dvi
grupes. 2. Naudotos medziagos, tyrimo biidai ir lranga Tyrimams bandiniai buvo atrinkti is 10 skirting4_
akytojo betono partij4_; is j4_ 6 partijos buvo konstruk-
cinio-termoizoliacinio ir 4 partijos - konstrukcinio be-
tono. Akytasis betonas buvo serijines ir bandomosios
gamybos, jis skyresi sudetimi (risamqja medziaga, uz-
pildais, porodariais ir priedais) ir kietejimo s~lygomis. Visiems tyrimams buvo naudojami kubo formos bandi-
niai, kuri4_ krastini4_ ilgis buvo ( 100 ± 5) mm. Bandini4_
identiskumui patikrinti, atrinkus juos is kiekvienos par-
tijos, naudoti tankio (D, kg/m3) ir dregnio (W %, pagal
mastt) rodikliai. Lyginamiesiems tyrimams atrinkta po
50 bandini4_, o dilatometriniams - dar 10 bandini4_. Ly-
ginamieji identisk4_ bandini4_ atsparumo salciui tyrimai
buvo vykdomi taikant tiirinio ( V) ir vienpusio ( U) sal-
dymo princip~, atsizvelgiant atitinkamai i LST
1469:1997, GOST 25485-89 ir LST 1272:1992, GOST
7025-91 reikalavimus. Pradzioje visi bandiniai (numa-
tyti lyginamiesiems atsparumo salCiui ir dilatometriniams Toki~ metodikos pakeitimo aprobacij~ galima pa-
aiskinti tik noru dirbtinai padidinti akyt4_j4_ beton4_ at-
sparumo salciui mark((, kadangi dauguma gaminamos
produkcijos pagal si rodikli buvo prastos kokybes. Kita
vertus, jau gana seniai kritikuojamas ir pats tiirinio sal-
dymo principo taikymas sien4_ ir atitvar4_ medZiag4_, tarp
j4_ ir akyt4_j4_ beton4_ atsparumui salciui nustatyti [7-9],
kadangi akytojo betono, keramini4_ ir silikatini4_ plyt4_
ar netgi sunkiojo betono eksploatacijos s~lygos sienose
arba atitvarose is esmes nesiskiria atsparumo salCiui as- 397 2 pav. Bendras prietaiso DUM-02 bandinio sekcijos
vaizdas
Fig 2. General view of the apparatus DUM-02 specimen
section tyrimams) buvo isotinami vandeniu vienodomis S£tlygo-
mis, laipsniskai juos uzpilant ir islaikant kontakt<t su
vandeniu (pagal GOST 25489-89 reikalavimus) is viso
40 valand4. Saldymas buvo atliekamas tuo paciu metu
toje pacioje saldymo kameroje (su ventiliatoriumi)
(8 ± 0,5) h automatiskai palaikant oro temperatiir<t mi-
nus ( 18 ± 2)
0 C. Tiiriniu biidu saldomi bandiniai buvo
islaikomi isdelioti standartinio konteinerio lentynose, o
saldomi vienpusiu biidu buvo laikomi ADOZO tipo kon-
teineryje ( 1 pav. ), sumontuoti kaseteje. 1 pav. Bendras ADOZO vaizdas
Fig 1. General view of ADOZO 2 pav. Bendras prietaiso DUM-02 bandinio sekcijos
vaizdas
Fig 2. General view of the apparatus DUM-02 specimen
section 2 pav. Bendras prietaiso DUM-02 bandinio sekcijos
vaizdas Fig 2. General view of the apparatus DUM-02 specimen
section Fig 2. General view of the apparatus DUM-02 specimen
section ns 15 mm) linijini4 defom1acij4 kitimas cikl4 metu,
kai deformacij4 matavim4 daviklis buvo lokalizuotas vien-
pusiai saldomo ir atsildomo bandinio pavirsiaus centre. 1 pav. Bendras ADOZO vaizdas
Fig 1. 2. Naudotos medziagos, tyrimo biidai ir lranga General view of ADOZO IS defom1acij4 kreivi4 pagal [12] buvo apskaiciuo-
tos didziausios arba maziausios linijini4 deformacij4 ver-
tes bandinil! saldymo ir atSildymo metu, kurios toliau
tekste ivardijamos kaip santykines maksimalios arba mi-
nimalios linijines deformacijos. Bandym4 metu fiksuoti
bandini4 suirimai konstatuoti tik po papildomos j4 ap-
ziuros. Po kiekvieno saldymo visi bandiniai buvo atSi1do-
mi specia1iose atSildymo kamerose virs vandens, palai-
kant santykin(;( dregm(;( (95 ± 2)% ir oro temperatiir<t
plius ( 18 ± 2) °C, sudejus i jas konteineri ir kasetes su
identiskais bandiniais. Laikyta (8 ± 0,5) h. To pakako
bandiniams atSildyti. Akytojo betono destrukcijos kriterijumi pasirinkti
vizualiai matomi bandini4 medziagos bet kokio pobu-
dzio suirimai (itrukimai, skilimai, pavirsiaus irimas at-
sisluoksniuojant ar istrupant) [ 11 ]. Suirimo pradzia ne-
priklausomai nuo metodo laikytas cikl4 skaicius (F- VI,
F-Ul), kai tik pasirode mineti destrukcijos pozymiai, o
pabaiga - toks cikl4 skaiCius (F- V2, F-U2), kai bandi-
nys perskilo arba suir(;(s jo pavirsius sudare apie
100 cm2, t. y. 116 viso bandinio pavirsiaus. Gauti tyrim4 rezultatai buvo apdoroti matematines
statistikos metodais [13]. 3.1. Lyginamieji akytojo betono atsparumo salciui
tyrimai skirtingais saldymo bii.dais Akytojo betono bandini4, isotint4 vandeniu, kaip
ir skiril! tiesioginiams bandymams, destrukcijos proceso
ypatumai, modeliuojant eksploatacijos S<tlygas, buvo ti-
riami naudojant DUM-02 tipo prietais<t (2 pav.). Ban-
diniams buvo taikytas programuotas ciklinis vienpusio
saldymo ir atSildymo rdimas [6]. Toki4 bandym4 me-
tu buvo matuojamas bandinio pavirsiaus sluoksnio (sto- Pries atliekant akytojo betono populiacijos lygina-
muosius (saldant turiniu biidu ir is vienos puses) tyri-
mus buvo svarbu isitikinti, kad bandini4 imtys is par-
tijl! jas reprezentuoja, o tiek tiiriniam, tiek vienpusiam
saldymui atrinkti bandiniai yra pakankamai tapatii.s, t. y. reikejo patikrinti skirstini4 sutapimo nulint( hipotez(;(. 398 15,99%. IS apskaiciuot4 statistiktt (4 pav.) seka, kad
pirmosios grupes ( W- V) dregnio vidurkis yra 6,0838%,
o standartinio nuokrypio pak1aida 1ygi 3,649813%. Tuo
tarpu antrosios grupes ( W-U) vidurkis yra 6,1366%, o
analogiska pak1aida 1ygi 3,635534%. Hipotezes, jog ban-
diniai pagal si rodikli yra sutampantys, tenkinimo tiki-
mybe yra 0,942372. Tai atlikome atsizvelgdami i du svarbius paramet-
rus: tanki (D) ir dregni, (W). Fizikiniu poziuriu tankis
charakterizuoja ir skelet~, ir poringqj~ akytojo betono
erdv~. Skeleto sandara susijusi su akytojo betono stip-
rumo rodikliais. Dregnio fizikine prasme yra ta, jog is
jo vercitt vistt pirma galime spr~sti apie efektyvil!.il! portt
ir kapiliaft! kieki ir jq potencial~. Taigi sie rodikliai pa-
kankamai atspindi svarbiausias akytojo betono savybes. 11,-------------~-------------------
10
Dregn1s, ""
4 pav. Dviejq bandiniq grupiq dn':gnio histograma
Fig 4. Histogram of two specimen groups humidity 3 pav. pateiktas abiej4 atrinkttt bandiniq grupi4 pa-
siskirstymo pagal tanki grafinis vaizdas. Kaip matyti,
abiejq grupi4 bandiniq skirstinys pagal tanki yra arti-
mas normaliajam. Si pasiskirstym~ apibudinanCios krei-
ves sutampa, kai tankio padalijimo intervalas
34,4375 kg/m3. Tikrinant hipotez~ apie abiejq imciq gru-
pitt pagal tanki skirstiniq sutapim~, gauta, jog pirmo-
sios grupes, skirtos tiiriniam saldymui (D- V), vidurkis
yra 761,44, 0 antrosios grupes, skirtos vienpusiam sal-
dymui (D-U), vidurkis lygus 758,44 kg/m3• Kartu pir-
mosios grupes standartinio nuokrypio paklaida yra
156,247, o antrosios- 155,611 kg/m3. Butina pazyme-
ti, kad tankio rodiklis realiai kito nuo 515,00 iki
1098,00 kg/m3. Ga1iausiai konstatuota, jog skirstinitt pa-
ga1 tanki sutapimo nu1ines hipotezes tenkinimo tikimy-
be yra 0,92356. 4 pav. Dviejq bandiniq grupiq dn':gnio histograma 4 pav. Dviejq bandiniq grupiq dn':gnio histograma
Fig 4. Histogram of two specimen groups humidity Fig 4. Histogram of two specimen groups humidity IS to seka, jog 1yginamiesiems atsparumo sa1Ciui
tyrimams atrinkti identiski bandiniai, kurie atstovauja
visai tiriamai akytojo betono aibei. 3.1. Lyginamieji akytojo betono atsparumo salciui
tyrimai skirtingais saldymo bii.dais Atlikus akytojo betono abiej4 grupi4 atsparumo sa1-
ciui (sa1dant turiniu budu ir vienpusiai) 1yginamuosius
tyrimus buvo atlikta ir gautq atsparumo sa1ciui rodik1itt
(cik1ais) regresine ana1ize. Akivaizdu (5 pav.), kad at-
sparumo salciui rodiklio sa1dant vienpusiai ( F-V1)
prognoze paga1 rezultatus, gautus sa1dant ruriniu budu
(F- V1 ), ir orientuojantis i suirimo pradzi~ pagal empi-
rin~ 1ygti ( esant patikimumo 1ygmeniui a==0,0500) 13.---~~~--~~------------~~~~
12
11
10
;;;-
~
! ~ ~
;;;-
~
~ ~ ! "'
~
:;;
oi
:l:
~ '"'
~ ~
ci
)E
~
~ ~ g 0
~ ~
"'
:e
~
'"'
§
~
~
~ ! ~
~
~
~
~
.... ~ '"'
"'
~ ~
A
~ ~
::i
~ g
~
g ~ ~
~
~ ~
Tank is. kg/m3
3 pav. Dviejq bandiniq grupiq tankio histograma
Fig 3. Histogram of two specimen groups density
ISJ 0-V
r.s;) 0-U 13.---~~~--~~------------~~~~
12
11
10
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~
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Tank is. kg/m3
ISJ 0-V
r.s;) 0-U F-V1 = 51,195 +0,296· F- V1,
(1) (1) F-V1 = 51,195 +0,296· F- V1, ISJ 0-V
r.s;) 0-U biitq visiskai nepatikima. Tai patvirtina mazas 1r ne-
reiksmingas sios empiriskai gautos regresijos 1ygties ko-
reliacijos koeficientas (0,2161753) bei gana didele stan-
dartine ivercio paklaida, lygi 104,2040 cik1ams. Kadangi
is esmes tarp rezultat4 ( 5 pav.) tiesinis rysys yra 1abai
menkas, faktine prognozavimo pak1aida but4 1abai di-
dele. biitq visiskai nepatikima. Tai patvirtina mazas 1r ne-
reiksmingas sios empiriskai gautos regresijos 1ygties ko-
reliacijos koeficientas (0,2161753) bei gana didele stan-
dartine ivercio paklaida, lygi 104,2040 cik1ams. Kadangi
is esmes tarp rezultat4 ( 5 pav.) tiesinis rysys yra 1abai
menkas, faktine prognozavimo pak1aida but4 1abai di-
dele. 3 pav. Dviejq bandiniq grupiq tankio histograma
Fig 3. Histogram of two specimen groups density Nustatytos t4 paciq bandiniq dregnio rodik1io ver-
tes ir atlikta ana1ogiska statistine ana1ize. 4 pav. pa-
teiktas tq paci4 bandinitt grupi4 pasiskirstymo paga1
dregni grafinis paveiks1as (kai padalijimo interva1as 1 %). Abiej4 bandinitt grupitt dregnio rodiklio skirstiniai yra
artimi normaliajam ir praktiskai sutampa. 3.1. Lyginamieji akytojo betono atsparumo salciui
tyrimai skirtingais saldymo bii.dais Akytojo betono tapacitt bandinitt atsparumo salciui
rodiklio, nustatyto vienpusio saldymo budu pagal suirimo
pradzi~ (F-UI ), priklausomybe nuo atsparumo salciui ro-
diklio, nustatyto pagal suirimo pradzi<t (F- VI) saldant
tiiriniu budu Kadangi abiem bandinitt grupems tankis ir dregnis
praktiskai buvo tapatiis, jq palyginimas su gautais siq
bandiniq atsparumo salciui rodikliais (trimateje erdve-
je) yra ypac svarbus ir informatyvus. Abiejq atsparumo
salciui rodikliq kompleksinis panaudojimas leidzia vi-
sapusiskai ivertinti sio svarbaus akytojo betono rodik-
lio sqrysi. Kaip matyti is 7 ir 8 pav., tankio rodiklio
sqrysis su atsparumo salciui rodikliais, nustatytais skir-
tingais metodais, nesutampa, nes isryskeja pavirsiq pri-
klausomybes skirtumai. Be to, siq pavirsiq lygtys (ati-
tinkamai vienpusio ir turinia saldymo atvejams) yra to-
kios: Fig 5. Dependence of the porous concrete identical
specimens frost resistance index (determined by the one-
sided freezing method according to the disintegration
start F-UI) on the frost resistance index which was de-
termined according to the disintegration start (F- VI) at
volumetric freezing 800 .-----------------------------------~
700
600
~ :::
-"f00i~-~~~~-
0
2oo
________ ....---0; ... <-.::. o
_ _ _
_
-
-
100
- _:;f'{~"""
c
--· ··--··---~--.-----
-- -----
0 -- ffi:p__ro;x,_fr_
------------
-100 '------~--~------------------------------'
-1 00
1 00
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
F-V2
6 pav. Akytojo betono tapacitt bandinitt atsparumo salciui
rodiklio, nustatyto vienpusio saldymo budu pagal suirimo
pabaig<t (F-U2), priklausomybe nuo atsparumo salciui
rodiklio, nustatyto pagal suirimo pabaig<t (F- V2) saldant
tiiriniu budu 800 .-----------------------------------~
700
600
~ :::
-"f00i~-~~~~-
0
2oo
________ ....---0; ... <-.::. o
_ _ _
_
-
-
100
- _:;f'{~"""
c
--· ··--··---~--.-----
-- -----
0 -- ffi:p__ro;x,_fr_
------------
-100 '------~--~------------------------------'
-1 00
1 00
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
F-V2 ~ D-U = 621,918+ 1,524- (F -U2)-1,915- (F -Ul)-
0,002 · (F -U2)2 +0,001- (F -U2)-(F -U1)+
(3)
D- V = 702,611 +0,942 · (F- V2)-0,076-(F- V1)-
0,002· (F- V2)2 +0,002- (F- V2)· (F- V1)+
0,001· (F- V1)2 . (4) D-U = 621,918+ 1,524- (F -U2)-1,915- (F -Ul)-
0,002 · (F -U2)2 +0,001- (F -U2)-(F -U1)+
(3) (3) D- V = 702,611 +0,942 · (F- V2)-0,076-(F- V1)-
0,002· (F- V2)2 +0,002- (F- V2)· (F- V1)+
0,001· (F- V1)2 . (4) 6 pav. 3.1. Lyginamieji akytojo betono atsparumo salciui
tyrimai skirtingais saldymo bii.dais Rea1iai aky-
tojo betono minimalus dregnis kito nuo 1,12% iki 6 pav. pateikti 1yginaml!.itt tyrimtt paga1 s~lygin~
suirimo pabaig~ rezultatai. Nors kore1iacijos koeficien-
tas truputi padideja ir pasiekia 0,2621269 (esant ana1o-
giskam patikimumo 1ygmeniui), padideja ir standartine
ivercio pak1aida (iki 234,2140). Taigi patikimas fakti-
nis akytojo betono eksp1oatacinio atsparumo salciui 399 prognozavimas pagal turinia saldymo rezultatus, remian-
tis gauta empirine lygtimi Buvo skaiciuotos ir kitokitt matematiniq modelitt
taikymo galimybes siekiant tiksliau aprasyti tiketin<~: mi-
netq atsparumo salciui rodikliq, nustatytq skirtingais bu-
dais ir rezimais, Sqrysi. Taciau isitikinta, kad tokiu bu-
du pagerinti siq rodik!iq tarpusavio Sqrysi ir esmingai
sumazinti prognozavimo paklaid<~: taip pat negalima, nes
(5 ir 6 pav.) nera aiskios rodiklitt priklausomybes ten-
dencijos. F -U2 = 173,800+0,537 -F- V2,
(2) (2) F -U2 = 173,800+0,537 -F- V2, F -U2 = 173,800+0,537 -F- V2,
(2)
taip pat butq netikslus ir nepatikimas. taip pat butq netikslus ir nepatikimas. taip pat butq netikslus ir nepatikimas. taip pat butq netikslus ir nepatikimas. 5
"-
450
400
350
. "
--<>
300
250 -·
200
150
100
50
-50
-50
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
F-V1
5 pav. Akytojo betono tapacitt bandinitt atsparumo salciui
rodiklio, nustatyto vienpusio saldymo budu pagal suirimo
pradzi~ (F-UI ), priklausomybe nuo atsparumo salciui ro-
diklio, nustatyto pagal suirimo pradzi<t (F- VI) saldant
tiiriniu budu 5
"-
450
400
350
. "
--<>
300
250 -·
200
150
100
50
-50
-50
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
F-V1 Atliktq lyginamqjq akytojo betono atsparumo sal-
ciui tyrimq rezultafi! nesutapimas saldant ir atSildant skir-
tingais biidais rodo, jog siai medziagai atsparumo sal-
Ciui aspektu galioja tie patys desningumai, kurie is es-
mes buvo nustatyti sienq ir apdailos keramikai [5, 6]. Siai isvadai pagristi atlikome papildomus statisti-
nius tyrimus. Apskritai aisku, jog sio proceso eig<~: vi-
zualiai (pagal suirimo prad:liq ir pabaigq) geriau atspindi
abu atsparumo salciui rodikliai, nes jq tarpusavio kore-
liacija yra 0,83 - tiiriniam saldymui ir 0,79 - vienpu-
siam saldymui, kai tikimybes lygmuo a < 0,0500. Atliktq lyginamqjq akytojo betono atsparumo sal-
ciui tyrimq rezultafi! nesutapimas saldant ir atSildant skir-
tingais biidais rodo, jog siai medziagai atsparumo sal-
Ciui aspektu galioja tie patys desningumai, kurie is es-
mes buvo nustatyti sienq ir apdailos keramikai [5, 6]. 5 pav. W- V = 5,444+0,020-(F- V2)+0.001·(F- Vl). (6) Fig 10. Dependence of the porous concrete specimens
resistance to freezing index (determined by the volumet-
ric freezing according to the disintegration start F- VI
and the end F- V2) on the humidity ( W- V) Sie papildomi tyrimai akivaizdziai patvirtina pir-
mines isvadas apie akytojo betono skirting::t elgesi ir
suirimus sa1dant skirtingais budais. Pries aptariant tokitt tyrimtt rezultatus reikettt ak-
centuoti, jog apskritai yra pripazistama vandens pralai-
dumo ir rezervinitt uzdartt portt svarba betono atsparu-
mo salciui rodikliams. TaCiau turinia saldymo atveju
jau pats dregmes betono poringoje sistemoje migracijos
faktas yra traktuojamas kaip lokaliai vykstantis proce- 3.1. Lyginamieji akytojo betono atsparumo salciui
tyrimai skirtingais saldymo bii.dais Akytojo betono bandinill atsparumo salciui
rodiklio, nustatyto tiirinio saldymo budu pagal suirimo
pradziq (F- VI) ir pabaigq (F- V2) priklausomybe nuo
dregnio (W-V) 10 pav. Akytojo betono bandinill atsparumo salciui
rodiklio, nustatyto tiirinio saldymo budu pagal suirimo
pradziq (F- VI) ir pabaigq (F- V2) priklausomybe nuo
dregnio (W-V) 3.1. Lyginamieji akytojo betono atsparumo salciui
tyrimai skirtingais saldymo bii.dais Akytojo betono tapacitt bandinitt atsparumo salciui
rodiklio, nustatyto vienpusio saldymo budu pagal suirimo
pabaig<t (F-U2), priklausomybe nuo atsparumo salciui
rodiklio, nustatyto pagal suirimo pabaig<t (F- V2) saldant
tiiriniu budu (4) Palyginimq atlikus dregnio atzvilgiu (9 ir 10 pav.),
pavirsiq skirtumas taip pat yra akivaizdus. Fig 6. Dependence of the porous concrete identical
specimens frost resistance index (determined by the one-
sided freezing method according to the disintegration
end F-U2) on the frost resistance index which was
determined by the disintegration end (F-V2) at volumet-
ric freezing Pavirsius (atitinkamai vienpusiam ir turiniam atve-
jams) aprasancios 1ygtys: W -U = 3,361 + 0,011· (F -U2)+0,034-(F -Ul)+
18,406-6-(F -U2i -0,0001-(F -U2)· (F -U1);(5) 400 15 cikltt); buvo vidutinio eksploatacinio atsparumo sal-
ciui (islaike 25-75 ciklus); atlaike pries pavirsiui su-
yrant pakankamai daug ( 100-300) cikh.J.. ~~
.~
l!i
~~
"' .~
-::-
~:
.'!:
~ 7 pav. Akytojo betono bandinil.j_ atsparumo salciui ro-
diklio, nustatyto vienpusio saldymo budu pagal suirimo
pradziq (F-Ul) ir pabaigq (F-U2), priklausomybe nuo
tankio (D-U) 7 pav. Akytojo betono bandinil.j_ atsparumo salciui ro-
diklio, nustatyto vienpusio saldymo budu pagal suirimo
pradziq (F-Ul) ir pabaigq (F-U2), priklausomybe nuo
tankio (D-U) Fig 7. Dependence of the porous concrete specimens
resistance to fteezing index (determined by the one-sided
freezing according to the disintegration start F-UJ and
the end F-U2) on the density (D-U) 9 pav. Akytojo betono bandinil.l atsparumo sa!Ciui ro-
diklio, nustatyto vienpusio saldymo budu pagal su-
irimo pradzi<t (F-UI) ir pabaig<t (F-U2), priklausomybe
nuo dregnio (W-U) Fig 9. Dependence of the porous concrete specimens
resistance to fteezing index (determined by the one-sided
freezing according to the disintegration start F-UJ and
the end F-U2) on the humidity (W-U) 8 pav. Akytojo betono bandinil.l atsparumo salciui ro-
diklio, nustatyto tiirinio saldymo budu pagal suirimo pra-
dzi<t (F-Vl) ir pabaig<t (F-V2). priklausomybe nuo tan-
kio (D- V) 8 pav. Akytojo betono bandinil.l atsparumo salciui ro-
diklio, nustatyto tiirinio saldymo budu pagal suirimo pra-
dzi<t (F-Vl) ir pabaig<t (F-V2). priklausomybe nuo tan-
kio (D- V) Fig 8. Dependence of the porous concrete specimens
resistance to freezing index (determined by the volumet-
ric freezing according to the disintegration start F- VI
and the end F-V2) on the density (D-V) 10 pav. Akytojo betono bandinill atsparumo salciui
rodiklio, nustatyto tiirinio saldymo budu pagal suirimo
pradziq (F- VI) ir pabaigq (F- V2) priklausomybe nuo
dregnio (W-V) 10 pav. 3.2. LinijiniQ deformacijQ eigos ypatumai ciklinio
vienpusio saldymo ir atSildymo metu Siems tyrimams buvo atrinkti budingi bandiniai, ku-
ritt biivis sa1dant vienpusiai keitesi trejopai: greitai is-
trupejo ar atsisluoksniavo saldomasis pavirsius (po 1- 401 niavim<t fiksavome jau bandymq pradzioje, praktiskai
po 1 (teigiama 1inijine deformacija pasieke 1,7%), 3 ar
4 ciklq. Po 3-4 ciklq taip pat dominavo labai dide1es
teigiamos santykines deformacijos, kurios pavirsiaus de-
strukcijos atvejais pasieke 1,2% ar 0,55% (II pav. ir
12 pav.). sas. Nera pakankamai akcentuojamas ir dregmes migra-
cijos S<trysis su 1edo kristalizacija ir del jos atsirandan-
ciais bei didejanCiais itempimais ir deformacijomis [14]. Reikia pabrezti, jog dilatometrinis bandyn14 rezi-
mas leido modeliuoti gana artimas eksploatacinems tem-
peratiiros ir dregmes s<t1ygas. Biitent tokiomis S<tlygo-
mis yra ypac skatinama dregmes migracija, atitinkama
jos lokalizacija bei faziniai virsmai, kurie ir buvo item-
pimq bei deformacijq, fiksuotq bandymq metu, kitimo
priezastis. Kitai, didelio eksp1oatacinio atsparumo sa1ciui ban-
diniq grupei buvo biidingas kitas krastutinumas, t. y. daugiausia neigiamq 1inijiniq deformacijq (netgi ciklo
atSi1dymo metu) vystymasis 6 programuotq cik1q metu
(13 pav.). Tam tikrais atvejais ryskus neigiamq maksi-
maliq linijiniq deformacijq vystymasis keitesi i teigia-
mas dideles linijines deformacijas (14 pav.). Atitinka-
mai tokitt bandiniq eksploatacinis atsparumas salciui pa-
gal tiesioginius vienpusio sa1dymo rezultatus buvo 25-
50 cikltt mazesnis. Tas faktas, jog buvo nustatytas skirtingo pobiidzio
saldomo s1uoksnio linijiniq deformacijq (atskirq bandi-
niq grupems) kitimas, rodo ir patvirtina labai dideltt
dregmes migracijos ir 1okalizacijos bei fazinitt virsmq
itak<t akytajame betone. Svarbu pabrezti, jog mazo eksploatacinio atsparu-
mo sa1ciui akytojo betono bandinitt pavirsiaus atsis1uoks- 13 pav. Maksimaliq labai didelio atsparumo salciui aky-
tojo betono linijiniq deforrnacijq kitimas vienpusio sal-
dymo ir atsildymo metu 11 pav. Maksimaliq mazo atsparumo salciui akytojo be-
tono linijiniq deformacijq biidingas kitimas ciklinio vien-
pusio saldymo ir atsildymo metu Fig 13. Change of maximum linear deformations of po-
rous concrete with a very large freezing resistance du-
ring cyclic one-sided freezing and thawing Fig 11. Characteristic change of maximum deformations
of porous concrete with a small freezing resistance du-
ring cyclic one-sided freezing and thawing 14 pav. Maksimaliq didelio atsparumo salciui akytojo
betono linijiniq deforrnacijq kitimas vienpusio saldymo
ir a!Sildymo metu 12 pav. Maksimaliq mazo atsparumo salciui akytojo be-
tono linijiniq deformacijq kitimas ciklinio vienpusio sal-
dymo ir atsildymo metu Fig 14. Change of maximum linear deformations of po-
rous concrete with a large freezing resistance during cyc-
lic one-sided freezing and thawing Fig 12. 3.2. LinijiniQ deformacijQ eigos ypatumai ciklinio
vienpusio saldymo ir atSildymo metu Change of maximum linear deformations of po-
rous concrete with a small freezing resistance during
cyclic one-sided freezing and thawing 402 16 pav. Madeline akytojo betono bandinil! linijinil! de-
formacijl! priklausomybe nuo saldymo cikll!: I ~ mazo
eksploatacinio atsparumo sa!Ciui bandiniai; 2 ~ vidutinio
eksploatacinio atsparumo salciui bandiniai; 3 ~ didelio
eksploatacinio atsparumo salciui bandiniai 16 pav. Madeline akytojo betono bandinil! linijinil! de-
formacijl! priklausomybe nuo saldymo cikll!: I ~ mazo
eksploatacinio atsparumo sa!Ciui bandiniai; 2 ~ vidutinio
eksploatacinio atsparumo salciui bandiniai; 3 ~ didelio
eksploatacinio atsparumo salciui bandiniai 15 pav. Maksimalil! vidutinio atsparumo salciui akytojo
betono linijinil! deformacijl! kitimas ciklinio vienpusio
saldymo ir atsildymo metu 15 pav. Maksimalil! vidutinio atsparumo salciui akytojo
betono linijinil! deformacijl! kitimas ciklinio vienpusio
saldymo ir atsildymo metu Fig 15. Change of maximum linear deformations of po-
rous concrete with an average freezing resistance during
cyclic one-sided freezing and thawing Fig 16. Model dependence of porous concrete speci-
mens linear deformations on freezing cycles: I ~ speci-
mens of little service frost resistance; 2 ~ specimens of
average service frost resistance; 3 ~ specimens of high
service frost resistance Pagaliau vidutinio eksploatacinio atsparumo salCiui
bandinil! grupei buvo budingas maksimalil! linijinil! tei-
giaml! atSaldymo ir neigiaml! maksimalil!, linijinil! at-
sildymo defonnacijl! kitimas 1-6 ciklo metu (15 pav.). Kai kuriems tokio tipo ir mazesnio atsparumo salciui
bandiniams retkarCiais nuosekli deformacijl! kitimo se-
ka sutrikdavo (pereinant is misrios i vienodq_) ir vel
atsistatydavo 6-10 mode1iuotl! cikll! metu. skirtingai. Galime tvirtinti, jog, kai bandiniuose domi-
nuoja dregmes migracija ir lokalizacija saldomojo pa-
virsiaus link, geresne skeleto dalelil! konsolidacija lei-
dzia medziagai pasipriesinti fazinio virsmo metu besi-
vystantiems itempimams bei deformacijoms ir atlaikyti
daugiau cikll!. Taciau tada tapaci4 akytojo betono ban-
dinil! eksploatacinis (saldant vienpusiai) atsparumas sal-
ciui turetl! buti mazesnis, negu nustatant ji turinia sal-
dymo budu. Daugumoje nurodytl! vienpusio saldymo at-
vejl! sis rodiklis nera didelis, bet vis tiek mazesnis uz
gautq_ turinia saldymo metu. Paaiskinti gautus budingus ir fenomena1ius sil! eks-
perimentl! rezultatus remiantis teorinemis prielaidomis
betonams nera paprasta, kadangi is esmes fazinil! dreg-
mes virsml! metu susidarancioms deformacijoms dar gali
tureti itakos potencialiis brinkimo, kontrakciniai. osmo-
siniai ir kitokie veiksniai [ 1]. Apibendrinant gautlt tyriml! rezu1tatus. galima tvir-
tinti, jog is esmes yra galimi trys teoriniai defonnacijl! eigos (akytojo betono bandinius cikliskai vienpusiai sal-
dant ir atSildant) modeliai (16 pav.), kai bandiniai yra
skirtingo eksploatacinio atsparumo salciui. Galima tvirtinti, kad, kai tiesioginiais bandymais
pagristas istirtl! tapacil! 4. ISvados I. Akytajam betonui negalime gauti vienod4 at-
sparumo salciui tyrimo rezultatl! pagal visus galimus
destrukcijos kriterijus, esant skirtingoms bandym4 S<tly-
goms ir bandant akyt<tit betOD£l vienpusio ir turinio sa!-
dymo budais. Tai rodo, jog is esmes akytajam betonui
atsparumo salciui aspektu galioja tie patys desningu-
mai, kurie buvo nustatyti sien4 ir apdailos keramikai. I. Akytajam betonui negalime gauti vienod4 at-
sparumo salciui tyrimo rezultatl! pagal visus galimus
destrukcijos kriterijus, esant skirtingoms bandym4 S<tly-
goms ir bandant akyt<tit betOD£l vienpusio ir turinio sa!-
dymo budais. Tai rodo, jog is esmes akytajam betonui
atsparumo salciui aspektu galioja tie patys desningu-
mai, kurie buvo nustatyti sien4 ir apdailos keramikai. II. LST 1469:2000. Akytieji betonai. Bendrieji techniniai rei-
kalavimai. 12. A. Kicaite, R. Maciulaitis. Naujos keramini4. gamini4. at-
sparumo salciui prognozavimo lygtys naudojant deforma-
cinius rodiklius // Statyba, VII t., Nr. 2. Vilnius: Tech-
nika. 2001, p. 131-137. 13. V. Sakalauskas. Statistika su Statistica. Vilnius: Margi
rastai, 1998. 227 p. 2. Atlikus eksperimentinius tyrimus galima teigti,
kad dregmes migracija, jos lokalizacija ir faziniai vir-
smai lemia ne tik eksploatacini akytojo betono atsparu-
111£l sa!Ciui, bet ir sio rodiklio nesutapim<t su nustatytu
saldant identiskus bandinius turiniu budu. 14. A. ITonsaJJhHhril. 3neMeHThi Teopiiii cToilKOCTH 6eToHa n
lKeJJe3o6eTOHHb!X I13)leJIHH rrpn 4Jn3nqecKHX B03)leHCTBHHX
cpenhr: AsTope¢. nnc .... !lOKT. TexH. HayK. M., 1987. 41 c. Iteikta 2001 06 29 3. Galimi trys teoriniai akytojo betono defonnacij4. eigos variantai modeliuotomis eksploatacijos S£tlygomis,
atitinkantys jo darb<t atitvarinese konstrukcijose: maio,
vidutinio ir didelio eksploatacinio atsparumo salciui. 3.2. LinijiniQ deformacijQ eigos ypatumai ciklinio
vienpusio saldymo ir atSildymo metu bandinil! eksploatacinis atsparu-
mas salciui buvo labai didelis, dregmes migracijos kryp-
tis buvo priesinga silumos sklidimo krypciai. Tada ga-
lejo reikstis akivaizdus betono dziuvimas ir kiti povei-
kiai, skatinantys bandini4 traukimasi bei neigiam4 de-
formacijl! vystymq_si. Todel yra svarbu akcentuoti, jog
kai kurie tokios rusies tapatus bandiniai saldant turiniu
budu gana greitai suskildavo pusiau ar net i kelias dalis. Tokie modeliai is esmes nusako istirto akytojo be-
tono potencial'-! eksploatacini atsparumq_ salciui. Tai, jog
galima skirtinga deformacijl! eiga skirtingo eksploataci-
nio atsparumo salciui bandiniams, tik patvirtina ypatin-
gq_ vandens (dregmes) migracijos, kaupimosi ir fazini4
virsm4 itakq_ budingai pavirsiaus destrukcijai. Pateikti
akytojo betono destrukcijos eigos modeliai yra realus
siai medziagai, kai ji eksploatuojama pastatl! sienose,
kadangi jose pasireiskia ir nepasireiskia pavirsiniai aky-
tojo betono suirimai. Pagaliau vidutinio (didesnio ar mazesnio) eksploa-
tacinio atsparumo salciui bandiniams, regis, buvo bu-
dinga lokaline (greiciausiai recirkuliacine, teoriskai nu-
sakoma pofl! ir kapiliafl! strukturos ypatumais) dregmes
migracija. Beje, siuo atveju buvo ir didziausias atspa-
rumo salciui lyginamqj4 rezultat4 sutapimas (5 ir
6 pav.). Svarbu aptarti ir poringoje medziagoje vykstanci4
procesl! skirtumus, kai bandiniai saldomi ir atSildomi 403 I 0. fOCT -7025-91. KI1prri1q II KepaMIIqecKIIe II CIIJJIIKaTHbre
KaMHII. MeTO!lhi orrpe)leneHIIH sonorromorueHIIH, rrnoT-
HOCTII II KOHTpOJIH MOp030CTOHKOCTH. Summary The article presents results of the comparative investiga-
tions into porous concrete specimens resistance to freezing
(one-sided and volumetric). It has been determined that there
is not any linear relation between the results obtained when
calculating both the beginning of specimens disintegration
(R=0,2161753) and their disintegration end (R=0.2621269). Besides, the data are very scattered and any other mathemati-
cal model did not allow to find a stronger non-linear relation. R. Maciulaitis, D. Nagrockiene Akytajam betonui Lietuvoje reike!l! taikyti tik LST
1428.19:1998 reglamentuojamus ilgaamziskumo katego-
rijoms pagal atsparumo sa!Ciui markes reikalavimus, 0
atsparum£l salciui nustatyti tik sio standarto apibreztu
vienpusio saldymo budu. 9.
JI. HsaHOBa. CpaBHMTeJJhHaH CTOHKOCTh ra3o6eToHa B
ycnoBHHX BhiCOKoil BJJalKHOCTH rrpn O!lHOCTopoHHeM
Bo3neilcTBHII rrepeMeHHhiX TeMrreparyp: AsTope¢. !liiC ....
KaH)l. TexH. HayK. M. 1970. 22 c. EVALUATION OF POROUS CONCRETE RESISTAN-
CE TO FREEZING BY DIFFERENT METHODS R. Maciulaitis, D. Nagrockiene Literatura I. J. Deltuva, A. Gailius, A. Gumuliauskas ir kt. Statybines
medziagos. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1982. 348 p. In addition, the destruction of porous concrete was ana-
lysed by measuring the change of relative linear deformations
of porous concrete specimens under service resistance to fre-
ezing. It has been found that positive linear deformations are
characteristic of low service frost resistance porous concrete
specimens both during the one-sided freezing and thawing. When these deformations after some cycles reach (1,2-1,7%),
the specimen surface disintegrates. Negative linear deforma-
tions are characteristic of specimens of high service frost re-
sistance during one-sided freezing
and thawing. The speci-
mens of average service frost resistance (successfully resisted
25-30 cycles) can be characterised by the development of
positive relative deformations during freezing and thawing. The processes have been investigated in detail taking place in
identical specimens when they are investigated under diffe-
rent heat draining methods (one-sided and volumetric). The
difference of humidity migration and localisation in respect
of the freezing method has been disclosed. Some conclusions
have been deduced from the investigation. 2. A. Laukaitis. Ak)'tl.lj4. beton4. formavimo misini4. rr ga-
minil!. savybes. Vilnius: Technika, 2000. 231 p. 3. fOCT-12852-67. EeTOH HqencTbiH. MeTO!lhl orrpeneneHHH
MOp030CTOHKOCTH. 4. R. MaCiulaitis, D. Zemaityte. Frost resistance of aerated
concrete. // Proceedings of 6th International Conference
Modem building materials, structures and techniques, Vol
I. Vilnius: Technika, 1999, p. 67-72. 5. R. Maciulaitis. Fasadines keramikos atsparumas salciui ir
ilgaamziskumas. Vilnius: Technika, 1996. 132 p. 6. P. MaqJOnaifnrc. Mopo30CTOHKOCTh II nonroBeqHocTh
n3neniili ¢acanHoil KepaMIIKII. BIIJJhHJOc: TexHIIKa, 1997. 307 c. 7. B. EapKaycKac. BJJIIHHHe BJJalKHoro KJIHMaTa Ha nonro-
BeqHoCTh CJJOH HapylKHbiX CTeH: ABTOpe¢ .. !Ill C ..•. KaH)l. TeXH. HayK. M. 1962. 16 c. 8. A. CllennH, E. qepHhi!llOB, B. JieneHeB. HccnenoBaHne
BJJHHHHH YCJJOBHH 3aMopmKIIBaHHH Ha CTOHKOCTb fa30-
CHJIHKaTa // Tp. ITJICMK. Bhm. 2. BopoHelK, 1956, c. 192-213. Dzigita NAGROCKIENE. PhD student. Dept of Building
Materials. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio
al. II, LT -2040 Vilnius, Lithuania. E-mail: Dzigita.Zemaity-
[email protected] 9. JI. HsaHOBa. CpaBHMTeJJhHaH CTOHKOCTh ra3o6eToHa B
ycnoBHHX BhiCOKoil BJJalKHOCTH rrpn O!lHOCTopoHHeM
Bo3neilcTBHII rrepeMeHHhiX TeMrreparyp: AsTope¢. !liiC .... KaH)l. TexH. HayK. M. 1970. 22 c. A graduate of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. BSc. (1995), MSc (1997). Author of 6 publications. Research
interests: properties of building materials and products. 404
| 35,220 |
https://github.com/Loukei/GDriveClientApp/blob/master/src/GDriveLib/gdrivefileresource.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
GDriveClientApp
|
Loukei
|
C
|
Code
| 2,820 | 4,999 |
#ifndef GDRIVEFILERESOURCE_H
#define GDRIVEFILERESOURCE_H
#include <QJsonObject>
#include <QDateTime>
QT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
class QJsonDocument;
QT_END_NAMESPACE
namespace GDrive {
/*!
* \class GDriveFileResource
* \brief The metadata for a file.
* \reentrant
* - `File`儲存檔案的元資料
* - `GDriveFileResource`負責把原本由QNetworkReply的json字串轉成使用function的方式存取資料
* - 內部使用QJsonObject保存資料，因為每次回傳的內容根據api指定的fields不同，有些內容不會回傳
* - 編譯器有RVO的關係所以不實作拷貝&移動建構子
*
* ## Reference 參考資料
* - [Files](https://developers.google.com/drive/api/v3/reference/files#resource)
*/
class GDriveFileResource
{
public:
/// construct by QJsonValue(for jsonArray)
explicit GDriveFileResource(const QJsonValue &value);
/// construct by QJsonDocument
explicit GDriveFileResource(const QJsonDocument &doc);
/// construct empty FileResource, for file::list return
explicit GDriveFileResource();
/// destructor
~GDriveFileResource();
/// Identifies what kind of resource this is. Value: the fixed string "drive#file".
QString kind() const;
/// The ID of the file.
QString id() const;
/// The name of the file.
/// This is not necessarily unique within a folder.
/// Note that for immutable items such as the top level folders of shared drives, My Drive root folder, and Application Data folder the name is constant.
QString name() const;
/// The MIME type of the file.
/// Google Drive will attempt to automatically detect an appropriate value from uploaded content if no value is provided.
/// The value cannot be changed unless a new revision is uploaded.
/// If a file is created with a Google Doc MIME type, the uploaded content will be imported if possible.
/// The supported import formats are published in the About resource.
QString mimeType() const;
/// A short description of the file.
QString description() const;
/// Whether the user has starred the file.
// bool starred() const;
/// Whether the file has been trashed, either explicitly or from a trashed parent folder.
/// Only the owner may trash a file, and other users cannot see files in the owner's trash.
// bool trashed() const;
/// Whether the file has been explicitly trashed, as opposed to recursively trashed from a parent folder.
// bool explicitlyTrashed() const;
/// The IDs of the parent folders which contain the file.
/// If not specified as part of a create request, the file will be placed directly in the user's My Drive folder.
/// If not specified as part of a copy request, the file will inherit any discoverable parents of the source file.
/// Update requests must use the addParents and removeParents parameters to modify the parents list.
// QJsonArray parents() const;
/// A collection of arbitrary key-value pairs which are visible to all apps.
/// Entries with null values are cleared in update and copy requests.
// QJsonObject properties() const;
/// A collection of arbitrary key-value pairs which are private to the requesting app.
/// Entries with null values are cleared in update and copy requests.
// QJsonObject appProperties() const;
/// The list of spaces which contain the file.
/// The currently supported values are 'drive', 'appDataFolder' and 'photos'.
// QJsonArray spaces() const;
/// A monotonically increasing version number for the file.
/// This reflects every change made to the file on the server, even those not visible to the user.
long version() const;
/// A link for downloading the content of the file in a browser.
/// This is only available for files with binary content in Google Drive.
// QString webContentLink() const;
/// A link for opening the file in a relevant Google editor or viewer in a browser.
// QString webViewLink() const;
/// A static, unauthenticated link to the file's icon.
// QString iconLink() const;
/// A short-lived link to the file's thumbnail, if available.
/// Typically lasts on the order of hours.
/// Only populated when the requesting app can access the file's content.
// QString thumbnailLink() const;
/// Whether the file has been viewed by this user.
// bool viewedByMe() const;
/// The last time the file was viewed by the user (RFC 3339 date-time).
// QDateTime viewedByMeTime() const;
/// The time at which the file was created (RFC 3339 date-time).
// QDateTime createdTime() const;
/// The last time the file was modified by anyone (RFC 3339 date-time).
/// Note that setting modifiedTime will also update modifiedByMeTime for the user.
// QDateTime modifiedTime() const;
/// The last time the file was modified by the user (RFC 3339 date-time).
// QDateTime modifiedByMeTime() const;
/// The time at which the file was shared with the user, if applicable (RFC 3339 date-time).
// QDateTime sharedWithMeTime() const;
/// The user who shared the file with the requesting user, if applicable.
// QJsonObject sharingUser() const;
/// Identifies what kind of resource this is. Value: the fixed string "drive#user".
// QString sharingUser_kind() const;
/// A plain text displayable name for this user.
// QString sharingUser_displayName() const;
/// A link to the user's profile photo, if available.
// QString sharingUser_photoLink() const;
/// Whether this user is the requesting user.
// bool sharingUser_me() const;
/// The user's ID as visible in Permission resources.
// QString sharingUser_permissionId() const;
/// The email address of the user.
/// This may not be present in certain contexts if the user has not made their email address visible to the requester.
// QString sharingUser_emailAddress() const;
/// The owners of the file. Currently, only certain legacy files may have more than one owner.
/// Not populated for items in shared drives.
// QJsonArray owners() const;
/// The last user to modify the file.
// QJsonObject lastModifyingUser() const;
/// Identifies what kind of resource this is. Value: the fixed string "drive#user".
// QString lastModifyingUser_kind() const;
/// A plain text displayable name for this user.
// QString lastModifyingUser_displayName() const;
/// A link to the user's profile photo, if available.
// QString lastModifyingUser_photoLink() const;
/// Whether this user is the requesting user.
// bool lastModifyingUser_me() const;
/// The user's ID as visible in Permission resources.
// QString lastModifyingUser_permissionId() const;
/// The email address of the user.
/// This may not be present in certain contexts if the user has not made their email address visible to the requester.
// QString lastModifyingUser_emailAddress() const;
/// Whether the file has been shared. Not populated for items in shared drives.
// bool shared() const;
/// Whether the user owns the file. Not populated for items in shared drives.
// bool ownedByMe() const;
/// Whether users with only writer permission can modify the file's permissions.
/// Not populated for items in shared drives.
// bool writersCanShare() const;
/// The full list of permissions for the file.
/// This is only available if the requesting user can share the file.
/// Not populated for items in shared drives.
// QJsonArray permissions() const;
/// The color for a folder as an RGB hex string.
/// The supported colors are published in the folderColorPalette field of the About resource.
/// If an unsupported color is specified, the closest color in the palette will be used instead.
// QString folderColorRgb() const;
/// The original filename of the uploaded content if available, or else the original value of the name field.
/// This is only available for files with binary content in Google Drive.
// QString originalFilename() const;
/// The full file extension extracted from the name field.
/// May contain multiple concatenated extensions, such as "tar.gz".
/// This is only available for files with binary content in Google Drive.
/// This is automatically updated when the name field changes, however it is not cleared if the new name does not contain a valid extension.
// QString fullFileExtension() const;
/// The final component of fullFileExtension.
/// This is only available for files with binary content in Google Drive.
// QString fileExtension() const;
/// The MD5 checksum for the content of the file.
/// This is only applicable to files with binary content in Google Drive.
// QString md5Checksum() const;
/// The size of the file's content in bytes.
/// This is only applicable to files with binary content in Google Drive.
long size() const;
/// The number of storage quota bytes used by the file.
/// This includes the head revision as well as previous revisions with keepForever enabled.
// long quotaBytesUsed() const;
/// The ID of the file's head revision.
/// This is currently only available for files with binary content in Google Drive.
// QString headRevisionId() const;
/// Additional information about the content of the file.
/// These fields are never populated in responses.
// QJsonObject contentHints() const;
/// A thumbnail for the file.
/// This will only be used if Google Drive cannot generate a standard thumbnail.
// QJsonObject contentHints_thumbnail() const;
/// The thumbnail data encoded with URL-safe Base64 (RFC 4648 section 5).
// QByteArray contentHints_thumbnail_image() const;
/// The MIME type of the thumbnail.
// QString contentHints_thumbnail_mimeType() const;
/// Text to be indexed for the file to improve fullText queries.
/// This is limited to 128KB in length and may contain HTML elements.
// QString contentHints_indexableText() const;
/// Additional metadata about image media, if available.
// QJsonObject imageMediaMetadata() const;
/// The width of the image in pixels.
// int imageMediaMetadata_width() const;
/// The height of the image in pixels.
// int imageMediaMetadata_height() const;
/// The number of clockwise 90° rotations applied from the image's original orientation.
// int imageMediaMetadata_rotation() const;
/// Geographic location information stored in the image.
// QJsonObject imageMediaMetadata_location() const;
/// The latitude stored in the image.
// double imageMediaMetadata_location_latitude() const;
/// The longitude stored in the image.
// double imageMediaMetadata_location_longitude() const;
/// The altitude stored in the image.
// double imageMediaMetadata_location_altitude() const;
/// The date and time the photo was taken (EXIF DateTime).
// QString imageMediaMetadata_time() const;
/// The make of the camera used to create the photo.
// QString imageMediaMetadata_cameraMake() const;
/// The model of the camera used to create the photo.
// QString imageMediaMetadata_cameraModel() const;
/// The length of the exposure, in seconds.
// float imageMediaMetadata_exposureTime() const;
/// The aperture used to create the photo (f-number).
// float imageMediaMetadata_aperture() const;
/// Whether a flash was used to create the photo.
// bool imageMediaMetadata_flashUsed() const;
/// The focal length used to create the photo, in millimeters.
// float imageMediaMetadata_focalLength() const;
/// The ISO speed used to create the photo.
// int imageMediaMetadata_isoSpeed() const;
/// The metering mode used to create the photo.
// QString imageMediaMetadata_meteringMode() const;
/// The type of sensor used to create the photo.
// QString imageMediaMetadata_sensor() const;
/// The exposure mode used to create the photo.
// QString imageMediaMetadata_exposureMode() const;
/// The color space of the photo.
// QString imageMediaMetadata_colorSpace() const;
/// The white balance mode used to create the photo.
// QString imageMediaMetadata_whiteBalance() const;
/// The exposure bias of the photo (APEX value).
// float imageMediaMetadata_exposureBias() const;
/// The smallest f-number of the lens at the focal length used to create the photo (APEX value).
// float imageMediaMetadata_maxApertureValue() const;
/// The distance to the subject of the photo, in meters.
// int imageMediaMetadata_subjectDistance() const;
/// The lens used to create the photo.
// QString imageMediaMetadata_lens() const;
/// Additional metadata about video media.
/// This may not be available immediately upon upload.
// QJsonObject videoMediaMetadata() const;
/// The width of the video in pixels.
// int videoMediaMetadata_width() const;
/// The height of the video in pixels.
// int videoMediaMetadata_height() const;
/// The duration of the video in milliseconds.
// long videoMediaMetadata_durationMillis() const;
/// Capabilities the current user has on this file.
/// Each capability corresponds to a fine-grained action that a user may take.
// QJsonObject capabilities() const;
/// Whether the current user can edit this file.
/// Other factors may limit the type of changes a user can make to a file.
/// For example, see canChangeCopyRequiresWriterPermission or canModifyContent.
// bool capabilities_canEdit() const;
/// Whether the current user can comment on this file.
// bool capabilities_canComment() const;
/// Whether the current user can modify the sharing settings for this file.
// bool capabilities_canShare() const;
/// Whether the current user can copy this file.
/// For an item in a shared drive, whether the current user can copy non-folder descendants of this item, or this item itself if it is not a folder.
// bool capabilities_canCopy() const;
/// Whether the current user can read the revisions resource of this file.
/// For a shared drive item, whether revisions of non-folder descendants of this item, or this item itself if it is not a folder, can be read.
// bool capabilities_canReadRevisions() const;
/// Whether the file was created or opened by the requesting app.
// bool isAppAuthorized() const;
/// Whether this file has a thumbnail.
/// This does not indicate whether the requesting app has access to the thumbnail.
/// To check access, look for the presence of the thumbnailLink field.
// bool hasThumbnail() const;
/// The thumbnail version for use in thumbnail cache invalidation.
// long thumbnailVersion() const;
/// Whether the file has been modified by this user.
// bool modifiedByMe() const;
/// If the file has been explicitly trashed, the user who trashed it.
/// Only populated for items in shared drives.
// QJsonObject trashingUser() const;
/// Identifies what kind of resource this is. Value: the fixed string "drive#user".
// QString trashingUser_kind() const;
/// A plain text displayable name for this user.
// QString trashingUser_displayName() const;
/// A link to the user's profile photo, if available.
// QString trashingUser_photoLink() const;
/// Whether this user is the requesting user.
// bool trashingUser_me() const;
/// The user's ID as visible in Permission resources.
// QString trashingUser_permissionId() const;
/// The email address of the user.
/// This may not be present in certain contexts if the user has not made their email address visible to the requester.
// QString trashingUser_emailAddress() const;
/// The time that the item was trashed (RFC 3339 date-time).
/// Only populated for items in shared drives.
// QDateTime trashedTime() const;
/// Whether the current user can add children to this folder.
/// This is always false when the item is not a folder.
// bool capabilities_canAddChildren() const;
/// Whether the current user can delete this file.
// bool capabilities_canDelete() const;
/// Whether the current user can download this file.
// bool capabilities_canDownload() const;
/// Whether the current user can list the children of this folder.
/// This is always false when the item is not a folder.
// bool capabilities_canListChildren() const;
/// Whether the current user can remove children from this folder.
/// This is always false when the item is not a folder.
/// For a folder in a shared drive, use canDeleteChildren or canTrashChildren instead.
// bool capabilities_canRemoveChildren() const;
/// Whether the current user can rename this file.
// bool capabilities_canRename() const;
/// Whether the current user can move this file to trash.
// bool capabilities_canTrash() const;
/// Whether the current user can restore this file from trash.
// bool capabilities_canUntrash() const;
/// Whether there are permissions directly on this file.
/// This field is only populated for items in shared drives.
// bool hasAugmentedPermissions() const;
/// List of permission IDs for users with access to this file.
// QJsonArray permissionIds() const;
/// Whether the current user can change the copyRequiresWriterPermission restriction of this file.
// bool capabilities_canChangeCopyRequiresWriterPermission() const;
/// Whether the options to copy, print, or download this file, should be disabled for readers and commenters.
// bool copyRequiresWriterPermission() const;
/// Whether the current user can delete children of this folder.
/// This is false when the item is not a folder. Only populated for items in shared drives.
// bool capabilities_canDeleteChildren() const;
/// Whether the current user can trash children of this folder.
/// This is false when the item is not a folder.
/// Only populated for items in shared drives.
// bool capabilities_canTrashChildren() const;
/// Links for exporting Google Docs to specific formats.
// QJsonObject exportLinks() const;
/// ID of the shared drive the file resides in. Only populated for items in shared drives.
// QString driveId() const;
/// Whether the current user can move children of this folder outside of the shared drive.
/// This is false when the item is not a folder.
/// Only populated for items in shared drives.
// bool capabilities_canMoveChildrenOutOfDrive() const;
/// Whether the current user can move children of this folder within the shared drive.
/// This is false when the item is not a folder.
/// Only populated for items in shared drives.
// bool capabilities_canMoveChildrenWithinDrive() const;
/// Whether the current user can move this item outside of this drive by changing its parent.
/// Note that a request to change the parent of the item may still fail depending on the new parent that is being added.
// bool capabilities_canMoveItemOutOfDrive() const;
/// Whether the current user can move this item within this shared drive.
/// Note that a request to change the parent of the item may still fail depending on the new parent that is being added.
/// Only populated for items in shared drives.
// bool capabilities_canMoveItemWithinDrive() const;
/// Whether the current user can read the shared drive to which this file belongs.
/// Only populated for items in shared drives.
// bool capabilities_canReadDrive() const;
/// Whether the current user can modify the content of this file.
// bool capabilities_canModifyContent() const;
/// return true if object is empty
bool isEmpty() const;
private:
/// save data form constructer resource
QJsonObject m_object = QJsonObject();
};
}
#endif // GDRIVEFILERESOURCE_H
| 27,862 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14722212
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Tabanus maiombensis
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 1,388 | 3,813 |
Tabanus maiombensis
Tabanus maiombensis
Tabanus maiombensis vetenskapligt namn Tabanus maiombensis
Tabanus maiombensis taxonomisk rang art
Tabanus maiombensis instans av taxon
Tabanus maiombensis nästa högre taxon Tabanus
Tabanus maiombensis Global Biodiversity Information Facility-ID 1499976
Tabanus maiombensis Encyclopedia of Life-ID 712072
Tabanus maiombensis IRMNG-ID 11065904
Tabanus maiombensis kort namn
Tabanus maiombensis Open Tree of Life-ID 4452320
Tabanus maiombensis
Tabanus maiombensis
Tabanus maiombensis namo takson Tabanus maiombensis
Tabanus maiombensis namo singkek
Tabanus maiombensis
especie de insecto
Tabanus maiombensis nombre del taxón Tabanus maiombensis
Tabanus maiombensis categoría taxonómica especie
Tabanus maiombensis instancia de taxón
Tabanus maiombensis taxón superior inmediato Tabanus
Tabanus maiombensis identificador de taxón en GBIF 1499976
Tabanus maiombensis identificador EOL 712072
Tabanus maiombensis identificador IRMNG 11065904
Tabanus maiombensis identificador Catalogue of Life 548F3
Tabanus maiombensis ciclo diurno diurnalidad
Tabanus maiombensis nombre corto
Tabanus maiombensis identificador Open Tree of Life 4452320
Tabanus maiombensis
Art der Gattung Tabanus
Tabanus maiombensis wissenschaftlicher Name Tabanus maiombensis
Tabanus maiombensis taxonomischer Rang Art
Tabanus maiombensis ist ein(e) Taxon
Tabanus maiombensis übergeordnetes Taxon Tabanus
Tabanus maiombensis GBIF-ID 1499976
Tabanus maiombensis EOL-ID 712072
Tabanus maiombensis IRMNG-ID 11065904
Tabanus maiombensis CoL-ID 548F3
Tabanus maiombensis Tagesgang tagaktiv
Tabanus maiombensis Kurzname
Tabanus maiombensis OTT-ID 4452320
Tabanus maiombensis
specie di insetto
Tabanus maiombensis nome scientifico Tabanus maiombensis
Tabanus maiombensis livello tassonomico specie
Tabanus maiombensis istanza di taxon
Tabanus maiombensis taxon di livello superiore Tabanus
Tabanus maiombensis identificativo GBIF 1499976
Tabanus maiombensis identificativo EOL 712072
Tabanus maiombensis identificativo IRMNG 11065904
Tabanus maiombensis identificativo Catalogue of Life 548F3
Tabanus maiombensis ciclo diurno diurnalità
Tabanus maiombensis nome in breve
Tabanus maiombensis
species of insect
Tabanus maiombensis taxon name Tabanus maiombensis
Tabanus maiombensis taxon rank species
Tabanus maiombensis instance of taxon
Tabanus maiombensis parent taxon Tabanus
Tabanus maiombensis GBIF taxon ID 1499976
Tabanus maiombensis Encyclopedia of Life ID 712072
Tabanus maiombensis IRMNG ID 11065904
Tabanus maiombensis Catalogue of Life ID 548F3
Tabanus maiombensis diel cycle diurnality
Tabanus maiombensis short name
Tabanus maiombensis Open Tree of Life ID 4452320
Tabanus maiombensis
espèce d'insectes
Tabanus maiombensis nom scientifique du taxon Tabanus maiombensis
Tabanus maiombensis rang taxonomique espèce
Tabanus maiombensis nature de l’élément taxon
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Tabanus maiombensis
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Tabanus maiombensis nome taxológico Tabanus maiombensis
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Tabanus maiombensis táxon imediatamente superior Tabanus
Tabanus maiombensis identificador GBIF 1499976
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Tabanus maiombensis
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Tabanus maiombensis
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Tabanus maiombensis nom científic Tabanus maiombensis
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mediatorialsove00stewgoog_22
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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Mediatorial sovereignty, the mystery of Christ and the revelation of the Old and New Testaments
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English
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Spoken
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The words of the Baptist are too familiar and Theteati- ^ mony of the momentous to be forgotten here : * He that cometh Baptist, after me is mightier than I, whose shoes I am not worthy to bear ; he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost, and with fire.'* The collation of this pas- sage with the residuary discourses of the Fore- runner, establishes the fact, that his mind was absorbed in the contemplation of the majesty of Christ as ' the Son of God,' ' the Lamb of God,' and ' the Bridegroom' of the Church. He had witnessed the personal descent of the Holy Ghost upon Jesus : he had heard the voice of the Father attesting his divine majesty, and was profoundly instructed in the nature of the Messiah's oflSce and work. Thus instructed, he declares the capital 1 Matt. iii. 11. 470 THE RELATIONS OF THE HOLY SPIRIT TO CHIUST. PART II. prerogative of the Christ to be this — to baptize his .' : people with ' the Holy Ghost, and with fire.' It was unbecoming his divine Majesty, to employ the ele- ments of the world, or to administer creature in- fluences of whatever sort, as it became his servants to do. It befitted him as Lord, and was the asser- tion of prerogative, distancing all other displays of it, to administer a power personally divine, under the similitude of fire. The language is an allusion to the fire of God, which in old times came down upon the altars and sacrifices of his people, and which, in the tabernacle and the temple, was the symbol of the divine Presence. What the fire was from time immemorial to the devout, that the Holy Ghost was to be to the disciples of Christ, only incon- ceivably more glorious, inasmuch as the gift was not to be symbolic, but real — ^not material, but spiritual — ^not congregational, but personal — and in the na- ture of a soul-indwelling, an all-vitalizing and puri- fying presence of God the Spirit. If this illustration be admissible, it shows how sublimely the visibiUties of the ancient Theocracy as symbols, are embodied in the blessings of the new ; and how necessary it is to hold and to apply the doctrine of a personal identity between the headships of both, to enable us to see the congruity, force, and beauty of this great evangelical promise, ' He shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost, and with fire.' The advent of A second passaffc of the same import is found in ♦Ha finirit nnr X cj x Lord's aspira- Lukc : ' I am comc to send fire on the earth ; and tion and end. ^^^^ ^^j j .^ -^ ^^ already kindled ?'^ It is plain that by ' fire,' we are to imderstand, as in the former passage, the gift of the Holy Ghost : that ^ Luke xii. 49. THE NEW TESTAMENT. 471 the mission of the Holy Ghost is set forth as the part n. PHAP Yiir end of our Saviour's mission to the world ; that the '- ' right of mission is vested in him on the world's behalf; and that this mission of the Spirit was dependent on his accomplished suflferings, and so delayed imtil his return to heaven. No words can more expressly testify to the truth of our doctrine. Jesus declares that it is himself who is to send this ' fire' on the earth ; and that his own enlargement or plenitude, officially and as to his kingdom, should be the immediate consequence of his accom- plished baptism, and the lapse of this divine fire from heaven upon the earth : ' How am I strait- ened imtil it be accomplished I ' A third passage occurs in John : * In the last ''J^^p ^"J"® day, that great day of the feast, Jesus stood and water, cried. If any man thirst, let him come unto me and drink. '^ Comment here is scarcely necessary: the words themselves declare the doctrine con- tended for ; namely, that the Christ is ' the fountain of living waters' to believers ; or rather, the Being who presides over this fountain, directing where its waters shall flow, and whom they shall visit and refi:esh. The language, taken apart from the sub- joined exposition of the Apostle, that * this spake he of the Spirit,' could not have been expounded by referring it to the mere gift and reception of Christ's doctrine. It would have been hyperbolic and exaggerated in no ordinary degree, had nothing more been intended than this ; not less so than if we should understand our Lord's expressions, such as eating his flesh, and drinking his blood, as mean- ing a relish for his teaching, and not a true and ^ John vii. 57. 472 THE RELATIONS OF THE HOLY SPIRIT TO CHRIST. PART H. CHAP. XUL The mission of the Spirit the crowning attestation of Christ*s su- premacj. living communion with his person. The words plainly promise a living emanation from himself to the innennost nature of his followers. He promises to be to them what the Jehovah of the Old Testa- ment was to his people — a ' fountain of hving waters ;' which could only be fulfilled by his impart- ing to them the gift of his Spirit. The reference also in the passage to ' the Scrip- ture/ is strikingly illustrative of this truth ; for by this our Lord meant to teach, that the promise he then made was in accordance with the voice of prophecy generally, and was, in fact, its entire scope and mystery. It does not appear that he alluded to any particular prophecy, but to the scope of all its teaching so far as the office of the Christ is concerned, and his prerogative of sending the Spirit. This high sovereignty of the Christ as to the Spirit is so clearly the scope of prophetic teaching, that our Lord deemed an allusion to it sufficient; merely directing the attention of the multitude to that which it concerned him to testify, and them to believe — namely, his own Messiahship, and consequent power to bestow upon his nation this great gift of promise, symbolized by the cere- monies of the hour, and the anthem from the pro- phet : ' Therefore with joy shall ye draw water from the wells of salvation.'* We now approach the passages found in John.' A more particular examination of these will be necessary subsequently: here it is appropriate to notice them only so far as they stand related to the point under consideration — the sovereignty of the Christ with respect to the Holy Spirit. His mission ^ Isa. xii. 3. * John xiv. XV. xvi. THE NEW TESTAMENT. 473 is made in these the crowning attestation of Christ's part it. (^HAP XIII supremacy. The first in our order of notice runs '. — - thus : ' And I will pray the Father, and he shall give you another Comforter, that he may abide with you for ever, even the Spirit of truth.' In this instance, with a view to mark the supremacy of the Father, and to connect the gift of the Spirit to his followers with his accomplished baptism and return to heaven, our Lord represents the gift as coming to them in the way of favour to himself; which is but an intelligible way of representing so high a matter to men overwhelmed with sorrow, and but in the infancy of their spiritual life. The pas- sage is full of human affection, as is the entire dis- course, which seems to have somewhat misled our translators when they render Paraclete by Com- forter— a word undoubtedly of very inadequate meaning here, though there is so much to recom- mend it in the strain of this discourse. Here our Lord, as a Comforter, represents himself as carry- ing up with him into heaven the burden of his sorrowing disciples, and as an all-prevalent, sym- pathizing friend, asking for them of his Father a gift more than equivalent to his own personal pre- sence. This praying the Father on their behalf is identical with that act of praying for dominion over the nations ascribed to the Christ in the second Psalm, and intended to mark the origin and era of his consummated plenipotency as the King seated on the ' holy Hill of Zion.' In neither case do we understand the words in a strictly literal sense, but as marking the fact, that the supremacy of the Christ followed the consummation of his redeeming work, and in token of the Father's complacency. 474 THE RELATIONS OF THE HOLY SPIRIT TO CHRIST. PART II. The whole strain of discourse immediately fol- CHAP xm •. '■ '- lowing strongly corroborates this doctrine of media- torial supremacy with respect to the Spirit. Even his appellations, * Comforter,' or more properly, Advocate, and ' Spirit of Truth,' are, as will be afterwards shown, purely official ; referring to his mission as the Spirit of Christ : teaching that he was even then with the disciples in the person of their Lord, and should be in them hereafter, in the fulness of his presence and power ; that when so visited, Christ himself should come to them: that his divinity and supremacy should then be most fully demonstrated ; and that, finally, he and the Father should thus come to them, and make their abode with them. These are all modes of expression so declaratory of the divine supremacy of the Christ, that nothing but inadvertence or prejudice can fail to detect this teaching. To attest Vcrsc 26 of the same chapter, while, in com- as head oAhe nion with verse 11, it represents the office of the ^reioend^for Christ as intennediate^ not primary, with respect to which He is f]^Q mission of the Spirit, is even stronger for our doctrine than the former, since here the Father is not represented as sending the Spirit at the suit of Christ, but in his name : an expression which not merely signifies that Christ is the cause or motive of this act of the Father, but the very end ; that the Spirit is sent to attest his majesty and his claims, to act in his name, and to advance his glory as the Saviour of men, the Head of the church, and the Lord of the universe. Thus, to send the Spirit in his name, though it be the act of another, is equi- valent to his being sent by the Christ, in whose name he is appointed to act ; if, indeed, we ought THE NEW TESTAMENT. 475 not rather to infer even the superiority of this war- part ir. rant, as importing the addition of his Father's glory ^^^"^V— — to his own ; agreeably to our Lord's words when describing his final advent to judgment. In John^ we have the recurrence of the promise of The Sore- ^ reigntj of the the Spirit, remarkable as differing from the former Spint not ex- two in this, that it expressly ascribes his mission to pe^^nmg ^ Christ himself, * But when the Comforter is come, *^® ^^"**' whom I will send imto you from the Father, even the Spirit of truth, which proceedeth from the Father, he shall testify of me.' From a collation of these tes- timonies, it is plain, that in whatever senses, and for whatever reasons, the sovereignty of the Spirit ap- pertains to the Father, nevertheless this sovereignty also appertains to Christ as the Mediator, by virtue both of his original and of his acquired rights ; and that, therefore, the expressions which refer the mission of the Spirit to either, are of equivalent import with respect to our doctrine of Sovereignty, being, in fact, but different ways of enunciating with more emphasis the same aU-important truth. In John * occurs the final promise of the Holy The aacension Spirit by the Saviour, previous to his suffering and necessarily death. In this, the words are, if possible, still more the coming of decisive. ' Nevertheless I tell you the truth ; It ^^"^ ^p^"** is expedient for you that I go away : for if I go not away, the Comforter will not come unto you ; but if I depart, I will send him unto you.' Here the coming of the Spirit is not represented merely as to follow the departure of Christ, but as an event de- pendent on it. It is a sine qua non^ reminding us of two individuals so intimately related, and com- bined in interest and action one with the other, as * John XV. 26. * John xvi. 7. 476 THE RELATIONS OF THE HOLY SPIRIT TO CHRIST. PART II. to rcffulate their local positions in respect to each CHAP XIII '- ' other. If the one be here, the other must be yonder. Such is (to illustrate the truth familiarlj) the notion furnished by this scripture respecting the personal and oflScial relations of the Christ and the Spirit. The former must have completed his work in the world and have returned to heaven, ere the latter could move downward to the scene of his mission. So far from being moved by any creature suit, he cannot even recognise the right of the Christ to constrain him hither, while he himself keeps the field. He must ascend in person to his dwelling-place, and, clothed in official plenitude, personally send Him from above, otherwise the glo- rification of the Christ remains unattested, and the Church unbaptized with the quickening fire. * But if I depart, I will send him unto you.' The promise Two remaining passages only, in the gospels, re- Pentecos? ^^ quire remark. The first is in Luke.^ ' And, behold, I send the promise of my Father upon you : but tarry ye in the city of Jerusalem, until ye be endued with power from on high.' This promise derives interest, both from its having been spoken after the resur- rection, and from its specific form as to the place ; and, as we elsewhere learn, the season of its fulfil- ment. ' Ye shall be baptized with the Holy Ghost not many days hence.'* It seems to have been de- livered to the assembled Apostles on the eve of the Ascension, and to have given birth to that spirit of expectation and prayer which so powerfully ani- mated them during the ensuing brief interval be- tween that event and the day of Pentecost. That our Lord's words enjoining upon them prayer in his * Luke xxiv. 49. ' Acts i. 6. THE NEW TESTAMENT. 477 name, as they occur in his communings with them part ii. CHAP XIII before his passion, chiefly had respect to this great '- ' promise to be fulfilled after his departure from them, seems highly probable. The language of these pas- sages is singularly broad and comprehensive. * If ye shall ask anything in my Name, I will do it.' ' Whatsoever ye shall ask the Father in my Name, that will I do, that the Father may be glorified in the Son.' * This language is obviously adapted to the great promise of the Comforter. It certainly cannot be construed as giving an unrestricted right of petition, except in the light of this promise, and in that of the event as matter of inspired history. These com- mands were remembered and taken up by the Apos- tles after the Ascension, and were wonderfully re- sponded to by their Author in that gift which alone, and of itself, is the plenitude of all human weal, and, in consequence, the scope of all legitimate petition. The second passage, found in John,' is also strik- The disdpies mg, as containing, with the renewal of the aposto- antepMt of lie commission, an accompanying act of inspiration, ^nf Shlist. or, more properly, its symbol and pledge from the Saviour. ' He breathed on them ; ' accompanying this action with words expressive of its import : ' Receive ye the Holy Ghost.' This act was the gentle breath which waxed into the gust of Pente- cost, probably experienced in the same place. In all likelihood, this breathing, which symbolized the gift of the Spirit, was the first life of prayer in the dis- ciples, and the antepast of the gift itself. It opened to them both the heart and the resources of the Mediator, and was even more an aspiration than an inspiration. His own divine yearnings, unquenched 1 John xiv. 13, 14. « John xx. 22. 478 THE RELATIONS OF THE HOLY SPIRIT TO CHRIST. PART II. Ijy death and the grave, were far more than resu5- '. ' citated by his return to life, though he was stiD straitened until his promise should be accomplished Thus, this initial and imperfect inspiration of the Spirit by the Christ, made way for and insured the final and all-perfect baptism fix)in ' on high/ A.« in the course of Creation, when the Eternal Word of the Father first spake, so was the Spirit now sent forth on a still more glorious mission ; and he began to move the hearts of the disciples in the ' upper room,' as he did * the face of the waters,' ceasing not to stir them till all suits for his pleni- tude breathed into them in that hour, were fulfilled in the wonders of the pentecostal mom. No act, or form of words, could more strikingly reveal the re- lation of the Spirit to Christ, or the disciples, to whom they were directed. It signified that the Spirit was the Agent of Christ, outgoing as it were from his deepest nature — ^his own very soul and breath — alike proceeding from him as firom the Father ; so that to impart this imto the disciples, was to impart to them of his own fulness, and to endow them with prerogatives the most transcend- ent, and otherwise incommunicable to creatures. The day of Finally, we place these scriptures of both Testa- ^SS to^ ments m the light of the event to which they unit- theEiIJr"^^^ edly refer — ^the day of Pentecost ; and we find them all illustrated and confirmed by the language of fact As for that event, it stood alone in the national history of a people throughout distinguished by the marvellous. It had its similitude, indeed, in the giv- ing of the Law which the day commemorated, and in the consecration scenes both of the tabernacle and of the temple. In these instances, there were strange THE NEW TESTAMENT. 479 manifestations of God : a Law was given, and an part ii. altar and a dwelling-place sanctified by Jehovah's ^——^}}I: presence in flaming fire ; but in none of these were gifts bestowed like those shed upon the Apostles — no power to speak with tongues, to work miracles, to comprehend the greatest mysteries at once — or to exhibit what was greater than all, the She- chinah of a complete moral transformation to the multitudes around them. Here also, there was no circumstantial conformity with national records, no authoritative gathering of the witnesses of so au- gust a display of the divine glory, as when the people were summoned to meet God at the foot of the mount; or as when Moses gathered the seventy elders, and the Lord came down in the pre- sence of the congregation, and put his Spirit upon them. On this occasion, the Spirit came down in- stead of the Lord who appeared in the tabernacle, in order to represent, and to act for, him. In this view, it was an entirely new manifestation a new mani- of God to the world. The subjects of it were not the God to°he recognised prophets of the nation, but the ambas- ^^^^^• sadors of Christ — ^not the exponents of an old, but the foimders of a new religion. The authorities of the nation stood aloof from an event which glorified him whom they had crucified. Confounded and dismayed for a moment, by his disappearance from the sepulchre, they had endeavoured, nevertheless, to assure themselves of a triumph which would rapidly eflface every vestige of popular impression adverse to their policy. Few, powerless, and panic- stricken, as was the band which the crisis had scat- tered to their homes, — and which, when assured of the resurrection of the Master, was still left in 480 THE RELATIONS OF THE HOLY SPIRIT TO CHRIST. PART II. isolation, and without ability to vindicate his claimf — * in the face of his adversaries, — what help remained to theni, or resource to him, to vindicate his in- sulted majesty, and to bear down on impiety and blasphemy with even a greater array of prodigies than those of his personal history? Obviouslj, only such a demonstration was possible as was in accordance with the event. The Person withdrawn from the scene of his sufferings, — ^what demonstra- tion, in harmony with his character and mission, can be imagined so decisive as the descent of the Holy Ghost upon his residuary representatives- known to have been his personal friends and mini- sters, up to the time of his separation from them, — a descent, in the very place and circumstances, in which he had left them, and almost immediately after the separation had occurred ? A public at- On the supposition that the descent of the Spirit th^aJcenaion ou the disciplcs was the act of Christ, it was a ana reaurrec- gQigj^j^ public Confirmation of his resiuTection and of his return to his glory. It was far more than the attestation of his mission to earth, in any in- ferior character to that of a Sovereign Mediator, since his resurrection and ascension were quite de- monstrative enough of any svbordincUe aspects of the Christ. The descent of the Spirit for such a purpose was unnecessary, and altogether disproportionate. It could not be thought worthy of the Holy Ghost as a divine person^ to be the representative of a crea- ture Christ on earth ; to act in his nanie rather than his own ; and to employ his attributes in the ser- vice and for the glory of another less than God and naturally subservient to Himself. This descent, therefore, rightly regarded, could THE NEW TESTAMENT. 481 be nothing else than the proclamation of the Mes- part ii. • CHAP XHI siah's divine plenipotency as now seated on the '- - throne of the Father, and as the head of the new catholic and everlasting theocracy on earth. He is thus declared by more than a voice from heaven to be the Lord's Anointed ; and his first royal act when enthroned is singularly apposite — namely, to anoint his human representatives to be the heralds of this truth to the nation, and the world : in this lies the gospel * of great joy to all people.' According to this view, the reign of the Mediator The reign of is the reign of the Holy Ghost : the reign of the Ghost vica- latter is simply the divine counterpart of the former, fJ^^SJ,^ ^^^" revealing at once the fact and its import, — it is both vicarious and perfecting. By this event, as far as an economy can extend, the Godhead is brought nearer to the world of man and to the Church than before; and this relation is insured so long as this economy holds good. The Spirit is the inter- mediate Power between Christ and man^ as Christ is the intermediate Power between the Spirit and the Father : and no knowledge of Christ is possible to man without the Spirit, as none is possible of the Father without the Christ. On the day of Pente^ cost, he directed the course of his Spirit to those assembled in the * upper room,' as he had before ' breathed on them ; ' and to this hour, he maintains the same prerogative. He raised up out of the vast valley of surrounding death, the first great prophets of the Resurrection, whose voice still floats over the face of the slumbering world — ^that the dead may ' hear the voice of the Son of God, and that they who hear may live.' VOL. I. 2 H CHAPTER XIV. THE MEDIATORIAL SOVEREIGNTY OF CHRIST THE TESTIMONY OF THE HOLY SPIRIT. The Apostolic Ministry. The work of HAVING established by an array of Scripture prooft the ApoBtiea the Sovereignty of Christ with respect to the Spirit^ mSeriah'^ and that the true position of the latter is that of a self-subordinate and vice-regal Power commissioned and prepared to sustain the honours of the Christ ; we now turn to the ofl&cial actings of this Power in support of this view, and to the harmony of these as essential counterparts of the Christ's prerogatives. This task may be satisfactorily accomplished by means of a twofold inquiry, — namely, what was the nature of the Spirit's ofl&ce in the Apostles ; and what the nature of his ofl&ce hy them ? The one comprehends all his visitations, and their effects on the Apostles personally — the other, these eflfects made transitive through them to the world. The first, rather technically expressed, is the manifestation of the Spirit to the Apostles. It may serve to open this point, if we revert to the passages in John containing the promise of the Spiiit, as undoubtedly these supply the texts of all his after discourses by the Apostles. In the first words of promise dropped from the THE NEW TESTAMENT. 483 lips of Jesus, the official titles of the Spirit are partil added to that which we deem strictly personal: ^^^^' ^^^' these are, 'the Comforter,' and Hhe Spirit of Truth.' forter'and"* In succeeding passages drawn from the same chap- xroth/ ^^ ters, the operations corresponding with these official titles are very fully given. He is said to be em- powered to lead the disciples ' into all truth ; ' to teach them * all things ; ' and to bring ' to their remembrance' whatsoever Jesus had said to them. His operations also on the mind of the world are briefly, but comprehensively, stated : he is ' to con- vince the world of sin, of righteousness, and of judgment.' These titles, however, demand a prior notice — ^the ' Comforter,' and the * Spirit of truth.' Here, undoubtedly, our tr^tnslation is faulty ; for it applies to the term Paraclete a meaning simply secondary and implicit. The word means an advo- cate, patron, or guardian ; particularly one called upon to stand by, to plead for, and uphold another in a cause ; which, but for him, might be utterly gainsaid and ruined by an adversary. This is its literal meaning, which having been somewhat gar- bled by the introduction of the word Comforter, these promises, in their application to the Holy Ghost and the history of his action, are obscured and enfeebled. That Advocate is the proper word here, is plain Adrocate from the fact that our Lord makes the Spirit but rendering, his own Paralogue. For he says, ' I will pray the Father, and he shall send you another Comforter.' Now John, who wrote down by the Spirit's own direction these promises, as well as heard them, understood Jesus as speaking of himself in the cha- racter of an Advocate ; for he uses the same word 484 THE APOSTOUC MINISTRY. PAST II. in his first epistle, when setting forth the office of '- ' the unseen Christ : * We have an Advocate with the Father,' — ^not a Comforter ; for he is, agreeablj to this office, set forth as an Intercessor with the Father for the pardon of lapsed believers. If thL?, then, be the office of the Christ in heaven, this is the office of the Spirit on earth. Chrirt an Ad- Besides, a glance at the Saviour's history proves earth— the that he was uot literally a Comforter, but an Advo- p^trer^to ^atc, — ' the true and faithftil witness,' as John terms uke hb place, hun— the pillar and bulwark of ' the Truth.' What a comment is hb whole teaching and history on this one word. Advocate ! Not to add, that to his personal attendants he stood peculiarly in this relation ; and that they felt how safe they were, amidst all dispu- tation, reproach, and peril, under the shadow of his wings. Hence, it is obvious that the promise of Another who should come in his own very stead, amounted to this — that his Representative should be to them what he had been before, the reflex of himself when hidden from their sight. As he would then become an Advocate with the Father for the world, but especially for the Church, so should the Spirit be as the noontide of his glory to them, who for a while could not ascend into heaven to behold it there. But to behold that glory would be as superfluous as it was impossible to our mortal nature, because Another equally divine, and there- fore infinitely sufficient, commissioijed to take his place, should be, officially, far more than equiva- lent to even a glorified Christ in his absence if, indeed, such a phenomenon on earth were pos- sible. Such an Advocate could not but be in a superlative sense, * the Comforter,' the very voice of Revealer. THE NEW TESTAMENT. 485 the Shepherd in the soul, a fount of life and joy, part ii. and a resistless pleader for Christ and his truth in '- 1 the world. In this view of his office as the Advocate, we The Spirit the perceive the import of his other title, ' the Spirit of Truth,' which, while founded on the essential recti- tude of the divine nature, is evidently appropriated to the Spirit as he is the ReveaUr^ as well as the Source, of truth — the sole author to the disciple of the knowledge of Christ. To him it appertains to uncover the whole firmament of evangelical doc- trine, and to fix the horizon of spiritual vision to the children of light. His Advocacy for Christ is carried on simply by the exercise of his truth-giv- ing prerogatives — His omnipotent energy enthron- ing * the truth' in souls — ^as well as imprinting it in the forms of an external record. He, as * the Spirit of truth,' stands for Christ against Satan ; as St John declares in his epistle, contrasting them as Hhe Spirit of truth, and the Spmt of error;' and a^ those who, in this relation, stand for the two great representatives or advocates of sin and holiness, good and evil — the one destroying by his lie, the other saving by His truth, that is, by powerfully unfolding the name and behests of the Sovereign Mediator. This will appear yet more strongly to be the meaning of the official titles of the Spirit, when his operations are regarded conjointly with them. He is promised to the disciples in the capacity of ' Advocate,' and * Spirit of Truth,' as their great teacher and remembrancer in the words of Jesus. He was to indoctrinate them fully in the mystery, as well as history, of himself, and his religion — to 486 THE APOSTOUC MIXISTRY. PAKTH. make them masters and teachers of this sublime CHAP. XIV. g^-^jj^g t^ tl^^ world. Where the Master left oft the Spirit was to take up the glorious theme : to complete the lessons, and to perfect the scholars. His inditing was to be, at once, so direct and full, that nothing could be added — ^nothing lacking. When the kindred passage is considered^ we find it more ample in particulars, but the same in sub- stance. It contains a broad statement respecting the operations of the Spirit upon the Apostles, and upon the world. As to the former, our Lord had said, ' He shall not speak of himself ; but whatsoever he shall hear, that shall he speak. . . . He shall glorify me ; for he shall receive of mine, and shall show it unto you. All things that the Father hath are mine : therefore said I, he shall receive of mine, and shall show it unto you.' This luminous scripture, besides thoroughly authenticating the Mediator's sovereignty of the Spirit, as thoroughly settles the character of his operations in his Office. * The truth' which the Spirit was to teach is the tnitli of Christ : he is not to speak ' of himself' — that is, he is not to declare things beyond his pro- vince as defined by his conmiission ; and it is not a little remarkable that our Lord employs, to denote the Spirit's office in relation to himself, similar lan- guage to that which he employs when describing his own official relation to the Father. ' I can of my own self do nothing ; as I hear, I judge.'* ' The word that ye hear is not mine, but His that sent me.' The ideas of personal subordination, and of official work, are, in both instances, the same. Here the Spirit is represented as a middle person between ^ John V. 30. fc. THE NEW TESTAMENT. 487 Christ and bis Apostles, and as his Legate or Ad- part ii. • t . CFIAP XIV vocate in their minds. He simply speaks the words ' — '- * of Another : he reveals the name and glories of the Christ ; and his business is to train and qualify the servants of Christ, to found and settle his kingdom on the earth. The same office is amplified in the context ; and The AposUes * the organs of it is not to be overlooked that the word rendered the Spirit. ' convince,' in respect to the world, precisely an- swers to that of Paraclete or Advocate. It means the act of impleading, controverting, and utterly routing the adversary by showing up his sophistry and wickedness. No term could have been chosen so apt to signify the office of an Advocate, and that Advocate a divine one — employed to maintain a holy cause, and to carry it in spite of all the arti- fice, falsehood, and violence employed to destroy it by Satan and his emissaries. This Advocate was to bear down upon them by the lips of the Apostles with such a flood of facts and truths, that they should become powerless and panic-stricken be- neath the onslaught; agreeably to our Lord's words, ^ It is not ye that speak, but the Spirit of your Father which speaketh in you ;' ^ and again : ' I will give you a mouth and wisdom, which all your adversaries shall not be able to gainsay nor to resist.'' The Spirit's advocacy, thus expressed by the word rendered ' convmce,' was to charge home upon the nation the guilt of regicide in crucifying the Christ, the Lord's Anointed. It implied, there- fore, a demonstration of his ' righteousness,' that is, of his character and prerogatives, as of one who 1 Matt. X. 20. « Luke xxi. 16. 488 THE APOSTOLIC MINISTRY. PART n. had passed before their eyes on the stage of earth, ^^^ ' .' and had since been enthroned in heaven. Christ was not among them to appal them by the spectack of his wounds, to terrify them by his threats, or to invite them to his mercy ; but his Advocate, the Spirit, appeared for him in the persons of the Apostles, and in their pleadings before the rulers of the nation. Henceforth, The Same Spirit was also to show the * ludgment progressiye «i o amSioration passcd upou the * Princc of this world,' and toup- world. hold it by certain irrefragable testimonies. That judgment is, by our Lord's words, declared to be the deposition of the princedom of evil over the world — of the power to prevail over men by fraud or force in an unbroken course of empire from age to age, grounded on the apostate nature of man, and by means of the various elements and forms of his social development, notwithstanding all pre-exist- ing checks which the divine goodness had provided against its ascendancy in various counteractive and remedial influences. The supreme sovereignty of the world being from this time formally and fully vested in the Christ, progressive amelioratian was henceforth to he the law of the worlds despite all the strategy of the Adversary ; till, in the end, his deposition, then decreed, should issue in a complete expulsion from his usurped dominion. * And I, if I be lifted up from the earth, will draw all men unto me.' Turning now from the examination of these great preliminary promises of Jesus to the inspired record of their fulfilment, we are prepared to anticipate — (i.) That the Holy Spirit should execute his office by taking possession of the men before sepa- THE NEW TESTAMENT. 489 rated by Christ to the Apostolate, and thoroughly part ii. subjugatmg them to his sway ; and, ! ' (2.) That their subjugation and employment by the Spirit should be solely directed to the work of Christ's kingdom, and the glory of his Name. The Spirit becomes the sole Regent of their nature, and Overseer of their work.
| 7,003 |
https://github.com/Ksantacr/js-beatles-loops-lab-js-apply-000/blob/master/index.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference, LicenseRef-scancode-public-domain
| 2,017 |
js-beatles-loops-lab-js-apply-000
|
Ksantacr
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 88 | 237 |
function theBeatlesPlay(musicians, instruments){
var array = [];
for (var i = 0; i < musicians.length; i ++){
var tempString = musicians[i] +" plays " + instruments[i];
array.push(tempString);
}
return array;
}
function johnLennonFacts(fact){
var array = [];
var i = 0;
while (i < fact.length){
array[i] = fact[i] + "!!!";
i++;
}
return array;
}
function iLoveTheBeatles(quantity){
if(quantity < 15){
var array = [quantity];
var i = -1;
do{
i++;
array[i] = "I love the Beatles!";
}while(i <= (quantity-1));
return array;
}else
return ["I love the Beatles!"];
}
| 43,127 |
https://github.com/clydedacruz/affix/blob/master/lib/persistence.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
affix
|
clydedacruz
|
Go
|
Code
| 186 | 524 |
package affix
import (
"fmt"
"log"
"github.com/dgraph-io/badger"
)
type PersistenceHandler interface {
Init() error
Set(key string, val []byte) error
Get(key string) ([]byte, error)
}
type BadgerKV struct {
db *badger.DB
}
func (b *BadgerKV) Init() error {
opts := badger.DefaultOptions
opts.Dir = "badger"
opts.ValueDir = "badger"
db, err := badger.Open(opts)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
defer db.Close()
b.db = db
return nil
}
func (b *BadgerKV) Set(key string, val []byte) error {
return b.db.Update(func(txn *badger.Txn) error {
err := txn.Set([]byte(key), val)
return err
})
}
func (b *BadgerKV) Get(key string) (e error, val []byte) {
e = b.db.View(func(txn *badger.Txn) error {
item, err := txn.Get([]byte("answer"))
if err != nil {
return err
}
val, err = item.Value()
if err != nil {
return err
}
fmt.Printf("The answer is: %s\n", val)
return nil
})
return
}
func main() {
// Open the Badger database located in the /tmp/badger directory.
// It will be created if it doesn't exist.
opts := badger.DefaultOptions
opts.Dir = "/tmp/badger"
opts.ValueDir = "/tmp/badger"
db, err := badger.Open(opts)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
defer db.Close()
// Your code here…
}
| 22,187 |
https://github.com/fengjixuchui/AndroidQuick-1/blob/master/quicklib/src/main/java/com/sdwfqin/quicklib/webview/QuickWebViewActivity.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
AndroidQuick-1
|
fengjixuchui
|
Java
|
Code
| 143 | 580 |
package com.sdwfqin.quicklib.webview;
import com.alibaba.android.arouter.facade.annotation.Route;
import com.alibaba.android.arouter.launcher.ARouter;
import com.sdwfqin.quicklib.base.QuickArouterConstants;
/**
* 描述：默认WebViewActivity
*
* @author 张钦
* @date 2018/1/16
*/
@Route(path = QuickArouterConstants.QUICK_WEBVIEW)
public class QuickWebViewActivity extends QuickBaseWebViewActivity {
/**
* 加载网页
*
* @param url 页面地址
*/
public static void launch(String url) {
launch(url, "");
}
/**
* 加载网页，带有默认标题
*
* @param url 页面地址
* @param title 默认标题
*/
public static void launch(String url, String title) {
launch(url, "", true);
}
/**
* 加载网页，带有默认标题
*
* @param url 页面地址
* @param title 默认标题
* @param autoSetTitle 是否自动监听设置标题
*/
public static void launch(String url, String title, boolean autoSetTitle) {
ARouter
.getInstance()
.build(QuickArouterConstants.QUICK_WEBVIEW)
.withString("url", url)
.withString("title", title)
.withBoolean("autoSetTitle", autoSetTitle)
.navigation();
}
@Override
public String getUrl() {
return getIntent().getStringExtra("url");
}
@Override
public String getActivityTitle() {
if (getIntent().getStringExtra("title") != null) {
return getIntent().getStringExtra("title");
}
return super.getActivityTitle();
}
@Override
protected boolean isAutoSetTitle() {
return getIntent().getBooleanExtra("autoSetTitle", true);
}
}
| 15,893 |
traitdesmaladi01jour_20
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,778 |
Traité des maladies et des opérations réellement chirurgicales de la bouche, et des parties qui y correspondent : suivi de notes, d'observations & de consulations intéressantes, tant anciennes que modernes
|
Jourdain, M. (Anselme Louis Bernard Bréchillet), 1734-1816
|
French
|
Spoken
| 6,176 | 9,551 |
Ces deux observations démontrent qu'il est possible d'arrêter certaines hémorragies du palais sans avoir recours au cautère adulé. Dans le choix des moyens et dans les cas graves et suspects, je donnerai toujours la préférence à la plaque imaginée par M. Anselme. Elle peut s'appliquer soit que le malade ait des dents où qu'il n'en ait pas ; et par les additions que j'y ai faites, elle peut se porter en devant, en arrière, se lever et s'abaisser ; ce qui permettra d'avoir une compression solide et des plus exacte, suivant les circonstances. Quant à la tumeur que M. Guyard a opérée, il ne faut pas se laisser induire sur son caractère : il est très certain que si elle eût été cancerreuse, la plaie n'aurait pas guéri en aussi peu de temps. Elle doit être rangée dans la classe de ces épulides qui arrivent aux gencives, et qu'une dissolution naissante du sang et l'état de relâchement des tissus des vaisseaux permettent de s'accroître. J'en donnerai des exemples aux maladies des gencives. L'instrument tranchant a réussi dans les trois cas ci-devant exposés : il méritait la préférence sur les cautifiques qui auraient pu irriter ces tumeurs et les rendre réellement canceruses. Malgré ces succès, un Chirurgien aurait tort de les promettre également dans tous les cas. La prudence doit être son partage. Enfin, et pour éclaircir le doute qui reste sur le caractère de la tumeur que MM. Guyard ont extirpée, je vais fournir l'exemple d'un vrai cancer au palais. Vingt-et-unème Observation. Cancer au palais. Un marchand ayant une excoriation au gouyer avec un ulcère qui lui rongeait la lèvre. Au bout de quelques années, il lui forme au palais quelques petites bulles, qui s'avançaient fort, lesquelles étant rompues, à la fin, il vint des ulcères forrides qui avaient des portions de chair parfaitement parcourues le palais, & qui s'étendaient jusqu'à dans la cavité des narines. Il se forma aussi une tumeur à la narine gauche, qui rendait l'œil de ce côté-là enflé & dur. Il avait encore à la lèvre supérieure une petite tumeur, dure, semblable à une verrue, cachée dans la moullache : ce qui me fait conjecturer qu'il y avait cancer & carcinome dans ces parties ; et quoique le malade se fût servi auparavant, & présentement, quand ce mal a commencé, de beaucoup de purgations, de sueurs, de frictions avec le mercure, de parfums de cinabre, & d'autres remèdes, cependant ce mal ne cessa qu'à sa mort : tel est le plus souvent le sort de ceux qui ont de vrais cancers. On a même des exemples fréquents qu'un cancer qu'on a extirpé renaît avec plus de fureur dans la première place, où il a commencé. qu'il se déclare dans une autre quelquefois toute opposée ; c'est ce qui a fait dire à M. Yerden, Tome premier de sa Pathologie : « On dit par expérience, que de vingt personnes à qui l'on a extirpé de ces sortes de tumeurs, il y en a toujours dix qui périront après l'opération ; ou qui après avoir paru parfaitement guéries, sont bientôt après attaquées d'un nouveau cancer à l'endroit même où l'opération a été faite, ou à quelqu'autre partie. Les maladies cancéreuses ont mérité l'attention de plusieurs Savants qui ont mis au jour quelques ouvrages dont les uns ont mérité l'estime publique, & les autres les suffrages de quelques Sociétés célèbres. Mais malgré l'ordre, la précision, &c. qui régnent dans ces écrits, il s'en faut de beaucoup, au sentiment des personnes très instruites, que les lumières des Auteurs jettent autant de jour sur la cure réelle des cancers que sur les autres objets. Ces Auteurs, dans l'impuissance de parvenir au point désiré, sont forces de rappeler des moyens dont l'inutilité a été suffisamment reconnue. Quelques-uns même de ces ouvrages se repentent beaucoup du plan & de la division de la Diffémentation sur le cancer des mamelles, par M. Vacher, Chirurgien Major des Hôpitaux de Paris, dont j'ai parlé au chapitre XVI, page 273. On peut avoir guéri des engorgements simples ou latents des mamelles, et d'autres qui dépendent uniquement d'une dépression continue, d'un coup, d'une chute, etc., soit que l'on ait extirpé avec l'instrument tranchant ces prétendues cancers, soit qu'on en ait obtenu la résolution par des fondants tant internes qu'externes, mais rien ne prouve encore qu'on ait été aussi heureux dans les cancers dépendant du vice même des liqueurs. Aussi, s'il est possible de croire que quelques personnes ont guéri des cancers au lein et de la clavicule même des derniers, on ne doit pas être aussi indulgent pour ajouter foi au succès des cancers des lèvres, des gencives, et des autres parties de la bouche en général. Le ton d'assurance avec lequel certaines personnes promettent, tant par écrit, que verbalement, de guérir ces sortes de tumeurs lorsqu'elles attaquent la bouche, n'est qu'une leurre dont ils se servent pour captiver la confiance du public, et lui faire connaître un nom qu'elle ne connaîtrait toujours ignoré sans ce tour d'adresse. VINCENT-DIXIÈME OBSERVATION Tumeur sanguine au palais, Une femme eut, à la suite d'une longue maladie, & d'une douleur considérable de tête, d'œillères & de dents, une tumeur blanchâtre, de la grosseur d'une noix, placée aux environs du palais. Un Médecin Portugais & moi estimâmes qu'elle était remplie de pus, & qu'il n'y avait absolument d'autre parti à prendre que de l'ouvrir. La malade s'étant déterminée, l'ouverture fut faite avec une petite lancette. Mais au lieu de pus que la couleur blanchâtre de la tumeur nous donnait lieu d'attendre, il en sortit une grande quantité de sang chaud & rubicond (très-rouge), en sorte que nous fûmes obligés d'arrêter cet épanchement en pressant longtemps le doigt sur l'incision. Cinq ou six jours après, cette tumeur ayant acquis du volume & les signes de purulence n'étant point du tout équivoques, nous ouvrîmes de nouveau cette tumeur. Alors un sang acre & ardent se répandit par la plaie, avec tant d'impétuosité, que nous fûmes contraints d'arrêter l'hémorragie par l'application du linge brûlé. MENTION LEGALE Ce document numérique a été constitué à partir d'un document papier extrait du livre « Observations sur les effets morbiques de l'anévrysme, de la phlébite & de la varice, ou traite des maladies du cœur, des gros vaisseaux & des veines; avec des observations sur quelques autres maladies » par M. Vincent, publié à Paris en 1821. Ce document est publié conformément au droit de reproduction et de diffamation réseaux de la bibliothèque nationale de France. Après avoir perdu nos peines deux fois, nous ne crûmes pas à propos d'en venir à une troisième opération : nous pensâmes qu'avec le temps et les médicaments convenables, ce sang se convertirait infailliblement en pus. Nous ordonnâmes la gargarisme, dont l'usage continué diminuait de jour en jour le volume de la tumeur. Ce pendant la partie ne put jamais arriver à une véritable et parfaite consolidation, jusqu'à ce que quelques fragments de l'os du palais en suffissent réparés. Cette guérison achevée et inespérée, nous croyons devoir tâcher de connaître d'où peut pouvoir venir cet amas de sang qui s'était manifesté lors des deux incisions. Il y a lieu de croire, d'après ce que dit Scultet, Obs. 24, qu'il venait d'un conduit qu'il décrit, qui est autour des molaires, et qui s'étend depuis le palais jusqu'aux narines (le trou palatin postérieur), qui sert de sortie à une artère. J'ai vu (dit cet Auteur) depuis l'exemple ci-dessus rapporté, deux tumeurs semblables à celles dont je viens de parler, qui rendirent l'une et l'autre beaucoup plus de sang que de pus. Un fait qui m'est tombé entre les mains, a beaucoup de rapport avec ceux dont parle Médecin. Observation: Tumeur sanglante au palais. Un particulier eut une fluxion occasionnée par la racine d'une petite incisive de la mâchoire supérieure du côté gauche. Il survint bientôt rumeur au palais, le long de la partie latérale gauche, et il s'ouvrit extérieurement au-dessus de la racine cariée une fistule suppurante. L'opération qui vit d'abord le malade, crut avec juste de la véritable ressemblance que l'évacuation du pus par la fistule, serait un échappement de ce de la tumueur du palais. Il proposa l'extraction de la racine : on s'y refusa. Alors il ne vit d'autre parti à prendre que d'ouvrir la tumeur du palais, dont l'assistance par la pression du doigt, jointe aux douleurs pulsatives que le malade avait éprouvées précédemment, annonçaient sensiblement un dépôt purulent : d'après cela il se crut autorisé à faire son opération. Mais au lieu de pus, il fort fit beaucoup de sang ; et l'hémorragie eut lieu. Des soins bien entendus y remédièrent ; le pus se laissa la fistule, cela pour le moment ; mais dès que la plaie du palais fut réunie, l'écoulement purulent se rétablit par la fistule, et insensiblement la tumueur du palais se manifesta de nouveau. L'Opérateur infixa sur la nécessité de l'extraction de la racine ; le malade ne voulut point consentir, qu'il n'eût consulté quelqu'un. Je fus mandé, et je pensais que la racine étant certainement la cause des accidens, sa présence était nuisible, et même dangereuse : enfin elle fut ôcée, la fistule et le vide procuré pour l'extraction de la denille. Il parait luffifiant pour l'évacuation du pus, je proposai des compresseuses expulsives, appliquées sur la tumeur du palais, qui y auraient été contenues par une plaque convenable à la circonstance. Ce conseil ne fut point adopté ; on soupçonna encore la tumeur purulente, quoiqu'on y eût été trompé la première fois ; ce qu'on ne me dit qu'après qu'on eût ouvert cette tumeur. La seconde opération ne fut pas plus heureuse que la première ; l'hémorragie fut des plus violentes et réitérées. Me trouvant alors chargé seul de ce malade, parce que l'Opérateur ayant été indispenablement obligé d'absenter pour quelques jours, je crus devoir prier M. Moreau, Chirurgien-Major de l'Hôpital de Clermont, de vouloir bien m'indiquer des conseils. Mon intention était de porter le cautère alternativement : mais M. Moreau me fit observer que l'on avait à craindre qu'à la chute de l'escharre, l'hémorragie reparût. En conséquence, il donna l'idée d'une plaque compressive. Elle fut exécutée et posée en la présence, et cette hémorragie n'eut plus lieu, la plaie du palais se cicatrisa complètement, et la fistule antérieure se consolidée. J'ai avancé précédemment qu'une disposition à la dissolution scorbétique du sang, pouvait occasionner des hémorragies : le palais n'en est point exempt, comme l'observera le démontrer. Observation sur l'hémorragie du palais Une femme âgée d'environ 50 ans, et sur la dernière quarantaine, chez laquelle on cut que, était attaquée d'une espèce de suppuration des gencives et des alvéoles des dents canines et incisives du côté droit. L'intervalle qui était entre la canine et la petite incisive était ulcéré ; les soins que je lui donnai terminèrent l'ulcère ; mais ils ne purent empêcher la chute des deux dents en question. Peu de temps après ce traitement, il survint postérieurement entre les deux grandes incisives, une petite tumeur dure et inflammatoire. Le malade fit usage de gargames croupiens; la tumeur s'amollit. Je l'ouvris, il en sortit un peu de pus : des gargames déterreifièrent ce nouvel accident. Il y avait déjà quelque temps que cette malade était tranquille, lorsqu'au moment qu'elle s'y attendait le moins, elle se sentit la bouche pleine de sang. Chaque fois qu'elle se gargamisait avec de l'eau et du vinaigre, elle était quelques moments sans en rendre. Elle parla ainsi depuis sept heures du soir jusqu'au lendemain midi qu'elle me mandait, à cracher du sang, & à se gargariser. Un examen attentif me fit découvrir que cette hémorragie était produite par une petite division de l'artère palatine, proche des deux grandes incisives. La compression avec le doigt, l'agaric, des petits bouillons trempés dans une eau distique, enfin le bouton de vitriol, tous ces moyens étant inutiles, j'eus recours à une petite plaque compressive, attachée à la partie postérieure des deux grandes incisives. Dès lors l'hémorragie s'arrêta, et n'a plus eu lieu par la suite. Ces différentes observations semblent établir l'avantage de la compression sur le cautère actuel dans les hémorragies. La compression s'oppose toujours plus certainement à l'action du sang, que l'opposition et le froncement simple des extrémités des vaisseaux produits par le cautère actuel qui est fort douloureux, et donne lieu à une plaie réelle que l'on évite par la compression. On aurait peine à se persuader les différences de la Nature dans la suppression de quelques évacuations périodiques, si des exemples frappants ne nous forçaient pas d'en reconnaître la vérité. L'Observation suivante en est une preuve. SINUS DU PALAIS AVEC CORRUPTION DE VOS PARFAITS HEMORRHOÏDES. L'an 1726, M. de Cronembourg s'étant plaint d'une douleur de dent périodique et d'autres fâcheux symptômes du sinus du palais, me demanda mon avis et mon secours; mais comme ces maux tiraient leur origine de la suppression des hémorragies auxquelles il était habitué, je crus nécessaire de les rappeler tant par la fausse attitude, la purgation, que par l'application des fioles sur les hémorragies que par celle d'un cautère à la jambe gauche, afin de déterminer sur les parties inférieures, toutes les humeurs de l'habitude du corps, qui se portaient vers le cerveau, et par ces moyens obtenir leur évacuation. Pour prévenir la violence de la douleur, je DE LA BOUCHE, 441' Proposé de faire l'opération dans le Sinus; ce qu'exécuta fort adroitement avec mon instrument chirurgical ardent. Le Médecin du malade qui me commit, toutes ces choses faites, nous faisons arracher au malade la dent cariée, afin que les injections de la décodion divine pour la carie des os puissent arriver au Sinus fistuleux du palais, par la cavité de la dent arrachée. Comme la cavité de la dent et le Sinus caléux au palais, ne se remarquaient pas, que le malade ne pouvait pas être guéri sans la vertu du quiqu', je lui en fis de nouveau la proposition, en l'assurant de la guérison. Il y consentit. J'envoyai à son Médecin qui lui avait fait la première opération un instrument avec lequel, fort aidant, il coupa jusqu'à la cavité de la dent, à l'alvéole sans aucune effusion de sang, et le Sinus caléux qui cachait et couvrait la carie de l'os du palais, et l'ayant tourné en rond, il imprima à l'os une trace remarquable. Après la chute de l'écharrière, on vit à plein la carie du palais, laquelle ayant été touchée trois ou quatre fois avec les ferments ardents, fut séparée par la Nature, qui fut aidée par l'usage et l'application des médicaments désinfectants internes et externes. L'ulcère se consolidant, le malade recouvra sa première santé, et conserva ion cautère. Espèce de scalpelle lente, dont la pointe est arrondie et la lame plus épaisse que celle des scalpelles à lancette. Il faut en voir la position dans l'Ouvrage même. Cet instrument est une espèce d'emporte-pièces que l'on introduit dans une canule afin d'arrêter les parties visuelles ; on porte l'emporte-pièce sur l'os, et l'ayant atteint, on fait faire quelques tours à l'instrument pour imprimer sur l'œil et le distraire. Cet instrument doit varier en grande partie selon les circonstances administrées, on ne l'emploie pas à n'importe quel os. Les maladies décoratives que j'ai parlé jusqu'à présent, ne sont pas les seules qui puissent affecter le palais : rien ne paraît s'opposer à ce que l'on y engende des pierres, comme on en a l'expérience dans d'autres parties du corps. Les observations suivantes en fourniront des preuves. Vingt-sixième Observation, Pierre engendrée dans le palais. Un paysan étant à son palais, une inflammation très notable, qui dans cet état empêchait la déglissement. Comme cet homme faisait un exercice violent, la tumeur, alors en maturité, s'ouvrit d'elle-même, et il en sortit de la bouche une pierre grosse comme une grolley, de couleur cendrée et assez compaïdre. Thomas Bartholin, ch. 5, hist. 51, dit qu'une Dame du Danemark ayant eu une fluxion sur la mâchoire supérieure du côté gauche, il s'y forma un abcès douloureux, lequel ayant supuré, et étant rompu, il en sortit une pierre grosse comme une petite noix. On peut encore voir à cet sujet Hilton, Obr. I & II, Cent. V. Avant de finir ce qui regarde directement le palais, je ne dois pas omettre de prévenir que ceux qui ont la voûte palatine ouverte à raison de quelques maladies qui y sont arrivées, ou qui sont exposés à cette incommodité, par un défaut de conformation, doivent faire disposer ces pièces, de façon à ne pas se déranger, ou à tomber sur tout pendant la nuit. Tulpius, Obf. Méd. Liv. L rapporte qu'un obturateur ayant tombé dans la gorge, la personne en mourut. Krugér, Journ. de Méd., Tomi V. pag. 69. Remarques sur les ouvertures du palais et des becçons de lèvre de naissance. Les hiatus ou grandes ouvertures au palais, avec bec-de-lèvre de naissance, ont donné lieu à un éclaircissement littéraire entre M. Levrette et moi. Ce que j'observai alors, était le fruit de quelques réflexions desquelles je crus devoir rendre M. Levrette seul dépositaire, n'espérant ni ne désirant que cet écrit fut rendu public; néanmoins, il le devint, sans doute parce que M. Levrette pensa alors que tout autre moyen de me répondre, ne lui était pas permis. Quoi qu'il en soit, en cherchant à approfondir autant qu'on a pu. Le peut en pareil cas, la cause de ce défaut, je crus l'apercevoir dans la position même de l'enfant dans la matrice pendant les premiers mois de son accroissement dans cette vie. En effet, la tête de l'enfant penchée en devant, ses genoux et ses poings rapprochés de son visage, quoique torse inanimé, un moindre volume me paraissa exiger un certain diamètre de la partie de la face antérieure de la matrice et de ces parties latérales, pour que la tête et les coudes de l'enfant suffissent plus à leur taille. Dans cette supposition, si la matrice n'a pas le diamètre convenable, la tête sera moins penchée, les genoux seront plus rabattus, ainsi que les bras de l'enfant, dont les poings pourront se placer dessous le nez, ou ils y seront retenus jusqu'à ce que l'enfant disposé à se retourner, ses bras se jettent sur les côtés, et deviennent pendants, comme il arrive dans les derniers mois de la grossesse et dans l'ordre ordinaire. Ces situations contraires peuvent dépendre, d'une part, du moins. 444 **A L A D I** _t_ **s** Dregré d'extension de la matrice même ; et de l'autre, du peu de précautions que la mère prendra surtout pendant la grossesse ; telle que dans la façon de s'habiller, dans les exercices qu'elle fera, en un mot, des possibilités dans lesquelles les muscles du ventre et consécutivement la partie antérieure de la matrice se trouveront quelquefois. Car attribuer cela à l'impression que peut faire une lame de la mère, tel ou tel objet, ne me paraît pas vrai semblable. Telles sont en général les causes que j'ai soupçonné pouvoir être celles des becs de lièvre de naissance, de ces hiatus du palais. Les poings et les genoux placés comme je l'ai dit plus haut, doivent nécessairement comprimer les lèvres, les amincir, les affaîffer par degré : dans ce dernier cas, les tus nourriciers n'auront plus de communication réciproque ; ils s'arrêteront donc de chaque côté : auquel observe-t-on que les lèvres en becs de lièvre sont toujours plus épaissies que celles qui sont bien conformées ; ce qui prouve qu'il n'y a point ici de défaut de substance, mais d'accroissement, de prolongation, de union, pour quelque cause que ce soit. En suivant toujours mon hypothèse, et la situation de l'enfant étant toujours la même pendant un certain temps, c'est-à-dire jusqu'au moment où il se retourne, la compression et l'interruption des tus nourriciers doivent le continuer sur la face antérieure de l'os maxillaire. Ajoutons à cela que l'accroissement de toutes les parties de l'enfant, ne contribue pas peu à augmenter ces effets. Ils doivent donc produire leur maximum au centre de l'oscille, ce qu'une action forcée, plus ou moins graduée, fera éprouver à un demi-cercle sur la convexité duquel on appuiera pour le redresser : dans cette opération, les extrémités du cercle doivent s'écarquer l'une de l'autre, et cela conformément aux efforts qu'il éprouvera dans sa partie la plus convexe. La même chose pouvant arriver au cercle maxillaire, la l'éparation et l'écartement des branches postérieures, seront en raison de ce que j'ai exposé. On observe en effet que les fentes du palais s'élargissent à mesure qu'elles gagnent son fond. L'écartement des parties postérieures dans la mâchoire, et l'affinement de sa convexité, doivent donc le rendre plus large que l'antérieure, comme M. Levrette le fait très bien observer, sans cependant avoir cherché à approfondir la cause d'un pareil dérangement. Pour combattre et détruire mon système, M. Levrette m'objecte que quand bien même on m'accorderait que la gêne que le fœtus pourrait éprouver quelquefois dans la matrice, occasionnerait les difformités dont il s'agit, cette raison ne serait pas suffisante pour qu'on m'accorde même que ces difformités doivent arriver dans les premiers mois de la grossesse, plutôt que dans tout autre, puisque ce temps est celui où le fœtus doit naturellement et de toute nécessité éprouver le moins de gêne à tous égards. L'expérience journalière, continue M. Levrette, prove sans réplique que les premiers mois de l'accroissement du fœtus, font le temps où il y a toujours le plus d'eau dans l'amnios, respectivement à la pénicrine extrême de l'embryon, au lieu que dans les derniers, c'est tout le contraire. D'où il résulte que ce ne peut point être dans les premiers mois de son accroissement que le fœtus puisse éprouver aucune gêne, parce que l'espace dans lequel il est contenu avec ces eaux a toujours alors beaucoup plus de diamètre en tout sens, que la totalité de la petite faim n'en a n'importe dans quel sens on veut les comparer. Tel est le fond de l'observation de M. Levrette, et à laquelle je réponds. Qu'on ne doive compter le commencement réel de la grossesse, qu'au moment même où les mouvements de l'enfant ont lieu; parce que la suppression des règles, sans grossesse, occasse fort souvent les mêmes accidents que ceux du commencement, ou des soupçons de la grossesse réelle, tels que le gonflement du sein, les picotements dans cette partie, les maux de cœur, etc. Ainsi il est clair que M. Levrette n'a pas suffisamment pénétré mes vues. Ce que je dis à cet égard, et qui est fondé sur le sentiment de Moriceau. Quant à ce que M. Levrette a dit des eaux de l'amniot, je réponds que, de l'aveu même de M. Levrette, ces eaux doivent diminuer à mesure que l'enfant croît : alors le fétus occupe plus de place dans la matrice; les parois de celle-ci en s'approchant davantage de l'enfant, le dernier sera plus exposé à ressentir les effets que j'ai dit. Les eaux de l'amniot pourront bien intercepter l'effet du choc subit ; mais elles ne s'opposeront pas à celui d'une dépression continue et suivie pendant l'espace de quatre à cinq mois. Quant au plus d'aisance que l'enfant doit avoir dans les premiers mois, que dans les derniers, ce calcul n'est pas exact ; car si l'on examine attentivement la marche de la Nature, on s'aperçoit que, proportion gardée, eu égard à l'accroissement de l'enfant, la matrice ne se dilate pas plus dans les premiers mois de la grossesse, que dans les derniers : c'est-à-dire qu'il y a une proportion égale entre la dilatation et le corps contenu qui s'accroît réciproquement. M. Levrette rejette ensuite la situation différente que prend l'enfant dans les derniers mois de la grossesse, et que j'ai désignée comme le terme où les effets que j'ai dits arriver dans les premiers mois doivent cesser. Mes lumières étant insuffisantes à cet égard pour lutter contre celles de M. Levrette, j'ai recours aux autorités d'Hippocrate, de Nardurerce : à celle d'Aristote, Liv. ill.ch. 7, d'Ambroise Paré, Liv. xxiv, chap. i & ii. de Guillaumeau, Traité de la Génération, page 220; d’Heister dans Ton Anatomie; enfin de Morceau, Tonic, Liv. III; (Sec. & comme tous ces auteurs s'accordent à dire que l'enfant dans le sein de sa mère ne garde pas toujours la même position tout le temps de la grossesse, qu'ils défendent même qu'aux approches des derniers mois, la tête de l'enfant par son propre poids s'incline davantage en devant, et se précipite insensiblement sur l'orifice de la matrice, de façon que la face de l'enfant regarde l'os sacrum de sa mère, et que ce changement fait dire aux femmes mêmes, qu'à ce moment l'enfant se retourne; je me suis donc cru au tort à admettre le renversement de l'enfant. M. Levrette avait dit dans la seconde partie de son Mémoire: il y a des enfants qui naissent avec le bec-de-lièvre, soit qu'il soit simple, soit qu'il soit double. La plupart des enfants ont aussi ordinairement alors la voûte du palais encrochée, et aucun de ces enfants ne peut tetter, parce que, &c. Sur cela, j'ai cru pouvoir prier M. Levrette de revenir que les lèvres ne sont pas les instrumens les plus essentiels à la suction; la langue et le palais y contribuent au moins autant, pour ne pas dire plus: je rapporte à cet égard quelques expériences que j'ai faites pour m'allurer du fait. M. Levrette n'a pas répondu à cela autre chose, sion qu'il en était informé avant moi. Je conviens de bonne foi que cela doit être; mais M. Levrette n'en ayant rien dit, il m'était bien permis de ne le pas deviner. J'établis ensuite le mécanisme de la faction. De là, je passe aux précautions qu'on doit prendre pour parvenir à élever un enfant qui aura un bec de lièvre et le palais ouvert de importance. Ces précautions consistent à ne pas donner le lait pur; à lui procurer une certaine constance au moyen de quelques farineux; à tenir l'enfant presque toujours penché en devant lorsqu'on lui introduit les aliments dans la bouche, et à lui relever la tête par degrés pour le faire avaler. C'est de cette façon qu'on a élevé une Demoiselle qui était encore dans le cas dont il s'agit, et qui, pour avoir habituellement environ 21 ans, qui est mariée, et a des enfants qui ne se réjouissent point de l'incommodité de leur mère. Toujours occupé des moyens de pouvoir aider les enfants qui naissent avec des difformités de face, il s'agit d'une éponge légèrement introduite dans la fente du palais, de sorte que l'on y contenait au moyen d'un fil qui reformat le contour extérieur tenant par chaque narine, et que l'on attachait en suite postérieurement sur le bonnet de l'enfant, ayant eu quelques succès, j'ai pensé qu'il serait plus propre et moins allogène d'y introduire une petite plaque d'or fin, qui porterait sur l'ouverture du palais et la déborderait un peu de chaque côté. Cette même plaque, suivant mon idée, devrait porter dans son milieu une tige d'or, refendue bifurquée, de façon à passer dans chaque narine en ressortant extérieurement pour se replier de chaque côté des joues, et les attacher solidairement au bonnet de l'enfant. J'émetts bien que cette plaque ne s'oppose à la réunion de l'écartement du palais; mais comme cette plaque le déborde de chaque côté, les craintes que l'on pourrait avoir à cet égard doivent s'évanouir facilement. La troisième quête que nous agitons, M. Le Vette et moi, a pour objet la réunion des lèvres du palais. Un seul exemple rapporté par M. Le Vette le détermine à conseiller le bandage de M. Quelqu'un décrit dans le premier Volume in-4. des Mémoires de l'Académie Royale de Chirurgie. M. Le Vette avance même que la simple réunion des lèvres suffit souvent pour obtenir l'obturation, il en rapporte des exemples ; mais ces mêmes exemples sont détruits par d'autres. Il est même prouvé dans le même volume que le bandage de M. Quelqu'un n'a pas toujours eu du succès pour les bec-de-lievres simples. M. Le Vette croit encore que la simple réunion des lèvres peut opérer quelquefois celle du palais ; ce que je n'acrois pas, parce que les lèvres peuvent être regardées comme des parties presque isolées. Je pense au contraire que l'accroissement des dents, l'excés en tout cas de l'os maxillaire, peuvent opérer un effet plus sensible : ce que je prouve par des exemples. Après avoir démontré d'une manière suffisante les inconvénients et l'inutilité du bandage de M. Queffany pour la réunion des ouvertures du palais dont il s'agit, je pense que l'on pourrait tirer quelques succès d'une soie attachée à une des dents de chaque côté de la mâchoire supérieure, & de façon qu'elle traverse le palais. Il faudra ferrer cette soie par degrés. M. le Blanc, Professeur d'Anatomie et d'Opérations aux Écoles Royales de Chirurgie d'Orléans, en parlant de l'opération du bec-de-lièvre, dit, Tome I, page 5 de son Précis d'Opérations de Chirurgie : "quoi qu'en dise M. Jourdain, Dentiste, Journal de Médecine, Février 1773, le bandage que M. Queffany nous a donné pour réunir le bec de lièvre peut contribuer à ce rapprochement (des fentes du palais). Ce qui me ferait croire que M. le Blanc n'a point lu avec assez d'attention ce que j'ai dit au sujet de ce bandage, par rapport à la complication qu'exige son application. Le moyen que je propose, peut faciliter ce rapprochement. Il consiste à embrasser deux dents molaires le plus près, et à vis-à-vis le plus grand écart avec un fil d'or qui traversera le palais, d'une dent à l'autre, & que l'on ferra par degrés. M. le Blanc a eu l'heur de s'attribuer l'usage du fil d'or ; il ne convient point du tout dans cette circonstance, 1°. parce qu'à la longue il couperait les dents ; 2°. s'il est d'or fin, il le lâchera trop en s'étendant ; 3°. ce corps dur venant à toucher la langue ou à se porter sur les gencives, pourra blesser ces parties." C'est donc tout simplement un fil de soie, ou un cordonnet qu'il faut employer. Le but de ma discussion avec M. Levrette a été 1°. de chercher à développer la cause des becs-de lièvre, et des ouvertures du palais, venant de naissance. 2°. de faire voir que les lévres ne sont pas les principaux instruments de la suction : 3°. d'indiquer des moyens de pouvoir élever les enfants ainsi conformés : 4°. d'en proposer un plus certain que les bandages de M. Quelquefois, pour diminuer ou effacer complètement et suivant l'âge du sujet, ces hiatus ou grandes ouvertures du palais, que le vulgaire appelle gueule de brochet. Comme je n'ai donné ici qu'une idée succinte de toute cette discussion, on la trouvera plus détaillée dans les Tomes 39 et 40 du Journal de Médecine, année 1773. CHAPITRE XXIII. Des maladies du voile du palais, de la luette et du goitre ou, arrière-bouche. Section Première. Des ulcères de la gorge. INTENTION que j'ai eue de donner à cet ouvrage le plus d'ordre et de jour qu'il me sera possible, m'a déterminé à traiter séparément les maladies de quelles il s'agit, quoique quelques-unes seulement puissent être placées avec les progrès de certaines maladies du palais. Mais comme la luette, le voile du palais, l'arrière-bouche, peuvent être attaqués séparément, et d'autres fois conjointement, la division que j'ai adoptée m'a paru nécessaire. Ces maladies varient conformément aux causes qui y donnent lieu. Elles peuvent dépendre d'un vice scorbutique, cancerreux, etc. comme d'un vénérien, d'une humeur catarrhale, etc. Enfin des causes externes n'y sont pas inaccessibles, la luette, le voile du palais et l'arrière-bouche peuvent être exposés à l'inflammation, aux abcès, aux ulcères, aux fistules, aux skirrhoses, aux cancers, aux farces. On sent d'avance la nécessité qu'il y a d'avoir sous les yeux un tableau en résumé des différentes opérations qu'on peut pratiquer sans danger sur ces parties, eu égard à leur constitution, et aux circonstances. Pour peu que l'on fasse attention à ce simple exposé, on sera forcé de convenir que ce n'est pas sans raison que les plus grands Chirurgiens de l'antiquité (même la plus reculée) ont regardé le plus librement les opérations de l'arrière-bouche comme l'œuvre de l'art. En effet, outre la difficulté d'y porter l'instrument avec autant de sûreté que dans d'autres parties, la crainte où l'on doit être dans certains cas d'une hémorragie presque toujours inaccessible à la compression, à la ligature, aux stiptures, etc. à cause de l'œsophage, de l'estomac, etc. enfin la difficulté d'y pouvoir appliquer et maintenir un appareil, font autant de raisons, qui rendent improbables et impraticables certaines opérations, que l'on triompherait dans toute autre circonstance. La vérité de ce que je viens d'exposer, se trouve confirmée par le silence que quelques Auteurs même des plus célèbres, gardent sur ces maladies dans leurs ouvrages élémentaires. Ceux même qui ont parlé, l'ont fait avec une retenue qui semble démontrer qu'ils ne s'en occupent que pour ne pas laisser leurs ouvrages imparfaits. Peut-être auraient-ils été plus en état de développer leurs idées s'ils eussent mieux consulté les Anciens. Ce qui me paru qu'on n'a pas fait, j'ai cru qu'il m'était permis de le tenter. Enfin, pour donner une idée plus frappante de l'infuence de l'Art dans quelques circonstances, je crois devoir rapporter le passage suivant: " Tout le monde convient, dit de Vinque, Eph. Germ. Cent. III. & IV. que la transpiration de la tête arrêtée, donne lieu à des catarrhes. " (a) Planche 2. On trouvera une machine propre à la montrer, même partie de ces témoignages. Maladies d'où il arrive ensuite et fort souvent des désinflammations aux amygdales et à la luette, avec tous les symptômes, demeur, rougeur, et difficulté d'avaler; ce qui vient de la circulation de la lymphe et du sang empêchée. Mais ce n'est pas tout: la fermentation de ces humeurs, et l'air extérieur produisent encore dans ces parties un pus acide, capable par son acrimonie de rompre les vaisseaux lymphatiques, et même les sanglants qui les alimentent. Il n'est point du tout facile de les reconsoilder, l'inspiration de l'air y mettant un obstacle continuel. En outre, le sang, en bouillant perpétuellement ces parties, y porte tous les jours quelque peu de cette matière acre et ulcèreuse, en sorte que l'économie animale est toute troublée, sans qu'il soit presque possible de rétablir les parties affectées. J'ai pensé et repensé en moi-même à ce mal, et enfin je suis parvenu à trouver un moyen capable de le corriger, de le prévenir et même de le guérir absolument; j'en ai fait plusieurs fois l'épreuve, il m'a réussi, comme les deux exemples suivants le démontrent. Première Observation: Ulcère considérable à la gorge. Observation II: Maladie de la luette, avec tous les symptômes. Un jeune homme de seize ans n'était pas à son aise, ayant toute la luette et la très-grande partie d'une amygdale si fortement attachée à la suite d'un catarrhe négligé, qu'il était presque privé de l'usage de la parole, qu'il ne pouvait avaler rien que de liquide, et encore en très-petite quantité, étant obligé de rejeter le surplus par la bouche ou par le nez. Enfin, il allait mourir, si je ne fusse venu à son secours. Je commençai par le purger avec les médicaments propres à évacuer les féculents. Le jour suivant, et pendant la semaine, je le mis à l'usage d'une décoction sudorifique. Tous les huit jours je répétiais la purge. Il observa un régime pendant six semaines ; et eut l'issue une convalescence parfaite, pendant laquelle je tranchois de son régime tout ce qui avait quelque chose d'amer, d'acide, et ne lui accordais de la nourriture qu'avec mesure et selon son appétit : après cela, il fut parfaitement guéri. Deuxième Observation Ulcères à la gorge Un boulanger, âgé de 45 ans, eut la même maladie que ci-dessus. Les Médecins et les Charlatans lui avaient inutilement administré leurs remèdes : enfin, il eut recours à moi ; je lui ordonnai la même chose qu'au premier. Mais en dose plus forte, à raison de la différence d'âge. La maladie féminelle semblait céder. Cependant, il tomba dans un coma fébrile ; mais avec des lavements convenables, et des médicaments, soit iodorisques, soit apéritifs et volatils, je chassai heureusement les deux ennemis de la place, quoiqu'il restât un tant soit peu d'ulcère aux amygdales. Le malade fut pourtant guéri par la continuation de la décodification thérapeutique et en observant un bon régime. Ces deux Observations, comme on peut l'apercevoir, ont beaucoup de rapport avec l'angine, maladie qui dépend allez souvent d'une humeur cathartique du cerveau qui tombe sur la gorge, d'une transpiration arrêtée, d'une bile exaltée ou mise en mouvement ; d'une insuffisance des liqueurs, &c. Dans ces cas, eu égard aux circonstances, les évacuants en général, un régime doux et humectant, & quelques fois les saignées, en un mot, les moyens propres à rétablir la transpiration, sont autant de recours généraux & particuliers qu'un Médecin éclairé saura apporter à propos, & de quels les succès justifieront le meilleur choix. En général, cette maladie demande de prompts secours, & devient dangereuse entre les mains des Charlatans ; car elle peut prendre un caractère gangreneux ; alors elle est sournoise et mortelle. Observation. Ulcère à la gorge.
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correspondenceof04pitt_25
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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Correspondence of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham
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Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, 1708-1778 | Taylor, William Stanhope | Pringle, John Henry
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English
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Spoken
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David Garrick, 29. Junius, 2d Jan. 1768, to the Earl of Chat- ham, 32. Junius, 14th Jan. 1772, to the Earl of Chatham, 33. Hand of Junius and habitual writing of Sir Philip Francis in juxtaposition, and minutely com- pared, 36, 37. Rev. John Let- tice, 29. Thomas Lord Lyttelton, 29. Right Hon. William Pitt, 28. Duke of Richmond, 29. Marquis of Rockingham, 29. Charles Marquis of Granby, af- terwards Duke of Rutland, 29. Admiral Sir Charles Saunders, 30. Philip, second Earl Stanhope, 29. Charles Viscount Mahon, after- wards Earl Stanhope, 29. Ayscough, Dr. Francis, i. 158. Bacon, Nathaniel, his * Historical and Political Observations' com- mended, i. 109. Barnard, Dr. William, Bishop of Derry, iii. 103. , Dr. Edward, Provost of Eton College, character of, iii. 329, 330. Barr6, Colonel, to the Earl of Chatham, ii. 41. iv. 71. 85. 94. 100. 109. 115. 120. 131.242. 247. 250. Some account of Colonel Barre, ii. 41. 171. His military services, 42. His parliamentary career, 355. Vice- treasurer, iii. 14. iv. 20. 24. 58. 88. 119. 126. 132. 250. 524. Barrington, William Viscount, Se- cretary at War, i. 188. ii. 99. 171. iii. 418. 494. iv. 250. His Correspondence with Mr. Pitt, i. 354. ii. 404. 406. To Sir An- drew Mitchell on the state of public affairs, in January 1760, ii. 14. 219. 468. iii. 138. Letter to Colonel Barre, iv. 250. Bateman, John Viscount, i. 188. 193. Bath, city of, address from the, on the peace, ii. 223. 227. 228. 253. 255. , Earl of, [William Viscount Pulteney], i. 187. 195. 198. iii. 25. Bathurst, Allen Earl, iii. 219. ■ , Henry, Lord Chancellor, iv. 65. 72. 74. He succeeds to the earldom, 74. Bavaria, Elector of, negotiations with England, i. 37. Beauclerck, Lord George, to Mr. Pitt, ii. 19. Beaufort, Henry, fifth Duke of, iii. 236. 395. Beaufremont, M. de, squadron com- manded by, i. 237, 238. Beckford, William, Esq., Lord Mayor ; his political career, and speeches in parliament, i. 448. ii. 194. 352. 418. iv. 254. His Gothic mansion of Fonthill, ii. II. Gives a splendid entertainment at the Mansion House, iii. 431. Ce- lebrated speech of, 46 1 . His cor- respondence with Mr. Pitt, i. 185. 278. 327. 352. 376. ii. 11. 165. 235. To the Earl of Chatham, iii. 176. 201. 251. Lord Chatham's flattering letter to Mr. Beckford, 462. The Lord Mayor to the Earl of Chatham,463. His death, 463. Petition from the Chatham family to Mrs. Beckford, iv. 240. , William, Esq., author «f ' Vathek,' &c , ii. 1 ] . iv. 290. 313. -, Peter, Esq., ii. 11. Bedford, John Duke of, a rival of the Duke of Newcastle, i. 33. S6. Is joint secretary with that duke, 40. 48. George II. declines dis- placing him, 55. Included in a new ministry, 180. His spirited behaviour during the riots on the Militia Bill, 257. 260. He goes to Ireland as Viceroy, 258. 284. N N 3 548 INDEX. Riots during this administration in Dublin, 468. 471. 475. ii. 61. Expectation of his return to Lon- don, and views of his party, 229. 247. President of the Council, 251. His visit to Mr. Pitt, at Bath, 335. iii. 122. Negoti- ations of Lord Chatham with, 135, 136. His views as to an admi- nistration, 302. 333, 334. His letter to Mr. Pitt, i. 288. His death, iv. 66. Belleisle, expedition against, ii. 96. Capture of, by General Hodgson and Admiral Keppel, 128. , Marechal de, i. 207. M. de Contades' letters to, ii. 8. Berlin, Austrians enter, ii. 72. Bernard, Sir Francis, iv. 325. Bernis, Cardinal de, minister of Louis XV., iv. 66. Besborough, William [Ponsonby], Earl of, i. 409. iii. 130. iv. 296. Bielfield, Baron, negotiation of, ii. 27. Blackstone, the celebrated judge, ii. 395. Blighe, General, services of, i. 327. 347. Defeated by the French on landing at St. Cas, 350. Bolingbroke, Lord, his ' Oldcastle's Remarks on the History of Eng- land,' i. 108. Boscawen, Admiral, Hon. Edward, i. 331. 394. ii, 16. Boswell, James, Esq., to Mr. Pitt, ii. 388. To the Earl of Chatham, iii. 244. Anecdotes by, ii. 197. iii. 106. His travels, and an ' Account of Corsica,' ii. 388. iii. 247. His pursuits, 246. Botetourt [Norborne Berkeley], Lord, ii. 192. iii. 306, 307. 311. 318. Appointed Governor of Vir- ginia, 335. Bougainville, M. Jean-Pierre de, to Mr. Pitt, ii. 102. His brother Louis- Antoine, the circumnavi- gator, 103. iii. 119. Bourbon, Isle of, ii. 105. Boyd, Colonel, ii. 9. Bradshaw, Thomas, Esq., iv. 80. Bradstreet, Colonel, takes Fort Fron- tenac, on Lake Ontario, i. 340. Braybrook, Baron [Sir John Griffin, created], ii. 274. iv. 133. Brett, Sir Percy, iii. 399. Bridport, Admiral Lord, ii. 439. iv. 233. Bristol, George William [Hervey], Earl of. Lord Lieutenant of Ire- land, &c.,i. 303. iii. 55,56. He retires from the Vice- Royalty, 279. 348. His embassy to Madrid, i. 364. 371, &c. ii. 22, &c. His Correspondence with Mr. Pitt, i. 364. 371. 418. 466. 473. ii. 22. 216, 217. 229. To the Earl of Chatham, iii. 56. 102. 144. 166. 171. 179. 198. 226. 236, 237. 240. 247. 250. 270. 347. To the Countess of Chatham, 279. , Augustus John Earl of, iv. 81. Brown, Rev. Dr., to the Earl of Chatham, iv. 311. , Lancelot, Esq., designated ' Capability ; ' his skill in laying out parks, &c., iv. 178. To the Earl of Chatham, 430. To the Countess of Chatham, 446. Brudenel, George, anecdote of, ii. 180. Brunswick, Charles William Ferdi- nand Hereditary Prince of, mor- tally wounded at Jena, ii. 7. Mr. Pitt's compliment on his success at Minden, 9. Mr. Mitchell's cha- racterof, 10. He defeats the French and Saxons at ErmsdorfF, 54. His visit to St. James's, and marriage with the Princess Augusta, 271. 276. Speech of a Quaker to, 272. His personal appearance, 280. Re- turns to Germany, 284. His let- ters to Mr. Pitt, ii. 271. 324. 326, 327. 412. , Prince Ferdinand of, commands the Hessian, English, and other forces in Germany, i. 297. Is urged by George II. to cross the Rhine, 309. Defeats the French at Crevelt, 320. His sub- sequent campaigns against the French, 334. 358. 375. 416. 460. ii. 2. 7. Is invested with the Order of the Garter, i. 360. 364. ii. 44, He retires from the service of Fre- deric II. 432. His correspon- dence with Mr. Pitt, i. 446. 460. ii. 44. 83. 179. 432. -, Prince Louis of, delivers the Declaration of England and Prussia at the Hague, &c., i. 461. INDEX. 549 Brunswick- Oels, Duke of, poetical record of his death at Quatre-Bras, by Lord Byron, ii. 8. Brydges, Sir Egerton, quotations from his writings, iii, 219. Buchan, Earl of, ii. 426. iii. 106. ' Buchanan de Jure Regni,' Lord Chatham's opinion of, iv. 286. Buckingham, Duke of, iii. 363. See Earl Temple. Buckinghamshire, John [Hobart], second Earl of, iii. 92. Burgoyne, General, to Mr. Pitt, ii. 429. To Lord Chatham, iii. 41. Is sent with troops to Portugal, ii. 1 77. His surrender to General Gates, at Saratoga, 429. iv. 467, 468. 472. 489. His dramatic pieces, ii. 429. Burke, Right Honourable Edmond, quotations from his speeches, &c. i. 106. 409. Interesting letter of Dr. Markham recommending, 430. 432. His notice of Mrs. Wolfe, mother of General J. Wolfe, in the ' Annual Register,' 450. His ' Thoughts on the Cause of the present Discontents,' ii. 75. Cha- racter of George II. by, 75. His character of Lord Keppel, 129. Describes an interview between George III. and Mr. Pitt, 146. His character of Mr. Pitt, 159. 168. His ' Letter to Mr. Flood, on the Regency Bill,' 310. His speeches in the House of Com- mons, 390. iii. 145. 455. His works quoted, ii. 168. 419. 435. iv. 58. 254. High opinion of Mr. Burke entertained by the Duke of Grafton, iii. 1 10. And by Lord Rockingham, 111. His splen- did oration on American taxation, 233. 254. His speech on the Ju- ries Bill, iv. 110. 112. His let- ter to the Duke of Portland, 177. His speech for the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, 220. WiUiara, Esq., M. P., iv. 139. Burrell, Sir William, Bart., iv. 227 Bussy, M. de, negotiations of, ii. 124. 126. 128. 136. 141. Bute, Earl of, his offices in the Prince of Wales's household, i. 157. Per- sonal description of, 157. Ad- dresses Mr. Pitt respecting the household of George Prince of Wales, 1 69, 1 70. 295. Ministerial negotiations, 192. 228. Is secre- tary of state, ii. 114. His minis- terial negotiations, i. 192. 228., &c. Considered to be the favou- rite of George III. at the com- mencement of the new reign, ii. 83. His political views, &c., 90. 106. 148. iii. 58. He is mobbed on going to Guildhall, ii. 167. Administration of, 178. His dif- Acuities, 183. His resignation, 218, 219. He opens a ministerial negotiation with Mr. Pitt, which is unprosperous, 235, et sea. The Bute faction, iii. 443. iv. 494. His letters addressed to Mr. Pitt, i. 156. 169, 170. 223. 240. 301. 316. 318, 319, 320. 323. 335. 349. 416. 475. ii. 114. 128. 136. 146. 151, 152. 236. Byng, Admiral, his engagement with M. Galissoniere, off Minorca, i. 163. His condemnation, 220. Mr. Pitt intercedes in vain with the king, 221. Byron's ' Field of Waterloo' qiaoted, ii. 8. His opinion of IMr. Beck- ford's ' Vathek,' 1 1 . His allusion to Commodore Byron, 428. , Honourable Captain John, R. N., iii. 210. Calcraft, John, Esq., ii. 337., &c. A letter to, supposed from Sir Philip Francis, iv. 48. His cor- respondence with Mr. Pitt, ii. 245. 337. 445. To the Earl of Chatham, iii. 363. 367. 390. 393. 396. 399. 412. 423. 429, 430. 432, 433. 435, 436. 441. 443. 467. 474. 488. 493. iv. 32. 42. 57. 60. 65. 68. 74. 80. 102. 122. 125. 138. 140. 142. 150, 151. 172. 224. Caldwell, Lieutenant Henry, to Ge- neral Wolfe, i. 379. 381. Major Caldwell to the Earl of Chatham, iv. 408, Camden, Earl:— Charles Pratt, Chief Justice, &c. 167. ii, 231. Lord Chancellor, i. 167. iii. 14. His peerage. &c. ii. 315. 376. 384, iii. 344. 374. Dismissal of the Lord Chancellor, 388, 389. 396. De- tails of his conduct as a statesman, and opinions as' a lawyer, iv. 37. 41. 91. 145. 350. 514. 527. His correspondence with the Earl of N N 4 550 INDEX. Chatham, iii. 314. 320. 323. iv. 29. 37. 90. 155. 161. 351. 400. 509. 516. 519. iv. 72. To the Countess of Chatham, iii. 284. 289. 344. 426, iv. 527. Camelford, Lord [Thomas Pitt], ne- phew of Lord Chatham, i. 117., &c. 152.282. iii. 350. 472. iv. 71. 526. His letters when Mr. Tho- mas Pitt, giving his uncle an ac- count of his studies at Cambridge, i, 117. 119. 122. 138. 143. 148. 174. 177. Mr. Pitfs letters to him, i. 57—88. 107. 1 12. 140—155. 282. His elegy on his mother's portrait, i. 152. Horace Walpole's account of Mr. T. Pitt's travels on the Continent, 282. His speech in the House of Commons, iii. 350. Campbell, Honourable Alexander Hume, i. 166. Cana la, conquest of, by General Wolfe and his army, i. 378. 384. Affairs of, ii. 434. Cardigan, George [Brudenell], Earl of, iii. 75. 100. 107. Governor of George IV. and the Duke of York ; created Duke of Montagu, and on his decease that title be- came extinct, 75. 1 10. Cardross, Lord, to Mr. Pitt, ii. 426. See Earl of Buchan. Carleton,Gen. Sir Guy, serves inNorth America, i. 404. iv. 293. 409. 469. To the Earl of Chatham, iv. 292. 413. Carlisle, Earl of, iv. 103. Carteret, Lord, speech of, i. 1. -) Henry Frederick [Thynne], Baron, iv. 63. Catherine II., Empress of Russia, iii. 37. 66. iv. 227. The Em- press writes to Mr. Pitt, iii. 161. Cavendish, Lord George, moves an address in the Commons, ii. 339. 350. , Lord John, ii. 407. iv. 84. 126. Charlemont, Earl of, to Henry Flood, iii. 166. 178. 210. 249. Chandos, James Duke of, iv. 226. Charles III. of Spain :-— Political views of Don Carlos when king of the Two Sicilies, i. 253, 254. 273. After the seizure of Falkland Islands, he negotiates with Eng- land, iv. 71. Charlotte, Queen- Consort of George IIL, ii. 307. 415. Chatham, William Earl of, Intro- troductory Memoir of, vol. i. p. v. Mr. Pitt's correspondence with Philip, Earl of Chesterfield, i. 1, 2. His marriage with Lady Hester Grenville ; account of her family, 23. Mr. Henry Pelham's great esteem for Mr. Pitt, 35. 43. The latter writes to acknowledge the kindness of that minister and of the Duke of Newcastle, 45. His office of Paymaster of the Forces, 86. 97. His advice to his nephew Thomas Pitt [ Lord Camelford] on his course of studies, 57 — 85. 88. 107. 112. 140. 146. 150. 155. 282. Recommends him to study Demosthenes and Cicero, 152. Various letters to his nephew, 172. Prejudice of George II. against Mr. Pitt, 49. 86. 93. ; who com- plains of the king's dislike of him, 102. 105. 434. Duke of New- castle writes to him a compli- mentary excuse for not appointing him Chancellor of the Exchequer, 97. His reply to that minister, 101. The Duke's letters to him respecting George II.'s adverse sentiments, 434 — 437. He suffers from the gout, 118. 139. 199., &c. His observations on exiles and Lord Bolingbroke, 122. He is unwilling to be second in office to Mr. H. Fox, 133. 182. His remarks on the correspondence re- lative thereto, 134. He carries the Militia Bill, 156. 257. His appointment as secretary, 178. 199.209. Dismissed from office, 227. The Pitt Administration, 236. Approbation of his mea- sures against France, 241. Re- turn of the expedition from Roche- fort, 279. He refuses to send reinforcements to Germany, 296. 298. His remarks upon the pro- posed military expenses for aiding the allies, 303. 305. Subsidy to Prussia, 401. A new expedition sent against St. Blaloes, 311. Its failure, 318. Mr. Pitt's pane- gyric on Colonel Clive, 341. 387. Frederic II.'s confidence in, 407. 444. Mr. Pitt offers consolations to the mother of General Wolfe, INDEX. 551 451. His speech for a monument to Wolfe, 452. Motion of thanks to the surviving commanders, 453. Declaration of England and Prus- sia, for a peace, 461. ii. 29. Cher- bourg taken, 2. Mr. Pitt and the Duke of Newcastle, 14. He an- nounces the death of George II. to Ferdinand of Brunswick, 74. Reply of that prince, 83. Mr, Pitt's increase of power and influ- ence on the accession of George III., 83. His opposition to the Duke of Newcastle's desire of peace, 91. 183. Sends an expe- dition against Belleisle, 96. 128. He continues the preparations for a new continental campaign, 106. He resigns in consequence of George III. having rejected his advice on the family compact of the Bourbons, 143. 147. 149. Lady Hester Pitt is created Countess of Chatham, 151. War declared against Spain, 157. Ob- loquy on Mr. Pitt upon his resig- nation, 159. Mr. Pitt invited to Guildhall by Beckford, 165. 167. The peace, 194. His objections urged against the preliminaries, 1 98. Overtures from Lord Bute to, through Mr. Beckford and Lord Shelburne, 235., et seq. In- terview between George III. and Mr. Pitt, 240. 250. His speech on the peace, 262. On the ques- tion of privilege, and of general warrants, in the case of Mr, Wilkes, 287, 288. Estate bequeathed to him by Sir William Pynsent, 303. Description of Burton Pynsent, 326.331. Fresh overtures to Mr. Pitt and Earl Temple, 310. 316. His feeble condition from the gout, 336. 391. iii. 168. His dis- satisfaction at the state of affairs, ii. 345. Perpetual reports of his counsels being requisite to the State, 357., et passim. His reply to Lord Shelburne, 358. His sentiments as to the dispute with the American continental colonies, 360. His speech on the Address, relative to America, 364. Lord Rockingham's message by Mr. Nuthall to, 397, 398. Offers made to Mr. Pitt by the king, 436. 443. 446. iii. 6. Is appointed Lord Privy Seal, 14. 53. His elevation to the dignity of Earl of Chatham announced to him by the King's letter, July 29. 1766, 21. Defence of his administration, 88. 98. He desires Lord Shelburne to present his thanks for George III.'s solicitude as to his long- continued ill-health, 105. 179. His speech on the embargo on corn, 125. His negotiations with the Bedford and Gower party, 135, 136. His sentiments on the growing discontents of America, 193. His sentiments on the East India affairs, 199. 212. 214. He receives encouragement from Geo. III. on his administration being left in a minority on the land-tax, 228, 229, 230. His recent illness, from fever and gout, is aggravated, 240. 249. 253. 268. 273. 278.282. 284. 316. His character and ad- ministration attacked by Mr. Wilkes, 242. Junius's panegyric on, 305. Delicacy towards Lord Chatham evinced by the Duke of Grafton, 309. 311. 339. Com- mission for keeping the privy seal in consequence of the Earl's illness, 319. Precedents cited for his re- sumption of it, 315. 320. 323. Sir William Draper's testimonial to the Earl, 324. 329. Lord Chat- ham offers to resign the privy seal, 338. 340. 343. 345. 348. His cordial reconciliation with Earl Temple, 349. Attends the King's levee, 362. The Earl's speeches on the opening of the session of 1770, 368, 369. 377 — 387. On Lord Rockingham's motion on the state of the nation, 400. His sentiments on the rotten boroughs, 406. On the English constitution, 402. 406. 416. The resolution on judicature in matters of controverted elections, 410. Lord Chatham's speech thereon, 415. 419. His speech on the manning of the fleet, 420. Reply to the Duke of Grafton, 422. His speech on the Civil List, 423. He supports George GrcnvlUe's bill on elections, when carried to the Lords, 440. His bill condemning the measures of the Commons for the incapacitating of Mr. Wilkes 552 INDEX. from sitting in that House, 449. His constitutional speech on this question, 451. Rejection of the bill, and new motion by Lord Ch itham on the king's >answer to the remonstrance from the city of London, 452. He moves an ad- dress to the king on the disorders in America, 457. Thanks of the city of London to the Earl, 458. 464. His condoleiice to the Duke of Rutland on the death of the Marquis of Granby, 476. His speech on the Spanish seizure of the Falkland Islands, iv. 2 — 18. et seq. His allusion to Mr. Burke and the opposition, 32. His new motion on the question of elections, 42. His speech thereon, 43. On the prosecution against Mr. Woodfall for printing and publishing a letter of Junius, 50, 51. He quits the house on not being listened to in a debate, 52. His protest on this occasion. 53. His indignation at the treaty with Spain in 1771, 83,84.87. His questions for the judges on the Falkland Island dispute, 91. He writes with severity of the minis- try, 119. His opinion on the dispute between the House of Commons and the City, on a ques- tion of privilege, &c., 137. 141. Intended motion for a dissolu- tion, &c., 154. 157. He commu- nicates this design to Lords Lyt- telton and Rockingham, 163. 165. The Earl's speech on the jurisdic- tion of the House of Commons, and on the danger of collision between the Upper and Lower Houses of Parliament, 167. He moves an address to George III. to dissolve the Parlianaent, &c., 171. Com- parison of Junius's hand-writing with that of Sir Philip Francis, 176. Junius to the Earl, 190. Lord Chatham's poetical invitation to David Garrick, 197. Reply to the Earl by Garrick, 202. His speech in favour of relief to Dis- senters, 219. His taste in laying out grounds, 221. Playful peti- tion by the Earl, Countess, and their children, addressed to Mrs. Beckford and W. Beckford, Esq., 240. The Earl's opinion on the India Bill, 276. His speech on American affairs, 345. 371. 374. 377. 384. Lord Chatham's plan for settling tlie troubles in America, 393. (See Appendix, No. I. ) His declaration concern- ing America, made to Dr. Adding- ton, 423, 424. 427. His motion for a cessation of hostilities, 433 — 437. His motion for an amendment to the Address, on America, 450 — 459. On the army and navy returns, 464. On the surrender of General Burgoyne, 471- — 477. On the motion for an adjournment, 478. On the Duke of Richmond's motion for an ad- dress to the King, the Earl of Chatham speaks for the last time, 519. He faints, 522. His death, 523. Provision for his family, 526. Public funeral of, 529. Mo- nument in Westminster Abbey of, 529. Cenotaph in Guildhall, 530. Urn at Burton Pynsent, 531. Anecdotes of, ii. 217. iii. 107. His affection for his children evi- denced in his letters to Lady Chatham, i. 321, 322. 458. ii. 124. 331.373. iii. 470. iv. 185, 186. 206. 213. 265. 309. Lord Chat- ham's Provisional Bill, Appendix, No. I. Mr. Pitt to Dr. Warburton, Bishop of Gloucester, Appendix, No. II. Detached sentences found in Lord Chatiiam's hand- writing. Appendix, No. III. Chatham, Earl of. Correspondence of: — Mr. Pitt to Count Algarotti, ii. 215.; to Ralph Allen, Esq., 223. 226. ; to Mrs. Allen, 289. ; to Dr. George Stone, Archbishop of Armagh, 64. ; to Lord George Beauclerck, 20. ; to the Duke of Bedford, i. 284. ; to William Beck- ford, Esq., ii. 1 58. ; to M. De Bougainville, 104. ; to Prince Fer- dinand of Brunswick, i. 439. ii. 9. 74. 156.; to the Earl of Bute, i. 41 7. ii. 149. ; to General Carleton, iv. 407. ; to George Cook, Esq., ii. 342. ; to the Earl of Chester- field, i. 1, 2. ; to the Duke of Cum- berland, ii. 313. ; to Mr. Thomas Cumming, i. 121. ; to the Earl of Exeter, 293. ; to M. de Feronce, ii. 277. 305. ; to Henry Flood, Esq., iii. 4.; to the Right Hon. INDEX. 553 Henry Fox, i. 111. 130.; to Frederic II., i. 401. ii. 84. 112; to George III., 438.; to Bamber Gascoyne, Esq,, ii. 205.; to Dr. Warburton, Bishop of Gloucester, 186.256. ; to the Duke of Grafton, 321, ; to the Earl of Hardwicke, i. 103. : to William Taylor How, Esq., ii. 291. ; to Sir Benjamin Keene, i. 209. 247. ; to Baron de Knyphausen, ii. 210. ; to Viscount Irwin, 267. ; to Lord Lyttelton, 315. ; to Sir Richard Lyttelton, 121. 208.; to Andrew Mitchell, Esq., i. 226. 400. 410. ii. 58. 411. ; to Sir Andrew Mitchell, iii. 29. 139. ; to Thomas Nut- hall, Esq., ii. 325. 345. 361. 400. 419. 423, 424.; to the Earl of Northington, 437. ; to the Duke of Newcastle, i. 22. 44. 48, 100. 305. 433. 437. ii. 260, 296. ; to Lady Hester Pitt, i. 457, ii. 1, 2, 3, 4. 7, 45. 54. 130. ; [to Lady Chatham], ii. 330, 331. 335, 336. 363. 373, 375. 390. 393. 416. 439. 444, 448, 449. ; to Thomas Hollis, Esq., 203. ; to Thomas Pitt, Esq., i, 57. 62. 64. 70. 76. 81. 89. 107.' 112. 118. 121. 138. 140, 141. 146. 150, 151. 155. 172, 173. 256. 281. ; to George Pitt, Esq., ii, 164.; to Lord George Sackville, i, 423. ; to the Earl of Shelburne, ii, 358. iii. 5,6. 11, 12, 13, 14. ; to the Rev. Paul Shenton, ii. 301. ; to Earl Temple, i. 363. ; to the Earl of Tyrawly, ii. 176. ; to Horatio Walpole, Esq., i. 56. 63. ; to the Hon. Thomas Walpole, ii. 328. ; to Mrs. Wolfe, i. 451.; to M. De Voltaire, ii. 132. Chatham, Eakl of, his correspon- dence continued, after his elevation to an earldom : — To Dr. Adding- ton, iv. 180. 184. 443. 484. 494.; to Colonel Barre, iii. 72. iv. 73. 84. 93. 100. 105. 117. 119. 136. 245. 249. ; to the Earl of Bristol, iii. 55. 181. 348.; to John Cal- craft, Esq., 365. 384. 388. 392. 397. 428. 433. 438. 442. 468, 469. 475. 480. 483. 486. 492. 495. iv. 1, 2. 31. 45. 63, 64. 70. 76. 82. 103. 124. 129. 141. 145. 153. 182. 223. ; to Lord Camden, 39. 46. 432. ; to General Car- leton, 293. ; to the Countess or Chatham, iii. 469. iv. 86. 205. 207. 213. 215, 216. 265. 267, 268. 273. 349, 350. 369, 370. 372. 403.; to Henry Flood, Esq. iii. 147. ; to the Honourable Colonel Simon Eraser, 466. ; to Da- vid Garrick, Esq., iv. 201.; to George III., iii. 76. 228. 230. 262, 263. 265. 268. 271. 273. 275, 277. 319. 343. ; to the Duke of Grafton, 199. 218. 259 338. 340. 342, ; to the Duke of Graf- ton and the Earl of Shelburne, 214.; to the Marquis of Granby, 355. iv. 405.; to Thomas Hollis, Esq., 286.; to Viscount Mahon, 402. ; to the Lord Mayor, iii, 462.; to the Honour- able William Pitt, iv. 440.; to Sir William Beauchamp Procter, Bart., iii. 332.; to the Duke of Richmond, iv. 518. ; to the Mar- quis of Rockingham, 492. ; to the Duke of Rutland, iii. 476. ; to Stephen Sayre, Esq., iv. 359,360. 366. 368.; to the Earl of Shel- burne, iii. 96. 98. 105. 115. 123. 188. 193. 211. 222. 256, 448, 471, 472. 481. 484. iv, 12. 23. 34, 41, 50. 106. 108. 148, 156. 160. 163. 186, 203, 218, 230, 236. 239. 258. 264. 275. 283. 298, 299. 305. 319. 331. 336. 341. 374. 380, 386, 387,; to the Countess of Stanhope, 54. 495.; to Earl Stanhope, 371. 388.; to the Right Honourable Charles Townshend, iii. 73. 153. 157. ; to Mr. Sheriff Townshend, iii. 459. ; to the Honourable Thomas Wal- pole, 291.; to the Honourable William Pitt, iv. 290. 309. 356. 363,; to John Woddrop, Esq. 317.; anonymous to the Earl of ,414. Chatham, Countess of, [Lady Hes- ter Pitt], i.23. 173. 321. ii. 6. She is created a peeress by George III., 151. Her affectionate language in her letters to her husband, 332. et passim. The Countess speaks in her husband's name to the Duke of Grafton, and writes during his illness for Earl Chatham, iii. 322. 337, &c. Respecting the Countess, see Lord Chatham's Letters, &c. Her letters to her husband, Mr. Pitt, ii. 391. She describes the 554 INDEX. character of her sons, iv. 207. Her ladyship's correspondence : — To Dr. Addington, 423. ; to Lancelot Brown, Esq., 448. ; to John Cal- craft, Esq., iii. 413.; to Major Caldwell, iv. 410. ; to Lord Cam- den, iii. 317. 322. 346. iv. 425.; to General Carleton, 420. ; to the Earl of Chatham, 370. ; to Tho- mas Coutts, Esq. 486. ; to Sir William Draper, iii. 327. 329. ; to the Duke of Grafton, 282. 316. 336. ; to the Right Honourable James Grenville,310, ; to Thomas Nuthall, Esq., 282.; to the Earl of Radnor, 331.; to the Earl of Shelburne, 288. 299, 300. Chatham, John Earl of, his birth, i. 173. His early years, iii. 63. 470. iv. 240. 292. 408. 413. 511. 526. Chelsea pensioners, Mr. Pitt's Bill for their relief from usurers, i. 111. Chesterfield, Earl of [Philip Dor- mer Stanhope], visits France for his health, i. 1 . His public life, 1. His observations on the Earl of Chatham, 401. iii. 21. Remarks of, on public affairs, i. 206. 279. 236. 243. 414. ii. 156. 196. 251. 315. 351. 360. 376. 422. iii. 33. 136. 169. 225. 253. 267. 276. 302. Choiseul, Duke de, negotiations of peace commenced by the, ii. 48. 97. 124. 139. 141. Further de- tails of his ministry, iii. 94. 117. 131. 243. Is dismissed from office by Louis XV. iv. 63. Christian VII., of Denmark, con- fines Caroline Matilda, sister of George III., in the Castle of Cro- nenburg, ii. 440. Liberation of the Queen, 441. Chudleigh, Miss, ball given by, ii. 46. Cider, tax on, ii. 253. 281. Clare, Earl of, iii. 210. 410. Clarendon's, Earl of, ' History ;' opi- nions of Earl of Chatham and Lord Grenville on, i, 113. I , Thomas Villiers, Lord Hyde of Hendon, created Earl of, iii. 97. iv, 179. Clavering, Sir Thomas, iii. 429. Clive, Robert Lord, praise of, by Mr. Pitt, i. 341. 387. iii. 358. iv. 81. Concludes certain treaties in Bengal, iii. 59. 61. Colonel Clive to J. Payne, Esq., chairman of the Court of Directors, i. 341.; to Mr. Pitt, i. 387. Mr. Walsh to Lord Clive, iii. 93. His lordship to Mr. Strachey, iv. 227. ; to Ge- neral Wedderburne, iv. 257. Mal- colm's ' Life of Lord Clive,' quo- tations from, i. 387. 392. Club, the Ministerial, at the Cocoa- tree, ii. 277. 309. The Opposition Club, Albemarle-street, 276. 299. Coccei, Baron de, ii. 56. 58. Commons, House of, rules and pre- cedents of the, ii. 199. Privileges of the, 269. 287. Question of the exercise of its judicature in con- troverted elections, iii. 410. 415. Motion relative to the elections, by George Grenville, 439. Mr. Her- bert's bill to regulate the conse- quences of expulsion of members from the House, 441, The ques- tion if expulsion incapacitates from future elections, 446 — 449. 458. Debates in the House of Lords on the Middlesex election, &c., iv. 42. Right of election, maintained by Junius, 44. The New Shore- ham petition, 59. 170. The re- ports of the speeches in the House being published, reckoned a breach of privilege, 95, 96. Motions connected with parliamentary re- form, iv. 78. 146. 177. Duke of Richmond's motion respecting the jurisdiction of the House of Com- mons, 167. Contades, Marechal de, defeated at Minden, ii. 7. His correspon- dence taken with his baggage, and since published, 8. Conway, Right Honourable Henry Seymour, Secretary of State, a distinguished general, ii. 315. iii. 15. 101. 109. 177. 266. 275. 281. 288. 293. 398. ; to Mr. Pitt, ii. 446. 453. iii. 15. ; to Lord Chat- ham, 77, 126. 130. 172.; to Sir Andrew Mitchell, 29. 82. Cook, George, Esq., to Mr. Pitt, ii. 338. 344. 350.; to the Earl of Chatham, iii. 222. Cooper, Sir Grey, ii. 338. Coote, Colonel Sir Eyre, defeats Hyder Ali, iv. 124. Corn, embargo on ; orders in council, iii. 73. Earl of Chatham's speech INDEX. 555 on the scarcity of, 125. Dissatis- faction respecting, 144. Cornwall, Mr., iv. 18. 20. His ta- lent in debate, 24. 147, 148. 282. Appointed to office, 326. * Cornwallis, Honourable General Edward, iv. 26. Corsica, Theodore King of, i, 242. English designs on that island, 242. iii. 159. 244. Cotton manufactures, ii. 420. Cosne, Colonel de. Secretary of Le- gation at Madrid, i. 372. 418. Coutts, Thomas, Esq., to the Coun- tess of Chatham, iv. 485. 511. 515. Her reply, 512. Coxe, Archdeacon, his ' Pelham Administration' quoted, i. 10. 29. 33. 37. 40. His ' Memoirs of Lord Walpole,' 27. 63. 136. iii. 89. &c. Coventry, George William, sixth Earl of, iii. 394. Craven, Earl of, iii. 416. His mo- tion on the manning of the navy, 420. Croker, Mr., quotations from, iii. 106. Crosby, Brass, Esq., Lord Mayor, iii. 480. Cumberland, William Augustus Duke of, i. 6. 10. Is defeated at Laffeldt, 22. His hostility to the Duke of Newcastle, 36. 178. Ap- pointed to command an army of observation in Germany, 227. His dislike of Mr. Pitt, ib. Defeated by Marechal d'Estrees, and loses Hanover, 240. The duke's retreat to Stade, 250. By the convention of Closter- Seven, he agrees that his army shall not serve against Louis XV. during the war, 277. Affec- tion of his father, George II. for, 296. 325. Present in Henry VII. 's chapel at the funeral of George II., ii. 81. Various allusions to, 237. 244. 259. 310. 313. 315. His death, 329. The duke's letter to Mr. Pitt, 311. , Henry Duke of, bro- ther of George III., iii. 82. 236. Marries Lady Anne Horton [or Luttrell], iv. 199. Cust, Sir John, Speaker of the Com- mons, resigns, iii. 395. Daubeitz, General, defeated by the hereditary Prince of Brunswick, ii. 54. Dashwood, Sir Francis, ii. 99. Ap- pointed Chancellor of the Ex- chequer, 178. Daun, Count, military career of the Austrian general, ii, 55. 78. Davis, Sir John, his discourse on Ireland, i. 147. 149. Debt, the National, iii. 146. The business of 'Change Alley alluded to, iv. 16. 88. Dr. Price's pam- phlet on the Sinking Fund, &c., 201. De Grey, Lord Chief Justice, iv. 144. Delany, General Oliver, on the tax- ation of the colonies in America, iii. 192. Devonshire, W^illiam Duke of, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, &c., i. 91. First Lord of the Treasury, 180. His negotiations in forming the administration, 181. 183. 184. 187. He succeeds the Duke of New- castle, 194. His subsequent po- litics, ii. 178. 183. His death at Spa, 294. Mr. Pitt's character of, 296. To Mr. Pitt, ii. 241. Dodington, Mr., i. 194. His diary quoted, 135. 386. ii. 87. 90. 99. 106. Is created Lord Melcombe, ii. 148. Donoughmore, Baroness of, i. 478. Dowdeswell, Right Honourable Wil- liam, Chancellor of the Exche- quer, ii. 282. iii. 22. 24. 88. 224. 414. 487. iv. 21. 85. 93. 103. 105. 109. Epigram on, 204. His epitaph by Edmund Burke, iii. 22. His correspondence with the Earl of Chatham, 22. 450. Downshire, Marqviis of, i. 135. 167. 189. 193. iii. 24. 116. iv. 27. 325. Draper, Sir William, to the Earl of Chatham, iii. 325. 328. Account of, 325. Drummond, Dr. Hay, Bishop of St. Asaph, i. 441. Du Quesne, Fort, Major Grant de- feated at, i. 382. Drogheda, Charles Earl of, his regi- ment of light dragoons, ii. 60. 65. His character, 62. 66. Account of this nobleman, 67. Duplin, Viscount [Thomas Hay], character of, i. 161. 303. Dundas, Sir Laurence, iii. 357. 556 INDEX. Dury, General Alexander, his death at St. Cas, i. 320. Dutens, M. his ' M^moires d'lin Voy- ageur qui se repose,' i. 122. Dyson, Mr., member for Yarmouth, his liberality to Dr. Akenside, ii. 394. iv. 121. Edgecumbe, Richard Lord, his talent as a poet and artist, i. 188. iii. 127, 128. 130. Edward Augustus, Prince [brother of George III.], created Duke of York and Albany, and promoted to be a rear-admiral, i. 157. 319. Effingham, Thomas Earl of, ii. 11. Egremont, Charles Earl of. Secre- tary of State, ii. 115. His sudden death, 235 Character of his fa- ther. Sir William Wyndham, by Mr. Speaker Onslow and by Pope, 115. Eliot, Honourable Edward James, marries Lady Harriot Pitt, iv. 373. Her early death, 373. Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, daugh- ter of James I. ; her death, i. 245. Elliot, Sir Gilbert, ii. 221. He inter- cedes for Sir James Stewart, then in exile, i. 214. Allusions to, iii. 241. IV. 122. Elliot's Light-horse ; this troop dis- tinguishes itself at ErmsdorfF, ii. 54. Enfield Chace, oak woods of, ii. 424, 425. Ensenada, Marquis d', exile of, ii. 70. His enmity to England, 70. Erskine, Thomas Lord, Lord Chan- cellor, ii. 428. iv. 114. Estrees, Marechal d', his victory at Hastenbech, i. 240. Evelyn's Memoirs, &c., quoted, i. 245. Eyre, Sir James, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, iii. 474. Exeter, Brownlow Earl of, to Mr. Pitt, respecting the Rutland mi- litia, i. 292. Mr. Pitt's reply, 293. Falkland Islands, dispute with Spain as to the, iii. 95. Called Lcs Isles Malouines, 119. 490. iv. 30. 62. 72. 80. 87. 100. 122. 128. Ferdinnnd VI., king of Spain mar- ries the daughter of John V. of Portugal, i. 203. 364. Affairs of the Court of Aranjuez in his reign, 253, 254. 263—276. Dies of grief for the loss of his queen, 365. Feronce, M. de, to Mr. Pitt, ii. 283. 304. Fetherstonehaugh, Sir Matthew, to Lord Clive, iii. 145. Feversham, Anthony [Duncombe] Lord, to Mr. Pitt, ii. 155. His family and descendants, ib. Fitzherbert, William, Esq., a Lord of Trade, his death, and beneficent character, iii. 92. Fitzherbert, Mrs., ii. 173. Fitzpatrick, Llonourable Richard, Secretary-at-War, iv. 227. Flanders, Dutch, victories and con- quests of the French in, i. 17. 22. Fleury, Cardinal de, i. 3. Flood, Henry, Esq., to Mr. Pitt, iii. 1. 148. His parliamentary repu- tation, 2. 167. iv. 296. To Lord Charlemont, iii. 144. 148. Fox, Right Honourable Henry, de- clines the seals of Secretary of State, i. 86. 101. [Created Baron Holland, 110.] George II. de- sirous that Mr. Fox should be in- cluded in the ministry and be leader in the Commons, 1 24. His reply to the King's intimation, 1 28. Is named a Lord of the Re- gency, 132. ; which appoinment gives umbrage to Mr. Pitt, 135. George 1 1., Newcastle, and others, in vain endeavour to prevail on these statesmen to act in union, 180 — 193. 229. 231., &c. He comes into office, ii. 181. His peerage, 218. Continued disunion of Lord Holland and Mr. Pitt, 311. His political views and opi- nions, iii. 270. His letter to George II., i. 128. His corre- spondence addressed to Mr. Pitt, i. 110. 124. 127. 129. 131, 132. 199. , Right Honourable Charles James, his speeches in Parliament, iv. 113. His accession to office, 229. Lord North's laconic epistle to, 327. Is attacked by a mob in Palace- Yard, 140. His politics, &c. 332. France, affairs of : — the French in- vasion of Dutch Flanders, i. 15. INDEX. 5^7 248. Designs iii the East' and West Indies, 206. Projected in- vasion of England or Ireland, 207. 420. 476. Amount of the French army and navy, 208. 237. Expe- ditions sent by Earl of Chatham against, 241. 279. Overtures of peace with England, indirectly made by the Duke de Choiseul, ii. 48. 124. Peace concluded, 194, House of Bourbon, the family compact of sovereigns of the, i. 303. ii. 140. 142. iii. 67. Nego- tiations, iii. 113. Preparations for war by France and Spain against England, iv. 57. 65. 68. Treaty of commerce with the United States of America, 509. Francis, Sir Philip, preserved a re- cord of speeches of Lord Chatham and one of Lord Mansfield, long inedited, iii. 368. 377. 400, 401. iv. 2. 128. 196. His opinion on Lord Chatham similar to that of Junius, 176. On the Falkland Islands, iv. 128. Letter to Mr. Calcraft, 48. As to the question , of Sir Philip's authorship of the Letters of Junius, see iii. 369. 420, 421. 430. A letter of Sir Philip on the news from America, iii. 444. (See the fac-similes, among the autographs in vol. iv. for the identity of Junius and Sir Phi- lip Francis. ) Franklin, Dr. Benjamin, ii. S74. iv. 297. 301. 323. 376. 381. 388. 396. 481. To Earl Stanhope, iv. 385. Fraser, Hon. Colonel Simon, to the Earl of Chatham, iii. 465. He was son of Simon Lord Lovat, 466. Frederic II. ; his subtlety, i. 27. French hostile to, i. 209. Death of his mother Sophia Dorothea, daughter of George I., of Eng- land, 238. His preparations in 1757 against Austria, 215. Bill passed for a treaty with, and a British force to co-operate with, 223. 225. Subsidiary treaty of England with, 300. His reverses and victories, 233. 236. 243. 297. 349. 386. 414. ii. 1. 56. 72. 77. 86. He besieges Dresden, ii. 55. Retakes Berlin, 72. Intercedes with George II. for the civil re- habilitation of Marshal Keith, i. 895. The reply to Frederic, 400. Anecdotes of, 416. 445. ii. 30. His principles of government, ii. 109. Political transactions of, ii. 27. 29. 108. iii. 29. 37. 44. 67. 83. 139. His ' Poesies Diverses,' 43. His ' Philosophe de sans Souci,' 44. The King of Prussia to George II., i. 413. ii. 86. To Mr. Pitt, i. 385. ii. 77. 107. Reply to, by Mr. Pitt, in French, 112. Frederick, Colonel, his ' Memoirs of Corsica,' and scheme for recovering his father Theodore's kingdom of Corsica, i. 242. Fuentes, the Count de, Spanish am- bassador at St. James's, i. 351. 371. His despatches to the Spa- nish minister. General Wall, ii. 89. 96. 98. 100. 105. Description of the Spanish Count and his lady, 46. Memorial on the Newfound- land Fishery by, 68. Mr. Pitt's reply thereto, 69. Furze, Peregrine, Esq., to Mr. Pitt, i. 5. Garrick, David, to the Earl of Chatham, iv. 198. Invited to Burton Pynsent by the Earl, 197. He replies to the poetical invita- tion, 202. Gascoyne, Bamber^ Esq., to Mr. Pitt, ii. 204. Gates, General, to the Earl of Thanet, after the action at Saratoga, iv. 489. George II. : — the King, visits Ha- nover, i. 29. 34. 51. His intention of dismissing the Duke of Bedford from office, 47, 48. His not doing so irritates the Duke of New- castle, 55. Concerned at the death of Henry Pelham, 90. The King's prejudice against Mr. Pitt, 49. 86. 93. 102. 105. Admits Henry Fox of his Cabinet Council and a Commissioner of the Regency, 124 — 134. Revisits Hanover, 132. His resistance to the wishes of his grandson. Prince George, re- lative to Lord Bute, &c., 170. 172. Is jealous of his son, of the Duke of Cumberland and Mr. Fox, 1 78. Sends for Mr. Pitt, 179. En- deavours to form a new ministry, 180. 182. 184. Levee on his birth-day described, 190. Refuses Mr. Pitt's application for the par- 558 INDEX. don of Admiral Byng, 220, 221. Appoints new ministers, 231. 236. The King's speech alluding to Hanover, 295. He pardons Earl Marechal Keith, 394. 400. 415. Anecdotes of George II., i. 358. His speech on opening Parliament in 1759, 448. His death in Oct. 1760, particulars of, ii. 74. Walpole's account of this event, 74. Smollett's recapitulation of his reign, 75. Burke's tribute of respect to his memory, 75. His funeral in Westminster Abbey, 8 1. Letter to, from Rt. Hon. Henry Fox, i. 128. To Ferdinand of Brunswick, 309. George III. : — Household of the Prince of Wales at Leicester House, i. 157. 170. 191. 296. 325. His letter to the king, his grand- father, neglected, 169, Requests to choose his servants, 171. How much indebted to the elder Pitt, 241. Secrets and views of the Prince's court, 417. His decorum and graceful demeanour exhibited on his accession, ii. 77. His first speech to Parliament, 82. His malady, and the Regency Bill, 307. Details of the chief political events of his reign, ii. 142. 157. 183, 184. 218. 235. 340. 362. 402. 436. 466. iii. 6. 53. 67. 79. 125. ISO. 135. 137. 150. 196. 214. 229. 230. 257. 260. 262. 266. 285. 293. 368. 387. 398. iv. 1, 2, et seq. 52. 57. 60. 74. 125. 134. 151. 171. 200. 238. 242. 261. 306. 318. 335. 340. 368. 489. [see America, India, Chatham.] His conduct with regard to the Earl of Chatham, ii. 147. 149. 237. 250. Creates Lady Hester Pitt, Countess of Chatham, 151. Is resolved to firmly support Lord Chatham, iii. 226. 228. 238. 253. 343. His message for a provision for the Dukes of York, Gloucester, and Cumberland, 236. Motion in the House of Lords on the state of the nation, iii. 400. Admi- nistration of Lord North, 412. iv. 17). Dissensions in the Cabinet, and the King sick, 60. The King outraged by a mob, 172. His speech on signing prelimi- naries of peace, 1 94. Anecdotes of George III., i. 408. iii. 179. Various of the King's speeches, ii. 82. 194. iii. 89. 100. 125. 368. 487. iv. 471. The Royal Mar- riages' Bill, iv. 199. 203. 209. His correspondence with [the Earl of Chatham, when] Mr. Pitt, ii. 436. 438. 443. 455. 457. 463, 464. 466. Informs him of having raised him to the peerage, iii. 21. The King's numerous letters to the Earl of Chatham, commanding his services, and on various minis- terial affairs, iii. 24. 51. 53, 54. 60. 66. 74. 134. 135, 136, 137, 138. 170. 227. 229. 231. 252. 260. 263. 265, 266. 271,272. 274,275. 318. 343. George IV.: — The Governor of the Prince of Wales was the Earl of Holdernesse, iv. 150. 153. His preceptors, Drs. Markham and Cyril Jackson, 151. The Earl of Chatham's opinions on the edu- cation of a prince, 153. Germain, Lord George, moves a con- ference with the Lords, when the members of the Lower House are ordered to withdraw, on some ir- relevant plea, iv. 52. 57, 58. 61. His duel, 61. Joins the Rock- ingham party, 62. Enters office under Lord North, 340. Gibbon, Edward, Esq., historian, par- ticulars relating to, ii. 6. 31. His character of John Wilkes, 95. Of Count de Lally, 145. Anec- dotes by, 407. To Mr. Holroyd, iv. 404. 508. Gibraltar, state of the fortress, i. 201 — 204. 217. Question of re- storing it to Spain in exchange for Minorca, 249. 255. 269. State of defence of, iv. 13. 47. 51. 466. Designs of Spain agamst, 56. Gilford, Mr., remarks on a passage of Perseus, i. 75. Glynn, Mr. Serjeant, his high cha- racter by Lord Chatham, iii. 483. His motion for an inquiry into the administration of criminal jus- tice, iv. 45. Is counsel for the Lord Mayor, 144. Recorder of London, 229. 234. . , Dr. Robert, M.D., his Sea- tonian prize poem, iv. 309. Gower, Granville Levison, Earl, Master of the Horse, i. 236. iii. INDEX. 559 54. 135. Is created Marquis of ! Stafford, 55. Lord President, 285. j 302. 490. iv. 51. 127. | Grafton, Duke of, administration of the, and political career, ii. 239. 317. 319. 434. 452. He informs Mr. Pitt of a message to him from ! George III., 371. He resigns i the seals as secretary, 415. 422. 1 Negotiations of, with Earl Temple 1 and Mr. Pitt, 446. 452. iii. 6. I His union with Charles Towns- ; hend, ii. 452. With Mr. Conway, , iii. 9. His ministry, 5. 26. 54. | 76. 97. 100. 107. 110. 170. 195. 213. 224. 239. His friendly con- sultations with Lord Chatham, iii. 257. 375. 339. The administra- tion, new modelled upon the ill- ness of Lord Chatham ; is desig- nated as the Duke of Grafton's, 285. 293. 309. 314. 334. 337. 391. 399, 400, et seq. His resignation, 412. 425. iv. 81. Speech of the Duke relative to George III., re- plied to by Lord Chatham, iiL 422. His talents as an orator, iv. 44. Lord Privy Seal, 179. His correspondence addressed to Mr. Pitt, ii. 317, 318. 323. 371. 452. 459. To the Earl of Chatham, iii. 54, 57. 79. 88. 100. 107. 110. 163. 168. 149. 204. 216. 224. 231 239. 255. 257. 268. 311. 339. 341. To the Countess of Chatham, iii. 281. 283. 334. Grammont, Beatrice de Choiseul- Stainville, Duchess de, ii. 125. Is guillotined, 126. Granby, Marquis of, his services in Germany applauded, i. 417. ii. 116. 221. 311. Appointed com- mander-in-chief, iii. 33. 53. 364, 365. 391, 392. 394. 398. 428. His death, 476. His letter to Mr. Pitt, iL 72. To Lord Chatham, iii. 32. 354. , Marquis of [afterwards fourth Duke of Rutland], to Lady Chat- ham, iv. 406. To the Earl of Chatham, 507. Grandison, John Earl, iii. 2. Grantham, Thomas [Robinson], Lord, iii. 91. 97. Granville, John [Carteret"*, Earl of. Lord- Lieutenant of Ireland, &c. ; his public services, and politics, VOL. IV. i. 134. 180. ii. 23. 113. His cha- racter by Walpole, 114, Anecdote of, 246. To Mr. Pitt, 113. Gray, Sir James, iii. 97. 106. 121. 123. To Mr. Pitt, ii. 119. Grenville, Honourable George, his official career, i. 25. 93. 98. ii. 183. 218. 220. 319. 321. 350 364. 368. iii. 324. 334. 411 439. His death regretted by Lord Chatham, 479, 480. 486. His marriage, i. 165. ii. 4. Death of Mrs, George Grenville, iii. 366. Panegyric of by Edmond Burke, i. 106. iii. 486. Mr. W. Knox, speaking of him, is also quoted, 486. His house at Wotton, ii. 4. His speech against the expelling of J. Wilkes, iii. 350. His Election Bill, iv. 329. HLs letters to Mr. Pitt, i. 163. 196. 243. 338. To the Countess of Chatham, iii. 366. To Lord Clive. 358. , Lady Hester, see Countess of Chatham. , Right Honourable James, i. 13. ii. 272. 330. 458. His cor- respondence with Mr. Pitt, 284. 441. 458. 466. To the Countess of Chatham, 271. 281. iii. 306, 307. iv. 421. 428. , Mr. James, son of the pre- ceding, iv. 109. 133. 149. , Colonel Richard, iv. 208. , Captain Thomas, R. N., killed in Admiral Anson's action with a French fleet, i. 23. 341. , William Lord, his pre- face to twenty-three letters of the Earl of Chatham on the studies of Thomas Pitt, Lord CameUbrd, i. 58. 113. Grimaldi, the Marquis, to the Count de Fuentes, ii. 91, 92. 95. 139. 141. Guerchy, Count de, French ambas- sador to St. James's, iii. 119. Guilford, Earl of, iv. 334. Habeas Corpus Act, Bill to explain and amend the, i. 317. Hale's ' History of the Common Law,' i. 144. Halifax, Earl of, Secretary of State, ii. 183. 229. iv. 69. 72. 143. His death, 179. Hamilton, Right Honourable Wil- O O 560 INDEX. liam Gerard, Irish Chancellor of the Exchequer, to John Calcraft, Esq., ii. 298. 377. 380. 382.- 396. iii. 203. 324. 333. 483. iv. 25. 59. 63. 69. 179. Account of his ce- lebrated single-speech, i. 126. ii. 298. iii. 2. Further Allusions to him, 166. Hampden, Robert Viscount, i. 408. Hanover, visits of George II. to, i. 29. 34. 51. 132. Affairs of the Electorate, 209. 236. 296. 299. i 308. ii. 90. The city taken by the French, i. 240. 250. Hanoverians, English jealousy of, in the reign of George II., i. 338. Harcourt, Earl of, ambassador at Paris, iv. 128. 151. Hardwicke [Pi)ilip Yorke], Earl of, Lord Chancellor, i. 33. Tempo- rary minister on the decease of Mr. Pelham, 90. Is created an Earl, 89. His assistance to the Duke of Newcastle, 99. 179. Resigns the office of Lord Chancellor, 1 94. His ministerial negotiations, 227. &c. Regard of George III. for, | ii. 82. Describes the interview ' between Lord Bute and Mr. Pitt, 236. 242. His friendly corre- spondence with Mr, Pitt, i. 89.
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Women's Low-Kick at WAKO World Championships 2007 Belgrade -70 kg
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Women's Low-Kick at WAKO World Championships 2007 Belgrade -70 kg
Women's Low-Kick at WAKO World Championships 2007 Belgrade -70 kg sport kickboxing
Women's Low-Kick at WAKO World Championships 2007 Belgrade -70 kg point in time 2007
Women's Low-Kick at WAKO World Championships 2007 Belgrade -70 kg instance of sporting event
Women's Low-Kick at WAKO World Championships 2007 Belgrade -70 kg country Serbia
ركله منخفضه سيدات فى بطولة العالم WAKO 2007 بلجراد -70 كجم
موسم رياضى فى صيربيا
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Interoperability format translation and transformation between IFC architectural design file and simulation file formats
ABSTRACT
Automatically translating a building architecture file format (Industry Foundation Class) to a simulation file, in one aspect, may extract data and metadata used by a target simulation tool from a building architecture file. Interoperability data objects may be created and the extracted data is stored in the interoperability data objects. A model translation procedure may be prepared to identify a mapping from a Model View Definition to a translation and transformation function. The extracted data may be transformed using the data stored in the interoperability data objects, an input Model View Definition template, and the translation and transformation function to convert the extracted data to correct geometric values needed for a target simulation file format used by the target simulation tool. The simulation file in the target simulation file format may be generated.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/648,798, filed Oct. 10, 2012, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/659,134 filed on Jun. 13, 2012, the entire content and disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
This invention was made with Government support under Grant No. DE-EE0004261 awarded by Department of Energy. The Government has certain rights in this invention. (IBM Contract No.: 4352-IBM-DOE-4261)
FIELD
The present application relates generally to computers, and computer applications, and more particularly to interoperability format translation and transformation between Industry Foundation Class (IFC) architectural design file and simulation file formats such as EnergyPlus and/or Radiance.
BACKGROUND
In Building Information Modeling (BIM), various tools are used throughout various BIM phases such as architecture design, construction, simulation, and operations, and others, in generating electronic or digital representations of physical and functional characteristics of a facility or building and managing them. Each tool used in one or more of those phases has its own file and data format. There is no standard other than Industry Foundation Class (IFC), and for the most part, no interoperability among the tools. BIM Tools and File formats used by BIM tools, e.g., include design tools such as Autodesk AutoCAD™ using .DWG and .DWF formats, Revit™ using .RVT and .RFA formats, Google™ Sketchup using .SKP format, simulation tools such as EnergyPlus, an energy simulation tool using .IDF format, Radiance, a lighting simulation tool using .RAD format, CONTAM, an airflow/contaminant simulation using .PRJ format. For the BIM life cycle, all those different kinds of file formats need to be supported. However, no interoperability between various BIM tools of different phases of the BIM Lifecycle
Moreover, little has been done to convert architecture design IFC file format to EnergyPlus (.IDF) file format, which is used by one of the popular energy simulation tools, i.e., EnergyPlus. One of the reasons is that it is quite complex both on the input and the output sides. For more description of EnergyPlus, see, http://appsl.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/energyplus_about.cfm. (note the blank spaces are added in the URL so that the text does not automatically convert to a hypertext link, in order to comply with the USPTO requirement that the specification does not contain an embedded hypertext).
On the input side, there are complexities in processing the input files. First, the architecture design files in IFC or in IFCXML, which can be converted from an IFC file using existing conversion tools, are huge and very difficult to parse. An average size of IFC file could be several hundreds of Mega bytes. Conventional desktop computers are limited with memory and central processing unit (CPU) power and unable to read in the entire file and keep it in the memory to query the elements, e.g., parsing using DOM parser for IFCXML files. Instead, the files must be parsed in an iterative way. What makes the matter more complicated is the enclosing IFC element that references the smaller or atomic elements often defined after the smaller or atomic elements, which are defined first in the files. Therefore, multiple passes of parsing must be executed to finally obtain the value in the targeted atomic elements.
On the output side, there are other complexities too. In the building domain, multiple representations of a building object are possible. Intelligence is required to select only those necessary objects required by the simulation tools for an area, e.g., energy simulation. Unnecessary objects in the output file can potentially increase the size of the file, and consequently, increase the computational time and resources significantly while adding no value to the simulations. In addition, data needs to be transformed and translated to be used by the simulation tools. Furthermore, it is difficult to identify the necessary mapping from the Model View Definition (MVD) to create the necessary the translation and transformation functions for a target simulation tool, e.g., EnergyPlus for energy simulation and Radiance for lighting simulation
In summary, architectural design files (e.g., IFC) have different file formats from the files that simulation tools use, e.g., energy simulation files as such EnergyPlus IDF files. Currently, EnergyPlus IDF files can be manually created for EnergyPlus to use. However, this manual process is time consuming and requires significant domain knowledge in both the simulation areas, e.g., energy simulation and/or lighting simulation, as well as the simulation tools, e.g., EnergyPlus and/or Radiance. In an example of a classroom setting, an estimated 100 hours per student was spent in using the data in architectural design file in IFC to manually create an .IDF file for use by EnergyPlus to run energy simulation. Hence, current manual efforts in translation and transformation input files and producing output files for numerous different building information models are both difficult and inefficient. Moreover, there is no automated way to extract data to create energy simulation files.
BRIEF SUMMARY
A method of automatically translating and transforming a building architecture file format to a simulation file, in one aspect, may comprise extracting from a building architecture file, data and metadata used by a target simulation tool, e.g., energy simulation tool EnergyPlus and/or lighting simulation tool Radiance. The method may also comprise creating interoperability data objects and storing the extracted data in the interoperability data objects. The method may further comprise preparing a model translation procedure to identify a mapping from a Model View Definition to a translation and transformation function. The method may also comprise transforming the extracted data using the data stored in the interoperability data objects, an input Model View Definition template, and the translation and transformation function to convert the extracted data to correct geometric values needed for a target simulation file format used by the target simulation tool. The method may also comprise generating the simulation file in the target simulation file format.
A method of automatically translating and transforming a building architecture file format to a simulation file, in another aspect, may comprise extracting geometry data, metadata and context data from an Industry Foundation Class architectural design file, the geometry data, metadata and context data selected based on a Model View Definition template. The method may also comprise storing the extracted data as interoperability data objects. The method may further comprise identifying a mapping from the Model View Definition template to one or more format translation and transformation functions. The method may also comprise translating and transformation the data stored as the interoperability data objects by executing said one or more format translation and transformation functions into a selected target simulation tool format.
A system for automatically translating and transforming a building architecture file format to a simulation file, in one aspect, may comprise an extract data module operable to extract from an input building architecture file, data and metadata used by a target simulation tool. The system may also comprise a create interoperability data object module operable to create interoperability data objects and store the extracted data in the interoperability data objects. The system may further comprise a prepare model translation procedure module operable to prepare a model translation procedure to identify a mapping from a Model View Definition to a translation and transformation function. The system may also comprise a convert data module operable to transform the extracted data using the data stored in the interoperability data objects, an input Model View Definition template, and the translation and transformation function to convert the extracted data to correct geometric values needed for a target simulation file format used by the target simulation tool. The system may also comprise a targeted output file generation module operable to generate the simulation file in the target simulation file format.
A computer readable storage medium storing a program of instructions executable by a machine to perform one or more methods described herein also may be provided.
Further features as well as the structure and operation of various embodiments are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates an interoperability format translation and transformation of the present disclosure in one embodiment.
FIG. 2 illustrates a high-level functional flow for file format translation in one embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 3 illustrates functionalities of an interoperability module in one embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 4 shows a set of sample interoperability data objects and their usage in one embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 5 is a high-level flow diagram illustrating a method of format translation/transformation in one embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 6 is a high-level flow diagram illustrating a method of format translation/transformation in another embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating preparation of a model translation procedure in one embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 8 is a data model showing Model View Definition templates (MVDTemplate) in one embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 9 illustrates a schematic of an example computer or processing system that may implement the translation/transformation methodology in one embodiment of the present disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
An embodiment of the present disclosure provides a mechanism for interoperability and format translation of building architecture design files (e.g., IFC) and other file formats used by building simulation tools such as energy and lighting simulation tools, e.g., EnergyPlus, Radiance, via the use of industry standard format, i.e., Model View Definition (MVD). For example, the mechanism of the present disclosure may properly and flexibly convert the IFC files to generate energy simulation EnergyPlus file format (IDF) and lighting simulation Radiance (.RAD) file formats. In another embodiment of the present disclosure, the generated energy simulation EnergyPlus file format (IDF) can then be used to generate lighting simulation Radiance (.RAD) file formats.
In one embodiment of the present disclosure, a process of creating other file formats from design files are automated by programmably extracting metadata, other context information, and selected actual values parsed from design files (IFC). An embodiment of the present disclosure enables the use of standard formats, e.g., IFC and Model View Definition (MVD), for the building design space to eliminate the need to build tools for various formats. An embodiment of the present disclosure also provides reconfigurable building information exchange and formats, and template-based mapping for enhanced user interface.
Briefly, building information modeling (BIM) refers to a process of creating and managing digital or electronic representations of corresponding physical facilities or buildings. The BIM models are typically computer generated.
Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) is a current data model standard used in architecture design file, registered with ISO as ISO16739, and written in EXPRESS language. IFCXML is a schema of IFC in extensible markup language (XML) format (see http://buildingsmart-tech.org/ifcXML/IFC2x3/FINAL/IFC2x3.xsd).
Model View Definition (MVD) is an IFC View Definition that defines a subset of the IFC schema needed to satisfy one or many exchange requirements of the Architecture, Engineering & Construction (AEC) industry. MVD is a standard methodology and format documenting software implementation requirements for standard IFC based data exchange, adopted by the buildingSMART International in the spring of 2005. Information Delivery Manual, IDM (also ISO/DIS 29481) describes a method used and propagated by buildingSMART to define such exchange requirements (See, http://www.buildingsmart-tech.org/specifications/ifc-view-definition).
BIMserver is a building information model server (BIMserver.org). BIMserver currently supports IFC2x3 model with set of functions for querying and managing IFC elements, e.g., data model querying/merging, basic model validation, version control, basic access control via user authentication, and model translation to ifcXML, CoBIE, CityGML, Collada, and KML.
FIG. 1 illustrates an interoperability format translation and transformation of the present disclosure in one embodiment that enables a holistic and seamless workflow integration across a BIM life cycle, i.e., design, simulation, operations, and others, and files used by each of the phases of the BIM life cycle by, e.g., translating and transforming between IFC architectural design file and simulation file formats. In one aspect, a translate/transform module 102 of the present disclosure in one embodiment translates and transforms files in design architecture form (e.g., 104) to one or more forms used by various simulation tools (e.g., 106). The module 102 may be integrated or invoked via a BIM enablement platform, e.g., described in co-owned and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/648,785, entitled “Building Information Management (BIM) Enablement Platform Of BIM Data Model, Data Management Services APIs, Restful APIs for BIM Content and Metadata Hosting, Format Exchange, and Workflow Enablement,” filed on even date, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The translate/transform functionality or module 102 in one embodiment of the present disclosure is presented that may extract data, metadata and context from a set of selected IFC elements of input files to create interoperability data objects. In one embodiment, this selection and data extraction process outputs only the necessary data, metadata and context to conserve both resources and processing time. The methodology of the present disclosure in one embodiment also prepares a model translation procedure to identify the mapping from the Model View Definition to create the translation and transformation functions. Data is translated and transformed by executing the translating and transforming functions using data stored in the interoperability data objects and Model View Definition Templates to perform template-based data conversion to the correct geometric values. Desired output is produced in the target simulation file format (e.g., .IDF, .RAD). Table 1 shows example source and target formats in format translation of the present disclosure in one embodiment.
TABLE 1 Translation interfaces/ Source Format Standard Target Format IFC/IFCXML Interoperability Data Objects + IDF (EnergyPlus) (Autodesk Model View Definition AutoCAD ™) Template (MVDTemplate) IFC/IFCXML Interoperability Data Objects + RAD (Radiance) (Autodesk Model View Definition AutoCAD ™) Template (MVDTemplate)
FIG. 2 illustrates a high-level functional flow for file format translation in one embodiment of the present disclosure. An IFC InterOp module 202 enables interoperability between architectural design files 204 and simulation files used by simulation engines 206. Examples of simulation files used by simulation engines as shown at 206 may include an energy simulation file in .IDF file format 214 used by EnergyPlus, a lighting simulation file in .RAD file format 216 used by Radiance. The IFC InterOp module 202 in one embodiment of the present disclosure takes the architectural design files as input, e.g., one or more IFC files/IFCXML files 208, extracts data and metadata from the files 208 and stores them in interoperability data objects of the present disclosure, uses the data values of the interoperability data objects with one or more Model View Definition Templates (MVDTemplate) 210, and additional metadata 212, e.g. schemas, building material characteristics, external conditions, etc., to create translation and transformation functions. The translation and transformation functions are invoked to generate output files, e.g., 214, 216, in the appropriate simulation tool format, e.g., in .IDF file format for EnergyPlus and/or .RAD file format for Radiance.
FIG. 3 illustrates functionalities (also referred to as modules) of the IFC InterOP module 302 in one embodiment of the present disclosure. An IFC XML data extraction module 304 in one embodiment extracts data (e.g., geometric data, the metadata, and context data) from the input IFC XML files 318, e.g., converted from IFC files by a converter 316, e.g. BIM server, parses the one or more files (e.g., 318) to extract a “selected subset” of the IFC elements and their geometric data values needed for simulation, e.g., energy simulation (IDF file type) 324 for energy simulation tool, e.g., EnergyPlus 322, lighting simulation (e.g., RAD file type) 328 for lighting simulation tool, e.g., Radiance 326, and/or others. In another embodiment of the present disclosure, the data extraction module 304 receives input 318 in IFC element format. These input formats may be obtained via known or will be known converter 316 that employs one or more methodologies to convert an IFC file 314 to an IFCXML file 318 or by invoking an IFC data element APIs of an IFC file server 316 to retrieve IFC elements. Once the input is in the proper format, e.g., IFC XML file or IFC element, the IFC InterOP module 302 of the present disclosure starts its processing. The data extraction function of the present disclosure 304 extracts the geometry data, metadata, and contexts that are needed to run the selected simulation. The necessary data is defined by machine readable MVDTemplate for each data translation/YOR920120587US2 transformation. The MVDTemplates are read by computer programs to select necessary data objects, which are then translated/transformed to appropriate data formats.
An interoperability data object creation module 306 in one embodiment may store the data values parsed and extracted by the data extraction module 304 in an intermediate data structures referred to as interoperability data objects in the present disclosure. The interoperability data objects of the present disclosure in one embodiment contain or hold geometric data values, the metadata, and context data from the design tool files, e.g., IFC XML files. The data contained in the interoperability data objects are used for data conversion by a convert (translation/transformation) data module 310.
A model translation preparation module 308 in one embodiment may use a standard Model View Definition (MVD) for format translation. The model translation preparation module 308 in one embodiment identifies the necessary mapping from a MVD to format translation and transformation functions. For instance, the model translation preparation module 308 uses a Model View Definition Template (MVDTemplate) 320 to create translation function definitions; and fills in the translation functions with data, e.g., by invoking APIs provided by the interoperability data object creation module 306. The template can be used by third-party vendors to translate into other output formats as needed.
Base standards for MVD define a subset of the IFC schema that satisfies one or more data exchange requirements (http://buildingsmart.com/standards/mvd). MVDTemplate of the present disclosure in one embodiment defines an exemplar set of required data needed for format translation and transformation using an MVD instance. MVDTemplates may be extended or refined according to desired implementation and data schema.
A data conversion (translation/transformation) module 310 in one embodiment converts the data to the geometric value using the format translation and transformation functions based on the offset, clipping, rotation, etc., to properly represent the placement on an energy simulation model file. A file generation module 312 in one embodiment takes input from both the interoperability data objects and MVDTemplates 320.
This file generation module 312 in one embodiment generates the appropriate simulation file format based on the data converted and grouped together, e.g., for geometric viewing purpose by the data conversion module 310.
FIG. 4 shows a set of sample interoperability data objects and their usage in one embodiment of the present disclosure. The interoperability data objects 402, 404, 406, 408 store intermediate data extracted from selected elements of the IFC and/or IFC XML files to create simulation related output files for energy simulation, lighting simulation, and others. For example, the interoperability data objects 402 store data describing the physical characteristics of a building, e.g., data representing a wall and its related sub components, e.g., building geometry such as shapes, polylines, Cartesian points, and their contexts.
Energy simulation data objects 404 in one embodiment of the present disclosure store data needed to create energy simulation output files, e.g., building, building surface, construction, location, material, zone, simulation control, etc. These objects in one embodiment are used to create EnergyPlus (EP).IDF file as a sample implementation. The data to be stored in the energy simulation data objects 404 are extracted from selected elements of the IFC and/or IFC XML files in one embodiment of the present disclosure.
Lighting data objects 406 in one embodiment store data needed to create lighting simulation output files, e.g., interior surface polygon, light source, color/texture, surface properties, etc. These objects can be used to create Radiance .RAD file. The data to be stored in the lighting data objects 406 are extracted from selected elements of the IFC and/or IFC XML files in one embodiment of the present disclosure.
Airflow data objects 408 in one embodiment of the present disclosure store data needed to create airflow simulation output files, e.g., contaminants data, simplified HVAC information, airflow network, pressure/initial value, schedule, geometry, etc. These objects can be used to create CONTAM file (.PRJ). The data to be stored in the airflow data objects 408 are extracted from selected elements of the IFC and/or IFC XML files in one embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 5 is a high-level flow diagram illustrating a method of format transformation in one embodiment of the present disclosure. Items 502 and 504 illustrate one way of obtaining IFC elements, e.g., Cartesian points of a line, of a polygon, etc. However, it should be understood that the methodologies of the present disclosure are not limited to only those ways. Other input mechanisms may be utilized to obtain such data. At 502, input source files are read. For instance, architecture file in IFC XML format may be read. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, if the files are in IFC format, they may be first transformed using existing tools to IFC XML file format before using as input in this methodology in one embodiment.
At 504, for each wall in the input file, parse one wall at a time by reading the input file iteratively and extracting various data elements related to a wall using an XML parser (e.g., Simple API for XML (SAX) parser) and applying the parsing rules. The parsing rules are defined in an MVDTemplate as a sequential procedure to identify, link, and translate IFC elements. The parsing may start out with an element that represents the wall element and then iteratively parsing sub-elements pointed to by this enclosing wall element via identifiers (IDs), which are unique identification numbers of IFC elements. In one aspect, the parsing rules may deal with large building design files, e.g., in IFC XML format, and handle the way the elements are read in reversed order, where the enclosing element read in after the enclosed elements. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, recursive elements searching methods may be utilized.
At 506, as each relevant element is encountered during the parsing, data from the relevant element is extracted and corresponding one or more interoperability data objects are filled in with the data.
At 508, a model translation procedure is prepared to identify a mapping from a Model View Definition (MVD) to one or more translation and transformation functions. For example, the mapping(s) could be one or more function calls that read and translate IFC data to IDF data (for EnergyPlus energy simulation tool). The preparation at 508 includes using the MVDTemplate to create translation function definitions, and filling in the translation functions with data from the interoperability data objects that correspond to the definitions in the MVDTemplate. In one embodiment, the translation functions may be filled in with data, e.g., by invoking data query APIs of the interoperability data objects or similar services.
The processing shown in 502, 504, 506 and 508 are repeated for all walls. Thus, at 510, if there are more walls to process, then the logic returns to 502. If all walls have been processed, at 512, the data stored in interoperability data objects is converted using the MVDTemplate. The conversion function takes various data from IFC and generates pre-defined data by mapping IFC data.
At 514, simulation output files are generated. The conversion functions create files using standard file input/output methods.
FIG. 6 is a high-level flow diagram illustrating a method of format transformation in another embodiment of the present disclosure. The processing at 602 and 604 shows in one embodiment a mechanism for obtaining data values from a building design IFC elements instead of from an IFC/IFX XML file as shown in FIG. 5. For example, at 602, IFC elements may be retrieved from a BIM file repository server, e.g., BIMServer, by invoking one or more Web services and/or APIs over the Internet. At 604, an IFC element, e.g. wall element, may be parsed, e.g., iteratively for one wall element at a time, to extract data elements related to the wall, by applying the appropriate parsing rules. Steps 602, 604, or 602/604 can be chosen based on an input data format. At 606, relevant data defined by an MVDTemplate from the extracted data elements are further extracted to create interoperability data objects.
At 608, a model translation procedure is prepared to identify a mapping from a Model View Definition (MVD) to one or more translation and transformation functions. The preparation at 608 in one embodiment includes using the MVDTemplate to create translation function definitions, and filling in the translation functions with data from the interoperability data objects that correspond to the definitions is the MVDTemplate.
The processing shown in 602, 604, 606 and 608 are repeated for all walls. Thus, at 610, if there are more walls to process, then the logic returns to 602. If all walls have been processed, at 612, the data stored in interoperability is converted using the MVDTemplate.
At 614, simulation output files such as IDF files are generated.
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating preparation of a format translation and transformation procedure, e.g., shown in FIGS. 5 (508) and 6 (608), that identifies the mapping from the Model View Definition (MVD) to the translation and transformation functions, convert data, and generate target output files, in one embodiment of the present disclosure. Inputs to the method may comprise data extracted and stored in interoperability data objects 702, and a Model View Definition Template (MVDTemplate) instance that defines, among other things, the MVD mapping template of a specific simulation tool, e.g., EnergyPlus 704, e.g., and format translation and transformation function template, both in XML format, without data values. The interoperability data objects 702 are populated with data extracted from a source file (e.g., in IFC/IFCXML format) as described above. As an example, this diagram shows a MVD mapping template of EnergyPlus (IDF format) in an MVDTemplate instance 704 as input.
The MVD mapping template of a specific tool in MVDTemplate 704 is used to create translation and transformation function definition templates. For example, the translation and transformation function template in MVDTemplate 706, reusable for one or more simulation tools, e.g., EnergyPlus and Radiance, etc., are filled in with the data in the interoperability data objects 702, e.g., by invoking one or more interoperability data objects query APIs. The MVD mapping template of a specific tool in MVDTemplate 704 requires domain knowledge to define by selecting certain required elements from the entire set of elements as defined by the tool, e.g., EnergyPlus, based on the standard MVD. Further, translation and transformation function template 706 is adaptable to changes. In case of any future changes in geometric representations by IFC, only a single set of the translation and transformation function template 706 need to be modified to adapt to new changes and can then be used again for multiple simulation tools.
A translation function (1) takes geometry, material properties, and other related data 702, (2) transforms and translates the data with pre-defined rules generated using MVDTemplate 704, (3) produces geometric data needed in a format that a said tool can use as an input. The output from a set of translation functions are combined to create an executable simulation input to a tool, e.g., EnergyPlus for energy simulation.
The geometric data values, e.g., Cartesian points etc., needed in the output file 708 is produced by running the translation and transformation functions 706 to produce the converted data. That is, an output file 708, which is compatible to use with one or more building simulation tools, is generated, e.g., by running the translation and transformation functions 706 using the extracted data 702 and the template to fill in the Model View Definition Template instance 704. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, converted data is data in memory (not necessary in the right data format that can be consumed by a simulation tool), and output file is consumable data by a simulation tool.
Table 2 shows examples of Interoperability Data Objects Query APIs
public List getAllWalls( ); Given an IFC/IFC XML file, list all walls found in the file public IFCWall Return an IFCWall interoperability data getWallbyId(String id); object using the unique IFC element identifier of the wall element. // IFCWall APIs public IFCShapeRep Get an IFCShapeRep interoperability getShapeRepElem( ); data object from an IFCWall element. public IFCGeoRepContext Get IFCGeoRepContext getGeoRepContextElem( ); interoperability data object from an IFCWall element. public Get polyline interoperability data getPolylineByWallId(String id); objects for the IFC Wall element specified as in the element id.
FIG. 8 is a data model showing Model View Definition Templates (MVDTemplate) in one embodiment of the present disclosure. In the MVDTemplate schema definition 820, the ‘XML Template’ field comprises the MVD mapping template of a tool, e.g., EnergyPlus (.IDF) shown in FIG. 7 at 702, and the translation and transforming function template shown in FIG. 7 at 706. An MVDTemplate schema definition 820 is shown with its relationship with other data elements in the data model, directly (BIMRespository 818, FormatMapping 812) and indirectly (816, 814, 804, 810, 808, 802, 806). The MVDTemplate data entity 820 stores a pointer to an instance of Model View Definition and all data related to the MVD instance needed for format translation/transformation, which also includes the format schema information stored in FormatMapping 812 and the files/data stored in the BIMRepository 818.
The following illustrates examples of a source IFC XML testing file and the corresponding output file, for instance, used and generated according to FIG. 5, or FIG. 6. They show an example output as a result of the parsing and creating a set of IFC interoperability data objects for use by the translation/formation functions in one embodiment of the present disclosure. The below example shows parsing of 7 walls: two completely parsed Basic walls (first wall Id: “i132903”; second wall Id: “i133141”) in its entirety plus 5 more walls with only the top level element of <IfcWallStandardCase>: i133088”, “i133201”, “i133262”, “i133342”, and “i57108”.
Extracted output of wall id “i132903”—
GeometricRepresentationContext ref:i132529
representationld:Axis
representationType:Curve2D
itemType:IfcPolyline, reference:i132851
Polyline CP are 2:
CartesianPoint: id=i132497, CP count=2, x=0.0. y=0.0, z=0.0
CartesianPoint: id=i132850, CP count=2, x=61.625. y=−0.0, z=0.0
GeometricRepresentationContextType:Model
coordSpaceDim:3
precison:1.0E-9
worldCoordSystemRef:i132528
Another example translation function is for an air-flow simulation using CONTAM. The translation function takes a set of enclosing wall elements to create a zone for air flow in FIG. 7 at 702. The said translation function uses Cartesian coordinates from the extracted walls to create a 2-dimensional zone boundary. For example, after parsing geometry data from <IfcWallStandardCase> elements that are extracted in the interoperability objects in FIG. 7 at 702, the translation function (similar to 706 in FIG. 7) uses a set of geometry data to calculate projected 2-dimensional view of a room. The calculated edge points of the projected room then are expressed in 2-dimensional Cartesian points, which then may be converted to a zone definition in CONTAM data model. A leak entry in CONTAM model can also be extracted from various building elements described in IFC components such as fenestration surfaces and open vents. The translation function takes the size of the said components, calculates the leak coefficient of each component, and generates input data for CONTAM simulation.
Table 3 shows contents of an example input IFC XML file, e.g., shown at 318.
TABLE 4 file name:c:\tmp\debugWall4_2.xml Parsing Basic Walls... ***No of walls (short):7 BasicWall: Id:i132903,name:Basic Wall:Exterior - Brick on CMU:157571, ObjPlacementLocPlaceRef:i132849, prodDefShapeRef:i132902 BasicWall: Id:i133088,name:Basic Wall:Exterior - Brick on CMU:157673, ObjPlacementLocPlaceRef:i133052, prodDefShapeRef:i133087 BasicWall: Id:i133141,name:Basic Wall:Exterior - Brick on CMU:157723, ObjPlacementLocPlaceRef:i133112, prodDefShapeRef:i133140 BasicWall: Id:i133201,name:Basic Wall:Exterior - Brick on CMU:157953, ObjPlacementLocPlaceRef:i133165, prodDefShapeRef:i133200 BasicWall: Id:i133262,name:Basic Wall:Interior - 4 7/8” Partition (1-hr):158353, ObjPlacementLocPlaceRef:i133225, prodDefShapeRef:i133261 BasicWall: Id:i133342,name:Basic Wall:Interior - 4 7/8” Partition (1-hr):158433, ObjPlacementLocPlaceRef:i133305, prodDefShapeRef:i133341 BasicWall: Id:i57108,name:Stahlbeton, ObjPlacementLocPlaceRef:i57089, prodDefShapeRef:i57107 tmpObjPRef:i57089, basicWall:true, locplace:false, PlaceRelTo:false Processing WallPlacementPath of wall #0, id:i132903 ***locplace:false, basicWall:true, qNameIfcLocalPlacement, id:i132849,idref:null, ref:i132849, PlaceRelTo:false found IfcLocalPlacement:i132849, locplace set to true PLP (PRT ref): basicWall:true, qName:IfcLocalPlacement, id:true,idref:i132540, locplace:true, PlaceRelTo:true Found PlaceRelativeTo -IfcLocalPlacement(2nd value):i132540 PLP (RP ref): basicWall:true, qName:IfcAxis2Placement3D, id:true,idref:i132848, locplace:true, relativePlace:true Found RelativePlaceAxis2P3DRef -IfcAxis2Placement3D(2nd value):i132848 set RelativePlaceAxis2P3DRef -i132848 ***prodDef:true, basicWall:true, qNameIfcProductDefinitionShapeid:i132902,idref:null, refi132902 found ProductDefinitionShape:i132902, prodDefShape set to true ***qName:IfcShapeRepresentation, id:0,idref:true,idref2:i132852, ref:i132902 idref2:i132852 added to ShapeRepresentationList Processing IfcAxis2Placement3D cartesianPoint ref of WallPlacementPath: #0 ***locplace:false, basicWall:true, qNameIfcLocalPlacement, id:i132540,idref:null, ref:i132540, PlaceRelTo:false found IfcLocalPlacement:i132540, locplace set to true PLP (PRT ref): basicWall:true, qName:IfcLocalPlacement, id:true,idref:i132527, locplace:true, PlaceRelTo:true prtlpList - idref:i132527, sz=1 Found PlaceRelativeTo -IfcLocalPlacement(2nd value):i132527 PLP (RP ref): basicWall:true, qName:IfcAxis2Placement3D, id:true,idref:i132539, locplace:true, relativePlace:true prtlpList - idref:i132539, sz=1 Found RelativePlaceAxis2P3DRef -IfcAxis2Placement3D(2nd value):i132539 ***shapeRep:true, basicWall:true, qName:IfcShapeRepresentationid:i132852,idref:null, ref:i132852 found ShapeRepresentation:i132852, prodDefShape set to true ***qName:IfcGeometricRepresentationContext, id:true,2nd value - idref:i132529, ref:i132852 ***qName:RepresentationIdentifier ***geoRepId value:Axis ***qName:RepresentationType ***geoRepType value:Curve2D ***qName:IfcPolyline, id:0,idref:true,idref2:i132851 getPlacementRelToRefValues... ***locplace:false, basicWall:true, qNameIfcLocalPlacement, id:i132527,idref:null, ref:i132527, PlaceRelTo:false found IfcLocalPlacement:i132527, locplace set to true PLP (PRT ref): basicWall:true, qName: IfcLocalPlacement, id:true,idref:i135103, locplace:true, PlaceRelTo:true prtlpList - idref:i135103, sz=2 Found PlaceRelativeTo -IfcLocalPlacement(2nd value):i135103 PLP (RP ref): basicWall:true, qName:IfcAxis2Placement3D, id:true,idref:i132526, locplace:true, relativePlace:true prtlpList - idref:i132526, sz=2 Found RelativePlaceAxis2P3DRef -IfcAxis2Placement3D(2nd value):i132526 ***geoRepContext:true, qName:IfcGeometricRepresentationContextid:i132529,idref:null, ref:i132529 found ShapeRepresentation:i132529, prodDefShape set to true ***qName:ContextType ***geoRepContextType value:Model ***qName:CoordinateSpaceDimension ***geoRepCordSpaceDim value:3 ***qName:Precision ***geoRepPrecison value:1.0E−9 ***qName:WorldCoordinateSystem ***geoRepContext:false, qName:IfcAxis2Placement3Did:true,idref:i132528, ref:i132529 ***Found IfcPolyline:id:i132851, ref:i132851 ***qName:IfcCartesianPoint, id:0,idref:true,idref2:i132497, ref:i132851 ***getCartesianPointById found cp=i132497 ***Found - getCPAddToList::: idref=i132497, found acp=i132497 ***getCPAddToList successful: added i132497 to list ***qName:IfcCartesianPoint, id:1,idref:true,idref2:i132850, ref:i132851 ***getCartesianPointById found cp=i132850 ***Found - getCPAddToList::: idref=i132850, found acp=i132850 ***getCPAddToList successful: added i132850 to list ***locplace:false, basicWall:true, qNameIfcLocalPlacement, id:i135103,idref:null, ref:i135103, PlaceRelTo:false found IfcLocalPlacement:i135103, locplace set to true PLP (RP ref): basicWall:true, qName:IfcAxis2Placement3D, id:true,idref:i135102, locplace:true, relativePlace:true prtlpList - idref:i135102, sz=3 Found RelativePlaceAxis2P3DRef -IfcAxis2Placement3D(2nd value):i135102 setting gotAix2P3DCPRefFlag Processing to get all Axis2Placement3D cartesianPoint values... ***print original ordering of rpAxis2PList:. sz=4 i132848,i132539,i132526,i135102, rpAxis2PList.size =4; **sorted ordering of rpAxis2PList: i132526,i132539,i132848,i135102, Found A2P3DCartesianPoint:i132526 Found IfcCartesianPoint ref -IfcCartesianPoint(2nd value):i132496 qname=IfcCartesianPoint,id=true, idref=i132496, ref=i132526 ref=i132526, aWall.getRelativePlaceAxis2P3DRef( )=i132848 ***getCartesianPointById found cp=i132496 ***Found - getCPAddToList::: idref=i132496, found acp=i132496 ***getCPAddToList successful: added i132496 to list inc'ed idx: rpAxis2PListIdx=1 Found A2P3DCartesianPoint:i132539 Found IfcCartesianPoint ref -IfcCartesianPoint(2nd value):i132496 qname=IfcCartesianPoint,id=true, idref=i132496, ref=i132526 ref=i132526, aWall.getRelativePlaceAxis2P3DRef( )=i132848 ***getCartesianPointById found cp=i132496 ***Found - getCPAddToList::: idref=i132496, found acp=i132496 ***getCPAddToList successful: added i132496 to list inc'ed idx: rpAxis2PListIdx=2 Found A2P3DCartesianPoint:i132539 Found IfcCartesianPoint ref -IfcCartesianPoint(2nd value):i132496 qname=IfcCartesianPoint,id=true, idref=i132496, ref=i132526 ref=i132526, aWall.getRelativePlaceAxis2P3DRef( )=i132848 ***getCartesianPointById found cp=i132496 ***Found - getCPAddToList::: idref=i132496, found acp=i132496 ***getCPAddToList successful: added i132496 to list inc'ed idx: rpAxis2PListIdx=3 Found A2P3DCartesianPoint:i132848 Found IfcCartesianPoint ref -IfcCartesianPoint(2nd value):i132847 qname=IfcCartesianPoint,id=true, idref=i132847, ref=i132526 ref=i132526, aWall.getRelativePlaceAxis2P3DRef( )=i132848 setRelativePlaceAxis2P3DRef_CPRef to i132847 ***getCartesianPointById found cp=i132847 ***Found - getCPAddToList::: idref=i132847, found acp=i132847 ***getCPAddToList successful: added i132847 to list inc'ed idx: rpAxis2PListIdx=4 ***locplace:false, basicWall:true, qNameIfcLocalPlacement, id:i135103,idref:null, ref:i135103, PlaceRelTo:false found IfcLocalPlacement:i135103, locplace set to true PLP (RP ref): basicWall:true, qName:IfcAxis2Placement3D, id:true,idref:i135102, locplace:true, relativePlace:true prtlpList - idref:i135102, sz=4 prtlpList - found idref:i135102 tmpObjPRef:i132851, basicWall:true, locplace:false, PlaceRelTo:false Processing WallPlacementPath of wall #1, id:i133088 Processing IfcAxis2Placement3D cartesianPoint ref of WallPlacementPath: #1 getPlacementRelToRefValues... setting gotAix2P3DCPRefFlag Processing to get all Axis2Placement3D cartesianPoint values... tmpObjPRef:i133087, basicWall:true, locplace:false, PlaceRelTo:false Processing WallPlacementPath of wall #2, id:i133141 ***locplace:false, basicWall:true, qNameIfcLocalPlacement, id:i133112,idref:null, ref:i133112, PlaceRelTo:false found IfcLocalPlacement:i133112, locplace set to true PLP (PRT ref): basicWall:true, qName:IfcLocalPlacement, id:true,idref:i132540, locplace:true, PlaceRelTo:true Found PlaceRelativeTo -IfcLocalPlacement(2nd value):i132540 PLP (RP ref): basicWall:true, qName:IfcAxis2Placement3D, id:true,idref:i133111, locplace:true, relativePlace:true Found RelativePlaceAxis2P3DRef -IfcAxis2Placement3D(2nd value):i133111 set RelativePlaceAxis2P3DRef -i133111 Processing IfcAxis2Placement3D cartesianPoint ref of WallPlacementPath: #2 ***locplace:false, basicWall:true, qNameIfcLocalPlacement, id:i132540,idref:null, ref:i132540, PlaceRelTo:false found IfcLocalPlacement:i132540, locplace set to true PLP (PRT ref): basicWall:true, qName:IfcLocalPlacement, id:true,idref:i132527, locplace:true, PlaceRelTo:true prtlpList - idref:i132527, sz=1 Found PlaceRelativeTo -IfcLocalPlacement(2nd value):i132527 PLP (RP ref): basicWall:true, qName:IfcAxis2Placement3D, id:true,idref:i132539, locplace:true, relativePlace:true prtlpList - idref:i132539, sz=1 Found RelativePlaceAxis2P3DRef -IfcAxis2Placement3D(2nd value):i132539 getPlacementRelToRefValues... ***locplace:false, basicWall:true, qNameIfcLocalPlacement, id:i132527,idref:null, ref:i132527, PlaceRelTo:false found IfcLocalPlacement:i132527, locplace set to true PLP (PRT ref): basicWall:true, qName:IfcLocalPlacement, id:true,idref:i135103, locplace:true, PlaceRelTo:true prtlpList - idref:i135103, sz=2 Found PlaceRelativeTo -IfcLocalPlacement(2nd value):i135103 PLP (RP ref): basicWall:true, qName:IfcAxis2Placement3D, id:true,idref:i132526, locplace:true, relativePlace:true prtlpList - idref:i132526, sz=2 Found RelativePlaceAxis2P3DRef -IfcAxis2Placement3D(2nd value):i132526 ***locplace:false, basicWall:true, qNameIfcLocalPlacement, id:i135103,idref:null, ref:i135103, PlaceRelTo:false found IfcLocalPlacement:i135103, locplace set to true PLP (RP ref): basicWall:true, qName:IfcAxis2Placement3D, id:true,idref:i135102, locplace:true, relativePlace:true prtlpList - idref:i135102, sz=3 Found RelativePlaceAxis2P3DRef -IfcAxis2Placement3D(2nd value):i135102 setting gotAix2P3DCPRefFlag Processing to get all Axis2Placement3D cartesianPoint values... ***locplace:false, basicWall:true, qNameIfcLocalPlacement, id:i135103,idref:null, ref:i135103, PlaceRelTo:false found IfcLocalPlacement:i135103, locplace set to true PLP (RP ref): basicWall:true, qName:IfcAxis2Placement3D, id:true,idref:i135102, locplace:true, relativePlace:true prtlpList - idref:i135102, sz=4 prtlpList - found idref:i135102 tmpObjPRef:i133140, basicWall:true, locplace:false, PlaceRelTo:false Processing WallPlacementPath of wall #3, id:i133201 Processing IfcAxis2Placement3D cartesianPoint ref of WallPlacementPath: #3 getPlacementRelToRefValues... setting gotAix2P3DCPRefFlag Processing to get all Axis2Placement3D cartesianPoint values... tmpObjPRef:i133200, basicWall:true, locplace:false, PlaceRelTo:false Processing WallPlacementPath of wall #4, id:i133262 Processing IfcAxis2Placement3D cartesianPoint ref of WallPlacementPath: #4 getPlacementRelToRefValues... setting gotAix2P3DCPRefFlag Processing to get all Axis2Placement3D cartesianPoint values... tmpObjPRef:i133261, basicWall:true, locplace:false, PlaceRelTo:false Processing WallPlacementPath of wall #5, id:i133342 Processing IfcAxis2Placement3D cartesianPoint ref of WallPlacementPath: #5 getPlacementRelToRefValues... setting gotAix2P3DCPRefFlag Processing to get all Axis2Placement3D cartesianPoint values... tmpObjPRef:i133341, basicWall:true, locplace:false, PlaceRelTo:false Processing WallPlacementPath of wall #6, id:i57108 Processing IfcAxis2Placement3D cartesianPoint ref of WallPlacementPath: #6 getPlacementRelToRefValues... setting gotAix2P3DCPRefFlag Processing to get all Axis2Placement3D cartesianPoint values... ***print CartesianPointList list. sz=14 CartesianPoint: id=i132496, CP count=3, x=0.0. y=0.0, z=0.0 CartesianPoint: id=i132497, CP count=2, x=0.0. y=0.0, z=0.0 CartesianPoint: id=i132847, CP count=3, x=−43.47796. y=20.89203, z=0.0 CartesianPoint: id=i132850, CP count=2, x=61.625. y=−0.0, z=0.0 CartesianPoint: id=i132893, CP count=3, x=1.625. y=−0.8125, z=11.21875 CartesianPoint: id=i132897, CP count=3, x=1.625. y=−0.8125, z=11.21875 CartesianPoint: id=i133110, CP count=3, x=16.52204. y=0.89203084, z=0.0 CartesianPoint: id=i133113, CP count=2, x=58.375. y=0.0, z=0.0 CartesianPoint: id=i135224, CP count=3, x=−43.47796. y=0.07953084, z=−1.0 CartesianPoint: id=i57097, CP count=3, x=0.0. y=0.0, z=0.0 CartesianPoint: id=i57099, CP count=2, x=0.0. y=0.0, z=0.0 CartesianPoint: id=i57100, CP count=2, x=7075.0. y=0.0, z=0.0 CartesianPoint: id=i57101, CP count=2, x=7275.0. y=200.0, z=0.0 CartesianPoint: id=i57102, CP count=2, x=−200.0. y=200.0, z=0.0 ***No of walls:7 BasicWall: Id:i132903,name:Basic Wall:Exterior - Brick on CMU:157571, ObjPlacementLocPlaceRef:i132849, prodDefShapeRef:i132902, relativePlaceAxis2P3DRef:i132848, relativePlaceAxis2P3DRef_CPRef=i132847, Axis2P3DCartesianRef:[i132496, i132496, i132496, i132847] ***print shapeRepresentationList list. sz=1 i132852, GeometricRepresentationContext ref:i132529 representationId:Axis representationType:Curve2D itemType:IfcPolyline, reference:i132851 Polyline CP are 2 : CartesianPoint: id=i132497, CP count=2, x=0.0. y=0.0, z=0.0 CartesianPoint: id=i132850, CP count=2, x=61.625. y=−0.0, z=0.0 ***print prtlp (PlacementRelToLocPlaceRef)list. sz=3 i132540,i132527,i135103, ***print rpAxis2P (RelativePlaceAxis2P3DRef). sz=4 i132848,i132539,i132526,i135102, ***print CartesianPRefPList list. sz=4 i132496,i132496,i132496,i132847, ***print CartesianPointList list. sz=4 CartesianPoint: id=i132496, CP count=3, x=0.0. y=0.0, z=0.0 CartesianPoint: id=i132496, CP count=3, x=0.0. y=0.0, z=0.0 CartesianPoint: id=i132496, CP count=3, x=0.0. y=0.0, z=0.0 CartesianPoint: id=i132847, CP count=3, x=−43.47796. y=20.89203, z=0.0 BasicWall: Id:i133088,name:Basic Wall:Exterior - Brick on CMU:157673, ObjPlacementLocPlaceRef:i133052, prodDefShapeRef:i133087, relativePlaceAxis2P3DRef:null, relativePlaceAxis2P3DRef_CPRef=null, Axis2P3DCartesianRef:null ***print shapeRepresentationList list. sz=0 ***print prtlp (PlacementRelToLocPlaceRef)list. sz=3 i132540,i132527,i135103, ***print rpAxis2P (RelativePlaceAxis2P3DRef). sz=4 i133111,i132539,i132526,i135102, ***print CartesianPointList list. sz=0 BasicWall: Id:i133141,name:Basic Wall:Exterior - Brick on CMU:157723, ObjPlacementLocPlaceRef:i133112, prodDefShapeRef:i133140, relativePlaceAxis2P3DRef:i133111, relativePlaceAxis2P3DRef_CPRef=null, Axis2P3DCartesianRef:null ***print shapeRepresentationList list. sz=0 ***print prtlp (PlacementRelToLocPlaceRef)list. sz=0 ***print rpAxis2P (RelativePlaceAxis2P3DRef). sz=0 ***print CartesianPointList list. The computer system may be described in the general context of computer system executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer system. Generally, program modules may include routines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and so on that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The computer system may be practiced in distributed cloud computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed cloud computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer system storage media including memory storage devices.
The components of computer system may include, but are not limited to, one or more processors or processing units 12, a system memory 16, and a bus 14 that couples various system components including system memory 16 to processor 12. The processor 12 may include one or more components of a translation/transformation module 10 that performs the methods described herein. The module 10 may be programmed into the integrated circuits of the processor 12, or loaded from memory 16, storage device 18, or network 24 or combinations thereof.
Bus 14 may represent one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnects (PCI) bus.
Computer system may include a variety of computer system readable media. Such media may be any available media that is accessible by computer system, and it may include both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media.
System memory 16 can include computer system readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM) and/or cache memory or others. Computer system may further include other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storage media. By way of example only, storage system 18 can be provided for reading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media (e.g., a “hard drive”). Although not shown, a magnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile optical disk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided. In such instances, each can be connected to bus 14 by one or more data media interfaces.
Computer system may also communicate with one or more external devices 26 such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a display 28, etc.; one or more devices that enable a user to interact with computer system; and/or any devices (e.g., network card, modem, etc.) that enable computer system to communicate with one or more other computing devices. Such communication can occur via Input/Output (I/O) interfaces 20.
Still yet, computer system can communicate with one or more networks 24 such as a local area network (LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g., the Internet) via network adapter 22. As depicted, network adapter 22 communicates with the other components of computer system via bus 14. It should be understood that although not shown, other hardware and/or software components could be used in conjunction with computer system. Examples include, but are not limited to: microcode, device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays, RAID systems, tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc.
As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the present invention may be embodied as a system, method or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.” Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.
Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may be utilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable storage medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to, electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. A computer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate, propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages, a scripting language such as Perl, VBS or similar languages, and/or functional languages such as Lisp and ML and logic-oriented languages such as Prolog. The program code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).
| 18,338 |
https://github.com/BrooonS/started-html-template/blob/master/src/sass/components/fonts.sass
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,017 |
started-html-template
|
BrooonS
|
Sass
|
Code
| 23 | 104 |
@import "mixins/font-face"
// +font-face($name, $path, $weight: null, $style: null, $exts: eot woff2 woff ttf svg)
+font-face("Droid Sans", "../fonts/DroidSans/DroidSans-Regular", 400)
+font-face("Droid Sans", "../fonts/DroidSans/DroidSans-Bold", 700)
| 42,763 |
US-201816491625-A_3
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,018 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,129 | 4,744 |
Also, the display control unit 205 may generate a display image by superimposing an image cut out from the latest image and an image cut out from a designated point image on a past image, for example (generation pattern 2). Here, the image cut out from the latest image may be the object image of the object included in the latest image.
Also, the display control unit 205 may generate a display image by superimposing an image cut out from a designated point image on the latest image, for example (generation pattern 3).
Further, the display control unit 205 may generate a display image by superimposing an image cut out from a past image and an image cut out from a designated point image on the latest image, for example (generation pattern 4). Here, the image cut out from a past image may be an object image of an object or a related object included in any of the past images. Examples of such object images include an object image of an object or a related object included in the past image at a specific time point, such as an alerting time point, a time point when a feature change was detected, or a time point when there was an interaction with another related object.
FIGS. 27 to 29 are explanatory views showing examples of display images according to this embodiment. In each of these drawings in this embodiment, (a) is an explanatory view showing an image obtained by converting a display image as a color image into a gray scale image, and (b) is an explanatory view showing a simplified superimposed image that is an image other than the background image in the display image, as in the first embodiment.
The example shown in FIG. 27 is an example of the display image to be displayed after the user issues a first request designating the point corresponding to a certain past time point in a trajectory in a display image in which the latest image is set as the background image and the background image including the latest object is updated every moment. In this example, the point designated by the first request is indicated by a white arrow.
As shown in FIG. 27, in response to the first request, the display control unit 205 may further superimpose and display a designated image (the object image at that time) on the display image. The designated image is formed by cutting out an object region a02-3 of the object from the corresponding image corresponding to the designated point. In this example, before the first request is acquired, a trajectory and a designated image obtained by cutting out an object region a02-2 of the object from the corresponding image at the time of issuance of an alert are superimposed on the latest image.
The example shown in FIG. 28 is an example of a display image that is displayed while the designated image to be superimposed on the display image is changed with movement of such a first request. In the drawing, the object region a02-3, an object region a02-4, and an object region a02-5 are displayed at the same time. In practice, however, these regions are switched on display, in accordance with movement of the pointed spot (the white arrow in the drawing).
The example shown in FIG. 28 is an example of a display device in a case where the user designates a certain time point in the past in a situation where the latest image is set as the background image, and the background image including the latest object is updated every moment. As shown in FIG. 28, in a case where the user designates a point in the tracking line of the object, for example, the display control unit 105 may superimpose and display the object image (the object region a02-3 in the drawing) of the object of the time when the object was located at the point, and an object image of a related object (see the object region a02-4 in the drawing). In this manner, the user may also be enabled to check the characteristics and the like of a related object.
In a case where an interaction between the object and another object, other than the object getting off a vehicle, is detected, the display control unit 205 may set the image of the other object of the time of the interaction as an image of a related object, and superimpose and display the image, together with the image of the object of the same time point.
As described above, according to this embodiment, the user simply designates a trajectory currently being displayed, an object region of the object accompanying the trajectory, or an object region of a related object, and makes a predetermined input. In this manner, a cut-out image corresponding to a designated point can be displayed, or background images can be switched. Thus, the states of the object at two or more points of time in a video image and the states of the surroundings can be promptly grasped.
In the above described example, the display control unit 205 of this embodiment also adds a notification function to a trajectory as described in the first embodiment. However, the display control unit 205 can add only a GUI function to a trajectory, without giving such a notification function to the trajectory. That is, it is possible to provide a GUI function of this embodiment even for simple trajectory display.
Next, an example configuration of a computer according to an embodiment of the present invention is described. FIG. 30 is a schematic block diagram showing an example configuration of a computer according to an embodiment of the present invention. A computer 1000 includes a CPU 1001, a main storage device 1002, an auxiliary storage device 1003, an interface 1004, a display device 1005, and an input device 1006.
The video image analysis device and the video image processing device described above may be mounted on the computer 1000, for example. In that case, operations of the respective devices may be stored as a program in the auxiliary storage device 1003. The CPU 1001 reads the program from the auxiliary storage device 1003, loads the program into the main storage device 1002, and performs predetermined processing according to the above embodiments, in accordance with the program.
The auxiliary storage device 1003 is an example of a non-transitory physical medium. Other examples of non-transitory physical media include magnetic disks, magneto-optical disks, CD-ROMs, DVD-ROMs, semiconductor memories, and the like to be connected to the computer 1000 via the interface 1004. Further, in a case where this program is delivered to the computer 1000 via a communication line, the computer 1000 may load the program into the main storage device 1002 after receiving the delivery, and perform predetermined processing according to the above embodiments.
Further, the program may be for performing part of the predetermined processing in each embodiment. Furthermore, the program may be a differential program for performing predetermined processing according to the above embodiments in combination with another program already stored in the auxiliary storage device 1003.
The interface 1004 transmits and receives information to and from other devices. The display device 1005 presents information to users. The input device 1006 receives inputs of information from users.
Depending on the details of processing in an embodiment, some of the components of the computer 1000 can be omitted. For example, if the device does not present information to users, the display device 1005 can be omitted.
Part or all of each component of each device is implemented by general-purpose or special circuitry, processors or the like, or combinations thereof. These may be formed with a single chip or may be formed with chips connected via a bus. Alternatively, part or all of each component of each device may be formed with a combination of the above mentioned circuitry or the like and a program.
In the case where part or all of each component of each device is formed with information processing devices and circuitry or the like, the information processing devices and the circuitry or the like may be arranged in a centralized manner or a distributed manner. For example, the information processing devices and the circuitry or the like may be formed with a client and server system, a cloud computing system, and the like connected to one another via a communication network.
FIG. 31 is a block diagram showing the outline of a video image processing device of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 31, the video image processing device 50 of the present invention may include a display control means 501.
The display control means 501 (the display control unit 105 or 205, for example) acquires a first request designating a point in the trajectory being displayed, and displays a designated image including the object which it was located at the designated point by superimposing it on an arbitrary background image being displayed on the display unit.
Instead of the above processing, according to a feature of the object shown in an analysis result obtained as a result of analysis of a video image, a feature of another object related to the object shown in the analysis results, or an time elapsed time from a predetermined time, the display control means 501 may make the display mode of a part of the trajectory differ from another part, or attach information indicating the analysis result or the elapsed time to the vicinity of a part of the trajectory.
By adding a specific notification function and a GUI function to the trajectory, the user can promptly grasp the situations of the object at two or more points of time in a video image.
The exemplary embodiments disclosed above can be described as the following supplementary notes.
Supplementary Note 1
A video image processing device comprising a display control means that causes a display unit to display a trajectory indicating a change in a position of an object in a video image, wherein the display control means, in accordance with one of a feature of the object shown in an analysis result obtained by analyzing the video image, a feature of another object related to the object shown in the analysis result, and an elapsed time from a predetermined time, makes a display mode of a part of the trajectory differ from another part or attach information indicating one of the analysis result and the elapsed time to a vicinity of a part of the trajectory.
Supplementary Note 2
The video image processing device according to Supplementary note 1, wherein the feature of the object includes one of a state of the object and a change in the feature of the object in the video image, the feature of the another object related to the object includes one of a state of the another object related to the object and a change in the feature of the another object related to the object in the video image, and the predetermined time includes one of the latest time in the video image and a time when a predetermined message was sent from a predetermined system that analyzes the video image.
Supplementary Note 3
The video image processing device according to Supplementary note 2, wherein the state of the object includes one of a direction, a size, and a motion of the object or a predetermined part thereof.
Supplementary Note 4
The video image processing device according to any of Supplementary notes 1 to 3, wherein, when a point or a section designated by a user or satisfying a predetermined condition by an analysis result, is included in the trajectory, the display control means makes a display mode of the point or the section in the trajectory differ from another point or section, or attaches information indicating the fact to a vicinity of the point or the section.
Supplementary Note 5
The video image processing device according to Supplementary note 4, wherein, when the trajectory includes a roaming section in which the object is determined to be roaming according to the analysis result, the display control means shortens the section, and displays the section in a different display mode from another section.
Supplementary Note 6
The video image processing device according to any of Supplementary notes 1 to 5, wherein the display control unit sets one of an image at an arbitrary time in the video image and a predetermined image generated based on the video image as a background image, and displays the trajectory by superimposing it on the background image.
Supplementary Note 7
The video image processing device according to Supplementary note 6, wherein the video image is a streaming video that is sequentially input, and the display control means displays the trajectory in a display mode being determined in accordance with one of a result of the latest analysis of the object detected from the video image and the latest time elapsed since a predetermined time by superimposing it on the background image.
Supplementary Note 8
The video image processing device according to any of Supplementary notes 1 to 7, wherein, the display control means narrows down one of a object to display the trajectory, a display item which is a item to be displayed on the display unit using the trajectory, and a range of the trajectory to be displayed, based on one of a designation by a user, a reference time or a reference timing for the elapsed time, the time elapsed from the reference, a direction of the object, staying time of the object, a color of an outfit of the object, a pattern of an outfit of the object, and a progressing direction of the object.
Supplementary Note 9
A video image analysis system comprising:
a tracking means that analyzes a video image and continuously acquires a position of a tracking target object from the video image, and detects one of a time corresponding to a time point in the video image when the position was acquired, a feature of the object at the time point in the video image, and a feature of another object related to the object at the time point in the video image; a video image storage means that stores the video image; a storage means that stores information indicating the position acquired by the tracking means, information indicating items detected together with the position, and identification information about an image from which the position was acquired in the video image, in association with each other; and a display control means that causes a display unit to display a trajectory indicating a change in the position of the object in the video image, based on the information stored in the storage means, wherein the display control means, in accordance with one of a feature of the object shown in an analysis result obtained by analyzing the video image, a feature of another object related to the object shown in the analysis result, and an elapsed time from a predetermined time, makes a display mode of a part of the trajectory differ from another part or attach information indicating the analysis result or the elapsed time to a vicinity of a part of the trajectory.
Supplementary Note 10
A video image processing method comprising:
causing a display unit to display a trajectory indicating a change in a position of an object in a video image; and, in the displaying, making a display mode of a part of the trajectory differ from another part or attaching information indicating one of an analysis result and an elapsed time to a vicinity of a part of the trajectory, in accordance with one of a feature of the object shown in the analysis result obtained by analyzing the video image, a feature of another object related to the object shown in the analysis result, and the elapsed time from a predetermined time.
Supplementary Note 11
A video image processing program for causing a computer to:
perform a process of causing a display unit to display a trajectory indicating a change in a position of an object in a video image; and, in the process, make a display mode of a part of the trajectory differ from another part or attach information indicating one of an analysis result and an elapsed time to a vicinity of a part of the trajectory, in accordance with one of a feature of the object shown in the analysis result obtained by analyzing the video image, a feature of another object related to the object shown in the analysis result, and the elapsed time from a predetermined time.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to this embodiment and examples, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments and examples. Various changes that can be understood by those skilled in the art within the scope of the present invention can be made to the configuration and details of the present invention.
This application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application 2017-070678, filed Mar. 31, 2017, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein.
Industrial Applicability
The present invention can be suitably used not only in surveillance, but also in checking a video image accompanied by analysis information. For example, the present invention can be suitably used in marketing to recognize the situations of customers from a video image taken in a store or in the vicinity of a specific item.
REFERENCE SIGNS LIST
- 100, 200: Video image analysis system - 1: Video image input device - 2: Video image analysis device - 3: Storage device - 4: Video image processing device - 5: Display device - 101: Video image input unit - 102: Video image holding unit - 103: Tracking unit - 104: Analysis information storage unit - 105, 205: Display control unit - 106: Display unit - 1000: Computer - 1001: CPU - 1002: Main storage device - 1003: Auxiliary storage device - 1004: Interface - 1005: Display device - 1006: Input device - 50: Video image processing device - 501: Display control means
What is claimed is:
1. A video image processing device comprising a display control unit that causes a display unit to display a trajectory indicating a change in a position of an object in a video image, wherein the display control unit, in accordance with one of a feature of the object shown in an analysis result obtained by analyzing the video image, a feature of another object related to the object shown in the analysis result, and an elapsed time from a predetermined time, makes a display mode of a first part of the trajectory differ from a second part of the trajectory, or attaches information indicating one of the analysis result and the elapsed time to a vicinity of a third part of the trajectory, and wherein the display control unit narrows down one of the object to display the trajectory, a display item, which is an item to be displayed on the display unit using the trajectory, and a range of the trajectory to be displayed, based on one of a designation by a user, a reference time or a reference timing for the elapsed time, the time elapsed from the reference, a direction of the object, a staying time of the object, a color of an outfit of the object, a pattern of an outfit of the object, and a progressing direction of the object.
2. The video image processing device according to claim 1, wherein the feature of the object includes one of a state of the object and a change in the feature of the object in the video image, the feature of the another object related to the object includes one of a state of the another object related to the object and a change in the feature of the another object related to the object in the video image, and the predetermined time includes one of the latest time in the video image and a time when a predetermined message was sent from a predetermined system that analyzes the video image.
3. The video image processing device according to claim 2, wherein the state of the object includes one of a direction, a size, and a motion of the object or a predetermined part thereof.
4. The video image processing device according to claim 1, wherein, when a point or a section designated by a user or satisfying a predetermined condition by the analysis result, is included in the trajectory, the display control unit makes a display mode of the point or the section in the trajectory differ from another point or section in the trajectory, or attaches information indicating the fact to a vicinity of the point or the section in the trajectory.
5. The video image processing device according to claim 4, wherein, when the trajectory includes a roaming section in which the object is determined to be roaming according to the analysis result, the display control unit shortens the roaming section, and displays the roaming section in a different display mode from another section of the trajectory.
6. The video image processing device according to claim 1, wherein the display control unit sets one of an image at an arbitrary time in the video image and a predetermined image generated based on the video image as a background image, and displays the trajectory by superimposing the trajectory on the background image.
7. The video image processing device according to claim 6, wherein the video image is a streaming video that is sequentially input, and the display control unit displays the trajectory in a display mode being determined in accordance with one of a result of a latest analysis of the object detected from the video image and a latest time elapsed since a predetermined time by superimposing the trajecotry on the background image.
8. A video image processing method comprising: causing a display unit to display a trajectory indicating a change in a position of an object in a video image; and, in the displaying, making a display mode of a first part of the trajectory differ from a second part of the trajectory or attaching information indicating one of an analysis result and an elapsed time to a vicinity of a third part of the trajectory, in accordance with one of a feature of the object shown in the analysis result obtained by analyzing the video image, a feature of another object related to the object shown in the analysis result, and the elapsed time from a predetermined time, wherein the video image processing method further comprises: narrowing down one of the object to display the trajectory, a display item, which is an item to be displayed on the display unit using the trajectory, and a range of the trajectory to be displayed, based on one of a designation by a user, a reference time or a reference timing for the elapsed time, the time elapsed from the reference, a direction of the object, a staying time of the object, a color of an outfit of the object, a pattern of an outfit of the object, and a progressing direction of the object.
9. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium in which a video image processing program is recorded, the video image processing program causing a computer to: perform a process of causing a display unit to display a trajectory indicating a change in a position of an object in a video image; and, in the process, make a display mode of a first part of the trajectory differ from a second part of the trajectory or attach information indicating one of an analysis result and an elapsed time to a vicinity of a third part of the trajectory, in accordance with one of a feature of the object shown in the analysis result obtained by analyzing the video image, a feature of another object related to the object shown in the analysis result, and the elapsed time from a predetermined time, wherein the video image processing program causes the computer to: perform a process of narrowing down one of the object to display the trajectory, a display item, which is an item to be displayed on the display unit using the trajectory, and a range of the trajectory to be displayed, based on one of a designation by a user, a reference time or a reference timing for the elapsed time, the time elapsed from the reference, a direction of the object, a staying time of the object, a color of an outfit of the object, a pattern of an outfit of the object, and a progressing direction of the object..
| 12,333 |
https://github.com/ajunlonglive/Habito/blob/master/app/src/main/java/com/ivanmagda/habito/util/ReminderUtils.kt
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
Habito
|
ajunlonglive
|
Kotlin
|
Code
| 186 | 766 |
package com.ivanmagda.habito.util
import android.app.AlarmManager
import android.app.PendingIntent
import android.content.Context
import android.content.Intent
import com.ivanmagda.habito.model.Habit
import com.ivanmagda.habito.receiver.ReminderReceiver
import java.util.*
object ReminderUtils {
val HABIT_EXTRA_KEY = "habit"
fun processHabit(habit: Habit, context: Context) {
if (habit.isReminderOn) {
setAlarm(habit, context)
} else {
cancelAlarm(habit, context)
}
}
fun processAll(habits: List<Habit>, context: Context) {
for (habit in habits) {
processHabit(habit, context)
}
}
fun scheduleAll(habits: List<Habit>, context: Context) {
for (habit in habits) {
setAlarm(habit, context)
}
}
fun cancelAll(habits: List<Habit>, context: Context) {
for (habit in habits) {
cancelAlarm(habit, context)
}
}
private fun buildPendingIntent(habit: Habit, context: Context): PendingIntent {
val alarmIntent = Intent(context, ReminderReceiver::class.java)
alarmIntent.putExtra(HABIT_EXTRA_KEY, habit)
return PendingIntent.getBroadcast(context, habit.record.createdAt.toInt(), alarmIntent,
PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT)
}
private fun setAlarm(habit: Habit, context: Context) {
val alarmManager = context.getSystemService(Context.ALARM_SERVICE) as AlarmManager
val pendingIntent = buildPendingIntent(habit, context)
if (!habit.isReminderOn) {
alarmManager.cancel(pendingIntent)
} else {
val now = Calendar.getInstance()
now.timeInMillis = System.currentTimeMillis()
val alarmTime = Calendar.getInstance()
alarmTime.timeInMillis = System.currentTimeMillis()
alarmTime.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, habit.record.reminderHour)
alarmTime.set(Calendar.MINUTE, habit.record.reminderMin)
alarmTime.set(Calendar.SECOND, 0)
if (now.after(alarmTime)) {
alarmTime.add(Calendar.DATE, 1)
}
alarmManager.cancel(pendingIntent)
alarmManager.setRepeating(AlarmManager.RTC_WAKEUP, alarmTime.timeInMillis,
AlarmManager.INTERVAL_DAY, pendingIntent)
}
}
private fun cancelAlarm(habit: Habit, context: Context) {
val alarmManager = context.getSystemService(Context.ALARM_SERVICE) as AlarmManager
val pendingIntent = buildPendingIntent(habit, context)
alarmManager.cancel(pendingIntent)
}
}
| 46,496 |
2445514_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,013 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 26 | 61 |
2 A.3d 1311 (2010)
DEYO
v.
POLLITO.
No. 10-023.
Supreme Court of Vermont.
June 16, 2010.
Appeal Disposed of Without Published Opinion or Memorandum Decision Affirmed.
| 35,431 |
1103354_2001_2
|
SEC
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,266 | 9,188 |
- Deployment of our software in different vendor networks is achieved by proprietary software programs that receive a message from the switch in its original proprietary format, extract the data required by our applications from the message and subsequently respond to the switch with the appropriate information required to complete the transaction.
- Deployment of our software on multiple partner vendor platforms is achieved by additional proprietary software programs that individually deal with each partner's operating system, hardware and network management requirements.
Based on our internal research and involvement in the wireless industry, we believe that we are one of the few companies with a full suite of deployable software products across at least four of the major network components -- location gateway, location middleware, applications and location provisioning -- and within the following four functional categories -- information, billing, safety and tracking. Not only do we have functional software developed in these areas of mobile location services, but we believe that we are also the only company to have commercially deployed location-based software products in all of the current major wireless transmission technologies -- Advanced Mobile Phone Service, Code Division Multiple Access, Global System for Mobile Communication and Time Division Multiple Access. Based on these factors, we believe we are the leading international applications and software developer of mobile location-based services.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Our research and development group is a technical workforce experienced in current software development technologies. Our testing team consists of software engineers with experience in both software subsystem and system-level testing. As of December 31, 2001, we had 102 employees engaged in research and product development activities. Our research and development expenditures were approximately $13.9 million, $10.0 million and $3.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2001, 2000 and 1999, respectively.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
We rely on a combination of trade secrets, non-disclosure and other contractual arrangements, as well as patent, copyright and trademark laws to protect our proprietary rights. As part of our intellectual property strategy, we have in the past submitted, and continue to submit, patent applications for our Wireless Location Services products in the United States and internationally. We currently have rights under an United States patent based on a joint submission between SignalSoft and Motorola. The patent relates to the provisioning of calling zones by wireless subscribers and expires in 2016. Motorola holds actual title to the patent. We also have rights under another United States patent based on a second joint submission between SignalSoft and Motorola. This second patent relates to the architecture that provides an open interface between applications and location finding equipment. Motorola may assign rights under these patents to others without our consent or may choose to use the patent and compete directly against us. If this happens, we will face increased
competition. SignalSoft has also been issued two United States patents. The first is related to the use of certain spatial algorithms in determining if the location of a wireless communication device is within a specified area. The second is related to an interface for obtaining and managing location information from various location technologies and then directing the data to a mobile location application. These patents are solely in SignalSoft's name and no other party currently has rights under them. In addition, we have filed numerous U.S and foreign patent applications. We have obtained or are in the process of obtaining common law trademark rights and trademark registrations on our product names from the United States Patent and Trademark Office. As part of our normal business practices, we provide copyright notices on our confidential technical, sales and marketing documents.
COMPETITION
There are competitors for each of our product offerings. We expect to encounter competition from wireless location determination technology vendors, service bureaus, application service providers and equipment providers. In particular, several companies have developed solutions to comply with the FCC mandate for Emergency 911 specifications. Because we are part of an emerging market, we cannot identify or predict which new competitors may enter the mobile location services industry in the future. We may compete against our current industry partners to the extent they also offer mobile location services, which may result in the termination of our relationships with these industry partners. We expect competition in our industry to be even more intense in the future as new competitors, such as additional wireless equipment providers, enter the market. Many of our current and potential competitors have longer operating histories, greater industry and name recognition and greater financial, technical and marketing resources than we do. Increased competition has resulted in some price reductions for our products, which if continue and are significant, may have an adverse effect on our revenues and operating results.
We compete based on the following factors:
- product features;
- integration of products with wireless operators' networks;
- available content;
- timing of new product introductions;
- price; and
- customer support and services.
REGULATION
We are not currently subject to direct regulation by the Federal Communications Commission, or FCC, or any other governmental agency, except for regulations applicable to businesses in general. However, in the future, we may become subject to regulation by the FCC or another regulatory agency. Concerns about personal privacy could result in regulations limiting the use of mobile location services. For example, a European Union, or EU, directive prohibits the transmission of personally identifiable data to third countries -- including the United States -- that are deemed to provide inadequate privacy protection for that information. The United States and the EU signed a data privacy agreement, which includes standards that U.S. companies will be able to use to comply with the EU directive. The FCC may adopt additional regulations related to this directive, including increased protections for personal data. Also, existing laws governing access to and use of consumer information could be interpreted or expanded to cover the wireless market.
Wireless network operators are currently regulated by the FCC and any regulations that affect them could also increase our costs, limit our access to their networks and subscribers or reduce our ability to continue selling and supporting our products and services. Currently, wireless carriers are subject to the FCC's 911 mandate. Our SafetyFirst product complies with the requirements of both phases of this mandate.
However, we cannot anticipate what regulations the FCC may adopt in the future and what impact those regulations may have on our business, our industry partners or our customers.
EMPLOYEES
As of December 31, 2001, we had 263 employees on a global basis. We have 32 employees in Sweden, approximately half of whom are members of various Swedish trade unions. None of our other employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements. We believe that we have good relations with our employees.
INCORPORATION
We were incorporated in 1994 in Colorado. We reincorporated in Delaware in 1998.
ITEM 2.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.
Our corporate headquarters are located at 1495 Canyon Boulevard, Boulder, Colorado 80302. We currently lease approximately 18,000 square feet of office space at our corporate headquarters and equipment, including computers, under non-cancelable operating lease agreements, which expire on various dates through 2006. We also lease additional office space elsewhere in Boulder, which includes our Operations Facility of approximately 40,000 square feet and we have additional office space in Victoria, British Columbia and Stockholm, Sweden, which consist of approximately 7,000 square feet in each location. Our United Kingdom location lease covers office space of 4,000 square feet and we also have minimal leased office space in Singapore.
ITEM 3.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
We are not a party to any material legal proceedings, nor are we currently aware of any threatened material legal proceedings. From time to time, we may become involved in litigation relating to claims arising out of our operations in the normal course of our business.
ITEM 4.
ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS.
No matters were submitted to a vote of the Company's security holders during the quarter ended December 31, 2001.
PART II
ITEM 5.
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.
Principal Market or Markets. Our common stock has been listed for quotation on the NASDAQ National Market under the symbol "SGSF" since our common stock began trading publicly on August 7, 2000. The following table shows the high and low sale prices for our common stock as reported by the NASDAQ National Market for the period indicated:
Approximate Number of Holders of Common Stock. The closing sale price of the common stock as reported on the NASDAQ National Market on March 11, 2002 was $2.20 per share. As of that date there were approximately 212 holders of record of the common stock. This does not include the number of persons whose stock is in nominee or "street name" accounts through brokers.
The market price of the common stock has been and may continue to be subject to wide fluctuations in response to a number of events and factors, such as quarterly variations in our operating results, announcement of technological innovations or new products by us or competitors, changes in financial estimates and recommendations by securities analysts, the operating and stock performance of other companies that investors may deem comparable to us, and news reports relating to trends in our markets. In addition, the stock market in recent years has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have particularly affected the market prices of many high technology and Internet-related companies that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. These fluctuations, as well as general economic and market conditions, may adversely affect the market price for the common stock.
Dividends. We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future as we intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance the growth of the business. The payment of future cash dividends will depend on such factors as earnings levels, anticipated capital requirements, our operating and financial conditions and other factors deemed relevant by the Board of Directors.
Changes in Securities and Use of Proceeds. On August 2, 2000, in connection with our initial public offering, a Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-34670) was declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission, pursuant to which 5,060,000 shares of our common stock, including underwriters' over-allotment, were offered and sold for our account at a price of $17.00 per share. The managing underwriters were Salomon Smith Barney, Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, and Lehman Brothers. Aggregate gross proceeds from the offering were approximately $86.0 million.
From our initial public offering, we incurred approximately $6.0 million in underwriters' discounts and commissions and approximately $1.1 million in legal, accounting and document preparation fees. After deducting expenses of the offering, we received net offering proceeds of approximately $78.9 million. The net proceeds were invested in short and long-term financial instruments. No payments constituted direct or indirect payments to any of our directors, officers or general partners or their associates, to persons owning 10% or more of any class of our equity securities or to any of our affiliates.
During the years ended December 31, 2001 and 2000, net proceeds from the initial public offering were utilized primarily for research and development activities, general corporate activities, strategic investments and acquisitions and capital expenditures. The actual amount of net proceeds we spend on a particular use will depend on many factors, including our future revenue growth; additional financing sources, if any, availability and desirability of acquisition candidates; the amount of expenditures required for other uses; and the amount of cash generated or used by our operations. Many of these factors are beyond our control. Therefore, our management has broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds. Until we use the net proceeds of the offering as described above, we intend to continue to invest the majority of net proceeds in investment grade marketable securities and limited funds in longer-term investment grade securities.
During the year ended December 31, 2001, we have used part of the net proceeds from the initial public offering to fund capital expenditures of approximately $4.5 million, operating losses of approximately $32.4 million and approximately $0.3 million relating to our investment in Ahead Mobile, Inc. During the year ended December 31, 2000, we had used part of the net proceeds from the initial public offering to fund capital expenditures of approximately $2.0 million, operating losses of approximately $6.2 million and approximately $1.9 million relating to our investment in Webraska Mobile Technologies.
During the years ended December 31, 2001 and 2000, we issued 154,167 and 492,521, respectively, shares of common stock upon the exercise of employee stock options granted under the Company's various Non-Qualified Stock Option Plans and received an aggregate of $0.1 million in cash payment from the exercise prices for such shares. Additionally, in August 2000, 25,336 warrants were converted into 24,113 shares of the
Company's common stock and approximately 11.0 million shares of redeemable, convertible preferred stock were converted, one-for-one, into the Company's common stock.
On April 4, 2000 the Company purchased 76% of the common stock of Bfound.com Services Inc. (Bfound.com) for 9,976 shares of SignalSoft common stock and 413,175 shares of Class B common stock of our Nova Scotia subsidiary with a combined fair value of approximately $2.3 million and $1.1 million in cash. On May 16, 2000, the Company acquired the remaining 24% of Bfound.com's common stock for 135,172 shares of Class B common stock of our Nova Scotia subsidiary with fair value of approximately $0.7 million and $0.4 million in cash. The shares of our Nova Scotia subsidiary are convertible on a one-to-one basis into shares of SignalSoft common stock at any time within five years of the acquisition at the option of the holder. On the five-year anniversary of the acquisition, the shares will convert at our option.
In May 2001 the Company acquired approximately 99% of all issued and outstanding capital stock of mobilePosition AB, ("mobilePosition") a corporation organized under the laws of Sweden. In consideration for the acquired shares of mobilePosition, the Company paid $1.0 million in cash and issued 1,510,662 shares of its Common Stock with a fair value of approximately $12.1 million to such former holders of the mobilePosition shares. In relation to the Share Purchase Agreement, the Company issued stock options at a fair value of approximately $290,000 and also agreed to reimburse mobilePosition for payments totaling $350,000 to certain of mobilePosition's employees as a result of the closing of the acquisition. In July 2001, the Company issued stock for the remaining 1% of mobilePosition common stock for consideration of 19,343 shares, with a fair market value of approximately $182,000, of the Company's Common Stock.
During January 2000, the Company sold 2,203,518 shares of the Series C redeemable, convertible preferred stock for net cash proceeds of approximately $12.1 million. Each share of the redeemable, convertible preferred stock was converted into one share of common stock upon closing of the initial public offering.
ITEM 6.
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA.
The following selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes to such statements and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. The consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss data for the years ended December 31, 2001, 2000 and 1999 and the consolidated balance sheet data at December 31, 2001 and 2000 are derived from our consolidated financial statements, which have been audited by KPMG LLP, independent auditors, and are included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. The statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 1998 and 1997 and the balance sheet data at December 31, 1999, 1998 and 1997 is derived from our audited financial statements, which are not included in this Form 10-K. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any future fiscal year.
ITEM 7.
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains a number of forward-looking statements (as such term is defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995), that reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance. We use words such as "estimates," "projects," "believes," "anticipates," "intends," "expects," "future," and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements. Such statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated in such forward-looking statements. See the discussion under "Factors That May Affect Future Results." You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Form 10-K. We do not undertake any obligation to release publicly any revisions to these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date hereof or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.
OVERVIEW
Since 1995, we have been developing and marketing mobile location services products to the wireless industry. We have focused our efforts on designing a software platform and building related applications that help carriers generate new revenue from one of their key assets -- the location of their subscribers. Our software products enable the delivery of location-based voice and data services to mobile operators and help operators to capitalize on the growing trend toward mobile use of the Internet.
We were incorporated in Colorado in 1994 and reincorporated in Delaware in 1998. From our inception until 1997, our efforts were primarily devoted to research and development, raising capital, recruiting personnel and establishing key industry partnerships. We generated total revenue of approximately $20.4 million in 2001, $13.6 million in 2000 and $2.0 million in 1999. We incurred net losses of approximately $29.1 million in 2001, $13.2 million in 2000 and $7.6 million in 1999. We expect that for the next year our losses will continue on a quarterly basis. While it is our objective to realize profitability during at least one quarter in 2003, there can be no assurance that we will achieve profitability in any quarter, and if we do, that we would be able to sustain or increase profitability in following quarters. As of December 31, 2001, we had an accumulated deficit of $60.8 million.
In 1996, the Federal Communications Commission mandated that all wireless carriers offer a 911 service with features equivalent in many respects to those of wireline 911 services. We used this mandate as an opportunity to develop a mobile location services product called SafetyFirst (which we previously called Wireless 911) that met the requirements of the telecommunications industry. Although we realized that the revenue potential for SafetyFirst was somewhat limited, we believed that our development and rollout of SafetyFirst was an opportunity to capture market share in mobile location services and to develop valuable partnerships in the wireless industry.
We introduced SafetyFirst in 1997. Actual deployment of the product has been slow, which we believe is due primarily to contractual and liability issues among carriers, local safety agencies and local exchange carriers. Following our launch of SafetyFirst, we focused on our core strategy of developing mobile location services products that help wireless carriers differentiate their service offerings, build subscriber loyalty and generate additional revenue. Since the introduction of our first product in 1997, we have launched IN Location
(which we previously called "local.info"), Location Sensitive Billing and FriendFinder and have introduced a complete operating platform to include Location Manager, Location Studio and MAPS. Additionally, since 1998 we expanded and opened international offices in the United Kingdom, Singapore and Japan and began actively marketing our services to mobile operators in Europe and Asia Pacific. In May 2001, we announced our most recent acquisition of mobilePosition, a Sweden based company that develops customer oriented location based applications for mobile operators. In May 2000, we completed the acquisition of Bfound.com Services, Inc., a British Columbia based company providing us with mobile location services tracking technology. These acquisitions bring us additional marketing and distribution relationships with major industry players and allow us to immediately provide an extended range of corporate and consumer applications to wireless network operators worldwide. We also continue our strategy of establishing partnerships throughout the industry, expanding our selling and marketing efforts in Europe, Japan, Asia Pacific, Sweden, Australia and the United States and adding features to our products.
REVENUE
We earn revenue primarily from license fees, maintenance fees and professional services through our direct sales and channel partners. We recognize revenue in accordance with the provisions of Statement of Position 97-2, Software Revenue Recognition ("SOP 97-2"), as amended by Statement of Position 98-9, Modification of SOP 97-2, Software Revenue Recognition with Respect to Certain Transactions ("SOP 98-9"), and the Company recognizes software license revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the fee is fixed or determinable and collectibility is probable. In addition, SOP 97-2 requires that revenue recognized from software arrangements be allocated to each element of a multiple element arrangement based on the vendor specific objective evidence of fair value for each element. The Company records revenue from licensing fees as individual products are delivered and accepted by the customer. Revenue relating to separate maintenance and service contracts is recognized ratably over the service period. Professional service consulting fees are recognized as services are provided.
Our license fees are based on either the number of subscribers or the number of transactions. For subscriber-based licenses, mobile operators can purchase a perpetual license for a specific number of users, or pay recurring annual, quarterly or monthly fees per subscriber. Upon delivery of our licensed products, no additional products are required to be delivered under the terms of our license agreements. For perpetual licenses, additional license fees are due when the total number of subscribers using our products increases beyond the specified number for which a license was purchased. With our products, we also offer capacity-based pricing. For capacity-based pricing, customers pay for the ability to process a maximum number of subscriber transactions per month. If more capacity is needed, more licenses must be purchased. Some distributors also offer our products on a per-transaction basis, whereby each transaction costs a fixed amount. We expect that, going forward, license fees will represent the bulk of our revenue.
The revenue generated from the sale of license fees is recognized as individual products are delivered and accepted by the customer. Revenue from annual, quarterly and monthly term licenses is recognized ratably over the applicable period. Capacity-based license revenue is recognized upon software installation and acceptance or on licensing of additional capacity. Per-transaction license revenue is recognized as the applicable carrier or distributor reports the transactional usage. License fees represented approximately 84% of our total revenue in 2001, 76% in 2000 and 45% in 1999.
Following the mobilePosition acquisition, we began offering certain applications on a revenue sharing basis. Revenue is recognized following usage reported by the carrier. For 2001, the amount was not significant and was included in license revenue.
Maintenance fees arise from customer support, scheduled product upgrades and other software support services. Maintenance fees vary depending on the category of customer support provided by us. We charge our highest amounts when we take the call directly from the wireless carrier, which we call first level support. We offer reduced maintenance fees to our distributor partners for providing first level support to a wireless carrier. We may realize additional revenue if our customers request unscheduled product enhancements. Maintenance agreements generally have one-year terms and are renewable at the customer's option. Pricing varies,
depending upon whether the contract is sold by us or by our distributor partners. Maintenance fee revenue is recognized ratably over the service period. Maintenance fee revenue represented approximately 3% of total revenue in 2001, 2% in 2000 and 15% in 1999.
Professional services revenue results from consulting services primarily focused in four areas. The first area of service is providing marketing support, including designing specific business cases and performing market focus activities. The second area is providing pre-product launch service design, including the selection of content, the creation of the service offering and an assessment of how our products would be integrated into the customer's environment. The next area is the service launch process, including software and product installation and content and application testing. The last area is ongoing service in which we offer support as requested by the customer. Professional services revenue is recognized as services are provided.
Other revenue consists primarily of resale of third-party software. Depending on the customer's need, our MAPS product may include a restricted license for Oracle software, software for map information and some minor additional software depending on configuration. Professional services and other revenue represented approximately 13% of total revenue in 2001, 22% in 2000 and 40% in 1999.
We market and sell our mobile location products, which we call Wireless Location Services, to mobile operators both through our direct sales force and through a variety of license-based and co-marketing relationships that we call industry partnerships. We believe that most of our future sales will be made through distributors who are our industry partners.
Some of our distributor relationships with network equipment providers require that we integrate our products with their own proprietary telephony platforms, which consist of specialized hardware and software. We have typically entered into porting and reseller agreements that require the distributor to pre-purchase, on a non-refundable basis, a pre-determined number of licenses. In exchange for these pre-paid licenses, we adapt, or port, our software to the distributor's hardware/software platform and jointly develop a marketing plan for the distributor's introduction of our Wireless Location Services. License fees are non-refundable and typically the modifications required, if any, are not significant. Therefore, in addition to meeting all other criteria for license revenue recognition, license revenue related to porting and reseller agreements is recognized on acceptance of the licensed product by our distributor. Following acceptance of licenses, no additional services are required from us. After we receive the initial up-front license fees, we receive no additional license fee revenue from the distributor until additional licenses are purchased. We anticipate that these pre-paid licenses will be a declining percentage of our revenue in the future.
Deferred revenue results from the following situations:
- a customer purchases up-front licenses and pays for those licenses prior to software acceptance;
- a distributor purchases licenses related to a porting and reselling activity, as described above, and pays for all or a portion of those licenses prior to delivery and acceptance of the ported software;
- maintenance is paid in advance of a service delivery time period; and
- payment is provided in advance of service delivery.
International sales of products and services represented approximately 28%, 62% and 9% of our total revenue in the years ended December 31, 2001, 2000 and 1999, respectively. Sales through our United States partner channels are classified as domestic sales unless reported as international at the time the order is placed. Although the percentage of our total revenue derived from international sales may vary, we expect international sales to continue to represent a significant portion of our revenue, approximately 70% of our revenue over the long-term. Risks inherent in our international business activities include:
- difficulties in localizing our products and services for foreign markets;
- challenges in recruiting and managing qualified employees who are located near our foreign operations or are willing to move there;
- difficulties in establishing and maintaining relationships with foreign industry partners, who are an important part of our marketing strategy;
- a variety of foreign laws and regulations, including laws and regulations specifically relating to the telecommunications industry, which may differ from U.S. laws and regulations and from each other;
- legal uncertainties, delays and expenses associated with tariffs, export licenses and other trade barriers;
- inadequate protection of intellectual property in foreign countries;
- political and economic instability;
- adverse tax consequences; and
- longer payment cycles.
COST OF REVENUE
Cost of revenue consists of cost of operations, which includes compensation and pro-rated overhead costs for operations personnel; cost of third-party software; and direct costs incurred when providing service. Operations employees are personnel engaged in providing installation, training, maintenance, support and consulting services for our Wireless Location Services software.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Research and development expenses include compensation and pro-rated overhead costs for personnel associated with the research, design, experimentation, development, testing and quality control of our products. Research and development activities are expensed as incurred until technological feasibility of software is attained. Since technological feasibility has generally coincided with commercialization of our products, no software development expenses have been capitalized. The amount of expenses for this category in the future depends to a large degree upon how quickly our business develops and how we respond to any future growth.
SELLING, GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
Selling, general and administrative expenses consist of compensation and pro-rated overhead costs per employee for personnel in sales, marketing, and administrative functions; sales commissions for sales employees; royalties to our industry partners; and expenses associated with promotional activities, travel, telecommunications and training. Our plans for continued expansion are expected to significantly increase our costs in this category. The amount of expenses for this category in the future, depends to a large degree, upon how quickly our business develops and how we respond to any future growth.
DEPRECIATION AND AMORTIZATION
Depreciation and amortization consists of depreciation and amortization expenses related to intangible assets, hardware, desktop software and upgrades, patents and other intellectual property, equipment and leasehold improvements.
In March 2000 we contracted to acquire Bfound.com Services, Inc., a British Columbia corporation. On April 4, 2000 we purchased 76% of the common stock of Bfound.com in exchange for 9,976 shares of SignalSoft common stock and 413,175 shares of Class B common stock of our Nova Scotia subsidiary with a combined fair value of approximately $2.3 million and $1.1 million in cash. On May 16, 2000, we acquired the remaining 24% of Bfound.com's common stock in exchange for 135,172 shares of Class B common stock of our Nova Scotia subsidiary with fair value of approximately $0.7 million and $0.4 million in cash. The transaction was accounted for using the purchase method. As a result, we recorded approximately $4.7 million of intangible assets related to the acquisition and are amortizing these assets over a five year period on a straight line method beginning in the second quarter of 2000.
In May 2001, we acquired approximately 99% of all issued and outstanding capital stock of mobilePosition AB, ("mobilePosition") a corporation organized under the laws of Sweden. In consideration for the acquired shares of mobilePosition, the Company paid $1.0 million in cash and issued 1,510,662 shares of its Common Stock with a fair value of approximately $12.1 million to such former holders of the mobilePosition shares. In relation to the acquisition, we also agreed to reimburse mobilePosition for payments totaling $350,000 to certain of mobilePosition's employees. In July 2001, the Company issued stock for the remaining 1% of mobilePosition common stock for consideration of 19,343 shares, with a fair market value of approximately $182,000, of our stock. The transaction was accounted for using the purchase method. As a result, we recorded approximately $15.2 million of intangible assets related to the acquisition and are amortizing these assets over a five year period on a straight line method beginning in the second quarter of 2001. Beginning January 1, 2002, we will no longer amortize these assets, but will periodically evaluate them for impairment in accordance with the requirements of SFAS 142.
In June 2001, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 142, SFAS 142, "Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets." We are required to adopt the provisions of FAS 142 effective January 1, 2002. As a result, amortization of goodwill and certain identifiable intangible assets will be discontinued and instead will be reviewed for impairment, at least annually, in accordance with the provisions of this statement. As of December 2001, there was not an indication of impairment. Market value declines would prompt further impairment tests and may result in a related impairment charge in subsequent periods. Beginning January 1, 2002, we will no longer amortize these assets, but will periodically evaluate them for impairment in accordance with the requirements of SFAS 142.
STOCK OPTION COMPENSATION EXPENSE
Since 1995, we have used stock option grants to help compensate directors, officers, employees and some consultants in connection with our equity growth. In the past, when the exercise prices under these option grants were less than the fair value of the underlying shares on the date of grant, we incurred stock option compensation expense. We amortize the difference between the fair value of the underlying shares and the exercise price for the shares over the option vesting period.
FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2001 COMPARED TO FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
Revenue
Total revenue increased $6.8 million to $20.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2001 from $13.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2000. The increase in revenue during the year ended December 31, 2001, resulted primarily from a $6.7 million increase in license fees associated with the sale of licenses for various products under our distributor agreements and the direct sale of our SafetyFirst, Location Manager and IN Location products. During the year ended December 31, 2001, 28%, 18%, 11%, and 11%, respectively, of our revenue resulted from sales to Sprint, Siemens, Lucent Technologies, Inc., and Voicestream.
License fees. License fee revenue increased $6.7 million to $17.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2001 from $10.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2000. The increase in license fee revenue during the year ended December 31, 2001 resulted primarily from the sale of licenses for various products under our reseller agreements and an increase in the direct sale of our SafetyFirst, IN Location and Location Manager products.
Maintenance fees. Maintenance fee revenue increased $0.3 million to $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2001 from $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2000. The increase in maintenance fee revenue is attributable primarily to the timing of maintenance start-up in relation to the sale of our licenses and the increase in the sale of our SafetyFirst and Location Manager products.
Professional services and other. Professional services and other revenue decreased $0.2 million to $2.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2001 from $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2000. The decrease resulted primarily from a decrease in professional service activity relating to certain consulting
services performed in 2000 for pre-product launch design. In 2001, the Company continued to provide services for installation, training and consultation in the sale of various products under our reseller agreements and in the direct sale of our products and the services associated with performance of introductory product trials and demonstrations.
Cost of Revenue
Cost of revenue increased $3.0 million to $7.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2001 from $4.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2000. The dollar increase in cost of sales was due primarily to the growth in operations personnel to 51 at December 31, 2001 from 34 at December 31, 2000, which, exclusive of additional salaries and benefits associated with mobilePosition, accounted for $2.0 million of the increase. In addition, cost of revenue increased by $0.6 million as a result of costs associated with the acquisition of mobilePosition completed in May 2001 and an increase of $0.5 million relating to consulting and travel costs. As a percentage of total revenue, cost of revenue increased to 35% for the year ended December 31, 2001 from 31% for the year ended December 31, 2000. This increase resulted from a greater increase in fixed costs in comparison to incremental revenue. We expect our margins to improve in the long term with the stabilization of our fixed costs.
Selling, General and Administrative
Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") costs increased $12.2 million to $25.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2001 from $13.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2000. The change was due primarily to an increase in selling, general and administrative personnel to 110 as of December 31, 2001 from 89 as of December 31, 2000, which, exclusive of additional salaries and benefits associated with mobilePosition accounted for $3.5 million of the increase. In addition, SG&A expenses increased due to $2.4 million in marketing expenses, an increase of $2.2 million in commissions, an increase of $2.1 million in provision for uncollectible accounts resulting from the periodic review and identification of uncollectible accounts, an increase of $1.6 million resulting from costs associated with the acquisition of mobilePosition completed in May 2001, and an increase of $0.4 million in travel and consulting expenses.
Research and Development
Research and development ("R&D") expenses increased $3.9 million to $13.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2001 from $10.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2000. The change in research and development costs was due primarily to an increase in research and development personnel to 102 as of December 31, 2001 from 77 as of December 31, 2000, which, exclusive of additional salaries and benefits associated with mobilePosition accounted for $3.3 million of the increase. The additional costs associated with the acquisition of mobilePosition completed in May 2001, accounted for $0.9 million of the increase in R&D expenses.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization increased $3.1 million to $4.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2001 from $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2000. The increase is due primarily to an increase of $2.0 million in the amortization of intangible assets as a result of the acquisition of mobilePosition completed in May 2001 and a full year of amortization of intangible assets resulting from the acquisition of Bfound.com in May 2000. Depreciation expense increased as a result of an increase in equipment and leasehold improvements to $9.4 million at December 31, 2001 from $5.0 million at December 31, 2000.
Stock Option Compensation Expense
Stock option compensation expense increased $0.1 million to $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2001 from $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2000. The increase is due to the recognition of a full year of amortization of stock option compensation expense in 2001 compared to 2000. These costs relate to options granted in 2000, 1999, 1998 and 1997 under our stock option plans with exercise prices deemed to
be at less than fair value of the common stock at the date of grant. During the year ended December 31, 2000, additional options were granted with exercise prices at less than fair value resulting in $3.7 million in deferred compensation, which is being recognized ratably over the vesting period of the options.
Restructuring Charge
During the year ended December 31, 2001, the Company incurred a restructuring charge of $0.4 million as a result of certain actions taken to reduce our cost structure. The charge was primarily for costs associated with severing employees, including severance packages and outplacement costs for 30 terminated employees. All functional areas were affected by the reduction in force. As of December 31, 2001, no payments have been made, however, all severance payments were made during the first quarter of 2002. Expected future cost reductions are not expected to be significant.
Other Income, Net
Other income increased $0.2 million to $3.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2001 from $3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2000. The increase results from interest income derived from a full year of interest revenue in 2001 earned on net proceeds of $78.9 million received from our initial public offering in August 2000.
FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2000 COMPARED TO FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
Revenue
Total revenue increased $11.6 million to $13.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 1999. The increase in revenue during the year ended December 31, 2000, resulted primarily from an increase in license fees associated with the sale of licenses for various products under our reseller agreements and the direct sale of our SafetyFirst (formerly "Wireless 911"), Location Manager and IN Location (formerly "local.info") products. The increase in related professional services results primarily from professional services contracted under our reseller agreements and from the sale of our IN Location product. During the year ended December 31, 2000, 26%, 17%, 15%, 12% and 11%, respectively, of our revenue resulted from sales to Lucent Technologies, Inc., AT&T Wireless, Sprint, Compaq Computer and Siemens.
License fees. License fee revenue increased $9.4 million to $10.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 1999. The increase in license fee revenue during the year ended December 31, 2000 resulted primarily from the sale of licenses for various products under our reseller agreements and the direct sale of our IN Location, Location Manager and SafetyFirst products. The license fees for the year ended December 31, 1999 were derived primarily from our SafetyFirst product.
Maintenance fees. Maintenance fee revenue increased $10,000 to $297,000 for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $287,000 for the year ended December 31, 1999. The change in maintenance fee revenue is attributable primarily to the timing of maintenance start-up in relation to the sale of our licenses.
Professional services and other. Professional services and other revenue increased $2.2 million to $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 1999. The increase resulted primarily from installation, training, consultation services and sale of third-party software provided for in the sale of various products under our reseller agreements, the direct sale of our IN Location product and the services associated with performance of introductory product trials and demonstrations.
Cost of Revenue
Cost of revenue increased $2.5 million to $4.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 1999. The dollar increase in cost of sales was due primarily to the growth in operations personnel to 34 at December 31, 2000 from 14 at December 31, 1999, which
accounted for $1.3 million of the increase, an increase of $0.7 million relating to increased operations consulting and travel costs, and an increase of $0.4 million resulting from the cost of third party products associated with the introductory product trials and the sale of our IN Location product. As a percentage of total revenue, cost of revenue decreased to 31% for the year ended December 31, 2000 from 91% for the year ended December 31, 1999. This decrease resulted from greater revenue in 2000 to cover fixed costs and additional revenue in excess of the incremental cost of revenue.
Selling, General and Administrative
Selling, general and administrative costs increased $9.4 million to $13.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 1999. The change was due primarily to an increase in selling, general and administrative personnel to 89 as of December 31, 2000 from 22 as of December 31, 1999, which represented $6.7 million of the change, an increase of $0.9 million in consulting costs, an increase of $1.2 million in travel expenses, an increase of $0.3 million in marketing expenses, and an increase of $0.3 million in operating costs resulting from the purchase of Bfound.com Services, Inc. which was completed in May 2000.
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English mechanics and the world of science
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[48385.;— Cement for Blotting • Paper. If " Ethel" will nuike some clear well-toiled starch, and when cold, having her paper cut off tho length, lay one over the other, short of one another, about Jin. : wi|s: them over with the starch, and let dry ; turn over, and serve the same ; when dry, lay them about a full iin., and with moderately stiff gum stick them over ends ; when dry, if you just damp them, and lay over upon tho other starched surfoce, you will make a job of it. Starch must not to weak for the paper to absorb it. — Jack or Aix Trades. Soap-Making. If 1 Dunlin Din- mont " wdl obtain some first-class soft-soup, made from cotton-seed oil ami potash, he will then pos- ses* a soap free from rosin and lime, and containing the glvcerinc of the oil. Potash makes soft soap, sodn riard ; glycerine ie incompatible with a good hard soap, as is also lime : that is merely used for making the soda caustic, anil i« not introduced to tho soup-tsui, except by carelessness. — Loxnox Stoxe. [48390.1 -Foaaila in Flint.— There am n gootl mnliy microscopical ones. IS they liave any value I xaoald think it simplv that of interest. ^-Jottx ALtx. OLLABl), F.II.M..8., Enfield. [48390.] — Foasils. — (I) Large quautiti.-s of fossils, including many varieties, do occur in Hints, some of the commoner toing the sponges, rrhim- derm' and Terthratnltr. They am almost entirely valueless, unless very perfect specimens nf the rarer kinds. (2) There is, of course, not the slightest ground for the supposition that tho (pjantities of stones in the ground grow. They are, a* the cor- respondent supposes, often the remains of ancient river and een-tonchc«. caused by the washing and wearing away uf locks.^Torrx Hale. 1.8.392 Lathe-Bed. T! a patl m b ■ t* with the flat (or top r,f tol easting) loose, <»> that when in the sand it can to drawn rosily. Labor (JMXIA VlXCIT. [4839:i.l— ScrapinB Ca»t Iron. — The querist could not do totter than visit an ( and watch a filter gctting-up tl«; «udc-bars, valve, Jte., of on engine. An houi's watching will teach him more than a page of advice, A worn-out smooth file makes an excellent scraper for many job*. The size of a scraper is like the sha|ie, variable, according to circumstances. — Lahoc omm a Vrxcrr. [48393.]— Scraping Cast Iron.— Oet a piece of Stubbs' steel Jin. wide, tin. thick, and about 6in. long ; make taper to go in tile- handle one end, make bright blood-red heat the other end, and for 1 in . up flatten out to v1,, in., and about «in. up at Aix Trades. r483&6/]— Cistern— For emptying small cistern automatically, you cannot do better than siphon it out in the following manner : Fix a siphon pipe on the aide of tho cistern near the bottom ; when thu water reaches the top of the cistern it will also fill the siphon pipe, when at once the water will com- mence running to tho large tank, as desired.— Cuas. Hooks*. ri<Y'-: — Regulating Clock— You can regu- late clock by tho screw at bottom of pendulum- toh. To make it go faster screw bob up ; if it gains lower it. Clocks with horixontal lever- escapements are regulated like watches. If they go tovond the control of regulator they either wont the hair-spring letting out or taking in a bit. Toko in tlie spring if you want tho watch to go faster, and the reverse to lose. You must unpin the spring at thu stud and twist collet round. To calculatu length of mainspring divide tho torrel into three parts, one part artor, one sisAce, and one spring. Wheels are cat with a tool designed for tlie purpose, called a wheel-cutting engine, coating something like £14. Use Kclky's oil. at any tool-shop. There is a book advertised in this paper treating ou watehwork and tools, by F. J. Britten, price •"».— a most useful ls>ok. Further information if desired. — O. StltXEU. [48401. ]-Commutators.— " B. H." is light concerning the " movable shunt kind of arrange- Ilcre it is. Tho brass pieces CC being con- nected to terminals of primary, tho brass screws 8 and S" are juined. One terminal of tottery is brought to S\ tho other to 8 and 8 '. It will to evi- dent that when C C are moved into position of dotted lines, tlie current will to rcvers.*!. Mind you hare the three screws and underside of C and C quite clean. -Coxrad [48401 .]— Commutatore — In reply to "B. H "• I have the pleasure of sending two sketches of a shunt commutator— the second one with current i;.::: : 'i reversed. The fop part moves from right to left. J and vice vers,!, and is fastened by two screws, one to each strip. These strip* must to insulated one from the other. B S P, tottery screw positive I B S N. battery screw negative ; I B, ivory, bone, or other insulating material ; C 8, copper (or brass) stiiiis : X to or from coil inside or underneath connections with tottery screws, contact screws, and oil (or condenser). Bv the thin arrows vou will r-e the current enters and h aves the Ivitt.TV screws alike in bo:h instances.— S. E. Kelt. Digitized by Google 211 ENGLT8H MECnANIO AND WORLD OF SCIENCE : No. 919. Nov. 1881 [18407.1— Creation of Power.— The question in answered at p. 7<> of my Klcetricity. The n«p»'I- ismg of the bar is erTescicd by energy expendm by thi' muscles ; it taken just so much morn work to move the magnet over the slei-1 as is repreaeute'd ill tltt.' magnetism stored, besides that lost in friction as heat. Now, when steel needles are attracted by the new mngtiet. and magnetised thereby, the same tiling occurs, but not so ediviously. Tlie steel is really magnetised by alisorbing energy from the magnet and its external field ; it become*, pro Urn., an integral part of the svstc-m of the magnet. No external energy is introduced in thus magnetising the needle, but it is intrtaluoed in tlie act of sc-|iu- rating the needle and magnet, and the magnet, by its inherent power or condition, reabsorbs it,— BMKa. {•KM 10.]— Solvent for Marine Glue.— Try bi- sulphide of carbon J. McLvrosil. [48410.1 — Solvent for Marine Glue. — This marine glue is a mechanic. >1 combination of shellac nud rubber : tint rubber is dissolved in mineral naphtha, and the shellac in wood naphtha, and then well agitated when mixed. Try the ubove solvents. —Jack of All Trades. [48410. 1-Solvent for Marine Glue.— "S. 8." lias got a bail sample it ought to dissolve easily in la-n/ol or chloroform. It is said to bo made of 1 part indianibber, 12 mineral naphtha or enal tar, and 20 of khellue : but I can't vouch for the accu- racy of this formulu. It deteriorate* bv age ; a bit I luive hail for ul*>ut 1 1 years seems' to be quite brittle and {48410.] -Solvent for Marine Glue. I think coal naphtha would dnvsolvc it, with aid of warmth probably. There is no secret about the material. It is composed of a solution of caoutchouc (1 part to 60) in coal naphtha. One poit of thia solution and 'J part* shellac arc heated together. No doubt a solution could be made which would result in the same material, by dissolving the shellac in any sol- vent at when t .1 mi > be d le two solutie ■SlliXA. :ia, stirring together ^Hill.]— Derrick. The simplest method of calculation is the graphical. Let A B be tlie s|»r, nnd C the holdfast for hack guy. The three force* in ojierution are : Tension of biiek guy' • T ; weight = W thrust on heel of spar. Take M parallel to B D, making it = YY on any scab' vou lb parallel to C A: froui 4 w draw p« to mu:t it parallel to B A ; then the three forces are represented by da, tli, ah respectively. Hiunc aVi measured off on same scale as M will gii'u T. lu the case of a heel of .» T = 1J tou.- .S. O. H. Plates.— The brown *|iots iving used the negatives for lish, which should never !«• [4W 14] Gelatine are owing to your hav printing without vaniis done, unless only one or two copies are wanted. There is no remedy which would not also damage the negatives. — W. Roll IN son, Jfs. Mix witlt a (piantity List hot enough when jiouring » sti [48418.] —Wheel- Grease ■ f hunt tallow: make the tall t'> melt, and well agitate with it in.— Jack or Au. Tbauks. [48410.1 — Drilling: or Workinir Chilled Cams. — This will dcrwud u|kiii what metal vou have to deal with. It ordinary cast iron the chill is only skin docp ; but if of white iron and chilled, I am afraid it is a ease, as they will wont some hours' annealing.— Jack ok AjxTkai>es. [4R421] Battery for Bell. One part bichro- mate of potash in ten |urU water, to which add cue part of sulphuric acid.— W. H. [48421.] -Battery for Bell.- Saturate! solution of bichromate of potash, with ,«.«. bulk of sulphuric [1842 Dabbler ' saturates! solution of bichromate of potash, add when cold, one port of sulphuric acid to seven parts of the solution.-W. F. K. [48422.]— CarbonBinding--Screws. See letters 20103, p. 284. ami 47202, p. 410. both in last volume. Meltesl paruftLi wax prevent* acid creciiing.— Glen. .]— Carbon Binding-Screws.— If "A will refer to letter 202811, July 14. 1882, page 430 of Vol. XXXV., he will find all the infor- mutiun he irspiirea.— Houua Buos. [48424.]— Boinband Spectroscope.— Can con- firm " K.K.C.S." in so far, tliat I never see tlie ruin-tWao' and the rain-frm-*, with the same adjust- ment of the rainband stiectrewropc slit. When tlio rain-Ao)!// is seen, upon narrowing the slit the rain-lsmd appears to mo to resolve itself into tlie rain-lines (some times slightly shaded off) and then u|*m widening the slit diffuse again into a band. The actual fines appear to me to be the true guide. These remarks apply only to tlie spectrn- scope mentioned : with a larger one many other atmospheric hues and bands appear between C and I) aud etsewlierc ; but these seem only to complicate the matter, and the spectroscope in question u best adapted for these highly interesting observations. It is best to always observe with a slit of tlie same diameter, which can lie easily done by marking the slit, adj listing- ring, and tlie tube. At exact focus should also be marked on the inner sliding-tube, so as always to work with the same adjustments.— R. P.O. [48-121.]— Battery for Bell.- It is a bichromat of ]mta>h battery ; the solution consists of 3 ounce* of the salt dissolved in one pint | when dissolved and cool, add 2 fluid ounce* of oil of vitriol, and a equal quantity wlien the action becomes weak when again exhausted, replace with fresh solution — Siujia. [4S421.J -Battery for Bell. -The battery you describe is a bichromate buttery, the solution for which is nunlc in tlie following manner:— To u UNANSWERED QUERIES. okm. tlllft el qiTx't wtnYt f-rwnis u*a— »r art sics ,»-rl'J li lAii lisf, awf i/ rtit/ rn* art rr^ftlnl f<mr trr-U olwrtamts. teas* Th* SUMS suvrvil" J*r ~r msifVe. toll lout m>r IV IM SSS -si a full n/***" <Vj, oss/ar IV SCS'/I .</ a„r /r!t<nc caslntaiu,. .. 4?7Ji"t. Tcna-cotta Painting, p 4T7«ia. UniiT-Knjwuuc and Basket-making. -V*1 4T7t".l. 1 frs-enhnuse, Vs>. tTTTt. Oattcrs for t'»e in I jthc. ,V»1. 47777. lluuds In N.«atives, :<«> 477na. i.'onftvtioner*' i»ea. Mi. 477iSI. Mi^Jisnical Lantem Hll.l.-v Ml. 477»•.•. huiauu; Gum Uns-n. set , [4842o.]-Dynamo-l rent* generated in tlie coils are From the question, I presume reference is ma<le to tlie ma- chines made on the Saxton type or the Siemens armatunt, in which the current* arc alternate in direction in the wire. Tlie euils of tlie wires are connected to the two plates of the commutator ; as these rotate under the collecting springs, thev are alternately in circuit with tlie opposite terminals, and the change is effected at the moment of change of direction of current. — Siqxa. [4812o.] Electric Llfrht,— This is one of the class of Questions I never care to answer. I have no actual experience of these details, and have too much to think of to calculate them out. Rosidcs, no answer can be given to the actual question. Tlie sine of win; depends upon the kind of lamp to bo " I doubt if any could be worked from an [48427. 1 -Indicator to Block—Oerald Harley may coustruct his semaphore with magnet itlaued vertically, if he pleases, hut would give no better result. H is an adjustable weight, which raises the arm to danger when the armature is released. —Block. [48429.]— Garden Path — This has been struck out with the line and pegs, as is generally dono by gardeners. Divide the plot through the "centre o'f length with three equal lengths, and drive a couple of stakes in. Now strike a line at right angles to them through the centre of bed, and drive stakes in. We will say Um first .ire fore and aft ; now take a piece of cord and pins around the stake fore and aft. and over the one to the right, ami tie your rope or cool ; this will term a triangle. Now "take a stick pointed, and slipping tlie cord off the right peg, place the stick insnle. and strike the radius from the two stakes at centres, and it, if not right, will give you some idea how to compass what you require.— 'Jaci of All Trades. [48(30.]— Electrical Keaistance. — I have not seen the iustrumtut J. J\ K." mentions, but he will find an explanation of tlie principles, together with instructions how to make and work lesUtarice coils, in No. l!7 of the 1NH7 edition of "CusscU's Popular Educator," price lid.— J. Mcljrrostt. Electric Cables. The Ktc< trical Trading Company, Limited, of Victoria Mansions, West- minster, send us a numl«cr of samples of the cables made by the Berthoud-Borel process. The copper wires are covered with wrappings c.f perfectly dry cotton laid on in two or more envclnts-s as may bo required, the direction being reversed wilh each layer. Thus prepan-d, they are plunged into a bath of melted paiaillu aud colophauc (rosin), and kept there at a temperature, of over riot!'. The wires thus insulated am then made up into cables and passed into a muchiue which t outs them with a homogeneous sheuth of lead, as stout as required, the process licing very ra|«d, aud the pnsfuct ;dt that could bo desired for telegraphic aud electric lighting purposes. The cables can ho had in s great variety of si/cs from oiu ronilurtor of wires .. ii Mn: >, weighing 7.2>.i ii.. t-- th. n.ih . ■. the small " cahV " having one win' {■'|2i.!in.>. and weighing ITTlb. to the mile. The larger sixes are sheathed with two couts of lead, a layer of coal-tar being placed between. Simples of these cables will he exhibited ret the Aquarium mid the t'n'stal Palace in the forthcoming exhibitions. Margate, the (irotto or I'AVcrn, p. 74. Ihsrluuvit' of l"i]»-s under W*Ui, 74 Sliaplntf Maehuie. To W. 8 BrvWD. 74. Ceoipresissl Air, 74. Boiler. 74. hVswicrsiut snd Other Projectiles. 74. EU-etriaal, 7.V Hour. -«rr Hollers. 7^. Fbsjr-cloth Makhst. 75. JVietioll llra»e«, 7rV Hoult Iljtiatiio. 75. I^tthe, 7ft. Kjulleu Hope naul.Ufe, 75 Jupsuning ltuttons, 74. QUERIES. 48441. Case Clocks. -Will "Alfojoc" exjJauj the reason why sinue id tlie old-fustuuncsl case ciocAs. after ts-ing cii-ttiwsl anil put in ts-at, ^fo riirbt fcT a minute or two. nod then »n.l.Unlv grl oatoi t»aU«wl utter a fett ;ujii|'> klt^ls of bests SMp idnvetbrr * 1 fwl sun- that a few |«|srson i leaning and K'painng wh clicks as are to Uc fouwl in innat iswintry hunirs imm oui old friend " Atlojoe," if not uskiim too macb. would be thankfully welcomed by losiiy beMii'^t Bt.rx Uows. ; 48443.]— Liquid Fuel, <fcc . — nT-ere tan I ttnd ou! the sO^hu iinissuo' corrcsjwniliaif to different devrws t»l t« nirsTtttun* ■ if mit Its* raiu h, 1 should also hkc to kiem alsjut a list the dimensions sbtsuld be, of a liquid ftu 1 ttotier ; like used uci trst^ck' to run a vcitu-al i lunu.. cyiuakT *in. Ikiiv. lift, stroke. 1- there no danger o( h«a: in hurnr-r lli-iuid fuel boiler irenenittaae too nitvh or fisnaing on expU-ivr mixtuie with the air '. Are A A, I ilf. * *U'I 4, f-Kc 15* tubes ! fox A Hews. ■Mil -Tension of Coil Spriar-Will titer teli tin how to hnd the Ullsiou of a c teat spnng *> fitted an safety valves of a locomotive at a (riven |-re*sun. my, luewt., dm. o( >t< > \ fin,, dta. of spring 4iin., nomtsi ni .oil. r ' Ji Mho Lamp-Light Photography.- I sjisll fed olilnnsl ii any of your n-ader» will kinuly answer me Ihe following qurstitais as to taking photomphic por- traits in an onluury risim witli magrn sium lartit loss ore of Moor*. LaiKaster ami Sia's I imps. <lrr | lal.s nsgulnug an avenno.- rxpusure of ore second, and a good ltoss portrait 1ms. 1 base used fnjin Jin. toijm ol ribbon ill the Lump, anil short and Ui*ur exposures, but haw only suet.ssl.sl m giHtiajf weak slid lsull) -Uxhttsl n.y.U'ws I Vvlist is tlie ls-st pts-ite* for the lamp wtativc to the siller and camera ! 1 How am I te. atool a shadow of tin- timil aud shoulder* on the h*i k- gn tuud. whit h spods the pietun-. and why do Die light jsirttons of the backgroaiut prmt tbirk 1 .11 Wliat is tbc l. st. tol.ait tor t». kirrwiitiii .' I4> An- the plana tapid enough .' 16; Is tin gas-hg lit injurious dunug tt.- la- ps, are ! The negatives giie the far-.-s with tlie lieUtil very sbar]i, but with very stroair cast shadows. !>•.- upfs.i part of tin- heii.1 luitl the dress loan the threat down- wants tteuig allm»t invisible. To oinedy the abeivi ib-ft. ts 1 have triod tlie lamp in v arious pusicasu* the' iras turned down to a spark, to u uiediitiii fUuiv, to a lull hlaee, and also liiravd out cutus-lv ; h it Use nawae-sium tUrht is so powerful, that in every case the shadows arc toi> inteuw, 1 luive tried a fiajlii^'ht airainst the back- fremnd to pn-wiit slmtlows. mid which was ..Lretuliy nmuuf-d to keep tlie li#ht Ireiu entctuv the has, — FtS.OLD. pttift ; Engine for Boat- What sire «( tiuruue. and what, diameter and piti Ii of m o w. shall 1 roomie lot ■l boat ;«t. hiog. lien beam, ami 1-Hn. disp • Wh. tbei will an eugute of two cylinders, ut a larger one with .. ft} wheed.be better.' The Ismer is of copper, PsB baa. and oiu deep, thr- dome i» :im. t-iuiuv. 1 am geatiK to us. spirits of wine for fuel. Mourn. Esoise. [4SH46.; Colzaline Oil. WIB Mr Allen erothn rt-iitb-r favour ue- witii information .is to tlie natun- ui tie- above. au4 by what prueeas it can Is: tested to show laeix-Jy a mmeral spirit 1 On avx. 414447 ] -Bichromate Crystal. -t in imy on* tedl nit how to make Uie l e hromale crystal tiial you gert n ndy for use in bottles : A. B. J. 4»l;>- ; Dynamo. To Ms, 1VUUX w (SCO WALX*a-l wisli fo make a dinatsio with a (irainne armature u> run at 700 to Sou revolutions is rmeaute. Will >oi! please give me sou-, shape, and number ot lay* J* ol wire ol lit Id-msgni ts .' Will you also give a little diagram, showing, supposing 1 w. r. ss-iehng a turn trt.m a batter) thmugh « vt i) isn! ou tin- armatiu* in the aw dil.stloil, wlii.l, »|.y their t->lts would |>.m: • Al»o. how the entls o| isiil on annatun- are brought dowu to leiuiuiutalor-, and Lastly, shape of eomiiiUtatt'r ' A drawing of the machine, with all the |s,il > id ptare, wib luaterudly help the « Animation. — Nn lit -i en vsi'i. v. ;4HHri. \- Electrotyping. — Will stmt: eom-spotHlent kindly doscnU- what kind ol hot h'liltling tisji is uwd by Digitized by Google Nov. 3, 1882. ENGLISH MECHANIC AND WORLD OF SCIENCE: No. 910. 215 pnnl.T >' eluetrotyprr* for running Bit melted vox nmnd the moulds I and oblige— An Am* rem. . IKlio ; Legul. The street I live in is n .->iJ-rfe-*».-. it thr closed end of which ■ school, in connis tion with the district thurrh. was erected a few year* rime. An the hoys attcmlirjg thii »' !hmi1 persist, in spite of rontin- u«l complaints to the massrr, in making * pUyimiiind of the street, t.i the great annoyiuv*- of tm-silf mi.! IV nei^hrsMri. 1 tlialt l«> tflad t.> hum ll llnre I- ,my remedy M law fur the nuisance.— C. P. IM5I Galvanic Belt.— Will Mr. Uincn-ttr or •«kOl* other reader tell nit how to make * galvanic belt that can be worn in the daytime ;- Isul inr.il. t+LM' !- Book-Edge Marblin*. <m any r.«!(r uit.irtn me t| What m the mux- <it i dour* breaking up •potty --oxl nwd -m being combed, mid bow to rcnaJv the fault r I u-e gum trag\i> uiith, nod grind my colours . and regulate them w itli pill ami mi 11.) I- [ |S4fi5.J -Ofta-Tar.— I have totoe wooderr-nsjfed houses which 1 nsiuirv- to give a coat of guw-tar to ocra- siogially. Aa it is liable to run in hot weather and pet •oft, 1 would bo glad to know of isjoiething to give it (i tssly ami make it set hanl. I du not boil it, a* this drive* off tlie oil", and makes it liable to crack, 1 think. | What in the best way to u|,ply tar on tarpaulin* ! -Rusa- traLB. tswa! ; — E(t(r-FreBPrvin(r, Wonld'Tonf. .-tinner" kindly dcscrils- hia plan fur tit ~i rvini: eggs in liine ami water, and «uy how long will tiny k.tfj. *i>od .'-1 IS U.S. Was:.] Salt Butter.- WuiUd reader give a if«s1 plan of preserving salt butter, about two firkins of It. *o a* to keep in>Hl during the winter and up to the end of April ; uf course, the quantity will he dimimshiiv,-, ita ! Jj What is the beat kind of red to i* The bent method of [rrinding luloin* and keeping to! -P. F. Cam. .uwm ; Softeniwr Tone of Harmonium. - W ill one of y .ur leaden who know* kindly say what i* the best rncthisl of subduing the tone at some of the *fop* of a large harmonium '. I have tried cotton wadding phuvj mode tin instrument, In there anvthwg hettn • The Flute and llourdon ore •' fuller " than 1 i-.in- for in a ilrawing-nsiui, win re wilt music 11 dratted - W E II [saMM. f— Railroad».— Will any reader infnrm me whaeh k* Hie hurttcitt railroad in the world .* WTiat i<* the hrt^hl ul the thin Itailroad, I'em '. And wliat it the -rt -a^t indin,' for the travel ut a tocouiotive f- tfLAi— -Bath Boiler.— Havitur a upkudid hath with •luwt r T«tera ubo»e, 1 ani d<-imua of taking lull "t of it daily ; but it in not proviiled with any tar rrcci.ins hot vatrr, without which, mtnw trr, th« h»th in u*rlr*«. I w.iuJd ftm*iih: r it an . f^iour if any wh-» uuy n-jul thi* uio (»uirx«t ua \-U-* fur my r^.inivttitiit*. IVrhn|m a tin or nbtct inn !««Jfr mnylv UtUnl in hMOi-rwom, IwnU-d ui.hKUJ.or ihI, if much wouM be p*td mrtul. \Vhnt im thr Ma^rnt f iirtn *u ** to utilinc the gmitcnt aj&uuiit of lnut ! (tuw W KOI Air. [Wli| Tfffll Th Mp. WftTiimtrirtii— IUv«to ;^ivc M% ax- n\ttt*' tiuUtv (o Uhw ii huusc which I t'»k 111 th; half-qunrttr LwtWLi'ti I-iu) -day ami MjiixiimiTwr. Shuuld th:- nuti<*.' be (riven mi u.* to rxpsnt an the 'iith of Juar, or on the nth of May, the hnlf-jHiartfr .* C li. 1!. ;ih4%7 ] Elcctro-PlatinK — I A» a littJ* pl^tro i r -pitting «n a nBi*it mIo, but have (mwt dttliMtlty t» «Jt-pt»tt ftuffl' ient tuet&l. I fgvl a iuli- whit** c<A«'jug. lntl Ihm the tiettuci ■eemi tn ntnp. The axtude ^ ki<i hcromrat coated with a dark«colnuri,«l «km [which, I think, rannot br> right, . Thin iimting bevornm i1imm:i!vi d vhra th<r Amide u alone inunrrM**- i.e., the artii lc* to b* pLaVd b^ing taken out. I nutkn <*>jtutK>4i by thr f*att>ry fMi-wrt *iw! (-}ani<Ie of potaajluiu. 1 li*+v trii*«i <liflVr« ul bittrry powT-rs— f rum very weak to wry »trnnir— with much the name renult. I haw very little dinVulty in rAix-tnbHnUluiJ? Igiild:. WiU namin-jin pUwnr help f A !*<>r »x H<>ft*>l.ooi«T. ;iHtw ] Finishing- Wrought-Iron. - Wonia ™ny r kindJy onliifbu-u nw bow to put a iu*v nniooih rt'.m on th" vurfftfY uf wroutftit-iron working» ! I have beea WWflj yearn at thin nort of work, making «tut!«, nuta. ami other small artirUn, but never ye-t rtiuUl I di»- -over thr* way in whhh I txHild flni*h Uw m as notDC 1 have it .i b » d r.,i>i.v, i-i L-iv^l i ■ Mr. WrTHMFinu.- 1 am one el thre*' ap^»nnUfV"B nerving our time in the plumbing ami iaTanfitting luu , ami oar tune, aixxirtlinir to our indrnturun, i* 10 bourn a day ; 6 to .*■ >'. Hatunlayn rvrepU'd, which »» ordinar)' worWinjr time in our Unide. Now ordinary wuriinsT umo m our shop ia 6— 1* ; all meelfcanim ]cnv>< at t tut ttni*:, but we are kept until 3, 4, and often & o'clock, but nervr gvtting uwny ut our pniper time, and allowed tv i dinm-T-ttme. Does our <unt! come under the Factory* and Woriuhop Act ! If not, what ran wvt do in the lOAtteT !— W. J. S. i f -i^i Fontainmoreau's Alloy —Can mnall Artu lew be cast in Ihw alloy in planter or coppei mould* ! • 'in it be melt'-xl in a cruobLe or ladle over ordinary ttre ! AU», what U the bent proportion of line Ut coppu nuit- Able for flue OTprcnwonn ?- Wuitk Hu^*, nwdcr kindly nay vthi<-b repair name in*! obligv- m* how I may nunaotmt thin dirhcultv ! I t to work with the lamp, an I put my lamp inU then exclude all artinie light. Skmpfi; Fiuel K-WiU " W H." i nee T?f*hm _' i If -.o kind an to give the drawing: he ban , for I wiuit to try ami make one ; but my dia- • u not no far an " Tnntab'n "! The longmt dut.n.e with will be about &tyd 8 K S [i>*»oa ^Elaatlc Web Folding Xaehine - Having neteiul liuiulivd yards of elastic web to folil ■ '.M.y from tlie lm»mn, wbivh ban to be folded up about J*.w long, nuitable to pla*v> in hnmpern to travel by mil, Ar , I ni^otild he gLid if any able writer wmdd annint me in raakirng a murhine for thut puriow, Tlie web vamv. ui length frura 'JO to 7 0 yardn, ami from '/J ui toftin. wide. .V rough nketch would greatly oblige— J. B., Lcitenter ^if-i " Mcasurcmont of a Degree on the Kartli'i Surface. Newton'n theory of the aattenin*f vt the enrtJi at the lN>le* wa* provpo: to be eorrwt by menvvurtog a dtgree tlmt in the> Eru)>ioal rc^r-oun and then tn the polar mrionn. It wan mi-A.wLUT'ii in L^ipliiml wan l^>l*i tmrxnured in the tropica, and frx th*? llAttrnim? or dV^reswion at th t*. han always puriled me to uf> mrrtat Vt rue that the degree* nhc palm, owing to the flattening, natten it at the polcn ami "bulge" it then from thr orntre dniw mdii making equal angle* »i th- oeatre. the portion of arc between two radii at the found tlittt the dcirree yard.* luiurer tiuin that m thia we are told that pole* wmt j>rove*l ; but entuDd thh ; Indeed, it lid iret «horUr near the If we draw a circle and re " it at the equator, |i.4IM.]-PalninH*el.-Will aomonne kindly Rive rnr a/lnne ! I hare hern aufferirnt for the paat two we*jka ■ mm a acrr-re nain in ray h*i !i* 1 don t autTcr inoe-h wh.'n at rent, but when 1 ntnnd or mote about tba pain ia m<a>t unpleaaant. 1 am ti yearn of aire, and ul Wm- I habtta. Some any it ia rheumatism. — Koeti>aLK, owirn/ to the eupplv of the wwkly connumptiuo having to Ih- taken out of it '— l.B.O.H. ;«4flH . Real E»tat«.- Would Mr. Wethcrfleld kindly yive trie a little information eonecminjr the follow- tin: ! — A. lud two wiamtc lot* of trochoid property which he left by will to B, and C, in tl«' followiiur manner: one lot w.»« left to B., and th" luir. male of hia body for ever ; the other lot waa loft to ('.and her hiani ; Wit in owe C die*l without isaue, h*T portion win tu go to B and hi. heira. Xow both B and C «urned tlie will aa witww?, and then by. a. I underatiutd, ilrhnned theinarlrca from purticipatinti in the will ; but, however, then- waa no one to i>n*».' them at the proper tunc and a» they have each l>eld puaatwaioa over twenty yearn, I wppow tlw> ba>* a titl- to it ; but thia ia the iiucry— Iloew tlie f;u-t uf B. bavin;? »iimeil the will aa witnen. debar liia heira frura taking ( ' '« portion at her death in raw die din without i«ne, n» then' i< a nenn r ivlatin to A. living, that i» the .on of an eider hMthcr of B . who would liave been lieir-«t-law if A. bad did inteatute.- W, A K .!*«*.]— Mulical Box —I liavT a mu»i.-nl bin tn repair. About a do«-n tinurue* are (rone fn>m the comb, and many of tlie ateel pin. in drum are broken off or tn-nt ; the other jort> an- m good mndltion. Will »nn* ' h >* the «n»kwt way and beat to -A 1'lli.hiv Woiik*ax. | VifTO. 1 - Enlar(rementa. In nUar>rementji with the itelutine plate. I rind it difHeult in focua*ing thr tirunre at night with a paramn-hunp, aa recommended in Mr. Stanley*. dirr-,'tioii>. I invanably (jet a npot of light from the blase of tlie lamp, which eauiwii thin .[nit to act more imickly than the other inrtiiHm of the arnaitivv Mirfaee. \\ 111 ...me render kindly obligi1 me by telliiu; " nd it <iori«T a box, and sua, 1MI71. j— Lesal. - Will Mr. Wetlierflrld adviae on the following point ' A. and It pronox- to join ai, partner, in carrying <m a I'tuiniw. under the Htyle of A. 11. and Co, each putting £l,0\*i into the conceni . If, after I certiiin time, lo*"ca are ineurml by the linn aver and above their capital of £2,UMJ, are A. and B.'a private cffit-t. and property liable for the debta IneurriMl by thr lirm ! If »>, I. thrn* any way ot drawing np deed of partnerahip by which tlve liability e»n h.- limited to tlie -mount ol eapitil .nV nt««l otbet than b) tin Lituite.l Liability Co. Act ! A. B. [mry. Harmonium Podaln -I have a rhama-l liarai.iniiim. b) which I want to attach my «•! of pedal.. Will amine of ymir reader, very kindly advue the «im- pleat method u> tlie attainment thereof f I have tried a upo method, which work, too hard, and, therefore, make, tl-e tod-, -ll. A't«. lung the ta|> totbeendof the cUMeT utidenuuth by menna uf a button acrew 1 screwed into the wind-chamber to tiny pullcy-whcela - one directly under the note, the other dirertly over the pedal. I then ran the tape under the nmuuientiooed ami ovnr the «.f.«nd do., aral, aa I »y, they do not work properly .—J . B Bi aaro«. ;t*tTS.]-To Mr. Watherfl«ld.-A nicer of mine II y<wr» old wna induced by a brother who returned from New Zealand four yr-ar. ago to go hark witli him tn New. Zealand to nnrv an older invalid brotlier T)n> .he did ; and while tlyere the Invalid died, leaving her ittl.Ojii. The aurvivtur brotlier induced her in the coluny U< make her will, Icavrruj cviTytliing to him. After having done .o. .he atayed amne twelve month* with friend*, and then returned to Rngland. Tier lirother baa recently returned, and ia residing with hi* mother and this ei.ter. She Iniunioi me they uw tier very badly, and threaten to put her in an asylum— of course, to prevent her making another or alb-nmr her will. She i. an intelligent, aoand- minded woman ; but lieing in the brother", handa. ahe ia afraid .he will be placed away .mTeptitinualy, a. he will not allow her to communicate, idmuld be know it, Willi anyone My wife, her aunt. U anviuuj for me to interfere : but bring a working mechanic with a Unre family, I lunnnt afford mom v for .ueh a purpnw. Per- luip.. ur, y».iu will ad viae what to do provtduur .he ia taken away — Kkv «i«o. :«M7«.;-Model Cutter Taoht.— I am about to built a model cutter yacht, length over all, Ml. Will any reader kindly inform me bow to fix the riba to the* keel ! Alan, what wooda would be the beat for the different part* * and greatly oblige - it V I,. WC'i Lenl. im 1 charge for making out the two eupiea uf bill of item* required by County Court I In my buaineaw the iti'ma are very small and rather numer- ous ; and when an account ho. run for some years it ia a hard tax to have tu make out two bill, in full bcaide* the one already aupplied to the debtor, unless the debtor i* made to bear die expense thereof. Oi »i reatm, «.] — Metropolitan Railwrajr Ieooo: tivaa.— fan any eiiirfanondent give dimcnaiona and particular, of the locomotive* of the Metropolitan Kail. , and abw of the tank loromntrrea of other line* W.R . O X.K., M.K , L. « N.W.K., *c.J which work - portion* uf tlie Metropolitan llailwny system and It local linira !— E. £. It. TiuTxaa. way, and abw of the bvnk lommotire* of other line* O.W.K.. t> X.K., M.K., L. « N.W.H., «c) whkli work over _ other [4H477.] Screw Propeller. Wmild any of our render* knidly infoivn me bow to To ISIn. dia . p ' Co put ou with atad-bolta, blades i* besit ! — Chxiitct 'tsKX.' — Galvanometer.- 1 want to fijtrre my galvanometer in ampere*. Can I do It with * Wheat- how to make „-r. w proprlter. from IfMn. to ISIn. dia ., pitch from l*n to amn . blade* and way whether two or three .Uine Bridge and an ohm re*i*tanee, or how should I do it f My galvanutnetcT hie* a rcai-tance of 0"2j ohm. - Vu Aa On a. :is,7!i •-Protecting Zinc From Sulphuric Acid Futnea. -Can any of your uiuneroiu isirreapond- cnts tell mc of a cheap mean, for protecting rim sbtvU arrainst the fume* of snlphnrie acid f- W, R. I,. [•%le».] Calculating; Welg-ht of Copper Leada.— To M6nMA. *■ 0m you give a rule for enl- eiiliiting the weight of copjvr leads, lor say. 120 in* c«lnle-»:ent, or IH are himris, lixhti*] by dynamo, or stoni-.-e battcriisi, or by the two combined 1 Such a role, [WW.I-Kiffrinjr Boat Yawl — I ihall tad mufh .iblijynd to any nautie^l reader of tlw "EM " whu will irifonn me uf th« moot «pj«-oved wuy to rig u IkmiI- yawl *i5ft. long;— one matt preferred. In tliere any kind of wrew wluch eould be atuuhed rieTnianently to therndn of the atavM to haul them down t*i the gunwale, no th^t they eoulu }*> renK>vr-d or tighU'i>ed quiekly * fV.tiild a nmall nu^hng-whpel bo put ia Uie ntern, ami euubl india- rubber Wir» be got cheap for water ballaat ! Any further lufonnattou will oblige —8. 8. f 48482 ]-I^irttl-Ratinff AppwU -Will Mr. Wetlierflehl plmne nay wbetlx-r I am liable to payment ot rat«-« under the following Hwnmntinneon f I gave noti^- of appeal agTiinnt the annPeimnent in Apnt lu».t. -mn- whteh 1 have paid on* rate ; now a -wilier i* deruan Je*!, Should not th* nnwwrtient eoiunutiee have bearl tbf apinwl at otire, or am I juntitled in n'fu«ing In pay rut*** till the appeal ban been heard ! — U it j m. fiftiKJ.]— Henry, Lord Clifford. -In a work I ha»e come aerona entitled " Kona'v H.n tuner WandenrirrM.4' mention im nntde of one Henry, l*ord rllirotd, who l.»'"l above yearn din^ruined a- a •dttpherd boy, until th*.* suxvnoo!! of 11 enry Vll. ciiablt'd him to annume bis here* dilary dt^niitien with nafetr. . . . lie built Borden Tower in Yark.^iire for tlie " ntndy of antronomy, in wbteh he did exntvdinffly delight " I Pembroke il-S :. t an anj' further inlunieatiowi b** obtain*^! at-out Catfurd T In lie known to have made any • and where are the IVmbruke MH. : - S . J . J. [4S*tSi.]-Wool Sains. IW-iiur a wuate dealer, I have Injuirbt a ijuontity of hitn of nkin with wool on , The wool elintf* at. teaaeioiudy U> tlie akin, and elippinj* olf with the nhenm in aurh a nlow pnioe»vi, that ualran 1 can Itndun evouomieal method of ireUiua; Ule wool utf, 1 nhall suffer u Knot lonn. 1 will thank any of our readtrs to help me in thii matter. — Wmn Xor. [4A4H& ] Stockbroking- Will you favour roc with the title* of any bookn on thin nnbjeet f I have nern IlayfonlV book, publinhed in the fortien, but would ..kr- one ih^iUnT lull details of prarUrv at the ptwDt tune !— Gair. Mercantile Dictionary.— Kindly refer roe to a book or hooka giving efwiein,-, yet t* plaoation of all terra* uned in t ary, in fact.— Omr. er.pUin'liwTfwf.fk .°nft *Sef?ZeZZ3&S£R life policy, aire lit, for flm, with tr, liar, pro OU already vented, on which no further premium, payable. Ijfe policy, age Vj, for «l,tvn, annual prem jEtOK* 6.1,. bonu. .ilditiina fifi 10*. I» tliere any book ou the aubjeet '.— Uair. [48W8 ] Trauafar Tracinir-Paper.-I there ia «ieh a thicur made whereby tm and tranaferred to crlaa.. Il ia u it can it bo had !— tiair. [**«!, 1— ConnectlnpT-Kod End.— Oan any rorre- aponilent oblure me with Uie name* of railways ixHnpaniea la-a aolidTiuabed end for the litUe end of the connert- rod! .Uaitheaueof the bearimr surface in Uo tiswi i-Bell Indlcatorn.— To Mh. L»vc*.tw.— I am only iroirut to Ut up two or three puahew. and shall Dot do much in the way uf {Hiiluur up Uoors ; but shonld bu veryirhvd if Mr. Lanuaater would be kind1 enooghtodeacribc them, /i. Baistwrni Lamp. Mr promiiMsl an in<|Uirer a short time a«o that lie (live inaiructiuna liow to make hi» ouurnesiium lamp, would very much oblige 7m ii he would do so. — Zt. ;«i*4ftf.' Swan's Larr.pn — Qaa Eriirinr — Accumulators. — Hunpoaing a Ih.p. t nominal | " Otto " fra*-emrine to be available for the purpoae (which Meeer. (.'roealcy *ar indicate* K'iMh.p... am 1 riirht in supposinit 1 eould use it to run a Siemens "ft D, " dynamo {which is represented as actually requirinK I Ih.p.! to lurht \t of 8wan'a ao-eandle Lamps or 'Jt 10-oandle ditto t Could such an engine be uaed to chanre the rcquiaite ninrtber of aeeumnlators far Hwan'. Lamps, of which 1 understand at least Jt are requins). and could more Lamp* be illuminated every nis lit in tin* way :— 8. H. Salt, tsl, lle|rent'* lark-road, N.W Oas-Stovos Will any of your eorre- upoiidcnt* who can .peak from actual eapeiience, inform me whether Hitehie'* '* lai» Calor " ffaa-atovra are of any use in a small conservatory or outdoor worlchopj [ The cold weather is approaching, and I want to kis'p some tender plant* alive during the winteT in a corjeervatory which at present ha* no beat. With reference to warm* init sad UghUrut my wivrksbop, I hare tried a small aa*'- stove In a llue, and flma-jeta, or ball and socket Jornt* for iiphtirnr my work ; but the moisture irenentcd by these render* all my ironwork rusty, that all n;y time ia occupied in cleaning instead uf working, 1 hear that Itlti hle'* " Lux t abir " store*' csju.U use tall the aqueous product* of ira. canbuation. hut I should like to hear the opinion uf one who has actually tried them.- llavuvu I*1.ASD. W41M i-T*ticrophoto«Taphy.- WUI antne reader who ia experienced in the above, kindly inform me what is the most approved plan of finding and registering the difference between the chemical and visual fu<-u* oi any given objective r Also, are there any objectives made in which the two point* are identical ' And further, is a direct or an oblique Light best for t cat object* ! I wish to u*e Jin. power.— rJnrrr as. Digitized by Google I 216 ENGLISn MECHANIC AND WORLD OF PCIEXCE: No. 919. Nov. 3, 1682.
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MARGULIES, J.S.C.
The Ovalles' vehicle was proceeding north. In an attempt to make a left-hand turn across the southbound lane, it came in contact with the McGee vehicle which was proceeding south. The Ovalles' vehicle struck the right rear of the McGee vehicle, spun the McGee vehicle around and then continued across the southbound traffic, mounted a sidewalk and struck the minor plaintiffs-pedestrians who appear in this action by their guardian. Plaintiffs are not owners of an automobile nor is there an owner of an automobile who resides in their household. The Ovalles' vehicle is alleged to be uninsured. Prudential Insurance Co. is servicing agent for New Jersey Automobile Full Insurance Underwriting Association, (N.J.A.F.I.U.A.) which covered Ovalles. Prudential alleges it cancelled the policy prior to the accident. Plaintiffs seek remedy against McGee for Personal Injury Protection (P.I.P.) benefits under N.J.S.A. 39:6A-4. Allstate Insurance Company is servicing agent for N.J.A.F.I.U.A., insurers of McGee. Alternatively, plaintiffs seek relief against Ovalles from the Unsatisfied Claim and Judgment Fund (Fund) under N.J.S.A. 39:6-86.1. Both defendants declined payment. N.J.S.A. 39:6A-4, among other things, refers to a class of persons:
. who sustained bodily injury as a result of an accident . as a pedestrian, caused by an automobile or by an object propelled by or from an automobile, to other persons sustaining bodily injury while occupying, entering into, alighting from or using the automobile of the named insured, with permission of the named insured, and to pedestrians, sustaining bodily injury caused by the named insured's automobile or struck by an object propelled by or from such automobile, (emphasis added)
On July 10, 1992, partial summary judgment was entered in favor of plaintiffs against the Fund for P.I.P. benefits. The court then decided that a motor vehicle struck by another vehicle and "propelled to the sidewalk is not an 'object' " under N.J.S.A. 39:6A-4. On August 5th, a written letter opinion recited the facts (as set forth above) and added:
In short, under the italicized language, plaintiff asserts that the Ovalles' vehicle was "an object" propelled by the named insured's automobile (McGee).
The problem of whether an automobile is an object under these circumstances is novel. The article, "Who pays pedestrians hit by stolen cars", 129 N.J.L.J. 1235 (December 30, 1991) reviews in a different context the very liberal application of the law and the broad interpretation given to the statute.
Notwithstanding the liberal constitutional and broad interpretation of the statute, P.I.P. benefits are not recoverable based upon the facts at bar. The statute refers to and defines an automobile. It is never used as analogous to an object propelled by or from an automobile. The plain language and common sense of the statute does not suggest that in an impact between an insured and uninsured vehicle, the uninsured vehicle should be treated as an object propelled by the insured vehicle in any of the variety of situations in which the propelled vehicle may cause damage or injuries to others. The Court finds nothing in the history of the statute to give it the breadth of interpretation which the plaintiff seeks. The 1984 legislation which inserted "or by an object propelled by or from an automobile" does not suggest such breadth of coverage as plaintiff seeks to produce.
On August 14th, the defendant Fund sought further consideration of three issues: Whether the plaintiff's-pedestrian's injuries were caused by the insured McGee vehicle; whether plaintiff must exhaust all remedies before resorting to the Fund; and, whether the Ovalles were insured in view of the holding in Celino v. General Accident Ins., 211 N.J.Super. 538, 512 A.2d 496 (App.Div.1986).
On the same day, the court further supplemented its opinion by adding:
The Fund gains no benefit from the consideration of the concept of causation. Notwithstanding the broad concept of "cause" as defined in Webster's Third International Dictionary, 356 (15th ed. 1971) cited in Darel v. Pennsylvania Mfgrs. Ass'n. Ins. Co., 114 N.J. 416, 555 A.2d 570 (1989), the fact complex at bar differs from that in Darel. The McGee vehicle was merely a circumstance. It was not a substantial factor in causing the injury. The "but for" doctrine is an elusive guide to problems of causation. It is as often used to determine inclusion as to determine exclusion. Both Prosser and Harper & James recognize the frequent broad use of this concept. There is no single set of parameters that mechanically limit the concept of cause. Hart and Honoré took 500 pages to explain the sense of that doctrine in the Second Edition of "Causation In The Law".
On its face, N.J.S.A. 39:6A-4 did provide coverage to pedestrians sustaining injury caused by the named insured's automobile. "Caused by" does not mean "struck by." It does not mean wrongfully, negligently or tortiously "caused by", but it must mean something other than the coincidence of time and place. Hypothetically, if the McGee vehicle had not been at the site when Ovalles was making his turn, if the Ovalles operator had lost control and mounted the sidewalk, the pedestrian would still have been struck. Similarly, if the Ovalles vehicle cutting across the path of the McGee vehicle had not even contacted the McGee vehicle but had swerved and struck the pedestrian, the injury would have been sustained although there was no collision. If the Ovalles had accelerated in making the turn because he saw the McGee vehicle approaching from one-half block away and the acceleration caused a loss of control resulting in a pedestrian being injured, the McGee vehicle could still be alleged to be a cause of the injury under the Fund's approach. There was no essential difference from an analysis of "causation" between a situation in which the Ovalles' car hit a tree and veered off and struck a victim and the facts at bar. In the hypothetical case, it cannot be said that the tree "caused" the victim's injury. Webster's "cause" and "legal cause" are not the same in every factual complex. The facts at bar are not in dispute. The issue is one of law. The McGee vehicle did not cause the injury. It was caused by the Ovalles vehicle. Notwithstanding the breadth of PIP, in the complex of reading N.J.S.A. 39:6A-4 with N.J.S.A. 39:6-86.1, it is the latter which legislatively protects the victim in the case at bar. The Fund language is broader since it is not qualified by the "named insured's vehicle." Although the words "caused by" appear in both statutes, the Fund umbrella concept is designed to be broader than N.J.S.A. 36:6A.
The Fund can gain no succor from Celino [citation omitted] which requires specific formality for cancellation of coverage. Prudential Commercial Insurance Company submitted their file which showed that for non-receipt of premium payment, there was a notice of cancellation and a cancellation. The collision was on October 28, 1989 and the motion came before the court in June 1992, the complaint having been filed originally in 1990.
In September, the Fund moved for further reconsideration. N.J.A.F.I.U.A. covering McGee objected to having the motion heard, affirming that the Ovalles' vehicle did not carry P.I.P. protection.
Before the adjourned hearing date on this motion, the court was advised of two facts. First, the parties had not as yet been able to definitively affirm whether the insurance carrier (Prudential), which, as servicing agent for N.J.A.F.I.U.A. had issued a policy covering the Ovalles' car, had been effectively can-celled. Hence, the Fund urged that there had not been exhaustion of alternative remedies against Prudential before resorting to the Fund. Second, a declaratory judgment action was filed by the Fund and Ovalles against Prudential, the McGees and N.J.A.F.I.U.A. alleging that Prudential had not effectively can-celled its policy in compliance with N.J.S.A. 17:29C-10 and an amended complaint was filed by Rankin (individually and as guardian of the Prather children) seeking remedies alternatively against all of the party defendants, Ovalles, McGees, U.C.J.F. and N.J.A.F.I.U.A. These actions were consolidated by the presiding judge prior to the presentation of oral argument on the motions for reconsideration.
The motion for reconsideration is resolved as follows:
Prior judgments are modified to the extent that judgment is now entered in favor of the Rankin plaintiffs (parents of the injured minors) jointly against N.J.A.F.I.U.A. serviced by Prudential Insurance Company, their insured, the Ovalles and against the Fund for P.I.P. benefits. There is no just reason for delay in entering a final judgment under R. 4:42-2 so that the innocent victims can obtain the necessary benefits to pay for needed medical and surgical care although the controversy persists between Prudential and the Fund as to whether the Prudential policy was properly cancelled prior to the accident. See Bond v. Rose Ribbon & Cargon Mfg. Co., 42 N.J. 308, 200 A.2d 322 (1964). Id. at 312, 200 A.2d 322; see also McGuinness v. Wakefern Corp., 257 N.J.Super. 339, 608 A.2d 447 (Law Div.1991). The ultimate resolution of that issue will adjust their rights inter se.
The injury occurred in October 1989. Neither Prudential nor plaintiffs nor the Fund has definitively developed the cancellation issue by discovery or otherwise.
This court previously took cognizance of Celino only as the record then stood; the parties were invited to conduct further discovery. To date, it has not been forthcoming. With the consolidation of the declaratory judgment action and, thus, the joinder of Prudential as a party, it is reasonably expected that the issue can now be resolved between Prudential and the Fund. Hodges v. Pennsylvania National Ins. Co., 260 N.J.Super. 217, 615 A.2d 1259 (App.Div.1992) (slip op.) may add impetus to its resolution.
Since Prudential was not a party to the action when the N.J.A.F.I.U.A., serviced by Allstate covering McGee, was exculpated, this court's interlocutory ruling is not binding on Prudential..
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%% OuLviDB. — £1 herpetismo. *' Revista Esp. de Optal., Sifil., Dermat, y Afecc. Urin.," April, May, June, July, 1880. •• Galuabd, L. — Observation pour servir k Thistoire des lesions con- g^nitales de la pean. Dermatome hypertrophique congenital pig- DERMATOLOGY, 545 mentaire, plan, g^n^ralis^. '' Ann. de Dermat. et de Sjphil./^ July* 1880. 4« CoTTLK, W. — Oongenital nenrotic papilloma. [Brit. Med. Assoc.] " Brit. Med. Jonr.," Sept. 4, 1880. 5« QniNQUAUD. — Note sur les afTections ontan^es d'origine r^iiale. ** Tri- bune M6d.," June 20, 1880. II. ViDAL, E. — ^De Turticaire. "Ann. de Dermat. et de Syphil.," July, 1880. 7. Bethunb, G. A. — ^Eczema and its relations : a rambling sketch. " Bos- ton Med. and Surg. Jour.," Aug. 5, 1880. 8« ViDAL. — Du lichen planus et du lichen ruber. ** Tribune M6d.," July 25, 1880. !K Leloib, H. — Sur les alterations de F^piderme dans les affections de la peau ou des muqueuses qui tendent ^ la formation de v^sicules, de pustules, ou de productions pseudo-membraneuses. [Soc. Anat., Paris.] " Progr. M6d.," June 26, 1880. !<!• Remt, C. — Phlyctenes de la peau. [Soc. Anat., Paris.] " Progr. M6d.," June 19, 1880. 11. Thin, G. — On the pathology of psoriasis. [Brit. Med. Assoc] "Brit. Med. Jour.," Sept. 4, 1880. 19« DuHRFNo, L. A. — Pityriasis maculata et ciroinata. " Am. Jour, of the Med. Sci.," Oct., 1880. 13. ViDAL.— De Pecthyma. " Tribune M6d.," June 20, July 4, 1880. 14* lliLLAiBBT. — ^Des acn^s par retention de mati^re s^bac^e. " Progr. M6d.," Sept. 11, 1880. 15* Henattt, J. — De Tacn^ varioliforme (molluscum oontagiosum de Bate- man). " Lyon M6d.," July 26, 1880.. 16* Kenaut, J. — Anatomic pathologique de Tacn^ varioliforme (molluscnm contagiosum de Bateman). " Ann. de Dermat. et de Syphil.," July, 1880. IT* Thin, G. — On the cause of the bad odor sometimes associated with ex- cessive sweating of the feet, with directions for treatment. " Brit. Med. Jour.," Sept. 18, 1880. 18« A1N8WOBTH. F. 0. — Treatment of fetid perspiration of the feet. " Med. Record,'^ Oct. 2, 1880. 19. Cabby. — Contribution & P^tude du xanthoma. " Ann. de Dermat. et de Syphil," Jan., 1880. 20« MiLLBB, W. J. — A case of general cirrhosis. " Traus. of the Med. Soc. of Tennessee," 1880. Sl« Platfaib, D. T. — Notes of a case of a rare form of elephantiasis. " Edinburgh Med. Jour.," July, 1880. %%. Hansen, G. A. — Bacillus leprae. " Nordiskt medicinskt Arkiv.," xii, 1, 1880. 93« MiLBOY, G. — Is leprosy contagious? [Art. vii.] "Med. Times and Gaz.," Sept. 4, 1880. 24« MiLBOY, G. — Yaws: geography of the disease. "Med. Times and Gaz.," June 26, 1880. S5« Olavide. — Tina favosa generalizada. " Revista Espec. de Oftal., Si- fil., Dermat., y Afecc. Urin.," Aug., 1880. 26. Gahbebini, p. — Tigne guarite nella clinioa delle malattie veneree e outanee di Bologna. " Giom. Ita]. delie Mai. Yen. e della Pelle," Aug., 1880. iT« Anderson, M'C. — On tinea imbricata, or Tokelau ringworm. " Edin- burgh Med. Jour.," Sept., 1880. %%• Rahxiet. — ^De la teigne tonsurante chez les animaux. "Ann. de Dermat. et de Syphil.," April, 1880. 86 546 QUARTERLY REPORT ON 29* M&ONiN. — Gale du obat, sa tran8mL««ion an cheval, k la vacbe, et & Phomme ; son origine. [Soc. de Biologie, Paris.] " Gaz. M6d. de Paris," June 6, 1880. 30. EiCHHOFF, J. — Ueber multiple kachektisobe Hautgangraa. '^Dtsoh. med. Woch.," Aug. 21, 1880. 31* Warlomont, E. — Remarks on the different methods of oollectinff, pre- serving, and employing animal vaccine. "Brit. Med. Jour.," Sept. 25, 1880. )t« Keirlb, N. G. — ^Pathological histology of the vaccine crast. " Mary- land Med. Jour.," Aug. 15, 1880. St* Tafani, a. — Anatomia di alcune forme enittive vacciniche modificate. " Lo Sperimentale," Aug., 1880. SI. 8T0KIES, W.-^A case of gangrenous inflammation following vaccina- tion; or, "vaccinia gangrnnosa." "DabUn Jour, of Med. Sci.,'* June, 1880. S5* MioNiN, P. — Caract^res microscopiques et compares des scrums da horse-pox, du cow-pox, et dn vaocin humain. [Soc. de Biol., Paris.] " Gaz. M6d. de Paris," June 26, 1880. %%. YiEussB. — Remarques pratiques an snjet d*nne s^rie dUnocnlations de horse-pox. "Gaz. Hebd.," Aug. 18, 1880. •7. Oampaka, a. — Di alouni inezzi terapentici in dermatologia (crisaro- bina; pilocarpina). "Giorn. Ital. delle Mai. Yen. e della Pelle," June, 1880. S8« MoBRis, M. — On scarification as a new remedy in skin disease. " Brit. Med. Jour.," Aug. 7, 1880. S9. BuLKLBY, L. D. — On the nse of sulphur and its compounds in diseases of the skin. " Arch, of Dermatol.," July, 1880. 40* Atkinson, I. E. — The use of caustics in dermatological practice, witli special reference to the treatment of new growths. " Trans, of the Med. and Chir. Faculty of the State of Maryland," 1880. 41* Zeissl, M. — Ueber Arzneiexantheme. " Wien. med. Woch.," July 8, 1880. 42* Mauriac, C. — Note sur quelques formes insolites de I'^ryth^me cub^bo- copahique. "Ann. de Dermat. et de Syphil.," July, 1880. 43* Dknk, K. — Ein Fall von Ohininexanthem. "Wien. med. Woch.," Aug. 21, 1880. 44* Hyde, J. N. — A contribution to the study of the bullous eruption in- duced by the ingestion of iodide of potassium. " Trans, of the Am. Dermat. Assn.," 1879. 45* Blackwood, W. R. D. — Some thoughts on rhus poisoning. " Phila. Med. Times," Sept. 11, 1880. 46* Bulkley, L. D. — Remarkable case of feigned eruption. " Arch, of Dermatol," July, 1880. 1* Dr. Martini gives a brief report of cases treated in the dermatological division of the Dresden city hospital. He criticises Hebnf s almost com- plete denial of the efficacy of the derivative method of treatment in acute fevers and other internal diseases by the application of revulsives to the skin ; also his view as to the independent nature of skin diseases. Scabies, which id vastly more common in Europe than in this country, appears to have been tlie chief disease. Ylemingkx^s solution (containing lime and sulphur), which had formerly been used to a large extent, was given npon account of its severe and caustic action, and replaced by a modified Wil- kiuBon's ointment (containing sulphur, tar, and chalk). In the treatment of children and patients with an irritable skin, a mixture of equal parts of balsam of Peru and alcohol is employed. A warm bath is given to each patient before the remedy is applied. The writer mentions the fact that DERMATOLOGY. 547 Unna observed albmninaria follow the nse.of styraz frictions in several cases. The clothing of patients with scabies is subjected to a high degree of beat at the Dresden hospital, in spite of the statement of Hebra, that this is nnnecessarj. If the heat does not destroy any aeari^ or their eggs, it is certain in many cases to rid the clothing of pediculi. In speaking of psoriasis, he refers to VeiePs statistics, showing an hereditary inflaence in sixteen ont of thirty-six cases ; also to his report of a case in which psoriatic patches followed the application of cups, a fact tending to verify KObner's view as to the valnerabUity of the skin in these cases. He refers to the belief of Professor Lang, of Innsbruck, that the cause of psoriasis is a para- site (epidermidophyton), which may be found in the fine pellicle beneath the scales ; also to the view of Dr. Poor, of Pesth, that psoriasis is a cuta- neous manifestation of malaria. The treatment at the hospital consists in the internal employment of arsenic and the external use of tar. Fowler^s solution is administered in from four- to six-drop doses several times daily, the dose being gradually increased. In inveterate cases he gives t}ie Asiatic pill, made according to the following formula: Q Acidi arseniosi 0*75 [gr. 3g] ; pulv. piper, nig. 6*00 [ 3 jss.] ; pulv. althee® rad. 2'00 [ 3 ss.] ; aquam q. s. ut fnt. pil. No. 0. Three of these pills are given immediately before dinner, the number being increased gradu- ally. In this form, the arsenic is usually well borne. The tar ointment employed is the following: Q OL rusci, part, j ; ung. aqnea rosffi, part. iv.-. t* Galliard reports at considerable length an int-eresting case of pig- mentary namis occurring in patches over the greater portion of the body of a girl of fourteen years. Many of these patches followed the tracts of cataneous nerves, alUiough some appeared to have no relation whatever to the nervous distribution, and upon no part of the body was the eruption absolutely symmetrical. The patches were very irregular in outline, and varied in their hue from brown to light yellow. Some were perfectly smooth, while others were elevated and presented an abrupt margin. Ex- amined beneath a magnifying glass, and even viewed with the n^ed eye, a marked exaggeration of the natural creases of the skin, with hypertrophy of the papillee, was apparent in the latter patches. Disclaiming the inten- tion of introducing a new term, the writer takes into consideration the anatomical and clinical features of the disease, and gives the following designation: ** hypertrophic, congenital, pigmentary, flat, generalized der- matoma.^' A lithographic plate accompanies the description.. 4« At a meeting of the Pathological Section of the British Medical Asso- ciation, Oottle reported, under the name of congenital neurotic papillonMy the case of a boy with lines of dark, wart-like growths following the course of certain nerves upon the right side of the trunk, arm, and thigh. The affection was to be distinguished from ichthyosis hystrix, as it was both congenital and unilateral, the latter disease never being congenital, and showing no tendency to follow the .course of the cutaneous nerves, even when limited to one side of the body. It differed from ordinary warts in the lesions not having a vascular base and in their not augmenting in size, except with the growth of the body. It bore considerable analogy to zoster, and was regarded as a striking example of perverted nerve action in nutrition. The name "congenital neurotic papilloma,^^ proposed by Cottle, is an excellent one, since it is expressive of the structure and chief clinical features of the growth. A very similar case was recently reported by Dr. F. 0. Curtis, in the " Archives of Dermatology," under the name of ichthyosis hystrix congenita. tt* Anderson describes and illustrates a peculiar form of trichophytosis (ringworm) which occurs in various Pacific islands, and which has been reported by Dr. Turner under the name of herpes desquamans, or ToJcehtu ringworm^ and by Dr. Patrick Manson under the name of tinea imbricata. 548 QUARTERLY REPORT ON The lesion is scaly, bears a resemblance to ichthyosis, according to Tur- ner, and consists of concentric circles of desquamating epidermis about a Quarter of an inch apart. Hanson believes tinea imbricata to be quite distinct from tinea circinata, or ordinary ringworm. It shows a tendency to avoid the hairy portions of the body, and, when, through peripheral extension, it invades a hairy part, the follicles do not become involved, and the hair preserves its glossy and natural character. It is very apt to affect a large surface, and the eruption may be almost general. Like ordinary ringworm, it advances over the surface of the skin at about the rate of one quarter of an inch weekly. As Anderscm has never met with a case of this affection in his extensive experience, he naturally concludes that it has never made its appearance in Scotland. From a microscopical examination of imported epithelial scales, he finds that it differs in the following respects from ordinary ringworm : it is quite superficial, the fungus is abundant, chains of spores are more numerous than mycelial threads, the spores are irregular in form, being rarely globular, and the mycelial threads are generally long, straight or gently curved. to. Dr. Eichhoif ^8 case of multiple cachectic gangrene of the akin was that of a child three years old, who, after recovery from a severe attack of eczema of the face, back, and breast, was poorly cared for and imper- fectly fed. Numerous small, dark-red spots soon appeared on the back, gradually assumed a bullous form, and hnally became gangrenous ulcers. Other spots appeared shortly after, and in like manner became buUsB, and finally ulcers. An ulcer also appeared on the left cornea. The gangren- ous lesions healed under treatment, but a month later a second attack oc- cured, accompanied this time with high fever lasting a week. Syphilis was completely excluded in this case, and the writer reports it as one of multiple cutaneous gHUgrene occurring in a cachectic child. 38« Mr. Morris gives an exceedingly interesting account of his experi- ence in the treatment of wine-mark by multiple linear scarification, in three cases, according to the method advocated by Mr. Balmanno Squire. He found, in the first place, that the operation was by no means so easy to practice as one would imagine from the inventor's description. When the part was frozen, it became impossible to scratch parallel lines at inter- vals of one eighth or one sixteenth of an inch, and, in spite of the use of an instrument with numerous blades, he was finally obliged to give up the freezing part of the operation. In one case he operated for upward of a year, employing this method one hundred and thirty times on the fore- head and cheek, the result being a small keloidal growth. In the second case he operated thirty-two times, six times using ether spray and on five occasions applying tincture of iron after the bcarification. Result, no alteration in the appearance of the ntevus. In the third case the opera- tion was thoroughly performed sixteen times, at intervals of a week, and without the slightest sign of improvement, the patient having meanwhile become thoroughly disgusted with the operation. Although many have attempted the removal of wine-mark according to this method and re- ported failure, probably no one has put it to such a thorough test as Mr. Morris has done, and certainly he can not be accused of coming to an over- hasty conclusion when he asserts that the operation is practically a failure. In cases of dilated capillary vessels, so commonly associated with rosacea of the nose and cheeks, the writer has resorted to multiple linear scarifica- tion with success, and prefers this to the old method of operating with a single scalpel, as advocated by Volkmann and Hebra. 45« Blackwood contributes an interesting and valuable paper on rhv4 poisoning, from which he has been a sufferer four times in as many years. The source of this form of dermic poisoning is most frequently to be found in contact with the rhus toxicodendron, or poison oak, and the rhu$ radi- DERMATOLOGY. 549 tam^ or poison ivy. The rhm Tenenata^ or poison samach, is a variety which is comparatively rare in this part of the country, according to the writer, and the most virolent species, the rhus pumiluniy is quite unknown in the Northern States. Actual contact with one of these species of rhus is not absolutely necessary to induce an eruption, as the poisonous prin- ciple of the plant is extremely volatile, and some persons are so susceptible to its action that they are affected by it even from passing within a dozen feet of the plant when the wind happens to be blowing toward them. Liability to rhus poisoning is most marked during the flowering season — from May to October — although poisoning may occur even in the winter. The susceptibility to the poisonous influence of rhus varies, not only with the individual but in the same person, at different times, and is undoubted- ly dependent upon the state of the health. For instance, the writer states that, whereas he was formerly able to handle any variety of rhus with impunity, toxic results now follow the slightest contact. The occurrence of the eruption upon the face and genitals after the hands have become poisoned through contact with the plant is commonly believed to result from a direct inoculation of these parts. The writer, however, believes that the eruption may be transferred to various parts of the body by means of reflex irritation, and as a proof of this view he states that, during the height of the disease, scratching wiU develop an herpetic eruption on ap- parently healthy parts of the body, even if this scratching be done by a person whose hands are unaffected. This would seem to indicate that the affection is constitutional, which is the case, according to the writer, who maintains that it runs a regular course of from seven to ten days, termi- nating in desquamation, and that treatment has no effect beyond mitigating the severity of the symptoms. The many agents recommended as cura- tive have little or no value beyond their power to occupy the attention of the patient. The writer states that personally and with patients he has exhausted the list of the alkalies, ammonia, soda, and potassa; the sul- phites and bi-sulphites ; solutions of bromine, iodine, carbolic acid, and permanganate of potassium ; saturated infusions and tinctures of serpen- taria and lobelia; stale beer, milk, and numerous ointments, officinal and extemporaneous — all without real benefit. Hitf treatment consists in ad- ministering a saline purgative in the morning, with perhaps two to five drops of tincture of aconite, followed toward noon by from three to ten grains of cinchonidia or qninia sulphate, and a full dose of morphia at bed- time. To allay the distressing pruritus, lime-water is beyond doubt the simplest and best local application. The galvanic current also has a sooth- ing effect. An interesting statement is made by the writer that, after exposure to the poison, and before the eruption manifests itself, contact with other persons may convey to them the poisonous effects of actual con- tact with the rhus itself. 550 QUARTERLY REPORT ON QUARTERLY REPORT ON ORTHOPiEDIO SURGERY. No. II. By CHARLES T. POORK, M. D., 8UROION TO ST. MABT'S TKKM HOSPITAL VOR OHILBBBM. 1. Lbe, E. W., and Fenobb, 0. — Select topics of modem surgery, etc. 4* Chicago Med. Jonr. and Exam.," July, 1880. S« Spb ndeb, J. K. — On movement as a tberapentic agent ** Brit. Med. Jour.," Aug. 7, 1880. )• Battby, R. — Scrofulous disease of joints complicating phthisis. " Trans, of the Med. Assoc, of Georgia," 1880. i» BnoiiANAN, G. — Strumous disease of the elbow -joint, simulating malig- nant disease. ** Glasgow Med. Jour.," Aug., 1880. S. BnzzABD, T. — ^Tbe joint affections in locomotor ataxia and its associ- ation with gastric crises?. *' Brit. Med. Jour.," Sept. 4, 1880. ^ Dbbschfbld. — Case of locomotor atax^ with arthropathies. ^^ Lancet,** July 10, 1880. 7. Ybbneitil. — De la paralysie et de Tatrophie des muscles tie 1& cuisse dans quelques affections dn genou et en particulier dans rhydrar- throse, heureusement trait^es par T^lectricit^. " Rev. de Th6rap.," Aug. 15, 1880. 8* Cobnil, M. — Paralvsie pseud o-hypertrophique. [Soc. M6d. des H6p., Paris.] " Bull.^G^n. de Th6rap.," July 16, 1880. 9« MooRB, M. — Report of the history of a family, three members of which are the subjects of pseudo-hypertrophic muscular paralysis. ^^ Lan- cet," June 19, 1880. 1(K Luo, H. — Des contractures d'origine traumatique. "RevueMens.de MM. et de Chir.," June, 1880. 11« Pboust, a., et Ballet, G. — Note sur un cas d^atrophie muscolaire dans le cours du mal vertebral de Pott. " Rev. Mens, de M6d. et de Chir.," June, 1880. It. Smith, E. N. — ^Etiology of Pott's disease. [Brit. Med. Assoc.] " Brit Med. Jour.," Aug. 28, 1880. 13« Peter. — Case of tuberculosis; Pott's curvature. "Med. Press and Circular," July 1, 1880. 14« Davy, R. — Clinical lecture on the treatment of spinal curvature by hammock suspension and the application of the plaster, felt, or glue jacket " Brit Med. Jour.," June 26, 1880. 15. Swain, W. P. — Hints on the application of the poro-plastic jacket in spinal curvatures. "Lancet," June 26, 1880. 16. HuNTBB, C. T. — The leather jacket in the treatment of spinal curva- ture. " Boston Med. and Surg. Jour.," June 17, 1880. 17. Marsh, H. — On the treatment of chronic inflammatory affections of the joints in childhood, with especial reference to excision. "Lan- cet," July 81, 1880. 18. Gabcia, F. C. — De las resecciones subperi68tica8. " Revista de Med. y Cirug. PrAct.," Aug. 7, 22, Sept. 7, 1880. 19. PoiNsoT, G. — De la resection de tarse, ou tarsotomie, dans le pied- bot varus ancien. " Bull, et M^m. de la Soc. de Chir. de Paris," Aug. 5, 1880. SO. . — Resection of the head of the humerus for gun-shot wound. " Phila. Med. Times," Aug. 14, 1880. 21. Macewen. — Case of excision of the wrist-joint " Glasgow Med. Jour.," May, July, 1880. orthopjEdic surgery, 551 2S« VOlkbr, O. — Ostooplastische Resection des Ellnbogecgelenkes. "Dtsch. Ztschr. f. Chir.,'' xii, 6, 1880. Ml FowLEB) G. E. — Antiseptic excision of the knee-joiDt. ^* Proc. of the Med. Soc. of the County of Kings," Sept., 1880. 24. HoLMsa, T. — ^Fergusson and conservative surgery. — ^Excision of the knee and of the hip. ^^ Brit. Med. Jour.," Aug. 14, 1880. Sd« Olliek. — Sur les resections de la hanche dans la ooxalgie snppur^e. [Assoc. Fran^. pour PAvancem. des Sci.] "Progr. M6d.," Aug. 28, 1880. 26. Mason, F.— Hip disease. Excision. "Lancet," July 31, 1880. 87t Roberts, J. D. — Hip-joint disease. " N. Carolina Med. Jour.," Aug., 1880. 88* . — Cases illustrating the use of plaster-of-Paris bandage in hip disease. ** Lancet," July 17, 1880. 89i LuoAS-CHAMPioNNiiBB. — Dc Post^otomie on de Post^oclasie dans le traitement des fractures vicieuseinent consolid^es. " Bull, et M^m. de la Soc. de Chir. de Paris," Aug. 5, 1880. Mt Dbntu. — Cal vicieux de la jambe ; ost^odasie. " Bull, et M6m. de la Soc. de Chir. de Paris," Aug. 6, 1880. <!• BcEOKEL, J. — ^Traitement du genu valgum chez Padulte par rost^otoroie extra-articulaire. "Bull. G6n. de Th6rap.," Aug. 16, 1880. %%m PoDRAZKi. — Ueber die Behandlung des Genu valgum und die Ogston*- sche Operation. " Wien. med. Woch.," July 24, 1880. SSi Bbunb, p. — Die supracondyl&re Osteotomie des Femur bei Genn val- gum. " Centralbl. f. Chir.," Aug. 21, 1880. 34. RuppBEOHT. — ^Keilosteotomie der Tibia gegen Genu valgum. [GeseUsch. f. Natur- u. Heilk. zu Dresden.] " Dtsch. med. Woch.," Aug. 21, 1880. S5. Mason, F. — A case of genu valgum. " Lancet," July 81, 1880. S6* Gbattan, N. — Description of a splint for treatment of contracted knee-joint. " Lancet," June 19, 1880. t7« Webb, W. — Apparatus for the treatment of deformities of the legs in rickety children. " Brit. Med. Jour.," July 17, 1880. %%• RiED, £. — Ueber die Behandlung hochgradiger KlumpfQsse dnrch Resectionen am FussgerOste. "Dtsch. Ztschr. f. Chir.," xiii, 1880. 39« Blodgett, a. N. — Hallux valgus, with a report of two successful cases. " Med. Record," July 10, 1880. 40t Mtbtlb, a. 8. — Dupuytren's contraction of the fingers. [Brit. Med. Assoc] " Brit. Med. Jour.," Aug. 28, 1880. %• Movement as a therapeutic argent in the treatment of crippled joints is often abused and often neglected. When rest should give place to exercise, is a question that is often bard to solve. How many joints do we contin- ually see, from which all inflammatory trouble has passed away, but which yet are of little use to their owners I The patient has forgotten how to use his joint, its nutrition is impaired, and he still goes about on crutches. First, we must satisfy ourselves that there is no bony anchylosis. The pa- tient may be pat under the influence of an antesthetic, when the capabil- ity of the Joint to be bent or extended can be fairly tested, and we can discover what checks there are to healthy movement. If there are no ad- hesions to be broken up, the following method is advised: The joint is douched for some few minutes with tepid water falling from a height of three or four feet ; then an attendant, sitting in front of the patient, plants a hand on each side of the knee, and, with the thumbs meeting in front, the hands should be moved firmly up and down for eight or ten minutes. At the end of the shampooing, the whole joint should be dry and warm, L n 552 QUARTERLY REPORT ON and is to be wrapped immediately io oiled silk. After a time the tepid wa- ter should be changed for cold water. Passive movements should be made daily, but not to cause any pain or fatigue. The next stage of treatment consists in the application of uniform and gentle support. A. weak joint requires support when it no longer requires rest, and the moderate use of the limb should be encouraged until its functions are regained. [In the management of weak and crippled joints or limbs, there is an error often made of exercising the part until it is fatigued. It is a cardinal rule never to exercise such a part until it is fatigued, for then more harm than good is done.] 11. Mu^eular atrophy in Pottos di$ea$e^ confined to the ujmer exiremir tie$^ is a rare symptom, and but few cases are upon record. This case oc- curred in a man twenty-five years of age, who had had disease in tlie cer- vical region for a year or more, accompanied by retro-pharyugeal abscess. There was no curvature, but the spinal column in the cervical region was rigid, and all motions were painfuL There had never been any paralysis or contraction of the superior or inferior extremities. Mobility of the low- er extremities was intact. There was no modification of sensibility. The nutrition of the upper extremities was profoundly altered. There was an almost complete atrophy of the muscles of the thenar eminence and of the interossei, and the hand had the form of *^ main de singed On post-mortem examination, the bodies of the first dorsal and of all the cervical vertebra were carious. The posterior common ligament was entirely destroyed at the point of disease in the bone, and the dura mater at the same point pre- sented the following condition : the internal surface was smooth and shin- ing, was normal, and did not appear to compress the cord ; its external surface was covered with small vegetations — the lesion described by Mi- chaud under the name of ^^ pachymeningite exteme caseeuse,^^ These case- ous products surrounded the cord in a kind of semi-circle, so that the pos- terior portion of the dura mater was free from them. This inflammatory thickening surrounded the anterior and posterior roots of the nerves which arose from this portion of the cord, and which went to form the tracheal plexus. On microscopic examination, there was found a parenchymatous neuritis of the nerves going to the atrophied muscles. The anterior roots presented the same lesions as the nerve trunks, while the posterior roots appeared perfectly normal. In the middle and inferior portions of the cer- vical region, corresponding to the origin of the inflamed nerves, there ex- isted a sclerosis of the internal radicular zones, atrophy of the anterior cor- nua, degeneration of the anterior roots and corresponding nerve trunks. The pathological process seemed to have been as follows : disease of the bodies of the vertebne, destruction of the common posterior ligament, ir- ritability, chronic inflammation, and thickening of the external portion of the dura mater, compression of the anterior roots of the nerves, neuritis of these nerve trunks from pressure, and secondary implication of the cord. The posterior nerves seemed to have escaped. [It may be stated as an al- most universal rule, that paralysis or trophic changes taking place in the upper extremities alone, in the course of Pott's disease, are due to pres- sure on the nerves as they pass through the dura mater or just outside of it, dependent on thickening of that membrane ; that paralysis of the lower extremities, or of the upper and lower, with disease in the cervical region, is due to pressure on the cord itself by a thickened dura mater. The case cited well illustrates this morbid change in the former class.] IS. Mention was made of the rarity of opportunities for examining the morbid anatomy of carie$ of the vertebra ; the author had to extend his inquiries to caries of other bones. We meet with chronic osteitis, be^nnmg, first, in the periphery of the bone ; and, secondly, in its center and independent of periostitis. A further grade is that of suppurative ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY, 553 periostitis. Scrofula and syphilis are oommon causes of caries. The ca- ries which follows saperiioial osteitis is often independent of scrofula. Scrofulous caries is usually from osteitis centralis. The bones are infil- trated with oily matter, and become light and soft. Constant irritation of an inflamed bone may give rise to caries in a subject otherwise healthy. Of authors who have written upon the subject, some consider the disease entirely dependent upon scrofula; others, that an injury may be the ex- citing cause in a scrofulous patient ; and some Americans consider the di&ease as wlioUy due to traumatic causes. The author, from the study of caries in other bones, and from practical observation of caries, divides the cases into four classes, occurring: 1. In patients affected with so-called scrofula; 2. In delicate patients, non-scrofulous, and without any family history of disease ; 3. In patients temporarily debilitated by fever, etc. ; 4. In patients .who present no apparent signs of other illness of any kind, except the pain following an injury. Glass 4 he explains as possibly the result of the nature of injuries to the bones of the spinal column. As there is nearly always the same kind of injury in fractures — the upper part of the spinal column being bent violently forward, so that the anterior part of a vertebra is crushed or broken off by the vertebra above it, and the posterior parts of tbe bodies of the vertebrae are uninjured — he supposes that an injury not severe enough to cause absolute fracture may yet so damage the bone that caries results because the parts are not allowed to rest. H« Davy advocates the following method of applying a plaster, felt, or glue jacket for tpinal curvature : A piece of strong canvas is procured, longer than the patient^s person ; and the arms are passed through two slits in the canvas at suitable points, so that, in the first instance a long, loose canvas apron, with one end turned downward over the chest, and the other on the floor, fits around the front and sides of the body. This apron is then removed from the patient, and a vest is applied, of thicker materia] and far more open mesh than those usually supplied by surgical instrument makers. The canvas hammock is next slung from two fixed points. The patient is then placed in the hammock thus made, with the arms passed through the two slits, and the canvas is smoothly wrapped around the body. The plaster bandages can then be applied. When the bandage has become finnly set, the superfluous ends can be cut off, and the apparatus is completed. 17. Marsh advocates rest and support in the treatment qf chronic in- flammation of the joints in childhood, and considers that, if these means are faithfully carried out, operative interference is seldom called for. But, once let any change in the relations of the ends of the bones forming the joint take place, and restoration without an operation becomes an inapos- sibility. This is especially true in regard to the knee-joint — when the tibia is once displaced in relation to the condyles of the femur, we possess no means by which this distortion can be corrected, and, in order to relieve the deformity, excision is called for. For diseases of the knee-, ankle-, and elbow-joints, he advocates the use of leather splints. They should be long enough to give thoroughly efficient support. The elbow should be put up at rather less than a right angle ; the knee, as nearly straight as it can easily be brought ; the wrist, slightly flexed ; and the ankle, very carefully at a right angle. If, w^hen first seen, a knee is found to be contracted, it is put up without any attempt to alter its posture. The surrounding muscles soon relax under the influence of rest, and then the joint will gradually be- come extended. This spontaneous extension of the limb is a sure sign that the joint is steadily improving. If there is dislocation, splints can do little toward removing it. For splints, he uses leather from which all grease has been removed, and which has not been compressed. Such leather, when soaked for five or ten minutes, becomes perfectly flexible and limp, 554 QUARTERLY REPORT ON and can be molded to the limb as accurately as plaster of Paris. Ue uses an anterior and a posterior splint. He does not consider that rest to an inflamed joint favors anchylosis. In his experience, excision of the knee is seldom called for in childhood ; recovery may be looked for even when there is much disease of the bone, by giving the joint rest by means of a properly applied splint and sustaining the health with appropriate nour- ishment. 22. Volker's case of oBteoplastie resection of the elbow-joint was that of a boy thirteen years of age, who had fallen six months before and iigured his left elbow in such a manner that the ulna and radius were dislocated, 80 that the head of the radius projected on the external side of the joint, and on the opposite aspect the internal condyle of the humerus formed a projecting ridge. The olecranon was dislocated on to the external con- dyle ; the hand was in a posture of semi-pronation ; the forearm formed an obtuse angle with the arm ; and there was but slight motion at the elbow- joint. The ulnar nerve was involved, so that the nutrition of the parts supplied by it was changed. Attempts to reduce the dislocation had failed. The following operation was done : An inoi^^ion was made along the long axis of the humerus downward and outward as far as the articulating sur- face of the radius ; thence across the base of the olecranon to its inner border. The periosteum was detached from the olecranon, and the bone was divided on a level with the head of the radius. The adhesions were freely divided within the joint so as to expose it thoroughly. The fore- arm could now be brought into its normal posture, although when unsup- ported it assumed its abnormal one. A small fragment of bone was found adherent in the olecranon fossn, and was removed with a gouge. The de- tached olecranon was then united to the ulna by sutures. The forearm was still inclined to become dislocated, due to the fact that the head of the radius, striking against its point of articulation witli the humerus, acted as a lever. After removing the head of the former bone, the tendency was overcome. The wounds were then united, a drainage-tnbe was inserted, and antiseptic dressings were applied. On the third day the margins of the incision became gangrenous. After three weeks the olecranon seemed to be tirmly united, and passive motion was begun. From this time re- covery was rapid. The joint assumed its normal shape, the frmctioas of the ulnar nerve were reestablished, and the motions were wellnigh nor- mal. The class of cases in which this operation may be performe<l is re- stricted to those in which the olecranon is not involved in disease ; and therefore it is not applicable to the majority of cases of caries, but to re- cent and chronic dislocation. [Dr. Rose has reported ("Lancet," May 29, 1880) a case in which he opened the elbow-joint and sutured the olecra- non to the ulna, for an ununited fracture, with a good result.] 24. In his address on surgery, Mr. Holmes discusses the operations of excision of the knee- and hip-joints. He traces the change of opinion in regard to their usefulness. When excision of the knee was first intro- duced, it was intended to supersede amputation in chronic disease. It soon became clear that it could not do this, but another question was raised, namely, how far excision ought to be substituted for the natural cure by anchylosis. Of the forty-seven patients in whom the operation failed, thirty-six are said to have submitted to amputation. Speaking from experience in this operation, he would say that in cases such as are usually called strumous, where the bones are only superficially ulcerated ; in cases of degeneration of the synovial membrane ; in cases of limited inflammation tending to necrosis ; in cases of abscess in the bone not extending too far from the joint ; and in selected cases of rheumatoid arthritis — the operation may be tried in healthy subjects with fair prospect of success, and in childhood especially, without much detriment to the prospect of success in a consecu- tive amputation, should that prove necessary. And, as to the utility of the limb, when the process of union goes on rapidly, it is usually very strong, good, and usefiil, even if it be considerably shortened when the patient grows up. In regard to excision as a substitute for the expectant treatment, he thinks that, in cases of long-standing disease, we are fairly entitled to argue that patients would have an improved chance of reach- ing a ripe old age after an excision has enabled them early to take fresh air and to enjoy the invigorating influences of active life and occupation. The following he would offer as a fair summary of recent experience : I. Excision of the knee is one of the indispensable resources of surgery, and is useful in all three classes of cases, viz., in those where, otherwise, am- putation would be indicated ; in those where the expectant treatment might succeed, but is doubtful ; and in cases of vicious anchylosis. II. As a substitute for amputation, it is indicated in early life in non -tuber- culous subjects ; in cases of limited caries of the bones, of degeneration of the synovial membrane, and in some conditions of necrosis of the articular surfaces ; possibly also in abscess in the ends of the bones. III. As a sub- stitute for expectant treatment, it seems to be justifiable, and is extensively used in cases where the patient^s circumstances and the slow progress of the case render the surgeon hopeless or very doubtful of recovery with sound anchylosis. IV, It is frequently used, and is very successful, in cases of vicious or deformed anchylosis. V. Attempts have been made to limit the range of excision by opening the joint and maintaining drainage, or by some other partial method. These attempts have been fairly success- ful, especially in cases where the affection is rather of the synovial mem- brane than of the bones ; and they deserve more extensive trial than they seem as yet to have obtained. VI. At the same time, the mortality from excision of the knee seems of late years to have diminished so greatly as to encourage the hope that the limit of age, which it has been found necessary hitherto to observe, may be extended, and that it may be judged prudent to employ the operation in the treatment of the more chronio 556 QUARTERLY REPORT ON ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY. affections of later life, such as chronic rheumatic arthritis, more exten- sively than has been done up to the present time. In regard to excision of the hip-joint^ he considers that all statistics are very untrustworthy, because the definite result of this excision is frequent- ly not ascertained for the period after the patient has passed from obser- vation. He draws attention to the fact that disease of the hip-joint is very common among the wealthier class, but yet excision is rare. As to the question of the relative value of the cure by spontaneous anchylosis and of that obtained by excision, his own opinion is that a natural cure is far superior to one following an excision. Cases where the head of the bone has separated from the diaphysis, or a sequestrum from some other source occupies the joint, or an ulcer is formed in the neck or head of the bone, are incurable except by operation. What the average frequency of these cases may be, it is hard to say. He has repeatedly found seques- tra in hip-joints while performing excision; but he thinks these were neg- lected cases. He considers that rest in bed, careful extension, so long as al)scesses are forming or in an active stage, then a well-fitting splint (Thom- ases) will suffice to control the disease, and in time lead to a cure by an- chylosis. Morbus coxarius is rarely incurable if taken early. He consid- ers that it has no necessary connection with any constitutional dyscrasia; that there is every reason for believing that the abscesses which frequently accompany it are more often the result of ii\judiciously irritating inflamed parts than the inevitable or even usual consequence of that inflammation itself; that the constitutional mischief which often ends the life of pa- tients with advanced hip-disease is usually not tlie cause but the conse- quence of that disease, and that, if we could remove the cause by curing the disease early, there would rarely be any amyloid or tubercular degen- eration of the viscera. This would leave for excision only those cases in which the presence of sequestra was ascertained by examination, or rea- sonably inferred from the failure of the sinuses to close, and those cases in which the symptoms were so grave that the surgeon thought it neces- sary to intervene in order to save life. tl« In a communication to the Academic de M^decine, BcBckel states that he has collected two hundred and twenty-six cases of osteotomy for genu valgum in adults^ with five deaths, or a mortality of about one in fif- ty. Besides these fatal cases, he gives one of osteomyelitis with inflam- mation of the knee, cured in eight months, with limited motion ; one of temporary paralysis of the parts supplied by the peroneal nerve ; five of anchylosis of the knee ; and three of inflammation of the knee, followed by more or less limitation of motiou. In the case of a patient, twenty-two years of age, with genu varum on the right side and valgum on the left, he removed a wedge-shaped piece of bone from the inner aspect of the left tibia, and, a few weeks later, performed a simple osteotomy on the right one, with a perfect result. In the case of a patient, twenty-eight years of age, with a genu valgum of the right limb, the deformity having begun during convalescence from typhoid fever in the eighth year of age, inear osteotomy was performed. The patient recovered with a straight limb in seven weeks. t9« Blodgett reports two successful cases of exsection 'of the head of the first metatarsal bone for hallux valgus in a middle-aged patient. A ongitudinal incision was made over the bone, and connected with another one at right angles to it. No ligatures were applied. MISCELLANY. 55/^ SItisrjellana. Hallslen on the ELEOTKOTONrs OF SENSITIVE Nebt E«. — Id Studying the excitability of sensitive nerves in electrotunns, Dr. K. HAllslen, of Helsing- fors ('^Nord. med. Ark.," zii, 1, 1880), bus made use of the same metliod as is employed in studying the excitability of such nerves at different points. If we designate as ascending^ the current which run? in the sen- sitive nerve toward its peripheral extremity, and as descending, the cur- rent running in the opposite direction, the law of the modification of the excitability of the sensitive nerve in electrotonus may be expressed in the same way as that of the corresponding modifications of the excitability of the motor nerve. It was only when the excitation acted at some point between that of the poles of the polarizing current at the greatest distance from the spinal cord and the peripheral extremity of the sensitive nerve, that the experimental results did not agree with this law ; so that the reflex movement did not appear in the descending current, and did not increase in the ascending current. The author, however, regards this deviation from the law as merely apparent ; for, regard being had to the notable resistance which should exceed the nervous activity starting from this point, the state of excitation being conducted not only through the polar- ized portion of the nerve, but also through the spinal cord, there is no warrant for inferring that the excitability of the nerve would be dimin- ished in this case. The experimental results demonstrate that the modi- fications of excitability in electrotonus of sensitive nerves follow the same laws as in that of the motor nerves. The American Public Health Association. — The Eighth Annual Meeting will be held in New Orleans, commencing Tuesday, December 7, 1880, and ending Friday, December 10, 1880. Papers will be presented on Abattoirs, Epidemics, Life Insurance in its Relation to the Public Ilealth, the Storm-water Question in City Sewerage, the Sanitary Engineering Problems of the Mississippi River, the Hygiene of Emigrant Ships, the Prevention of Venereal Diseases, Voluntary Sanitary Associations, etc. The special questions suggested for discussion at this meeting, in addition to those con- nected with the papers above referred to, relate to methods of preventing the spread within atown or city — after they have once been introduced — of such contagious or spreading diseases as diphtheria, scarlet fever, yellow fever, measles, small-pox, etc., and are as follows: A. What are the best means of securing prompt and reliable information as to the presence and location of cases of such diseases ? B. What are the best means of securing isolation of the first or of single cases of such diseases, and what are the chief difiSoulties in securing such isolation ? 0. Under what circumstances is it proper to declare such diseases epidemic in a place? D. Under what circumstances is it proper to recommend the closure of schools on account of the prevalence of such diseases? E. What precautions should betaken at the termination of each case as to — a. Care and disposal of the dead ? h. Disinfection and cleansing of the room and house? c. Period of time at which it is safe to allow the convalescent to return to school or society ? Brief practical papers upon any or all of these points are earnestly request- ed, and it is hoped that those attending the meetings will come prepared to give the results of their experience upon the questions, and to make 558 MISCELLANY, positive recommeDdations. Gentlemen who propose to present papers at this meeting are respectfully requested to notify the President or Secretary of their intentions and of the title of their papers, in order that they may he assigned a proper place in the programme.
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M. Czernig fut, en 1848, un des représentants de l'Autriche à l'Assemblée nationale de Francfort; où il affecta de rester à peu près étranger aux questions purement politiques. À son retour, il entra, comme chef de la section de statistique, au ministère du commerce, et s'occupa spécialement du commerce maritime et des progrès de la marine autrichienne. En 1849, il fonda un journal politique et commercial, Austria. Nommé en 1850 conseiller ministériel, il fut chargé d'une mission à Hambourg, et de là se rendit à Trieste pour y organiser un tribunal central de marine, dont il reçut la vice-présidence. En 1852, il fut président de la commission centrale pour la conservation des monuments historiques, et devint chef de section du comité des monuments publics, directeur général des comptes, puis des chemins de fer de l'État. La même année, il publia sa grande carte ethnographique de la monarchie autrichienne, accompagnée de plusieurs volumes de texte, qui contiennent les résultats de ses recherches et de ses travaux de dix années. En récompense, il fut nommé, en 1853, baron de Czernhausen. En 1855, il représentait l'Autriche au congrès international de statistique à Paris, et fut alors décoré de la Légion d'honneur. CZUCZOR (Georges), poète et littérateur hongrois, né à Andod, dans le comitat de Neutra, le 10 décembre 1800, entra, en 1824, dans l'ordre des bénédictins. De 1825 à 1835, il fut employé comme professeur dans les gymnases de Raab et de Komorn, et fit paraître des œuvres de cette époque. Daa (Ludvig Kristensen), homme politique et publiciste norvégien, né le 19 août 1809, dans la paroisse de Saltdalen (Nordland). Où son père était pasteur, fit ses premières études à l'école latine de Bergen, et, en 1834, passa l'examen philologique à l'université de Christiania. Après y avoir enseigné l'histoire comme professeur particulier, il se rendit, en 1838, à Paris et à Londres, pour y étudier l'économie et la politique. À son retour (1839), il prit rang parmi les rédacteurs du History of the Norwegian Constitution, journal démocratique très influent dans les États scandinaves. Devenu l'un des chefs de son parti, il fonda, le 17 mai 1848, le Chautemps du Nord. Ses opinions nuisirent à son avancement, et, quoique placé plusieurs fois, par le ministère norvégien, en tête des listes où le roi devait choisir les fonctionnaires publics, il était toujours laissé à l'écart. Mais le Storting, dont il a fait partie pendant plusieurs sessions, lui a confié (1839) la charge de Taxes pour, qui consiste à vérifier les comptes publics et à faire exécuter à l'exécution rigoureuse de la Constitution. Il a été élu, en 1845, président de l'Odontologique. Il est devenu depuis maître supérieur à l'école latine de Christiania. M. Czuczor a publié les Actes des Xe et XIe synodins ordinaires (1842-1844; 1845-1847, 16 vol. in-8), un certain nombre de mémoires politiques ou d'écrits relatifs à l'enseignement, entre autres un Essai sur l'enseignement secondaire (Svensk skrifter, 1840), ses premières poésies héroïques la Bataille d'Augsbourg (1824), l'Assemblée d'Arad (1828) et Botond (1831). Signalé à l'attention publique autant par la forme brillante de ses vers que par les idées nationales qui en faisaient le fond, il fut choisi, en 1835, pour second secrétaire des archives de l'Académie hongroise, et se fixa à Pesth, où parut, l'année suivante, une édition de ses Œuvres poétiques. Mais bientôt le clergé reprocha à un moine ses chants d'amour et son libéralisme. On l'empêcha de faire paraître un nouvel ouvrage du même genre; sa place lui fut retirée, et il dut rentrer dans son couvent. Il reprit ses cours dans les maisons religieuses. En 1842, il obtint pleine liberté pour de nouvelles publications. Il fit alors paraître en prose János Hunyadi (2e éd., Pesth, 1843), une traduction de Champtitéz Nepos (2e éd., 1843) et la Vie de Witéz (Pesth, 1845). Dès l'année précédente, l'Académie lui avait confié le soin de remanier le grand dictionnaire national hongrois qui fut mené dès lors activement et terminé. Partisan déclaré de M. Kossuth, M. Czuczor jouit, pendant la révolution de 1848, d'une grande popularité. Un poème qu'il publia en décembre, dans le journal du dictateur, et qui avait pour titre: le Réveil (Pád), attira sur lui les rigueurs de Windischgraetz, qui le fit arrêter en janvier 1849 et condamna à six ans de prison. La prière du comte Teleki, président de l'Académie, on adoucit sa captivité et on lui permit de continuer le dictionnaire. Délivré par les Hongrois vainqueurs, après la prise d'Ofen, il se remit volontairement entre les mains de l'Autriche, et fut transféré à Pesth, puis à Kufstein. L'amitié accordée aux Hongrois en 1850, lui rendit la liberté. D norsk Haandbok, Christiania, 1841, 2 vol. in-8); Coup d'Œil sur l'ethnologie (Udsigt over Ethnologien, 1855); et une revue, ïÆttebater, qui parut de 1840 à 1843 (Granskeren, ïÆtt., 2 vol. in-4). DABEAUX (François), représentant, du peuple français, né à Aurignac (Haute-Garonne), le 18 mai 1796, mort en juin 1864.-Voy. les éditions précédentes. DA COSTA (Isaac), poète et théologien hollandais, né à Amsterdam, le 14 janvier 1798, mort le 28 avril 1860. Voy. les éditions précédentes. DACRE (Thomas TREYOR, 2e baron), pair d'Angleterre, né en 1808, est issu d'une illustre famille élevée en 1307 à la pairie héréditaire. Il fit ses études à l'université de Cambridge, brigua en vain plusieurs fois la députation, et réussit à obtenir le mandat du comté de Herts pour la législature de 1847-1852. L'année suivante, il quitta le nom de Trevor, qu'il avait porté jusque-là et prit la place de son père à la Chambre des Lords; il y siège dans les rangs du parti libéral. N'ayant pas d'enfants de son mariage avec Miss Cavendish (1837), il a pour héritier son frère H. W. BRAND (voy. ce nom). DACRES (sir Sidney Colpoys), amiral anglais, est né en 1805. Il entra au service à l'âge de douze ans. Lieutenant en 1827 à bord de la Blonde et détaché à terre avec quatre canons et une division de mariniers, il appuya les opérations du corps. M. Daguin a rédigé divers mémoires sur la physique, principalement sur l'acoustique et la météorologie, lesquels ont été publiés, en général, dans le recueil des mémoires de Toulouse. On lui doit, en outre, un Traité de physique, avec applications à la métallurgie et aux arts industriels (Toulouse, 1856-1859; 3e édition, 1867, 4 vol. in-8, 1700 fig.), le traité de ce genre le plus complet qui existe. Cours de physique et mécanique expliqués à l'usage des lycées, etc. (1863, in-8, 760 fig. 2e édition 1869) ces deux ouvrages ont été entièrement exécutés à Toulouse les dessins faits sur les lieux par l'auteur lui-même et gravés sous ses yeux. DAMUEL (François-Hyacinthe-Martin), ancien représentant du peuple français, né à Ploërmel (Morbihan), le 15 octobre 1802, petit-fils d'un constituant de 1789, et fils d'un député de la Restauration, venait d'entrer dans la magistrature en 1830. Il donna sa démission et se fit inscrire au tableau des avocats de Rennes, où il fut élu bâtonnier de son ordre et conseiller municipal. Après la révolution de Février, candidat du parti légitimiste et des anciens censéateurs à la Constituante, il fut nommé représentant du peuple, le onzième sur douze, par 54 000 suffrages. Il vota ordinairement avec la droite, et après l'élection du 10 décembre, il soutint la politique de l'Élysée à l'intérieur et dans les affaires de Rome. DAHL (Vladimir-Ivanovitch), écrivain russe, connu sous le pseudonyme de Saltikov, est né à Saint-Pétersbourg vers le commencement du siècle. Élevé à l'école de mille, il servit dans la mer noire pendant plusieurs années, prit part à la campagne de Pologne et à une expédition contre Koubat, et se fit remarquer de ses chefs autant par son intelligence que par sa bravoure. Retourné dans ses foyers vers 1835, il se consacra tout entier à la littérature, dont ses observations et ses voyages lui fournirent en partie le sujet. Il a de lui des romans et des nouvelles dont on loue le style et l'intérêt "L'ivresse" (Chèmêl); "Le Rêve et la veillée" (Son et Lune); "Ce qui n'a jamais été et ce qui a été" (Vasili Sidorkin ne buvait pas seul); "Le Comptoir de misère, de bonheur et de vérité" (Skazka o Mishke, o Sebastopol et o Prawda); "Le Comptoir de haine" (Varen'k); "Le Fils d'osier" (Denschtchik), etc. Les héros de ces différents récits sont pris dans les classes populaires, que l'auteur excelle à peindre. M. Dahl a particulièrement rendu service à la littérature et à la langue de son pays en rapportant de ses voyages plus de quatre mille légendes, dix mille proverbes et un grand nombre de locutions populaires; en donnant plusieurs dictionnaires des dialectes provinciaux, et en fournissant les moyens de parer à l'inconvénient qui résulte des différences existant chez les Russes entre la langue écrite et la langue parlée. Il a écrit "Quelques mots sur la langue russe" (Poltorak stev o russkom jazyke). DAHL (Jean-Christian-Claude), peintre paysagiste norvégien, né à Bergen, le 24 février 1788, mort à Dresde, le 14 octobre 1857. Voir les deux 1ère éditions du Dictionnaire. Son fils, M. Siegfried-Jean Dahll, né à Dresde, le 16 août 1827, s'est consacré à la peinture de genre et d'animaux. Il a exposé au Salon de 1867 un Faisan couronné. DAHLBOM (Adolf-Gustave), entomologiste suédois, né à Forsmark le 3 mars 1806, mort le 3 mai 1859. Voy. les editions de l'ouvrage du "Comte D.". DAULAGEN (Charles-Jean), poète suédois, né à Quiinge, près de Norrköping, en Ostrogötland, le 28 juin 1791, fit ses études à l'université d'Uppsala, ensuite il devint ministre d'une paroisse à Stockholm. Déjà il s'était fait connaître comme poète et comme écrivain, en publiant des essais patriotiques dès 1813, dans le famous Kalender d'Uppsala. Il obtint, en 1818, le prix de poésie de la Société des sciences et belles-lettres de Göteborg, et plus tard le prix Lumblad à l'Académie de Stockholm. Ses tendances libérales l'ont fait nommer député aux Diètes de 1829, 1832 et 1840, où il siégea presque toujours parmi les membres de l'opposition. Il faut citer, parmi ses recueils les plus importants, de 1813 à 1837, Rosenschön; Domus Rustica (Stockholm, 1819, 2 vol.); Samlade Skrifter (ibid.) et les collections de poèmes. Une édition complète de ses œuvres a paru sous le titre Samlade skrifter (Stockholm, 1847-1849, 6 vol.). M. Dahlgren, dont l'œuvre consistait en ballades d'une franchise toute heureusement idyllique avec une verve facetieuse et burlesque, était doué d'une fécondité qui, dans les derniers temps surtout, a nui, dit-on, à son talent. DAHLMANN (Frédéric-Christophe), historien, publiciste et homme politique allemand, né à Wisman, le 17 mai 1785, mort le 5 décembre 1860. Voy. les éditions de l'ouvrage du "Comte D.". DAYLUCÉ (Julien); poète français, né à Bourg-en-Bresse (Ainé-et-Loire) le 21 décembre 1812, nommé bibliothécaire à la Sorbonne, en juin 1860, est auteur des ouvrages suivants : André Chénier, drame en trois actes, en vers (Odéon, 1843); L'appartement de Joseph, drame en cinq actes, en vers (reçu à la Comédie française en 1846, joué à l'Ambigu en 1848); Le Caïd au Gymnase en septembre 1865; les Restes de saint Clotilde l'appui de Sophronie, la Guerre d'Orient, poèmes couronnés par l'Académie française (1859 et 1866). Ces œuvres ont été réunies, en 1859, sous le titre de Drames et poèmes (in-12). M. Daillière a été décoré de la Légion d'honneur. DAIN (Charles), ancien représentant du peuple français, né à La Guadeloupe, le 29 août 1812, fit ses études en France, suivit les cours de la Faculté de droit de Paris, et se fit recevoir avocat. Initié par M. P. Considérant aux doctrines phalanstériennes, il prit part, en 1833, aux discussions du Congrès européen ouvert par l'institut historique, et combattit, au nom de l'école fournière, le néocatholicisme de MM. Duchesne et Roux-Lavergne. Il publia dans la Démocratie pacifique des articles relatifs à la question de l'esclavage, et soutint la théorie de l'émancipation graduelle. Après la révolution de Février, il fut élu représentant de La Guadeloupe par 10996 voix, prit place à la Constituante, dans le comité de l'Algérie et des colonies (20 octobre 1848), et vota avec la gauche. Après l'élection du 10 décembre, il fit une opposition très vive au nouveau gouvernement, et appuya la demande de mise en accusation du président et de ses ministres à l'occasion de l'interdiction des clubs et du siège de Rome. Aux élections complémentaires qui furent la journée du 13 juin, M. Ch. Dain, expéditionnaire français en Grèce devant le château de Morée. Nommé commandant en 1834, il croisa sur les côtes d'Espagne pendant plusieurs années avec La Salamandre et fut, en 1840, promu au grade de capitaine de vaisseau. Au moment de la guerre de Crimee, il était capitaine de pavillon de sir Charles Napier. Il reçut le commandement du Sans-Pareil, vaisseau de la flotte de sir Edward Eden Dundas, se distingua devant Odessa à la prise de Redout-Kaleb et lors de la grande attaque de Sébastopol où le Sans-Pareil fut criblé de boulets. DADIAN-Bey (Ohannes), directeur de la poudrière impériale d'Azad, sur la mer de Marmara, second fils de Mahdesji Dad, est né en 1798. Chargé par le sultan Mahmoud de réorganiser les poudrières d'après le système européen, il fit plusieurs voyages en France et en Angleterre, et à son retour à Constantinople il introduisit de notables améliorations dans toutes les branches du service. On lui doit, en outre, la création d'un grand nombre d'établissements industriels pour le compte de l'Etat, tels que la fonderie de canons de Zeitoun-Bournou, la tannerie impériale de Beïcos pour la fourniture des cuirs et toiles cirées nécessaires aux équipements militaires, la fabrique de draps de Nicomédie pour l'habillement de l'armée, la fonderie de San-Stefano, etc. (1833-1847). Décoré de la grande plaque du Nishan-Iftihar par le sultan Mahmoud, et appelé par son successeur à siéger dans le conseil du tanzimat, M. Ohannès Dadian a été promu, avec le titre de bey, fonctionnaire de première classe (11 décembre 1856). – Il a eu quatre fils qui sont tous employés dans les services publics Arakel, né en 1820; Nersès-Kossen, né en 1825; Aroutun-Karékine, né en 1830; Kircor Mihun, né en 1832. Les deux premiers sont sous-directeurs de la poudrerie d'Azad. DADIAN-BEY (Boghos), neveu du précédent, né à Constantinople en 1800, mort à Paris le 20 décembre 1863. Voy. les éditions précédentes. Il a laissé six fils, qui ont tous fait leur éducation à Paris, et ont été appelés à différentes fonctions dans l'administration ottomane; ce sont MM. Arakel, né en 1824, Simon, né en 1829, Ohannès, né en 1830, Mardirosse, né en 1832, Agopigue, né en 1834, et Mekerdich, né en 1840. Ce dernier est auteur du premier écrit arménien qui ait été publié sur le droit des gens (Constantinople, 1804) et a fait paraître dans la Revue des Etudes un travail sur la Société arménienne contemporaine (juin, 1867). Boghos Dadian-bey a eu aussi trois filles, dont l'une, née en 1847, s'est fait une réputation par des poésies. DAGNAN (Isidore), peintre français, né à Marseille, en 1794, a cultivé particulièrement le paysage, et emprunté la plupart de ses sujets à l'Italie, à la Grèce ou au midi de la France. Parmi ses principales productions, on cite des Jeunes filles romaines écoutant un berger (1819); Vue du lac de Cenne (1822), au grand Manon; Vue de Lausanne (1822), au palais de Fontainebleau; Vue du Dauphiné (1827), au même palais; Vue de Paris prise du quai de la Cité (1831), une de ses toiles les mieux accueillies; Une famille à Marseille (1833), au musée du Luxembourg; Vue de Dinan (1836); la Vallée de Lauterbrunnen dans l'Oberland (1841); le Port de Nice (1843) et une Vue d'Annecy (1845), commandée par le ministre de l'intérieur; le Lac de Genève, les Bords de l'Arno, le vieux chêne Pharamond (1857); Forêt traversée par une rivière, le Rhin à Montreux, le Chemin de Battigny (1859); Bois de hêtre au bord d'une rivière, Route de Paris à Fontainebleau (1864); Une croix sur la Maison de Pétrarque (1865); Chemin de Pierrefonds à Saint-Nomain, Forêt de Fontainebleau (1866); le Vieux chêne de la reine Blanche, dans la forêt de Fontainebleau; les Bords de l'Yvette (1868), etc. Cet artiste a obtenu une 2e médaille en 1822, une 1ère en 1831, et la décoration en février 1836. DAGUET (Alexandre), littérateur suisse, est né à Fribourg (Suisse), le 12 mars 1816. Après avoir été professeur d'histoire à l'École centrale de sa ville natale, de 1837 à 1843, il fut nommé successivement directeur de l'École normale du Jura bernois, professeur d'histoire à l'Académie de Lausanne (1846), directeur de l'École cantonale de Fribourg et premier-président du conseil de l'instruction publique de ce canton (1848-1857), puis professeur à l'Académie de Neuchâtel. Son principal ouvrage est une Histoire de la Confédération suisse, depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours (Neuchâtel, 185), 2 vol. in-8° édit. 1866, gr. in-18) la dernière édition contient des recherches sur l'époque des constructions lacustres. On peut citer en outre: Étude sur l'histoire littéraire de la Suisse avant le XIIe siècle (Neuchâtel. 1847, in-8°) De l'enthousiasme de la Suisse pour la cause de l'indépendance (Fribourg, 1858, in-8°), etc. M. Daguet a rédigé quelque temps le journal l'Émulation et collaboré à un certain nombre de revues littéraires. DAGUILHON-PUJOL (Pierre-Jean-Marie-Gustave), homme politique français, député, est né le 11 janvier 1792. Président de chambre honoraire à la Cour impériale de Toulouse. et membre du Conseil général pour le canton de St-Paul, il a été élu député au Corps législatif, comme candidat du gouvernement pour la 3e circonscription du Tarn, en 1863, par 17216 voix sur 22087 votants. M. Daguilhon-Pujol a été nommé chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, puis officier en 1865. Aux élections générales de mai 1869, ce fut son fils qui se porta à sa place comme candidat, et fut élu par 6116 voix sur 27 784 votants. DAGUIN (Pierre-Adolphe), physicien français, né à Poitiers le 4 août 1814, fit ses études au collège royal de cette ville et entra à l'École normale en 1835, dans la section des sciences, il en sortit en 1838, et fut chargé de la classe de physique au lycée de Moulins (Allier). Reçu agrégé des sciences physiques en septembre 1841, il fut nommé, la même année, professeur au lycée royal de Tours, où il resta six ans. Il professait, en outre, un cours publié de physique et de chimie appliquées aux arts. Il prit le diplôme de docteur ès sciences en décembre 1846, et fut appelé, en août 1847, à la Faculté des sciences de Toulouse. En novembre 1866, il fut nommé directeur de l'observatoire de cette ville, et chargé du cours d'astronomie. Membre de l'Académie de Toulouse, il a été décoré de la Légion d'honneur depuis le 13 août 1861. Le commandé par la Montagne, fut nommé représentant du peuple dans le département de Saône-et-Loire, et continua de s'associer à tous les actes de l'opposition la plus radicale. Après le coup d’État du 2 décembre, il fut envoyé à La Guadeloupe, comme conseiller à la cour. DAUBAN (Pierre-Jean-Baptiste), littérateur français, né à Grenoble, le 14 décembre 1784, embrassa de bonne heure la carrière des lettres, vint se fixer à Paris et écrivit d'abord des romans et des poèmes, telles que les Fugitives (1807); Jules ou mon Testament (1810), etc. Il travailla ensuite pour le théâtre, et deux de ses comédies furent représentées à Grenoble: Les Enfants du Monde (1817), et les Amants par procuration (1818). Depuis 1829, M. Dauban a publié une vingtaine de tragédies grecques et romaines: Ménélas (1829); Thésée, ou les Lois de Sparte (1834); Oreste et Sophronie (1837); Pacote (1841); Télémaque au mont Ida (1852); Cyrus (1856); Tigrane (1858); Ariarate (1859), etc. Il a aussi donné un roman en deux suites: Cyane (suite: 1858, in-18). DALETS DE SALZES (Guillaume-François-Hippolyte), ancien représentant du peuple français, né à Salzès (Aveyron), le 20 novembre 1792, fut admis dans la magistrature sous le règne de Charles X, donna sa démission après la révolution de juillet, et fit une opposition persévérante au gouvernement de Louis-Philippe. En 1848, il fut nommé représentant du peuple, le septième sur dix, dans son département, fit partie du comité de l'Algérie et des colonies, et vota avec la droite. En 1849, il revint à l'Assemblée législative, et suivit toujours pour guides les chefs de la majorité monarchique. Depuis le coup d’État du 2 décembre, il est rentré dans la vie privée. DALE (révérend Thomas), poète et théologien anglais, né à Londres, le 27 août 1797, et orphelin en bas âge, obtint, par des amis de sa famille, une bourse à Christ's Hospital. En 1817, il entra à l'université de Cambridge, et, pendant le cours de ses études, publia des essais littéraires, tels que Widow of Eternity, Prophet of the Taurus et Avid et Adah, nouvelle qui épuisa rapidement six éditions. Entré dans les ordres en 1823, et d'abord aumônier à Saint-Michel, puis à Saint-Bride (1835), par le choix spécial de sir Robert Peel, duett à la protection de cet homme d'État un canonicat à Saint-Paul (1843) et la cure importante de Saint-Pancrace (1846). Ses devoirs ecclésiastiques ne l'empêchèrent pas d'ouvrir une pension de jeunes gens à Beckenham, ancienne résidence de lady Byron. Il accepta ensuite une chaire de littérature anglaise à l'université de Londres (1828-1830), puis à King's College (1836-1839). Jusqu'en 1849, il a fait un cours très suivi de morale religieuse à l'église Sainte-Marguerite. M. Dale a écrit trois volumes de vers (Londres, 1819, 1820 et 1822), réimprimés plusieurs fois et réunis en recueil (Poems, 1836, 1 vol.) On a encore de lui une traduction anglaise des tragédies de Sophocle (A translation from Sophocles, 1824) une édition du poète Cowper (2 vol.), avec notes critiques et biographiques; des Sermons et des Discours religieux (1830-1836); enfin, beaucoup d'ouvrages ascétiques ou moraux, comme le Compagnon du dominerche (The Sabbath companion, 1844) le Bon Pasteur (the Good Shepherd, 1845); la Petite messe domestique (the domestic Liturgy, 1846); les Psaumes dorés (the Golden Psalm, 1847), etc. DALHOUSIE (James-Andrew-Brown RAMSAY, 10e comte, puis 1er marquis de), homme d'État anglais, ancien gouverneur général des Indes; né à Londres, le 12 avril 1812, mort le 19 décembre 1860. Voy. les éditions précédentes. DALHOUSIE [Fox MAULE, 2e comte de], homme d'État et pair d'Angleterre, est né le 22 avril 1801, à Brechin Castle (comté de Forfar). Jusqu'en 1804 il a été connu sous le nom de lord Fox Maule et jusqu'en 1810 sous celui de baron Panmure. Élevé à la grande institution de Charterhouse, il obtint un brevet d'enseigne au 79e de Highlanders (1819), régiment qu'il suivit au Canada, où son oncle était gouverneur, et donna sa démission, après douze ans de service (1831), en apprenant que son père tenait à être appelé à la Chambre des Lords et créé baron Panmure. La même année, il épousa la fille du lord Abercromby. Élu membre du Parlement à Perth (1835), où il l'avait emporté sur sir R. Peel, il débuta dans la carrière politique sous le ministère Melbourne, qui lui remit la sous-secrétaire du intérieur (avril 1835), puis la vice-présidence du bureau de commerce (juin 1841). Le retour du parti conservateur aux affaires en septembre 1841, lui fit reprendre, comme député de Perth, son siège à la Chambre des Communes, où il avait représenté de 1838 à 1841 le bourg d'Edinburgh. En 1842, il fut nommé recteur de l'université de Glasgow. Dévoué aux principes de la école libérale, il n'appuya des mesures de sir R. Peel que la réforme des tarifs douaniers. Réglant sa conduite sur celle de lord John Russell, il rentra avec lui au pouvoir et fut chargé du secrétariat de la guerre (juillet 1846); il le garda six ans et s'y fit remarquer par son expérience militaire et sa bonne administration. Il passa ensuite au bureau de contrôle où la Compagnie des Indes avait besoin d'un homme influent pour faire renouveler son privilège, et quelques semaines après il était obligé de faire place au parti conservateur (février 1852). La même année, il quittait le nom de Maule pour prendre, en succédant à son père à la Chambre haute, le titre de lord Panmure, et l'année suivante, il était nommé gardien du sceau privé d'Écosse. Lorsque le cabinet de la coalition attira à lui les hommes modérés, lord Dalhousie refusa d'en faire partie; il ne voulait accepter que d'un ministère franchement wish la difficile mission de réorganiser l'administration de la guerre (février 1855 février 1858). On sait que ce ministère, de création toute récente, n'était auparavant qu'une simple direction; rien n'y était préparé pour conduire d'une manière efficace une expédition lointaine. Lord Dalhousie eut beaucoup à faire et fut loué de la fermeté et du dévouement avec lesquels il se mit à l'œuvre. En 1841, il fut nommé membre du Conseil privé; lord-lieutenant du comté de Forfar en 1849, il a reçu les insignes de l'ordre écossais du Chardon (1853) et ceux de grand-croix du Bain (1855). Sa femme étant morte sans lui donner d'enfants, il a pour héritier présomptif son cousin, William MAULE-RAMSAY, brigadier dans l'armée des Indes et, depuis 1860, député lieutenant du comté de Forfar. DALLAS (George Mason), homme d'État américain, né à Philadelphie, en 1792, fut reçu avocat, entra, vers 1810, dans la carrière diplomatique et occupa des postes dans les chancelleries européennes. Il revenait de Saint-Pétersbourg, où il avait rempli pendant quelques années les fonctions de secrétaire d'ambassade, lorsqu'il fut nommé attorney de district en Pennsylvanie. La législature de cet État l'envoya au Congrès en 1831 en qualité de sénateur. En 1832, le président Van Buren lui propose la nomination à l'ambassade de Russie et le rappela, en 1839, sur sa demande. De 1845 à 1852, M. Dallas fut choisi pour vice-président des États-Unis; en résignant le pouvoir, il reprit au barreau de Philadelphie sa profession d'avocat. Il fut nommé, en 1856, ambassadeur à Londres, en remplacement de M. Buchanan. Il s'efforça de rétablir l'entente cordiale, unissant compromise entre les deux pays, et, dans un discours au banquet du lord-maire, on applaudit cette remarquable protestation contre les apologistes de la guerre: "La meilleure guerre est toujours un mal, quels que soient les avantages moraux ou matériels qu'elle puisse procurer." (Avril 1856.) Le 16 mai 1861, M. Dallas fut remplacé à Londres par M. Charles Francis Adams. Lorsque la scission éclata entre les États du Nord et ceux du Sud, il se déclara hautement pour le maintien de l'intégrité de l'Union. Il est mort en janvier 1865. DALL'ONGARO (Francesco), homme politique et littérateur italien, est né en 1808, à Odezzo dans l’État de Venise. Il fit ses premières etudes au séminaire Della Salute de sa ville natale, les compléta à Padoue et entra dans les ordres. Mais sa prédication colorée et trop indépendante déplut à ses supérieurs. On lui interdit de prêcher. Il partit, alors à Bologne, renonça aux fonctions ecclésiastiques, se voua à l’enseignement libre et se fit journaliste. Associe à son parent Patricio Valussi, depuis directeur de la Pépinière, il fonda à Trieste et dirigea pendant plusieurs années le Facta. Dans l’intervalle, il inonda de brochures et d’écrits italiens toutes les provinces lynennes, et fonda avec Cagliero la première société philotechnique de l’autre côté de l’Adriatique. En 1838, il composa, pour l’éditeur Modène son ami, ses premiers drames Forzeoste, les Dalmates et Marco Caschetto. En 1847, après un discours très vif prononcé au banquet offert par Richard Cobden, il fut expulsé des provinces illyriennes. Il séjourna successivement à Sienne, à Florence, à Rome, à Venise, à Milan, à Turin, vécut avec Tommaso et Manin, Cattaneo et Bagni, et composa vers cette époque le Retour des trois comteurs, hymne au son duquel commença le mouvement unitaire à Rome. Le pape lui proposa de prendre la direction de la Gazette de Rome, il refusa, partit de Rome en mars 1848, s’engagea dans la légion universitaire et combattit avec elle sur le territoire vénitien. Il fonda ensuite à Venise le journal intitulé Des actes non des paroles (Fatti e non parole), fut le principal instigateur du mouvement du 11 août, se lia avec Garibaldi et s'occupait avec lui à Ravenne de réorganiser la marine vénitienne lorsque Rossi fut assassiné. M. Dall'Ongaro partit alors pour Rome afin d’y organiser la légion de Garibaldi. Les Romains le nommèrent membre de l’Assemblée constituante. Jusqu’à la prise de Rome, il cumula ce mandat avec la direction du Messager romain, et fut chargé, à cette même époque, d’aller mettre un terme à Ancône aux assassinats politiques, tâche difficile dont il s’acquitta avec succès. Après le siège de Rome, il se réfugia en Suisse, fut expulsé en novembre 1852 à la suite du mouvement insurrectionnel de Milan, et partit pour la Belgique où il passa quatre ans, reprenant pour vivre, ses conférences sur Dante, qui lui avaient fait un nom à Trieste cinq ans auparavant. À part ses nombreux articles dans les journaux, soit italiens, soit étrangers, M. Dall'Ongaro a publié un grand nombre d'écrits politiques et littéraires en prose et en vers, tous empreints de l'esprit patriotique et libéral. On peut citer Novelle italiane e teatrali, scènes de la vie italienne (Florence, plusieurs éd.), Fantasie drammatiche e poetiche. Légendes, drames, hymnes (Florence); Coroni popolari, chants populaires (Milan), qui ont obtenu un grand succès et exercé une sérieuse influence en Italie; Fenomeni, scène de la vie de Byron (Padoue) Poésie (Trieste, 2 vol.); Formazione, dai diamanti, da qui a cent'anni (Turin, 2 vol.); Bello Capello, drame en cinq actes (Turin); L'ultimo barone, drame (Milan); Fasma, comédie antique sur des fragments de Ménandre; Storia del Partito, étude sur Dante (Milan) Laguna, chants en dialecte vénitien (Venise); Poesie e scene vernacole (Venise). Il a publié en outre des biographies, celles de Pie IX, de M. Ricasoli, etc., fait jouer des pièces qui n'ont pas été imprimées et écrit des libretti d'opéras. On annonce de lui deux volumes de récits qui doivent être suivis de son Cours de littérature dramatique. DALLOZ (Victor-Alexis-Déstré), avocat français, né à Septmoncel (Jura), le 12 août 1795, débuta en 1816, avec éclat, au barreau de Paris, passa en 1823 à la Cour de cassation, et y plaça, jusqu'en 1838, un certain nombre de causes célèbres. Il fut, de 1836 à 1838, président de son ordre. Le libéralisme dont il avait fait preuve sous la Restauration le fit élire, en 1837, membre de la Chambre des députés. Il y représenta l'arrondissement de Saint-Claude (Jura) dans les rangs du parti conservateur, et se signala par la rédaction de divers projets de lois. La résolution de 1848 le fit rentrer dans la vie privée. Le nom de M. Désiré Dalloz est attaché à un certain nombre de grands travaux de jurisprudence, notamment au grand ouvrage intitulé Jurisprudence, ou Recherche méthodique et alphabétique de jurisprudence générale [1824-1830; 2° édit., 1845-1858, 44 vol. in-4; 3° édit., 1859 et suiv.) avec le concours dévoué de son frère Armand Dalloz, il a refondu dans cette sorte d'encyclopédie le Journal des audiences et le Recueil de jurisprudence (antérieurs au royaume), dont il était devenu possesseur en 1819, et lui a donné pour suite un Bulletin parlementaire comprenant les arrêts et les lois, et qui compte depuis 1845 un volume par année. On doit encore à cet écrivain plusieurs Plaidoyers, sermements et Rapports imprimés en diverses circonstances (1824-1839); un Traité de la péremption d'intérêt en matière civile, avec M. Reynaud (1837, in-8); enfin de nombreux articles fournis aux feuilles et recueils spéciaux, entre autres la remue, ou la Bibliothèque du juriste, etc. M. Désiré Dalloz a été décoré de plusieurs ordres des pays étrangers, où son grand ouvrage a été souvent traduit. Nommé chevalier de la Légion d'honneur en 1828, il a été promu officier le 5 février 1846. Il a épousé Mlle Peyrot, petite-fille de l'architecte de Louis XVI. Il est mort à Paris le 12 janvier 1869. DALLOZ (Edouard), fils ainé du précédent, avocat et homme politique, né en 1827, est devenu député au Corps législatif en 1852, comme candidat du gouvernement dans la circonscription du Jura. Réélu au même titre aux élections suivantes, il a obtenu, en 1863, 29 753 voix sur 30 356 votants, et en 1869, 14 475 sur 23 550. Il a été, pendant sept ans, secrétaire de la Chambre. Président du Comice agricole de Lons-le-Saunier, et membre du Conseil général pour le canton de ce nom, il a été promu officier de la Légion d'honneur le 23 août 1862 et commandeur au 15 août 1869. Il est décoré de divers ordres étrangers. On doit à M. Ed. Dalloz, à part sa collaboration au grand ouvrage paternel, un Commentaire du décret du 21 janvier 1852 et de la loi du 13 mai 1851 sur la garde nationale (1852) un Traité sur l'exploitation des mines, des articles dans le Répertoire méthodique de jurisprudence. DALLOZ (Paul), frère du précédent, avocat et journaliste, né à Paris, le 18 novembre 1829. Il est devenu, après le 2 décembre 1851, avec M. Turgan, l'un des deux directeurs du Journal des Débats, auquel il fournit divers articles. C'est lui qui présida, en mai 1864 à la création du Monde Illustré universel du soir, le premier journal politique à 5 centimes, dont le tirage atteignit promptement l'objectif de 100 000. À la fin de 1868, le ministre d'État, M. Rouher, retira aux deux journaux de M. Dalloz le caractère d'organes officiels, et, par un arrêté, fonda deux nouveaux Moniteurs officiels de l'Empire français, dont l'imprimeur M. Wittersheim fut l'adjudicataire. M. Dalloz revendiqua en justice la propriété exclusive du titre de Moniteur, et obtint un jugement du tribunal de commerce conforme à ses prétentions. Le ministre appela le nouvel organe du gouvernement simplement le Journal officiel. L'ancien Moniteur continua d'exister avec ses deux éditions du matin et du soir, comme journal d'opposition féconde et se soutint avec succès. M. P. Dalloz a été décoré de la Légion d'honneur. Un frère de M. Désiré Dalloz et son principal collaborateur, M. Pierre-Armand DALLOZ, avocat, dit aussi Dalloz jeune, a publié sous son seul nom un Dictionnaire de jurisprudence (1836, in-4).–Il est mort en juin 1857. DALMAS (Pierre-Albert DE), homme politique français, député, né le 10 juin 1821, d'une des plus anciennes familles de France, est fils d'un officier de marine, devenu directeur au ministère de la justice et des cultes, mort en 1865. Reçu avocat à la cour royale de Paris, en 1843, il collabora à divers journaux politiques. en 1849, il fut attaché au ministère des affaires étrangères et chargé de différentes missions au Brésil, à la Plata, etc. De retour à Paris à la fin de 1851, il fut appelé par M. de Morny au ministère de l'intérieur et mêlé activement aux événements du 2 décembre. Peu après, le président l'attacha, comme sous-chef, à son cabinet, et en 1852, il devint secrétaire de l'empereur. Il garda ces fonctions jusqu'en 1861. Membre du Conseil général du Morbihan, dont il fut successivement secrétaire et vice-président, M. de Dalmas avait été présenté, comme candidat officiel pour la députation, dans la 3e circonscription d'Ille-et-Vilaine, en décembre 1859 et élu sans opposition. Aux élections générales de 1863, il fut réélu par 19003 voix, sur 34651 votants. Il fit partie de nombreuses commissions, notamment de celle du budget, et traita à la tribune quelques questions spéciales. Vers la fin de la législature, il se sépara sur plusieurs points du ministère, pour voter avec le nouveau parti dynastique. Aux élections de mai 1869, candidat dynastique, mais non officiel, il obtint 21 521 voix sur 35,177 votants, contre 13,069 données à un second candidat dynastique, M. Piyl. Dans la courte session qui suivit il fut un des promoteurs de la demande d'interpellation des 116, qui provoqua le message de juillet et le sénatus-consulte de septembre 1869. Le député d'Ille-et-Vilaine a construit entre Fougères et Vitré le premier chemin de fer départemental établi en France. Il est auteur de quelques écrits, entre autres Le roi de Naples, sa Mère, ses actes, sa politique (1851, in-8). Décoré d'un grand nombre d'ordres étrangers, M. de Dalmas a été nommé chevalier de la Légion d'honneur en 1854 et promu officier en 1859. DALMATIE (Napoléon-Hector SOULT, duc DE), ambassadeur français, né en 1802, mort à Paris en décembre 1851. Voy. les deux 1ère éditions du Dictionnaire. DALTON (Alexandre, comte), général français, né à Brives (Corrèze), le 20 avril 1786.-Voy. les éditions précédentes. DALY (César), architecte et publiciste français, né à Verdun, en 1809, étudia l'architecture sous M. Félix Duhan. Il s'associa ardemment, vers 1830, au mouvement et aux idées de la Phalange. Chargé, de 1840 à 1845, de divers travaux d'architecture, il dirigea principalement la restauration de la cathédrale de Sainte-Cécile à Albi. En 1855, il alla au Texas visiter la colonie communiste de Cabet. Membre d'un grand nombre de sociétés savantes, architecte diocésain du Tarn, il a été décoré de la Légion d'honneur. M. Daly a exposé aux Salons de 1841 et 1846 un Projet de décoration intérieure de la chapelle et les Dessins de la reconstruction de la cathédrale d'Albi, exécutés pour les Monuments historiques, et qui ont reparu à l'Exposition universelle de 1855, où ils ont obtenu une médaille de troisième classe. Il a fondé, en 1840, la Revue de l'architecture et des beaux-arts publics, journal mensuel édité avec luxe, dans lequel il a donné le plan complet d'un Phalanstère. Parmi ses publications, nous citerons: Des concours pour les monuments publics, dans l'avenir, le passé et l'avenir (1861, gr. in-8) l'Architecture privée au XIXe siècle sous Napoléon III (1860-1864, 3 vol. in-fol.) et Monuments historiques d'architecture et de sculpture (1864-1867, 46 lit. in-fol.). DAMAS (Anne-Hyacinthe-Maxence, baron DE), général et ministre français, né à Paris, le 30 septembre 1785, mort en 1862. Voy. les éditions précédentes. DAMAS-HINARD (Jean-Joseph-Stanislas-Albert), littérateur français, né à Madrid (Espagne), le 11 décembre 1805, fut élevé en France, étudia le droit à Paris et se fit recevoir avocat. Il débuta, dans la littérature par des Chants sur lord Byron (1824, in-8), suivis d'une adresse au roi. Il rédigea ensuite, sur les notes du baron Lamothe-Langon, les quatre premiers volumes des mémoires de la comtesse Du Balmay (1829). On lui doit encore Napoléon; ses opinions et mémoires sur les hommes et les choses (1838, 2 vol. in-8), recueillis par ordre alphabétique. M. Damas-Hinard s'est fait connaitre surtout par ses nombreux travaux sur le théâtre espagnol, publiés dans le Correspondant et par sa traduction de Calderón (1841-1844, 3 vol. in-12), de Lope de Vega (1842, 2 vol. in-12), du bominero español (2 vol. in-12), de Don Sancho de la Manche (1847, in-12), du Poème du Cid (1858, imp. impériale, in-4). En 1847, il remplaça au Collège de France M. E. Quatremère, suspendu par M. de Salvandy, et ouvrit son cours par une leçon sur l'esprit du théâtre espagnol; mais ayant à lutter contre une opposition très bruyante, il fut forcé de se retirer. Nommé bibliothécaire au palais du Louvre le 30 décembre 1848, il est devenu, le 7 février 1853, secrétaire des commandements de l'empire. Il a donné, sous le titre de Dictionnaire Napoléon (1854, in-8), une édition abrégée de son premier recueil, et a annoté l'ouvrage du marquis de La Gervaisa, Un Prophète inconnu (1850, in-8). Citons encore: Bibliothèque espagnole (1864, broch. in-8) DAUBY (Pierre-Charles-André), homme politique français, député, est né le 20 décembre 1796. Agriculteur et ancien notaire, il devint maire de l'Ile-Adam et membre du Conseil général pour le canton de ce nom. Le 23 octobre 1859, il fut nommé député au Corps législatif comme candidat du gouvernement pour la 3e circonscription de Seine-et-Oise, et en 1863, il fut réélu au même titre par 16651 voix sur 30221 votants. M. Dambry a été nommé chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. Il est mort en septembre 1869. DAMHÉE (Angélique-Adele HOY, dame), femme de lettres française. née à Clermont (Oise), le 21 décembre 1795. De 1819 à 1838, elle a écrit une douzaine de romans qui ont eu leur moment de faveur et qui peignent, dans un style assez élégant, des sentiments et des mœurs de convention. Alfred et Zaida, Mareska et Oscar, Vitats, ou la Vierge de Ténédos, une Âme d'enfer, etc., et donne (1823) la Chasseau renard, vaudeville, avec Léon de Saint-Hilaire. Membre de l'Athénée des arts, cette dame y a fait, non sans éclat, de nombreuses lectures, presque toujours censurées à l'honneur de son sexe ou à la revendication de ses droits. DAMIRON (Jean-Philibert), philosophe français, membre de l'Institut, né à Belley (Rhône), le 10 mai 1794, mort le 11 janvier 1862. – Voy. les éditions précédentes. DAMOREAU (Mme Laure-Cinthie MONTALANT, dite CITH), célèbre cantatrice française, née à Paris, le 6 février 1801, morte le 25 février 1863. Voy. les éditions précédentes. – Sa fille, Marie DAMOREAU, devenue Mme Wetstein, est auteur de quelques articles. Elle a aussi embrassé la carrière musicale et s'est fait entendre, depuis 1856, dans plusieurs concerts. DAMPIERRE (Auguste-Mulippe-Henri Du VAL, comte DE), général français, né le 3 juin 1786, à Hans (Marne), mort au mois de décembre 1856. – Voy. les deux 1ère éditions du Dictionnaire. DAMPIERRE (Elie CE], ancien représentant du peuple français, né au château de Jaumont (Landes), en septembre 1813 et fils d'un légitimiste, qui fut nommé pair de France par Charles X, professa, sous le règne de Louis-Philippe, des opinions très héraldiques. Après avoir étudié le droit et fait de nombreux voyages à l'étranger, il sollicita sans succès un mandat législatif, comme candidat de l'opposition, en 1836 et en 1842. Après la révolution de février, il fut nommé représentant du peuple par 19000 suffrages environ, le dernier sur la liste des sept élus du département des Landes. Il fit partie de la droite, avec laquelle il vota constamment. Après l'élection du 10 décembre, il soutint le gouvernement de Louis Napoléon, admit la proposition Rateau, et approuva l'expédition de Rome. Réélu à l'Assemblée législative, il fit partie de la majorité et se prononça contre la politique particulière de l'Élysée. Après le coup d'État du 2 décembre, il rentra dans la vie privée. DANA (Richard-Henry), poète américain, né à Cambridge, le 1er novembre 1787, est fils d'un magistrat du Massachusetts, qui a été ambassadeur en Russie. Après avoir terminé ses études au collège d'Harvard, il se fit recevoir avocat; puis débuta dans la littérature par un discours prononcé, le 4 juillet, à l'occasion des fêtes anniversaires de l'indépendance américaine. De 1812 à 1820, il collabora à la North American Review, dirigée par J.-E. Channing, et, en 1821 il fonda l'Atlantic (le Désert), où il fit insérer Tom Rhoades, un de ses meilleurs contes; M. Bryant y donna quelques vers, et Allston y commença le récit de Monaldi. Le talent poétique de R. H. Dana se révéla assez tard au public. À trente-huit ans, il envoya au New-England Review sa première page Dying Alderman (le Corbeau mourant, 1895). Le poème du Canebrier (1827), qui peignait avec des couleurs ardentes les étranges mœurs de la vie libre des chasseurs, fut accueilli très favorablement. En 1833, parut un volume qui contenait quelques pièces nouvelles et tous les articles fournis par l'auteur aux divers organes de la presse. Depuis cette époque, à part de rares morceaux littéraires et des lectures faites en 1839, à Boston et à New-York, sur la poésie anglaise, M. Dana n'a rien ajouté d'important à la liste de ses productions, qui ont été réunies et publiées à New-York (Poems, 1850, 1 vol.). DANA (Richard-Henry), fils aîné du précédent, a étudié le droit et s'est fait au barreau de Boston une position honorable. Sous le titre de Two Years Before the Mast, il a écrit des scènes de la vie maritime peintes avec une grande fidélité. Par ordre de l'amirauté anglaise, 10000 exemplaires de cet ouvrage ont été distribués aux équipages de la marine. DANA (James Dwight), naturaliste et géologue américain, est né le 12 février 1813, à Htute (État de New-York). Il étudia les mathématiques et l'histoire naturelle, sous le célèbre B. Silliman, au collège Yale, à Newhaven (État de Connecticut), et fut nommé professeur de mathématiques pour les aspirants de marine. Il fit, en cette qualité, un voyage scientifique dans la Méditerranée. À son retour, en 1836, il aida Silliman dans divers travaux. Deux ans plus tard, il se joignit comme minéralogiste et géologue, à l'expédition envoyée par le gouvernement des États-Unis, sous le commandement du capitaine Wilkes, pour explorer le grand Océan. Ce voyage autour du monde dura quatre ans. En 1845, M. Dana épousa la fille de son ami et ancien maître, B. Silliman, et vécut depuis lors auprès de son beau-frère. Nommé professeur au collège de Newhaven, il prit la rédaction en chef de la revue scientifique Journal of Natural History, fondée par Silliman, en 1819. Le principal titre scientifique de M. Dana est sa participation au rapport général officiel de l'expédition du capitaine Wilkes. Il en a rédigé la partie la plus importante dans trois rapports particuliers : Rapport sur les Zoophytes (Report on the Zoophytes ; Washington, 1846, avec atlas); Rapport sur la géologie de l'Océan Pacifique (Report on the Geology of the P.; 1844, avec Atlas) ; Rapport sur les crustacés (Report on the Crustacea ; Washington ; 1852-1854, 2 vol. avec atlas.) Dans le premier, M. Dana établit une classification toute nouvelle des zoophytes. Il a encore publié un manuel, de Lectures on Zoophytes (1837) très estimé ; et qui a eu de nombreuses éditions en Amérique. BANNING [Francis], peintre anglais, né le 10 novembre 1807, près Wexford (Irlande), fut élève de la Société des beaux-arts de Dublin, à laquelle, dès 1819, il envoya son premier tableau, en 1820, s'établit à Bristol. Il fut élu, en 1828, que, pendant quelques années, il concourut aux expositions de l'Académie royale de Londres dans le genre qu'il avait choisi, le paysage historique, dont il est presque le seul représentant. Ses plus remarquables productions de cette époque, sont l'Amour et l'Appartement (1821) ; Macbeth écoutant les ballades d'un ménestrel (1823) ; Rayon de soleil après l'orage (1824), et Israel quittant la terre d'Egypte (1825). Cette dernière composition fit nommer l'auteur associé de l'Académie royale. Ensuite, M. Danby exposa le Festin sur les eaux (1826) ; Cléopâtre allant sur le Nil à la rencontre d'Antoine (1827), que la gravure a répandu à profusion ; l'Île des fées (1828) ; une Scène du Marchand de Fètes, qui se trouve au musée Soane ; et deux larges compositions, le Passage de la mer Rouge et le Déluge, conçues dans la manière théâtrale de Martin. Au comble de sa réputation, il parut son talent dans les entreprises artistiques du jour et fournit un grand nombre de dessins aux albums, au Literary souvenir, au Cabinet des arts, etc. A la suite de malheurs domestiques, il alla chercher des distractions et de nouveaux sujets d'étude hors de l'Angleterre.
| 38,114 |
https://github.com/robotrobo/freshman-schedge-generator/blob/master/src/Button.js
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,020 |
freshman-schedge-generator
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robotrobo
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JavaScript
|
Code
| 69 | 196 |
import React from "react";
import styled from "styled-components";
const StyledButton = styled.button`
background-color: #969595;
border: 2px solid black;
color: white;
font-weight: bold;
width: 200px;
height: 50px;
font-size: 20px;
border-radius: 5px;
font-family: Courier New;
text-transform: uppercase;
transition: 0.2s filter;
:hover {
filter: brightness(75%);
}
`;
// you always pass down a handle and you receive an on
function Button({ onClick, children }) {
return <StyledButton onClick={onClick}>{children}</StyledButton>;
}
export default Button;
| 9,637 |
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus%20%28omrop%29
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Omnibus (omrop)
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https://fy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omnibus (omrop)&action=history
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West Frisian
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Spoken
| 74 | 167 |
Omnibus is de namme fan it newsroom-kompjûtersysteem fan in tal programma's fan de Nederlânske Publike Omrop (NPO).
Sûnt begjin 2006 wurkje de programma's dy't gearwurkje yn de organisaasjes NOS Nijs en NOS Sport, NOVA en Den Haag Vandaag mei Omnibus. It systeem foarsjocht yn it tegearre ynfieren fan byld- en lûdsmateriaal. Yn de earste moannen dat der mei wurke waard kamen in oantal bernesykten oan it ljocht, dy't steuringen yn de útstjoeringen feroarsaken.
Telefyzjetechnyk
| 45,205 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circut%20Breaker%20Dam
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Circut Breaker Dam
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circut Breaker Dam&action=history
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Cebuano
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Spoken
| 175 | 278 |
Alihan sa tubig ang Circut Breaker Dam sa Tinipong Bansa. Nahimutang ni sa kondado sa Chouteau County ug estado sa Montana, sa sentro nga bahin sa nasod, km sa kasadpan sa Washington, D.C. ang ulohan sa nasod. metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Circut Breaker Dam.
Ang yuta palibot sa Circut Breaker Dam kay patag sa amihang-sidlakan, apan sa habagatang-kasadpan nga kini mao ang kabungtoran. Ang kinahabogang dapit sa palibot dunay gihabogon nga ka metro ug km sa habagatan sa Circut Breaker Dam. Kunhod pa sa 2 ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Circut Breaker Dam. Hapit nalukop sa kasagbotan ang palibot sa Circut Breaker Dam. Sa rehiyon palibot sa Circut Breaker Dam, mga walog talagsaon komon.
Ang klima bugnaw nga ugahon. Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hulyo, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Disyembre, sa °C. Ang kasarangang pag-ulan milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Mayo, sa milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Pebrero, sa milimetro.
Saysay
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Mga tinukod sa Montana (estado)
| 27,260 |
7636085_1
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Court Listener
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| null |
None
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None
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Unknown
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Unknown
| 1 | 7 |
AFFIRMED.
| 21,410 |
practitioner19londuoft_17
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,868 |
The Practitioner
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,450 | 9,543 |
Through these direct influences upon the lymphatic and blood-vessels, resorption of the effusion will be hastened ; at the same time the swelling and elevated temperature will be reduced. The pain will also be diminished by freeing the sensitive nerves from the pressure upon their terminal filaments. With still greater power will the parenchymatous exudation be driven into the lymph vessels by skilful kneading, especially if at the same AND FOREIGN JOURNALS. 299 time the lymph and blood streams are hastened by a centripetal rubbing. The loetrissage, or kneading of a point or other part of the body, be it a muscle, or large ecchymosis into the subcutaneous cellular tissue, should be begun by circular rubbing with the ends of the fingers or with the whole hand, then pressure should gradually be made according to the hrmness of the exudation and with due regard to the painful places. These manipulations may be done with both hands simultaneously, or what is better, with one hand we may knead and with the other do the centri- petal stroking. By kneading, the exudation will become more fit for resorption, as a crushing of the elementary parts of the same takes place. Especially is this seen in the treatment of chronic rheumatic joint inflammations. The hyperplastic tissue will be broken up ; the contents of the newly-formed blood-vessels will be extravasated, and later the vessels themselves obliterated, whilst the crushed mass, either with the extravasation, or later in the form of fatty detritus, passes into the lymph stream. Although we can atttack or destroy by this manipulation only the superficial strata of the exudation or the inflammatory new formations with their blood-vessels, yet the deeper lying mass will be reached indirectly by the extension of the pressure. The more the con- tained fluid of the affected mass, the greater will be the value of the hydrostatic transmission of the pressure. Of great aid to the above-mentioned manipulations are from the beginning of the treatment, gently exercised, active and passive motions, the effects of which, besides accelerating re- sorptions, are as follows : (1) The prevention of inflammatory stasis ; (2) loosening old adhesions, and preventing the forma- tion of new ones ; (3) favouring the entrance of diseased fluids into the lymphatics by changes in the relations of pressure in the different parts of the joint, for the power of pressure can be of value only in the direction of the centripetal stream on account of the valvular structures in the lymph vessels. The fourth category of massage, tapotement, so-called, is a simple percussion of the affected parts with the palm of the hand, the fist, a little hammer, or other similar instrument. By this means we seek principally to influence the affected nerves or their terminations. In what manner the massage acts in this case is not quite clear. In -a number of cases it did well in promoting absorption of the exudation from around the nerves, at the same time one can bring into use with good effect the previously mentioned manipulations. In other cases, parti- cularly in neuralgia, percussion may bring about changes in the nerve, producing a temporary stunning, which may serve the purpose of definite cure. In paralysis, also, in consequence of general disturbance of nutrition, the effect of these manipula- 300 EXTRACTS FROM BRITISH AND FOREIGN JOURNALS. tions will be to nourish the affected nerves. (The Boston Med. and Sunjiccd Jouriud, Xo. 20, 1877.) Some uses of Vasaline and Salicylic Acid in Obste- trics.— Dr. lienry Dubois states that for some time back it has been his practice to use vasaline with a grain or more of salicylic acid to the ounce and scented with a drop of otto of roses in all vaginal examinations instead of oil or soap. He believes he can thereby more certainly avoid carrying infection from case to case than would otherwise be the case. In first confinements it may be used in the first stage of the labour as soon as the patient takes to bed. He makes use of a glass syringe an inch in diameter, and without a nozzle. With an instrument of this kind he states that an ounce or more of the semi-solid vasaline can be introduced up to the os, where it remains at the temperature of the body in a semi-fluid state. If desirable, in certain cases, it can be combined with the extract of belladonna, and after the labour is completed with the extract of ergot, or in case of haemorrhage, with the liq. ferri persulphatis, with all of which it mixes well. If it be desired to introduce it into the uterus, it can be rendered fluid by putting the bottle containing it into water of a, temperature of 110° Fahr. when it can be used with the ordinary uterine syringe. In the course of a labour he uses three to six ounces with the effect, he believes, of shortening the fir.st stage of labour, and rendering the parts, especially in first labours, easily dilatable; while in the second stage, after the placenta is delivered, a small quantity of the vasaline, with the acid added, disinfects the discharges and does much to prevent purulent absorption. Amongst other uses to which the mixture above mentioned is recommended, is that of a dressing for the umbilical cord. It answers also better than oil or soap ,to remove the smegma from the newly-born infant. Mixed with an equal weight of honey and ten grains of borax or of chlorate of potash to the ounce, it answers an excellent purpose in cases of thrush. The ointment alone, or mixed wdth ten grains of quinine to the ounce, quickly removes the small thread-worms to which children are liable. In the excoriation of infants it effects rapid healing. " (2) As a lubricant it is nmch superior to lard, &c., for anointing the finger and hand in obstetric practice, and for coat- ing the forceps, catheter, &c., previous to introduction. Surgical instruments, both steel and hard rubber, are perfectly protected from rust and cracking by an occasional application of Unguen- tum Petrolei. "(3) As it is entirely bland, and is not acted upon in any way by the secretions of the stomach and bowels, it may be administered internally without hesitation. The flavour is not markedly unpleasant, and in inflammatory conditions of the stomach and intestinal tract its curative and disinfectant pro- perties promise to render it a most valuable adjuvant in treat- ment. Either alone or medicated as an injection in urethritis, vaginitis, inflamed and irritable bladder, as a plasma in uterine diseases, as an application to inflammatory and diphtheritic sore throat, its adoption in preference to all other demulcents can only be a question of time." Manuel de Therapeiitique. Par le Docteur Arruancl B. Paulier. 12mo. pp. 1002. 10 francs. Paris : 0. Doin. Examination Papers for tlie use of Medical Students. By W. J. H. Lush, M.E.C.P., M.K.C.S. Fcap. 8vo. pp. 112. 2s. M. London : Churchill. Prognosis in Cases of Valvular Disease of the Heart. By Thomas B. Peacock, M.D. 8vo. pp. 55. ?,s. 6d. London: Churchill. Companion to the British Pharmacopoeia. 11th edition. By Peter Squire, assisted by P. W. Squire and A. H. Squire. 8yo. pp.456. 10s. 6d. London: Churchill. Chemistry of the Carbon-Compounds, or Organic Chemistry, being Vol IL of Fownes' Chemistry, 1 2th Edition. By Henry Watts, B.A., F.Pt.S. Crown Bvo. pp. 648. 10s. London: Churchill. *,* Any of the foreign works may be procured on apjilicatiou to Messrs. Dulau, of Soho Square, W.C. ; Williajis and Nokgatk, of Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, W.C. ; or Ballieee, of King William Street, Charing Cross. STATE MEDICINE. De. Arthur Kansome's address on the present position of State Medicine in England, given at the recent meeting of the British Medical Association held in Manchester, and the Eeport of the Joint Committee on State Medicine of the British Medical and Social Science Associations read at the same meeting, convey to ns the uncomfortable impression that Medicine, as represented by its great association here, is going somewhat astray on this important subject. It would seem to be drifting away from the practical questions which more immediately concern it into a speculative region which, however seductive, can hardly fail to discredit it at the present moment with politicians and with the public at large. ISTothing could be more charming than Dr. Ean- some's dream of a sanitary Atlantis, and we trust that he may Kve to witness his admirable conception of a College of State and Legal Medicine an accomplished fact, and to become himself the first Principal of so desirable an institution. Nothing, moreover, could perhaps be better devised for bringing about such thoroughness in public health administration as we all wisli to see than the scheme suggested in the report of the Joint Committee. But that scheme is so antagonistic to the declared policy of the Govern- ment, as represented by both sides of the House, that we marvel at the courage (short-sightedness would perhaps be the better word) which could have prompted its submission to Lord Beaconsfield. (We do not, however, marvel at his refusal to receive a deputation of the Committee to urge the scheme upon him.) The removal of the distinction between urban and rural sanitary authorities, the clothing of all sanitary authorities with 304 STATE MEDICINE. similar powers, tlie extension of these powers so as to enable tliem to carry out all purposes of local administration within their districts, the establishment of County Boards, to act as an intermediate body between the representatives of local and central government, the constitution of superintending and district medical officers of health, free from private practice, who should be " under central control, so far as making up one great body of workers for general State Medical pur- poses," paid in part by tlie State and " all forming parts of a great department of the State under the presidency of a minis- ter of health," — these are suggestions which in the present state of feeling and knowledge of our legislators on the subject can be regarded as little else than Utopian. Tliey traverse the recommendations of tlie Eoyal Sanitary Commission which have so largely governed recent legislation in essential points as well as the administrative policy of the Government as represented by the Local Government Board, both under Mr. Stansfeld and Mr. Sclater-Booth. The suggestions of the Joint Committee in this latest report from it have been no doubt prompted by an intimate knowledge of the futility of recent sanitary legislation and administration. This has been such as to justify it in believing that the whole question is now hopeless without a "radical change." But it seems to have overlooked the fact that what is so obvious to it, is not obvious to, and in fact is largely denied by, the politicians with whom must rest the duty of initiating any change, to our legislators, and to the public generally. It seems to us, indeed, that the Joint Committer, in a natural eagerness to secure the legitimate results of the great awakening in sanitary matters to which it contributed so much in 1868-69, has overshot the mark. It has underestimated the still existing inertia of the public and of our legislators in these matters, and thus it happens that its suggestions, the outcome of a close, practical acquaintance with the subject, are liable to be looked upon by the people whom they most concern as more or less visionary, and medicine, so far as it is concerned in them, to be discredited as to its political acumen. If, as we believe, the difficulties which hamper sanitary administration, as now carried out here, are perpetuated in conse- quence of insufficient acquaintance of the public, and particularly STATE MEDICINE. 305 of our legislators, with the facts of that administration since the l^assing of the Public Health Act, 1872, it would follow that as precedent of further legislation inquiry should be made by Eoyal Commission or otherwise into the working of the sanitary laws since the institution of the Local Government Board. The time is particularly favourable for such an inquiry. The tentative period of five years in the operation of the essential medical element of these laws, has expired, and information is now available which would admit of the workins of the laws beincr fully ascertained. To proceed with further sanitary legislation in the absence of such inquuy would be, we believe, simply to heap blunder upon blunder; and certainly it is only by an inquiry of the sort referred to that we may hope that legislators and the public generally can be brought to a sufficient knowledge of the actual state of the sanitary administration of tlie country. To promote such a Eoyal Commission for the purpose in ques- tion as it promoted the Royal Commission of 1869, is a work- eminently within the functions of the Joint Committee. It is a work which, if successfully carried out, would not only confer an incalculable advantage upon the public, but would furnish the most conclusive proof of the judiciousness of that medical estimate of the necessities of public health administration which has been so consistently maintained by the Joint Committee. But there is another question in which both Dr. Ransome and the Joint Committee have also missed in. some degree, we think, the true practical bearing. This is a question which concerns Medicine itself. Dr. Ransome takes exception to the appointment of "legally qualified medical practitioners," simply as such, as medical officers of health, according to the existing law, without any special training for the office ; and the Joint Committee M'ould debar from the office all medical men who are not holders of diplomas of State Medicine. But both seem to forget that whatever discredit exists in this matter rests with the medical profession not with the Legislature. The appointments of medical officers of health, as an essential feature of local sanitary organization and administration, was accepted by the Legislature on the representation of the medical profession. Every legally qualified medical man was made eligible for the post, as at the Ko. ex IT. X 306 STATE MEDICINE. time 110 class of medical men existed specially qualified for it, nor does one, except as a sort of sanitary curiosity, exist now. It is a disgrace to the Medical Council and our great examining bodies that, knowing the desirability for special training for tlie post, they have taken no steps to meet this requirement at all commensurate with the magnitude of tlie occasion and such as to justify the confidence of the Legislature in the general cap- abilities of the profession to perform the functions of the post. This dereliction of a great public and professional duty is accentuated in the public mind by the isolated action of a few examinmg bodies, such as the Universities of Cambridge and of Dublin, and by the representations of associations, such as the British Medical, and of individuals distinguished in sanitary science, such as Dr. Eansome. ]\Ieanwhile the great army of medical officers of health, created by the Public Health Act, 1872, is foolishly banned by its own profession as incompetent (an incompetence true only as things go in a very restricted although important sense), the profession failing to see that an abundant excuse is thus furnished to administrators such as Mr. Stansfeld and Mr. Sclater-Booth, to treat the medical officer of health in his public relations in a very different way from that which the profession had hoped for and desired. Mr. Stansfeld and Mr. Sclater-Booth might very justly answer with regard to much that is alleged against the Local Government Board in its treatment of medical officers of health, " We have dealt with them according to your own estimation of their worth as such officers. What more would you have ? " In fact the profession has not been true to itself in this matter, and, in homely phrase, has itself fouled the new official nest which the Legislature has provided for it. Until the profession, through its repre- sentatives, shows a juster sense of the important field of work opened for it in public health administration, by securing that every medical man shall be properly qualified in the special sense held by the Joint Committee for the post of medical officer of health, or that provision for such special training shall be made commensurate with the requirements of the public health medical service. Medicine in that service must go to the walk No more shameful fact exists in connection with the bitter ON THE PROFAGATION OF SGAHLET FEVER. 307 struggles to which the recently created public health medical service has beeii; and is subjected, and the manner in which it has been made the catspaw of successive administrations, than the passiveness of the great medical representative bodies in the matter. They have acted as if no higher conceptions of professional re- lationship existed among them than such as befitted a mere trade guild. At every turn the efforts made by the medical officer of health to secure for his office and the exercise of his functions such consideration from the Local Government Board and from local autliorities, as were held by the teacliings of the profession to be just, have been tacitly disavowed by our representative bodies. The Local Government Board and local authorities have, in effect, followed suit in this matter, and the public health medical service has, for the moment, gone to the wall. The C[uestion here imperfectly touched upon well deserves the attention of the British Medical Association. If it should accept the views here expressed, the Association alone possesses the means of letting some lio-ht into the inner recesses of the Medical Council and other corporate professional bodies on the subject. ON THE PROPAGATION OF SCAELET-FEVER THROUGH THE AGENCY OF MILK. In tlie Practitioner for August, 1876 (p. 155) we gave an abstract of a report by Dr. Buchanan, the Assistant Medical Officer of the Local Government Board, on an outbreak of scarlet-fever at South Kensington, which appeared to have been occasioned by infected food, presumably cream. We have now to record an outbreak of scarlet fever at New Barnet, in the northern environs of the metropolis, also apparently caused by in- fected food, in this instance presumably milk. This outbreak X 2 308 ON THE PROPAGATION OF SCARLET FEVER. has been investigated by Dr. C. E. Saunders, the Medical Officer of Health for the district, and we reproduce here substantially the report he has presented of the residts of his investigations to the Local Authority : — The outbreak took place at the end of April, 1877, and in the early days of May, 128 cases of the disease having occurred between the 29th of April and the 4th of May. The total number of cases happening during the two months was 140. Early in the inquiry as to the cause of the outbreak, attention was directed to the elucidation of certain facts having important bearings on the etiology of the disease, viz., the considerable area over which the disease was diffused, the mild character of the cases, the short incubative period intervening between the ]irobable exposure and the occurrence of definite symptoms of the disease, and the almost sudden cessation of cases after May 4th. Dr. Saunders's experience and that of others had taught him that such general characters as were here combined were found in epidemics traced to milk infection, and his first care was to ascertain the various milk supplies of the district ; at the same time keeping in view other circumstances to which the epidemic might be due, and trusting only to the logic of facts for arriWng at a definite conclusion as to what the cause was. The direction the inquiry took from the commencement promised to yield fair results, and the subsequent and more careful investigation of details went far beyond his expectations in showing what he believes to be the means by which the disease was disseminated. Some ])ersons, as a mere guess, attributed the outbreak to the condition of the sewers, without taking the trouble to ascertain if the history of the disease in any way accorded with such a view. Dr. Saunders is very far from saying that such a means of the diflusion of scarlet fever was not possible, or that the sewers at New Barnet are beyond reproach ; but he holds that he should only be justified in assuming that the sewers had been the source of the evil, if the grouping of facts in any way suggested it, and in the absence of a more likely cause. In an epidemic involving so many cases, facts, not as mere isolated instances, but accordant facts, indicating definitely the sewers as the cause of the outbreak, would scarcely have failed had the sewers exercised any marked influence on it. No facts of this kind are, however, forthcoming ; on the contrary, there are certain facts directly opposed to the opinion that the sewers co-operated in producing the outbreak. The plan of investigation ado])ted by Dr. Saunders was to obtain information of every house in the roads in which one or more cases of the fever had occurred. It was stated to him that a particular dairyman supplied considerably more milk than all the other dairymen put together, and thus that there would be more people among his customers to have the disease. However true this state- ment might be as regards the rest of the district, it was unmistakably incoirect a? regards those portions of it in which actual cases of scarlet fever have occurred. The table accompanying the report shows this clearly. For instance : — In the Station Road, A., the vendor of the suspected milk, supplied 7 houses, while B., C, D., other milk vendors, supplied 21 houses. In the Lyonsdown lload, A. supplied 10 houses, B., C, or D., an equal number. In the Eichmond Eoad "West, A. supi)lied 4, while B., C, or D. supplied 9 houses. In the Somerset IJoad AVest, A. supplied 7, while B., C , or L). supplied 1.5 houses and .so on. ^ > » \2 T^ ^ ^ H rit =S ^ == f ,== .^ ^ O "-r S '^ "5 ; o '"' o o o 3 «0 rt C<I (M i-H -j.-^jf-^CMO -(M-*- I" «0- ?D C) CO ■*I<IC-l(MCOi-li-l<SCOC-JiaCO O (MC0»O.-i lO I— li-l cc ^ CO ~05 . '^ Ci o t::, c<i "* c: c^ ?o CO o ^ ^ <5 <; S S <; S <>5 S < S '»; >1 r^ 1^ ci . o» 1^ M^=? aj t-l i-l 1-1 CO I-H C-I F-l >.'i: >-, >> >>>> rt p_ =i a pj S <!SS < S3 (N >0 -^ CO CO 1-i f-H 0>«C01050C<lT-li-l-*t^OO-*««3 woo s §^3^ 5'H^^,2 § ^ S S 7-, t- S -:; o rt _b. ,a ^ --^ o o 53 o >- o >■ ^ o .S f= ; i-i p- _; _ ?-i 310 ON THE PROPAGATION OF SC ABLET FEFEB. The total number of cases reported was 140. Of these 12 occurred before April 29th, or since May 4th, leaving 128 which happened in the days intervening between these dates. Of these 140 cases, 131 were supplied by A., 9 being supplied byB., C, orD. In addition to these 140 cases of fever, there were 12 cases of sore throat (marked " doubtful " in the table) coincident with the fever outbreak. All these cases were supplied by A. , while no such case is recorded as having occurred among the people under observation^ supi^lied by B., C, or D., although details of their state of health were obtained during the period in question. In addition to the foregoing facts, Dr. Saunders directs attention to the following isolated occurrences : — A case occurred where a young lad drank A.'s milk and had fever, while a younger child in the same family took B., C, or D.'smilk, and did not have fever. Three members of one family drank A.'s milk and all had fever ; the rest of the family drink " condensed milk " and have not had fever. In an isolated liouse, unconnected with any sewer, a case of fever (drinking A.'s milk) occurred. . A typical case, with a considerable amount of desquamation of cuticle, occurred in a person drinking A.'s milk, and who had not been outside his house for a considerable time. In a family consuming 3^ pints daily of A.'s milk there were 3 cases of fever. In 3 fiimilies consuming each a quart of A.'s milk daily, there were 2, 3, and 4 cases of fever respectively. It will not be a matter of surprise to any one who takes the trouble to consider tlie circumstances of the case, and the difficulties which surround investi- gations of this kind, involving as they necessarily must do, some private interests, that Dr. Saunders has no conclusive facts to adduce as to how the poison of scarlet fever reached the milk. He has, however, obtained certain facts warranting a very strong belief on this point, but these for the present he is not at liberty to make public. ^ i.e. In contiguous houses to fever cases. SA NIT A R Y LEGISLA TION IN THE PAST SESSION. 311 SANITAEY LEGISLATION IN THE PAST SESSION (1877). The measures of sanitary legislation submitted to Parliament during the last session were, "svitli one exception, tlie measure relating to canal boats, abortive. On the 15tli March the Chief Secretary (Sir Michael Hicks Beach) and the Attorney-General for Ireland introduced a Bill to consolidate and amend the Acts relating to Public Health in Ireland. The proposed amendments made no provision for the removal of several marked injustices to which the Medical Officers engaged in the administration of the Public Health Act, 1874, were subjected. Strong representations on this point were made to Sir Michael Hicks Beach by the King and Queen's College of Physicians and the Eoyal College of Surgeons of Ire- land, and by the Irish IMedical Association on this subject and on other matters relating to the Bill. The Chief Secretary's answer to these representations was not wholly satisfactory. Throughout it betrayed a tendency to regard the medical aspect of sanitary administration as of subsidiary importance. The Bill had to be withdrawn in consequence of the opposition it met with from Irish representatives in the House of Commons. The measure will probably be reproduced in the course of next session, under conditions, it is to be hoped, more favourable for its proper consideration. On the 4tli June, 1877, the President and Parliamentary Secretary of the Local Government Board (Mr, Sclater-Bootli and Mr. Salt) introduced a Bill to consolidate and amend the Law relating to Public Health in the Metropolis. The preamble of this Bill recited, that whereas by the Public Health Act, 1875, certain Acts relating to Public Health were, as regards England, exclusive of the Metropolis, repealed, and by that Act consoli- -dated with amendments : and whereas it is expedient that the said Acts as regards the Metr:polis also be repealed, and be consolidated with like amendments, and that better provision be made for regulating the foundations of buildings and the sanitary 312 SANITARY LEGISLATION IN THE PAST SESSION. arrangements of dairies within the metropolis, be it enacted, &c. The consolidation proposed was unsatisfactory, as it was limited to Acts which included but a few fragments of the sanitary duties imposed upon the Local Authorities of the Metropolis. Moreover, the amendments proposed, especially such as related to the power of Local Authorities to provide hospitals, raised questions upon which considerable difference of opinion existed between Local Authorities themselves, and between these autho- rities and the Local Government Board. The BiU, indeed, was received with much disfavour by the MetropoHtan Local Autho- rities, as also by the Metropolitan Asylums Board, which was affected by it in respect to providing hospital accommodation for sick persons, other than paupers. Eventually the Bill was with- drawn, Mr. Sclater-Booth intimating at the time that he should be prepared in a future session to introduce a more comprehen- sive measure. " The Canal Boats Act, 1877," the one sanitary measure which received the sanction of the legislature during the session, although primarily a sanitary Act, includes also provisions as to education. It is a short Act of seventeen sections, and it provides for the registration and sanitary regulation of all canal boats used as dwellings. By this Act the Local Government is empowered to make regulations (a) for the registration of canal boats, includ- ing certificates of registration and the fees in connection there- with ; (b) for the lettering, marking, and number of such boats ; (c) for fixing the number, age, and sex of the persons who may be allowed to dwell in a canal boat, having regard to the cubic space, ventilation, provision for the separation of the sexes, general healthiness and convenience of accommodation of the boat; (d) for promoting cleanliness in, and providing for the habitable condition of canal boats ; (e) and for preventing the spread of infectious disease by canal boats. After the expiration of twelve months from the date of the passing of this Act (14th August, 1877), or if the regulations of the Local Government Board above-mentioned have not at that time come into force, until after the expiration of six months from the date at which they have come into force, a canal boat may not be used as a dwelling unless registered in accordance with the Act. ISA NIT A li Y LEGISLA 11 ON IN THE PAST SESSl ON. 313 Sections 4 and 5 of the Act are of peculiar importance, with reference to the power of a sanitary authority as to the preven. tion of infectious diseases in canal boats, and of inspecting them. We reproduce these sections textually : — " 4. "Where any sanitary authority within whose district a canal or any part of a canal is situate is informed by the master of a canal boat or otherwise that a person on a canal boat is suffering from an infectious disorder, the authority shall cause such steps to be taken as may by the certificate of their medical officer of health, or of any other legally qualified practitioner, appear requisite for preventing the said disorder from spreading, and for that purpose may exercise the power of removing a person sull'ering as aforesaid, and all other powers in relation to provisions against infection conferred by the Public Health Act, 1875, and may also, if need be, detain the boat ; but such boat shall not be detained a longer time than is necessary for cleansing and disinfecting the same. ' ' 6. Where any person duly authorised by a registration or sanitary authority, or by a justice of the peace, has reasonable cause to suppose, either that there is any contravention of this Act on board a canal boat, or that there is on board a canal boat any person suffering from an infectious disorder, he may, on producing (if demanded) either a copy of his authorisation, p>urporting to be certified by the clerk or a member of a sanitary authority, or some other sufficient evidence of his being authorised as aforesaid, enter by day such canal boat and examine the same and every part thereof, in order to ascertain whether on board sucli boat there is any contravention of this Act, or a person suffering from an infectious disorder, and may, if need be, detain the boat for the purpose, but for no longer time than is necessary. "The master of the boat shall, if required by such person, produce to him the certificate of registry (if any) of the boat, and permit him to examine and copy the same, and shall furnish him with such assistance and means as such person may require for the purpose of his entry and examination of and departure from the boat in pursuance of this section. " A refusal to comply with the requisition of such person under this section shall be deemed to be an obstruction of such pei-son. " If such person is obstructed in the performance of his duty under this Act in the case of any boat, the person so obstructing shall be liable to a fine not exceeding forty shillings." The power of detention here given removes one of the greatest difficulties hitherto experienced by sanitary authorities in dealing with infectious diseases on these boats. 314 THE POLLUTION OF BIVEBB. THE POLLUTION OF ElVEES. On the ] 7tli August the Elvers' Pollution Prevention Act of 1876 came fully into operation, and the Local Oovernment Board, the central authority under the Act, has issued a circular to sanitary authorities directing their attention to the fact, and summarising the principal provisions of the measure. It may be well to recall here the evils against which this Act is aimed, pre- mising that " innocuous discoloration " of streams is not regarded as pollution within the meaning of the Act, and that tidal waters are not held to be streams for the purpose of the Act, until they have been declared to be such by an order of the Local Government Board, " after local inquiry and on sanitary grounds." The sea, after like inquiry, and to such extent as may be deter- mined may also, by an order of the Board, be brought within tlie operation of the Act. Offences against the Act (to follow the circular of the Local Government Board) are divided into four classes, according as they consist of the pollution or obstruction of streams : — (1.) By the solid refuse of any manufiictory, manufacturing process, or quarry, or any rubbish or cinders, or any other waste, or any putrid solid matter ; (2. ) By solid or liquid sewage matter ; (3.) By any poisonous, noxious, or polluting liquid from any factory or manufacturing process ; or (4.) By the solid matter from any mine, in such quantities as to prejudicially interfere with the due flow of the stream, or by any poisonous, noxious, or polluting solid or liquid matter from any mine, other than water in the same condition as drained or raised from the mine. In proving the pollution of the stream, or interference with its due flow, in the first class of cases, evidence may be given of repeated acts, which together cause the pollution or interference, although each act, taken by itself, may not be sufficient for that purpose. It will be an offence of the second class, except in certain exceptional cases mentioned in the Act, to cause to fall or flow, or knowingly to permit to fall or flow, or to be carried into any stream any solid or liquid sewage matter. The provisions in relation to sewage pollutions are of peculiar interest, inas- much as any infringement of them will render a Sanitary Authority liable to hostile proceedings under the Act, on the part either of other Sanitary Authorities, or of any person or body of persons aggrieved Ijy the commission of the offence. In determining whether or not such an offence has been committed, a marked distinction is drawn between the cases in which the sewage is conveyed into the THE POLLUTION OF RIVERS. 31 5 stream along channels, the construction of which had not been commenced at the time of the passing of the Act, and those in which it is so conveyed along channels then already existing, or in process of construction. In the former cases it will be an offence against the Act for any Sanitary Authority to cause or liermit the discharge into any stream of any solid or liquid sewage matter. In the latter an offence will not be deemed to have been committed if it can be shown to the satisfaction of the Court having cognizance of the case that the best practicable and available means are used to render the sewage harmless. More- over, in this class of cases power has been given to the Local Government Board of suspending, in any particular instance, for a limited period the operation of this portion of the Act beyond the twelve months allowed by the statute, provided that they are satisfied, after local inquirj^, that further time ought to be granted to the Sanitary Authority for the purpose of enabling them to adopt the best practicable and available means for rendering the sewage harmless. In connection with offences of this class it should be stated that where any Local Authority or any Eural or Crbau Sanitary Authority have been empowered or required by any Act of Parliament to carrj' any sewage into the sea or any tidal waters, nothing done by such Authority in pursuance of such enactment will be deemed to be an offence against the Act. As regards pollutions from factories or manufocturing processes, a distinction is drawn similar to that already referred to witli respect, to sewage pollutions betv.'een the cases where the liquid finds its way into the stream along a channel used, constructed, or in process of construction at the date of the passing of the Act, or any new channel constructed in substitution thereof, and havin» its outfall at the same spot, and those in which it is conveyed into the stream along a channel not falling under either of the above descriptions. In the former cases an offence against the Act will not be deemed to have been committed, if it can be shown to the satisfaction of the Court (the County Court) having cognizance of the case that the person complained of is using the best practicable and reason- ably available means to render the liquid harmless. "With respect to pollutions from mines, an offence will not be deemed to have been committed if it can be shown to the satisfaction of the Court that the person complained of is using the best practicable and reasonably available means to render the polluting matter harmless ; and it must be observed that it is immaterial in this case whether the channel by which the discharge is effected was or was not constructed or in process of construction before the passing of the Act. Subject to certain restrictions contained in the Act, every Sanitary Authority will have power to enforce its provisions in relation to any stream which is within, or which passes through or by any part of their district ; and for this purpose they nray institute proceedings in respect of any offence against the Act which causes within their district the polhrtion of any stream, or an interference with its due flow. These proceedings may be taken either against any other Sanitary Authority or against any person or body of persons, and whether or not the offence is committed within the district of the prosecuting Authority. The restrictions referred to are especially designed to prevent vexatious proceedings being instituted under the Act, or pro- ceedings which might inflict ]naterial injury on manufacturing or minhig industries. One of the most important provisions in the Act is that under which inspectors of proper qualifications, appointed by the Local Government Board 316 THE WATER-SUFPLY OF THE METROFOLIS. are authorised to grant certificates to the effect tliat the means used for rendering harmless any sewage, or poisonous, noxious or polhitiug solid or liquid matter discharged into any stream are the best or only practicable and available means under the circumstances of the particular case. Such certificates will, in all Courts and proceedings under the Act, be conclusive evidence of the fact, and they must also be taken into consideration by any Court before which any legal proceedings are pending with reference to the pollution of any stream, although such proceedings may not have been instituted under the Act, If any pai-ty is aggrieved by the grant or withholding of a certificate, an appeal may be made to the Local Government Board against the decision of the inspector ; and the Board may either confirm, reverse, or modify his decision, and may make such order as to the party or parties by whom the costs of the ajipeal are to be borne, as they may think just. The certificate will continue in force for a period to be named therein, not exceeding two years ; and at the expiration of that period it may be renewed for the like or any less period. The expense of obtaining the certificate must be paid by the ajiplicants. Mr. Robert Rawlinson, C.B,, the Chief Engineering Inspector of the Local Government Board, and Dr. Angus Smith, F.R.S., the Chief Inspector under the Alkali Acts, have been appointed Inspectors for granting the certificates referred to. The difficulties besetting the efficient operation of this Act are very numerous, and it may well be doubted whether in its present form it will effect all that may be desired from it. It fixes, however, in the Statutes the great principle that the pollution of rivers with noxious matters is an offence against the public weal. THE WATER-SUPPLY OF THE METROPOLIS. There would appear to be a reasonable probability that the most vexed of the several vexed questions which attach to the water- supply of the metropolis is on the verge of solution. We refer to the question of a supply nncontaminated by sewage, and which may meet the most refined conceptions as to potability. It is a curious comment upon practical exigencies that the pro- bable clue to the solution of this question should have been discovered now, not so much from a direct consideration of it, as from the consideration of another vexed question of the metropo- litan water-supply, namely, the supply for the extinction of fires. It is true that the two questions have been considered together, THE WATER-SUPPLY OF TEE METROPOLIS. 317 but the immediate incentive to the consideration which at pre- sent concerns us was the supply for the extinction of fire, and dealuig with this question, as it so happens, has suggested a means of dealing with the other at the same time, and by the same means, w^hich gives a reasonable promise for the solution of both which has not hitherto been attainable. In March last the Metropolitan Board of Works instructed their engineer. Sir J. W. Bazalgette, in conjunction with Messrs. r. J. Bramwell, C.E., and Edward Easton, C.E., to prepare a report on the best means of providing an efficient supply' of water for extinguishing fires, and for other purposes, in the me- tropolis. This report has now been presented to the Board and made public. It sets forth that the question of finding a satisfactory water-supply for a town of a few thousand inhabi- tants is frequently a very difficult one ; but the magnitude of London and its situation, remote from large tracts of uncultivated and suitable catchment areas, enhance these ordinary difficulties to a degree for which there is no standard of comparison. The eight companies which supply the metropolis with water, it would appear, deliver a daily average of about 120 millions of gallons of water, and five out of these eight companies derive the whole of their supply from the Thames, while a sixth, by its new works, takes a portion of its supply therefrom, and obtains the remainder from the Eiver Lea. It is against the quality of the Thames water and of the Lea water that the complaints are made, and it is urged in support of them that the best system of filtration is, after all, but a palliative, and that even if it were more than this, it could not remove the knowledge of the fact, that the w^ater wdiich is being drunk is derived from rivers that have received the sewage of a large portion of the residents of the basins of the Thames valley and of the Lea valley above the intakes of the London water companies, as well as the drainage from the highly-farmed and manured surfaces of those basins. Of the different schemes which have been proposed for im- proving the metropolitan water-supply, the reporters refer parti- cularly to the suggestions that the Metropolitan Board of Works should obtain entire control of the supply, and that water should be obtained either from the Welsh hills or from the lakes of Westmoreland or Cumberland. The reporters estimate that the 318 TRE WATER-SUPPLY OF THE METBOPOLIS.
| 47,649 |
https://github.com/franktore/oxyplot/blob/master/Source/OxyPlot.Wpf/PlotBase.Export.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
oxyplot
|
franktore
|
C#
|
Code
| 265 | 827 |
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// <copyright file="PlotBase.Export.cs" company="OxyPlot">
// Copyright (c) 2014 OxyPlot contributors
// </copyright>
// <summary>
// Represents a control that displays a <see cref="PlotModel" />.
// </summary>
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
namespace OxyPlot.Wpf
{
using System.Windows.Media.Imaging;
/// <summary>
/// Represents a control that displays a <see cref="PlotModel" />.
/// </summary>
public partial class PlotBase
{
/// <summary>
/// Saves the PlotView as a bitmap.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="fileName">Name of the file.</param>
public void SaveBitmap(string fileName)
{
this.SaveBitmap(fileName, -1, -1, this.ActualModel.Background);
}
/// <summary>
/// Saves the PlotView as a bitmap.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="fileName">Name of the file.</param>
/// <param name="width">The width.</param>
/// <param name="height">The height.</param>
/// <param name="background">The background.</param>
public void SaveBitmap(string fileName, int width, int height, OxyColor background)
{
if (width <= 0)
{
width = (int)this.ActualWidth;
}
if (height <= 0)
{
height = (int)this.ActualHeight;
}
if (!background.IsVisible())
{
background = this.Background.ToOxyColor();
}
PngExporter.Export(this.ActualModel, fileName, width, height, background);
}
/// <summary>
/// Saves the PlotView as xaml.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="fileName">Name of the file.</param>
public void SaveXaml(string fileName)
{
var background = this.ActualModel.Background.IsVisible() ? this.ActualModel.Background : this.Background.ToOxyColor();
XamlExporter.Export(this.ActualModel, fileName, this.ActualWidth, this.ActualHeight, background);
}
/// <summary>
/// Renders the PlotView to xaml.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>The xaml.</returns>
public string ToXaml()
{
var background = this.ActualModel.Background.IsVisible() ? this.ActualModel.Background : this.Background.ToOxyColor();
return XamlExporter.ExportToString(this.ActualModel, this.ActualWidth, this.ActualHeight, background);
}
/// <summary>
/// Renders the PlotView to a bitmap.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>A bitmap.</returns>
public BitmapSource ToBitmap()
{
var background = this.ActualModel.Background.IsVisible() ? this.ActualModel.Background : this.Background.ToOxyColor();
var exporter = new PngExporter() { Background = background, Width = (int)this.ActualWidth, Height = (int)this.ActualHeight };
return exporter.ExportToBitmap(this.ActualModel);
}
}
}
| 39,325 |
https://github.com/yuanyizhezhi521/mogu_boot/blob/master/src/main/java/xyz/xuexiblog/moguboot/service/impl/AdminServiceImpl.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
mogu_boot
|
yuanyizhezhi521
|
Java
|
Code
| 154 | 584 |
package xyz.xuexiblog.moguboot.service.impl;
import xyz.xuexiblog.moguboot.entity.Admin;
import xyz.xuexiblog.moguboot.dao.AdminDao;
import xyz.xuexiblog.moguboot.service.AdminService;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import javax.annotation.Resource;
import java.util.List;
/**
* 管理员表(Admin)表服务实现类
*
* @author makejava
* @since 2020-04-21 12:31:09
*/
@Service("adminService")
public class AdminServiceImpl implements AdminService {
@Resource
private AdminDao adminDao;
/**
* 通过ID查询单条数据
*
* @param uid 主键
* @return 实例对象
*/
@Override
public Admin queryById(String uid) {
return this.adminDao.queryById(uid);
}
/**
* 查询多条数据
*
* @param offset 查询起始位置
* @param limit 查询条数
* @return 对象列表
*/
@Override
public List<Admin> queryAllByLimit(int offset, int limit) {
return this.adminDao.queryAllByLimit(offset, limit);
}
/**
* 新增数据
*
* @param admin 实例对象
* @return 实例对象
*/
@Override
public Admin insert(Admin admin) {
this.adminDao.insert(admin);
return admin;
}
/**
* 修改数据
*
* @param admin 实例对象
* @return 实例对象
*/
@Override
public Admin update(Admin admin) {
this.adminDao.update(admin);
return this.queryById(admin.getUid());
}
/**
* 通过主键删除数据
*
* @param uid 主键
* @return 是否成功
*/
@Override
public boolean deleteById(String uid) {
return this.adminDao.deleteById(uid) > 0;
}
}
| 35,317 |
https://github.com/jameszhang-a/even-prettier-vscode/blob/master/src/PrettierEditProvider.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
even-prettier-vscode
|
jameszhang-a
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 55 | 173 |
import {
DocumentFormattingEditProvider,
TextDocument,
FormattingOptions,
CancellationToken,
TextEdit
} from 'vscode';
import { format } from './format';
import { fullDocumentRange } from './utils';
/**
* Prettier provider
*/
class PrettierEditProvider implements DocumentFormattingEditProvider {
provideDocumentFormattingEdits(
document: TextDocument,
options: FormattingOptions,
token: CancellationToken
): TextEdit[] {
return [
TextEdit.replace(
fullDocumentRange(document),
format(document.getText(), document)
)
];
}
}
export default PrettierEditProvider;
| 30,927 |
https://github.com/florian-denizot/RTSCamera/blob/master/source/RTSCamera/src/View/Basic/SelectionOptionDataVM.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
RTSCamera
|
florian-denizot
|
C#
|
Code
| 180 | 765 |
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using TaleWorlds.Core;
using TaleWorlds.Core.ViewModelCollection;
using TaleWorlds.Library;
using TaleWorlds.Localization;
namespace RTSCamera.View.Basic
{
public class SelectionOptionDataVM : ViewModel
{
private readonly int _initialValue;
private MissionSharedLibrary.View.ViewModelCollection.Options.Selection.SelectionOptionData _selectionOptionData;
private SelectorVM<SelectorItemVM> _selector;
private string _name;
[DataSourceProperty]
public SelectorVM<SelectorItemVM> Selector
{
get => _selector;
set
{
if (value == _selector)
return;
_selector = value;
OnPropertyChanged(nameof(Selector));
}
}
[DataSourceProperty]
public string Name
{
get => _name;
set
{
if (_name == value)
return;
_name = value;
OnPropertyChanged(nameof(Name));
}
}
public SelectionOptionDataVM(MissionSharedLibrary.View.ViewModelCollection.Options.Selection.SelectionOptionData option, TextObject name)
{
_selectionOptionData = option;
Name = name.ToString();
IEnumerable<MissionSharedLibrary.View.ViewModelCollection.Options.Selection.SelectionItem> selectableItems = option.GetSelectableOptionNames();
if (selectableItems.All(n => n.IsLocalizationId))
{
List<TextObject> textObjectList = new List<TextObject>();
foreach (MissionSharedLibrary.View.ViewModelCollection.Options.Selection.SelectionItem selectionItem in selectableItems)
{
TextObject text = GameTexts.FindText(selectionItem.Data, selectionItem.Variation);
textObjectList.Add(text);
}
_selector = new SelectorVM<SelectorItemVM>(textObjectList, (int)_selectionOptionData.GetValue(), UpdateValue);
}
else
{
List<string> stringList = new List<string>();
foreach (MissionSharedLibrary.View.ViewModelCollection.Options.Selection.SelectionItem selectionItem in selectableItems)
{
if (selectionItem.IsLocalizationId)
{
TextObject text = GameTexts.FindText(selectionItem.Data, selectionItem.Variation);
stringList.Add(text.ToString());
}
else
stringList.Add(selectionItem.Data);
}
_selector = new SelectorVM<SelectorItemVM>(stringList, (int)_selectionOptionData.GetValue(), UpdateValue);
}
_initialValue = (int)_selectionOptionData.GetValue();
Selector.SelectedIndex = _initialValue;
}
public override void RefreshValues()
{
base.RefreshValues();
_selector?.RefreshValues();
}
public void UpdateValue(SelectorVM<SelectorItemVM> selector)
{
_selectionOptionData.SetValue(selector.SelectedIndex);
_selectionOptionData.Commit();
}
}
}
| 31,636 |
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamartoma
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Hamartoma
|
https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamartoma&action=history
|
Polish
|
Spoken
| 178 | 468 |
Hamartoma, błędniak (łac. hamartoma, z gr. = błąd, ang. hamartoma) – guz o charakterze nienowotworowym, będący zaburzeniem rozwojowym. Hamartoma zbudowane jest z dojrzałych tkanek normalnie występujących w danym narządzie, ale chaotycznie rozmieszczonych w guzie, nierzadko w zaburzonych proporcjach ilościowych. Hamartomata występują w różnych narządach – często są rozpoznawane w płucach (hamartoma pulmonis), na zdjęciach przeglądowych klatki piersiowej dają obraz cienia okrągłego – tam jednak jest to nazwa mieszanego nowotworu łagodnego; hamartoma podwzgórza (hamartoma hypothalami) może być objawowy, wywierając ucisk na sąsiadujące struktury mózgowia i zaburzając ich czynność. Guzy te mogą stanowić część obrazu klinicznego zespołów wad wrodzonych, np. liczne hamartomata są charakterystyczne dla zespołu Cowden i stwardnienia guzowatego. Stan, w którym występują liczne hamartomata, określa się jako hamartomatosis.
Przykładem błędniaków są też znamiona barwnikowe skóry oraz błędniaki naczyniowe w obrębie skóry moszny u psów.
Termin hamartomas wprowadził Eugen Albrecht w 1904 na określenie guzowatych malformacji, powstających wskutek domniemanego zaburzenia w rozwoju. W 1934 roku Neil Ernest Goldsworthy zastosował ten termin wobec zmian składających się z tkanki tłuszczowej i chrzęstnej w płucach.
Zobacz też
Hamartia
Hamartoblastoma
Przypisy
Zaburzenia rozwoju
| 37,750 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Dawn%20%28Algeria%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
New Dawn (Algeria)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New Dawn (Algeria)&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 107 | 172 |
New Dawn (El Fedjr El Jadid) is a nationalist and conservative political party in Algeria established in 2012.
History and profile
The party was established in 2012. Its political ideology is nationalist and conservative, and its president is Tahar Benbaïbeche.
In the 2012 elections, the party received 1.74% of the votes and won five seats in the Parliament. It is among opposition parties in the Parliament.
The party supported the 2020 Algerian constitutional referendum.
Electoral results
Legislative elections
Council of the Nation elections
References
2012 establishments in Algeria
Algerian nationalism
Conservative parties in Algeria
Nationalist parties in Algeria
Political parties established in 2012
Political parties in Algeria
| 37,627 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212706
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Allan H. Meltzer
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 10,274 | 29,997 |
Allan Meltzer
US-amerikanischer Wirtschaftswissenschaftler
Allan Meltzer Geschlecht männlich
Allan Meltzer Tätigkeit Wirtschaftswissenschaftler
Allan Meltzer Tätigkeit Historiker
Allan Meltzer Tätigkeit Professor
Allan Meltzer Tätigkeit Autor
Allan Meltzer VIAF-Kennung 71451190
Allan Meltzer ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan Meltzer LCAuth-Kennung n79059676
Allan Meltzer GND-Kennung 118855603
Allan Meltzer NDL-Kennung 00558586
Allan Meltzer Land der Staatsangehörigkeit Vereinigte Staaten
Allan Meltzer ist ein(e) Mensch
Allan Meltzer Geburtsdatum 1928
Allan Meltzer Freebase-Kennung /m/02813_l
Allan Meltzer CANTIC-Kennung (alt) a10837760
Allan Meltzer Geburtsort Boston
Allan Meltzer Vorname Allan, Ordnungsnummer 1
Allan Meltzer Vorname Harold, Ordnungsnummer 2
Allan Meltzer NTA-Kennung 073871710
Allan Meltzer C-SPAN-Personenkennung allanmeltzer
Allan Meltzer FAST-Kennung 36421
Allan Meltzer besuchte Bildungseinrichtung Universität Duke, akademischer Grad Bachelor of Arts, akademischer Grad Master of Arts
Allan Meltzer besuchte Bildungseinrichtung University of California, Los Angeles, akademischer Grad Ph.D.
Allan Meltzer SNAC-Ark-Kennung w65x9xh0
Allan Meltzer RePEc Short-ID pme353
Allan Meltzer Sterbedatum 2017
Allan Meltzer Sterbeort Pittsburgh
Allan Meltzer Geburtsname
Allan Meltzer Auszeichnung , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2011
Allan Meltzer Auszeichnung Irving Kristol Award, Zeitpunkt/Stand 2003
Allan Meltzer Arbeitgeber Carnegie Mellon University
Allan Meltzer Familienname Meltzer
Allan Meltzer Name in Muttersprache
Allan Meltzer Arbeitsgebiet Wirtschaftswissenschaft
Allan Meltzer Open-Library-Kennung OL588574A
Allan Meltzer BnF-Kennung 122774570
Allan Meltzer gesprochene oder publizierte Sprachen Englisch
Allan Meltzer SHARE-Catalogue-Autorenkennung 231105
Allan Meltzer PM20-Mappenkennung pe/012081, Anzahl der Werke , Anzahl online verfügbarer Werke , genannt als Meltzer, Allan Harold
Allan Meltzer IdRef-Normdatenkennung 031589537
Allan Meltzer NKČR-AUT-Kennung jo2012724805
Allan Meltzer PUSC-Kennung 111915
Allan Meltzer NUKAT-Kennung n99007717
Allan Meltzer Brockhaus-Enzyklopädie-Kennung meltzer-allan-h
Allan Meltzer Universität-Barcelona-ID (obsolet) a1229795
Allan Meltzer Hrvatska-enciklopedija-Kennung 40033
Allan Meltzer PLWABN-Kennung 9810687982905606
Allan Meltzer NLP-Kennung (Polen) a0000002667001
Allan Meltzer Bild Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan Meltzer CANTIC-Kennung 981058511861106706
Allan Meltzer Commons-Kategorie Allan H. Meltzer
Allan Meltzer Prabook-Kennung 197128
Allan Meltzer C-SPAN-Personenkennung (numerisch) 6179
Allan Meltzer J9U-Kennung der Israelischen Nationalbibliothek 987007442692505171
Allan Meltzer Encyclopædia Britannica Autor-ID 5773
Allan Meltzer CiNii-Research-Kennung 1140282266635920640
Allan Meltzer NACSIS-CAT-Autor-ID DA03308192
Allan Meltzer Universität-Barcelona-Kennung 981058511861106706
Allan Meltzer UOM ID 8458
Allan Meltzer Parsifal-Cluster-ID 260413, genannt als Meltzer, Allan H., 1928-2017
Allan Meltzer WorldCat-Entitäten-Kennung E39PBJcwwVY7wwGv6dqrwQhWDq
Алан Мелцер
американски икономист
Алан Мелцер пол мъжки
Алан Мелцер професия икономист
Алан Мелцер професия историк
Алан Мелцер професия професор
Алан Мелцер професия автор
Алан Мелцер VIAF ID 71451190
Алан Мелцер ISNI 0000000109138290
Алан Мелцер Идентификатор за Библиотеката на Конгреса на САЩ n79059676
Алан Мелцер GND идентификатор 118855603
Алан Мелцер гражданство САЩ
Алан Мелцер екземпляр на човек
Алан Мелцер дата на раждане 1928
Алан Мелцер Идентификатор във Freebase /m/02813_l
Алан Мелцер място на раждане Бостън
Алан Мелцер National Thesaurus for Author Names ID 073871710
Алан Мелцер идентификационен номер FAST 36421
Алан Мелцер възпитаник на Университет Дюк
Алан Мелцер възпитаник на Калифорнийски университет – Лос Анджелис, научна степен Доктор по философия
Алан Мелцер дата на смърт 2017
Алан Мелцер място на смърт Питсбърг
Алан Мелцер рождено име
Алан Мелцер награди , дата 2011
Алан Мелцер работодател Университет „Карнеги Мелън“
Алан Мелцер име на родния език
Алан Мелцер сфера на работа икономика
Алан Мелцер код в Open Library OL588574A
Алан Мелцер BnF ID 122774570
Алан Мелцер говоримо, писмено или жестомимично владеене на език английски език
Алан Мелцер NKC ID jo2012724805
Алан Мелцер NUKAT n99007717
Алан Мелцер изображение Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Алан Мелцер категория в Общомедия Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer
American economist
Allan H. Meltzer sex or gender male
Allan H. Meltzer occupation economist
Allan H. Meltzer occupation historian
Allan H. Meltzer occupation professor
Allan H. Meltzer occupation author
Allan H. Meltzer VIAF ID 71451190
Allan H. Meltzer ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan H. Meltzer Library of Congress authority ID n79059676
Allan H. Meltzer GND ID 118855603
Allan H. Meltzer NDL Authority ID 00558586
Allan H. Meltzer country of citizenship United States of America
Allan H. Meltzer instance of human
Allan H. Meltzer date of birth 1928
Allan H. Meltzer Freebase ID /m/02813_l
Allan H. Meltzer CANTIC ID (former scheme) a10837760
Allan H. Meltzer place of birth Boston
Allan H. Meltzer given name Allan, series ordinal 1
Allan H. Meltzer given name Harold, series ordinal 2
Allan H. Meltzer Nationale Thesaurus voor Auteursnamen ID 073871710
Allan H. Meltzer C-SPAN person ID allanmeltzer
Allan H. Meltzer FAST ID 36421
Allan H. Meltzer educated at Duke University, academic degree Bachelor of Arts, academic degree Master of Arts
Allan H. Meltzer educated at University of California, Los Angeles, academic degree Doctor of Philosophy
Allan H. Meltzer SNAC ARK ID w65x9xh0
Allan H. Meltzer RePEc Short-ID pme353
Allan H. Meltzer date of death 2017
Allan H. Meltzer place of death Pittsburgh
Allan H. Meltzer birth name
Allan H. Meltzer award received , point in time 2011
Allan H. Meltzer award received Irving Kristol Award, point in time 2003
Allan H. Meltzer award received Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association
Allan H. Meltzer employer Tepper School of Business
Allan H. Meltzer employer Carnegie Mellon University
Allan H. Meltzer family name Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer name in native language
Allan H. Meltzer field of work economics
Allan H. Meltzer Open Library ID OL588574A
Allan H. Meltzer Bibliothèque nationale de France ID 122774570
Allan H. Meltzer languages spoken, written or signed English
Allan H. Meltzer SHARE Catalogue author ID 231105
Allan H. Meltzer PM20 folder ID pe/012081, number of works , number of works accessible online , subject named as Meltzer, Allan Harold
Allan H. Meltzer IdRef ID 031589537
Allan H. Meltzer NL CR AUT ID jo2012724805
Allan H. Meltzer Pontificia Università della Santa Croce ID 111915
Allan H. Meltzer NUKAT ID n99007717
Allan H. Meltzer Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID meltzer-allan-h
Allan H. Meltzer University of Barcelona authority ID (former scheme) a1229795
Allan H. Meltzer Hrvatska enciklopedija ID 40033
Allan H. Meltzer PLWABN ID 9810687982905606
Allan H. Meltzer NLP ID (old) a0000002667001
Allan H. Meltzer image Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan H. Meltzer CANTIC ID 981058511861106706
Allan H. Meltzer Commons category Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer Prabook ID 197128
Allan H. Meltzer C-SPAN person numeric ID 6179
Allan H. Meltzer National Library of Israel J9U ID 987007442692505171
Allan H. Meltzer Encyclopædia Britannica contributor ID 5773
Allan H. Meltzer CiNii Research ID 1140282266635920640
Allan H. Meltzer NACSIS-CAT author ID DA03308192
Allan H. Meltzer University of Barcelona authority ID 981058511861106706
Allan H. Meltzer UOM ID 8458
Allan H. Meltzer Parsifal cluster ID 260413, subject named as Meltzer, Allan H., 1928-2017
Allan H. Meltzer WorldCat Entities ID E39PBJcwwVY7wwGv6dqrwQhWDq
アラン・メルツァー
アラン・メルツァー 性別 男性
アラン・メルツァー 職業 経済学者
アラン・メルツァー 職業 歴史家
アラン・メルツァー 職業 教授
アラン・メルツァー 職業 作家
アラン・メルツァー VIAF識別子 71451190
アラン・メルツァー ISNI 0000000109138290
アラン・メルツァー アメリカ議会図書館典拠管理識別子 n79059676
アラン・メルツァー GND識別子 118855603
アラン・メルツァー 国立国会図書館典拠ID 00558586
アラン・メルツァー 国籍 アメリカ合衆国
アラン・メルツァー 分類 ヒト
アラン・メルツァー 生年月日 1928
アラン・メルツァー Freebase識別子 /m/02813_l
アラン・メルツァー CANTIC識別子（旧） a10837760
アラン・メルツァー 出生地 ボストン
アラン・メルツァー 名 アラン, 系列内での順序 1
アラン・メルツァー 名 ハロルド, 系列内での順序 2
アラン・メルツァー NTA PPN識別子 073871710
アラン・メルツァー C-SPAN人物識別子 allanmeltzer
アラン・メルツァー FAST識別子 36421
アラン・メルツァー 出身校 デューク大学, 学位 学士 (教養), 学位 マスター・オブ・アーツ
アラン・メルツァー 出身校 カリフォルニア大学ロサンゼルス校, 学位 Doctor of Philosophy
アラン・メルツァー SNAC ARK識別子 w65x9xh0
アラン・メルツァー RePEc ショートID pme353
アラン・メルツァー 死亡年月日 2017
アラン・メルツァー 死没地 ピッツバーグ
アラン・メルツァー 出生名
アラン・メルツァー 受賞・受章 , 時点 2011
アラン・メルツァー 勤務先 テッパー・スクール・オブ・ビジネス
アラン・メルツァー 勤務先 カーネギーメロン大学
アラン・メルツァー 母語表記
アラン・メルツァー 専門分野 経済学
アラン・メルツァー Open Library識別子 OL588574A
アラン・メルツァー フランス国立図書館識別子 122774570
アラン・メルツァー 使用可能言語 英語
アラン・メルツァー SHARE目録著者識別子 231105
アラン・メルツァー 20世紀報道資料集フォルダ識別子 pe/012081, 作品数 , オンライン作品数 , 表記名 Meltzer, Allan Harold
アラン・メルツァー IdRef識別子 031589537
アラン・メルツァー チェコ国立図書館識別子 jo2012724805
アラン・メルツァー NUKAT n99007717
アラン・メルツァー ブロックハウス百科事典オンライン識別子 meltzer-allan-h
アラン・メルツァー バルセロナ大学典拠識別子（旧式） a1229795
アラン・メルツァー クロアチア百科事典識別子 40033
アラン・メルツァー ポーランド国立図書館識別子 9810687982905606
アラン・メルツァー ポーランド国立図書館識別子（旧） a0000002667001
アラン・メルツァー 画像 Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
アラン・メルツァー CANTIC識別子 981058511861106706
アラン・メルツァー コモンズのカテゴリ Allan H. Meltzer
アラン・メルツァー プラブック識別子 197128
アラン・メルツァー イスラエル国立図書館J9U識別子 987007442692505171
アラン・メルツァー ブリタニカ百科事典寄稿者ID 5773
アラン・メルツァー CiNii Research ID 1140282266635920640
アラン・メルツァー NACSIS-CAT著者名典拠ID DA03308192
アラン・メルツァー バルセロナ大学典拠識別子 981058511861106706
アラン・メルツァー WorldCat Entities識別子 E39PBJcwwVY7wwGv6dqrwQhWDq
Allan Meltzer
Amerikaans econoom
Allan Meltzer sekse of geslacht mannelijk
Allan Meltzer beroep econoom
Allan Meltzer beroep historicus
Allan Meltzer beroep professor
Allan Meltzer beroep auteur
Allan Meltzer VIAF-identificatiecode 71451190
Allan Meltzer ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan Meltzer LCAuth-identificatiecode n79059676
Allan Meltzer GND-identificatiecode 118855603
Allan Meltzer NDL-identificatiecode 00558586
Allan Meltzer land van nationaliteit Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Allan Meltzer is een mens
Allan Meltzer geboortedatum 1928
Allan Meltzer Freebase-identificatiecode /m/02813_l
Allan Meltzer CANTIC-identificatiecode (oud) a10837760
Allan Meltzer geboorteplaats Boston
Allan Meltzer voornaam Allan, volgnummer 1
Allan Meltzer voornaam Harold, volgnummer 2
Allan Meltzer NTA-identificatiecode voor persoon 073871710
Allan Meltzer C-SPAN-identificatiecode voor persoon allanmeltzer
Allan Meltzer FAST-identificatiecode 36421
Allan Meltzer opleiding gevolgd aan Duke University, academische graad Bachelor of Arts, academische graad Master of Arts
Allan Meltzer opleiding gevolgd aan Universiteit van Californië - Los Angeles, academische graad Doctor of Philosophy
Allan Meltzer SNAC-identificatiecode w65x9xh0
Allan Meltzer RePEc Short-identificatiecode pme353
Allan Meltzer overlijdensdatum 2017
Allan Meltzer overlijdensplaats Pittsburgh
Allan Meltzer geboortenaam
Allan Meltzer onderscheiding , tijdstip 2011
Allan Meltzer werkgever Carnegie Mellon-universiteit
Allan Meltzer familienaam Meltzer
Allan Meltzer naam in moedertaal
Allan Meltzer werkveld economie
Allan Meltzer Open Library-identificatiecode OL588574A
Allan Meltzer BnF-identificatiecode 122774570
Allan Meltzer taalbeheersing Engels
Allan Meltzer SHARE Catalogue-identificatiecode voor auteur 231105
Allan Meltzer PM20-identificatiecode voor map pe/012081, aantal werken , aantal werken toegankelijk online , genoemd als Meltzer, Allan Harold
Allan Meltzer idRef-identificatiecode 031589537
Allan Meltzer NKC-identificatiecode jo2012724805
Allan Meltzer PUSC-identificatiecode voor auteur 111915
Allan Meltzer NUKAT-identificatiecode n99007717
Allan Meltzer Brockhaus-encyclopedie-identificatiecode meltzer-allan-h
Allan Meltzer Universiteitsbibliotheek van Barcelona-identificatiecode (vervallen) a1229795
Allan Meltzer Hrvatska enciklopedija-identificatiecode 40033
Allan Meltzer PLWABN-identificatiecode 9810687982905606
Allan Meltzer NLP-identificatiecode a0000002667001
Allan Meltzer afbeelding Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan Meltzer CANTIC-identificatiecode 981058511861106706
Allan Meltzer Commonscategorie Allan H. Meltzer
Allan Meltzer Prabook-identificatiecode 197128
Allan Meltzer C-SPAN-identificatiecode voor persoon (numeriek) 6179
Allan Meltzer JGU-identificatiecode van de Nationale Bibliotheek van Israël 987007442692505171
Allan Meltzer Encyclopædia Britannica-identificatiecode voor bijdrager 5773
Allan Meltzer CiNii Research-identificatiecode 1140282266635920640
Allan Meltzer NACSIS-CAT-identificatiecode voor auteur DA03308192
Allan Meltzer Universiteit van Barcelona-identificatiecode voor autoriteit 981058511861106706
Allan Meltzer Universiteit van Macedonië-identificatiecode 8458
Allan Meltzer Parsifal-identificatiecode voor cluster 260413, genoemd als Meltzer, Allan H., 1928-2017
Allan Meltzer WorldCat Entities-identificatiecode E39PBJcwwVY7wwGv6dqrwQhWDq
Allan Meltzer
ekonomista amerykański
Allan Meltzer płeć mężczyzna
Allan Meltzer zajęcie ekonomista
Allan Meltzer zajęcie historyk
Allan Meltzer zajęcie profesor
Allan Meltzer zajęcie autor
Allan Meltzer identyfikator VIAF 71451190
Allan Meltzer identyfikator ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan Meltzer identyfikator LCCN n79059676
Allan Meltzer identyfikator GND 118855603
Allan Meltzer identyfikator NDL 00558586
Allan Meltzer obywatelstwo Stany Zjednoczone
Allan Meltzer jest to człowiek
Allan Meltzer data urodzenia 1928
Allan Meltzer identyfikator Freebase /m/02813_l
Allan Meltzer identyfikator CANTIC (stary) a10837760
Allan Meltzer miejsce urodzenia Boston
Allan Meltzer imię Allan, liczba porządkowa 1
Allan Meltzer imię Harold, liczba porządkowa 2
Allan Meltzer identyfikator NTA 073871710
Allan Meltzer identyfikator osoby C-SPAN allanmeltzer
Allan Meltzer identyfikator FAST 36421
Allan Meltzer uczył się w Duke University, stopień/tytuł naukowy Bakalaureat, stopień/tytuł naukowy Master of Arts
Allan Meltzer uczył się w University of California, Los Angeles, stopień/tytuł naukowy doktor
Allan Meltzer identyfikator SNAC w65x9xh0
Allan Meltzer data śmierci 2017
Allan Meltzer miejsce śmierci Pittsburgh
Allan Meltzer imię i nazwisko przy urodzeniu
Allan Meltzer nagroda , data 2011
Allan Meltzer pracodawca Carnegie Mellon University
Allan Meltzer nazwisko Meltzer
Allan Meltzer imię i nazwisko w języku ojczystym
Allan Meltzer dziedzina pracy ekonomia
Allan Meltzer identyfikator Open Library OL588574A
Allan Meltzer identyfikator BnF 122774570
Allan Meltzer porozumiewa się w języku język angielski
Allan Meltzer identyfikator w SHARE Catalogue 231105
Allan Meltzer identyfikator idRef 031589537
Allan Meltzer identyfikator NKC jo2012724805
Allan Meltzer identyfikator Papieskiego Uniwersytetu Świętego Krzyża 111915
Allan Meltzer identyfikator NUKAT n99007717
Allan Meltzer identyfikator w wersji internetowej Brockhaus Enzyklopädie meltzer-allan-h
Allan Meltzer identyfikator Uniwersytetu w Barcelonie (stary) a1229795
Allan Meltzer identyfikator w Hrvatska enciklopedija 40033
Allan Meltzer identyfikator PLWABN 9810687982905606
Allan Meltzer unikatowy identyfikator NLP a0000002667001
Allan Meltzer ilustracja Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan Meltzer identyfikator CANTIC 981058511861106706
Allan Meltzer kategoria Commons Allan H. Meltzer
Allan Meltzer identyfikator Prabook 197128
Allan Meltzer identyfikator J9U Biblioteki Narodowej Izraela 987007442692505171
Allan Meltzer Encyclopædia Britannica ID 5773
Allan Meltzer identyfikator CiNii Research 1140282266635920640
Allan Meltzer identyfikator autora NACSIS-CAT DA03308192
Allan Meltzer identyfikator Uniwersytetu Barcelońskiego 981058511861106706
Allan Meltzer UOM ID (identyfikator Uniwersytetu Macedońskiego) 8458
Allan Meltzer identyfikator Parsifal 260413, pod nazwą Meltzer, Allan H., 1928-2017
Allan Meltzer identyfikator WorldCat Entities E39PBJcwwVY7wwGv6dqrwQhWDq
Аллан Мелцер
американский экономист
Аллан Мелцер пол или гендер мужской пол
Аллан Мелцер род занятий экономист
Аллан Мелцер род занятий историк
Аллан Мелцер род занятий профессор
Аллан Мелцер род занятий автор
Аллан Мелцер код VIAF 71451190
Аллан Мелцер код ISNI 0000000109138290
Аллан Мелцер код LCCN n79059676
Аллан Мелцер код GND 118855603
Аллан Мелцер код NDL 00558586
Аллан Мелцер гражданство США
Аллан Мелцер это частный случай понятия человек
Аллан Мелцер дата рождения 1928
Аллан Мелцер код Freebase /m/02813_l
Аллан Мелцер код CANTIC a10837760
Аллан Мелцер место рождения Бостон
Аллан Мелцер личное имя Аллан, порядковый номер 1
Аллан Мелцер личное имя Гарольд, порядковый номер 2
Аллан Мелцер код NTA 073871710
Аллан Мелцер код персоналии C-SPAN allanmeltzer
Аллан Мелцер код FAST 36421
Аллан Мелцер учебное заведение Университет Дьюка, учёная степень бакалавр искусств, учёная степень магистр искусств
Аллан Мелцер учебное заведение Калифорнийский университет в Лос-Анджелесе, учёная степень доктор философии
Аллан Мелцер код в проекте SNAC w65x9xh0
Аллан Мелцер код RePEc pme353
Аллан Мелцер дата смерти 2017
Аллан Мелцер место смерти Питтсбург
Аллан Мелцер имя при рождении
Аллан Мелцер полученные награды , момент времени 2011
Аллан Мелцер полученные награды заслуженный член Американской экономической ассоциации
Аллан Мелцер работодатель школа бизнеса Теппера
Аллан Мелцер работодатель Университет Карнеги — Меллона
Аллан Мелцер фамилия Мельцер
Аллан Мелцер имя на родном языке
Аллан Мелцер область деятельности экономика
Аллан Мелцер код в Open Library OL588574A
Аллан Мелцер код BNF 122774570
Аллан Мелцер языки, на которых говорит или пишет персона английский язык
Аллан Мелцер код автора в каталоге SHARE 231105
Аллан Мелцер код ZBW PM20 pe/012081, число работ , число работ, доступных онлайн , назван как Meltzer, Allan Harold
Аллан Мелцер код idRef 031589537
Аллан Мелцер код NKC jo2012724805
Аллан Мелцер код автора PUSC 111915
Аллан Мелцер код NUKAT n99007717
Аллан Мелцер код онлайн-версии Энциклопедии Брокгауз meltzer-allan-h
Аллан Мелцер код Университета Барселоны (obsolete) a1229795
Аллан Мелцер код статьи в Хорватской энциклопедии 40033
Аллан Мелцер код PLWABN 9810687982905606
Аллан Мелцер код NLP a0000002667001
Аллан Мелцер изображение Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Аллан Мелцер код в Библиотеке Каталонии 981058511861106706
Аллан Мелцер категория на Викискладе Allan H. Meltzer
Аллан Мелцер код Prabook 197128
Аллан Мелцер код J9U Национальной библиотеки Израиля 987007442692505171
Аллан Мелцер код автора Энциклопедии Британника 5773
Аллан Мелцер код CiNii Research 1140282266635920640
Аллан Мелцер код персоны в Университете Барселоны 981058511861106706
Аллан Мелцер код Университета Македонии 8458
Аллан Мелцер код WorldCat Entities E39PBJcwwVY7wwGv6dqrwQhWDq
Allan H. Meltzer
economista estadounidense
Allan H. Meltzer sexo o género masculino
Allan H. Meltzer ocupación economista
Allan H. Meltzer ocupación historiador
Allan H. Meltzer ocupación catedrático
Allan H. Meltzer ocupación autor
Allan H. Meltzer identificador VIAF 71451190
Allan H. Meltzer ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan H. Meltzer identificador de autoridades de la Biblioteca del Congreso de EE. UU. n79059676
Allan H. Meltzer identificador GND (DNB) 118855603
Allan H. Meltzer identificador NDL 00558586
Allan H. Meltzer país de nacionalidad Estados Unidos
Allan H. Meltzer instancia de ser humano
Allan H. Meltzer fecha de nacimiento 1928
Allan H. Meltzer Identificador Freebase /m/02813_l
Allan H. Meltzer identificador CANTIC (antiguo) a10837760
Allan H. Meltzer lugar de nacimiento Boston
Allan H. Meltzer nombre de pila Allan, orden dentro de la serie 1
Allan H. Meltzer nombre de pila Harold, orden dentro de la serie 2
Allan H. Meltzer identificador NTA 073871710
Allan H. Meltzer identificador C-SPAN de persona allanmeltzer
Allan H. Meltzer identificador FAST 36421
Allan H. Meltzer educado en Universidad Duke, grado académico Grado en Artes, grado académico Maestría en Artes
Allan H. Meltzer educado en Universidad de California en Los Ángeles, grado académico doctor en Filosofía
Allan H. Meltzer Identificador SNAC Ark w65x9xh0
Allan H. Meltzer identificador RePEc pme353
Allan H. Meltzer fecha de fallecimiento 2017
Allan H. Meltzer lugar de fallecimiento Pittsburgh
Allan H. Meltzer nombre de nacimiento
Allan H. Meltzer premio recibido , fecha 2011
Allan H. Meltzer premio recibido Miembro Distinguido de la Asociación Económica Estadounidense
Allan H. Meltzer empleador Universidad Carnegie Mellon
Allan H. Meltzer apellido Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer nombre en el idioma nativo
Allan H. Meltzer campo de trabajo economía
Allan H. Meltzer identificador Open Library OL588574A
Allan H. Meltzer identificador BnF 122774570
Allan H. Meltzer lenguas habladas, escritas o signadas inglés
Allan H. Meltzer identificador SHARE Catalogue de autor 231105
Allan H. Meltzer identificador carpeta PM20 pe/012081, número de obras , número de obras disponibles en línea , registrado como Meltzer, Allan Harold
Allan H. Meltzer identificador de referencia de idRef SUDOC 031589537
Allan H. Meltzer identificador NKC jo2012724805
Allan H. Meltzer ID Pontificia Universidad de la Santa Cruz 111915
Allan H. Meltzer identificador NUKAT n99007717
Allan H. Meltzer identificador de Brockhaus Enzyklopädie en línea meltzer-allan-h
Allan H. Meltzer identificador Universidad de Barcelona (obsoleto) a1229795
Allan H. Meltzer identificador de la enciclopedia croata 40033
Allan H. Meltzer identificador NLP (nuevo) 9810687982905606
Allan H. Meltzer identificador NLP (antiguo) a0000002667001
Allan H. Meltzer imagen Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan H. Meltzer identificador CANTIC 981058511861106706
Allan H. Meltzer categoría en Commons Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer identificador de Prabook 197128
Allan H. Meltzer identificador J9U de la Biblioteca Nacional de Israel 987007442692505171
Allan H. Meltzer identificador Enciclopedia Británica de colaborador 5773
Allan H. Meltzer identificador CiNii de investigador 1140282266635920640
Allan H. Meltzer ID de autor NACSIS-CAT DA03308192
Allan H. Meltzer identificador de autoridades de la Universidad de Barcelona 981058511861106706
Allan H. Meltzer identificador UOM 8458
Allan H. Meltzer identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJcwwVY7wwGv6dqrwQhWDq
Allan H. Meltzer
economista statunitense
Allan H. Meltzer sesso o genere maschio
Allan H. Meltzer occupazione economista
Allan H. Meltzer occupazione storico
Allan H. Meltzer occupazione professore
Allan H. Meltzer occupazione autore
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo VIAF 71451190
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo della Biblioteca del Congresso n79059676
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo GND 118855603
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo NDL 00558586
Allan H. Meltzer paese di cittadinanza Stati Uniti d'America
Allan H. Meltzer istanza di umano
Allan H. Meltzer data di nascita 1928
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo Freebase /m/02813_l
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo CANTIC (obsoleto) a10837760
Allan H. Meltzer luogo di nascita Boston
Allan H. Meltzer prenome Allan, numero d'ordine 1
Allan H. Meltzer prenome Harold, numero d'ordine 2
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo NTA 073871710
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo C-SPAN di una persona allanmeltzer
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo FAST 36421
Allan H. Meltzer scuola frequentata Università Duke, titolo accademico Bachelor of Arts, titolo accademico Master of Arts
Allan H. Meltzer scuola frequentata Università della California, titolo accademico dottorato di ricerca
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo Social Networks and Archival Context w65x9xh0
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo RePEc pme353
Allan H. Meltzer data di morte 2017
Allan H. Meltzer luogo di morte Pittsburgh
Allan H. Meltzer nome di nascita
Allan H. Meltzer premio ricevuto , data 2011
Allan H. Meltzer datore di lavoro Università Carnegie Mellon
Allan H. Meltzer cognome Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer nome nella lingua madre
Allan H. Meltzer campo di lavoro economia
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo Open Library OL588574A
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo BNF 122774570
Allan H. Meltzer lingue parlate o scritte inglese
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo SHARE Catalogue di un autore 231105
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo PM20 di una cartella pe/012081, numero di opere , numero di opere accessibili online , soggetto indicato come Meltzer, Allan Harold
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo idRef 031589537
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo NKC jo2012724805
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo Pontificia Università della Santa Croce 111915
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo NUKAT n99007717
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo Brockhaus Enzyklopädie meltzer-allan-h
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo Università di Barcellona (obsoleto) a1229795
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo Hrvatska enciklopedije 40033
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo PLWABN 9810687982905606
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo NLP a0000002667001
Allan H. Meltzer immagine Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo CANTIC 981058511861106706
Allan H. Meltzer categoria su Commons Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo Prabook 197128
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo numerico C-SPAN di una persona 6179
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo J9U della Biblioteca nazionale israeliana 987007442692505171
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo Encyclopædia Britannica di un collaboratore 5773
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo CiNii Research 1140282266635920640
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo NACSIS-CAT DA03308192
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo di autorità dell'Università di Barcellona 981058511861106706
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo UOM 8458
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo Parsifal di un cluster 260413, soggetto indicato come Meltzer, Allan H., 1928-2017
Allan H. Meltzer identificativo WorldCat Entities E39PBJcwwVY7wwGv6dqrwQhWDq
Allan Meltzer
économiste américain
Allan Meltzer sexe ou genre masculin
Allan Meltzer occupation économiste
Allan Meltzer occupation historien ou historienne
Allan Meltzer occupation professeur
Allan Meltzer occupation auteur ou autrice
Allan Meltzer identifiant VIAF 71451190
Allan Meltzer identifiant ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan Meltzer identifiant Bibliothèque du Congrès n79059676
Allan Meltzer identifiant GND (DNB) 118855603
Allan Meltzer identifiant Bibliothèque nationale de la Diète 00558586
Allan Meltzer pays de nationalité États-Unis
Allan Meltzer nature de l’élément être humain
Allan Meltzer date de naissance 1928
Allan Meltzer identifiant Freebase /m/02813_l
Allan Meltzer ancien identifiant Bibliothèque nationale de Catalogne a10837760
Allan Meltzer lieu de naissance Boston
Allan Meltzer prénom Allan, rang dans la série 1
Allan Meltzer prénom Harold, rang dans la série 2
Allan Meltzer identifiant Bibliothèque royale des Pays-Bas 073871710
Allan Meltzer identifiant C-SPAN d'une personne (déprécié) allanmeltzer
Allan Meltzer identifiant FAST 36421
Allan Meltzer scolarité université Duke, diplôme universitaire baccalauréat universitaire, diplôme universitaire maîtrise ès arts
Allan Meltzer scolarité université de Californie à Los Angeles, diplôme universitaire doctorat
Allan Meltzer identifiant Social Networks Archival Context w65x9xh0
Allan Meltzer identifiant Research Papers in Economics d'une personne pme353
Allan Meltzer date de mort 2017
Allan Meltzer lieu de mort Pittsburgh
Allan Meltzer nom de naissance
Allan Meltzer distinction reçue , date 2011
Allan Meltzer distinction reçue prix Irving-Kristol, date 2003
Allan Meltzer employé(e) par université Carnegie-Mellon
Allan Meltzer nom de famille Meltzer
Allan Meltzer nom dans la langue maternelle de la personne
Allan Meltzer domaine d'activité économie
Allan Meltzer identifiant Open Library OL588574A
Allan Meltzer identifiant Bibliothèque nationale de France 122774570
Allan Meltzer langues parlées, écrites ou signées anglais
Allan Meltzer identifiant SHARE Catalogue 231105
Allan Meltzer identifiant Pressemappe 20. Jahrhundert pe/012081, nombre d'œuvres , nombre d'œuvres accessibles en ligne , sous le nom Meltzer, Allan Harold
Allan Meltzer identifiant IdRef 031589537
Allan Meltzer identifiant Bibliothèque nationale tchèque jo2012724805
Allan Meltzer identifiant Université pontificale de la Sainte-Croix 111915
Allan Meltzer identifiant NUKAT n99007717
Allan Meltzer identifiant Brockhaus Enzyklopädie meltzer-allan-h
Allan Meltzer identifiant Université de Barcelone (obsolète) a1229795
Allan Meltzer identifiant Hrvatska enciklopedija 40033
Allan Meltzer identifiant Bibliothèque nationale de Pologne 9810687982905606
Allan Meltzer identifiant Bibliothèque nationale de Pologne (ancien) a0000002667001
Allan Meltzer image Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan Meltzer identifiant CANTIC 981058511861106706
Allan Meltzer catégorie Commons Allan H. Meltzer
Allan Meltzer identifiant Prabook 197128
Allan Meltzer identifiant C-SPAN d'une personne (valeur numérique) 6179
Allan Meltzer identifiant J9U de la Bibliothèque nationale d'Israël 987007442692505171
Allan Meltzer identifiant Encyclopædia Britannica d'un contributeur 5773
Allan Meltzer identifiant CiNii Research 1140282266635920640
Allan Meltzer identifiant NACSIS-CAT d'un auteur DA03308192
Allan Meltzer identifiant Université de Barcelone 981058511861106706
Allan Meltzer identifiant Université de Macédoine 8458
Allan Meltzer identifiant Parsifal 260413, sous le nom Meltzer, Allan H., 1928-2017
Allan Meltzer identifiant WorldCat Entities E39PBJcwwVY7wwGv6dqrwQhWDq
Allan H. Meltzer
amerikansk økonom
Allan H. Meltzer kjønn mann
Allan H. Meltzer beskjeftigelse samfunnsøkonom
Allan H. Meltzer beskjeftigelse historiker
Allan H. Meltzer beskjeftigelse professor
Allan H. Meltzer beskjeftigelse forfatter
Allan H. Meltzer VIAF-ID 71451190
Allan H. Meltzer ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan H. Meltzer Library of Congress autoritets-ID n79059676
Allan H. Meltzer GND-ID 118855603
Allan H. Meltzer NDL-nummer 00558586
Allan H. Meltzer statsborgerskap USA
Allan H. Meltzer forekomst av menneske
Allan H. Meltzer fødselsdato 1928
Allan H. Meltzer Freebase-ID /m/02813_l
Allan H. Meltzer CANTIC a10837760
Allan H. Meltzer fødested Boston
Allan H. Meltzer fornavn Allan, nummer i rekken 1
Allan H. Meltzer fornavn Harold, nummer i rekken 2
Allan H. Meltzer NTA person-ID 073871710
Allan H. Meltzer C-SPAN person-ID allanmeltzer
Allan H. Meltzer FAST-ID 36421
Allan H. Meltzer utdannet ved Duke University, akademisk grad bachelorgrad, akademisk grad Master of Arts
Allan H. Meltzer utdannet ved University of California, LA, akademisk grad ph.d.
Allan H. Meltzer SNAC Ark-ID w65x9xh0
Allan H. Meltzer dødsdato 2017
Allan H. Meltzer dødssted Pittsburgh
Allan H. Meltzer fødenavn
Allan H. Meltzer utmerkelse , tidspunkt 2011
Allan H. Meltzer utmerkelse Irving Kristol Award, tidspunkt 2003
Allan H. Meltzer arbeidsgiver Carnegie Mellon University
Allan H. Meltzer etternavn Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer navn på eget morsmål
Allan H. Meltzer arbeidsområde samfunnsøkonomi
Allan H. Meltzer Open Library-ID OL588574A
Allan H. Meltzer BNF-ID 122774570
Allan H. Meltzer talte eller skrevne språk engelsk
Allan H. Meltzer Pressearchiv 20. Jahrhundert mappe-ID pe/012081, antall verker , antall verker tilgjengelige på nett , oppført som Meltzer, Allan Harold
Allan H. Meltzer IdRef-ID 031589537
Allan H. Meltzer NKC-identifikator jo2012724805
Allan H. Meltzer NUKAT autoritetspost n99007717
Allan H. Meltzer Brockhaus Online-Enzyklopädie-id meltzer-allan-h
Allan H. Meltzer Hrvatska enciklopedija-ID 40033
Allan H. Meltzer PLWABN-ID 9810687982905606
Allan H. Meltzer NLP-ID (gammel) a0000002667001
Allan H. Meltzer bilde Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan H. Meltzer CANTIC-ID 981058511861106706
Allan H. Meltzer Commons-kategori Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer Prabook-ID 197128
Allan H. Meltzer C-SPAN numerisk person-ID 6179
Allan H. Meltzer National Library of Israel J9U ID 987007442692505171
Allan H. Meltzer WorldCat Entities-ID E39PBJcwwVY7wwGv6dqrwQhWDq
Allan H. Meltzer
amerikansk økonom
Allan H. Meltzer køn mand
Allan H. Meltzer beskæftigelse økonom
Allan H. Meltzer beskæftigelse historiker
Allan H. Meltzer beskæftigelse professor
Allan H. Meltzer beskæftigelse forfatter
Allan H. Meltzer VIAF 71451190
Allan H. Meltzer ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan H. Meltzer LCAuth n79059676
Allan H. Meltzer GND-identifikator 118855603
Allan H. Meltzer NDL-nummer 00558586
Allan H. Meltzer statsborgerskab USA
Allan H. Meltzer tilfælde af menneske
Allan H. Meltzer fødselsdato 1928
Allan H. Meltzer Freebase-ID /m/02813_l
Allan H. Meltzer CANTIC a10837760
Allan H. Meltzer fødested Boston
Allan H. Meltzer fornavn Allan, ordningsnummer 1
Allan H. Meltzer fornavn Harold, ordningsnummer 2
Allan H. Meltzer NTA-nummer 073871710
Allan H. Meltzer C-SPAN-person-ID allanmeltzer
Allan H. Meltzer FAST-ID 36421
Allan H. Meltzer uddannelsessted Duke University, akademisk grad Bachelor of Arts, akademisk grad Master of Arts
Allan H. Meltzer uddannelsessted University of California, Los Angeles, akademisk grad ph.d.
Allan H. Meltzer SNAC Ark-ID w65x9xh0
Allan H. Meltzer dødsdato 2017
Allan H. Meltzer dødssted Pittsburgh
Allan H. Meltzer fødenavn
Allan H. Meltzer udmærkelser modtaget , tidspunkt 2011
Allan H. Meltzer udmærkelser modtaget Irving Kristol Award, tidspunkt 2003
Allan H. Meltzer udmærkelser modtaget Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association
Allan H. Meltzer arbejdsgiver Carnegie Mellon University
Allan H. Meltzer efternavn Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer modersmålsnavn
Allan H. Meltzer arbejdsfelt økonomi
Allan H. Meltzer Open Library-ID OL588574A
Allan H. Meltzer BNF 122774570
Allan H. Meltzer talte sprog engelsk
Allan H. Meltzer SHARE Katalog forfatter-ID 231105
Allan H. Meltzer idRef-ID 031589537
Allan H. Meltzer AUT NKC jo2012724805
Allan H. Meltzer PUSC forfatter-ID 111915
Allan H. Meltzer NUKAT n99007717
Allan H. Meltzer Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID meltzer-allan-h
Allan H. Meltzer Barcelonas Universitets-ID (obsolete) a1229795
Allan H. Meltzer PLWABN ID 9810687982905606
Allan H. Meltzer billede Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan H. Meltzer CANTIC-ID 981058511861106706
Allan H. Meltzer Commons-kategori Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer numerisk C-SPAN-person-ID 6179
Allan H. Meltzer National Library of Israel J9U ID 987007442692505171
Allan H. Meltzer
amerikansk økonom
Allan H. Meltzer kjønn mann
Allan H. Meltzer yrke samfunnsøkonom
Allan H. Meltzer yrke historikar
Allan H. Meltzer yrke professor
Allan H. Meltzer yrke forfattar
Allan H. Meltzer VIAF-identifikator 71451190
Allan H. Meltzer ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan H. Meltzer LCAuth n79059676
Allan H. Meltzer GND-id 118855603
Allan H. Meltzer NDL-identifikator 00558586
Allan H. Meltzer statsborgarskap USA
Allan H. Meltzer førekomst av menneske
Allan H. Meltzer fødselsdato 1928
Allan H. Meltzer Freebase-identifikator /m/02813_l
Allan H. Meltzer CANTIC a10837760
Allan H. Meltzer fødestad Boston
Allan H. Meltzer førenamn Allan, nummer i rekkja 1
Allan H. Meltzer førenamn Harold, nummer i rekkja 2
Allan H. Meltzer FAST-id 36421
Allan H. Meltzer utdanna ved University of California, Los Angeles
Allan H. Meltzer dødsdato 2017
Allan H. Meltzer dødsstad Pittsburgh
Allan H. Meltzer fødenamn
Allan H. Meltzer utmerking , tidspunkt 2011
Allan H. Meltzer arbeidsgjevar Carnegie Mellon University
Allan H. Meltzer etternamn Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer namn på morsmål
Allan H. Meltzer arbeidsfelt samfunnsøkonomi
Allan H. Meltzer Open Library-ID OL588574A
Allan H. Meltzer BNF-id 122774570
Allan H. Meltzer talte eller skrivne språk engelsk
Allan H. Meltzer NKC-identifikator jo2012724805
Allan H. Meltzer Brockhaus Online-Enzyklopädie-id meltzer-allan-h
Allan H. Meltzer Hrvatska enciklopedija-ID 40033
Allan H. Meltzer PLWABN-ID 9810687982905606
Allan H. Meltzer bilete Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan H. Meltzer Commons-kategori Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer
amerikansk ekonom
Allan H. Meltzer kön man
Allan H. Meltzer sysselsättning nationalekonom
Allan H. Meltzer sysselsättning historiker
Allan H. Meltzer sysselsättning professor
Allan H. Meltzer sysselsättning författare
Allan H. Meltzer VIAF-ID 71451190
Allan H. Meltzer ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan H. Meltzer id-nummer i USA:s kongressbiblioteks katalog n79059676
Allan H. Meltzer Deutsche Nationalbibliotheks katalog-id-nummer 118855603
Allan H. Meltzer NDL-ID 00558586
Allan H. Meltzer medborgare i USA
Allan H. Meltzer instans av människa
Allan H. Meltzer födelsedatum 1928
Allan H. Meltzer Freebase-ID /m/02813_l
Allan H. Meltzer CANTIC-ID (gammal) a10837760
Allan H. Meltzer födelseplats Boston
Allan H. Meltzer förnamn Allan, ordningsnummer 1
Allan H. Meltzer förnamn Harold, ordningsnummer 2
Allan H. Meltzer NTA-ID 073871710
Allan H. Meltzer FAST-ID 36421
Allan H. Meltzer utbildad vid Duke University, akademisk examen filosofie kandidat, akademisk examen masterexamen
Allan H. Meltzer utbildad vid University of California, Los Angeles, akademisk examen filosofie doktor
Allan H. Meltzer SNAC Ark-ID w65x9xh0
Allan H. Meltzer RePEc kort-ID pme353
Allan H. Meltzer dödsdatum 2017
Allan H. Meltzer dödsplats Pittsburgh
Allan H. Meltzer födelsenamn
Allan H. Meltzer utmärkelse , tidpunkt 2011
Allan H. Meltzer utmärkelse Irving Kristol Award, tidpunkt 2003
Allan H. Meltzer utmärkelse Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association
Allan H. Meltzer arbetsgivare Tepper School of Business
Allan H. Meltzer arbetsgivare Carnegie Mellon University
Allan H. Meltzer efternamn Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer namn på modersmål
Allan H. Meltzer arbetsfält nationalekonomi
Allan H. Meltzer Open Library-ID OL588574A
Allan H. Meltzer id-nummer i Frankrikes nationalbiblioteks katalog 122774570
Allan H. Meltzer talade, skrivna eller tecknade språk engelska
Allan H. Meltzer SHARE Catalogue författar-ID 231105
Allan H. Meltzer mapp-ID på Pressemappe 20. Jahrhundert pe/012081, antal verk , antal verk tillgängliga online , omnämnd som Meltzer, Allan Harold
Allan H. Meltzer idRef-ID SUDOC 031589537
Allan H. Meltzer NKC-ID jo2012724805
Allan H. Meltzer PUSC-ID 111915
Allan H. Meltzer NUKAT-ID n99007717
Allan H. Meltzer Brockhaus Enzyklopädie-ID meltzer-allan-h
Allan H. Meltzer auktoritets-ID på Barcelonas universitet (obsolete) a1229795
Allan H. Meltzer Hrvatska enciklopedija-ID 40033
Allan H. Meltzer PLWABN-ID 9810687982905606
Allan H. Meltzer NLP-nummer a0000002667001
Allan H. Meltzer bild Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan H. Meltzer CANTIC-ID 981058511861106706
Allan H. Meltzer Commons-kategori Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer Prabook-ID 197128
Allan H. Meltzer J9U-ID 987007442692505171
Allan H. Meltzer Encyclopædia Britannica-ID 5773
Allan H. Meltzer CiNii Research-ID 1140282266635920640
Allan H. Meltzer NACSIS-CAT författar-ID DA03308192
Allan H. Meltzer Barcelonas universitet-auktoritets-ID 981058511861106706
Allan H. Meltzer Parsifal kluster-ID 260413, omnämnd som Meltzer, Allan H., 1928-2017
Allan H. Meltzer WorldCat Entities-ID E39PBJcwwVY7wwGv6dqrwQhWDq
Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer nem férfi
Allan H. Meltzer foglalkozás közgazdász
Allan H. Meltzer foglalkozás történész
Allan H. Meltzer foglalkozás professzor
Allan H. Meltzer foglalkozás szerző
Allan H. Meltzer VIAF-azonosító 71451190
Allan H. Meltzer ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan H. Meltzer LCAuth-azonosító n79059676
Allan H. Meltzer GND-azonosító 118855603
Allan H. Meltzer NDL-azonosító 00558586
Allan H. Meltzer állampolgárság Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Allan H. Meltzer osztály, amelynek példánya ember
Allan H. Meltzer születési idő 1928
Allan H. Meltzer Freebase-azonosító /m/02813_l
Allan H. Meltzer CANTIC a10837760
Allan H. Meltzer születési hely Boston
Allan H. Meltzer utónév Allan, sorszám 1
Allan H. Meltzer utónév Harold, sorszám 2
Allan H. Meltzer NTA-azonosító 073871710
Allan H. Meltzer C-SPAN-személyazonosító allanmeltzer
Allan H. Meltzer FAST-azonosító 36421
Allan H. Meltzer alma mater Duke Egyetem, tudományos fokozat BA, tudományos fokozat MA
Allan H. Meltzer alma mater Kaliforniai Egyetem, Los Angeles, tudományos fokozat PhD
Allan H. Meltzer SNAC-azonosító w65x9xh0
Allan H. Meltzer halálozási idő 2017
Allan H. Meltzer halálozási hely Pittsburgh
Allan H. Meltzer születési név
Allan H. Meltzer elnyert díj , időpont 2011
Allan H. Meltzer munkáltató Carnegie Mellon Egyetem
Allan H. Meltzer családnév Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer anyanyelvi név
Allan H. Meltzer tevékenységi terület közgazdaság-tudomány
Allan H. Meltzer Open Library-azonosító OL588574A
Allan H. Meltzer BnF-azonosító 122774570
Allan H. Meltzer beszélt nyelvek angol
Allan H. Meltzer SHARE Catalogue-szerzőazonosító 231105
Allan H. Meltzer PM20-mappaazonosító pe/012081, művek száma , online elérhető művek száma , feltüntetett név Meltzer, Allan Harold
Allan H. Meltzer idRef-azonosító 031589537
Allan H. Meltzer NKC-azonosító jo2012724805
Allan H. Meltzer a Szent Kereszt pápai egyetem azonosítója 111915
Allan H. Meltzer NUKAT-azonosító n99007717
Allan H. Meltzer Brockhaus enciklopédia azonosítója meltzer-allan-h
Allan H. Meltzer Barcelonai Egyetem azonosítója (régi) a1229795
Allan H. Meltzer Hrvatska enciklopedija-beli azonosító 40033
Allan H. Meltzer Lengyel Nemzeti Könyvtár-azonosító 9810687982905606
Allan H. Meltzer NLP-azonosító a0000002667001
Allan H. Meltzer kép Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan H. Meltzer CANTIC-azonosító 981058511861106706
Allan H. Meltzer Commons-kategória Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer Prabook-azonosító 197128
Allan H. Meltzer Izraeli Nemzeti Könyvtár J9U-azonosító 987007442692505171
Allan H. Meltzer CiNii Research-azonosító 1140282266635920640
Allan H. Meltzer NACSIS-CAT-szerzőazonosító DA03308192
Allan H. Meltzer Barcelonai Egyetem azonosítója 981058511861106706
Allan H. Meltzer UOM-azonosító 8458
Allan H. Meltzer Parsifal-azonosító 260413, feltüntetett név Meltzer, Allan H., 1928-2017
Allan H. Meltzer WorldCat-entitásazonosító E39PBJcwwVY7wwGv6dqrwQhWDq
Allan Meltzer
US-amerikanischer Wirtschaftswissenschaftler
Allan Meltzer VIAF 71451190
Allan Meltzer ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan Meltzer LCCN n79059676
Allan Meltzer GND-Nummer 118855603
Allan Meltzer Staatsangehörigkeit Vereinigte Staaten
Allan Meltzer Geboren am 1928
Allan Meltzer Geburtsort Boston
Allan Meltzer Vorname Allan
Allan Meltzer Vorname Harold
Allan Meltzer Soziale-Netzwerke- und Archivkontext-ID w65x9xh0
Allan Meltzer Sterbedatum 2017
Allan Meltzer Geburtsname
Allan Meltzer Familienname Meltzer
Allan Meltzer Bild Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan Meltzer CANTIC-Kennung 981058511861106706
Allan Meltzer Commons-Kategorie Allan H. Meltzer
Allan Meltzer J9U-Kennung der Israelischen Nationalbibliothek 987007442692505171
Allan Meltzer
US-amerikanischer Wirtschaftswissenschaftler
Allan Meltzer VIAF 71451190
Allan Meltzer ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan Meltzer GND-Nummer 118855603
Allan Meltzer geboren 1928
Allan Meltzer Geburtsort Boston
Allan Meltzer Vorname Allan
Allan Meltzer Vorname Harold
Allan Meltzer Soziale-Netzwerke- und Archivkontext-ID w65x9xh0
Allan Meltzer gestorben 2017
Allan Meltzer Geburtsname
Allan Meltzer Familienname Meltzer
Allan Meltzer CANTIC-Kennung 981058511861106706
Allan Meltzer Commons-Kategorie Allan H. Meltzer
Allan Meltzer J9U-Kennung der Israelischen Nationalbibliothek 987007442692505171
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر جنس مرد
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر پیشہ ماہر معاشیات
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر پیشہ مورخ
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر پیشہ پروفیسر
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر پیشہ مصنف
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر وی آئی اے ایف آئی ڈی 71451190
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر آئی ایس این آئی 0000000109138290
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر کتب خانہ کانگریس اتھارٹی آئی ڈی n79059676
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر جی این ڈی آئی ڈی 118855603
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر این ڈی ایل اٹھارٹیز آئی ڈی 00558586
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر شہریت ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر قسم انسان
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر تاریخ پیدائش 1928
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر فری بیس آئی ڈی /m/02813_l
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر سی اے این ٹی آئی سی - آئی ڈی a10837760
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر مقام پیدائش بوسٹن
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر ذاتی نام ایلن, ترتیب در سلسلہ 1
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر نیشنل تھیسارس فار اوتھر آئی ڈی 073871710
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر ایف اے ایس ٹی - آئی ڈی 36421
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر تعلیم از ڈیوک یونیورسٹی, تعلیمی اسناد بی اے, تعلیمی اسناد ایم اے
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر تعلیم از جامعہ کیلیفورنیا، لاس اینجلس, تعلیمی اسناد پی ایچ ڈی
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر ایس این اے سی آرک آئی ڈی w65x9xh0
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر تاریخ وفات 2017
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر مقام وفات پٹسبرگ
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر پیدائشی نام
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر موصولہ اعزازات , وقت و سال 2011
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر نوکری جامعہ کارنیگی میلون
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر مقامی زبان میں نام
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر شعبۂ عمل معاشیات
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر او ایل آئی ڈی OL588574A
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر بی این ایف - آئی ڈی 122774570
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر زبانیں انگریزی
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر ایس یو ڈی او سی اتھارٹیز 031589537
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر این کے سی آر - اے یو ٹی شناخت کنندہ jo2012724805
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر این یو کے اے ٹی - آئی ڈی n99007717
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر تصویر Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر ذخائر کا زمرہ Allan H. Meltzer
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر پرابک آئی ڈی 197128
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر قومی کتب خانہ اسرائیل جے9یوآئی ڈی 987007442692505171
Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer spol moški
Allan H. Meltzer poklic ekonomist
Allan H. Meltzer poklic zgodovinar
Allan H. Meltzer poklic profesor
Allan H. Meltzer poklic pisec
Allan H. Meltzer VIAF 71451190
Allan H. Meltzer ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan H. Meltzer LCCN n79059676
Allan H. Meltzer GND 118855603
Allan H. Meltzer NDL 00558586
Allan H. Meltzer država državljanstva Združene države Amerike
Allan H. Meltzer primerek od človek
Allan H. Meltzer datum rojstva 1928
Allan H. Meltzer Freebase /m/02813_l
Allan H. Meltzer CANTIC a10837760
Allan H. Meltzer kraj rojstva Boston
Allan H. Meltzer ime Allan, po vrsti 1
Allan H. Meltzer ime Harold, po vrsti 2
Allan H. Meltzer NTA 073871710
Allan H. Meltzer FAST 36421
Allan H. Meltzer alma mater Univerza Duke, akademski naziv diploma iz filozofskih/družboslovnih ved, akademski naziv magisterij iz humanistike
Allan H. Meltzer alma mater Univerza Kalifornije v Los Angelesu, akademski naziv doktor filozofije
Allan H. Meltzer datum smrti 2017
Allan H. Meltzer kraj smrti Pittsburgh
Allan H. Meltzer ime ob rojstvu
Allan H. Meltzer nagrada , čas dogodka 2011
Allan H. Meltzer nagrada odlikovani član Ameriškega ekonomskega združenja
Allan H. Meltzer zaposlen v Univerza Carneige Mellon
Allan H. Meltzer priimek Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer ime v materinščini
Allan H. Meltzer delovno področje ekonomija
Allan H. Meltzer Open Library OL588574A
Allan H. Meltzer BNF 122774570
Allan H. Meltzer govorjeni, pisani ali kretani jeziki angleščina
Allan H. Meltzer oznaka tiskovne mape PM20 pe/012081, število del , število del, dostopnih na spletu , poimenovano kot Meltzer, Allan Harold
Allan H. Meltzer oznaka IdRef 031589537
Allan H. Meltzer NKČR jo2012724805
Allan H. Meltzer NUKAT n99007717
Allan H. Meltzer spletna oznaka Brockhaus Enzyklopädie meltzer-allan-h
Allan H. Meltzer oznaka Hrvaške enciklopedije 40033
Allan H. Meltzer oznaka PLWABN 9810687982905606
Allan H. Meltzer slika Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan H. Meltzer oznaka CANTIC 981058511861106706
Allan H. Meltzer kategorija v Zbirki Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer oznaka J9U Izraelske narodne knjižnice 987007442692505171
Allan H. Meltzer oznaka CiNii Research 1140282266635920640
Allan Meltzer
economista estatunidenc
Allan Meltzer sexe o gènere masculí
Allan Meltzer ocupació economista
Allan Meltzer ocupació historiador
Allan Meltzer ocupació catedràtic
Allan Meltzer ocupació autor
Allan Meltzer identificador VIAF 71451190
Allan Meltzer identificador ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan Meltzer identificador LCCN n79059676
Allan Meltzer identificador GND (DNB-Deutsche Nationalbibliothek) 118855603
Allan Meltzer identificador NDL 00558586
Allan Meltzer ciutadania Estats Units d'Amèrica
Allan Meltzer instància de ésser humà
Allan Meltzer data de naixement 1928
Allan Meltzer identificador Freebase /m/02813_l
Allan Meltzer identificador CANTIC (antic) a10837760
Allan Meltzer lloc de naixement Boston
Allan Meltzer prenom Allan, ordre dins la sèrie 1
Allan Meltzer prenom Harold, ordre dins la sèrie 2
Allan Meltzer identificador NTA 073871710
Allan Meltzer identificador C-SPAN de persona allanmeltzer
Allan Meltzer identificador FAST 36421
Allan Meltzer formació a Universitat Duke, grau acadèmic Grau en Arts, grau acadèmic Master of Arts
Allan Meltzer formació a Universitat de Califòrnia a Los Angeles, grau acadèmic Philosophiæ doctor
Allan Meltzer identificador SNAC Ark w65x9xh0
Allan Meltzer identificador curt RePEc pme353
Allan Meltzer data de defunció 2017
Allan Meltzer lloc de defunció Pittsburgh
Allan Meltzer nom de naixement
Allan Meltzer premi rebut , data 2011
Allan Meltzer premi rebut premi Irving Kristol, data 2003
Allan Meltzer premi rebut Membre distingit de l'American Economic Association
Allan Meltzer ocupador Universitat Carnegie Mellon
Allan Meltzer cognom Meltzer
Allan Meltzer nom en la llengua materna
Allan Meltzer camp de treball economia
Allan Meltzer identificador Open Library OL588574A
Allan Meltzer identificador BnF 122774570
Allan Meltzer llengua parlada, escrita o signada anglès
Allan Meltzer identificador SHARE Catalogue d'autor 231105
Allan Meltzer identificador PM20 de carpeta pe/012081, quantitat d'obres , nombre d'obres disponibles en línia , anomenat com a Meltzer, Allan Harold
Allan Meltzer identificador idRef SUDOC 031589537
Allan Meltzer identificador NKC jo2012724805
Allan Meltzer identificador PUSC d'autor 111915
Allan Meltzer identificador NUKAT (WarsawU) n99007717
Allan Meltzer identificador Brockhaus Enzyklopädie meltzer-allan-h
Allan Meltzer identificador Universitat de Barcelona (obsolet) a1229795
Allan Meltzer identificador Hrvatska enciklopedija 40033
Allan Meltzer identificador NLP (registre) 9810687982905606
Allan Meltzer identificador NLP a0000002667001
Allan Meltzer imatge Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan Meltzer identificador CANTIC 981058511861106706
Allan Meltzer categoria de Commons Allan H. Meltzer
Allan Meltzer identificador Prabook 197128
Allan Meltzer identificador numèric C-SPAN de persona 6179
Allan Meltzer identificador J9U de la Biblioteca Nacional d'Israel 987007442692505171
Allan Meltzer identificador Encyclopædia Britannica de col·laborador 5773
Allan Meltzer identificador CiNii Research 1140282266635920640
Allan Meltzer identificador d'autor CiNii NACSIS-CAT DA03308192
Allan Meltzer identificador Universitat de Barcelona d'autoritat 981058511861106706
Allan Meltzer identificador UOM 8458
Allan Meltzer identificador Parsifal de clúster 260413, anomenat com a Meltzer, Allan H., 1928-2017
Allan Meltzer identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJcwwVY7wwGv6dqrwQhWDq
Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer rhyw gwrywaidd
Allan H. Meltzer galwedigaeth economegydd
Allan H. Meltzer galwedigaeth hanesydd
Allan H. Meltzer galwedigaeth athro prifysgol
Allan H. Meltzer galwedigaeth awdur
Allan H. Meltzer dynodwr VIAF 71451190
Allan H. Meltzer ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan H. Meltzer dynodwr LCAuth n79059676
Allan H. Meltzer GND 118855603
Allan H. Meltzer dynodwr NDL 00558586
Allan H. Meltzer gwlad y ddinasyddiaeth Unol Daleithiau America
Allan H. Meltzer enghraifft o'r canlynol bod dynol
Allan H. Meltzer dyddiad geni 1928
Allan H. Meltzer dynodwr Freebase /m/02813_l
Allan H. Meltzer dynodwr CANTIC (blaenorol) a10837760
Allan H. Meltzer man geni Boston
Allan H. Meltzer enw cyntaf Allan, trefnolyn 1
Allan H. Meltzer enw cyntaf Harold, trefnolyn 2
Allan H. Meltzer dynodwr NTA 073871710
Allan H. Meltzer dynodwr C-SPAN (person) allanmeltzer
Allan H. Meltzer dynodwr FAST 36421
Allan H. Meltzer ''alma mater'' Prifysgol Duke, gradd academaidd Baglor yn y Celfyddydau, gradd academaidd Meistr yn y Celfyddydau
Allan H. Meltzer ''alma mater'' Prifysgol Califfornia, Los Angeles, gradd academaidd Doethur mewn Athrawiaeth
Allan H. Meltzer dynodwr SNAC w65x9xh0
Allan H. Meltzer dyddiad marw 2017
Allan H. Meltzer man marw Pittsburgh
Allan H. Meltzer enw genedigol
Allan H. Meltzer gwobrau a dderbyniwyd , pwynt mewn amser 2011
Allan H. Meltzer gwobrau a dderbyniwyd Cymrawd Nodedig Cymdeithas Economaidd America
Allan H. Meltzer cyflogwr Prifysgol Carnegie Mellon
Allan H. Meltzer cyfenw Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer enw yn yr iaith frodorol
Allan H. Meltzer maes gwaith economeg
Allan H. Meltzer dynodwr Open Library OL588574A
Allan H. Meltzer dynodwr BnF 122774570
Allan H. Meltzer iaith y person Saesneg
Allan H. Meltzer dynodwr idRef 031589537
Allan H. Meltzer dynodwr NKC jo2012724805
Allan H. Meltzer dynodwr NUKAT n99007717
Allan H. Meltzer delwedd Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan H. Meltzer dynodwr CANTIC 981058511861106706
Allan H. Meltzer categori Comin Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer dynodwr Prabook 197128
Allan H. Meltzer dynodwr Encyclopædia Britannica (cyfrannydd) 5773
Allan H. Meltzer
eacnamaí Meiriceánach
Allan H. Meltzer gnéas nó inscne fireann
Allan H. Meltzer gairm eacnamaí
Allan H. Meltzer gairm staraí
Allan H. Meltzer gairm ollamh
Allan H. Meltzer gairm údar
Allan H. Meltzer VIAF 71451190
Allan H. Meltzer ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan H. Meltzer aitheantóir LoC n79059676
Allan H. Meltzer ID GND 118855603
Allan H. Meltzer tír shaoránachta Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá
Allan H. Meltzer sampla de duine
Allan H. Meltzer dáta breithe 1928
Allan H. Meltzer áit bhreithe Bostún
Allan H. Meltzer céadainm Allan, orduimhir 1
Allan H. Meltzer céadainm Harold, orduimhir 2
Allan H. Meltzer scoil a d'fhreastail sé/sí Ollscoil Duke, céim acadúil Baitsiléir Ealaíon, céim acadúil Máistir Ealaíon
Allan H. Meltzer scoil a d'fhreastail sé/sí Ollscoil California, Los Angeles, céim acadúil céim dochtúireachta
Allan H. Meltzer dáta báis 2017
Allan H. Meltzer áit bháis Pittsburgh
Allan H. Meltzer ainm breithe
Allan H. Meltzer gradam a fuarthas , am 2011
Allan H. Meltzer fostóir Ollscoil Carnegie Mellon
Allan H. Meltzer sloinne Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer ainm sa teanga dhúchais
Allan H. Meltzer réimse oibre eacnamaíocht
Allan H. Meltzer aitheantas Open Library OL588574A
Allan H. Meltzer teangacha Béarla
Allan H. Meltzer íomhá Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan H. Meltzer catagóir Commons Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer
ekonomist amerikan
Allan H. Meltzer gjinia mashkull
Allan H. Meltzer profesioni ekonomist
Allan H. Meltzer profesioni historian
Allan H. Meltzer profesioni profesor
Allan H. Meltzer profesioni autor
Allan H. Meltzer VIAF ID 71451190
Allan H. Meltzer ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan H. Meltzer Library of Congress ID n79059676
Allan H. Meltzer GND ID 118855603
Allan H. Meltzer shtetësia Shtetet e Bashkuara të Amerikës
Allan H. Meltzer instancë e njeri
Allan H. Meltzer data e lindjes 1928
Allan H. Meltzer Freebase ID /m/02813_l
Allan H. Meltzer CANTIC-ID a10837760
Allan H. Meltzer vendi i lindjes Boston
Allan H. Meltzer emri Allan
Allan H. Meltzer emri Harold
Allan H. Meltzer arsimuar në Duke University
Allan H. Meltzer data e vdekjes 2017
Allan H. Meltzer emri i lindjes
Allan H. Meltzer çmime të marra , data 2011
Allan H. Meltzer mbiemri Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer emri në gjuhën amë
Allan H. Meltzer fushë e punës ekonomi
Allan H. Meltzer identifikues i BNF 122774570
Allan H. Meltzer gjuhë që flet, shkruan ose këndon anglisht
Allan H. Meltzer imazh Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan H. Meltzer kategoria në Commons Allan H. Meltzer
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر لنگ مرد
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر کاروبار معیشت دان
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر کاروبار پروفیسر
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر کاروبار لکھاری
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر ویاف شناختی 71451190
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر آئی ایس این آئی 0000000109138290
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر امریکی راشٹری لائیبری ادھکار شناختی n79059676
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر سرو ویاپک ادھکار شناختی 118855603
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر ناگرکتا امریکا
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر نامونہ انسان
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر جنم متی 1928
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر فریبیس شناختی /m/02813_l
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر جنم دی تھاں بوسٹن
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر فیسٹ آئی ڈی 36421
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر سکھّیات ہوے ڈیوک یونیورسٹی
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر سکھّیات ہوے یونیورسٹی آف کیلیوفورنیا لاس اینجلس
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر موت متی 2017
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر موت دی تھاں پٹس برگ
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر انعام پایا ہویا
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر مول بولی وچ ناں
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر کارج کھیتر اکنامکس
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر فرینس دا ببلیوٹیک نیشنل آئی ڈی 122774570
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر بولیاں ورتیدیاں انگریزی
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر این کے سی آر اے یو تی آئی ڈی jo2012724805
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر نوکات آئی ڈی n99007717
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر تصویر Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر کامنز گٹھ Allan H. Meltzer
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر پرابوک آئی ڈی 197128
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر اسرائیلی راشٹری لائیبری شناختی 987007442692505171
ایلن ایچ میلٹزر ورلڈ کیٹ وجود E39PBJcwwVY7wwGv6dqrwQhWDq
الان اتش. ميلتزير
الان اتش. ميلتزير الجنس دكر
الان اتش. ميلتزير الوظيفه مؤرخ
الان اتش. ميلتزير الوظيفه بروفسور
الان اتش. ميلتزير الوظيفه مؤلف
الان اتش. ميلتزير الجنسيه امريكا
الان اتش. ميلتزير واحد من انسان
الان اتش. ميلتزير تاريخ الولاده 1928
الان اتش. ميلتزير معرف فرى بيس /m/02813_l
الان اتش. ميلتزير مكان الولاده بوسطون
الان اتش. ميلتزير اتعلم فى جامعة ديوك, الشهاده الجامعيه بكالوريوس فنون, الشهاده الجامعيه ماجستير اداب
الان اتش. ميلتزير اتعلم فى جامعة كاليفورنيا (لوس انجليس)
الان اتش. ميلتزير معرف الشبكات الاجتماعيه w65x9xh0
الان اتش. ميلتزير تاريخ الموت 2017
الان اتش. ميلتزير مكان الموت پيتسبرج
الان اتش. ميلتزير الاسم باللغه الأصليه
الان اتش. ميلتزير اللغه انجليزى
الان اتش. ميلتزير الصوره Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
الان اتش. ميلتزير تصنيف بتاع كومونز Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer
americký ekonom
Allan H. Meltzer pohlaví muž
Allan H. Meltzer povolání ekonom
Allan H. Meltzer povolání historik
Allan H. Meltzer povolání profesor
Allan H. Meltzer povolání autor
Allan H. Meltzer VIAF 71451190
Allan H. Meltzer ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan H. Meltzer identifikátor LCAuth n79059676
Allan H. Meltzer identifikátor GND 118855603
Allan H. Meltzer NDL 00558586
Allan H. Meltzer státní občanství Spojené státy americké
Allan H. Meltzer instance (čeho) člověk
Allan H. Meltzer datum narození 1928
Allan H. Meltzer identifikátor Freebase /m/02813_l
Allan H. Meltzer CANTIC a10837760
Allan H. Meltzer místo narození Boston
Allan H. Meltzer rodné jméno Allan, pořadové číslo 1
Allan H. Meltzer rodné jméno Harold, pořadové číslo 2
Allan H. Meltzer NTA PPN 073871710
Allan H. Meltzer FAST ID 36421
Allan H. Meltzer škola Dukeova univerzita, akademický titul BA, akademický titul Master of Arts
Allan H. Meltzer škola Kalifornská univerzita v Los Angeles, akademický titul Ph.D.
Allan H. Meltzer ID ve SNAC Ark w65x9xh0
Allan H. Meltzer datum úmrtí 2017
Allan H. Meltzer místo úmrtí Pittsburgh
Allan H. Meltzer jméno při narození
Allan H. Meltzer ocenění , datum 2011
Allan H. Meltzer ocenění Významný člen Americké ekonomické asociace
Allan H. Meltzer zaměstnavatel Univerzita Carnegieho–Mellonových
Allan H. Meltzer příjmení Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer jméno v rodném jazyce
Allan H. Meltzer zaměření ekonomie
Allan H. Meltzer identifikátor Open Library OL588574A
Allan H. Meltzer BNF ID 122774570
Allan H. Meltzer ovládané jazyky angličtina
Allan H. Meltzer IdRef ID 031589537
Allan H. Meltzer NK ČR AUT jo2012724805
Allan H. Meltzer ID Papežské univerzity Svatého Kříže 111915
Allan H. Meltzer autoritní záznam NUKAT n99007717
Allan H. Meltzer PLWABN ID 9810687982905606
Allan H. Meltzer NLP identifikátor a0000002667001
Allan H. Meltzer obrázek Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan H. Meltzer kategorie na Commons Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer Prabook ID 197128
Allan H. Meltzer kód Izraelské národní knihovny 987007442692505171
Allan H. Meltzer UOM ID 8458
Allan H. Meltzer WorldCat Entities ID E39PBJcwwVY7wwGv6dqrwQhWDq
Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer sexo ou género masculino
Allan H. Meltzer ocupação economista
Allan H. Meltzer ocupação historiador
Allan H. Meltzer ocupação professor
Allan H. Meltzer ocupação autor
Allan H. Meltzer identificador VIAF 71451190
Allan H. Meltzer ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan H. Meltzer número de controlo da Biblioteca do Congresso n79059676
Allan H. Meltzer identificador GND 118855603
Allan H. Meltzer identificador da Biblioteca Nacional da Dieta 00558586
Allan H. Meltzer país de nacionalidade Estados Unidos
Allan H. Meltzer instância de ser humano
Allan H. Meltzer data de nascimento 1928
Allan H. Meltzer identificador Freebase /m/02813_l
Allan H. Meltzer identificador CANTIC (antigo) a10837760
Allan H. Meltzer local de nascimento Boston
Allan H. Meltzer primeiro nome Allan, ordem na série 1
Allan H. Meltzer primeiro nome Harold, ordem na série 2
Allan H. Meltzer identificador NTA PPN 073871710
Allan H. Meltzer identificador no FAST Linked Data 36421
Allan H. Meltzer alma mater Universidade Duke, grau académico Bachelor of Arts, grau académico Masters of Arts
Allan H. Meltzer alma mater Universidade da Califórnia em Los Angeles, grau académico Doutor em Filosofia
Allan H. Meltzer identificador no Contexto de Arquivamento de Redes Sociais w65x9xh0
Allan H. Meltzer data de morte 2017
Allan H. Meltzer local de morte Pittsburgh
Allan H. Meltzer nome de nascimento
Allan H. Meltzer distinção , data de ocorrência 2011
Allan H. Meltzer empregador Universidade Carnegie Mellon
Allan H. Meltzer apelido Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer nome no idioma nativo
Allan H. Meltzer área de trabalho economia
Allan H. Meltzer identificador Open Library OL588574A
Allan H. Meltzer identificador BnF 122774570
Allan H. Meltzer línguas faladas, escritas ou assinadas Inglês
Allan H. Meltzer identificador idRef 031589537
Allan H. Meltzer identificador AUT NKC jo2012724805
Allan H. Meltzer identificador NUKAT n99007717
Allan H. Meltzer identificador da Enciclopédia de Brockhaus online meltzer-allan-h
Allan H. Meltzer identificador PLWABN 9810687982905606
Allan H. Meltzer identificador NLP a0000002667001
Allan H. Meltzer imagem Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan H. Meltzer identificador CANTIC 981058511861106706
Allan H. Meltzer categoria da Commons Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer identificador J9U da Biblioteca Nacional de Israel 987007442692505171
Allan H. Meltzer Encyclopædia Britannica ID 5773
Allan H. Meltzer identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJcwwVY7wwGv6dqrwQhWDq
Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer sukupuoli mies
Allan H. Meltzer ammatti ekonomisti
Allan H. Meltzer ammatti historioitsija
Allan H. Meltzer ammatti professori
Allan H. Meltzer ammatti kirjailija
Allan H. Meltzer VIAF-tunniste 71451190
Allan H. Meltzer ISNI-tunniste 0000000109138290
Allan H. Meltzer LCAuth-tunniste n79059676
Allan H. Meltzer GND-tunniste 118855603
Allan H. Meltzer NDL-tunniste 00558586
Allan H. Meltzer kansalaisuus Yhdysvallat
Allan H. Meltzer esiintymä kohteesta ihminen
Allan H. Meltzer syntymäaika 1928
Allan H. Meltzer Freebase-tunniste /m/02813_l
Allan H. Meltzer CANTIC-tunniste (vanha) a10837760
Allan H. Meltzer syntymäpaikka Boston
Allan H. Meltzer etunimi Allan, järjestysnumero 1
Allan H. Meltzer etunimi Harold, järjestysnumero 2
Allan H. Meltzer NTA PPN -tunniste 073871710
Allan H. Meltzer henkilön C-SPAN-tunniste allanmeltzer
Allan H. Meltzer FAST Linked Data -tunniste 36421
Allan H. Meltzer opiskeli Duke University, akateeminen oppiarvo filosofian kandidaatti, akateeminen oppiarvo filosofian maisteri
Allan H. Meltzer opiskeli Kalifornian yliopisto, akateeminen oppiarvo filosofian tohtori
Allan H. Meltzer SNAC-tunniste w65x9xh0
Allan H. Meltzer kuolinaika 2017
Allan H. Meltzer kuolinpaikka Pittsburgh
Allan H. Meltzer syntymänimi
Allan H. Meltzer palkinto , ajankohta 2011
Allan H. Meltzer työnantaja Carnegie Mellon -yliopisto
Allan H. Meltzer sukunimi Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer nimi äidinkielellä
Allan H. Meltzer työala taloustiede
Allan H. Meltzer Open Library -tunniste OL588574A
Allan H. Meltzer Ranskan kansalliskirjaston tunniste 122774570
Allan H. Meltzer puhuu kieliä englanti
Allan H. Meltzer tekijän Share Catalogue -tunniste 231105
Allan H. Meltzer idRef-tunniste 031589537
Allan H. Meltzer NKC-tunniste jo2012724805
Allan H. Meltzer NUKAT-tunniste n99007717
Allan H. Meltzer Brockhaus Enzyklopädie -tunniste meltzer-allan-h
Allan H. Meltzer Hrvatska enciklopedija -tunniste 40033
Allan H. Meltzer PLWABN-tunniste 9810687982905606
Allan H. Meltzer NLP-tunniste (vanha) a0000002667001
Allan H. Meltzer kuva Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan H. Meltzer CANTIC-tunniste 981058511861106706
Allan H. Meltzer Commons-luokka Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer Prabook-tunniste 197128
Allan H. Meltzer NACSIS-CAT-kirjoittajatunniste DA03308192
Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer sexo ou gênero masculino
Allan H. Meltzer ocupação economista
Allan H. Meltzer ocupação historiador
Allan H. Meltzer ocupação professor
Allan H. Meltzer ocupação autor
Allan H. Meltzer identificador VIAF 71451190
Allan H. Meltzer ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan H. Meltzer identificador LCCN n79059676
Allan H. Meltzer identificador GND 118855603
Allan H. Meltzer identificador NDL 00558586
Allan H. Meltzer país de cidadania Estados Unidos
Allan H. Meltzer instância de ser humano
Allan H. Meltzer data de nascimento 1928
Allan H. Meltzer identificador CANTIC (obsoleto) a10837760
Allan H. Meltzer local de nascimento Boston
Allan H. Meltzer primeiro nome Allan, ordem na série 1
Allan H. Meltzer primeiro nome Harold, ordem na série 2
Allan H. Meltzer identificador NTA PPN 073871710
Allan H. Meltzer identificador C-SPAN de uma pessoa allanmeltzer
Allan H. Meltzer identificador no FAST Linked Data 36421
Allan H. Meltzer alma mater Universidade da Califórnia em Los Angeles, título acadêmico Doutorado em filosofia
Allan H. Meltzer data de morte 2017
Allan H. Meltzer local de morte Pittsburgh
Allan H. Meltzer nome de nascimento
Allan H. Meltzer prêmios recebidos , data de ocorrência 2011
Allan H. Meltzer prêmios recebidos Membro distinto da Associação Econômica Americana
Allan H. Meltzer sobrenome Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer nome no idioma nativo
Allan H. Meltzer campo de trabalho economia
Allan H. Meltzer identificador Open Library OL588574A
Allan H. Meltzer identificador Biblioteca Nacional da França 122774570
Allan H. Meltzer línguas faladas ou escritas Inglês
Allan H. Meltzer identificador idRef 031589537
Allan H. Meltzer identificador NKC jo2012724805
Allan H. Meltzer identificador NUKAT n99007717
Allan H. Meltzer imagem Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan H. Meltzer categoria na Commons Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJcwwVY7wwGv6dqrwQhWDq
Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer sekso o género maskulino
Allan H. Meltzer okupashon ekonomista
Allan H. Meltzer okupashon historiadó
Allan H. Meltzer okupashon outor
Allan H. Meltzer identifikashon VIAF 71451190
Allan H. Meltzer pais di nashonalidat Estadonan Uni di Merka
Allan H. Meltzer ta un hende
Allan H. Meltzer fecha di nasementu 1928
Allan H. Meltzer lugá di nasementu Boston
Allan H. Meltzer nòmber di dilanti Allan
Allan H. Meltzer nòmber di dilanti Harold
Allan H. Meltzer fecha di fayesimentu 2017
Allan H. Meltzer nòmber di nasementu
Allan H. Meltzer distinshon , fecha 2011
Allan H. Meltzer fam Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer nòmber den idioma propio
Allan H. Meltzer dominio di idioma Ingles
Allan H. Meltzer imágen Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan H. Meltzer kategoria di Commons Allan H. Meltzer
آلان اچ. ملتسر
اقتصاددان آمریکایی
آلان اچ. ملتسر جنسیت مذکر
آلان اچ. ملتسر پیشه اقتصاددان
آلان اچ. ملتسر پیشه مورخ
آلان اچ. ملتسر پیشه استاد
آلان اچ. ملتسر پیشه پدیدآور
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسه بم بم 71451190
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسهٔ ISNI 0000000109138290
آلان اچ. ملتسر کد تائید کتابخانهٔ کنگره n79059676
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسهٔ جامع پرونده (GND) 118855603
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسه در کتابخانهٔ ملی مجلس ژاپن 00558586
آلان اچ. ملتسر تبعۀ ایالات متحده آمریکا
آلان اچ. ملتسر نمونهای از انسان
آلان اچ. ملتسر زادروز 1928
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسهٔ فریبیس /m/02813_l
آلان اچ. ملتسر کد شمارهگذاری کتابخانهٔ کاتالان a10837760
آلان اچ. ملتسر زادگاه بوستون
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسهٔ هلندی نویسندگان 073871710
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسه سیسپن allanmeltzer
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسه فست 36421
آلان اچ. ملتسر دانشآموختهٔ دانشگاه دوک, مدرک دانشگاهی کارشناسی
آلان اچ. ملتسر دانشآموختهٔ دانشگاه کالیفرنیا، لسآنجلس, مدرک دانشگاهی پیاچدی
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسۀ شبکههای اجتماعی و بایگانی w65x9xh0
آلان اچ. ملتسر زمان مرگ 2017
آلان اچ. ملتسر محل مرگ پیتسبورگ
آلان اچ. ملتسر زادنام
آلان اچ. ملتسر جوایز , زمان رویداد 2011
آلان اچ. ملتسر کار میکند/میکرد در دانشگاه کارنگی ملون
آلان اچ. ملتسر نام شخص (در زبان مادری شخص)
آلان اچ. ملتسر زمینه کاری علم اقتصاد
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسهٔ کتابخانهٔ باز OL588574A
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسهٔ کتابخانه ملی فرانسه 122774570
آلان اچ. ملتسر زبانهای شخص زبان انگلیسی
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسۀ برگهدان SHARE 231105
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسۀ بایگانی پرسمپ pe/012081, شمار آثار , شهرت Meltzer, Allan Harold
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسهٔ idRef 031589537
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسۀ AUT NKC jo2012724805
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسه دانشگاه ایتالیایی صلیب مقدس 111915
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسهٔ NUKAT لهستان n99007717
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسۀ دانشنامۀ بروکهاوس meltzer-allan-h
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسۀ برگهدان دانشگاه بارسلونا (منسوخ شده) a1229795
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسه دانشنامه کرواتی 40033
آلان اچ. ملتسر برگهدان کتابخانه لهستان 9810687982905606
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسۀ کتابخانه ملی لهستان a0000002667001
آلان اچ. ملتسر نگاره Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسه کتابخانه کاتالونیای اسپانیا 981058511861106706
آلان اچ. ملتسر ردهٔ ویکیانبار Allan H. Meltzer
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسه پرابوک 197128
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسه عددی سی-سپن برای اشخاص 6179
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسۀ J9U کتابخانه ملی اسرائیل 987007442692505171
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسۀ برگهدان دانشگاه بارسلونا 981058511861106706
آلان اچ. ملتسر شناسه جوهرۀ ورلدکت E39PBJcwwVY7wwGv6dqrwQhWDq
Allan H. Meltzer
United States of America karimba ŋun nyɛ doo
Allan H. Meltzer paɣa bee doo Doo
Allan H. Meltzer VIAF dalinli 71451190
Allan H. Meltzer ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan H. Meltzer Library of Congress authority ID n79059676
Allan H. Meltzer GND ID 118855603
Allan H. Meltzer O ya Tiŋgbaŋ America
Allan H. Meltzer buɣusi la ninsala
Allan H. Meltzer doɣam dabsili 1928
Allan H. Meltzer Binsheli di niŋdi bini /m/02813_l
Allan H. Meltzer dɔɣim Tiŋa Boston
Allan H. Meltzer Nationale Thesaurus voor Auteurs ID 073871710
Allan H. Meltzer C-SPAN nira ID allanmeltzer
Allan H. Meltzer FAST dalinli 36421
Allan H. Meltzer SNAC ARK ID w65x9xh0
Allan H. Meltzer RePEc Short dalinli pme353
Allan H. Meltzer Kpibu dabisili 2017
Allan H. Meltzer Dɔɣim yuli
Allan H. Meltzer Pin' shɛŋa o ni dee , saha sheli 2011
Allan H. Meltzer yuli din nyɛ a balli
Allan H. Meltzer Open Library dalinli OL588574A
Allan H. Meltzer bala yɛlibu, sabbu bee buɣisibu Silmiinsili
Allan H. Meltzer PM20 koligu ID pe/012081, tuma nima kalinli , Din yuli nyɛ Meltzer, Allan Harold
Allan H. Meltzer IdRef ID 031589537
Allan H. Meltzer NKCR AUT ID jo2012724805
Allan H. Meltzer NUKAT ID n99007717
Allan H. Meltzer Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID meltzer-allan-h
Allan H. Meltzer Hrvatska enciklopedija Dalinli 40033
Allan H. Meltzer PLWABN dalinli 9810687982905606
Allan H. Meltzer NLP dalinli a0000002667001
Allan H. Meltzer anfooni Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan H. Meltzer CANTIC dalinli 981058511861106706
Allan H. Meltzer pubu Commons ni Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer National Library of Israel J9U dalinli 987007442692505171
Allan H. Meltzer Ŋun tɔhiri sabiri Encyclopædia Britannica ID 5773
Allan H. Meltzer UOM dalinli 8458
Allan H. Meltzer
Amerikalı ekonomist (1928 – 2017)
Allan H. Meltzer cinsiyeti erkek
Allan H. Meltzer mesleği ekonomist
Allan H. Meltzer mesleği tarihçi
Allan H. Meltzer mesleği profesör
Allan H. Meltzer mesleği yazar
Allan H. Meltzer VIAF kimliği 71451190
Allan H. Meltzer ISNI 0000000109138290
Allan H. Meltzer ABD Kongre Kütüphanesi yetki kimliği n79059676
Allan H. Meltzer GND kimliği 118855603
Allan H. Meltzer Japonya Ulusal Diet Kütüphanesi kimliği 00558586
Allan H. Meltzer vatandaşlığı Amerika Birleşik Devletleri
Allan H. Meltzer nedir insan
Allan H. Meltzer doğum tarihi 1928
Allan H. Meltzer Freebase kimliği /m/02813_l
Allan H. Meltzer CANTIC kimliği (eski) a10837760
Allan H. Meltzer doğum yeri Boston
Allan H. Meltzer ön adı Allan, sıra numarası 1
Allan H. Meltzer ön adı Harold, sıra numarası 2
Allan H. Meltzer Yazar Adları Ulusal Sözlüğü kimliği 073871710
Allan H. Meltzer C-SPAN kişi kimliği allanmeltzer
Allan H. Meltzer FAST kimliği 36421
Allan H. Meltzer öğrenim gördüğü okul Duke Üniversitesi, akademik derece Bachelor of Arts, akademik derece Master of Arts
Allan H. Meltzer öğrenim gördüğü okul Kaliforniya Üniversitesi, Los Angeles, akademik derece doktora derecesi
Allan H. Meltzer SNAC Ark ID w65x9xh0
Allan H. Meltzer RePEc kısa kimlik pme353
Allan H. Meltzer ölüm tarihi 2017
Allan H. Meltzer ölüm yeri Pittsburgh
Allan H. Meltzer doğum adı
Allan H. Meltzer ödülleri , tarihi 2011
Allan H. Meltzer işvereni Carnegie Mellon Üniversitesi
Allan H. Meltzer soyadı Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer ana dilindeki ismi
Allan H. Meltzer çalışma alanı iktisat
Allan H. Meltzer Açık Kütüphane kimliği OL588574A
Allan H. Meltzer BNF kimliği 122774570
Allan H. Meltzer konuştuğu, yazdığı diller İngilizce
Allan H. Meltzer SHARE Kataloğu yazar kimliği 231105
Allan H. Meltzer PM20 klasör kimliği pe/012081, eser sayısı , çevrimiçi erişilebilen eserlerin sayısı , isimlendirilmesi Meltzer, Allan Harold
Allan H. Meltzer idRef yetkili kimliği 031589537
Allan H. Meltzer NKCR AUT kimliği jo2012724805
Allan H. Meltzer Kutsal Haç Papalık Üniversitesi kimliği 111915
Allan H. Meltzer NUKAT kimliği n99007717
Allan H. Meltzer Brockhaus Ansiklopedisi çevrimiçi kimliği meltzer-allan-h
Allan H. Meltzer Barselona Üniversitesi yetkili kimliği (obsolete) a1229795
Allan H. Meltzer Hırvat ansiklopedisi kimliği 40033
Allan H. Meltzer PLWABN kimliği 9810687982905606
Allan H. Meltzer NLP kimliği (eski) a0000002667001
Allan H. Meltzer görsel Elaine Chao Meets with Allan H. Meltzer 174-CD-L03-11-03B-003 (cropped).jpg
Allan H. Meltzer CANTIC kimliği 981058511861106706
Allan H. Meltzer Commons kategorisi Allan H. Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer Prabook kişi kimliği 197128
Allan H. Meltzer İsrail Ulusal Kütüphanesi J9U kimliği 987007442692505171
Allan H. Meltzer Encyclopædia Britannica katılımcı kimliği 5773
Allan H. Meltzer CiNii Research kimliği 1140282266635920640
Allan H. Meltzer NACSIS-CAT yazar tanımlayıcı DA03308192
| 7,872 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104723158
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
| null |
王景茂
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 16 | 87 |
王景茂
王景茂 隶属于 人類
王景茂 性別 男
王景茂 姓氏 王
王景茂 黨籍 中国共产党
王景茂 Google知識圖譜編號 /g/11ll4pbd1m
| 7,466 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27972329
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Ran Cohen Harounoff
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 1,099 | 2,965 |
רן כהן אהרונוב
סופר ישראלי ומחנך
רן כהן אהרונוב מופע של אדם
רן כהן אהרונוב עיסוק סופר ילדים
רן כהן אהרונוב מין או מגדר זכר
רן כהן אהרונוב תאריך לידה 1967
רן כהן אהרונוב מקום לידה אמסטרדם
רן כהן אהרונוב מזהה J9U של הספרייה הלאומית 987007305561205171
רן כהן אהרונוב מזהה VIAF 97232465
רן כהן אהרונוב מזהה הספרייה הלאומית (ישן) 000178336
רן כהן אהרונוב מזהה LCCN no2013133782
רן כהן אהרונוב מזהה המכון לתרגום ספרות עברית 15170
רן כהן אהרונוב מזהה ערוץ יוטיוב UCI0VW0HHiat8Ult_gmXl_NQ, מופיע תחת השם Ran cohen harounoff, מספר מנויים , מספר יצירות , מספר צופים/מאזינים , תאריך התחלה 2011, נקודת זמן 2021
רן כהן אהרונוב מזהה אמן בשירונט 18021
רן כהן אהרונוב אזרחות ישראל
רן כהן אהרונוב שם פרטי רן
רן כהן אהרונוב שפה מדוברת או נכתבת עברית
רן כהן אהרונוב מזהה לינקדאין לאנשים ran-cohen-harounoff-97324714b
רן כהן אהרונוב מזהה פייסבוק ran.harounoff
רן כהן אהרונוב מזהה אמן באתר iTunes 1025752093
רן כהן אהרונוב שם משתמש באינסטגרם randacoh
רן כהן אהרונוב מקום לימודים המכללה האקדמית לחינוך ע"ש דוד ילין
רן כהן אהרונוב מקום לימודים אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב
רן כהן אהרונוב מזהה אישיות בלקסיקון הספרות העברית החדשה 01893, מופיע תחת השם רןכהן–אהרונוב, מופיע תחת השם Ran Cohen Harounoff
רן כהן אהרונוב מזהה דף שער בספרייה הלאומית 987007305561205171
רן כהן אהרונוב תמונה רן כהן אהרונוב.jpg
רן כהן אהרונוב קטגוריה בוויקישיתוף Ran Cohen Harounoff
רן כהן אהרונוב שם משפחה אהרונוב
Ran Cohen Harounoff
Israeli writer and educator
Ran Cohen Harounoff instance of human
Ran Cohen Harounoff occupation children's writer
Ran Cohen Harounoff sex or gender male
Ran Cohen Harounoff date of birth 1967
Ran Cohen Harounoff place of birth Amsterdam
Ran Cohen Harounoff National Library of Israel J9U ID 987007305561205171
Ran Cohen Harounoff VIAF ID 97232465
Ran Cohen Harounoff National Library of Israel ID (old) 000178336
Ran Cohen Harounoff Library of Congress authority ID no2013133782
Ran Cohen Harounoff ITHL author ID 15170
Ran Cohen Harounoff YouTube channel ID UCI0VW0HHiat8Ult_gmXl_NQ, subject named as Ran cohen harounoff, number of subscribers , number of works , number of viewers/listeners , start time 2011, point in time 2021
Ran Cohen Harounoff Shironet artist ID 18021
Ran Cohen Harounoff country of citizenship Israel
Ran Cohen Harounoff given name Ran
Ran Cohen Harounoff languages spoken, written or signed Hebrew
Ran Cohen Harounoff LinkedIn personal profile ID ran-cohen-harounoff-97324714b
Ran Cohen Harounoff Facebook username ran.harounoff
Ran Cohen Harounoff Apple Music artist ID (U.S. version) 1025752093
Ran Cohen Harounoff Instagram username randacoh
Ran Cohen Harounoff educated at David Yellin Academic College of Education
Ran Cohen Harounoff educated at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Ran Cohen Harounoff LMHL author ID 01893, subject named as רןכהן–אהרונוב, subject named as Ran Cohen Harounoff
Ran Cohen Harounoff Bait La Zemer Ha-Ivri artist ID 987007305561205171
Ran Cohen Harounoff image רן כהן אהרונוב.jpg
Ran Cohen Harounoff Commons category Ran Cohen Harounoff
Ran Cohen Harounoff family name Aharonov
Ran Cohen Harounoff
Ran Cohen Harounoff instancë e njeri
Ran Cohen Harounoff profesioni shkrimtar për fëmijë
Ran Cohen Harounoff gjinia mashkull
Ran Cohen Harounoff data e lindjes 1967
Ran Cohen Harounoff vendi i lindjes Amsterdami
Ran Cohen Harounoff VIAF ID 97232465
Ran Cohen Harounoff Library of Congress ID no2013133782
Ran Cohen Harounoff YouTube channel ID UCI0VW0HHiat8Ult_gmXl_NQ, referuar si Ran cohen harounoff, koha e fillimit 2011, data 2021
Ran Cohen Harounoff shtetësia Izraeli
Ran Cohen Harounoff gjuhë që flet, shkruan ose këndon hebraikisht
Ran Cohen Harounoff Facebook ID ran.harounoff
Ran Cohen Harounoff Apple Music artist ID 1025752093
Ran Cohen Harounoff emri në Instagram randacoh
Ran Cohen Harounoff imazh רן כהן אהרונוב.jpg
Ran Cohen Harounoff kategoria në Commons Ran Cohen Harounoff
Ran Cohen Harounoff
Ran Cohen Harounoff istanza di umano
Ran Cohen Harounoff occupazione scrittore per bambini
Ran Cohen Harounoff sesso o genere maschio
Ran Cohen Harounoff data di nascita 1967
Ran Cohen Harounoff luogo di nascita Amsterdam
Ran Cohen Harounoff identificativo J9U della Biblioteca nazionale israeliana 987007305561205171
Ran Cohen Harounoff identificativo VIAF 97232465
Ran Cohen Harounoff identificativo NLI 000178336
Ran Cohen Harounoff identificativo della Biblioteca del Congresso no2013133782
Ran Cohen Harounoff identificativo ITHL di un autore 15170
Ran Cohen Harounoff identificativo YouTube di un canale UCI0VW0HHiat8Ult_gmXl_NQ, soggetto indicato come Ran cohen harounoff, numero di abbonati , numero di opere , audience audio/video , data di inizio 2011, data 2021
Ran Cohen Harounoff identificativo Shironet di un artista 18021
Ran Cohen Harounoff paese di cittadinanza Israele
Ran Cohen Harounoff prenome Ran
Ran Cohen Harounoff lingue parlate o scritte ebraico
Ran Cohen Harounoff profilo personale su LinkedIn ran-cohen-harounoff-97324714b
Ran Cohen Harounoff identificativo Facebook ran.harounoff
Ran Cohen Harounoff identificativo Apple Music di un artista 1025752093
Ran Cohen Harounoff nome utente Instagram randacoh
Ran Cohen Harounoff scuola frequentata Università Ben Gurion del Negev
Ran Cohen Harounoff identificativo LMHL di un autore 01893, soggetto indicato come רןכהן–אהרונוב, soggetto indicato come Ran Cohen Harounoff
Ran Cohen Harounoff identificativo Bait La Zemer Ha-Ivri di un artista 987007305561205171
Ran Cohen Harounoff immagine רן כהן אהרונוב.jpg
Ran Cohen Harounoff categoria su Commons Ran Cohen Harounoff
Ran Cohen Harounoff cognome Aharonov
Ran Cohen Harounoff
escritor de lliteratura infantil israelín
Ran Cohen Harounoff instancia de humanu
Ran Cohen Harounoff ocupación escritor de lliteratura infantil
Ran Cohen Harounoff sexu masculín
Ran Cohen Harounoff fecha de nacimientu 1967
Ran Cohen Harounoff llugar de nacimientu Ámsterdam
Ran Cohen Harounoff identificador VIAF 97232465
Ran Cohen Harounoff identificador d'autoridá de la Biblioteca del Congresu d'EEXX no2013133782
Ran Cohen Harounoff país de nacionalidá Israel
Ran Cohen Harounoff nome Ran
Ran Cohen Harounoff llingües falaes hebréu
Ran Cohen Harounoff identificador de Facebook ran.harounoff
Ran Cohen Harounoff nome d'usuariu d'Instagram randacoh
Ran Cohen Harounoff imaxe רן כהן אהרונוב.jpg
Ran Cohen Harounoff categoría de Commons Ran Cohen Harounoff
Ran Cohen Harounoff apellíu Aharonov
Ran Cohen Harounoff
Ran Cohen Harounoff nedir insan
Ran Cohen Harounoff mesleği çocuk romanı yazarı
Ran Cohen Harounoff cinsiyeti erkek
Ran Cohen Harounoff doğum tarihi 1967
Ran Cohen Harounoff doğum yeri Amsterdam
Ran Cohen Harounoff İsrail Ulusal Kütüphanesi J9U kimliği 987007305561205171
Ran Cohen Harounoff VIAF kimliği 97232465
Ran Cohen Harounoff İsrail Ulusal Kütüphanesi kimliği (eskimiş) 000178336
Ran Cohen Harounoff ABD Kongre Kütüphanesi yetki kimliği no2013133782
Ran Cohen Harounoff YouTube kanal kimliği UCI0VW0HHiat8Ult_gmXl_NQ, isimlendirilmesi Ran cohen harounoff, takipçi sayısı , eser sayısı , görüntüleyen/dinleyen sayısı , başlangıç zamanı 2011, tarihi 2021
Ran Cohen Harounoff Shironet sanatçı kimliği 18021
Ran Cohen Harounoff vatandaşlığı İsrail
Ran Cohen Harounoff ön adı Ran
Ran Cohen Harounoff konuştuğu, yazdığı diller İbranice
Ran Cohen Harounoff LinkedIn kişisel profil kimliği ran-cohen-harounoff-97324714b
Ran Cohen Harounoff Facebook kimliği ran.harounoff
Ran Cohen Harounoff Apple Music sanatçı kimliği 1025752093
Ran Cohen Harounoff Instagram kullanıcı adı randacoh
Ran Cohen Harounoff Bait La Zemer Ha-Ivri sanatçı kimliği 987007305561205171
Ran Cohen Harounoff görsel רן כהן אהרונוב.jpg
Ran Cohen Harounoff Commons kategorisi Ran Cohen Harounoff
| 24,139 |
https://github.com/kubeform/provider-oci-api/blob/master/client/clientset/versioned/typed/identity/v1alpha1/fake/fake_networksource.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
provider-oci-api
|
kubeform
|
Go
|
Code
| 610 | 1,798 |
/*
Copyright AppsCode Inc. and Contributors
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
// Code generated by client-gen. DO NOT EDIT.
package fake
import (
"context"
v1alpha1 "kubeform.dev/provider-oci-api/apis/identity/v1alpha1"
v1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
labels "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/labels"
schema "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime/schema"
types "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/types"
watch "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/watch"
testing "k8s.io/client-go/testing"
)
// FakeNetworkSources implements NetworkSourceInterface
type FakeNetworkSources struct {
Fake *FakeIdentityV1alpha1
ns string
}
var networksourcesResource = schema.GroupVersionResource{Group: "identity.oci.kubeform.com", Version: "v1alpha1", Resource: "networksources"}
var networksourcesKind = schema.GroupVersionKind{Group: "identity.oci.kubeform.com", Version: "v1alpha1", Kind: "NetworkSource"}
// Get takes name of the networkSource, and returns the corresponding networkSource object, and an error if there is any.
func (c *FakeNetworkSources) Get(ctx context.Context, name string, options v1.GetOptions) (result *v1alpha1.NetworkSource, err error) {
obj, err := c.Fake.
Invokes(testing.NewGetAction(networksourcesResource, c.ns, name), &v1alpha1.NetworkSource{})
if obj == nil {
return nil, err
}
return obj.(*v1alpha1.NetworkSource), err
}
// List takes label and field selectors, and returns the list of NetworkSources that match those selectors.
func (c *FakeNetworkSources) List(ctx context.Context, opts v1.ListOptions) (result *v1alpha1.NetworkSourceList, err error) {
obj, err := c.Fake.
Invokes(testing.NewListAction(networksourcesResource, networksourcesKind, c.ns, opts), &v1alpha1.NetworkSourceList{})
if obj == nil {
return nil, err
}
label, _, _ := testing.ExtractFromListOptions(opts)
if label == nil {
label = labels.Everything()
}
list := &v1alpha1.NetworkSourceList{ListMeta: obj.(*v1alpha1.NetworkSourceList).ListMeta}
for _, item := range obj.(*v1alpha1.NetworkSourceList).Items {
if label.Matches(labels.Set(item.Labels)) {
list.Items = append(list.Items, item)
}
}
return list, err
}
// Watch returns a watch.Interface that watches the requested networkSources.
func (c *FakeNetworkSources) Watch(ctx context.Context, opts v1.ListOptions) (watch.Interface, error) {
return c.Fake.
InvokesWatch(testing.NewWatchAction(networksourcesResource, c.ns, opts))
}
// Create takes the representation of a networkSource and creates it. Returns the server's representation of the networkSource, and an error, if there is any.
func (c *FakeNetworkSources) Create(ctx context.Context, networkSource *v1alpha1.NetworkSource, opts v1.CreateOptions) (result *v1alpha1.NetworkSource, err error) {
obj, err := c.Fake.
Invokes(testing.NewCreateAction(networksourcesResource, c.ns, networkSource), &v1alpha1.NetworkSource{})
if obj == nil {
return nil, err
}
return obj.(*v1alpha1.NetworkSource), err
}
// Update takes the representation of a networkSource and updates it. Returns the server's representation of the networkSource, and an error, if there is any.
func (c *FakeNetworkSources) Update(ctx context.Context, networkSource *v1alpha1.NetworkSource, opts v1.UpdateOptions) (result *v1alpha1.NetworkSource, err error) {
obj, err := c.Fake.
Invokes(testing.NewUpdateAction(networksourcesResource, c.ns, networkSource), &v1alpha1.NetworkSource{})
if obj == nil {
return nil, err
}
return obj.(*v1alpha1.NetworkSource), err
}
// UpdateStatus was generated because the type contains a Status member.
// Add a +genclient:noStatus comment above the type to avoid generating UpdateStatus().
func (c *FakeNetworkSources) UpdateStatus(ctx context.Context, networkSource *v1alpha1.NetworkSource, opts v1.UpdateOptions) (*v1alpha1.NetworkSource, error) {
obj, err := c.Fake.
Invokes(testing.NewUpdateSubresourceAction(networksourcesResource, "status", c.ns, networkSource), &v1alpha1.NetworkSource{})
if obj == nil {
return nil, err
}
return obj.(*v1alpha1.NetworkSource), err
}
// Delete takes name of the networkSource and deletes it. Returns an error if one occurs.
func (c *FakeNetworkSources) Delete(ctx context.Context, name string, opts v1.DeleteOptions) error {
_, err := c.Fake.
Invokes(testing.NewDeleteAction(networksourcesResource, c.ns, name), &v1alpha1.NetworkSource{})
return err
}
// DeleteCollection deletes a collection of objects.
func (c *FakeNetworkSources) DeleteCollection(ctx context.Context, opts v1.DeleteOptions, listOpts v1.ListOptions) error {
action := testing.NewDeleteCollectionAction(networksourcesResource, c.ns, listOpts)
_, err := c.Fake.Invokes(action, &v1alpha1.NetworkSourceList{})
return err
}
// Patch applies the patch and returns the patched networkSource.
func (c *FakeNetworkSources) Patch(ctx context.Context, name string, pt types.PatchType, data []byte, opts v1.PatchOptions, subresources ...string) (result *v1alpha1.NetworkSource, err error) {
obj, err := c.Fake.
Invokes(testing.NewPatchSubresourceAction(networksourcesResource, c.ns, name, pt, data, subresources...), &v1alpha1.NetworkSource{})
if obj == nil {
return nil, err
}
return obj.(*v1alpha1.NetworkSource), err
}
| 39,972 |
https://github.com/xiaochong44/abpnext-admin-vue/blob/master/src/views/sys/login/LoginForm.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
abpnext-admin-vue
|
xiaochong44
|
Vue
|
Code
| 353 | 1,294 |
<template>
<TenantSwitch class="enter-x" v-if="mutliTenancyEnabled" />
<LoginFormTitle class="enter-x" v-if="!mutliTenancyEnabled" />
<Form
class="p-4 enter-x"
:model="formData"
:rules="getFormRules"
ref="formRef"
@keypress.enter="handleLogin"
>
<FormItem name="account" class="enter-x">
<Input
size="large"
v-model:value="formData.account"
:placeholder="l('AbpAccount::UserName')"
class="fix-auto-fill"
/>
</FormItem>
<FormItem name="password" class="enter-x">
<InputPassword
size="large"
visibilityToggle
v-model:value="formData.password"
:placeholder="l('AbpAccount::Password')"
/>
</FormItem>
<ARow class="enter-x">
<ACol :span="12">
<FormItem>
<!-- No logic, you need to deal with it yourself -->
<Checkbox v-model:checked="rememberMe" size="small">
{{ l('AbpAccount::RememberMe') }}
</Checkbox>
</FormItem>
</ACol>
</ARow>
<FormItem class="enter-x">
<Button type="primary" size="large" block @click="handleLogin" :loading="loading">
{{ l('AbpAccount::Login') }}
</Button>
<!-- <Button size="large" class="mt-4 enter-x" block @click="handleRegister">
{{ t('sys.login.registerButton') }}
</Button> -->
</FormItem>
</Form>
</template>
<script lang="ts" setup>
import { reactive, ref, toRaw, unref, computed } from 'vue';
import { Checkbox, Form, Input, Row, Col, Button, Divider } from 'ant-design-vue';
import {
GithubFilled,
WechatFilled,
AlipayCircleFilled,
GoogleCircleFilled,
TwitterCircleFilled,
} from '@ant-design/icons-vue';
import LoginFormTitle from './LoginFormTitle.vue';
import TenantSwitch from './TenantSwitch.vue';
import { useI18n } from '/@/hooks/web/useI18n';
import { useMessage } from '/@/hooks/web/useMessage';
import { useUserStore } from '/@/store/modules/user';
import { LoginStateEnum, useLoginState, useFormRules, useFormValid } from './useLogin';
import { useDesign } from '/@/hooks/web/useDesign';
import { useAppStore } from '/@/store/modules/app';
//import { onKeyStroke } from '@vueuse/core';
import { useAbp } from '/@/hooks/abp/useAbp';
const ACol = Col;
const ARow = Row;
const FormItem = Form.Item;
const InputPassword = Input.Password;
const l = useAbp().getLocalization;
const { t } = useI18n();
const { notification, createErrorModal } = useMessage();
const { prefixCls } = useDesign('login');
const userStore = useUserStore();
const appStore = useAppStore();
const mutliTenancyEnabled = computed(() => appStore.multiTenancy.isEnabled);
const { setLoginState, getLoginState } = useLoginState();
const { getFormRules } = useFormRules();
const formRef = ref();
const loading = ref(false);
const rememberMe = ref(false);
const formData = reactive({
account: '',
password: '',
});
setLoginState(LoginStateEnum.LOGIN);
const { validForm } = useFormValid(formRef);
//onKeyStroke('Enter', handleLogin);
async function handleLogin() {
const data = await validForm();
if (!data) return;
try {
loading.value = true;
await userStore.login(
toRaw({
password: data.password,
username: data.account,
mode: 'none', //不要默认的错误提示
}),
);
const abpStore = useAppStore();
if (abpStore.currentUser.id) {
notification.success({
message: t('sys.login.loginSuccessTitle'),
description: `${t('sys.login.loginSuccessDesc')}: ${abpStore.currentUser.userName}`,
duration: 3,
});
}
} catch (error) {
createErrorModal({
title: t('sys.api.errorTip'),
content: error.message || t('sys.api.networkExceptionMsg'),
getContainer: () => document.body.querySelector(`.${prefixCls}`) || document.body,
});
} finally {
loading.value = false;
}
}
</script>
| 37,730 |
<urn:uuid:593382cf-64ec-4586-984d-31c7c02521aa>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.ugap.fr/restauration-50010/restauration-professionnelle-17/cuisson-1571/four-de-remise-en-temperature-8257/four-de-remise-en-temperature-air-t-cfx-707-rt-7-niveaux-gn1-1-electronique-p3420260
|
ugap.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 134 | 246 |
Magazine Acheter Juste / Nos produits et services / Restauration /.../ Cuisson / Four de remise en température Cuiseur vapeur Four mixte à magnétron Cuisson horizontale Four mixte Friteuse haut rendement Marmite & Sauteuse professionnelle Sauteuse multifonctions Four micro-ondes Four à pizza Four de remise en température Air'T CFX 707 RT - 7 niveaux GN1/1 électronique Références : UGAP : 3420260 |
Fournisseur : CFX 707 RT Fournisseur :
Date d'expiration du marché : 6 avr. 2027 Pré-visite obligatoire et gratuite. Installation (RDC ou étage avec monte-charge) et prise en main comprises. €4,996.€HTsoit €5,995.€TTC Demande d'information Délai de livraison
Fiche SAV Description Points forts Remise et maintien en températureEn acier inoxydable Documents annexes Fiche SAV Caractéristiques Caracteristique(s)Offre Développement Durable ouiNombre de niveaux 7Format GN 1/1Version électriqueMarque Air'TType de produit four de remise en température
| 32,069 |
US-202218087580-A_3
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,733 | 3,715 |
According to some examples, the golf club head 100 includes additional features or is made from additional processes described in one or more of U.S. Pat. No. 8,535,177, issued Sep. 17, 2013; U.S. Pat. No. 8,845,450, issued Sep. 20, 2014; U.S. Pat. No. 8,328,663, issued Dec. 11, 2012; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/565,057, filed Dec. 9, 2014; U.S. Pat. No. 9,975,018, issued May 22, 2018; U.S. Pat. No. 9,044,653, issued Jun. 2, 2015; U.S. Pat. No. 9,033,819, issued May 19, 2015; U.S. Pat. No. 6,811,496, issued Nov. 2, 2004; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/649,508, filed Jul. 13, 2017; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/859,274 filed Dec. 29, 2017; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/394,549, filed Dec. 29, 2016; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/706,632, filed Sep. 15, 2017; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/059,801, filed Aug. 9, 2018; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/161,337, filed Oct. 16, 2018; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/434,162, filed Jun. 6, 2019; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/681,678, filed Aug. 21, 2017; U.S. Pat. No. 8,088,025, issued Jan. 3, 2012; U.S. Pat. No. 10,155,143, issued Dec. 18, 2018; U.S. Pat. No. 9,731,176, issued Aug. 15, 2017, which are all incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Some features of the golf club head 100 are similar to the features of the iron-type golf club head shown and described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/706,632, filed Sep. 15, 2017, which is incorporated herein in its entirety.
Reference throughout this specification to “one example,” “an example,” or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the example is included in at least one example of the present disclosure. Appearances of the phrases “in one example,” “in an example,” and similar language throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, all refer to the same example. Similarly, the use of the term “implementation” means an implementation having a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with one or more examples of the present disclosure, however, absent an express correlation to indicate otherwise, an implementation may be associated with one or more examples.
The schematic flow chart diagrams included herein are generally set forth as logical flow chart diagrams. As such, the depicted order and labeled steps are indicative of one example of the presented method. Other steps and methods may be conceived that are equivalent in function, logic, or effect to one or more steps, or portions thereof, of the illustrated method. Additionally, the format and symbols employed are provided to explain the logical steps of the method and are understood not to limit the scope of the method. Although various arrow types and line types may be employed in the flow chart diagrams, they are understood not to limit the scope of the corresponding method. Indeed, some arrows or other connectors may be used to indicate only the logical flow of the method. For instance, an arrow may indicate a waiting or monitoring period of unspecified duration between enumerated steps of the depicted method. Additionally, the order in which a particular method occurs may or may not strictly adhere to the order of the corresponding steps shown.
In the above description, certain terms may be used such as “up,” “down,” “upper,” “lower,” “horizontal,” “vertical,” “left,” “right,” “over,” “under” and the like. These terms are used, where applicable, to provide some clarity of description when dealing with relative relationships. But, these terms are not intended to imply absolute relationships, positions, and/or orientations. For example, with respect to an object, an “upper” surface can become a “lower” surface simply by turning the object over. Nevertheless, it is still the same object. Further, the terms “including,” “comprising,” “having,” and variations thereof mean “including but not limited to” unless expressly specified otherwise. An enumerated listing of items does not imply that any or all of the items are mutually exclusive and/or mutually inclusive, unless expressly specified otherwise. The terms “a,” “an,” and “the” also refer to “one or more” unless expressly specified otherwise. Further, the term “plurality” can be defined as “at least two.” The term “about” in some examples, can be defined to mean within +/−5% of a given value.
Additionally, instances in this specification where one element is “coupled” to another element can include direct and indirect coupling. Direct coupling can be defined as one element coupled to and in some contact with another element. Indirect coupling can be defined as coupling between two elements not in direct contact with each other, but having one or more additional elements between the coupled elements. Further, as used herein, securing one element to another element can include direct securing and indirect securing. Additionally, as used herein, “adjacent” does not necessarily denote contact. For example, one element can be adjacent another element without being in contact with that element.
As used herein, the phrase “at least one of”, when used with a list of items, means different combinations of one or more of the listed items may be used and only one of the items in the list may be needed. The item may be a particular object, thing, or category. In other words, “at least one of” means any combination of items or number of items may be used from the list, but not all of the items in the list may be required. For example, “at least one of item A, item B, and item C” may mean item A; item A and item B; item B; item A, item B, and item C; or item B and item C. In some cases, “at least one of item A, item B, and item C” may mean, for example, without limitation, two of item A, one of item B, and ten of item C; four of item B and seven of item C; or some other suitable combination.
Unless otherwise indicated, the terms “first,” “second,” etc. are used herein merely as labels, and are not intended to impose ordinal, positional, or hierarchical requirements on the items to which these terms refer. Moreover, reference to, e.g., a “second” item does not require or preclude the existence of, e.g., a “first” or lower-numbered item, and/or, e.g., a “third” or higher-numbered item.
As used herein, a system, apparatus, structure, article, element, component, or hardware “configured to” perform a specified function is indeed capable of performing the specified function without any alteration, rather than merely having potential to perform the specified function after further modification. In other words, the system, apparatus, structure, article, element, component, or hardware “configured to” perform a specified function is specifically selected, created, implemented, utilized, programmed, and/or designed for the purpose of performing the specified function. As used herein, “configured to” denotes existing characteristics of a system, apparatus, structure, article, element, component, or hardware which enable the system, apparatus, structure, article, element, component, or hardware to perform the specified function without further modification. For purposes of this disclosure, a system, apparatus, structure, article, element, component, or hardware described as being “configured to” perform a particular function may additionally or alternatively be described as being “adapted to” and/or as being “operative to” perform that function.
The present subject matter may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described examples are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.
What is claimed is: 1-20. (canceled)
21. An iron-type golf club head, comprising: a body, made of a first material having a first density, wherein the body comprises: a heel portion; a toe portion; a sole portion; a top portion; a front portion, comprising a strike face; a rear portion, comprising a rear wall; and an internal cavity enclosed by the heel portion, the toe portion, the sole portion, the top portion, the front portion and the rear wall of the rear portion; an internal weight, made of a second material having a second density greater than the first density, wherein the internal weight is enclosed within the internal cavity; and a filler material, located within the internal cavity and interposed between the weight and the front portion; wherein: the filler material has a mass no more than 8 grams; the golf club head has an external club head volume ranging between 40 cc to 55 cc; the internal cavity has an internal cavity volume ranging between 5 cc to 20 cc; a ratio of the internal cavity volume to external club head volume ranges between 0.14 and 0.385; the internal cavity has a minimum front-to-back depth above a midplane of the golf club head of no less than 1.4 mm and a maximum front-to-back depth of the internal cavity above the midplane of the golf club head is no more than 13 mm; the midplane is located halfway between a maximum toe height and a ground plane when the club head is in a proper address position; no more than one external weight, defined as an object coupled to the body having a mass more than 3 grams, is located external to the interior cavity, the body further comprises a weight pocket, enclosed within the internal cavity; the internal weight is located within the weight pocket; and the weight pocket comprises a closed back side, a closed top side, a closed bottom side, and an open front side.
22. The iron-type golf club head according to claim 21, wherein a majority of the weight pocket is positioned toeward of a virtual vertical plane that is perpendicular to the ground plane, that bisects at least one of a plurality of scorelines formed in the strike face, and that is perpendicular to the strike face where the virtual vertical plane intersects with the strike face.
23. The iron-type golf club head according to claim 21, wherein the weight extends forwardly toward the front portion beyond the open front side of the weight pocket.
24. The iron-type golf club head according to claim 21, wherein the body further comprises: a back-constraining wall, formed in the sole portion and facing the front portion, an internal sole surface, extending forwardly from the back-constraining wall, wherein the internal weight contacts the internal sole surface: an upper-constraining wall, extending forwardly from the back-constraining wall and vertically offset from the internal sole surface; and a side-constraining wall, extending forwardly from the back-constraining wall at a heelward side of the back-constraining wall and adjoining the internal sole surface and the upper-constraining wall; wherein the weight pocket is defined by the back-constraining wall, the internal sole surface, the upper-constraining wall, and the side-constraining wall.
25. The iron-type golf club head according to claim 24, wherein the internal weight is made of a material having a density of at least 12 g/cc.
26. The iron-type golf club head according to claim 21, wherein the front portion further comprises: a face opening; and a strike plate comprising a sole wrap portion coupled to and enclosing the face opening.
27. The iron-type golf club head according to claim 26, wherein a thickness of the strike plate defining the strike face is less than or equal to 2.85 mm and greater than or equal to 1.1 mm.
28. The iron-type golf club head according to claim 26, wherein the strike plate comprises an internal surface, opposite the strike face, and a weld guide protruding from the internal surface and extending along, and offset to, an outer peripheral edge of the strike plate.
29. The iron-type golf club head according to claim 21, wherein the front portion further comprises: a face opening; and a strike plate comprising a top wrap portion coupled to and enclosing the face opening; wherein a thickness of the strike plate defining the strike face is less than or equal to 2.85 mm and greater than or equal to 1.1 mm.
30. The iron-type golf club head according to claim 21, wherein the mass of the filler material is no less than 2.5 grams.
31. 32. The iron-type golf club head according to claim 31, wherein the mass of the filler material is no less than 2.5 grams.
33. An iron-type golf club head, comprising: a body, made of a first material having a first density, wherein the body comprises: a heel portion; a toe portion; a sole portion; a top portion; a front portion, comprising a strike face; a rear portion, comprising a rear wall; and an internal cavity enclosed by the heel portion, the toe portion, the sole portion, the top portion, the front portion and the rear wall of the rear portion; an internal weight, made of a second material having a second density greater than the first density, wherein the internal weight is enclosed within the internal cavity such that no portion of the internal weight defines an exterior surface of the iron-type golf club head; and a filler material, located within the internal cavity and interposed between the weight and the front portion; wherein: a loft of the golf club head at a proper address position is less than 35 degrees; a maximum thickness of the strike face is less than or equal to 3.1 mm; a minimum thickness of the strike face is no less than 1.0 mm; an external volume of the golf club head is between 40 cc and 55 cc; the golf club head has a coefficient of restitution value greater than 0.79; the body further comprises a weight pocket, enclosed within the internal cavity; the weight pocket comprises a closed back side, a closed top side, a closed bottom side, and an open front side; and a maximum front-to-back depth proximate the topline portion of the internal cavity of the golf club is no more than 6 mm.
34. The iron-type golf club head according to claim 33, wherein: the front portion further comprises a face opening and a strike plate; the strike plate defines the strike face; the strike plate is coupled to and encloses the face opening; and the strike plate comprises a sole wrap portion that defines a part of the sole portion.
35. The iron-type golf club head according to claim 34, wherein a density of the filler material is between 0.21 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc) and 0.71 g/cc;
36. The iron-type golf club head according to claim 34, wherein the strike plate comprises a top wrap portion that defines a part of the top portion.
37. The iron-type golf club head according to claim 33, wherein the internal cavity has a sole portion, a central portion, and a topline portion, and a front-to-back depth of the internal cavity is maximum proximate the central portion.
38. The iron-type golf club head according to claim 33, wherein a maximum front-to-back depth proximate the topline portion of the internal cavity of the golf club is no more than 4.5 mm.
39. The iron-type golf club head according to claim 33, wherein the internal cavity has a minimum front-to-back depth above a midplane of the golf club head of no less than 1.0 mm, a first front-to-back depth proximate the midplane of the golf club head, a second front-to-back depth proximate a topline portion of the internal cavity of the golf club head, and a third front-to-back depth of the internal cavity located halfway in between the midplane of the golf club and the topline portion of the internal cavity, and the third front-to-back depth of the internal cavity may range between 55% to 195% of a maximum front-to-back internal cavity depth proximate the topline portion of the internal cavity.
40. The iron-type golf club head according to claim 39, wherein a ratio of the internal cavity volume to external club head volume ranges between 0.204 and 0.385.
41. The iron-type golf club head according to claim 40, wherein the filler material is a two-part polyurethane foam.
42. The iron-type golf club head according to claim 41, wherein a mass of the filler material is no more than 10 grams.
43. The iron-type golf club head according to claim 42, wherein the face material is a high strength steel having a tensile strength of no less than 570 MPa, and a maximum face thickness is no more than 2.85 mm and a minimum face thickness is no less than 1.1 mm..
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French-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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Recueil général des lois, décrets et arrêtés ...
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None
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French
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Spoken
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D'après ce dernier article, s'il y a contravention, le vendeur est responsable de l'amende; il peut, en outre, être poursuivi en paiement du droit simple, sauf son recours contre l'acheteur ou le consommateur. L'art. 24 de la loi du 31 décembre 1917 porte que la taxe doit être versée « lors du paiement total ou partiel du prix ». Il convient d'observer-que ce n'est pas la vente qui constitue le fait générateur de l'impôt, mais bien le paiement du prix. Par conséquent, lorsque le prix est payé par acomptes, le versement du premier acompte n'entraîne pas nécessairement l'exigibilité immédiate de la taxe sur la totalité du prix. La taxe ne devient exigible qu'au fur et à mesure du versement des acomptes,, et elle n'est due, chaque fois, que sur le montant de l'acompte réellement versé. Mode de paiement de la taxe. — Au sujet du mode de paiement de la nouvelle taxe, la loi du 31 décembre 1917 dispose : 1° Dans l'art. 24, que « la perception de la taxe sera constatée dans les conditions prescrites par un règlement d'administration publique » ; 2° Dans J'art. 25, que « le règlement d'administration publique prévu à l'art. 21 déterminera les lieux et les époques du-versement de l'impôt au bureau administratif compétent, la forme des quittances à délivrer, ainsi que toutes les mesures nécessaires pour l'exécution des dispositions contenues dans le présent article et dans les art.^3 et 24 ». En présence de ces textes, il a paru qu'il y avait lieu de donner aux commerçants la faculté, soit d'apposer des (1) i, En ce qui concerne les paiements dans le commerce de détail, a dit M. le Rapporteur général, il pourrait se produire une équivoque; l'art. 39 de la Chambre dispose, eu effet, que le paiement du prix de vente au détail ou à la consommation de toutes marchandises, denrées, fournilures, etc., lorsque ce prix dépasse 150 fr., est passible d'une taxe de 20 centimes par 100 fr. ou fraction de 100 fr. « Dans l'esprit de la Commission des finances, —je fais appel à M. le Ministre des Finances et à l'Administration elle-même,il ne s'agit pas du prix unitaire. « Notre honorable collègue (M. Perchot) a cru que la taxe était due sur le prix de chaque objet séparément : c'est une erreur; elle est due sur la totalité du paiement. C'est ainsi que l'acheteur de trois chapeaux à 100 fr. payera 300 fr. Sommes-nous d'accord, Monsieur le Ministre? « M. le Ministre des Finances. — Par/ faitement. » N. B. — Au moment où cet exemple a été donné, les chapeaux de 100 fr:-' n'étaient pas encore classés comm-e objets de luxe. Ils le sont aujourd'hui timbres mobiles sur les quittances délivrées aux acheteurs, soit d'encaisser eux-mêmes la taxe pour en faire compte au Trésor à des époques périodiques. Quel que soit le mode de paiement adopté, il demeure bien entendu que toutes les ventes donnant ouverture à la taxe seront inscrites sur le livre spécial dont la tenue est prescrite par l'art. 25, :t"r § de la loi du 31 décembre 1917, ainsi conçu : « Le commerçant est tenu de représenter, tant au siège de son principal établissement que dans ses agences ou succursales, aux agents de l'enregistrement et à tous autres agents spéciaux des finances, un livre .spécial dont la forme sera déterminée par un règlement d'administration publique. » Un modèle du livre spécial sera annexé au règlement à intervenir. En attendant, et à partir dui2 avril 1918, les eommercants qui n'auront pas un livre. spécial pourront faire usage de leurs livres de recettes habituels, à la condition d'y ajouter deux oolonnes spéciales destinées à recevoir l'inscription" pour chaque achat, du montant des taxes perçues, soit à 20 centimes par 100 fr. soit à 10 p. 100. 1" mode de paiement (paiement par apposition, de timbres mobiles). — Les commerçants rrui voudront faire usage de timbres.mobiles emploieront les timbres créés pour l'exécution de l'art. 19 de la loi du 31 décembre 1917. Les quotités de ces timbres sont indiquées au paragraphe 1 ci-dessus. Tous les bureaux d'enregistrement et débits auxiliaires de papier timbré en seront approvisionnés. En même temps que les timbres mobiles, il sera délivré aux commercants des estampilles de contrôle en nombre égal à celui de-s timbres débités et pour des quotités égales. Les estampilles de contrôle seront délivrées gratuitement. Il ne pourra être remis d'estampilles de contrôle que pour une valeur équivalente à celles des timbres débitès. Les timbres mobiles seront apposés sur l'écrit, signé ou non signé, remis par le vendeur à l'acheteur pour valoir quittance (1). Simultanément, le commerçant appo sera sur son livre spécial ou sur les livres qui en tiendront lieu, en regard de l'inscription constatant le paiement, les estampilles de contrôle correspondant aux timbres employés. Si l'acheteur ne réclame pas de quittance, le vendeur devra apposer en même temps, sur son livre spécial ou sur les livres en tenant lieu, le timbre mobile qui aurait dû figurer sur la quittance et l'estampille de contrôle correspondant à ce timbre. En d'autres termes, le timbre mobile et l'estampille correspondante ne peuvent, en raison des nécessités du contrôle, être utilisés isolément. Si le timbre-quittance n'est pas apposé sur un écrit délivré à l'acheteur, il est nécessaire de faire emploi de ce timbre en l'apposant sur le livre spécial à côté de l'estampille correspondante (2). Les timbres mobiles et les estampilles de contrôle seront immédiatement oblitérés par l'apposition, à l'encre noire, en travers du timbre et de l'estampille, de la signature du commerçant et de la date de l'oblitération. Ainsi qu'il a été admis pour l'ancien timbre de quittance par l'art. 2 du décret du 27 novembre 1871, cette signature pourra être remplacée par une griffe à l'encre grasse, faisant connaître le nom ou la raison sociale du commerçant, sa résidence, et la date de l'oblitération. L'emploi de cette griffe demeure soumis aux prescriptions qui sont actuellement en vigueur en matière de timbre de quittance. Lorsque l'article vendu sera rendu ou échangé, la taxe sera remboursée par le vendeur à l'acheteur, puis restituée au vendeur par l'Administration. La restitution à effectuer au vendeur aura lien contre la remise à l'Administration, de la quittance dûment timbrée et sur l'attestation, par le vendeur, que la taxe remboursée par lui à l'acheteur est inscrite, avec mention de la page et toutes autres indications nécessaires, sur le livre spécial ou sur les livres de x recettes qui en tiennent lieu. 21 mode de paiement (paiemenl en compte avec le Trésor). —Les cümmerçants qui préféreront user du second mode de paiement devront, au préa (1) Il est rappelé que, d'après l'art. 2 du décret du 20 janvier 1915, le droit de timbre peut être acquitté par l'emploi de un ou de plusieurs timbres mobiles. (2) Il ne sera peut-être pas possible, dès le début de l'application de la loi, de délivrer des estampilles de contrôle correspondant aux diverses catégories de timbres créés pour la perception de la taxe de 20 centimes par 100 fr. En attendant, les commerçants apposeront le timbre mobile lui-même sur le livre spécial ou les livres en tenant lieu et mentionneront cette formalité, avec les références nécessaires, sur la quittance qui pourra être délivrée. lable, s'y faire autoriser par le directeur départemental de l'enregistrement à qui ils adresseront une demande à cet effet (1 ). La demande pourra être écrite sur papier non timbré. Le directeur statuera sans délai. La demande devra en principe être accueillie, à moins qu'il ne puisse en résulter des inconvénients pour le Trésor; elle pourra, toutefois, être révoquée pour abus de nature à compromettre la perception de l'impôt. Sous cette réserve, elle sera valable jusqu'à décision contraire, qui serait notifiée à l'intéressé trois mois à l'avance. Le commerçant qui aura reçu l'autorisation dont il s'agit percevra sous sa responsabilité, pour le compte du Trésor, la taxe exigible. La quittance remise à l'acheteur sera, dans ce cas, dispensée de l'apposition du timbre mobile. Elle sera revêtue d'une mention imprimée en caractères très apparents, ainsi conçue : « Taxe payée sur extraits en compte avec le Trésor. » Indépendamment de cette mention, il sera apposé sur la quittance, aux lieu et place du timbre mobile, une griffe à l'encre grasse, faisant connaître : 1° Le nom ou la raison sociale du commerçant, ainsi que sa résidence; 20 La date de l'oblitération; 3° Le montant de la taxe perçue; 4° Le numéro de la caisse qui a reçu le paiement, si le commerçant utilise plusieurs caisses ; 3° Le numéro sous lequel l'article ou les articles vendus sont inscrits sur le livre spécial ou sur les livres de recettes en tenant lieu. Le modèle de la griffe devra, avant tout usage, être approuvé par le directeur. A cet effet, le commerçant: soumettra au directeur départemental de l'Enregistrement par une simple lettre écrite sur papier non timbré, l'empreinte à l'encre grasse de la griffe à employer. A la date du dernier jour de chaque mois, le commerçant établira un extrait du livre spécial ou des livres de recettes qui en tiendront lieu. Cet extrait, certifié parle commerçant, fera connaître 1° Le. montant de la taxe perçue du premier au dernier jour du mois, inclusivement; 20 Le montant de la taxe remboursée pendant le même laps de temps à raison des rendus ou échanges dont il sera justifié ; 3° La balance entre la taxe perçue et la taxe remboursée. L'extrait sera déposé dans les dix premiers jours de chaque mois au bureau de l'enregistrement de la résidence du commerçant. A Paris et dans les villes où il existe plusieurs bureaux d'enregistrement, le dépôt de l'extrait sera effectué dans le ou les bureaux qui seront incessamment désignés à cet effet. Le dépôt sera accompagné du versement de la taxe perçue d'après les indications de l'extrait, sous la déduction de la taxe applicable aux rendus et échanges. Si, au cours du mois, aucune inscription ne figure sur lé livre spécial ou sur les livres ou carnets de recettes qui en tiennent lieu, l'extrait qui devra être remis au bureau de l'Enregistrement portera la mention : « Néant ». Si, par suite des vérifications opérées ultérieurement par le commerçant, des erreurs ou omissions sont constatées, la taxe se rapportant à ces erreurs ou omissions fera l'objet d'un état spécial et déta,il'é indiquant les différences en plus ou en moins. Cet état sera déposé au bureau de l'Enregistrement en même temps que l'extrait s'appliquant au mois pendant lequel les erreurs ou omissions auront été reconnues. Toutes les règles qui précèdent sont applicables aux agences et succursales' qui devront, aux époques indiquées, effectuer, pour toutes les opérations les concernant, la production des extraits, accompagnée, s'il y a lieu, du versement de la taxe. ' Quant aux dispositions des art. 25 et 26 de la loi 'tu 31 décembre,1917, qui sont d'une application courante, elles n'appellent pour le moment aucun commentaire. § III. — TAXE SUR LES DÉPENSES DE LUXE. (Art. 27 et 28 de laloidu31 décembre 1911.) Sont considérées comme dépenses. de luxe 1° Le paiement des marchandises, denrées, fournitures ou objets quelconques offerts au détail ou à la consommation., sous quelque forme et dans quelque condition que ce soit, par un commerçant ou par un non-commerçant, si ces marchandises, denrées, fournitures ou objets sont classés comme étant de l11Xe (art. 27 de la loi du 31 décembre 1917); 2° Les dépenses afférentes à la consom (1) A Paris, il existe deux directions départementales l'une pour la ville, et l'autre pour la banlieue. La première a son siège rue de la Banque, n° 13, et la deuxième, même rue, n° 9. maiion sur place de boissons et denrées alimentaires quelconques, lorsqu'elles seront effectuées dans un établissement qui, en raison de la catégprie de sa clientèle, de son mode d'exploitation, de l'élévation de ses prix de base et de son importance sur la place, peut être considéré comme établissement de luxe (al't. 28, § 1er, de la loi du 31 décembre 1917). Le paiement de ces dépenses, qu'elles appartiennent à la première ou à la seconde catégorie, est frappé d'une taxe de 10 p. 100 qui est perçue au moment du paiement, sans addition de décimes. Cette taxe est à la charge de l'acheteur au consommateur. Mais, comme en matière de paiements commerciaux, le vendeur doit veiller à ce qu'elle soit régulièrement acquittée, sous peine d'encourir l'amende de 6 p. 100 (7 fr. 50 p. 100 avec les décides) prononcée par l'art. 26 de la loi «lu 31 décembre 1917, sans préjudice d'une majoration de 25 p. 100 à chaque récidive. J1 fait observer que la perception de la taxe de 10 p. 100 exclut celle de la. taxe de 20 centimes par 100 fr., les deux taxes ne pouvant ni se cumuler, ni se superposer. La désignation des marchandises, denrées, fournitures ou objets de luxe visés à l'art. 27, 1er paragraphe, de la loi du 31 décembre 1917 sera faite par une loi qui sera notifiée par une instruction ultérieure. Quant au classement des établissements à considérer comme établissements de luxe, il doit être opéré, d'après les paragraphes 2 à 6 de l'art. 28 de la loi du 31 décembre 1917, par des commissions de département et une commission supérieure dont les conditions de fonctionnement sont déterminées par un décret du 5 février 1918, publié au Journal officiel du lendemain. Les directeurs ne manqueront pas de fournir aux intéressés tons les renseignements utiles à ce sujet. Dispositions spéciales aux ventes de marchandises, denrées, fournitures ou objets de luxe. Obligations dlf vendeur commerçant. — D'après l'art. 27, 4e paragraphe, de la loi du 31 décembre 1917, « toute transaction portant sur une marchandise ou un objet de luxe, quel qu'en soit le prix, est obligatoirement constatée, lorsque le vendeur est commerçant, par l'inscription sur un livre de commerce agréé par l'Administration »., Ce livre pourra être, au choix du commerçant,-soit le livre spécial prévu à l'art. 25 de la loi (F. § II, ci-dessus), soit tel autre livre de commerce qui présentera les garanties nécessaire® et sera agréé par le directeur du département. Obligations du vendeur non commer çant. — Le vendeur non commençant n'est pas ^évidemment tenu d'inscrire la vente sur un livre spécial. Mais le même article, même paragraphe, de la loi du 31 décembre 1917 lui fait une obligation absolue de « délivrer une quittance ». Le vendeur non commercant devra donc délivrer une quittance, -même si le prix de la vente, au lieu d'être payé en espèces, est acquitté au moyen d'un chèque, d'une lettre de change, d'un billet à ordre ou de tout autre "effet de commerce. Mode de paiement de la taxe. — En ce qui concerne le mode de paiement de la taxe, l'art. 27, 5e paragraphe, de la loi du 31 décembre 1917 se réfère aux art. 24 et 25 dont toutes les dispositions sont , déclarées applicables à la taxe de 10 p. 100. Par conséquent, le vendeur commerçant peut, à son choix, user de l'un ou de ' l'autre des deux modes de paiement prévus au paragraphe Il ci-dessus. Il sera créé pour la perception de la taxe de 10 p. 100 des timbres spéciaux à 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 centimes; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 1.000, 1000, 3.000, 4.000 et 5.000 fr. Il sera également créé des estampilles de contrôle correspondant à chacune de ces quotités. Tous les bureaux d'enregistrement seront approvisionnés de ces timbres et estampilles. Cas spécial de vente publique. — L'art. 27, 3e paragraphe, de la loi du 31 décembre 1917 dispose qu'en cas de vente publique, le droit d'enregistrement perçu sur le procès-verbal sera porté à 10 p. 100 du prix des marchandises et objets de luxe, mais que cette majoration ne sera pas appliquée dans le cas de vente par licitation forcée. Il suit de là que la taxe de 10 p. 100, en tant que taxe spéciale, n'est pas perçue dans le cas de vente publique ; c'est, en effet, le droit d'enregistrement sur l'adjudication qui se trouve porté par le texte nouveau de 2,50 p. 100 à 10 p. 100; Toutefois, en cas de vente par licitation forcée, est-il -dit dans l'article, le procès-verbal d'adjudication reste soumis au droit d'enregistrement de 2,50 p. 100 sans aucune majoration. Il a été entendu, au cours des travaux préparatoires de la loi, que le mot CI licitation » ne devait pas être interprété restrictivement, et que la faveur de la loi s'étendait à toutes les ventes forcées, telles que les ventes après faillite ou après saisie-exécution, les ventes de biens de mineurs, etc. Il faut observer, en outre, que la perception de la taxe de 10 p. 100 exclut à la fois la perception de la taxe de 20 centimes par 100 fr. et celle de l'ancien droit de timbre de quittance. Cette règle est applicable, que l'adjudicataire requière ou non, au moment de l'adjudication, la délivrance d'un bordereau ou quittance. Mais il est essentiel d'observer que la taxe de 20 centimes par 100 fr. resterait due sur le bordereau ou quittance qui porterait non seulement sur des objets de luxe, mais encore sur des objets n'ayant pas ce caractère Dans ce cas, la taxe de 20 centimes par 100 fr. serait perçue sur le prix des objets qui n'auraient pas supporté la taxe de 10 p. 100. 'A cet effet, le bordereau ou la quittance devront distinguer très nettement, dans les colonnes spéciales, le prix des objets de chaque catégorie. Dispositions spéciales autr dépenses afférentes au logement el à la consommation sur place de boissons ou denrées alimentaires dans les établissements classés comme établissements de luxe. L'art. 28, 9, paragraphe, de la loi du 31 décembre 1011 déclare applicables à la nouvelle taxe toutes les dispositions des art. 24, 25 et 26. Les agents auront donc à suivre toutes les prescriptions du paragraphe Il ci-dessus, notamment en ce qui concerne le livre spécial prévu à l'art. 25 de la loi. Toutefois, il n'a pas paru possible d'appliquer aux établissements de luxe visés par l'art. 28 le système du timbre mobile. Ce système entraînerait, en effet, de trop grandes complications. En conséquence, le paiement de la taxe s'effectuera uniquement sur extraits, en compte avec le Trésor. § lY. — DISPOSITIONS COMMUNES A'C X PARAGRAPHES II ET III. Les art. 23 et 2i de la loi du 31 décembre 1917 ne visent que la vente au détail ou à la consommation. Les nouvelles taxes ne frappent donc que les achats fait directement par le client ou le consommateur pour ses besoins personnels. Elles ne s'appliquent pas aux ventes faites à un commerçant pour les besoins de son commerce (Conf. déclaration de M. le Ministre des Finances devant la Chambre des députés), Ces ventes seront, pour les besoins du contrôle, inscrites, comme les ventes ordinaires, sur le livre spécial dont la tenue est prescrite par l'art. 25. Mais le commerçant acheteur pourra être atfran1 chi de la taxe, s'il produit certaines justifications qui seront déterminées par le règlement d'administration publique. En attendant ce règlement, voici les règles qui seront provisoirement suivies : Le commerçant qui achètera à un autre commercànt vendant au détail ou à un non-commerçant des marchandises, denrées, fournitures ou objets quelconques devra acquitter la taxe, à moins qu'il ne produise au vendeur un écrit attestant sous sa responsabilité : 1° Qu'il est soumis à l'impôt annuel établi par les art. 2 à 12 de la loi du 31 juillet 1917 sur les bénéfices des professions commerciales et industrielles ou qu'il se trouve dans l'un des cas d'exonération prévus à l'art. 13 de ladite loi; 2° Qu'il achète pour son propre compte ; 3° Que les marchandises, denrées, fournitures ou objets vendus sont exclusivement destinés à l'exercice de son commerce ; 4° Que les marchandises achetées sont destinées à être vendues, transformées ou non, et doivent à ce moment supporter la taxe de 10 p. 100. L'attestation porte le nom et l'adresse de l'acheteur ainsi que sa signature. Cette exception n'est pas applicable aux achats faits dans les ventés' publiques qui sont soumises en vertu de l'art. 27, 3e paragraphe, de la loi du 31 décembre 1917, à un droit d'enregistrement de 10 p. 100. Les paiements afférents aux marchandises, denrées, fournitures ou objets quelconques vendus à un commerçant, dans les conditions qui viennent d'être spécifiées, sont inscrits sur le livre spécial ou sur les livres qui en tiennent lieu. L'inscription sera émargée d'une mention ainsi conçue « Exemption. — Vente à un commerçant. — Attestation jointe.» La quittance à délivrer par le vendeur non commerçant en vertu de l'art. 27, 4° paragraphe, de la lui du 31 décembre 1917. devra, lorsqu'elle sera remise à un commerçant profitant de la nQJl-imposition, reproduire les mentions de l'attestation susvisée. Point de départ de l'application de la loi. — Le législateur a prévu que les nouvelles taxes seraient exigibles trois mois après la promulgation de la loi. La loi ayant été promulguée au Journal officiel du 1er janvier 1918, c'est donc à partir du 2 avril 1918 inclusivement que les nouvelles taxes seront appliquées. Ainsi qu'on l'a fait observer, c'est le paiement qui constitue le fait générateur de l'impôt. Par conséquent, tous les paiements qui seront effectués à partir du 2 avril 1918 inclusivement devront, quand ils rentreront dans la catégorie des paiements visés par la loi du 31 décembre 1917, être assujettis aux nouvelles taxes, quelle que soit la date de la créance ou de la vente. Dispositions d'ordre général. — Il est recommandé aux directeurs, ainsi qu'aux agents de tous ordres, de s'inspirer des instructions qui leur sont actuellement transmises pour fournir aux personnes qui les consulteraientles renseignements et explications de nature à éclairer complètement le public et les commerçants sur l'étendue de leurs nouvelles obligations. * Au cours de la discussion de la loi, M. le Ministre des Finances a indiqué, à différentes reprises, que la loi serait appliquée avec tact et ménagement, Les directeurs et les agents de tous ordres ne perdront pas de vue' cette recommandation; ils s'efforceront, tout en tenant scrupuleuse ment la main à l'exacte perception de l'impôt, d'accorder au public et aux commercants toutes les facilités compatibles avec les intérêts du Trésor. Les directeurs auront soin de faire immédiatement déposer des exemplaires de la présente Instruction à la préfecture, dans les sous-préfectures etau siège des chambres de commerce. Chaque bureau d'enregistrement sera approvisionné d'un certain nombre d exemplaires supplémentaires qui seront mis à la disposition des personnes désireuses de les consulter. < * SYNDICATS DE COMMUNES LOI du 13 novembre 1917, modifiant la loi du 5 avril 1884, complétée par la loi du 22 mars 1890, sur les syndicats de communes. (J. 0. du 16 novembre 191".) I Article unique. — Le titre VIII de la loi du 5 avril 1884, complétée par la loi du 22 mars 1890 sur les syndicats de communes, est modifié par les dispositions ci-après, qui abrogent et complètent les art. 169 et suivants de ce titre : « Art. 169. — Lorsque les conseils municipaux de deux ou de plusieurs communes d'un même département ont fait connaître, par des délibérations concordantes, leur volante d'associer les communes qu'ils représentent pour des œuvres d'utilité intercommunale, et qu'ils ont décidé de consacrer à cette œuvre les ressources suffisantes, les délibérations prises sont soumises au préfet, qui, sur l'avis du Conseil général, décide s'il y a lieu d'autoriser, dans le département, la création du syndicat. « En cas de refus, la décision du préfet peut être déférée au Conseil d'Etat par les conseils municipaux intéressés. « Des communes du même département, autres que celles primitivement associées, peuvent être admises, avec le consentement de celles-ci, et suivant les règles ci-dessus prescrites, à faire partie de l'association qui prend le nom de syndicat de communes. « D'autres communes appartenant à des départements limitrophes peuvent, par un décret rendu en Conseil d'Etat, être admises, du consentement des communes associées, à faire partie du syndical. « Art. 170. — Sans changement. « Art. 171. Le syndicat est administré par un comité. A moins de dispositions contraires confirmées par la décision d'institution, ce comité est constitué d'après les règles suivantes : les membres sont élus par ^ les -conseils municipaux des communes intéressées. Chaque commune est représentée dans le comité par deux délégués. Le choix du Conseil municipal peut porter sur tout citoyen réunissant les conditions .requises pour faire partie d'un conseil municipal. Les délégués sont élus au scrutin secret et à la majorité absolue; si, après deux tours de scrutin, aucun candidat n'a obtenu la majorité absolue, il est procédé à un troisième tour, et l'élection a lieu à la majorité relative. En cas d'égalité des suffrages, le plus âgé est déclaré élu. Les délégués du Conseil municipal suivent le sort de cette assemblée quant à la durée de leur mandat; mais en cas de suspension, de dissolution du Conseil municipal ou de démission de tous les membres en exercice, ce mandat est continué jusqu'à la nomination des délégués par le nouveau conseil. Les délégués sortants sont rééligibles. En cas de vacances parmi les délégués, par suite de décès, démission ou toute autre cause, le Conseil municipal pourvoit au remplacement dans le délai d'un mois. Si un conseil, après mise en demeure du préfet, néglige ou refuse de nommer les délégués, le maire et le premier adjoint représentent la commune dans le comité du syndicat. « Art. 172. — La commune siège du syndicat est fixée sur la proposition des communes syndiquées par la décision prise dans les conditions de l'art. 169. Les règles de la comptabilité des communes s'appliquent à la comptabilité des syndicats. A moins de dispositions contraires contlrmées par la décision d'institution, les fonctions de receveur du syndicat sont exercées par le receveur municipal de la commune siège du syndicat. « Art. 773.— Le comité tient chaque année deux sessions ordinaires un mois avant les sessions ordinaires du Conseil général. « Il peut être convoqué extraordinairement par son président qui devra avertir le préfet trois jours au moins avant la réunion. « Le président est obligé de convoquer le comité soit sur l'invitation du préfet, soit sur la demande de la moitié au moins des membres du comité. « Le comité élit annuellement, parmi ses membres, les membres de son bureau. « Il peut renvoyer au bureau le règlement de certaines affaires et lui conférer, à cet effet, une délégation dont il tixe les limites. A l'ouverture de chaque session ordinaire du comité, le bureau lui rend compte de ses travaux. « Pour l'exécution de ses décisions et pour ester en justice, le comité est représente par son président, sous réserve des délégations facultatives autorisées par l'art. 1 îb. « Le préfet et le soue-préfet ont entrée dans le comité et, le cas échéant, au bureau. Ils sont toujours entendus quand ils le demandent. Ils peuvent se faire représenter par un délégué. « Art. 174. — Les conditions de validité des délibérations du comité et, le cas échéant, du bureau, procédant par délégation du comité, de l'ordre et de la tenue des séances, sauf en ce qui concerne la publicité, les conditions d'annulation de ses délibérations, de nullité de droit et de recours, sont celles que fixe la loi du 5 avril 1884 pour les conseils muni cipaux^ « A t. 175 (ancien art. 176). — Sans changement. « Art. 176. — Le budget du syndicat pourvoit aux dépenses de création et d'entretien des établissements ou services pour lesquels le syndicat est constitué. « Les recettes de ce budget comprennent : « 1° La contribution des communes associées. Cette contribution est obligatoire pour lesdites communes pendant la durée de l'association et dans la limite des nécessités du service telle que les délibérations initiales des conseils municipaux l'ont déterminée. « Les communes associées .pourront affecter à cette dépense leurs ressources ordinaires ou extraordinaires disponibles. « Elles sont, èn outre, autorisées à voter, à cet elfet, cinq centimes spéciaux ; « 2° Le revenu des biens, meubles ou immeubles de l'association; « 30 Les sommes qu'elle reçoit des administrations publiques, des associatiolJs, des particuliers en échange d'un service rendu; « 4° Les subventions de l'Etat, du département et des communes; « 5° Les produits des dons ou legs. « Copie de ce budget et des comptes du syndicat sera adressée chaque année aux conseils municipaux des communes syndiquées. Les conseillers municipaux de ces communes pourront prendre communication des procès-verbaux des délibérations du comité et de celles du bureau. « Art. 177. — Le syndicat peut organiser des scryicf's intercommllnaux autres que ceux prévus à la décision d'institution, lorsque les conseils municipaux des communes * associées se sont mis d'accord pour ajouter ces services aux objets de l'association primitive. L'extension des attributions du syndicat doit être autorisé par décision rendue dans la même forme que la décision d'institution. Art. 178. — Le syndicat est formé, soit à perpétuité, soit pour une durée déterminée par la décision d'institution. Il est dissous, soit de plein droit par-l'expiration du temps pour lequel il a été formé ou par la consommation de l'opération qu'il avait pour objet, soit par le consentement de' tous les conseils munici'paux intéressés. Il peut être dissous, soit par décret sur la demande motiv-ée de la majorité desdits conseils et l'avis de la commission départementale, soit d'office par un décret rendu sur l'avis conforme du Conseil général et du Conseil d'Etat. Le décret de dissolution détermine, sous la réserve des droits des tiers, les conditions dans lesquelles s'opère la liquidation du syndicat. « Art. 179. — Les dispositions du présent titre sont applicables à l'Algérie et aux colonies. « Les attributions exercées en France et en Algérie par les préfets seront, dans les colonies, conférées aux gouverneurs. » ÉTABLISSEMENTS DANGEREUX, . INSALUBRES ET INCOMMODES LOI du 19 décembre 1917, relative aux établissements dangereux, insalubres ou incommodes. (J. 0. du 21 décembre 1917.) TITRE ler * DISPOSITIONS GÉNÉRALES Art. le,,. — Les manufactures, ateliers, usines, magasins, chantiers et tous établissements industriels ou commerciaux qui présentent des causes de danger ou des inconvénients, soit pour la sécurité, la salu brité ou la commodité du voisinage, soit pour la santé publique, soit encore pour l'agriculture, sont soumis à la surveillance de l'autorité administrative dans les conditions déterminées par la présente loi. 2. — Ces établissements sont divisés en trois classes, suivant les dangers ou la gravité des inconvénients inhérents à leur exploitation. 3. — La lre classe comprend les établissements qui doivent être éloignés des habitations. La 2C. classe comprend ceux dont l'éloignement des habitations n'est pas rigoureusement nécessaire, mais dont l'exploitation ne peut être autorisée qu'à la condition que des mesures soient prises pour prévenir les dangers ou les incommodités visés à l'art. 1er. Dans la 3e classe, sont placés les établissements qui, ne présentant d'i n-convénientgrave, ni pour le voisinage, ni pour la santé publique, sont seu-lement soumis à des prescriptions générales édictées dans l'intérêt du voisinage ou de la santé publique pour tous les établissements similaires. 4. — Les établissements rangés dans la lre ou la 2° classe ne peuvent être ouverts sans une autorisation délivrée pa:r le préfet, sur la demande des intéressés. Les établissements ds la 3e classe doivent faire l'objet, avant leur ouverture, d'une déclaration écrite adressée au préfet. 5. — Les industries auxquelles s'appliquera la présente loi et le classement de chacune d'elles seront déterminés par un décret rendu en Conseil d'Etat, après avis du Conseil supéiieur d'hygiène publique de France et du Comité consultatif des arts et manufactures, sur la proposition du ministre du Commerce et de l'Industrie. Les classements qui deviendront nécessaires après la publication du décretprévu au paragraphe précédent seront prononcés daus les mêmes formes. 6. — Un règlement d'administration publique, sur le rapport du ministre du Commerce et de l'Industrie, après avis du Conseil supérieur d'hy giène publique de France et du Comité consultatif des arts et manufactures, déterminera les conditions d'application de la présente loi et, notamment, la forme des demandes d'autorisation et des déclarations, avec indication des divers renseignements ou plans à produire à l'appui. TITRE Il " DISPOSITIONS APPLICABLES AUX ÉTABLISSEMENTS SÔU.MIS A L'AUTORISATION 7. — La demande d'autorisation d'un établissement de lre classe fait l'objet d'une enquête de commodo et incommodo ouverte pendant un mois. L'ouverture de cette enquête est annoncée, parles soins du maire et aux frais de l'industriel, par des affiches qui indiquent la nature de l'industrie, la classe à laquelle elle appartient, l'emplacement sur lequel l'exploitation doit avoir lieu, la date de l'ouverture et la durée de l'enquête, désignent le commissaire enquêteur et font connaître enfin : 1° si les eaux résiduaires de l'établissementdoivent être déversées, après épuration ou non, dans un cours d'eau, dans des égouts autorisés, ou dans des puits absorbants, naturels ou artificiels; 2° si les eaux résiduaires doivent servir à l'irrigation, auquel cas la servitude d'aqueduc sera appliquée et réglée par la loi du 29 avril 1845. Le rayon d'affichage, qui ne devra pas dépasser 5 kilomètres, sera déterminé, pour chaque industrie, par les règlements d'administration publique portant classement. 8. — Le Conseil municipal de la commune où un établissement de lre classe doit fonctionner est appelé à formuler son avis. A défaut par lui de se prononcer dans le délai d'un mois, il est passé outre. 9. — La demande d'autorisation d'un établissement de 2e classe est soumise à une enquête de commodo et incommodo ouverte, pendant quinze jours, dans la commune où cet établissement doit fonctionner. Des affiches contenant les indications énumérées au deuxième paragraphe de l'art. 7 sont apposées, par les soins du maire et aux frais de l'industriel, à la mairie et dans le voisinage de l'établissement projeté, même en dehors dit territoire communal, s'il y a lieu. 10. — Après laclôture del'enquête, le commissaire enquêteur convoque, dans la huitaine, l'industriel et lui communique sur place les Observations écrites ou orales consignées dans son procès-verbal, en l'inyitant à produire, dans un délai maximum, de quinze jours, un mémoire en réponse. Le commissaire enquèteur rédige, dans la huitaine suivante, un avis motivé et envoie le dossier de l'affaire au préfet. Le préfet prend l'avis de la Commission sanitaire locale du service de l'inspection' des établissements classés et de l'inspection du travail, et, s'il y a lieu, des autres services intéressés, notamment du service chargé de la police des eaux dans le cas où les eaux résiduaires provenant de l'établissement projeté doivent être évacuées dans un cours d'eau ou écoulées dans des puits absorbants^ naturels ou artificiels ; enfin il statue sur un rapport -du Conseil départemental d'hygiène dans un délai maximum de trois mois à partir du jour où le dossier de l'enquête lui a été transmis. En cas d'impossibilité de statuer dans ce délai, le préfet, v par un arrêté motivé, fixera un nouveau délai. Si l'établissement proj eLé comprend plusieurs industries classées, il est procédé à une seule enquête dans les formes indiquées pour la classe la plus élevée. Un seul arrêté préfectoral statue sur l'ensemble. Lorsque le conseil départemental d'hygiène sera saisi de questions se rapportant à la réglementation des établissements classés, il lui sera adjoint: 1° Un fonctionnaire chargé de la surveillance des établissements classés dans le département; 2° Un représentant du ministère des Travaux publics et un représen; tant du ministère de l'Agriculture, chargés de la police des eaux dansje département; , 3° Un délégué de la Chambre de commerce. i  L'industriel en cause aura la faculté de se faire entendre, par le Conseil ' d'hygiène ou de déléguer à cet effet un mandataire. Les conclusions du Conseil d'hygiène sont portées par le préfet à la connaissance de l'industriel, auquel un délai de huit jours. est accordé pour présenter, s'il y a lieu, ses observinions au préfet par écrit, soit directement, soit par mandataire. 11. — L'arrêté préfectoral d'autorisation fixe les conditions jugées indispensables pour la protection des intérêts mentionnés à l'art. lcv. Des arrêtés complémentaires, pris dans les mêmes formes et soumis aux mêmes conditions de publication que les arrêtés d'autorisation, peuvent imposer ultérieurement toutes les mesures que la sauvegarde des intérêts mentionnés à l'art. 11, rend nécessaires ou atténuer celles des prescriptions primitives dont le maintien n'est plus justifié. Les conditions ainsi fixées ne peuvent, en aucun cas, ni à aucune époque, faire obstacle à l'application des dispositions édictées par le livre II du ^* -Code du travail et les décrets' réglementaires pris en exécution dudit livre, dans l'intérêt de l'hygiène et de la sécurité des travailleurs, ni être opposées aux mesures qui pourraient ■être régulièrement ordonnées dans ce but. Ces dispositions sont rappelées, pour chaque établissement, suivant la nature de l'industrie exercée, dans un titre spécial de l'arrêté d'autorisation. Il est procédé, par le service de l'inspection du travail, dès l'origine de l'instruction, à l'examen du plan produit à l'appui de la demande. Si cet examen fait apparaître que les dispositions matérielles projetée s pour l'établissement ne répondent pas à tout ou partie des prescriptions édictées par les lois et décrets sur l'hygiène et la sécurité des travailleurs, le préfet, après avoir pris l'avis de l'inspecteur divisionnaire du travail, surseoit, par arrêté motivé, à la délivrance de l'autorisation, jusqu'à ce que le plan ait été modifié de manière à satisfaire à ces prescriptions. Cet arrêté est notifié à l'intéressé. 12. — Les autorisations sont accordées sous réserve des droits des tiers. 13. — Un extrait de l'arrêté préfectoral, énumérant les conditions auxquelles l'autorisation est accordée et faisant connaître qu'une copie dudit arrêté est déposée aux archives de la mairie et mise à la disposition de tout intéressé, est affich é à la porte de la mairie ou, à Paris, du commissariat de police et inséré, par les soins du maire et aux frais de l'industriel, dans un journal d'annonces légales du département. Le préfet dresse procès-verbal de l'accomplissement de cette double formalité. 14. — Les arrêtés préfectoraux d'autorisation, de refus de surseoir à la délivrance d'autorisation ou d'ajournement'à statuer, ceux imposant des conditions nouvelles ou portant atténuation des prescriptions déjà édictées peuvent être déférés au conseil de préfecture : 1° par les industriels, dans un délai de deux mois qui commence à courir du jour où les arrêtés leur ont été notifiés; 2° par les tiers ou par les municipalités intéressées, en raison des dangers ou des inconvénients que le fonctionnement de l'établissement présente pour le voisinage, à moins qu'ils ne puissent être présumés avoir renoncé à l'exercice de ce droit. Les tiers qui n'ont acquis des immeubles, n'en ont pris à bail ou n'ont élevé des constructions dans le voisinage d'un établissement classé que postérieurement il l'affichage et à la publication de l'arrêté autorisant l'ouverture de cet établissement ou atténuant les prescriptions primitivement imposées, ne sont pas recevables à déférer ledit arrêté au conseil de préfecture. 15. — Dans le cas où il s'agit d'une industrie nouvelle ou de procédés nouveaux, ou d'un établissement à ouvrir sur un terrain dans le voisinage duquel des transformations sont à prévoir relativement aux conditions d'habitation ou au mode d'utilisation des emplacements, le préfet peut, à titre exceptionnel, sur la demande des industriels, et après accomplissement des formalités prescrites au présent titre, accorder des autorisa tions pour une durée limitée et renouvelables dans les mêmes conditions de forme et de publication. 16. — L'arrêté autorisant l'ouverture d'un établissement classé cessera de produire effet quand l'établissement n'aura pas été ouvert dans le délai fixé par ledit arrêté, délai qui ne pourra être de moins de deux années, ou n'aura pas été exploité pendant ~ deux années consécutives, sauf le cas de force majeure. Le règlement d'administration publique prévu à l'art. 6 déterminera les conditions et formes dans lesquelles le retard mis à l'ouverture de l'établissemeut ou l'interruption de l'exploitation sera constaté et l'arrêté d'autorisation rapporté. TITRE Ill. DISPOSITIONS APPLICABLES AUX ÉTABLISSEMENTS SOUMIS A LA DÉCLARATION. 17. — Les déclarations relatives aux établissements de 3e classe sont reçues, comme il est dit à l'art. 4, par le préfet. Celui-ci en donne récépissé sans délai. ., ' Il notifie en même temps à l'industriel une copie des prescriptions générales, dont il est question à l'art. 18 ci-après concernant l'industrie qui fait l'objet de la déclaration. Le maire de la commune intéressée ou, à Paris, le commissaire de police, reçoit une copie de cette déclaration et le texte des prescriptions générales pour être communiqués sur place aux personnes intéressées. 18. — Des arrêtés préfectoraux pris, après avis du Conseil départemental d'hygiène, sous l'autorité du ministre du Commerce et de l'Industrie, détermineront, pour chaque département, les prescriplions générales àimposer aux industries rangées dans la 3e classe pour la protection des intérêts mentionnés à l'art. icr. Les prescriptions légales et réglementaires relatives à l'hygiène et à la sécurité des travailleurs devront être rappelées aux déclarants en même temps que leur seront communiqués les arrêtés visant les intérêts du voi sinage et la protection de la santé publique. Des arrêtés préfectoraux, pris sur la demande de l'inspection des établissements classés, et après avis du Conseil départemental d'hygiène, sous l'autorité du ministre du Commerce, pourront, après ouverture de l'établissement, modifier (ou compléter) les prescriptions générales des arrêtés prévus dans le paragraphe 1er. 19. — Si l'industiiel qui a fait une déclaration pour un établissement de 3c classe veut obtenir la suppression ou l'atténuation de quelques-unes des prescriptions des arrêtés préfectoraux qui lui ont été notifiées par application des art. 17 et 18 (§ 1 et 3). il adresse sa demande au préfet, qui statue, sur le rapport du Conseil départemental d'hygiènp, après avis du service chargé de l'inspection des établissements classés et de celui chargé de l'inspection du travail. Les tiers qui estiment que les intérêts du voisinage ne sont pas garantis par l'exécution des prescriptions générales contre les inconvénients inhérents à l'exploitation d'un établissement de 3e classe, ou sont compromis par la suppression ou l'atténuation d'une ou plusieurs de ces prescriptions obtenues par un industriel, doivent également s'adresser au préfet, qui instruit l'affaire comme il est dit au paragraphe :!Y et peut, s'il y a lieu, soit imposer à l'industriel des prescriptions additionnelles, soit rétablir les prescriptions primitives. L'industriel ou les tiers intéressés visés au paragraphe précédent peuvent, dans un délai de deux mois à partir de la notification des arrêtés préfectoraux pris en vertu des dispositions du précédent article ou du troisième paragraphe de l'article précédent, exercer les recours prévus à l'art. 14 de la présente loi. Les établissements de 3e classe régulièrement autorisés avant l'entrée en application de la présente loi conserveront le bénéfice de leur autorisation et seront dispensés de toute déclaration; ils seront soumis aux prescriptions des arrêtés généraux mentionnés à l'art. 18, sauf la possibilité pour l'industriel de solliciter la modification de ces disposi tjons dans les conditions et suivant les formes prévues au présent art. 19. 20. — Si un établissement classé, ouvert après déclaration, cesse d'être exploité pendant plus de deux années consécutives, l'exploitant doit faire une nouvelle déclaration. TITRE IV DISPOSITIONS APPLICABLES A TOUS LES ÉTABLISSEMENTS INDUSTRIELS CLASSÉS 21. — L'inspection des établissements dangereux, insalubres ou incommodes est exercée sous l'autorité du préfet, avec le concours des inspecteurs des établissements classés. Le préfet, après avoir obtenu l'autorisation du ministre du Commerce de l'Industrie et, s'il y a lieu, de l'autorité supérieure intéressée, et après avoir pris l'avis du Conseil général, peut charger du service de l'inspection, soit pour l'ensemble des établissements classés, soit pour certaines catégories de ces établissements, tout fonctionnaire de l'Etat, des départements ou des communes ou tout membre d-u Conseil départemental d'hygiène ou d'une Commission sanitaire, qui lui paraît désigné par ses fonctions ou sa compétence. Dans les départements où le nombre et l'importance des établissements -classés le rendent nécessaire, il peut -être institué, sur un vote conforme du Conseil général, des inspecteurs des établissements classés, qui sont nommés par le préfet, après un concours dont les conditions sont déterv minées par arrêté ministériel. En exécution des art, 89 et 90 de la loi du d0 août 1871, deux ou plu, sieurs conseils généraux peuvent s'entendre pour créer un service d'inspection des établissements classés commun à leurs départements, et régler la part afférente à chacun d'eux dans les dépenses de ce service. Les traitements des inspecteurs des -établissements classés et les indemnités à allouer, s'il y a lieu, aux fonctionnaires chargés de cette inspection sont fixés par le Conseil général, sur la proposition du préfet et mis à la charge du budget départemental. Avant de prendre possession de leurs fonctions, les personnes chargées de l'inspection prêtent, devant le tribunal civil de leur résidence, serment de ne pas révéler et de ne pas utiliser directement ou indirectement, même après cessation de leurs fonctions, les secrets de fabrication et, en général, les procédés d'exploitation dont elles pourraient avoir pris connaissance dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions. Toute violation de ce serment est punie conformément aux dispositions de l'art. 378 du Code Dénal. Elles ont mission de surveiller l'application des prescriptions de la présente loi, des décrets et des arrêtés relatifs à son exécution, sous réserve de ce qui est spécifié à l'art. 23 ci-après. Elles ont entrée dans les établissements soumis à leur surveillance à tout moment de leur fonctionnement, en vue d'y faire telles constatations qu'elles jugent nécessaires. 22. — Les contraventions sont constatées par les procès-verbaux des commissaires de police et des personnes chargées de la surveillance des établissements classés, qui, avant de dresser lesdits procès-verbaux, mettront par écrit les chefs d'établissement en demeure de se conformer, dans un délai déterminé, aux prescriptions des arrêtés préfectoraux auxquels il aura été contrevenu. Ces procès-verbaux sont dressés en double exemplaire, dont l'un est-envoyé au préfet et l'autre au procureur de la République. Ils font foi en justice j-usqu'àpreuve contraire. 23. — Les inspecteurs du travail 'sont seuls chargés de l'application des prescriptions des arrêtés préfectoraux concernant l'hygiène et la sécurité du personnel employé dans les établissements classés. Les contraventions à ces prescriptions sont constatées et punies comme les contraventions aux dispositions du livre II du Code du travail relatives à l'hygiène et à la sécurité des travailleurs. Dans les départements où les inspecteurs du travail ont été chargés de l'inspection des établissements classés, leurs procès-verbaux doivent mentionner, pour chaque infraction, la qualité en laquelle ils agissent et viser les dispositions spéciales auxquelles il est contrevenu sous chaque ordre de contraventions. 24. —Lorsqu'un établissement autorisé ou déclaré change d'exploitant, le successeur ou son représentant doit en faire la déclaration au préfet dans le mois qui suit la prise de possession. Il est délivré un récépissé sans frais de cette déclaration. 25. — Lorsqu'un industriel veut ajouter à son exploitation première, quelle que soit la clause dans laquelle elle rentre, une autre industrie classée, même de classe inférieure à celle qui a été autorisée, il est tenu de se pourvoir d'une nouvelle autorisation ou de faire une nouvelle déclaration pour cette nouvelle industrie. 26. — Tout transfert d'un établissement classé sur un autre emplacement, toute transformation dans l'état des lieux, dans la nature de l'outillage ou du travail, toute extension de l'exploitation, entraînant une modification notable des conditions imposées par l'arrêté d'autorisation ou des termes de la déclaration, nécessite, suivant la classe de l'établissement, une demande d'autorisation complémentaire ou une déclaration nouvelle qui doit être faite préalablement aux changements projetés. Cette demande et cette déclaration sont soumises aux mêmes formalités que la demande et la déclaration primitives. Les dispositions des art. Il (§ 2), 13, 17, 18 et 19 sont également applicables aux cas prévus par le présent article. 27. — Les établissements' classés qui ont été ou qui seront rangés par des règlements d'administration publique dans une classe supérieure à celle déterminée par les décrets en vigueur au moment de leur ouverture ne seront pas soumis à de nouvelles demandes d'autorisation. Les établissements existant antérieurement aux règlements d'administration publique qui ont classé les industries dont ils dépendent comme dangereuses, insalubres ou incommodes, continueront à être exploités sans autorisation ni déclaration, mais ils seront soumis à la surveillance du service d'inspection organisé par l'art. 21. Leurs propriétaires, directeurs ou gérants pourront être invités à produire un plan de leur établissement.
| 15,448 |
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evarcha%20theisi
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Evarcha theisi
|
https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evarcha theisi&action=history
|
Swedish
|
Spoken
| 31 | 62 |
Evarcha theisi är en spindelart som först beskrevs av Lucas 1846. Evarcha theisi ingår i släktet Evarcha och familjen hoppspindlar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.
Källor
Hoppspindlar
theisi
| 8,730 |
https://github.com/danielnorberg/crush/blob/master/src/lib/types/list.rs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
crush
|
danielnorberg
|
Rust
|
Code
| 877 | 3,017 |
use crate::lang::command::OutputType::Known;
use crate::lang::command::OutputType::Unknown;
use crate::lang::command::TypeMap;
use crate::lang::errors::{argument_error_legacy, data_error, mandate, CrushResult};
use crate::lang::execution_context::{ArgumentVector, CommandContext, This};
use crate::lang::value::Value;
use crate::lang::{command::Command, data::list::List, value::ValueType};
use lazy_static::lazy_static;
use ordered_map::OrderedMap;
use signature::signature;
fn full(name: &'static str) -> Vec<&'static str> {
vec!["global", "types", "list", name]
}
lazy_static! {
pub static ref METHODS: OrderedMap<String, Command> = {
let mut res: OrderedMap<String, Command> = OrderedMap::new();
let path = vec!["global", "types", "list"];
Len::declare_method(&mut res, &path);
Empty::declare_method(&mut res, &path);
Clear::declare_method(&mut res, &path);
res.declare(
full("push"),
push,
false,
"list:push",
"Push an element to the end of the list",
None,
Unknown,
vec![],
);
res.declare(
full("pop"),
pop,
false,
"list:pop",
"Remove the last element from the list",
None,
Unknown,
vec![],
);
res.declare(
full("peek"),
peek,
false,
"list:peek",
"Return the last element from the list",
None,
Unknown,
vec![],
);
res.declare(
full("__setitem__"),
setitem,
false,
"list[idx:integer] = value:any",
"Assign a new value to the element at the specified index",
None,
Known(ValueType::Empty),
vec![],
);
res.declare(
full("remove"),
remove,
false,
"list:remove idx:integer",
"Remove the element at the specified index",
None,
Unknown,
vec![],
);
res.declare(
full("insert"),
insert,
false,
"list:insert idx:integer value:any",
"Insert a new element at the specified index",
None,
Unknown,
vec![],
);
res.declare(
full("truncate"),
truncate,
false,
"list:truncate idx:integer",
"Remove all elements past the specified index",
None,
Unknown,
vec![],
);
res.declare(
full("clone"),
clone,
false,
"list:clone",
"Create a duplicate of the list",
None,
Unknown,
vec![],
);
res.declare(
full("of"),
of,
true,
"list:of element:any...",
"Create a new list containing the supplied elements",
Some(" If no elements are supplied as arguments, input must be a stream with\n exactly one column."),
Unknown,
vec![],
);
res.declare(
full("new"),
new,
false,
"list:new",
"Create a new list with the specified element type",
Some(
r#" Example:
l := ((list string):new)"#,
),
Unknown,
vec![],
);
res.declare(
full("__getitem__"),
getitem,
true,
"name[idx:index]",
"Return a file or subdirectory in the specified base directory",
None,
Unknown,
vec![],
);
Repeat::declare_method(&mut res, &path);
Call::declare_method(&mut res, &path);
res
};
}
#[signature(
repeat,
can_block = false,
short = "Create a list containing the same value multiple times"
)]
struct Repeat {
#[description("the value to put into the list.")]
item: Value,
#[description("the number of times to put it in the list.")]
times: usize,
}
fn repeat(context: CommandContext) -> CrushResult<()> {
let cfg: Repeat = Repeat::parse(context.arguments, &context.global_state.printer())?;
let mut l = Vec::with_capacity(cfg.times as usize);
for _i in 0..cfg.times {
l.push(cfg.item.clone());
}
context
.output
.send(Value::List(List::new(cfg.item.value_type(), l)))
}
#[signature(
__call__,
can_block = false,
output = Known(ValueType::Type),
short = "Returns a list type with the specified value type.",
)]
struct Call {
#[description("the type of the values in the list.")]
value_type: ValueType,
}
fn __call__(context: CommandContext) -> CrushResult<()> {
match context.this.r#type()? {
ValueType::List(c) => match *c {
ValueType::Empty => {
let cfg: Call = Call::parse(context.arguments, &context.global_state.printer())?;
context.output.send(Value::Type(ValueType::List(Box::new(
cfg.value_type))))
}
c => {
if context.arguments.is_empty() {
context
.output
.send(Value::Type(ValueType::List(Box::from(c))))
} else {
argument_error_legacy(
format!(
"Tried to set subtype on a list that already has the subtype {}",
c.to_string()
)
.as_str(),
)
}
}
},
_ => argument_error_legacy("Invalid this, expected type list"),
}
}
fn of(mut context: CommandContext) -> CrushResult<()> {
match context.arguments.len() {
0 => {
let mut lst = Vec::new();
let mut input = mandate(context.input.recv()?.stream(), "Expected a stream")?;
if input.types().len() != 1 {
return data_error("Expected input with exactly one column");
}
while let Ok(row) = input.read() {
lst.push(Vec::from(row).remove(0));
}
if lst.is_empty() {
return data_error("Empty stream!");
}
context
.output
.send(Value::List(List::new_without_type(lst)))
}
_ => {
let lst =
List::new_without_type(context.arguments.drain(..).map(|a| a.value).collect());
context.output.send(Value::List(lst))
}
}
}
fn new(context: CommandContext) -> CrushResult<()> {
context.arguments.check_len(0)?;
match context.this.r#type()? {
ValueType::List(t) => context.output.send(Value::List(List::new(*t, vec![]))),
_ => argument_error_legacy("Expected this to be a list type"),
}
}
#[signature(
len,
can_block = false,
output = Known(ValueType::Integer),
short = "The number of values in the list.",
)]
struct Len {}
fn len(context: CommandContext) -> CrushResult<()> {
context.arguments.check_len(0)?;
context
.output
.send(Value::Integer(context.this.list()?.len() as i128))
}
#[signature(
empty,
can_block = false,
output = Known(ValueType::Bool),
short = "True if there are no values in the list.",
)]
struct Empty {}
fn empty(context: CommandContext) -> CrushResult<()> {
context.arguments.check_len(0)?;
context
.output
.send(Value::Bool(context.this.list()?.len() == 0))
}
fn push(mut context: CommandContext) -> CrushResult<()> {
let l = context.this.list()?;
let mut new_elements: Vec<Value> = Vec::new();
for el in context.arguments.drain(..) {
if el.value.value_type() == l.element_type() || l.element_type() == ValueType::Any {
new_elements.push(el.value)
} else {
return argument_error_legacy("Invalid element type");
}
}
if !new_elements.is_empty() {
l.append(&mut new_elements)?;
}
context.output.send(Value::List(l))
}
fn pop(context: CommandContext) -> CrushResult<()> {
context.arguments.check_len(0)?;
let o = context.output;
context.this.list()?.pop().map(|c| o.send(c));
Ok(())
}
fn peek(context: CommandContext) -> CrushResult<()> {
context.arguments.check_len(0)?;
let o = context.output;
context.this.list()?.peek().map(|c| o.send(c));
Ok(())
}
#[signature(
clear,
can_block = false,
output = Unknown,
short = "Remove all values from this list.",
)]
struct Clear {
}
fn clear(context: CommandContext) -> CrushResult<()> {
context.arguments.check_len(0)?;
let l = context.this.list()?;
l.clear();
context.output.send(Value::List(l))
}
fn setitem(mut context: CommandContext) -> CrushResult<()> {
context.arguments.check_len(2)?;
let list = context.this.list()?;
let key = context.arguments.integer(0)?;
let value = context.arguments.value(1)?;
list.set(key as usize, value)?;
context.output.empty()
}
fn remove(mut context: CommandContext) -> CrushResult<()> {
context.arguments.check_len(1)?;
let list = context.this.list()?;
let idx = context.arguments.integer(0)?;
list.remove(idx as usize)
}
fn insert(mut context: CommandContext) -> CrushResult<()> {
context.arguments.check_len(2)?;
let list = context.this.list()?;
let idx = context.arguments.integer(0)?;
let value = context.arguments.value(1)?;
list.insert(idx as usize, value)
}
fn truncate(mut context: CommandContext) -> CrushResult<()> {
context.arguments.check_len(1)?;
let list = context.this.list()?;
let idx = context.arguments.integer(0)?;
list.truncate(idx as usize);
Ok(())
}
fn clone(context: CommandContext) -> CrushResult<()> {
context.arguments.check_len(0)?;
context
.output
.send(Value::List(context.this.list()?.copy()))
}
fn getitem(mut context: CommandContext) -> CrushResult<()> {
context.arguments.check_len(1)?;
let list = context.this.list()?;
let idx = context.arguments.integer(0)?;
context.output.send(list.get(idx as usize)?)
}
| 18,037 |
https://github.com/cityofaustin/transportation-logs/blob/master/transportation-data-publishing/data_tracker/signs_agol.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
CC0-1.0
| 2,019 |
transportation-logs
|
cityofaustin
|
Python
|
Code
| 968 | 2,905 |
# Publish pavement markings work orders to ArcGIS Online
import copy
import pdb
import traceback
import agolutil
import argutil
import arrow
import datautil
import emailutil
import knackutil
import knackpy
import _setpath
from config.secrets import *
from config.knack.config import SIGNS_AGOL as config
def sanitize_html(kn):
"""
Replace html breaks from knack paragraph fields. Also, engineers like to put
"<>" in their notes to indicate sign arrows. we have to replace these, too"
"""
strs = ["<br />", "<", ">"]
fields = [
kn.fields[field]["label"]
for field in kn.fields.keys()
if kn.fields[field]["type"] == "paragraph_text"
]
for record in kn.data:
for field in fields:
if record.get(field):
for s in strs:
record[field] = record[field].replace(s, "")
return kn
def append_locations_work_orders(config):
"""
Append multiple work location points to each work order
"""
work_orders = config["work_orders_signs"]["records"]
spec_actuals = config["work_orders_signs_asset_spec_actuals"]["records"]
join_field = config["work_orders_signs_asset_spec_actuals"]["work_order_id_field"]
for wo in work_orders:
geometries = []
wo_id = wo.get(join_field)
for sp in spec_actuals:
if sp.get(join_field) == wo_id:
x = sp.get("x")
y = sp.get("y")
if x and y:
geometries.append((x, y))
# not that `points` key is required by arcgis geometry spec for multipoint features
# https://developers.arcgis.com/documentation/common-data-types/geometry-objects.htm
wo["points"] = geometries
return work_orders
def append_locations_to_specs(config, lon_field="x", lat_field="y"):
"""
Append location attributes to spec actual records.
Parameters
----------
config : list (required)
The external configuration object which defines layer parameters.
lon_field : string (required)
The field in the location records which contains the longitude value.
lat_field : string (required)
The field in the location records which contains the latitude value.
Returns
-------
Configuration location attributes appended to spec actual records
"""
records = config["work_orders_signs_asset_spec_actuals"].get("records")
join_field = config["work_orders_signs_asset_spec_actuals"].get(
"location_join_field"
)
work_order_id_field = config["work_orders_signs_asset_spec_actuals"].get(
"work_order_id_field"
)
locations = config["work_order_signs_locations"].get("records")
for record in records:
location = locations.get(record[join_field])
if not location:
# TODO: better handling of missing location ids? for some reason the Knack view
# does not properly filter to exclude specs with no location (which have been presumably
# deleted without the spec being deleted as well)
continue
record[lon_field] = location[lon_field]
record[lat_field] = location[lat_field]
record[work_order_id_field] = location[work_order_id_field]
# exclude records with missing geometry
records = [rec for rec in records if rec.get("x")]
return records
def parse_geometry(record, geometry_field_name):
"""
Extract lat/lon from knack location record.
"""
lat_field = f"{geometry_field_name}_latitude"
lon_field = f"{geometry_field_name}_longitude"
return record.get(lon_field), record.get(lat_field)
def process_locations(
records, geometry_field_name, primary_key, wo_id_field="ATD_WORK_ORDER_ID"
):
"""
Construct a dictionary of select location attributes which will
be joined to spec actual records.
Parameters
----------
records : list (required)
The source location records retrieved from Knack.
geometry_field_name : string (required)
The field name in the location records that contains the location data.
primary_key : string (required)
The field which uniquely identifies each location record.
wo_id_field : string (required)
The field which identifies the parent work order record.
Returns
-------
dict of location record dicts
"""
locations = {}
for record in records:
location = {}
id_ = record.get(primary_key)
wo_id = record.get(wo_id_field)
x, y = parse_geometry(record, geometry_field_name)
locations[id_] = {wo_id_field: wo_id, "x": x, "y": y}
return locations
def fetch_records(cfg, last_run_date, auth):
filters = knackutil.date_filter_on_or_after(
last_run_date, cfg["modified_date_field_id"]
)
kn = knackpy_wrapper(cfg, auth, filters=filters)
if kn.data:
kn = sanitize_html(kn)
# Filter data for records that have been modifed after the last
# job run (see comment above)
last_run_timestamp = arrow.get(last_run_date).timestamp * 1000
kn.data = filter_by_date(
kn.data, cfg["modified_date_field"], last_run_timestamp
)
return kn.data
def filter_by_date(data, date_field, compare_date):
"""Summary
Args:
data (TYPE): Description
date_field (TYPE): Description
compare_date (TYPE): Description
Returns:
TYPE: Description
"""
return [record for record in data if record[date_field] >= compare_date]
def knackpy_wrapper(cfg, auth, obj=None, filters=None):
return knackpy.Knack(
obj=obj,
scene=cfg["scene"],
view=cfg["view"],
ref_obj=cfg["ref_obj"],
app_id=auth["app_id"],
api_key=auth["api_key"],
filters=filters,
page_limit=100000,
rows_per_page=1000,
)
def cli_args():
parser = argutil.get_parser(
"signs_agol.py",
"Publish Signs Work Order Data to ArcGIS Online",
"app_name",
"--replace",
"--last_run_date",
)
args = parser.parse_args()
return args
def main():
global config
args = cli_args()
auth = KNACK_CREDENTIALS[args.app_name]
records_processed = 0
last_run_date = args.last_run_date
if not last_run_date or args.replace:
# replace dataset by setting the last run date to a long, long time ago
# the arrow package needs a specific date and timeformat
last_run_date = "1970-01-01"
"""
We include a filter in our API call to limit to records which have
been modified on or after the date the last time this job ran
successfully. The Knack API supports filter requests by date only
(not time), so we must apply an additional filter on the data after
we receive it.
"""
for cfg in config.items():
# fetch data for all config objects
cfg[1]["records"] = fetch_records(cfg[1], last_run_date, auth)
config["work_order_signs_locations"]["records"] = process_locations(
config["work_order_signs_locations"]["records"],
config["work_order_signs_locations"]["geometry_field_name"],
config["work_order_signs_locations"]["primary_key"],
)
config["work_orders_signs_asset_spec_actuals"][
"records"
] = append_locations_to_specs(config)
config["work_orders_signs"]["records"] = append_locations_work_orders(config)
# drop work orders with no locations
config["work_orders_signs"]["records"] = [
x for x in config["work_orders_signs"]["records"] if x.get("points")
]
# extract attachment url from each attachment record
for record in config["work_orders_attachments"]["records"]:
if record.get("ATTACHMENT"):
record["ATTACHMENT_URL"] = record.get("ATTACHMENT")
record.pop("ATTACHMENT")
for name, cfg in config.items():
if not cfg.get("service_id"):
# ignore confige objects that do not hav service ids, i.e., do not
# have agol acontent, i.e., the locations object which was merged into
# other layers
continue
update_layer = agolutil.get_item(
auth=AGOL_CREDENTIALS,
service_id=cfg["service_id"],
layer_id=cfg["layer_id"],
item_type=cfg["item_type"],
)
if args.replace:
res = update_layer.delete_features(where="1=1")
agolutil.handle_response(res)
else:
"""
Delete objects by primary key in chunks. ArcGIS api does not currently support
an upsert method, although the Python api defines one via the
layer.append method, it is apparently still under development. So our
"upsert" consists of a delete by primary key then add.
"""
primary_key = cfg.get("primary_key")
for i in range(0, len(cfg["records"]), 1000):
delete_ids = [
record.get(primary_key) for record in cfg["records"][i : i + 1000]
]
delete_ids = ", ".join(f"'{x}'" for x in delete_ids)
# generate a SQL-like where statement to identify records for deletion
where = "{} in ({})".format(primary_key, delete_ids)
res = update_layer.delete_features(where=where)
agolutil.handle_response(res)
for i in range(0, len(cfg["records"]), 1000):
# insert agol features in chunks
# assemble an arcgis feature collection set from records
records = agolutil.feature_collection(
cfg["records"][i : i + 1000], lat_field="y", lon_field="x"
)
# insert new features
res = update_layer.edit_features(adds=records)
agolutil.handle_response(res)
records_processed += len(records)
return records_processed
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| 7,318 |
https://openalex.org/W2624709178_1
|
Spanish-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| 1,967 |
Resenha de: La Batalla por el domínio del Caribe y el Golfo de México
|
None
|
Portugueuse
|
Spoken
| 1,418 | 2,694 |
- 628 E' preciso dizer ainda que o livro é muito bem documentado, podendo servir
de base, no futuro, para estudos mais amplos sôbre o assunto.
ANA MARIA DE ALMEIDA CAMARGO
*
*
*
FRANCO (José L.).
La Batalla por el domínio del Caribe y el Golfo de
México. Academia de Ciencias. La Habana, 2 3 edição. 1964-1965.
—
José Luciano Franco, historiador natural de Havana, é membro da Sociedad
Cubana de Estudios Históricos y Internacionales. Incansável pesquisador e autêntico mestre da história Híspano-Americana, publicou La Batalla por el domínio del
Caribe y el Golfo de México em 1947, trabalho êste que foi, desde a sua apresen-
tação, alvo das melhores críticas, tanto por parte dos estudiosos nacionais como
estrangeiros (*).
A obra atinge o total de 800 páginas, aproximadamente, e encontra-se dividida em dois volumes: Politica Continental Americana de Espaga en Cuba, (18121830) e Revoluciones y Conflictos Internacionales en el Caribe, (1789 1854) . O
primeiro volume, publicado em uma segunda edição em 1964, conta com 3 ilustrações, orientação biblográfica, comentários elaborados por outros historiadores
com referência à sua primeira edição e com índice de assuntos. Quanto ao se-.
gundo volume, publicado, também pela segunda vez, em 1965, reune cinco ilustrações, índice de assuntos, fontes documentárias e bibliográficas.
O conteúdo da obra, como o próprio título o sugere, baseia-se num minucioso
estudo acêrca da região do Caribe, à partir dos fins do século XVIII até meados
do século XIX. Ressalva-se, contudo, que o trabalho não é de caráter geral. Em
cada um dos volumes, e ambos se completam, o autor defende uma tese específica.
Assim, Politica Continental Americana de Espaiía en. Cuba focaliza, essencialmente,
a importância de Havana como centro de tôdas as atividades desempenhadas por
Espanha no Nôvo Mundo, atividades aquelas que objetivavam assegurar-lhe a posse do seu Império Colonial e combater os movimentos separatistas.
Espanha nos fins do século XVIII, às vésperas da Revolução Francesa e da
Revolução Industrial, achava-se ainda mergulhada no feudalismo. O regime absolutista, instaurado com os reis austríacos, era uma mera ilusão, pois que no mandaba
el Rey, mas a burguesia espanhola. Voltada para as riquezas coloniais, por isso
defensôra do monopólio mercantil, esta burguesia não só impedia qualquer desenvolvimento das colônias, mas também da própria metrópole, uma vez que menosprezava as possibilidades de desenvolvimento industrial do reino. Portanto, a
burguesia espanhola conservava-se como o entrave para o desenvolvimento social
capitalista da Espanha e de suas colônias. Fato mais sugestivo dessa resistência
burguesa nos é dado pelo fracasso das reformas aconselhadas pelo despotismo ilustrado de Floridablanca, Aranda, Gálvez e Jovellanos. A Espanha continuava sua
política tradicional, permanecia reaccionaria y oscurantista ... mesmo quando os
ideais liberais infiltravam-se no seu Império, ameaçando a sua autorida:de.
-
(*). — Albert Manucy — The Florida Historical Quartely, vol. XXXII, n9 3,
Enero — 1954. Florida Historical Society, Revista del Libro, pgs. 219-222).
- 629 Na América as conculsões revolucionárias visando a independência, guiadas por
Bolivar e outros líderes, ameaçavam a separação total das colônias da metrópole.
E quando a Espanha afirma a sua política reacionária em Havana, centro dos defensores do regime espanhol e, portanto, adversários dos libertadores americanos.
Organizou-se, aí um movimento de investigações políticas que vigiou todo o Império espanhol no continente. Em suma, as autoridades coloniais organizaram em
Cuba uma política continental americana contra o progresso das idéias liberais.
O livro não se limita tão simplesmente aos fatos ligados à tese, pelo contrário, apresenta um maior número de explicações, que o torna mais valioso e mais
amplo.
Todos os fundamentos políticos e econômicos da Espanha se encontram no
primeiro capítulo, ao passo que os três seguintes são dedicados a Havana em seu
papel de representante da política monárquica no Nôvo Mundo.
Quanto aos capítulos V e VI, êstes foram reservados para a independência
Hispano-Americana e para demonstrar as tentativas do rei D. Fernando de reconquista das colônias perdidas. Dada a impossibilidade de reaver o seu Império,
a Espanha reconhece a Independência dos seus antigos domínios quando liquida
"ia política americana continental desarrollada por el goblerno
colonial de La Havana por un período de veínte afios".
Em Revoluciones y Conflictos Internacionales en el Caribe, o autor demonstra,
dando continuidade e refôrço à tese do primeiro volume, a política reacionária de
Cuba, porém, no plano internacional e não mais em relação aos domínios continentais espanhóis.
Em 1791, a possessão francesa de Saint-Domingue, sob a influência dos ideais
liberais, era sacudida por uma revolta de cunho separatista. No intuito de evitar
que o exemplo fôsse seguido pelas colônias espanholas, inclusive por São Domingo,
vizinho de Saint-Domingue, Cuba planejou abafar ou, pelo menos, isolar as ações
dos revoltosos franceses. Para isso, jogou inclusive com alianças diplomáticas com
as potências européias que também mantinham domínios coloniais no Caribe. Destas alianças, ora com Inglaterra, ora com França, naturalmente as negociações diplomáticas obedeciam às condições das relações européias, geraram inúmeras intervenções em Saint-Domingue para satisfação dos defensores do regime colonial espanhol no Caribe. Tudo inútil, porém Saint-Domingue não só resistiu às pressões
internacionais como também conseguiu revolucionar São Domingo, ao qual unia-se
em 1822. E para maior inquietação de Cuba, sobretudo a partir da volta de
Fernando VII ao trono espanhol, as potências já não demonstravam a mesma disposição com relação ao intento de reprimir as revoltas liberais do Caribe. A França
reconhecia em 1824 a independência da ilha, então unificada, enquanto a Inglaterra fazia prevalescer os seus interêsses adversos ao monopólio mercantil. E como
isto tudo não bastasse, desde 1823, os Estados Unidos da América vinham demonstrando francamente uma política expansionista no Caribe, ameaçando dominar inclusive Cuba. Graças, porém, a problemas europeus, as potências desviaram suas
atenções do Caribe, o que permitiu que Cuba continuasse em sua política reacionária por mais algum tempo.
Eis nas suas linhas gerais e na essência o conteúdo do segundo volume. Tal
como acontece no primeiro volume, Revoluciones y Conflictos Internacionales en
Caribe não só apresenta acontecimentos relacionados com a história de Cuba, mas
- 630 também um vasto material acêrca de outros problemas importantíssimos da história da América em geral, a saber: traços biográficos de autoridades coloniais espanholas, questões fronteiriças provocadas pela fuga de revoltosos e de oposicionistas, episódios e explicações para a história de São Domingos, Haiti e Estados
Unidos da América e outros temas mais de real interêsse.
Observa-se, assim, em conjunto, que a obra de Franco é um trabalho utilíssimo e demasiado rico para o estudo de um dos períodos mais turbulentos da história Hispano-Americana. Acrescente-se a isto que a documentação que o autor
utilizou, do Arquivo Nacional de Cuba, dos arquivos francêses e espanhóis e de
algumas obras secundárias, é quase tôda inédita e se acha em grande parte transcrita no trabalho. De resto, se alguma observação cabe-nos fazer com relação à
obra que ora resenhamos, esta se refere à ausência de uma ilustração cartográfica,
a qual, sem dúvida, muito auxiliaria o leitor pouco familiarizado com a extensa
região escolhida pelo autor.
GENÉZIA COCATO
*
COSTA (Emília Viotti da) . — Da senzala à colônia. Côrpo e alma do Brasil.
Difusão Européia do Livro. Direção de Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Volume XIX, fevereiro de 1966 São Paulo, 497 páginas, formato 0,14 x 0,21
— ilustrado — 1?' Edição.
Trata-se da tese com que a professôra Emília Viotti da Costa se apresentou ao
concurso de Livre-Docente da Cadeira de História do Brasil, da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras da Universidade de São Paulo, porém reformulada e revista em alguns de seus aspectos (1).
E um estudo que além de enfocar e observar uma área bastante grande
e adversa — Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Gerais e Rio de Janeiro, aprofundando-se mais ainda em São Paulo, com o desenvolvimento da cultura cafeeira
no "Vale do Paraiba e, mais tarde, do Centro e Oeste Paulista" e das implicações
dessa cultura com a mão-de-obra, desde seu nascimento- em Vassouras.
O trabalho é dividido em três partes:
I. — Aspectos econômicos da desagregação do sistema escravista. Trata da
substituição dos canaviais pelos cafezais, onde houve a predominância do trabalho escravo e muito pequena participação do trabalhador livre. Mostra com grande
clareza as vicissitudes do tráfico a partir de 1807, quando nascia nossa riqueza
cafeeira e a marinha britânica, já "desembaraçada de seus encargos bélicos" com a
França, apresando barcos que transportavam negros, quando a nossa agricultura
mais precisava de braços.
(1) . — A tese foi publicada em edição restrita (100 exemplares) sob o título:
A escravidão nas áreas cafeeiras. Aspectos sociais, económicos e ideológigos da desagregação ao sistema escravista, em São Paulo. 1944.
| 20,460 |
https://github.com/iesl/KISP/blob/master/e2e/exe.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
KISP
|
iesl
|
Python
|
Code
| 1,893 | 7,068 |
from tqdm import tqdm
import random
from BFS.parser import Base_action, Parser
from BFS.agent import KB
from copy import deepcopy
import timeout_decorator
import time
class SketchExecutor(object):
def __init__(self):
self._leaf_args = set(["e", "r", "Type", "num_utterence"])
self._actions = set()
self._dict_action_in = {}
self._dict_action_out = {}
self._dict_out_action = {}
for act in Base_action:
self._actions.add(act)
in_tuple = Base_action[act][1]
if isinstance(in_tuple, tuple):
assert len(in_tuple) >= 2
in_tuple = in_tuple[1:]
else:
assert isinstance(in_tuple, str)
in_tuple = (in_tuple,)
self._dict_action_in[act] = tuple(in_tuple)
self._dict_action_out[act] = Base_action[act][0]
if Base_action[act][0] not in self._dict_out_action:
self._dict_out_action[Base_action[act][0]] = []
self._dict_out_action[Base_action[act][0]].append(act)
# other for _dict_out_action
for _arg in self._leaf_args:
self._dict_out_action[_arg] = [_arg]
self._all_args = set()
for _args in self._dict_action_in.values():
self._all_args.update(_args)
@property
def valid_action_set(self):
return self._actions
@property
def valid_arg_set(self):
return self._all_args
@property
def action2inargs_dict(self):
return self._dict_action_in
@property
def action2outtype_dict(self):
return self._dict_action_out
@property
def outtype2actionlist_dict(self):
return self._dict_out_action
def sketch_exe(self, sketch_input):
def _success_cond(_sketch):
if len(_sketch) == 1 and _sketch[0] =="S":
return True
def _pre_process(_sketch):
# insert "Count" for "A26"
_len = len(_sketch)
for _idx in range(_len-1, -1, -1):
if _sketch[_idx] == "A26":
_sketch.insert(_idx+1, "Count")
return _sketch
def _post_process(_sketch):
_sketch = list(_sketch)
# remove all "Count"
_len = len(_sketch)
for _idx in range(_len - 1, -1, -1):
if _sketch[_idx] == "Count":
_sketch.pop(_idx)
return _sketch
sketch_input = list(sketch_input)
sketch_input = _pre_process(sketch_input)
# sanity check: the wrong input
for _token in sketch_input:
if not (_token in self._all_args or _token in self._actions):
return False, _post_process(sketch_input)
if len(sketch_input) == 0:
return False, list()
sketch_res = sketch_input
# grammar check 1: early stage
if _success_cond(sketch_res):
return True, _post_process(sketch_res)
elif not sketch_res[0] in ["A1", "A2", "A3"]:
return False, _post_process(sketch_res)
action_stack = []
args_stack = []
tmp_args = []
for _idx_t, _token in enumerate(sketch_res):
if _token in self._actions:
if len(action_stack) > 0: # check the arg input
args_stack.append(tmp_args)
tmp_args = []
action_stack.append(_token)
else:
tmp_args.append(_token)
args_stack.append(tmp_args)
# start to execute
exe_status = "normal" # "error"
num_act = len(action_stack)
answer_list = []
for _idx_a in range(num_act-1, -1, -1):
cur_act = action_stack[_idx_a]
answer_list = args_stack[_idx_a] + answer_list
# if cur_act == "A26":
# answer_list.insert(0, "Count")
tgt_args = self._dict_action_in[cur_act]
tgt_len = len(tgt_args)
if tgt_args == tuple(answer_list[:tgt_len]):
out_type = self._dict_action_out[cur_act]
answer_list = [out_type] + answer_list[tgt_len:]
else:
# check the grammar
_tmp_args = []
for _idx_s in range(len(tgt_args)):
if _idx_s >= len(answer_list):
break
if answer_list[_idx_s] in self._actions:
_tmp_args.append(self._dict_action_out[answer_list[_idx_s]])
break
else:
_tmp_args.append(answer_list[_idx_s])
if tuple(_tmp_args) != tuple(self._dict_action_in[cur_act][:len(_tmp_args)]):
exe_status = "grammar_error"
break
answer_list.insert(0, cur_act)
if exe_status == "grammar_error":
return False, list()
if _success_cond(answer_list):
return True, _post_process(answer_list)
else:
return None, _post_process(answer_list)
def sketch_exe_v2(self, sketch_input):
def _success_cond(_sketch):
if len(_sketch) == 1 and _sketch[0] =="S":
return True
def _pre_process(_sketch):
# insert "Count" for "A26"
_sketch = list(_sketch)
_len = len(_sketch)
for _idx in range(_len-1, -1, -1):
if _sketch[_idx] == "A26":
_sketch.insert(_idx+1, "Count")
return _sketch
def _post_process(_sketch):
if _sketch is None:
return None
_sketch = list(_sketch)
# remove all "Count"
_len = len(_sketch)
for _idx in range(_len - 1, -1, -1):
if _sketch[_idx] == "Count":
_sketch.pop(_idx)
return _sketch
# pre process sketch
sketch_input = _pre_process(sketch_input)
# sanity check: the wrong input
for _token in sketch_input:
if not (_token in self._all_args or _token in self._actions):
return False, list()
if len(sketch_input) == 0:
return False, list()
# grammar check 1: early stage
if _success_cond(sketch_input):
return True, _post_process(sketch_input)
elif not sketch_input[0] in ["A1", "A2", "A3"]:
return False, _post_process(sketch_input)
len_sketch = len(sketch_input)
answer_list = []
exe_status = "normal" # or "error"
for _idx_t in range(len_sketch-1, -1, -1):
_token = sketch_input[_idx_t]
if _token in self._actions:
cur_act = _token
tgt_args = self._dict_action_in[cur_act]
tgt_len = len(tgt_args)
if tgt_args == tuple(answer_list[:tgt_len]):
out_type = self._dict_action_out[cur_act]
answer_list = [out_type] + answer_list[tgt_len:]
else:
# check the grammar
_tmp_args = []
for _idx_s in range(len(tgt_args)):
if _idx_s >= len(answer_list):
break
if answer_list[_idx_s] in self._actions:
_tmp_args.append(self._dict_action_out[answer_list[_idx_s]])
break
else:
_tmp_args.append(answer_list[_idx_s])
if tuple(_tmp_args) != tuple(self._dict_action_in[cur_act][:len(_tmp_args)]):
exe_status = "grammar_error"
break
answer_list.insert(0, _token)
else:
answer_list.insert(0, _token)
if exe_status == "grammar_error":
return False, list()
answer_list = _post_process(answer_list)
if _success_cond(answer_list):
return True, answer_list
else:
return None, answer_list
def sketch_exe_with_next(self, sketch_input):
if len(sketch_input) == 0 or (
len(sketch_input) == 1 and (sketch_input[0] not in self._actions
and sketch_input[0] not in self._all_args)):
return None, list(), self._dict_out_action["S"]
is_succ, run_res = self.sketch_exe_v2(sketch_input)
if is_succ is None:
cur_args = []
cur_action = None
for _idx_t in range(len(run_res)-1, -1, -1):
if run_res[_idx_t] in self._actions:
cur_action = run_res[_idx_t]
break
else:
cur_args.insert(0, run_res[_idx_t])
assert cur_action is not None
tgt_args = self._dict_action_in[cur_action]
if cur_action == "A26": # remove the "Counter"
tgt_args = tgt_args[1:]
assert len(cur_args) < len(tgt_args)
next_arg = tgt_args[len(cur_args)]
return None, run_res, self._dict_out_action[next_arg]
else:
return is_succ, run_res, None
class LfExecutor(object):
def __init__(self, sketch_executor=None, kb_mode="offline", use_op_type_constraint=False):
self.skt_exe = sketch_executor or SketchExecutor()
kb = KB(kb_mode)
self._parser = Parser(kb, use_op_type_constraint=use_op_type_constraint)
self._parser.load_child2parent()
self._actions = set()
for act in Base_action:
self._actions.add(act)
self._action_set_interact = set(["A7", "A8", "A9"])
@timeout_decorator.timeout(1.2)
def arg_set_lf_exe(self, slf_input):
# the only different between lf_input and slf_input is slf have extra flag
def _success_cond(_lf):
if len(_lf) == 1 and _lf[0][0] == "S" and _lf[0][1] is not None:
return True
def _pre_process(_lf):
# insert "Count" for "A26"
_lf = list(_lf)
_len = len(_lf)
for _idx in range(_len-1, -1, -1):
if _lf[_idx][1] == "A26":
if (_idx == _len-1) or _lf[_idx+1][0] != "Count":
_lf.insert(_idx+1, ("Count", "Count", False))
return _lf
def _post_process(_lf):
if _lf is None:
return None
_lf = list(_lf)
# remove all "Count"
_len = len(_lf)
for _idx in range(_len - 1, -1, -1):
if _lf[_idx][0] == "Count":
_lf.pop(_idx)
return _lf
slf_input = _pre_process(slf_input)
if len(slf_input) == 0:
return False, list()
for _type, _val, _flag in slf_input:
if _type == "Action":
assert not _flag
if _val not in self.skt_exe.valid_action_set:
return False, list()
else:
if _flag: # all actions' flag is False
assert isinstance(_val, list)
if _type not in self.skt_exe.valid_arg_set or _val is None:
return False, list()
# grammar check 1: early stage
if _success_cond(slf_input):
return True, _post_process(slf_input)
elif slf_input[0][1] not in ["A1", "A2", "A3"]:
return False, _post_process(slf_input)
len_lf = len(slf_input)
ans_type_list = []
ans_val_list = []
ans_flag_list = []
exe_status = "normal" # or "error"
for _idx_t in range(len_lf - 1, -1, -1):
_type, _val, _flag = slf_input[_idx_t]
if _type != "Action":
ans_type_list.insert(0, _type)
ans_val_list.insert(0, _val)
ans_flag_list.insert(0, _flag)
else:
cur_act = _val
tgt_args = tuple(self.skt_exe.action2inargs_dict[cur_act])
tgt_len = len(tgt_args)
if tgt_args == tuple(ans_type_list[:tgt_len]):
before_inp_vals = ans_val_list[:tgt_len]
before_inp_flags = ans_flag_list[:tgt_len]
# all possible vals
all_inp_vals = [[]]
for _inp_val, _inp_flag in zip(before_inp_vals, before_inp_flags):
if not _inp_flag:
for _elem in all_inp_vals:
_elem.append(_inp_val)
else:
assert isinstance(_inp_val, list)
new_all_inp_vals = []
for _sub_inp_val in _inp_val:
copied_all_inp_vals = deepcopy(all_inp_vals)
for _elem in copied_all_inp_vals:
_elem.append(_sub_inp_val)
new_all_inp_vals.extend(copied_all_inp_vals)
all_inp_vals = new_all_inp_vals
out_type = self.skt_exe.action2outtype_dict[cur_act]
if isinstance(Base_action[cur_act][1], tuple):
all_out_vals = []
for _inp_vals in all_inp_vals:
assert len(_inp_vals) == tgt_len
out_val = self._parser.op(Base_action[cur_act][1][0], _inp_vals)
if out_val is not None and out_val not in all_out_vals:
all_out_vals.append(out_val)
else:
assert tgt_len == 1
all_out_vals = []
for _inp_vals in all_inp_vals:
assert len(_inp_vals) == 1 and _inp_vals[0] is not None
all_out_vals.append(_inp_vals[0])
if len(all_out_vals) == 0:
exe_status = "run_error"
break
elif len(all_out_vals) == 1:
all_out_vals = all_out_vals[0]
out_flag = False
else:
out_flag = True
ans_type_list = [out_type] + ans_type_list[tgt_len:]
ans_val_list = [all_out_vals] + ans_val_list[tgt_len:]
ans_flag_list = [out_flag] + ans_flag_list[tgt_len:]
else:
# check the grammar
_tmp_args = []
for _idx_s in range(tgt_len):
if _idx_s >= len(ans_type_list):
break
if ans_type_list[_idx_s] == "Action":
_tmp_args.append(self.skt_exe.action2outtype_dict[ans_val_list[_idx_s]])
break
else:
_tmp_args.append(ans_type_list[_idx_s])
if tuple(_tmp_args) != tuple(tgt_args[:len(_tmp_args)]):
exe_status = "grammar_error"
break
# insert the action
ans_type_list.insert(0, _type)
ans_val_list.insert(0, _val)
ans_flag_list.insert(0, _flag)
if exe_status == "run_error":
return False, list()
elif exe_status == "grammar_error":
return False, list()
ans_lf = _post_process(list(zip(ans_type_list, ans_val_list, ans_flag_list)))
if _success_cond(ans_lf):
return True, ans_lf
else:
return None, ans_lf
def arg_set_lf_exe_with_next(self, slf_input):
if len(slf_input) == 0 or ( # the input is empty lf
len(slf_input) == 1 and (slf_input[0][0] != "Action" and
slf_input[0][1] not in self.skt_exe.valid_arg_set)
):
return None, list(), self.skt_exe.outtype2actionlist_dict["S"]
try:
is_succ, ans_lf = self.arg_set_lf_exe(slf_input)
except timeout_decorator.TimeoutError:
return False, list(), None
if is_succ is None:
ans_sketch = [_val if _type == "Action" else _type for _type, _val, _flag in ans_lf]
cur_args = []
cur_action = None
for _idx_t in range(len(ans_sketch) - 1, -1, -1):
if ans_sketch[_idx_t] in self._actions:
cur_action = ans_sketch[_idx_t]
break
else:
cur_args.insert(0, ans_sketch[_idx_t])
assert cur_action is not None
tgt_args = self.skt_exe.action2inargs_dict[cur_action]
if cur_action == "A26": # remove the "Count"
tgt_args = tgt_args[1:]
assert len(cur_args) < len(tgt_args)
next_arg = tgt_args[len(cur_args)]
return None, ans_lf, self.skt_exe.outtype2actionlist_dict[next_arg]
else:
return is_succ, ans_lf, None
# @timeout_decorator.timeout(1)
# def lf_exe(self, lf_input): # the logical form is a list of (Type, LF_TOKEN)
# def _success_cond(_lf):
# if len(_lf) == 1 and _lf[0][0] == "S" and _lf[0][1] is not None:
# return True
#
# def _pre_process(_lf):
# # insert "Count" for "A26"
# _lf = list(_lf)
# _len = len(_lf)
# for _idx in range(_len-1, -1, -1):
# if _lf[_idx][1] == "A26":
# if (_idx == _len-1) or _lf[_idx+1][0] != "Count":
# _lf.insert(_idx+1, ("Count", "Count"))
# return _lf
#
# def _post_process(_lf):
# if _lf is None:
# return None
# _lf = list(_lf)
# # remove all "Count"
# _len = len(_lf)
# for _idx in range(_len - 1, -1, -1):
# if _lf[_idx][0] == "Count":
# _lf.pop(_idx)
# return _lf
#
# lf_input = _pre_process(lf_input)
#
# # sanity check: the wrong input
# if len(lf_input) == 0:
# return False, list()
# for _type, _val in lf_input:
# if _type == "Action":
# if _val not in self.skt_exe.valid_action_set:
# return False, list()
# else:
# if _type not in self.skt_exe.valid_arg_set or _val is None:
# return False, list()
#
# # grammar check 1: early stage
# if _success_cond(lf_input):
# return True, _post_process(lf_input)
# elif lf_input[0][1] not in ["A1", "A2", "A3"]:
# return False, _post_process(lf_input)
#
# len_lf = len(lf_input)
# ans_type_list = []
# ans_val_list = []
# exe_status = "normal" # or "error"
# for _idx_t in range(len_lf - 1, -1, -1):
# _type, _val = lf_input[_idx_t]
# if _type == "Action":
# cur_act = _val
# tgt_args = self.skt_exe.action2inargs_dict[cur_act]
# tgt_len = len(tgt_args)
# if tgt_args == tuple(ans_type_list[:tgt_len]):
# inp_vals = ans_val_list[:tgt_len]
# # run op
# out_type = self.skt_exe.action2outtype_dict[cur_act]
# if isinstance(Base_action[cur_act][1], tuple):
# out_val = self._parser.op(Base_action[cur_act][1][0], inp_vals)
# if out_val is None:
# exe_status = "run_error"
# break
# else:
# assert tgt_len == 1
# out_val = inp_vals[0]
# ans_type_list = [out_type] + ans_type_list[tgt_len:]
# ans_val_list = [out_val] + ans_val_list[tgt_len:]
# else:
# # check the grammar
# _tmp_args = []
# for _idx_s in range(tgt_len):
# if _idx_s >= len(ans_type_list):
# break
# if ans_type_list[_idx_s] == "Action":
# _tmp_args.append(self.skt_exe.action2outtype_dict[ans_val_list[_idx_s]])
# break
# else:
# _tmp_args.append(ans_type_list[_idx_s])
# if tuple(_tmp_args) != tuple(tgt_args[:len(_tmp_args)]):
# exe_status = "grammar_error"
# break
# # insert the action
# ans_type_list.insert(0, _type)
# ans_val_list.insert(0, _val)
# else:
# ans_type_list.insert(0, _type)
# ans_val_list.insert(0, _val)
#
# if exe_status == "grammar_error":
# return False, list()
# elif exe_status == "run_error":
# return False, list()
#
# ans_lf = _post_process(list(zip(ans_type_list, ans_val_list)))
#
# if _success_cond(ans_lf):
# return True, ans_lf
# else:
# return None, ans_lf
#
# def lf_exe_with_next(self, lf_input):
# if len(lf_input) == 0 or ( # the input is empty lf
# len(lf_input) == 1 and (lf_input[0][0] != "Action" and
# lf_input[0][1] not in self.skt_exe.valid_arg_set)
# ):
# return None, list(), self.skt_exe.outtype2actionlist_dict["S"]
#
# is_succ, ans_lf = self.lf_exe(lf_input)
#
# if is_succ is None:
# ans_sketch = [_val if _type == "Action" else _type for _type, _val in ans_lf]
# cur_args = []
# cur_action = None
# for _idx_t in range(len(ans_sketch) - 1, -1, -1):
# if ans_sketch[_idx_t] in self._actions:
# cur_action = ans_sketch[_idx_t]
# break
# else:
# cur_args.insert(0, ans_sketch[_idx_t])
# assert cur_action is not None
# tgt_args = self.skt_exe.action2inargs_dict[cur_action]
# if cur_action == "A26": # remove the "Count"
# tgt_args = tgt_args[1:]
# assert len(cur_args) < len(tgt_args)
# next_arg = tgt_args[len(cur_args)]
# return None, ans_lf, self.skt_exe.outtype2actionlist_dict[next_arg]
# else:
# return is_succ, ans_lf, None
| 26,941 |
https://github.com/tmasuda37/finance-center-frontend/blob/master/app/js/services/event_balance_service.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
finance-center-frontend
|
tmasuda37
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 29 | 87 |
function service(transportService) {
'ngInject';
const service = {};
service.getBalance = function (event) {
return transportService.send('POST', 'event-balance/list', event);
};
return service;
}
export default {
name: 'eventBalanceService',
fn: service
};
| 36,029 |
https://github.com/supprologics/holidayair/blob/master/resources/views/admin/hotels/gallery.blade.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
holidayair
|
supprologics
|
PHP
|
Code
| 352 | 1,693 |
@extends('layouts.app')
@section('content')
<div class="nk-content nk-content-fluid">
<div class="container-xl wide-xl">
<div class="nk-content-inner">
<div class="nk-content-description">
<div class="nk-block-head nk-block-head-sm">
<div class="nk-block-between g-3">
<div class="nk-block-head-content">
<h2 class="nk-block-title page-title">Images for {{$hotel->name}}</h2>
<div class="nk-block-des text-soft">
</div>
</div>
<div class="nk-block-head-content">
<div class="toggle-wrap nk-block-tools-toggle">
<a href="#" class="btn btn-icon btn-trigger toggle-expand mr-n1" data-target="pageMenu">
<em class="icon ni ni-more-v"></em>
</a>
<div class="toggle-expand-content" data-content="pageMenu">
<ul class="nk-block-tools g-3">
<li><a href="#file-upload" class="btn btn-primary" data-toggle="modal"><em class="icon ni ni-upload-cloud"></em> <span>Upload</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><!-- .nk-block-head -->
</div><!-- .nk-block-head -->
@include('partials.error')
@include('partials.session')
<div class="nk-block" >
<div class="panel-body card-group" id="uploaded_image">
<!-- Card group -->
</div>
</div><!-- .nk-block -->
<div class="nk-block">
<ul class="nk-block-tools g-3">
<li class="nk-block-tools-opt">
<a href="{{ route('hotelamenities.index',$hotel->id) }}" class="btn btn-primary">
<em class="icon ni ni-arrow-left"></em>
<span>Previous</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="nk-block-tools-opt">
<a href="{{ route('hotels.draft',$hotel->id) }}" class="btn btn-primary">
<em class="icon ni ni-save"></em>
<span>Save as Draft</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="nk-block-tools-opt">
<a href="{{ route('hotels.published',$hotel->id) }}" class="btn btn-primary">
<em class="icon ni ni-light"></em>
<span>Publish Hotel</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div><!-- .nk-block -->
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- @@ File Upload Modal -->
<div class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" id="file-upload">
<div class="modal-dialog modal-md" role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<a href="#" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><em class="icon ni ni-cross-sm"></em></a>
<div class="modal-body modal-body-md">
<div class="nk-upload-form">
<h5 class="title mb-3">Upload Images</h5>
<form id="dropzoneForm" class="dropzone small bg-lighter" action="{{ route('dropzone.upload') }}">
@csrf
<div class="dz-message" data-dz-message>
<span class="dz-message-text"><span>Drag and drop</span> file here or <span>browse</span></span>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="id_type" value="{{ $hotel->id }}">
<input type="hidden" name="type" value="hotel">
</form>
</div>
<div class="nk-modal-action justify-end">
<ul class="btn-toolbar g-4 align-center">
<li><a data-dismiss="modal" class="link link-primary">Cancel</a></li>
<li><button type="button" id="submit-all" class="btn btn-primary">Add Files</button></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div><!-- .modal-content -->
</div><!-- .modla-dialog -->
</div><!-- .modal -->
@endsection
@section('script')
<script src="{{ asset('admin-assets/js/apps/file-manager.js?ver=2.0.0')}}"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var hotel_id = "{{ $hotel->id }}";
Dropzone.options.dropzoneForm = {
autoProcessQueue : false,
parallelUploads:5,
acceptedFiles : ".png,.jpg,.gif,.bmp,.jpeg",
init:function(){
var submitButton = document.querySelector("#submit-all");
myDropzone = this;
submitButton.addEventListener('click', function(){
myDropzone.processQueue();
});
this.on("complete", function(){
if(this.getQueuedFiles().length == 0 && this.getUploadingFiles().length == 0)
{
var _this = this;
_this.removeAllFiles();
}
load_images();
});
}
};
load_images();
function load_images()
{
$.ajax({
url:"{{ route('dropzone.fetch') }}",
data:{
'id_type':hotel_id,
'type':'hotel',
},
success:function(data)
{
$('#uploaded_image').html(data);
}
})
}
$(document).on('click', '.remove_image', function(){
var name = $(this).attr('id');
$.ajax({
url:"{{ route('dropzone.delete') }}",
data:{
'name' : name,
'type':'hotel',
'id_type':hotel_id,
},
success:function(data){
if ( data['redirect']=='yes' ) {
window.location.replace(data['route']);
}
load_images();
}
})
});
</script>
@endsection
| 48,973 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9303781
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,012 |
Stack Exchange
|
Cacho Santa, IvanKalita, Jerry Coffin, Kaz, NIKHIL JAGTAP, Navid Motamedi, Rahul Bhalerao, Sohan Sonu, bitmask, casualcoder, ergosys, https://stackoverflow.com/users/10578, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1250772, https://stackoverflow.com/users/179910, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21123451, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21123452, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21123453, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21123676, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21123957, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21155327, https://stackoverflow.com/users/240633, https://stackoverflow.com/users/376382, https://stackoverflow.com/users/430766, https://stackoverflow.com/users/636019, ildjarn, selva kumar
|
English
|
Spoken
| 488 | 729 |
Does every large project include a Lisp interpreter?
I had the impression that there was a paper or article somewhere that claimed every sufficiently large project (not written in a Lisp variant) contained a poorly implemented Lisp interpreter. Google turns up nothing and a quick search of SO doesn't either. Is this something well known and documented somewhere I have forgotten, or just a figment of my imagination?
An actual document or link to such an article would be appreciated, if it exists. Otherwise, I will remove the question.
check out this link
This is a great question for programmers.SE, a poor one for SO.
Could someone move this question to programmers.SE? Regards to @bitmask
Here's my rule: Every sufficiently interesting question on stackoverflow is doom to be closed by an ad-hoc, poorly organized, bug obsessed cadre of half witted lisp haters.
@ergosys: http://stackoverflow.com/faq#etiquette -- And just for the record, I think Lisp is a great idea. And to reiterate: This is an awesome question, but if there is to be any meaningful separation between the SE sites, it should be moved to the appropriate place.
@bitmask, I don't see any thing being moved. But even so, I don't see much meaning in the seperation(s) in the first place. It's an entirely pointless waste of everyone's time to try to put the vast web of interelated programming topics into neat little silo-ed up categories. And if I offended any lisp haters, honestly I didn't mean to, it was just an attempt at humor.
@ergosys: No offence taken here! Anyway, I'm not saying it's a perfect system, but it happens to be community consensus. Regarding the move: I would, but I believe it requires divine (i.e. moderator) intervention to move a question.
Yes, this claim is Greenspun's tenth rule (actually the only rule):
Any sufficiently complicated C or Fortran program contains an ad hoc,
informally-specified, bug-ridden, slow implementation of half of
Common Lisp.
It is making a valid point about the expressiveness of Lisp-style features (particularly its kind of macros). However, it isn't serious to the degree you would write a paper on it.
'Yes' meaning 'no', as not every large project literally includes a Lisp interpreter...
@ildjarn: "Yes" meaning "Yes", as in "yes, he did claim that" (even though I agree he was wrong).
@Jerry : I took it as a 'yes' to Does every large project include a Lisp interpreter?. Thanks for clearing that up.
Actually, the phenomenon is quite real and I bet you could write a paper on it. Just find half a dozen mainstream C projects which contain instances of badly re-implemented Lisp features in disguise, and write up your findings into a little exposee.
What Greenspun meant when he uttered this quip was that Lisp provides a great many foundational technologies for writing good software, and that programs written in other languages informally (and inferiorly) reproduce a number of them as they grow.
| 8,520 |
3238010_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,969 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,479 | 1,881 |
HAMITER, Justice.
Jerry Wells was charged in a bill of information with the crime of attempted murder. He was tried by a jury, which rendered a yerdict of. attempted-manslaughter, and was sentenced to serve"four and one-half years at hard-labor in the State Penitentiary.
The defendant is appealing, and he relies on six bills of exceptions in order to obtain a reversal of such conviction and sentence.
Bill of exceptions No. 1 was reserved when the trial court overruled the motion for. a .continuance filed by the court-appointed counsel of the accused, it being based on the ground that he had not had sufficient time to • prepare for trial. Because of our conclusion that the conviction and sentence -will have to be set aside for errors set out in other bills of exceptions discussed hereinafter, and since the same issue will probably not arise in a new trial, it is unnecessary for us to consider this bill.
Bills of exceptions Nos. 2 and 3 relate to objections of defendant to the introduction of evidence (concerning objects removed from his automobile) on the ground that it was illegally seized.. Bills of exceptions Ños. 4 and 5 were taken to the court's overruling the defendant's objection to a search warrant (by reason of which a search was made of defendant's residence) and to the introduction into'evidence of certain'items seized in the course of such search.
The alleged crime occurred in Lake Charles, Louisiana (Calcasieu Parish) in the early morning of April 8, 1967. As a result of certain information received by the investigating officers, the latter went to the defendant's residence some time later that morning and requested that he accompany them to the Police Station in Sulphur which he did. He was -questioned there. Following the interrogation the officers were of the opinion that they had insufficient evidence to.arrest and hold the accused so they returned him to his home. The time consumed was approximately one hour.
When the officers brought the defendant to his home they noticed his car parked in the garage, with the license plate bent down. Then they went to the car, raised the hood, and found the motor to be hot. Whereupon they arrested and took him to the Calcasieu Parish jail (in Lake Charles).
Some time later other officers came to the home of the accused, and without any authority they examined and searched the car and towed it to the parish jail. Subsequently, the home was searched (apparently by different officers) on the authority of the aforementioned warrant.
As we have heretofore pointed out, the said bills of exceptions Nos. 2, 3, 4 and 5 were reserved when the state, over defendant's objections, was permitted to introduce the ' warrant and the evidence obtained as the result of the searches of the home and the automobile.
. In his per curiam to these bills the trial judge states • that he permitted such .evidence to be introduced because the defendant had been arrested prior to the searches. He observed that under our holding in State v. McIlvaine, 247 La. 747, 174 So.2d 515 the searches were valid. He also stated that, in his opinion, the warrant was legal because the evidence showed that .the officer who prepared the affidavit had sufficient information to justify the issuance.of it.'
On the other hand the defendant argues with great persuasion that the arrest itself was invalid, because-it was based on information obtained by an illegal inspection and search of his vehicle — that is, the officers' unauthorized opening the hood of the car to examine the engine, at which time no arrest had been made. The record and certain statements contained in the state's brief to this court strongly support .this argument.
But be that as it may, the evidence adduced in connection with the defendant's other objections make it abundantly clear that the subsequent searches of the automobile and of the home were illegal. It is true that when these were made defendant was under arrest. But it is equally certain that the searches were not made incidental to or in connection with that arrest. To the contrary, they were effected at some time thereafter by officers other than the arresting ones, and the defendant was not even then on the premises. Moreover, the record clearly reveals that, in the trial of the matter, the state did not rely on the arrest to support its search of the house; rather, it relied on the warrant. :
State v. McIlvaine, supra, is not authority for the district court's holding. In that case the search was made simultaneously with the accused's arrest and in his presence.
. Nor do we believe that the trial court's observation that the search was -illegal, it having been made under authority of a valid warrant, is correct. In our opinion the warrant was illegally issued, this because" the affidavit on which it was based recites nothing more than that the officer seeking the warrant " has reasonable cause to suspect and does suspect and verily believé that a shotgun and other weapons; Spent shotgun shells and .other live ammunition; may be located at the residence of Jerry Wells, 510 S. Lebanon St., Hollywood, La. or in the subject's vehicles a White 1966 Dodge Monaco bearing 66-67 La. license 62 D 088 or a Blue .1960 Opel Station Wagon; Above used in attempted murder of Curt. Maddox
Under the rulings of the United States Supreme Court in Nathanson v. United States, 290 U.S. 41, 54 S.Ct. 11, 78 L.Ed. 159 and Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 84 S.Ct. 1509, 12 L.Ed.2d 723 such an affidavit, based on mere affirmance of belief or suspicion, is patently defective and, therefore, the warrant issued pursuant thereto is illegal and invalid.
But even aside from these rulings the same result would be reached under the express language of Article 162 of our own Code of Criminal Procedure which pertinently provides: "A search warrant may issue only upon probable cause established to the satisfaction of the judge, by the affidavit of a credible person, reciting facts establishing the cause for issuance of the warrant." (Italics ours)
A comparison of this article with its source provisions (LRS 15:42-44) now leaves no doubt but that a search warrant can legally issue in this state only when an affidavit has been submitted to the judge and such affidavit recites facts which satisfy him, the judge, not the affiant, that probable cause exists for its issuance. That the affirming officer was aware of facts which, if alleged in his affidavit, would have shown probable cause is of no moment.
The clear and unmistakable language of Article 162 requires, as aforestated, that such facts be contained in the affidavit; it does not contemplate that the affiant should perform the function of .determining what is probable cause. If we were to permit such affiant to bolster an affidavit and warrant by later testifying (when they are challenged) as to other information which he had at the time (but not revealed in the affidavit), the judge would then become merely a rubber stamp for the investigating officer; and we would defeat the very purpose sought to be achieved by 'requiring the use of search warrants which is that "probable cause must be determined by a 'neutral and detached magistrate,' and not by 'the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime.' Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 14, 68 S.Ct. 367, 369, 92 L.Ed. 436 (1948). " See Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 89 S.Ct. 584, 21 L.Ed. 2d 637.
We conclude, therefore, that the defendant's objections to evidence obtained as a result of the- searches of his automobile and home were well taken, and that the court's permitting it to be introduced constituted reversible error.
Bill of exceptions No. 6 was reserved when the state was permitted to introduce evidence concerning a spent shotgun shell which was objected to by the accused on the ground that it had been obtained pursuant to an illegal search warrant. But there is no merit in the bill. The per curiam of the trial judge recites that such shell was found at the scene of the crime by one of the investigating officers who properly identified it. (It was not obtained by a search of the defendant's home or automobile.) Clearly it was admissible.
For the reasons assigned the conviction and sentence appealed from are reversed and set aside, and the case is remanded for a new trial in accordance with law and the views herein expressed.
BARHAM, J., agrees with the opinion of the majority, but concurs for the additional reasons set out in his dissenting opinion in State v. Lampkin, 253 La. 337, 218 So.2d 289, which involved a search warrant almost identical with the one presented here..
| 8,270 |
https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/256471
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
|
cherub, https://stats.stackexchange.com/users/113959, https://stats.stackexchange.com/users/62079, user1997744
|
English
|
Spoken
| 453 | 606 |
Propagating errors through interpolation and maximisation
I have a spectrum of some counts against wavelength, where both the counts and wavelength have a known error. I then have applied a Hermite interpolation to the spectrum in Mathematica. From what I gather, an upper bound on the error between the interpolation and the spectrum is,
$$\max_x |f''(x)|\prod_{i=1}^n (x-x_i)$$
where $f$ the spectrum carries an error, as do the interpolating points $x_i$. Now, the problem is it is unclear to me entirely how to propagate this error into the maximum $x_{max}$ of the interpolation. I am assuming it is probably method dependent, but since I've tried many and they all yield adequate maxima, I'd be willing to go with whichever method yields the error estimate easiest to compute.
What are you trying to do, is this scientific work? Do you want to do a polynomial fit/extraction of parameters and estimate their uncertainties, so you can have a parametrized version of your data? It is unusual to use interpolation with inaccurate dependent variables; but maybe there is a reason you do it like that?
@cherub What I'm trying to do is apply Wien's law to a spectrum to determine the temperature, so I apply an interpolation and then find the maximum. Whether it's the right approach is irrelevant; there must be some way of somewhat analytically determining the error.
@OP: There are several comments. a) Regarding the problem -- the approach is important, because you might not take the uncertainty in the dependent variable into account. Also: if you're only interested in the temperature, then two approaches are applicable: most simple is an estimation of the curves' maximum, where the error estimation is a bit more complicated. Or -- what I would recommend -- is to fit the curve with the known theoretical spectrum, taking both uncertainties into account, which leads to a straightforward error estimation. -- just as a comment
@OP: regarding the original question, where do you have the formula from? To me the formula and your question seem somewhat unrelated. From what I gather: the interpolation yields one and only one solution, so given your sample there is one single biggest source of deviation -- figuratively speaking at the point where the function changes the most rapidly.
@cherub There is no theoretical spectrum available for what I've measured.
@OP: OK, then I misunderstood. I understood that you measured the wavelength distribution from black body radiation. So depending on the wavelengths/frequencies you measured you either use Planck's or WIen's law, or most straightforward Wien's displacement law.
@cherub Yes; I divided it by the quantum efficiency of the CCD, so I have the true spectrum of the body, to be able to apply Wien's law.
| 29,363 |
https://github.com/webdev522/backtest-portfolio/blob/master/packages/server/src/Server.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
backtest-portfolio
|
webdev522
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 138 | 520 |
import fastify from 'fastify'
import cookie from 'fastify-cookie'
import apiRoute from './routes/api'
import searchPlugin from './plugins/searchPlugin'
import compress from 'fastify-compress'
import jwtPlugin from 'plugins/jwtPlugin'
import closePlugin from 'plugins/closePlugin'
import corsPlugin from 'fastify-cors'
const PORT = parseInt(process.env.PORT!, 10)
export default class Server {
app = fastify({ logger: true })
constructor() {
this.setup()
}
setup() {
this.app.register(corsPlugin, {
origin: (origin, callback) => {
if (!origin) {
return callback(null, true)
}
const host = origin.split('://')[1]
const allowedHost = [
'www.backtest.net',
'webdev522.vercel.app',
'backtest.net',
'backtest.vlpt.us',
'localhost:3000',
]
const vercelBranchDeployRegex = /-webdev522.vercel.app$/
const allowed =
allowedHost.includes(host) || vercelBranchDeployRegex.test(host)
callback(null, allowed)
},
credentials: true,
})
this.app.register(cookie)
this.app.register(compress)
this.app.register(searchPlugin)
this.app.register(jwtPlugin)
this.app.register(apiRoute, { prefix: '/api' })
this.app.register(closePlugin)
this.app.setErrorHandler((error, request, reply) => {
reply.send({
statusCode: error.statusCode,
name: error.name,
message: error.message,
validation: error.validation,
stack: error.stack,
})
})
}
start() {
return this.app.listen(PORT)
}
close() {
return this.app.close()
}
}
| 4,247 |
US-201916443817-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,019 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 892 | 1,048 |
6. The system of claim 4, wherein the opening in the flow module is located on a first side of the flow module, and the inlet and the outlet are located on a second side of the flow module opposite the first side of the flow module.
7. The system of claim 1, wherein the inlet of the flow module is located below the measurement zone of the turbidity sensor.
8. The system of claim 1, wherein the inlet of the flow module is located closer to the bottom end of the flow module than the outlet thereof.
9. The system of claim 1, wherein the turbidity sensor is an optical turbidity sensor selected from the group consisting of a single beam turbidity sensor, a ratio beam turbidity sensor, a modulated four beam turbidity sensor, a surface scatter turbidity sensor, and a transmittance turbidity sensor.
10. The system of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of turbidity sensors, each turbidity sensor extending into the flow module through a corresponding opening in the flow module.
11. The system of claim 1, wherein the gap is configured as a bypass path that does not pass through the measurement zone.
12. The system of claim 11, wherein the bypass path runs between an inner wall of the flow module and an outer sidewall of the turbidity sensor, above and around the measurement zone.
13. A method for increasing the accuracy of a turbidity sensor, the method comprising: flowing a fluid containing bubbles into a system, the system comprising: a turbidity sensor with a body and a first end that includes a light source and a measurement zone between two prongs that extend away from the body in parallel at the first end; and a flow module that includes a top end, a bottom end opposite the top end thereof, an inlet, and an outlet, the inlet and outlet defining a flow path therebetween; placing the turbidity sensor in engagement with the flow module such that the two prongs of the turbidity sensor are disposed within the flow path of the flow module and the outlet is located above the measurement zone and to form a gap between an outer sidewall of at least one of the two prongs and an inner wall of the flow module, the gap being located above the measurement zone and configured to accommodate the bubbles in the fluid to permit the bubbles in the fluid to pass from the inlet to the outlet via the gap and outside the measurement zone; and measuring the turbidity of the fluid as the fluid flows through the measurement zone of the turbidity sensor.
14. The method of claim 13, further comprising separating the fluid in the flow module into a first stream of fluid containing relatively more bubbles and a second stream of fluid containing relatively fewer bubbles, the first stream flowing through the gap configured as a bypass path and does not pass through the measurement zone to the outlet, and the second stream flowing through the measurement zone of the turbidity sensor to be measured.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the bypass path runs between an inner wall of the flow module and an outer sidewall of the turbidity sensor, above and around the measurement zone.
16. The method of claim 13, wherein the inlet of the flow module is located along a first side thereof, and the outlet is located along a second side thereof, the first side located opposite the second side.
17. The method of claim 13 wherein both the inlet and the outlet of the flow module are located along a same side thereof.
18. The method of claim 13, wherein the inlet of the flow module is located below the measurement zone of the turbidity sensor.
19. A system for measuring the turbidity of a fluid, the system comprising: a flow module that includes a top end, a bottom end opposite the top end thereof, an inlet, and an outlet, the inlet and outlet defining a flow path therebetween, and an opening in the top end for receiving a turbidity sensor the opening communicating with the flow path; the opening being configured to receive a turbidity sensor with a body and a first end that includes a light source and a measurement zone between two prongs that extend away from the body in parallel at the first end; wherein the two prongs of the turbidity sensor are disposed within the flow path of the flow module and the outlet is located above the measurement zone when the turbidity sensor is placed in the opening to engage with the flow module; and a gap between an outer sidewall of at least one of the two prongs and an inner wall of the flow module when the turbidity sensor is placed in the opening to engage with the flow module, the gap being located above the measurement zone and configured to accommodate bubbles in the fluid to permit bubbles in the fluid to pass from the inlet to the outlet via the gap and outside the measurement zone.
20. The system of claim 19, wherein the inlet of the flow module is located below the measurement zone of the turbidity sensor when the turbidity sensor is placed in the opening to engage with the flow module..
| 16,455 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1441894
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,009 |
Stack Exchange
|
Blake Marchi, Dan, Dymozmrd Dymák, Matthias247, Vale, ar-org-austral, bjnord, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2852561, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2852562, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2852563, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2852624, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2852868, https://stackoverflow.com/users/291754, https://stackoverflow.com/users/7232778
|
English
|
Spoken
| 195 | 336 |
How can I retrieve the output of my command when using rake sh?
I am running a command using sh and need to read the output of that command. e.g.
sh "whoami"
But sh only seems to return true rather than a string containing the output of the whoami command. Does anyone know of a solution?
There are several ways:
output = `whoami`
#or
output = %x[whoami]
# or using 'system' but in case of errors it's gonna return false
output = system "whoami"
Thank you for mentioning 'system "whoami"' -- I was looking for a way to suppress the echo-back of the command which 'sh "diff a b"' produces, and 'system "diff a b"' does the trick.
Just use backquotes to execute the statement:
output = `whoami`
The result will be in the 'output' variable.
i wasn't sure how to get those other methods to fail on error, so i went with redirection:
sh "mysql --verbose #{connection_options} < #{sql_file} > #{sql_file_output_file}" do |ok, status|
ok or fail "mysql file failed [#{sql_file}"
end
This solution uses no intermediate files:
r, w = IO.pipe
sh 'whoami', out: w
w.close
username = r.read #=> your username
r.close
| 30,388 |
https://github.com/darinkuo/imagenet-tflm/blob/master/download.sh
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
imagenet-tflm
|
darinkuo
|
Shell
|
Code
| 181 | 734 |
#!/bin/bash
#Name: Download
#Description: Download pre-trained tensorflow models and generate protobuff file
# URL for Tensorflow's Model Zoo
model_zoo="https://storage.googleapis.com/download.tensorflow.org/models/tflite/model_zoo"
google_models="https://storage.googleapis.com/download.tensorflow.org/models"
help()
{
# Display Help
echo "Download pre-trained tflite model and generates protobuff file"
echo
echo "Syntax: download [-h] [squeeze|google|resnet]"
echo "options:"
echo "h Print this Help."
echo
}
get_model()
{
dir='./model'
# Get model and generate protobuff
mkdir -p model
wget --directory-prefix='./model' "$1$2"
tar -xvzf "$dir/$2" -C $dir
echo "Generating Protobuff"
xxd -i "$dir/$3.tflite" > src/model_data.cc
}
model_name="squeezenet"
file_name="squeezenet_2018_04_27.tgz"
download_link="https://storage.googleapis.com/download.tensorflow.org/models/tflite/model_zoo/upload_20180427/squeezenet_2018_04_27.tgz"
directory="./model"
result=$(echo "$download_link" | grep -o '[^/]+(?=/$|$)')
echo $result
if [[ -z "$1" ]]
then
help
exit
else
case $1 in
squeeze)
echo "Downloading Squeezenet"
get_model "$model_zoo/upload_20180427/" squeezenet_2018_04_27.tgz squeezenet
exit
;;
google)
echo "Downloading Inception V1 (GoogleNet)"
get_model "$google_models/" inception_v1_224_quant_20181026.tgz inception_v1_224_quant
exit
;;
resnet)
echo "Downloading Resnet101 V2"
get_model "$google_models/tflite_11_05_08/" resnet_v2_101.tgz resnet_v2_101_299
exit
;;
*)
echo "Invalid argument: $1; must be [squeeze|google|resnet]"
help
exit
;;
esac
fi
while getopts ":h" option; do
case $option in
h) # display Help
help
exit;;
g)
esac
done
mkdir -p model
wget --directory-prefix=$directory $download_link
tar -xvzf "$directory/$file_name" -C $directory
xxd -i "$directory/$model_name.tflite" > src/model_data.cc
| 336 |
https://github.com/jstucken/DET-Python-Anki-Overdrive-v1-1/blob/master/www/html/phpmyadmin/test/classes/Controllers/Server/Status/ProcessesControllerTest.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
DET-Python-Anki-Overdrive-v1-1
|
jstucken
|
PHP
|
Code
| 368 | 1,668 |
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace PhpMyAdmin\Tests\Controllers\Server\Status;
use PhpMyAdmin\Controllers\Server\Status\ProcessesController;
use PhpMyAdmin\Server\Status\Data;
use PhpMyAdmin\Template;
use PhpMyAdmin\Tests\AbstractTestCase;
use PhpMyAdmin\Tests\Stubs\Response;
use PhpMyAdmin\Url;
use function htmlspecialchars;
class ProcessesControllerTest extends AbstractTestCase
{
/** @var Data */
private $data;
protected function setUp(): void
{
parent::setUp();
$GLOBALS['text_dir'] = 'ltr';
parent::setGlobalConfig();
$GLOBALS['PMA_Config']->enableBc();
parent::setTheme();
$GLOBALS['server'] = 1;
$GLOBALS['db'] = 'db';
$GLOBALS['table'] = 'table';
$GLOBALS['PMA_PHP_SELF'] = 'index.php';
$GLOBALS['cfg']['Server']['DisableIS'] = false;
$GLOBALS['cfg']['Server']['host'] = 'localhost';
$this->data = new Data();
}
public function testIndex(): void
{
$response = new Response();
$controller = new ProcessesController($response, new Template(), $this->data, $GLOBALS['dbi']);
$controller->index();
$html = $response->getHTMLResult();
$this->assertStringContainsString(
'Note: Enabling the auto refresh here might cause '
. 'heavy traffic between the web server and the MySQL server.',
$html
);
// Test tab links
$this->assertStringContainsString(
'<div class="tabLinks row">',
$html
);
$this->assertStringContainsString(
'<a id="toggleRefresh" href="#">',
$html
);
$this->assertStringContainsString(
'play',
$html
);
$this->assertStringContainsString(
'Start auto refresh',
$html
);
$this->assertStringContainsString(
'<select id="id_refreshRate"',
$html
);
$this->assertStringContainsString(
'<option value="5" selected>',
$html
);
$this->assertStringContainsString(
'5 seconds',
$html
);
$this->assertStringContainsString(
'<table id="tableprocesslist" class="table table-light table-striped table-hover sortable w-auto">',
$html
);
$this->assertStringContainsString(
'<th>Processes</th>',
$html
);
$this->assertStringContainsString(
'Show full queries',
$html
);
$this->assertStringContainsString(
'index.php?route=/server/status/processes',
$html
);
$_POST['full'] = '1';
$_POST['column_name'] = 'Database';
$_POST['order_by_field'] = 'db';
$_POST['sort_order'] = 'ASC';
$controller->index();
$html = $response->getHTMLResult();
$this->assertStringContainsString(
'Truncate shown queries',
$html
);
$this->assertStringContainsString(
'Database',
$html
);
$this->assertStringContainsString(
'DESC',
$html
);
$_POST['column_name'] = 'Host';
$_POST['order_by_field'] = 'Host';
$_POST['sort_order'] = 'DESC';
$controller->index();
$html = $response->getHTMLResult();
$this->assertStringContainsString(
'Host',
$html
);
$this->assertStringContainsString(
'ASC',
$html
);
}
public function testRefresh(): void
{
$process = [
'User' => 'User1',
'Host' => 'Host1',
'Id' => 'Id1',
'db' => 'db1',
'Command' => 'Command1',
'Info' => 'Info1',
'State' => 'State1',
'Time' => 'Time1',
];
$GLOBALS['cfg']['MaxCharactersInDisplayedSQL'] = 12;
$response = new Response();
$response->setAjax(true);
$controller = new ProcessesController($response, new Template(), $this->data, $GLOBALS['dbi']);
$_POST['full'] = '1';
$_POST['order_by_field'] = 'process';
$_POST['sort_order'] = 'DESC';
$controller->refresh();
$html = $response->getHTMLResult();
$this->assertStringContainsString(
'index.php?route=/server/status/processes',
$html
);
$killProcess = 'data-post="'
. Url::getCommon(['kill' => $process['Id']], '') . '"';
$this->assertStringContainsString(
$killProcess,
$html
);
$this->assertStringContainsString(
'ajax kill_process',
$html
);
$this->assertStringContainsString(
__('Kill'),
$html
);
//validate 2: $process['User']
$this->assertStringContainsString(
htmlspecialchars($process['User']),
$html
);
//validate 3: $process['Host']
$this->assertStringContainsString(
htmlspecialchars($process['Host']),
$html
);
//validate 4: $process['db']
$this->assertStringContainsString(
__('None'),
$html
);
//validate 5: $process['Command']
$this->assertStringContainsString(
htmlspecialchars($process['Command']),
$html
);
//validate 6: $process['Time']
$this->assertStringContainsString(
$process['Time'],
$html
);
//validate 7: $process['state']
$this->assertStringContainsString(
$process['State'],
$html
);
//validate 8: $process['info']
$this->assertStringContainsString(
$process['Info'],
$html
);
}
}
| 22,972 |
https://github.com/ASharpPen/valheim.dropthat/blob/master/Valheim.DropThat/Drop/CharacterDropSystem/Caches/DropExtended.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Unlicense
| 2,021 |
valheim.dropthat
|
ASharpPen
|
C#
|
Code
| 60 | 217 |
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using Valheim.DropThat.Configuration.ConfigTypes;
namespace Valheim.DropThat.Drop.CharacterDropSystem.Caches
{
public class DropExtended
{
private static ConditionalWeakTable<CharacterDrop.Drop, DropExtended> DropTable = new ConditionalWeakTable<CharacterDrop.Drop, DropExtended>();
public static void Set(CharacterDrop.Drop drop, CharacterDropItemConfiguration config)
{
DropTable.GetOrCreateValue(drop).Config = config;
}
public static DropExtended GetExtension(CharacterDrop.Drop drop)
{
if (DropTable.TryGetValue(drop, out DropExtended dropExtended))
{
return dropExtended;
}
return null;
}
public CharacterDropItemConfiguration Config { get; set; }
}
}
| 30,601 |
https://github.com/wtz/tuer.me/blob/master/lib/pag.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,018 |
tuer.me
|
wtz
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 161 | 614 |
function pag(options){
if(!options) options = {};
this.cur = options.cur || 10;//当前第几页
this.space = options.space || 5; //一页共几个
this.bordermax = options.bordermax || 5; //最多一共显示几页 * 左右各显示
this.total = options.total || 100; //一共多少条数据
this.size = Math.ceil(this.total / this.space);
this.split = options.split || '/';
this.url = (options.url || '/diary') + this.split;
this.start = this.cur - this.bordermax >= 1 ? this.cur - this.bordermax : 1;
this.end = this.cur + this.bordermax >= this.size ? this.size : this.cur + this.bordermax;
//console.log(this.bordermax);
//console.log(this.cur);
//console.log(this.size);
//console.log(this.end);
}
pag.prototype.draw = function(){
var wrap = '<div class="pagination"><ul>';
if(this.total === 0 || this.cur > this.size || this.cur <= 0 || this.size == 1) return '';
if(this.cur!=1){
wrap += '<li><a href="'+this.url+'1">首页</a></li>';
wrap += '<li><a href="'+this.url+(this.cur-1)+'">前页</a></li>';
}
for(var i=this.start;i <= this.end;i++){
var cls = this.cur == i ? ' class="active"' : '',
item = '<li'+cls+'><a href="'+this.url+i+'">'+i+'</a></li>';
wrap += item;
}
if(this.cur!=this.size){
wrap += '<li><a href="'+this.url+(this.cur+1)+'">后页</a></li>';
wrap += '<li><a href="'+this.url+this.size+'">尾页</a></li>';
}
wrap +='</ul></div>';
return wrap;
};
pag.prototype.init = function(){
return this.draw();
};
exports.pag = pag;
| 24,312 |
historychristia00bouzgoog_8
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,875 |
The History of Christianity
|
Étienne Ursin Bouzique
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,327 | 10,303 |
They will be clad in fiiUc and satin, with bracelets of gold and pearls ; they will lie on carpets made of silk and fringed with gold. They will be Berved all round by children pos- sessed of eternal youth, resembling strung pearls. There "will be offered to them plenty of delicious tniit, the flesh of the rarest birds, all things they can desire. They will be served with exquisite wine, flavoured with musk and tem- pered with water from the fountain of Tasnim. !Not far from them, under pavilions, are the houris with their fine black eyes, like pearls, virgins of paradise, created by a special act of creation, with modest aspect, charming bash- fulness, cherished by their husbands, and of an age equal to theirs. The eyes of the righteous will plunge to the bottom of hell, and they will congratulate themselves on theii' happiness. As to the wicked, God, after separating them from the good, will heap them the one upon the other, A«M L TO THE BCHISH OT FH0TIU8. HI will bind them in bundles, and hurl them into hell or Gehenna. Gehenna has seven gates. At each of these will remain a troop of the wicked. Nineteen angels are charged with watching at the mouth of hell, which will be filled at ones with genii and men. On the day of judgment, the wicked will be aBsembled before the fire, and advance in bands. There their ears and their eyes and their skin will testify against them. When the fli'e shall see them at a distance, they will heai' it bellow with rage. They shall be thrown into a narrow prison, bound one with another. Then they will call for death, and it will be said to them — " Do not call for one death) call for deaths of several kinds." They will be in the midst of pes- tilential winda and boiling waters, onder the shadow of smoke with three ooliimna, which wUl not protect them from the fire, and will cast sparks like towers. The fire will seize their hearts and sun'ound them like a vault. Their garments will be cut by fire ; their coats will be of pitch. The flame will cover their persons, and the boiling water will be poured upon their heads ; their entrails and their skin will be consumed. They will be struck with blasts of fire. Every time that in their t^ony they shall tty to escape, they will be thi-own back with the words — " Endure the punishment of fire." They shall be fed on the fruits of Zacoum, a tree which grows at the bottom of hell, and of which the branches resemble the heads of demons. This fruit shall boil ia their bowels as melted metal. They shall have for drink filthy and boiling water. Their faces shall be black like dark night. Death shall rush upon them from all sides, and they shall not die ; they shall neither die nor live. They shall be plunged into despair. In the fire they shall utter sighs and sobs. They shall remain there eter- nally ; without intercession or succour, except God change his mind ; there shall be succour for those only whom God shall pity. They shall cry to the inhabitants of paradise — " Send down on us a little water and some of those delights which God has granted you." " God," they will reply, ''has interdicted both to the infidels." 142 THE HIBTOKT OF CHBISTIASITT Tliey will cry to the angel ■who presides over their torments — " O MaJek ! would that thy lord would put an eud to our punish meats." " Ho," Malek will reply, " you wUl remain in it." The principal points of religious practice taught by the Koran are prayer, almii, fasting, and pilgrimage to Mecca. Prayer is preceded by ablutions and purificationa. They are made at the two extremities of the day, aftemoon and at the entiunco of night ; you ought to consecrate to it also the time of your nocturnal Tigila. To pray, you turn your face toward the temple of Mecca, wherever you are. Women pray in the house, or, if they wish to go to the mosque, they wait till the men are no longer there. Friday is the day of the week specially consecrated to the Lord. Fasting is prescribed on believers. It begins at the moment when you can distinguish a black thread from a white thread, and ia observed strictly until night. The fast pi-operly hista during all the month pf Ramadan, in which the Koran came down from on high. Whoever does a good work shall receive a reward ten- fold. You ought to succour your parents, your relatives, orphans, the poor, travellers. You should give alms of what yon value most. To do alms openly is laudable ; to do alma secretly is more meritorious. Pilgrimage is not a new institution of the Koran. It was in nse among the Arabs before the coming of Mohamed. The prophet presef ved it, while regulating the rites and ceremonies to be observed. Circumcision existed among the Ishmaelites; it has been retained among the believers, although Mohamed aaya nothing about it. The Koran forbids wine, gambling, tiaury, lots, rash oaths, defamation, prodigality, avarice. It prohibits the eating of animals that die of tbemselvea, blood, pig's flesh, as well as that of victims ofiered to idob. You may eat any unpi-ohibited animal. But good works and pious practices are powerless to procure salvation, if the divine mercy does not give you aid. You may even contest their utility in presence of the dogma of absolute predestination, which the Koran admits. All that takes place in the world, it is said, whether of good or TO TBK SCHISM OF PHOTIUS. 143 ill, proceeds entirely from the divine will, and ia written fcom all eternity in the reserved tablet. Independently of religious observances, the Koran also contains civil laws, after the manner of the Pentateuch and divers other books of the East. These laws are the more stable because it is believed that they emanate from God. The major part of the political or civil requii-ements of Mohamed are borrowed from those of Moaea. They are full of the same spirit, and very often they are identical. The Koran authorises polygamy, like the law of Israel ; but it is restricted to four legitimate wives, without limitation as to the number of concubine slaves. Marriage is prohibited between relations within certain degrees. It is forbidden to beUevera to marry a woman already married to another, unless she has fallen into tlieir hands as a slave, or, married to an infidel, she has left him to take refuge among them ; it is equally forbidden to marry an idolater. They are to marry virtuous girls of believing parents or of those who received the scriptures before them. They are bound to assign dowers to tlie women whom they marry. The husband has the right to correct his wife ; he may reprimand her, he may send her into another bed, he may beat her. The husband has also the right of repudiation. He who has repudiated a wife may take her again ; but after a third repudiation, he is not permitted to take her again, except she has been married and repudiated by another man. The Koran regulates tlie conditions of repudiation. It equally fixes the rights of widows, and the time aft*r which tbey may re-marry. The prophet, like the Jewish kings, had the privilege to take as many legitimate wives and concubines as he wished. None of his wives, repudiated, or widows could be married to another. Women ought to cast down their eyes, be chaste, cover their bosom with a veil, not display their ornaments except to their husbands or their nearest relations. Adulterous men and women receive a hundred blows each, and cannot marry except to adulterers or idolaters. In the order of successions fixed by the Koran men are always better treated than women ; a e portion of two daughters. THE HISTOBT OF CEBI8TIANITY The penal laws are equally based on those of the Penta- teuch. The penalty of talion ia appointed for murder ; life for life. Nevertheless, the criminal may obtain his pardon from the fiimily of the defunct, by paying a certain sum as the price of blood and emancipating a slave. The vengeance of an injury ought to be equal to the injuiy received ; but reconciliation with your enemy is rewarded of God. During the first years of his mission, Moharaed, as we have seen, restricted himself to preaching his doctrine. He aaid at first (ii. 257), "No violence in matters of religion ; truth distinguishes itself from error. God under- stands and knows everything." But after his flight to Medina, he repelled force by force. His victories con- tributing more than anything else to the extension of lalamism, he then made a formal order for religioiis war. " Combat," he said, " in the way of God, those who make ■war on believers ; fight until every form of worship is that of the only God. Make war on those who believe neither in God nor in the last day, and on those among the men of the scriptures who do not profess the true religion, until they pay the tribute and are submissive." He nevertheless forbids the violation of engagements taken with unbelievers, as long as their term is not run out. In imitation of the ancient Arabs, the Koran establishes four sacred months, during which war is not permitted among Moslems. Mohamed left, to dispute his succession, his son-in-law Ali , husband of Fatima, his only child, and three fathers-in- law, Abubekr, Omai", and Othman. Abubekr, father of Alsha, the most beloved of his wives, is recognised as his successor (632), and takes the title of Kalif (vicar or lieutenant), calling himself the prophet's vicar. His first care ia to put down the revolts raised by pretended prophets who had been rivals of Mohamed. The principal are Museilama and Aswad. The latter was killed by con- spirators during the life of Mohamed. Abubekr sends against the other an army led by Khaled, a skilful genei-al. Museilama is defeated and fiills in battle. The frontiers of Persia and those of the empire of the East are then mvaded by the Araba, who are called also Saracens, from the name of one of the tribes bordering on the empire. Abubekr dies after reigning two years. Under the Kalif Omar, who tajtes bis place, the Moslems ruin the monarchy of the Peraians, and take from the Romans Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. Heraclius, not in a condition to defend those countries, retired into his capital with the pre- tended wood of the true cross, which he had carried off from Jerusalem. This last city is taken by Omar ia 636. The Kalif enters the holy city clad in a hair shirt. He clears the ground on which the temple of Solomon stands, on which he builds a mosque some years later. Omar gives a guaid to Jerusalem and goes to Bethlehem to make hia prayers in the grotto where Jesus waa bom, according to the legend. Damascus becomes the capital of Moslem Syria, The Arabs take possession of all Egypt. Alexandria surreadera after a siege of fourteen months (640), and ita library ia burnt by Omar's orders. The patriarch of the Jacobites, who had hidden himself for ten years, returns into that city, where resides aJao a Melchite patriarch, that is, a patriareh of the imperial Church. Omar is assassinated dui-ing public prayer (644). Othman, hia successor, gives the government of Egypt to Abdala, with a large amount of troops. That general advances by land beyond Tripolia and peneti-ates into Africa proper or proconsular. He defeats the patricius Gregory, imposea a considerable tribute, and after an expedition of fifteen months, returns laden with a rich ijooty. Moaviah, who commands ia Syria, takes there Beveral cities from the Greeks ; he also attacks the isle of Oypra^ (G48). The conquests of the Moslems reatoro liberty to the dissident churches. Tlie Nestorians ri^e again in Syria, the Eutychians in Egypt. Tlie Melchites are treated worse than they. It is not that the Mohamedans care about the divisions existing among those churches, who all three hold the trinity ; but the Melchites are suspected of being in favour of the Emperor of Conatantinopla The Arabs continue to increase. The last King of Persia is killed (651) and his kingdom entirely conquered. The ^ and the East (660). Ali is succeeds Lim, Moaviah, who THB BI8T0BY OF CHSIBTIANITT lloslem power then estenda over Arabia, Persia, Meao- potamia, Ciitildaea, Armenia, Syria, Paleatine, Egypt, and a great part of Africa. Othman is massacred at Medina in lis own house (655). Hia adversaries proclaim Ali, son of Abntaleb, couain-german and son-in-iaw of Moharaed. But a conaiderabie party declare against the new Kalif, at the instigation of Aisha, the prophet's widow, who is called tbe mother of the Moslems. The head of this party is Moaviah, who commands in Syria from the year 634. After several combats, peace is concluded on the condition that Persia " ' ~ ' ' 3 Ali, Syria and the West to Moaviah same year. His son Hassan ,nd, six months after, yields the empire to a recognised as the sole Kalif This is the head of the family of Ommiah. From these divisions between Ali and Moaviah proceeded the schism which still separates the Sonnitea from the Shiitcsor partlsaaa of All The Sonnitea, or traditionalists, acknowledge as having canonical authority the iSowrao, a collection of traditions and of unwritten sentences of Mohamed and his first aucceaaors. The Shiites reject this book as apocryphal and unworthy of credence. The two parties accuse each other of having corrupted the Koran and of neglecting its requirements. The Shiites regard as usurpers the three first Kalifs, Abubekr, Omar, and 0th- man, while the Sonnites account them legitimate Imauns. In the eyes of the Shiites, Ali is greater than Mohamed himself, or at least his equal ; the Sonnitea allow neither Ali nor any other prophet to be equal to Mohamed. The Persians and the Fatimitea of Egypt are the principal fol- lowers of Ali ; the other Moslems declare in general for the Sonna ; each of the two parties maintains itself to be alone the orthodox. Civil war had suspended the conquests of Islamism. They resume their course as soon as Moaviah governs alone. He advances on the provinces of the Roman t, devastates them, and carries off numerous captives A part of Sicily falls into the power of the Moha- They carry off from proconsular Africa eighty tliouMind prisoners (668), ravage Greece, Thrace, and go to Empire O THE BCHIBH OF PHOTIUS. 147 L attack Constftntinople. Then it is that to destroy their veaaela the Greek fire, which burns in the water, is invented. Yesid succeeds Moaviah, his fether (680). Carthage and the province of Africa are definitively con- quered (696), In the ensuing years the Moslems occupy Mauritania, and spread aa far as the Atlantic Ocean. They pass into Spain (712), the monarchy of the Gotha ceases to exist; Cordova becomes the capital of the conquerors. They pass over the Pyrenees and seize the Spanish possessions in Cfaul ; Narbonne succumbs in 719. During several years the Arabs struggle against the Aquitaniaua with diverse success. In 733 they make a last effort under the leader- ship of Abd-el-Rahman. One of their armies, going up the Ehone and the Saone, occupies Avignon, Valentia, Lyons, Ma^on, Chalons, Besan^on, Dijon, and Auxerre ; it is repelled under the walls of Sens. Other bodies of troops, led by Abd-el-Rahman in person, defeat Eudes, duke of Aqui- tania, and take Bordeaux, Agen, Perigueux, Saintes, Poitiers. Near the last city Charles Martel gives them battle, in which Abd-el-Eahman perishes (732), The Arabs are driven from Aquitania and other provinces of France which they had invaded ; none the less the war continues in the following years. In Spain the Saracens bear sway in all the countries except Asturiaa. A certain number of Christians, retired into the mountains of that province, succeed in maintaining themselves there in independence under the lead of Pelagius, whom they elect for king. In 737 the power passes to his son, and two years later, to his son-in-law, Alphonse the Catholic. The latter finding the Saracens enfeebled by the defeats they have suffered iu France, beabi them in several conflicts and takes from them a certain number of cities. Nevertheless the new state remains in a precarious situation till toward the middle of the ninth century. In the East a new war rises between the Arabs, under tlie reign of Meruan (744). Ibrahim is acknowledged for Imaun in Mecca. He descended from Abbas, Mohamed's uncle, while Ommia, head of the reigning dynasty, was only 1 48 THE HIBTOBT OF CHKiaTIANITY distantly related to the prophet. Meruan seized hia com- petitor aod bad liini put to death (743). Abdulla Saffah Buoceeila hia brother Ibi-ahim, Meruan is driven from Syria and Palestine ; he is pursued into Egypt, where he is at last taken and slain (750). In his person the dynasty of the Ommiadea comes to an end in the East. But it euc- ceeda in maintaining itself in Spain, where Abd-el-Eahman, grandson of the Kalif Hescham, is proclaimed Emir-al- Mumenin, that is, prince of the faithful (75 G). Ho reigns thirty- three yeara in Cordova. Under the Ahassidea, Damascua censes to be the capital of the oriental Moslems. Almansor (735-75) builds Bagdad, which becomes the residence of the Kalife, toward the end of hia reign. While the Moslem power extends over the moiety of the Boman empire and the greater part of the other provinces nnder- goes the domination of the barbarians, the Greek emperor, embarrassed in the religious quarrels, is reduced to figlit against the pagan and monkish superstitions ■which make eruption into the official Christianity. The queationa rela- tive to the incarnation were i-esolved for the imperial Church, The sixth cccumenical council had definitively come to a con- clusion on the last, that of monotheliam. Hardly is it necessary to mention an attempt made by Philippic (711) against the decisions of that council, an attempt which fails, owing to the Emperor's deposition (714). A new schism breaks out on occasion of the images that were displayed in the churches. The Christians of the first centuries followed the requirements of sacred scripture ■gainst statues and images. (Exod. xx. 4, 5 ; Deut. it. 15-19 ; Is. xi. 18-20 ; Acts xviL 29). But after the con- Tersion of the emperors, the customs of Paganism gradually introducing themselves into the Church, images hegin as early as the fourth and fifth century, to show themselves in some parts of Greece and the East. The usage spreads in the sixth and seventh century, when Hellenism is pi'o- scribed. To satisfy and attract the multitude, still Pagan in heart, their eyes are fed hy the representation of external objects. NevertheleBS not as yet is worship paid to the TO THB SOmSU OF PHOTIUS. 149 images. No genuflexdons are made, no incense offered, no ■wax candlea lighted, no prayers addr^aed Historic paint- ings of the sainte and martyrs are placed in the temples, oratories, aacred porticoes, by the side of the portraits of emperors, bishops, fathers of the oscumenical councils, with- out any idea of adoration being connected therewith. In the West the custom of images has more difficulty to obtain prevalence. In the commencement of the seventh century, Serenus, Bishop of Marseilles, seeing some person worship- ping before those of his own church, breaks them and throws the fiugments on the outside. Pope Gregory I. writes to him that he is to avoid scandal by excess of zeal, and to tolerate the exposition of images, while proving from scripture that they are not to be worshipped. In the degree in which the Pagan beliefe and ceremonies strike root in the official church, the veneration for paintings degenerates more and more into superstitions worship. The doctrine of the intercession of the virgin and of the saints making them into veritable divinities, their images are worshipped Uke those of the gods of heathenism ; incense is offered to them ; wax candles are burnt before them ; they are invoked in prayer. This idolatry estab- lished itself about the time of the birth of Islamisra. The rapid conquests of the Moslems throw it into relief The disciples of Mohamed, like the Jews and the Persians, pro- scribe paintings and statues. The superstitious usage of the Greek Church calls forth at once their mockery and indignation. The Kalif Yesid suppresses the paintings and sculptures exposed in the churches of his States, whether on wood or mosaic on the walls, or on sacred vases and ornaments of the altar, as well aa all those that decorate the public places of the cities (723). Bis successors seem to have shown more condescendence. The emperors of Con- stantinople undertake themselves to eflace the images in tlie churches. Leo III. (the Isaurian) first decides against them. He declares publicly, in an assembly of the people, that their use is idolatry (727). The patriarch Germain resists him with force, and writes to several bishops, among others to the Pope of Borne, Gregory II. (715-31), who k. 150 THB HISTORT OF CHEISTIAMITT gives him his approbation. Gveece and the Cyclades rise against Leo. Conqueror of the rebels, he assembles a council where a decree is passed against images (730). Germain, who refuses to subscribe to it, is driven away and replaced by Anastasius. Moreover, Leo not only speats against images ; he also rejects as Pagan super- stitions the invocation of the saints and the worship of lelics ; but he hononrs the cross, provided it is not in the shape of a crucifix. His enterprise excites also troubles in Italy, Gregory III. (731-41) calls OB him to repent. The emperor paying no attention to the call, the Pope assembles at Pome a council of ninety-six biehops, and excommunicates whoever shall attack the images (732). Leo, irritated, sends troops into Italy, augments by one-third the capitation tax of Calabria and Sicily, and confiscates the patrimony of St ■ Peter of Home. Con stan tine Copronymus persists in the same views (741). Artabaaus, his father-in-law, proclaimed emperor at Constantinople (742), re-establishes the worship of images in all the cities under his sceptre. The following year, Constantine, re-entering into his capital, tears out the eyes of Artabasus and his two sons. The suppression of images is maintained. It is pursued with still more vigour after some success obtained over the Moslems (751). In 754 the emperor brings together a council of three hundred and sixty-eight bishops, which entitles itself cecumeoica]. A decree is passed against the partisans of images, who desire, they say, to restore idolatry, which Jesus condemned when Le ordered men to worship in spirit and in truth. To paint Christ is, according to the council, to yield to Nestorianism ; the true image of his natural flesh is the bread in the Eucharist. They reject also the images of the vii^in and the saints, who recall the Pagan worshi]) of idols. The saints live with God ; they ought not tn be represented in dead matter. The decree terminates by anathemas against images and their worshippers, notably against Germain of Constantinople, George of Cyprus, and John of Damascus. The decree is published in Constantinople and in the TO THE BCRISU OF FEOUCS. 151 Tie Iconoclasts change the sacred vases, bum tLe images, deface or cover the painted walls. This aeal is Btimitlated by the emperor. He persecutes specially the monks, those great defendera of every superstitioiis practice ; Boldiera are placed in difierent monasteries ; other monasteries are pulled down. The monks of Constantinople J retire to the Euxine, Cyprus, Rome, and Italy, the sols I countries where tlie image worahippera prevail. The governor of Natolia assemhles at Epheaus all the monka and nuns of Thi-ace, to compel them to marry (770). Those who refuse have their eyes plucked out or are sent into exile. The following year he selb all the monasteries and niinneriea, with their movable and immovable pro- perty, and puts the result into the imperial trea-sury. He burns the relics, and punishes their possessors as guilty of impiety. In all his territory there does not remain a person that wears the monastic garb. The emperor approv- ing his zeal, he is soon imitated by other governors. Leo IV. (Chazare) shows himself at first better disposed toward the virgin and the monks (776), but none the leaa the inter- diction remains on the worship of imagea. After a reign of five years this prince is poisoned by hia wife Irene. She governs in the name of Ler young' son Constantino, and shows herself a jealous protectress of monks and images. Tarasius, created by her care patriarch of Conatantinopl^ demands the convocation of an (ecumenical council (784). Irene writes on the subject to the Pope of Rome. Hadrian I. (773-95), in his reply, claims the restitution of the patrimonies of St Peter ; he at the same time protests against the title of nniveraal patriarch which the letters of Irene gave to Tarasiua. The empress attempts to bring her council together at Constantinople in the Church of the apostles (786), bnt the old soldiers of Copronymus, impelled by the iconoclastic bishopa, enter the Church sword in hand and drive out the image worahippera. Irene calls other troops into the capital, whence she senda the discontented aoldiera, who are lien broken up. The council convoked afresh assembles at Nice in Eitbynia (787). After the ]^ogate of Home and the patriarch of Constantinople there k r In regard to those who mages or the relics of the sea or the monasteries, the ISS Tax HI8T0BT OF OHBJBTIAlflTT figure three monks who call themselves legates and vicars of the patriarchs of Alexandria, Aatioch, and Jerusalem. Three hundred and seventy-seven bishops are present, all come from countries that obey the emperor. When the letter of the Pope of Home is read, the part referring to the restitution of the patrimonies is left out as well aa his other pretensions and claims. This seventh (ecumenical council, the second of Nice, decides that the images of Christ, of his mother, of the angels and the saints shall be placed, like the figure of the cross, in the churches, on the sacred leases and vestments, on the walls as well as in houses and on the highways. Salutation and worship of honour is due to them, but not veritable latreia (adoration) which befits only the divine nature. But incense and light may be used in veneration of them, as they are used for the cross, the gospels, and other sacred things, remove from the churches the saints, who profine the sacred v penalty of deposition is pronounced if they are bishops or clerics, and that of excommunication if they are laica. The council moreover dmws up twenty-two disciplinary canons, in one of which it is ordered that the episcopal houses and monasteries which the Iconoclasts had converted to profane pui-poses should be restored. In the execution of these deci'ees Constantine and his mother re-establish the images in the Churches and in their Three monks, we have said, represented in this assembly the sees of Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. These pretended legates had, to say the tnith, received authority only from their monasteries. The Christians of the East, and especially the Melchites, were then under oppression which did not permit them to communicate openly with Constantinople. They were persecuted in order to compel them to abjure, and rarely were they allowed to elect patriarchs. The see of Antioch had remained vacant during the first forty years of the eighth century. At the same time the Melchite patriarch of Alexandria was a poor man, not ksowmg how to read or writer a needlamaker hy tnde. TO TKI 80H»H OF PHOTIUB, isi The Jaculjitea of the lant city were much more mimerouii and In a better position. The auaoesa obtained tiy Conatan- tine Copronyonns during the civil wara of the Moslema (750) liud brought new rigoura on the Chriatiana of their territory. The Melchite patriaroh of Alexandria waa sent into exile. The governor of Syria forbade new churchen to be built, croases to be sot up in public, and the Christian faith to bo discuwiod with the Arabs (7.58), Tribute waa imposed even on the monka, the hermtta, and the atylitea ; tlie treaaureti of the church wei-e Healed and aold. In other placca the Chriatiana were forbidden to tiiach letters and to aaaemble by night in their templos. At the end of his reign Aimansor, visiting Jerusalem, branded the Jews and the Ohristians in their bands. His sucoesaor, Mohamed Alma- liadi, commanded in the same city that all the Cliriatia.n alavea should apostatise, and the clmrches be donerted (780). At EmcMi he cruelly tormented the Christiima and the Jews J who would not abjure. I>ifrercnt churches in Damasoua 1 ■were'cloaed, in contempt of treaties made hy the Arabs w the Christians. As there wore in the last Council of Nice only Eastern bishops, the pope of Rome had to cause it to be received in the countries of the Latin Ohuroh. The Chris- tiana of Africa and Spain, subject to the Moslems, were not in a condition to raise objections. Those of England, newly converted barljarians, would accept anything at the hands of the pope. It was not the same with the Francs, govei-ned by an illustrious chief, who had just added to his kingdom Qennany and the Lombard States. N'timerona motivea obliged the bishop of Eome to humour those peoples J they had already rendered him eminent services, and ho hoped for yet greater advantages in future. Aome )iad had more than once to suffer from the wars of the Lom- liarda with the exarcha of Bavenna, wlio received from Con- stantinople only insufficient sucooui-s, In the year 741 Gregory III., besieged by King Luitjirand, asks proteotion of Charles Martel, while offering to withdraw bis obedience to the emperor, and to confer on the Frank prince the title of Conaul of Home. But the offer is declined by Cbaries, who then had need of the support of the Lombards to repel IBS HlBTOaT OF OHKISTIAHITY the Saracens. Some years later, when Pepia aspires to the i-oyalty, pope Zachary (741-52), to conciliate his fcvour, zealously approves and aiipporta the enterprise, the new- king is consecrated by Boniface, archbishop of Mayence, and legate of the pope in Germany {752). Meanwhile Astolfe, king of the Lombards, after making himself master of the exarchate of Riivenna, attacks the duchy of Rome. Pope Stephen II. (752-57) aaka aid of the emperor, who satisfies himself with sending an embassy. The pontiff then addresses himself to Pepin, whom he finds well disposed. From Pavia, whither he accompanies the Greek ambassador (753), Stephen goes into France, and is there received with the greatest honours. He consecrates afresh Pepin, with hia two sons, and confers upon them the title of Patricians of the Komans. Pepin passes over the Alps twice and con- titrains Astolfe to surrender Ravenna and several other cities. At this moment is placed a pretended gift of several parts of Emilia and the Peutapolis which the Frank king made to Saint Peter and the Roman Chnrch, a gift which was the source of the temporal power of the popes. This net is for the first time mentioned by the librarian Anas- tasius, who wrote more than a hundred years afterwards. On the death of Astolfo (756) Stephen II. forthwith seized the duchy of Ferrara and two other places. Paul, his suc- cessor (757-67), continues to lean on the Franks against the Iiombards as well as against the Greeks. His letters, neverthe- less, as those of bis predecessors, are always dated with the reign of the emperor as sovereign of Rome. The Senate and the people give to their bishop only the title of pastor and fe.ther. Didier, king of the Lombards, seizes several cities of the exarchate, and marches on Rome. Hadrian I. (773- 95) implores succour from the Franks. Charlemagne defeats the Lombards, makes himself master of Favia, and banishes Didier into a monastery in France (774). The monarchy <if the Lombards ceases to exist after lasting two hundred years. Charlemagne entitles himself king of the Franks and the Lombards. The Roman Church, on the authority of the same Anastasius, supposes that he then confirmed the donation of his father, adding thereto the exarchate of TO THS 8CHIBH OF PHOTIUB. Ravenna, Vonetia, latria, the duchies of Fei-rara aad Bene- yentuQi, Liguria, Corsica, Sardinia. The king of the Franks makes again other journeys into Italy ; in one of thorn (780) his two sons are conaocrated by the pope, Pepin as king of Italy, and Louis an King of Aquitania ; in another (787) he brings hack with him two singers to teach the French the Roman notes, as well as masters of grammar and arithmetic to founil school» in all places. Charlemagne, though he knew not how to read, felt the value of letters and science. He made laudable efforts to spread snme instruction among the barbarians of Germany, and to dissi- pate the profound ignorance which their invasions had spread in the regions of Gaiil. His zeal for religious matters was not less ardent, especially in regard to disci- pline ftud good morals. He frequently assembled councils, lutd the bishops took part in the national consultations. Such were the relations of Rome with the Franks at the time of the second council of Nice ; such was the prince who there reigned ovei" those peoples, Hadrian I. sends him the acta of the Council to have them examined and approved by the bishops of his states. They find that the decision is contrary to their usage. There were indeed among them images in the churches, but no worship was paid to them, Charlemagne declares himself of the e point of view. He gets written against I ' images four books, which are known under the n Caroline Books. In them the Council of Coprooymus, as well as the second council of Nice, are rejected ; the title of teciimenical is denied to the latter because the bishops of all countries were not invited to it, and because its resolu- tion is contrary to the doctrine of the universal Church ; in conclusion it is said that in France it is permitted, accor- ding to the letter of Gregory I. to Serenus, to put images into the church and on the outside, but without obliging any one to worship them, as also without authorising their demolition. In the body of the work several reproaches are incidentally made against the Fathers of the Second Coun- cil of Nice, among others the patriarch Tarasius, for having said that the Holy Spirit proceeds Irom the Father through I worship of e of the Id6 THE HISTORY OF the Son. Charlemagne aasemljles at Frank fort-on -Maine a council of all the provinces under his control, at which two legates of the pope are present (794), Determinations are there come to on different points of ^ith and discipline. In regard to the -worship of images, the Fathera of Frank- fort, under the influence of the Cai-oline books, declare that they despise and reject that worship and that servitude, which they condemn unanimously. The Caroline books had been sent to the pope. Hadrian replies in a long letter addressed to Charlemagne. He begins by maintaining what Tai-asius had said, that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father through the son, in resting on the authority of several Fathers ; the Church of Rome was then on that point of the same opinion as the Greek Church. Coming to the question of images the pope, under the most obsequious forms of language, defends what he calls the ancient tradition of the Church. He mentions two councils held at Kome against the Iconoclasts, one in 732, the other in 76D, and reports the examples of several popes who had placed images in the Churches, He, however, approves that no one should be constrained to worship them. He ends by in some sort excusing himself for having received that council of Nice ; his refusal might throw back the Greeks into their error. He adds, however, that he has not yet given any reply to the emperor on the subject of the council. He has asked, he says, that tl Boman Chui^h should be restored ovt and patrimonies of which it v abolition of images ; he insists afresh o case of refusal, he will declare the emperor heretical Hadrian, it is obvious, contrives a pretext to give or refuse his definitive approbation, according to circumstances ; he subordinates the question of faith to that of the restitution of his jurisdiction and the patrimonies of his Church, Shortly after death comes to relieve him of the embarrass- ment (795). Leo III. (795-8 IC) lets the question of images sleep. His first act is to send to Charlemagne the keys of the Confession of St Peter ajid the standard of the city of Home, jurisdictio certain bishoprics at the time of the request, and in L TO THE SCHISII OP PHOTIUS. 167 begging him to send some oae of the loj-ds of his court to receive the oath of fidelity of the Komans. Some years after (800) Charlemagae proceeds into their city himself and on Ciriatmaa day, he ia crowned emperor by Leo, amid the acclamations of all the people. Borne aepai-ates from the eastern empire to become the capital of the west. One may then perceive that the two churches, the Greek and the Latin, will also separate, each under the direction of its patriarch. However, the work of the Second Council of Nice ia questioned in Constantinople. Power escapes from the hands of Irene (802). Nicephorus, without interdicting the worship of images, hinders the Iconoclasts from molest- ing their adversaries. After him, Michael HangahS (811) leaves all power to the priests and the monka. Leo T., the Armenian (813) after dissimulating some time, declares himself against the images in the second year of hia reign, Michael the stammerer recalls the exiles ; he believes in the intercession of the virgin and the saints ; he reveres relira, but he does not honour tlie images, without, however, inter- fering with liberty of opinion on the point. To put an end to the superstitions of the Iconoclasts, the images are removed from the low places and set up on high, where they serve for the instruction of the people without their being able to worship them. Michael, however, ends !by persecuting the monks whom he despises and detests. His opinion on the images resembles that of the Franks sufficiently for him to seek to come to an itnderstanding with them. ' He in effect sends an embassy to Louis the good natured (824) ; it also carries letters and presents for the Eoman bishop, Louis canaea it to he accompanied to Rome- by two deputies who obtain for himself permission to have the matter examined by bishops. Their assembly, which is hold in Paris, rejects as insufficient the reply of Hadiian I. It is not known what ensued from this request. In France the same doctrine on images is maintained still some time. 158 THE HISTOBT OF OHRISTJANITS but without intejTupting communion with the See of Kome, which follows that of the Second Couacil of Nice. Then the authority of the Pope increasing day by day people sub- mit insenaibly to his opinion. Toward the end of the ninth century, the Gallican clergy prostrate themselvea before the images, and their example is followed by the other peoples of the west. To say the truth, the medium line of the Caro- line books could not be of any long duration. To set up images in the churches is to invite idolatry. Some minds may make a distinction between to pay homage and to give worship. But such nice distinctions e'icape from the multi- tude; it naturally yields to a superstitious worship, and its ascendancy soon draws all the world to their practices. The law of Moses, more wisely conceived, not only forbids wor- shipping images, it forbids their appearance on sacred places. The emperor of the east, Theophilus (829) goes farther than Michael the stammerer, his father. Openly hostile to images, he forbids their preservation. The paint- ings are effaced from the churches or publicly burned, the prisons fill with image worahippera, the monks are exposed to persecutions. But at his death (842) the [wwer passes into the hands of Theodora, his widow, who governs in the name of her young son, Michael III. (the drankard). This empi-ess, oven-uled by the monks, definitively restores the worship of images, so dear to the Greek populations. The same spirit of superstition led Theodora into excesses far more deplorable; into bloody executions, the recollection of which will always lie upon that woman whom the official church honours as a saint. We refer to the massacre of the Paulicians or new Manicheans, on which it is proper to enter into some particulars. A certain time after the death of Manes, his doctrine was carried as far as Samosata in Armenia. Two brothers of that city, Paul and John, receive from heads of the sect a mission to preach it in the Armenian lands. They obtain, full success, especially among the inhabitants of Phanarea, and establish themselves in a neighbouring village called Episparis. From one of these brothel's comes the term Paulicians given to their adherents. Down to the time of I TO THE BCHISU OT PHOTIDS. 159 Constantine Fogonatiis (668-85), the sect continues to ex- tend without at all changing its doctrine ; neither exhorta- tions nor severities can stop its progress. Some time after, the assembly sends into those regions a new teacher, by name Constantine, a native of Mananale, a neighbouring village to Samosata, He fixes himself at Cibosaa. As he sees " ' religion a butt to the public hate, and condemned by the I laws of the empire, which prascribe the books and pnnisli with'death those who read them, he forms the design of getting away from those perils. He suppresses all the books of the Manicheana, contenting himself with keeping the dog- mas in his memory, and, by frequent lessons, engraving them on the mind of his disciples. He puts into their hands the veritable text of the Gospel and the Epistles of Paul ; but the sense is perverted to adapt it to the beliefe of the sect. A certain number of dogmas and fables are at the same time eliminated from those beliefe. Constantine, act- ing as a legislator, creates new doctrines, and takes up the position of supreme director of his religion. Accordingly, the new Manicheans voluntarily anathematise Scythian, Buddha, and Manes ; but they venerate Constantine and his aucoessors as apostles of Christ, not to say more. In order to avoid suspicions, Constantine gives himself the name of Sylvaous, of whom mention is made in Paul's Epistles ; he declares himself sent to them by the apostle. His successors after hia example take the name of the different co-workers with Paul, and give to their churches that of the regions whither the gospel was carried by him. The Paulicians, ■who are regarded aa followers of Manes, notwithstanding sensible differences, seem to be equally connected with the ancient Gnostics. They acknowledge two principles, one good, the other bad.
| 42,322 |
https://github.com/JordanKoeller/Mirage/blob/master/mirage/util/dictify.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
Mirage
|
JordanKoeller
|
Python
|
Code
| 1,352 | 4,108 |
"""
Example Dictify-serialized object.
I need to be able to specify what field, as well as the delegate's type.
Key names are always in PascalCase.
So the plan is for types that are abstract, I will encode their key name as <FieldName>_<DelegateType>
That way I always know what type to instantiate.
At least for this first implementation, I'm only going to focus on primatives, @dataclass types, and then
Also support for a few other types (Cosmology, scalar Quantity, etc) that I can't avoid.
```
Model_SingularIsothermalSphere:
Redshift: 1.2
VelocityDispersion: [1.234, "km/s"]
StarFraction: 0.3
Shear:
R: [0.23, "km"]
Theta: [1.2, "arcsec"]
Ellipticity:
R: [0.34, "km"]
Theta: [2.3, "arcsec"]
Cosmology: "WMAP7"
Quasar:
Redshift: 0.7
Cosmology: "WMAP7"
```"""
from dataclasses import fields, Field, is_dataclass, dataclass
from datetime import date, datetime, time
from typing import Any, Dict, List, Type, TypeVar, Self, Callable, Generic, Union, Optional, get_args, get_origin
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod, abstractclassmethod
from inspect import isabstract, isclass
import logging
import json
import yaml
from astropy import units as u
from .delegate_registry import DelegateRegistry
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
T = TypeVar(
"T",
)
@dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True)
class CustomSerializer(Generic[T]):
"""
Encapsulate custom dictify behavior for an external type.
This lets you add custom behavior to the dictify system that you don't own. For example,
a type from a standard library.
To use, construct a :class:`CustomSerializer` instance, then register it with the
:class:`Dictify` system using :func:`Dictify.register_serializer`.
Args:
+ value_type (Type[T]): The type this seriailzer applies to.
+ to_dict (Callable[[T], Any]): Method to call to convert an instance of T to a dict.
+ from_dict (Callable[[Any], T]): Method to call to convert a dict to an instance of T.
"""
value_type: Type[T]
to_dict: Callable[[T], Any]
from_dict: Callable[[Any], T]
class Dictify:
__custom_serializers: List[CustomSerializer] = []
@staticmethod
def register_serializer(serializer: CustomSerializer[T]):
"""
Register custom serializer behavior in the Dictify system.
For more details, see the docs for :class:`CustomSerializer`.
"""
Dictify.__custom_serializers.append(serializer)
@staticmethod
def to_dict(value: Any, type_as_key: bool = False) -> Any:
"""
Converts an object into a representation that is JSON-compatible.
Supports any object that is a python primitive, @dataclass objects,
objects that inherit :class:`DictifyMixin`, and any object that has been
registered with a :class:`CustomSerializer`.
Args:
+ value (Any): The object to convert to a primitive representation.
+ type_as_key (bool): If true, sets the dict-representation of objects inside a wrapper dict,
with its key equal to its type's name.
"""
if value is None:
return None
custom_serializer = Dictify._get_custom_serializer(value)
if custom_serializer:
ret = custom_serializer.to_dict(value)
return Dictify._sanitize(ret)
if isinstance(value, DictifyMixin):
return Dictify._sanitize(value.to_dict())
if isinstance(value, (int, float, str, bool)):
return value
if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
type_names = [elem.__class__.__name__ for elem in value]
values_list = [Dictify.to_dict(elem) for elem in value]
if len(set(type_names)) > 1 or type_as_key:
values_list = [{k: v} for k, v in zip(type_names, values_list)]
return values_list
if isinstance(value, dict):
return Dictify._sanitize({k: Dictify.to_dict(v) for k, v in value.items()})
if is_dataclass(value):
return Dictify._sanitize(Dictify._dictify_dataclass(value))
if isinstance(value, (datetime, time, date)):
return str(value)
raise ValueError(
f"Encountered undictifiable value {value} of type {str(type(value))}"
)
@staticmethod
def from_dict(klass: Type[T], dict_obj: Dict[str, Any]) -> Optional[T]:
"""
Converts a dict into an instance of a @dataclass type.
Args:
+ klass (Type): The Class definition to parse the dict into. Must be a @dataclass type.
+ dict_obj (Dict[str, Any]): The dict-representation of the object.
Returns:
+ Any: An instance of the type specified by "klass"
Raises:
+ ValueError: The passed in type was not a @dataclass type.
"""
custom_serializer = Dictify._get_custom_serializer(klass) # type: ignore
if custom_serializer:
return custom_serializer.from_dict(dict_obj)
if isinstance(klass, DictifyMixin):
return klass.from_dict(dict_obj)
return Dictify._value_from_dict(klass, dict_obj)
@staticmethod
def from_yaml(klass: Type[T], yaml_filename: str) -> T:
"""
Loads the specified yaml file and deserializes into the specified type.
Args:
+ klass (Type): The Class definition to construct an instance of. Must be a
@dataclass type or a class that inherits DictifyMixin.
+ yaml_filename (str): The name of the yaml file to parse.
Returns:
+ T: An instance of `klass` constructed from the yaml file.
Raises:
+ ValueError: `klass` is not a type that `Dictify` can deserialize.
+ ValueError: The yaml document could not be deserialized to an instance of `klass`.
+ ValueError: The specified document was not a valid yaml file.
+ FileNotFoundError: The specified yaml file could not be found.
"""
with open(yaml_filename) as f:
yaml_str = f.read()
dict_obj = yaml.load(yaml_str, yaml.CLoader)
logger.debug("Dict_obj %s", dict_obj)
obj = Dictify.from_dict(klass, dict_obj)
if obj is None:
raise ValueError(f"Could not deserialize {dict_obj} to {klass}")
logger.debug("Constructed instance %s", repr(obj))
return obj
@staticmethod
def _sanitize(value: Union[dict, list]) -> dict:
"""
Sanitizes complex types, converting them to primitives.
This is done by using the `json` library (converts to a json string, then back to a dict).
This can probably be optimized.
"""
return json.loads(json.dumps(value))
@staticmethod
def _value_from_dict(klass: Type[T], dictable_value: Any) -> Optional[T]:
# if isabstract(klass):
# raise ValueError(f"Cannot convert a dict to an abstract type {klass.__name__}")
custom_serializer = Dictify._get_custom_serializer(klass) # type: ignore
if dictable_value is None:
return None
if get_origin(klass) is Union and type(None) in get_args(klass):
klass = get_args(klass)[0]
logger.debug(f"_value_from_dict: {klass} {dictable_value}")
if custom_serializer:
return custom_serializer.from_dict(dictable_value)
if klass in (int, float, str, bool):
return klass(dictable_value) # type: ignore
if Dictify._is_python_collection(klass):
return Dictify._value_from_py_collection(klass, dictable_value)
if issubclass(klass, DictifyMixin):
return klass.from_dict(dictable_value) # type: ignore
if is_dataclass(klass):
if isabstract(klass):
klassName = list(dictable_value.keys())[0]
klass = DelegateRegistry.get_typedef(klass, klassName) # type: ignore
if klass:
return Dictify._dataclass_from_dict(
klass, dictable_value[klassName]
) # type: ignore
else:
raise ValueError(
f"klass {klass.__name__} does not exist,"
" or a vaild delegate could not be found"
)
return Dictify._dataclass_from_dict(klass, dictable_value) # type: ignore
raise ValueError(
f"Could not construct a {klass.__name__} from value:\n{dictable_value}"
)
@staticmethod
def _dataclass_from_dict(klass: Type[T], dict_obj: Dict[str, Any]) -> T:
logger.debug(f"_dataclass_from_dict {str(klass)} | {str(dict_obj)}")
field_map = {k.split("_")[0]: v for k, v in dict_obj.items()}
subtype_map = {
k.split("_")[0]: k.split("_")[1] for k in dict_obj if len(k.split("_")) == 2
}
constructor_args: Dict[str, Any] = {}
expected_fields = {
Dictify._to_pascal_case(f.name): f for f in fields(klass) # type: ignore
}
for dict_name, field in expected_fields.items():
custom_serializer = Dictify._get_custom_serializer(field.type)
dict_value = field_map.get(dict_name, None)
if custom_serializer:
constructor_args[field.name] = custom_serializer.from_dict(dict_value)
elif isabstract(field.type): # Find its subtype by name and construct
delegate_name = subtype_map[dict_name]
subtype = DelegateRegistry.get_typedef(field.type, delegate_name)
if subtype:
constructor_args[field.name] = Dictify._value_from_dict(subtype, dict_value)
else:
raise ValueError(
"Could not find registered delegate for supertype "
f"{field.type.__name__} with name {delegate_name}"
)
else:
constructor_args[field.name] = Dictify._value_from_dict(field.type, dict_value)
return klass(**constructor_args) # type: ignore
@staticmethod
def _get_custom_serializer(
instance_or_type: Union[T, Type[T]]
) -> Optional[CustomSerializer[T]]:
for ser in Dictify.__custom_serializers:
if isclass(instance_or_type) and issubclass(instance_or_type, ser.value_type):
return ser
if isinstance(instance_or_type, ser.value_type):
return ser
return None
@staticmethod
def _is_python_collection(type_def: Type) -> bool:
return (
type_def in (list, dict)
or str(type_def).startswith("typing.Dict")
or str(type_def).startswith("typing.List")
)
@staticmethod
def _value_from_py_collection(klass: Type[T], dictable_value: Any) -> Any:
logger.debug(f"py_collection {str(klass)} | {str(dictable_value)}")
if get_origin(klass) == list:
inner_type = get_args(klass)[0]
if isabstract(inner_type):
# Case where we have a polymorphic list of Dataclass type.
# Then we have elems of {"ConcreteTypeName": {args}}
values: List[Any] = []
for elem in dictable_value:
concrete_type_name = list(elem.keys())[0]
concrete_type = DelegateRegistry.get_typedef(inner_type, concrete_type_name)
if concrete_type is not None:
values.append(
Dictify._value_from_dict(concrete_type, elem[concrete_type_name])
)
else:
raise ValueError("Encountered polymorphic list with non-matching element")
return values
return [Dictify._value_from_dict(inner_type, elem) for elem in dictable_value]
if isinstance(klass, Dict):
k_type, v_type = get_args(klass)
return {
Dictify._value_from_dict(k_type, k): Dictify._value_from_dict(v_type, v)
for k, v in dictable_value.items()
}
logger.warn(f"could not parse out python collection type {klass}")
return dictable_value
@staticmethod
def _dictify_dataclass(obj: Any):
"""
Convert any value to a jsonible value.
If the conversion could not be done, raises a ValueError.
"""
obj_fields = fields(obj)
ret = {}
for field in obj_fields:
field_name = field.name
field_value = getattr(obj, field_name, None)
dict_key = Dictify._to_pascal_case(field_name)
dict_value = None
if isabstract(field.type) and DelegateRegistry.has_supertype(field.type):
# Fields with a abstract-defined type have format "<FieldName>_<Type>"
dict_key = f"{dict_key}_{field_value.__class__.__name__}"
if get_origin(field.type) == list:
inner_type = get_args(field.type)[0]
if isabstract(inner_type) and DelegateRegistry.has_supertype(inner_type):
dict_value = Dictify.to_dict(field_value, type_as_key=True)
if dict_value is None:
dict_value = Dictify.to_dict(field_value)
if dict_value is not None:
ret[dict_key] = dict_value
return ret
@staticmethod
def _to_pascal_case(lower_underscore_string: str) -> str:
ret = []
for i in range(len(lower_underscore_string)):
char = lower_underscore_string[i]
if char == "_":
pass # Skip underscores. Don't add to resultant string.
elif i > 0 and lower_underscore_string[i - 1] == "_":
ret.append(char.upper())
elif len(ret) == 0:
ret.append(char.upper())
else:
ret.append(char)
return "".join(ret)
class DictifyMixin(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def to_dict(self: Any) -> Union[Dict[str, Any], List[Any]]:
"""
Convert self to a Dictionary representation
"""
@classmethod
@abstractmethod
def from_dict(cls, dict_obj: Dict[str, Any]) -> Self:
"""
Convert a dictionary representation to an instance of `cls`
"""
| 25,373 |
bpt6k4671213s_1
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,885 |
Le Pays : journal des volontés de la France
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,856 | 12,673 |
LE PAYS ÏOURXAL QUOMIEN, POLITIQUE, LITTÉRAIRE ET COUEBtlAL 44 PARIS Trois mois : 13 francs UÎÎ NUMÉRO : 15 CENTIMES BUREAUX D'ABONNEMENTS •, ja Bue de« Bone-Bnfants, 19 manuscrits déposés ne sont pas rendus. Vendredi il février 1S8S DÉP ARTIlfBN<:rS N; Trois «A s 14, finîtes' ' UN NUMÉRO l20 CENTIMES S'edresseT poit»;i«9 Anmmes-; ; 4 t CjERB (iJ" M B, EÃag ô$ la Basasse Les ajmmces ne mni reems qui: saus la n!:ser"Je d'examen dis*il y a iiet6. u ""O^ion -m PARIS, 12 FÉVRIER 1885 BULLETIN POLITIQUE Cette après-midi : 7 la Chambre, continuation de la dis-? sioli sur les tarifs de douanes s'appU-caf nt aux céréales ; qOÃu Sénat, suite du débat sur le projet jetant à la déportation des récidivistes. i«iiriial offleiel. — On nous met ous les yeux la situation définitive de ► -t'ovEn ce i884.,qui conoerne les contributions diofnrS 1883, les frais de poursuites se 1 chiffraient pour par 1,311,627 fr., et étaient S1% proportion de 1 fr. 73 pour 1,000 fines avec les recouvrements faits. £> 1884, les frais de poursuites se sont f iiiïï! à 1,439,400 fr. et sont dans la pro-élevés orUon de 1 fr. 86 pour 1,000 fr. avec les PÏÏ ivraments effectués : ce qui aocuse „« augmentation de frais de 0 fr. 13 pour une fr. de recouvrement. > Ea ce qui concerne l'impôt sur les ^liVreSn^rements de 1883 ont monté à JP'XUJJ M £na É<6 47.01^000 francs*Soit une diminution de un million | ^Eace qui concerne les Impôts Inâl rtont fourni, en 1883, 2,825.500 fraies ds recettes. Ils n'«u ont donné que 2 318 513,100, en iSÎ4 ; par conséquent | six millions 986,900 fr. de moins. Quelques. mu^.iOIis dans l'infanterie, i> paierie et l'intendance de l'armée ao-tlve. M. Derécagajx, colonel du 44° d'infan-iarlè est nommé commandant en second Je l'école supérieure de guerre et placé, par suite, hors cadre. M. le capitaine de frégate Avei de Marne est appelé au oommandement du croiseur le Linois, à Teulsn. La guerre avec la Ciiln©. — On nous annonce que les autorités chinoises, en raison de notre attitude « menaçante », font barrer l'entrée de la rivière du Mln.F,a même temps, la présence de deux de nos frégates et de cinq de nos canonnières est signalée non ,loin de 1 entrée du Yang-Tzi-KtaDg. Faut-il voir dans ces nouvelles l'indice qu'une reprise de nos opérations navales contre les ports ou dans les fleuves de la Chine est prochaine ? Nous ne le pensons pas. Malgré ses côtés brillants, l'entreprise de Feu-tshéeu a démontré que, pour obtenir des résultats importants, l'action de notre flotte devait être appuyée par des troupes de débarquement. Or, ces troupes, nous ne les possédons pas. Toutes les forces que nous avens au Tonkin et àFer-mose sont absolument occupées par la besogne qui leur incombe immédiatement. À Kelung,toui ce que neus pouvons faire, c'est de tenir tête aux Chinois. Dans le Toakln, les généraux Brière de l'Isle et Négrier n'ont que bien juste les effecttfs voulus pour leur campagne contre Lang-Son.. , _ , « 11 est probable que l'amiral Courbet, reconnaissant qu'il ne peut rien faire devant Formose peur le moment, tant que les renforts expédiés de France ne seront pas arrivés, s'était proposé de chercher la flotte chinoise et ie lui Infliger, s'il réusBissait à la trouver, quelque gros désastre. D'après les nouvelles qui nous sent communiquées, il n'atteindrait pas. ee but. Avisés de l'approche de notre flotte, les vaisseaux chinois se seraient mis à l'abri dans les fleuves, En agissant de la sorte, les Chinois se montrent avisés, car leurs navires ne sont pas de force à lutter contre les nôtres, et ils continuent par cette tactique de traîner les choses en longueur à notre grand dommage. Les renseignements qui nous arrivent de Kelung sont toujours très affligeants. Nos troupes continuent d'être ravagées par les maladies. Leurs souffrances sont eitrêmes. Elles manquent du matériel, des remèdes les plus indispensables. Plus de la moitié de notre effectif est paralysée. Les 2,500 hommes que le ChâteauYquem et le Château-Margaux débarquèrent à Formose seront à peine suffisants pour combler les vides, et ils ne tarderont pas à être décimés à leur tour. La chute de Khartoum. — Il est singulièrement difficile de discerner l'exacte vérité sur la sort de Gordon. Hier, dans l'après-midi, on s'accor-diit à penser qu'il avait réellement péri. Plusieurs dépêches annonçaient sa mort et disaient, notamment, qu'elle était affirmée par le colonel Wilson et un messager du colonel Boscaven, arrivés de Goubal. Le Daily News, organe officieux du ministère Gladstone, en était convaincu et paraissait encadré de noir. Des déails étaient donnés. On racontait de quelle façon Gordon avait succombé, comment il avait été poignardé eu sortant de son palais pour aller se mettre à la tête deg troupes qui lui étalent restées fi lè'es. On précisait aussi les circonstances qui Valent accompagné et suivi la prise de Khartoum. D'effroyables massacres, di-sait-on, avalent eu lieu ; tous les notables, avec leurs femmes et leurs enfants, Paient été égorgés ; nombre des partisans de Gordon, avaient résisté jusqu'au bout et s'étaient fait tuer Jusqu'au dernier homme. Bref, nul doute ne semblait plus perrais sur la fin tragique de Gordon. Mals, hier soir, le ministre de la guerre britannique déclarait qu'il n'avait encore reçu aucune confirmation de la mort de Cordon ; et, à l'heure où nous écrivons, r en de nouveau ne nou3 est parvenu à ce sujet. D'autre part, un envoyé du Mahdi au général Stewart a affirmé qne le général Gordon était au camp des rebelles. Ua autre Arabe déclare que, pendant que l'ennemi "s'emparait de la ville, Gordon s'était réfugié dans un couvent, qui avait été foïlifié et approvisionné antérieurement, et qu'il tenait encore actuellement contre le Mahdi. Enflo, en rapprochant les dépêches qui annoncent la mort de Gordon des précédents télégrammes sur la chute de Khartoum, on constate qu'elles renferment des contradictions étonnantes. Ainsi, les premières nouvelles disaient que le colonel Wilson et ses soldats, montés sur les vapeurs de Gordon, étaient arrivés devant Khartoum le 28 janvier et qu'ils n'avaient aperçu aucun symptôme de lutte. Ceci nous est encore confirmé par les dernières Informations reçues, qui nous racontent que le colonel Wilson poussa, avec son steamer, jusqu'à 800 mètres de Khartoum et qu'il vit les rues de la ville et la plaine environnante remplies de bandes ennemies conduites par des derviches, bannières déployées : aucun signal ne fut fait par dessus le palais et nulle part on n'apercevait le drapeau égyptien ; 1rs bateaux de Gordon étalent amarrés à la rive ennemie ; s'il eût tenu quelque part, il eût certainement tiré des coups de fusil pour appeler l'attention du stesmer. Or, les télégrammes annonçant la mort da--Ourdou it»,î a^si^aeat la date du 4 févl1er. S'ils disent vrai, au moment où le t3oiuuef Wi''ssn est arrivé sous Khartoum, Gordon tenait encore. Non seulement, Il tenait, mais , sa résistance devsH Aire intacte, puisqu'on nous âssïïrù qu'il n'a succombé l'Y jours après) que par trahi-CUIl, par surprise. Mais, le colonel Wilson a vu Ce 28 janvier) tout le contraire, Khartoum entière su pouvoir des rnadhis-ies. On voit de quelles obscurités, de quelles contradictions, la question est encore enveloppée. Somme tonte, il semble que Gordon a péri: mais, pour l'instant, étant donné toutes les versions qui nous sont parvenues et avant d'en avoir reçu de plus déei-ves, nous n'en jurerions pas. Hier, a commencé l'embarquement de la deuxième expédition italienne pour Assab; néamoins, une intervention de l'Italie dans la campagne du Soudan devient de moins en mains probable : Il Popolo Ro -mano assure que l'Angleterre a déclaré vouloir centinuer seule l'entreprise, tout en em exprimant sa reconnaissance pour les preuves de sympathies données par l'Italie, et qu'en conséquence les for-ces Italiennes destinées à garder les côtes de la mer Bouge ne s'élèveront pas au dessus de trois milles hommes. A. DEFLOU. DERNIÈRES DÉPÊCHES LA GUERRE AVEC LA CHINE Combats. — Prise de forts chinois Londres, 12 février. — On mande du Tonkin au Times, le 9 : Nous nous trouvons à environ 31 milles du Chu. Pendant ces trois derniers jours, on s'est vivement battu pour la possession d'un défilé vigoureusement défendu par les Chinois. Les forts qui le commandaient ont été enlevés par les troupes frangqlaes. , LA GUERRE DU SOUDAN Nouvelle bataille acharnée Londres, 12 février. — Une dépêche, adressée par le général Wolpeley au ministre de la guerre, transmet le télégramme du général Bracken-bury, daté du camp anglais, en face de l'île de Dulka, à environ 70 milles au-dessus de Me-rawi. Le télégramme du général Brackenbury est ainsi conçu. * L'attaque a été bien combinée ; elle a été vaillamment exécutée. Il faut espérer que cette victoire aura pour résultat d'ouvrir la route de Berber Bans de nouveaux combats. « L'ennemi n'était pas précisément très nombreux, mais ses positions étaient extrêmement fortes et d'un accès très difficile. Il s'est battu avec beaucoup de bravoure et de résolution. « Les Hlghlanders se sont avancés en escaladant des rochers à travers un terrain inégal et ont donné l'assaut à la position sous un feu meurtrier. Le général Earle, qui marchait en tête des assaillants, a été tué sur le revers même des retranchements ennemis. e Le régiment du Staffordshi'e a attaqué par les hauteurs, s'avançant sur le terrain le plus difficile pour la marche. Il a enlevé la position; mais dans l'attaque, son commandant, le lieutenant-colonel Eyre, a été tué. < Pendant ce temps les hussards s'emparaient du campement. « Notre succès a été complet. Nous avons pris dix drapeaux et les positions des rebelles sont toutes entre nos mains. Il est difficile d'estimer les pertes de l'ennemi ; mais, dans la partie accidentée du terrain, on a trouvé les cadavres par masses au milieu des rochers. Quant aux rebelles qui, se voyant cernés, ont voulu se frayer un passage dans la plaine, à travers nos troupes, il n'en est probablement guère resté de vivants. « Les pertes des Anglais consistent en 12 tués, dont 3 officiers, et en 23 blessés, dont 4 officiers. « La plupart des chefs rebelles ont été tués. « L'ennemi se composait des tribus de Mo-nassir (qui habitent les deux côtés du NU, précisément sur ce point) et de quelques Robatats (qui habitent également sur le Nil, au delà du Dar-Monassir). « De nombreux derviches étalent venus de Berber. « A la pointe du jour, on a continué la marche en avant, le long des bords du Nil. Londres, 12 février. — Le correspondant du Standard, qui suit la colonne du général Earle, télégraphie qu'une bataille sanglante a été livrée mardi dernier. Les troupes anglaises ont attaqué l'ennemi qui occupait une très forte position sur des hauteurs. Après un combat assez long, l'ennemi s'est trouvé complètement cerné. Toutefois, reconnaissant l'impossibilité de les déloger de ses positions fortifiées, le général Earle ordonna l'assaut. Le général fut tué on conduisant l'attaque. Les Hlghlanders enlevèrent les hauteurs à la baïonnette, tandis que la cavalerie s'emparait du camp ennemi. Le général Brackenbury, ayant pris le commandement, donna l'ordre d'enlever d'assaut les dernières positions des ennemis, ce qui fat exécuté avec un admirable entrain. La lutte fat alors terminée ; elle avait duré cinq heures. Il y a eu un grand massacre des rebelles. Ceux-là seulement ont survécu qui ont pu s'échapper en traversant le Nil à la nage. Le chef des rebelles, qui venait de Berber, et plusieurs émirs, sont restés parmi les morts. L'endroit précis où la bataille a eu lieu se nomme Kerblkan. (Sans doute : EI-Kibekan.) Départ de troupes Londres, il février. — Le premier bataillon du régiment du Bedfordshire a reçu l'ordre de partir pour l'Egypte. Il s'embarquera le 19 de et mois. , Le général Wolseley Londres, il février. — La Saint-lames Gazette, apprend que le général Wolseley a été nommé lord du Sceau Privé, avec entrée au cabinet. Il a accepté ce poste à la condition qu'une politique énergique soit suivie au Soudan. EN ANGLETERRE La dynamite Londres, il février. — On a des doutes sur l'authenticité de la nouvelle qu'une réserve de dynamita aurait été trouvée dans la maison d'un libraire. Suivant une version, la quantité de matière explosive trov.-vêe serait considérable et le tout aurait été envoyé à Woolwlch pour y être examiné D'après une seconde version, aucune découverte de ce genre n'aurait été faite. La police se-fase d'ailleurs de donner aucun renseigne-ïiiSat. AUX ÉTATS-UNIS L'élection présidentielle Washington, il février. — Le Congrès, réuni aujourd'hui en séance plénière, a fait officiellement le relevé des votes de l'élection présidentielle. Il a déclaré que MM. Cleveland et Hen-drick étaient élus : le premier président, 10 second vice-président de la République des Etats-Unis. La question de l'élection se trouve ainsi défintivement réglée. _____ Un accident. — Les révolutionnaires. New-York, Ji février, soir. — Une chaudière a fait explos10n dans une iabrlque de Brazil (In-diana), sept personnes ont été tuées et 25 bles-ebes. Le journal de O'Donovan Rossa offre 10,000 dollars de récompense à qui livrera le corps du prince de Galles, mort ou vivant. LES RUSSES EN AFGHANISTAN On mande de Vienne au Daily Telegraph, le il février : Les Russes sont à moins de 40 milles d'Hérat. On peut s'attendre à les voir prendre possession de cette ville avant qu'il solt longtemps. PANAMA L'insurrection Panama, il février. — Le bruit répandu à New-York que Panama aurait été mis en état de siège est inexact. La tentative faite pour s'emparer du navire co-lombien Boyaca a été déjouée. Les chefs du mou-yement insurrectionnel sont arrêtés. Tout est tranquille ici. Seul, le littoral des Etats de Cauca et de Ba-ranquilla est au pouvoir des insurgés. Le gouvernement ne doute pas que l'insurrectlon soit rapidement étouffée. QUESTION DU JOUR On juge 'en ce moment en police oorrec-tloanelle trois citoyens, le parquet dit trois esctÓo., dont le procès jette de singulières lueurs sur la façon dont l'intégrité est comprise et pratiquée dans les régi ons gouvernementales. Ce Joyeux trio avait pour spécialité de procurer contre finance non seulement des décoratiens françaises et étrangères, mais encore des places de toute espèce à ceux qui voulaient bien l'honorer de leur confiance. Ordinairement cette sorte de spéoulatlon se fait aux dépens des gens d'une classe tout à fait inférieure, elle est fondée sur la crédulité et l'ignorance des gens sur qui on opère, Mais ici on voit des hommes comme M. le comte de Molen, qui croit le trio parfaitement capable de -lui faire avoir une préfecture, et un M. Toussaint, professeur à l'école Lavoi-sler,professeurde mathématiques,s'il vous pl&î-t, qui nous montre la même foi dans l'influence occulte de MM. Soudry, Buret et Chesnel. Nous en concluons qu'il faut que le personnel gouvernemental soit bien pourri pour que dans le public il se répande qu'on peut obtenli des faveurs à prix d'argent. Oa verra d'ailleurs que l'agence Soudry était en mesure de tenir une partie de ses promesses. Et d'abord, ce Soudiy n'est pas le premier faiseur venu. Le gouvernement l'avait envoyé comme commissaire à l'exposlt1ou, de Melbourne aux appointements de trente mille francs. Excusez du peu 1 Le choix ne paraît pas avoir été très heureux. Le commissaire français eut une explication à coups de revolver avec un mari australien, le mari resta sur le carreau et le représentant de la France rapporta, Incrustées dans sa personne, dix balles de revolver. L'avocat n'a pas manqué d'insinuer que cet incident avait con-tribué à lancer Soudry dans les opéra tioii® bizarres qui l'ont, coudait en police correctionnelle. Là, nous voyons que la préoccupation du président, s'aocordant avec celle de i'a-j vooat général, est d'établir que Soudry et sas acolytes calomnient le gouvernement quand ils préludent avoir des accointances dans les ministères. Malheureusement les faits prouvé3 à l'audience détruisent ce système. Voici, par exemple, un marquis d'Urre d'Aubôh qui a l'idée d'orner sa boutonnière de ce ruban rouge dont la valeur est si mince depuis qu'il a été si indignement prostitué par les républicains. Soudry fait prix avec le marquis : il convient de lui livrer une Légion d'honneur à une échéance déterminée. Mais il faut &u moins un prétexte, Soudry fait donner une mission du ministère de l'intérieur en AsIe, — une mission en Asie du minutera de l'intérieur i — Il n'y a pas à dire, cette mission a été réellement donnée au marquis, et elle n'a pu être donnée que par une prévarication commise daa> lés bureaux. On objectera que cette mission étant purement gratuite, le budget n'avait pas été grevé de ce chef. Soit, mats une mission confère certains privilèges; elle pour-valt fort bien être le prétexte de la déco-ration ambitionnée et, en tout cas, il est Inadmissible qu'en acte quelconque de l'autorité ait pour origine des tripotages. M. le comte de Molen, lui, offrait 14,500 francs pour une préfecture. A l'audience, ea témoin vient raconter que C'est une plaisanterie, que ce qu'il a fait, ç'a été pour démontrer l'inanité des ,promesses faites par l'agence Soudry, Tout cela est bel et bon, mais Il faut voir la correspondance échangée à son sujet et qui montre à quel point l'affaire était sérieuse., C'est Chesnel qui 6crit à Pureté Il a été impossible de faire passer M. de Molen dans le mouvement préfectoral de ce matin. Je vous en al déjà dit le motif ; le dossier est tellement mauvais qu'il ne le faut pas apporter au conseil. M. de Molen ne perd rien pour attendre. Dans quelques jours un second mouvement va paraître. Il peut s'attendre d'être nommé seit préfet de la Creuse, soit préfet de l'Ardèche. Le préfat de Selne-et-Olse passera trésorier-payeur général ; lk sera remplacé par le préfet de la Meuse, qui sera remplacé lui-même par le préfet soit de la Creuse, solt de l'Ardèche, dont M. de Molen prendra la place. Je ne vous garantis pas le département, mais ce qui pr6eède est fort probable. Aussitôt nommé, votre protégé devra venir à Paris rendre visite au ministre. Il était fort bien renseigné, ce Chesnel, et sur la qualité du dossier et sur le détail du mouvement administratif. Comment avait-il pu se procurer ces renseignements si précis sans accointances aveo le ministère de l'intérieur ? M. de Moleo n'est point une dupe naïve, il a été fonctionnaire, sous-préfet, croyons-nous ; s'il traite aveo l'agence Soudry, c'est qu'on lui a donné des preuves de ces accointances dont nous parlons. Il a été question dans cette affaire de députés dont on paie les dettes ; par ce temps d'affairea Morelll, M. le président aurait pu montrer plus de curiosité et tâcher de savoir de qui Il s'agissait. Quant au professeur de mathématiques Toussaint versant quatre mille franos pour une croix de Venezuela 1 — quelle drôle d'idée, de se faire décorer par le Venezuela! — nous nous bornons à admirer ce fonctionnaire de l'atme et inclyte Université, assez dénué de sens moral pour acheter à prix d'argent une distinction, bien assuré d'ailleurs que cette petite aventuré ne lui fera aucun tort dans l'esprit du citoyen Fallières. Nous relevons ce curieux passage dans la plaidoirie de l'avocat : De deux choses l'une, dit Me Miller and : ou il fallait étouffer cette affaire, ou il fallait la mener jusqu'au bout, quitte à compromettre des personnages de marque. Vous nous dites que nous nous targuons meneongèrement de ces amitiés puissantes, et vous noué mette2 au défi de citer des noms. Eh bien , nous en avons cité ; nous avons produit des lettres de M. Luteau, chef adjoln1 du cabinet de M. Waldeck-Rousseau, de M Cabanj attaché au ministère de l'agriculture, Si nous n'en avons pas voulu citer d'autres est-ce une raison pour que vous n'ayez paj demandé des renseignements à ceux-ci? Cai enfin, toutes les pièces du procès dém&ntren que M. Buret « avait la main longue».Qroyez vous qu'un simple mystificateur aurait réuss à faire sortir des archives du ministère d< l'intérieur le dossier confidentiel de M. d< Molen, l'ancien sous-préfet ? Il est permis de croire que M. Luteau chef adjoint du cabinet de Mi Waldeck Rousseau, et M. Caban, attaché au ministère de l'agriculture, éprouvent le be, soin de faire connaître la nature de leuri relations avec l'ageno&Soudry. En attendant, il ressort de ce soanda.leux procès que l'administration fran çaise a perdu son antique renom d'inté grité, que les soupçons les mieux fondé la déshonorent et qu'enfin on ssnt,comme disait Hamlet, qu'il y a quelque chose de pourri dans le Danemark. ALBERT ROGAT. COULISSES POLITIQUES Voilà M. Jules Ferry décidément converti au scrutin de liste. On dit bien que la conver1 sion a été un psu contrainte, mais le fait en lui-même n'a pas moins toute sa valeur. Maintenant, comme tons les néophytes, le président du conseil montre une grande ardeur à en finir avec cette question du mode da votation qu'il veut faire régler avant tout. La campagne continue dans les organes officieux et dans les couloirs, en faveur d'une prompte séparation de la Chambre. Le Temps Insiste sur « l'intérêt » qu'a la Chambre de léguer à la prochaine législature la responsabilité du budget de 1886. Il est probable qu'au sein de la commission da scrutin de liste on défendra un système mixte qui consisterait à conserver le chiffra de 567 députés, tout en prenant pour base le chiffre des électeurs inscrits. On sait que l'amendement Ribot réduirait le nombre des députés à 540 en faisant porter la diminution sur la représentation des grands centres. Le Nationdl croit savoir que la délibération du conseil de cabinet qui sera tenu demain au ministère des affaires étrangères portera principalement sur la question du scrutin de liste, au point de vue des élections partielles. Ayant reconnu aujourd'hui l'Impossibilité d'abrégar la durée de la législature actuelle, il s'agit de savoir si l'on doit procéder au remplacement des députés récemment élus sénateurs. Dana la pensée du gouvernement, et d'après l'avis des préfets, la question sera certainement résolue par la négative. Il s'a glra donc de trouver le moyen légal de ne pas convoquer les collèges électoraux dans le délai de trois mois, qui est la limite tracée par la 101 électorale. Ce moyen a été déjà Indiqué : c'est l'introdootioD, dans la loi rétablissant le scrutin de liste, d'une disposition transitoire stipulant qu'il ne sera pas pourvu aux vacances dans les six derniers mois de chaque législature. C'est sans doute à oelui-là que se ralliera le gouvernement,. La situation est, paraïM !, de plus en plus tendue entre le président du conseil et le ministre de la Inerte, au sujet des attributions à accorder au futur sous-secrétaire d'Etat. Le général Lewal maintient fermement sa résolution de conserver, à son cabinet les fonctions administratives jadis accordées au sous-secrétaire d'Etat. M. BlaBdin, de son côté, refuse d'accepter ce peste, si on ne lui restitue toutes les attributions qu'avait son prédécesseur, M. J. Casimir-PérIer. Le côté grave de ce conflit, c'est que l'Union républicaine exige absolument, comme gage de M. Jales Ferry, qu'il triomphe des résistances de M. Lewal, et qu'il assure l'entrée de M. Blandin au ministère de la guerre dans les conditions précitées. M. Spuller, président de la commission d'enquête parlementaire sur la crise économique, a transmis au directeur de l'administration pénitentiaire les réclamatlons des syndicats ouvriers sur la concurrence faite au travail libre par les prisons M. Spuller avait déjà porté cette question devant le conseil supérieur des prIsons, La commission de l'armée s'est réunie sous la présidence de M. Mézières. M. Ballue a rendu compte de son entrevue avec le ministre de la guerre. Il s'agissait des chiffres de l'effectif et de la dépense budgétaire qui résulterait de l'incorporation totale du contingent entier. M. Ballue et le général Lewal sont tombés d'accord. Il résulte des explications fournies que le général Lewal avait calculé sur l'effectif du recrutement et non sur l'effectif budgétaire. Or, celui-ci diffère de l'effectif de recrutement par le nombre de jours de service qui ne sont pas faits entre la date de la libération d'une classe et oelle de l'incorporation de la cluse suivante. C'est de là qu'était née la différence entre les chiffres du ministre et ceux du rapporteur. M. le ministre regrette la disponibilité pen-dant une quatrième année qu'il avait demandée, mais il a déclaré qu'il ne ferait à ce sujet aucune difficulté devant la Chambre. Après cette communication, M. Ballue a eommannâ a donnar da son second rapport sur le recrutement, qui maintient la loi votée par la Chambre en première leo.ture. ______ On se rappelle que, lors de la première délibération sur la 101 de recrutement, il fut convenu que le ministre de la guerre ferait annexer à cette loi un tableau des divers fonctionnaires, employés et agents des gran-des administrations publiques, qui seraient Indisponibles en cas de guerre pour le service militaire. Le nombre de ces indisponibles s'élevait à 140,000, dont la plupart à même de remplir des fonctions d'officiers, de sous-officiers et de caporaux dans nos troupes de seconde ligne. Le général Lewal vient d'envoyer à la commission de l'armée la Hâte définitive des fonctions et emplois conférant l'indisponibilité en cas de guerre. Le nombre en est réduit à 15,000. Le groupe agricole de la Chambre s'est réuni hier, sous la présidence de M. Jame-tel. Il a examiné la question de savoir m'il convenait de déposer un amendement ayant pour objet d'assurer aux droits de douane à percevoir, notamment sur les blés, une certaine élasticité qui serait assurée à l'aide d'une décroissance ou d'une augmentation inversement proportionnelle à l'augmentation ou à la diminution moyenne des cours, selon la constatation officielle qui en serait faite sur tous les marchés français. Après une discussion à laquelle ont pris part MM. Bernard Lavergne, Denayrouse et Carete dans le sens de l'affirmative, de MM. Charles Ferry, Ganault et Venlgny dans le sens contraire, le Groupe a décidé qu'il n y avait pas lieu, quant à présent, d engager cette question. Le Groupe agricole s'est ensuite prononcé contre la franchise réclamée en faveur des blés durs, pour le motif que ces blés constituent l'élément principal de la concurrence faite aux marchands français et algériens, et qu'ils sont employés par la meunerie et mélangés avec les blés dans des proportions considérables. LES TRAVAUX DE PARIS Oa parle d'un emprunt de 600 millions qui serait contracté par la Ville de Paris* à l'effet de procurar du travail aux ouvriers qui meurent de faim. Ce chiffre est assez joli ; quand le conseil municipal s'y met, Il n'y va pas de main morte. Nanti de ces 600 millions, à quoi va-t-11 les utiliser? L'idée de contracter un emprunt pour mener à bien les travaux de Aaris est certainement plus louable que celle qui consisterait à voter des fonds de secours aux ouvriers sans travail. SI ceux-ci veulent sérieusement' travailler, ils n'auront pas à se plaindre. Nous craignons seulement que la municipalité ne gaspille cet argent à entreprendre d'inutiles travaux au lieu de parer aux plus pressés. Nos démoerates vont sans doute porter leurs vues sur les quartiers populeux, ouvrir des boulevards dans les faubourgs, percer des rues qui augmenteront les prix deë terrains, mais ne seront d'aucun profit à la classe ouvrière, attendu que les logements des ouvriers augmentent de valeur à mesure que le chiffre de location des appartements bourgeois diminue. Si les 600 millions sont votés, Il faut au moins qu'ils profitent à tout Paris et qu'ils ne ressemblent pas aux fonds votés en 1848 pour les ateliers nationaux. Paris n'appartient pas exclusivement aux ouvriers et aux faubburgs, comma se le figurent les élus des circonscriptions excentriques, Paris est à Paris, et, si la part ds>s faubourgs est considérable, il serait bon de sosger aussi un peu aux quartiers du ceaire. Va't or, par exemple, s'occuper de lst transformation de la gare de l'Ouest, rue palnt-Lazare et rue de fteme 7 Va-t-on se décider à achever le Deroej ment du boulevard Haussmann ? N'a-t-U pas été question aussi de l'agrandissement de la Banque de France 7. Si l'on veut sérieusement entreprendra de grands travaux, des travaux utiles, au lieu de prêter la main à des spéculations sur les terrains et à des entreprises équi-voques qui servent surtout à distribues des pets-de-vin à des entremetteurs d'af-j faires équivoques, n'est-ce pas l'occasion de finir la rue du Louvre, la rue Réau-j mur? Il y a aussi les travaux de la Sorbonne^ du Collège de France, qui réclament une prompte exécution ; enfin l'achèvement du réseau des égouts et le service des eaux sent réclamés avec insistance. Et leohemin de fer métropolitain, qu'est, Il devenu ? De tous les projets celui-là n'est-il pas le plus Important, le plus pratique et le plus fertile en résultats heureux ? Le chemin de fer métropolitain, qui doIS avoir au point de vue économique une si grande importance, devrait être achevé 1 on en discute encore les plans 1 Si le conseil municipal veut faire cesser la crise ouvrière, due à l'impéritie et à 1 l'incurie du gouvernement, Il est de son devoir de faire exécuter ces travaux. Ceux de l'Exposition de 18S9 viendront ensuite. Il y aurait, par le fait, quatre années à l'abri du chômage. SI l'on veut venir en aide aux ouvriers sans travail, le moyen est trouvé. C'est celui auquel ont eu recours tous les gouvernements sages et intelligents, en vertu [ du proverbe : Quand le bâtiment va, tout i V8. > Pourquoi la Républfque n'a-t-elle rien * fait dans cet ordre d'idées ? ( Les politiciens ont autre chose à faire . qu'à penser au bien-être des classes laborieuses. La Tonkin et les élections sont ' des questions bien plus Intéressantes que ' la misère du Deunle. PAUL DE LÉONI. LA DISCUSSION SUR LES DROITS PROTECTEURS Pour la première fois peut-être depuis qu'elle a été élue, la Chambre des députés remplit consciencieusement son mandat. Nous hésitons d'autant moins à lui rendre Justice que nous avons plus rarement occasion de célébrer ses louanges. La discussion qui se poursuit en ce moment entre les défenseurs du travail national et les partisans du libre-échange ne manque ni d'éclat ni de solidité. M. Raoul Du val et M. Lalande se sont fait les champions d'une thèse que nous croyons dangerense,mais ilsl'ont soutenue avec un incontestable talent. M. Frédéric Passy, bien qu'il soit un économiste de profession, a eu le bon goût de s'abstenir des véhémences de langage auxquelles se laissent parfois entraîner ses col'egues de l'Institut. Ou chercherait vainement dans bon discours ces excitations à la haine entre les villes et les campagnes, ces appels à la guerre civile que les organisateurs de la « Ligua contre le renchérissement du pain et de la viande » ont empruntés au répertoire de la salle Grsffard et de la salla Lévis. Il ne lui est pas venu à l'esprit de représenter notre démooratie rurale qui lia compte pas moins de dix millions de propriétaires fonciers comme uno bande d'accapareurs Hl nourrissant de « la substance du peuple » et assez audacieux pour réclamer, sous la formé d'un droit sur les céréales, un nouvel impôt dd cinq cents millions dont ils géraient scuts à profiter au détriment du reste de la nation. M. Passy n'a pas songé davantage il. comparer le « pain blanc du libre-échange et le pain noir de la proieoiion » et à eta bHr un savant parallèle ayeo la récolte de r 1883 et celle de 1820. Il a dédaigné ses artifices de statistique par trop facile s à percer à jour et il s'est contenté de développer . les arguments invoqués d'ordinçire g'&r 1 'é-co f, $1u laissez-faire et da laissez-passer, nous voulons dire la craints d augmenter prÍx du pain et par conséquent le taux fies salaires en même temps que des me1 sures de représailles paralyseraient notre commerça d'exportation et interdiraient à nos inardiaudises l'accès des machos ét:r.rmg6lS. T1 .. M. Graux, ûass un ramarquable discours, avait essayé da réfuter d'avance le toremler de ces arguments. Au dire du rapporteur, les drexts dOJÜ 'seront frappées les céréales n'augmenteront pas le prix du blé. Ctelte affirmation ¡tff.faÎt. au premier abord, quelque peu h!Kâa».i! WSRÎWii lQ, a. M 'dè sa doctrine un exemple qui a produit une très vive Impression sur l'AssemLiée. « La même qualité de porc, qui tJe vendait i fr. 71 en 1881, ne se vendait plus en 1884 que 1 fr. 21 ». Àiasl la décret qui a prohibé, Il y a deux ans, l'importation des salaisons araéri-<saioes, loin de provoquer une augmenta» ■ lion de prix a eu pour conséquence une baisse des produits de même nature sur le marché français. Comme il est absolu. ment impossible de prévoir les congé" quences d'un relèvement de tarifs de douanes. nous n'oserons pas affirmer que l'expérience donnera un démenti aux sifirmations de M. Graux. Admettons pour un moment que les prévisions du rapporteur se réalisent ,et que la droit d'entrée proposé par la commission n'exerce aucune influence sur le prix du bIÓ. Un semblable remède ne procurerait, noua le reconnaissons, qu'un médiocre soulagement à l'industrie egricole, mais le Trésor publie n'en retirerait pas moins trente ou quarante millions d'une tiixe qui na grèverait ni les consommateurs ni les producteurs français, et pèserait exclusivement sur les propriétaires de l'Inde et du Far-West imêvio&irK Toutefois, sous ne saurions trop le répéter, il ne s'agit pas pour le moment de venir ea elt do aux embarras deM.Tis'a?d, c'est de l'agriculture soulo qoelelégislateur doit aujourd'hui se préoccuper. Or, il est d'intérêl iïSllonal que le blé se vende à un prix -rémunérateur, parce que l'activité industrielle et commerciale de la France s'arrêter&lt nécessairement le jour où les populations rurales seraient complètement ruinées. LtlR libre-échangistes, décidés à tout subordonner à une conception ebstraite, ne veulent tenir compte que du Q6mm0rcs d'8xpoFtaiion ; ils perdent complètement de vue les intérêts du commerce iDtériaur: ils oublient que la plus grand nombre des produits de noife Industrie sont destinés à êtra achetée èn Fra,Bce. Nous dépensons des centaines de millions pour ouvrir à coups de canon de «sMsaériques débouchés à nos marchandises au Tookiii, flans la pays de la faim et da la solt, où les hommes ne peuvent pas vivre, et en même temps nous refusons de prendre les mesures indispensables pour sauver d'une irrémédiable catastrophe notre marché intérieur. Nous allons chercher pour les produits Ùo notre industrie des consoiam'dteBFS aux extrémités de I'nriiv,-rs et nous oublions que nous avons chez nous des consommateurs qui valent infiniment mieux que les Annamites et les Chimois. Lorsque les populations agricoles vendent leurs récoltes au-dessus du prix de revient, une activité féconde se communiqua de proche en proche à Postes les branches du travail national. Le paysan quI a de l'argent à sa disposition fait réparer les bâtiméats de sa ferme, complète son outillage agricole, achète des vêtements pour lui-même et pour sa famille, et ne craint pas de consommer plus abondamment que par le passé quelques, unes de ces denrées de luxe dont il sait très bien se priver dans la mauvaise fortune. Les corps d'état du bâtiment, les industries du fer, du coton, du drap, et surtout le commerce de détail tirent indirectement un profit considérable d'une récolte vendue à de bonnes conditions. Supposons, au contraire, que la concurrance étrangère réduise les campagnes à la ruine, les ouvriers des villes auront le droit d'acheter à vil prix le blé aux Américains et la viande aux Piémontais, mals le travail et par conséquent l'argent leur font défaut pour se procurer les bienfaits promis par les économistes de profession. Sous prétexte de leur assurer la vie à bon marché, on les aura condamnés à mourir de faim. Au moment môme où la Russie et la Prusse viennent de signer une convention pour l'extradition des indi vidus reconnus coupables d'attentats i anarchistes ; où le gouvernement auI trichien. saisit son Parlement de projets J de loi contre les crimes analogues ' 1 où Londres est eacora sous le coup des I dernières explosions dynamitiques ; où 3 les radicaux ds Paris et d'autres villes de 1 Franco proposent le pliage légal, — il I s'est élevé au. Ràohstag allemand un dé S bat, souvent répété depuis sept aos, au j sujet de la fameuse loi sur le petit état de 1 siège. J Gaits loi $uî confère à la police, dans les villes auxquelles la loi est appliquée, certains pouvoirs discrétionnaires à l'égard des membres du psrti démocrate-socialiste, oblige le gouvernement do l'empire à soumettre, tous les ans, au Reichstag un oomnte rear1n de l'application de la loi. C'est à l'oc.sasiQn du dépôt de ce compte rendu qu'une discussion très vive s'est engagée entre les orateurs du parti socialiste et l-e représentant du pouvoir fédéral de l'Eill¡,}lre. Aucun argument nouveau n'a été produit ni d'au côté ni de l'autre. Les socialistes prétendent que la loi est inutile, puisqu'elle n'empêche pas qae leurs can -didats soient élus en plus grand nombre et qu'elle ne ftit qu'exaspérer les esprits exaltés bia les poussant à commettre des crimes. Da son côté, le gouvernement déclare que la loi a produit de bons résultats : les voix socialistes n'ont augmenté qu'en raison de l'augmentation naturelle du nombre d'électeurs, conséquence de l'accroissement de la population; la loi, déplus, a su pour effet de modérer l'altitale des socialistes, — effet pédagogique, comme s'exprima le ministre M. de Patt-kara^r, — èn. les forçant à prendre leur plaça dans le cadre des partis parlementairas; elle a enfla pour Dut permanent de paralyser les efforts criminels et l'agitation révolutionnaire des anarchistes. Ces divers arguments ont été si souvent entendus à la tribune de Berlin, que nous n'en parlerions pas, sans certains incidents qu'il est util a de relever, parce qu'ils fournissent des Indications précises sur le mouvement anarchistes en général. 00. a pu remarquer que toutes les fois qu'un de ces attentats anarchistes gu nihilistes est commis, les représentants parlenuntaire's du socialisme ont toujours soin de dégager leur responsabilité mo-, raie et matérielle. Il est vrai, aussi, que las anarchistes ne les ont pai payés de retour. Dans la récent procès de Lsipsig, Reinsdorff, promo'eur de' l'attentat da Niederwald, a longuement exposé qu'il n*existait pas de différence entre le programme des anarchistes et celui des démocrates-socialistes : différence de tactique, voilà tout. Oa est d'abord socia118t-e et, comms là. propagande des idées ne se fait qu'avec une extrême lenteur on emploie des moyens plus énergiques et on. devient anarchiste. Reingdorff est certainement dans le vrai, et à part deux ou trois de leurs orateurs qui sont de bonne foi quand ils condamnent les moyens violents, les socialistes du Reiohstag allemaud n'ont pas le courage de leur opinion. Sons ce rapport, le discours da ministre, M. de Puttkamei', est très curieux. Une première observation que ce discours BOUS suggère, c'est que là-bas le gouvernement n'abandonne pas les agents de l'ordre public. Tandis que chez nous, au conseil municipal comme à la Chambre, la police et ses organes sont vilipendés et bafoués par les énergumènes du radicalisme, sans que les ministres défendent leurs préfets de police, les sergents de ville et les agents de la sûreté; à Berlin, le ministre de l'intérieur ne craint pas de soutenir avec énergie les fonctionnaires attaqués. Dans leurs attaques ooatre la 101 sur le petit état de siège, les orateurs socialistes I avaient, comma nous venons de le .dire, protesté contre tonte solidarité aveo lésas-assassins anarchistes. C'est à ces assertions que le ministre a répondu, en lisant un article du moniteur socialiste le SocialDe.mokrat, feuille qui se publie en Suisse. Ce journal, dans un article sur l'assassinat du conseiller de police Rumpff à Francfort, a dit que « le chef des agents pro -vocateurs, qui a joué atec le feu anarchiste, a été brûlé par ce même feu : io~ glque des faits, la Némésis. Rumptr esi assimilé au délateur irlandais Carey.»Ce n'est , pas un assassinat de droit commun, c'est un acte de justice sauvage ; l'homme qui en a été victime ôtait un criminel qui a mérité le charment le plus sévère. Après avoir lu cet article, M. de Putkamer, s'adressant aux socialisas, a ajouté : « Je repoussa toute tentative que vous f^rez pour dé tourner ds vous l'effet écrasant ds est article ; vous êtes responsables des èxcHàlions répandues par votre journal, et ja vous accuse ici devant la ntiUOD, d'avoir aiguisé le poignard qui a frappé le conseiller Rumpiï. » Le débuté socialiste Liebkaecht a faiblement répliqué à estts accusatioa. 1' a soutenu que les assassinats anarchistes ne se sont produits qu'à la suite de la loi socialiste. Allégation absolument fausse : cette 101 qui date de 1878 est poitéricura aux attentats de Hœdel et de N jblling qui notoirement appartenaient au parti s-Ócla-liatelrévoluiloiinîiire.Saas doute, les aosr-chistes attaquent le sooialiste Liebkneoht, car c'est un homme lettré, mats qu'est-c9 que cela prouve, sinon que les meneurs violents sont ôt ou tard débordés par da ping violants qu'eux. Lo eocla'isma parlementaire ne sort dODO nullement indemne du débat du R.;;Íchstag. Mais, la loi socialiste est-elle un moyen effiaace de dompter la secte anarchiste sn AUpmagne ? Les gouvërnan's de ce pays, par leur politique n'ont-ils pas contribué, comme malheureusement d'&u-Ires gouvernements monarchiques, à fausser le sentiment -du peut;le sur ridée révolutionnaire elie-niêoae? C'est là une question sur laquelle nous aurons encore-occasion de revenir. LA GUERRE AVEC LA CHINE Un entretien avec le colonel Tcheng-Ki-Tong. Un des correspondants de la Vorstadt Zei• tung a eu, ïôcenameRl, »vee îe Tch3Ug IU-Tucg, secrétaire de la légation û Chine, t'n enf.r.Uôs que ce journal a puhU". Le con écm)ndf.tit viosmoîayant à.LûaSu-3 ] l'avia di.1 -ioio. ei sur la guerre eâ CÏÏîris. ee dernier r^oa lit i Les grands êyên oaeb.fs qui so rlêrùu1 ^tP.c-tuellement dans notre empire ont surpris la Chine au milieu de son développement militaire. Si la guerre avait éclaté cinq ans plus tard, je n'aurais pas hésité à exprimer la ferme conviction que Isa Français seraient battus. Aujourd'hui, à vrai dire, le doute est pcrrniB; car nous savons, par expérience, que la supériorité du nombre dont nous disposons 11e suffira pas pour teair tête à un adversaire aguerri. Nous ne commettrons assurément pas la faute do taxer l'ennemi au-dessous de sa valeur, mais nous commençons à proS. ter des leçons qu'il nous donne : témoin les rapports sur les derniers combats à Ke-Lung et au Tonkin. » hépon<i9Et à uaa autre question, le colonel déclara qu'il y avait, dans l'armés chinoise des offiolers et goas-offioiera étrangers, et, entre autre?, un certain nombre d'anciens ofûslers iillemBnda. Le gouvernement chinois n'épargne, a »jontâ le colonel diplomate, [Ji peine nt argent pour s'assurer le concours de militaires Instruits, tant européans qu'américains. Quant au traité de Tien-tsia, Tcheng K -Tong s'exprima en ces termes : « Je suis d'avis qu'il n'a pas été conclu de traiA té dans cette ville, mais seulement une convention préliminaire. Ce n'est qu'une fois certaines conditions remplies que la paix eût été faite. Ces conditions n'ayant pas été remplies, on no saurait nous reprocher -une violation de traité parce que nous avons repris les hostilités à Bac-Lé. -b Gomment fie fait-il, lul a demandé ensuite le journaliste viennois, que la cmipagae ait commencé de p?.rt et d'autre sana déclaration de guerre préalable ? « C'est là une des violations du droit des gens dont les Français se sont rendus coupables à plusieurs reprises, non seulement enver3 nous, mais encore dans le royaume d'Annam et au Cambodge. Cela n'empêche pas qu'on n'accuse fréquemment les peuples asiatiques de violer le droit international, comme si les Etats européens respectaient si scrupuleusement les droits d'autrui, par exemple, ceux de la Turquie 1 » Le Tonkin est-il donc un paya si fertile et siprodo.cH! que les français en convoitent tarai la possession ? Nullement, ils n'y ont qu'un intérêt commercial ; ils veulent s'assurer des voies fluviales pour se créer de nouveaux débouchés dans l'in* térieur de notre empire. Mais ce n'est pas par la force qu'on arrive à un grand développement commercial ; plus on essayera de ce moyen-là, plus nous fermerons nos ports au commerce. La guerre du Soudan Gordon est-il mort ? Londres, Il février, 4 h. 15 après-midi. — Le ministre de la guerre annonce qu'à trois heures le gouvernement n'avait encore reçu aucune confirmation de la mort de Gordon, et que la , nouvelle donnée par les journaux, de l'arrivée de cette confirmation, est conséquemment dénuée de fondement. Le commandant de l'expédition de Souakim Londres, il février. — Sir Gerald Graham est i nommé dêfinHivemen t commandant de l'expêdii tion de Souaklm, et le général Greaves chef 1 d'état-major. I La conduite de l'Italie Rome, ii février. — La nouvelle, que le gouj vernement serait sur le point de présenter au 1 Parlement une demande de crédit pour l'expédition de la mer Rouge, est dénuée de fondement. L'Angleterre, tout caappréciant l'attitude de l'Italie, ne lui a fait, jusqu'ici, aucune demande de coopération. LES DÉPÊCHES ALGÉRIE Rupture de barrages. — Inondations ; Dommages. Saint-Denis du Sig, il février. — Sept personnes ont été noyées; les dégâts matériels, outre la rupture des barrages, sont assez considérables. Le pont du chemin de fer a été emporté et celui de la route coupé. Sept maisons se sont effrondrées ; une grande quantité do murs sont ébranlés. Toutes les marchandises et le mobilier qui ee trouvaient dans les rez-de-chaussée sont endommagées. Les jardins de la ville sont dévastés. Une centaine de familles sont sans abri et sans ressources. Dans la campagne, trois fermes ont été détruites. Il est impossible d'évaluer encore l'importance des dommages causés aux récoltes. ANGLETERRE La dynamite Londres, -11 février. — Le bruit court que la police a découvert une grande quantité de dynamite chez un libraire de West-End, dans un appartement loué par un individu qui n'est pas revenu après las dernières explosions. ALLEMAGNE Une explosion avortée l'l'an croit, 1, t février. — Il résulte d'une com... lEuoicalion officielle, à propos du bruit d'après lequel une tentative sérieuse des dynamitards aurait été faite la nuit dernière contre le corps de garde principal, que, suivaut une instruction préliminaire, il n'est guère possible de supposer qu'on ait visé la distraction de cet édifice. Ce qu'on a pu savoir, c'est qu'une cartouche remplie de poudre, à laquelle était attachée une mèche allumée, a été trouvée près de la face postérieure du corps do garde qui touche à la place Schiller. Vu le peu de volume de la matière explosible, l'explosion, en tout cas, n'aurait pas pu causer des dommages considérables. ESPAGNE Le travail et les ouvriers Madrid, 10 février. — Le préfet a fait afficher, dans les rues de Madrid, un manifeste aux ouvriers sans travail. Il les engage à se rendre aux ateliers do la ville où ils gagneront 1 fr. ''5 par jour, en ajoutant qu'il réprimera énérgiquement toute tentative de désordre. SUISSE Agitation d'étudiants Berne, li février. — Une certaine agitation règne à l'Ecole polytechnique de Zurich. Un charivari a été fait au directeur, le professeur Gei-ser. Les étudiants de l'Université se sont joints aux élèves de l'Ecole. La police est intervenue et des arrestations ont eu lieu. Les élèves reprochent au directeur de les avoir empêchés d'assister aux obsèques de Carret ét Benny, qui se sont noyés dans lè lac de Groifen-sée, en refusant de suspendre les cours. Des affiches séditieuses ont été placardées à l'Ecole polytechnique et à l'Université.
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https://github.com/gmomartins/smart-react-components/blob/master/src/form/InputElement.tsx
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MIT
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smart-react-components
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gmomartins
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import styled from "styled-components"
import ElementProps from "../element/Props"
import {Size$Props} from "../props/size$-props"
import Input from "../element/Input"
export interface Props extends ElementProps, Size$Props {
type$?: string
fill$?: boolean
border$?: boolean
shape?: string
disabled?: boolean
leftAddon?: boolean
leftAddonAbsolute?: boolean
rightAddon?: boolean
rightAddonAbsolute?: boolean
inputElement?: boolean
}
const customKeys = {
size$: (v, t) => `
padding: ${t.form.inputPadding[v].y} ${t.form.inputPadding[v].x};
font-size: ${t.form.inputFontSize[v]};
`
}
const placeholder = ["::-webkit-input-placeholder", "::-moz-placeholder", ":-moz-placeholder", ":-ms-input-placeholder", "::placeholder"]
export default styled(Input).attrs<Props>(({as,size$="default",type$="gray",border$=true,shape="default",inputElement=true,flex="1 1 auto",display="block",width="100%",fontFamily="inherit"}) => ({
customKeys,
as: as || (inputElement ? "input" : "div"),
size$,
type$,
border$,
shape,
flex,
display,
width,
fontFamily,
inputElement
}))<Props>(({theme,type$,fill$,border$,shape,disabled,leftAddon,leftAddonAbsolute,rightAddon,rightAddonAbsolute,inputElement}) => `
box-sizing: border-box;
border-radius: ${theme.src.form.inputRadius[shape]};
border: ${border$ ? "solid 1px" : "0"};
font-family: ${theme.src.fontFamily.input};
transition: 200ms 0s ease-in-out;
transition-property: border, background;
&:focus,
&:active {
outline: 0;
}
${fill$
? `
border-color: ${theme.src.type[type$].main};
background: ${theme.src.type[type$].main};
color: ${theme.src.type[type$].font};
fill: ${theme.src.type[type$].font};
&:focus,
&[data-src-active="true"] {
border-color: ${theme.src.type[type$].darkest};
background: ${theme.src.type[type$].dark};
}
`
: `
border-color ${theme.src.type[type$].form.inputBorder};
background: ${theme.src.type[type$].form.inputBackground};
color: ${theme.src.type[type$].form.inputFont};
fill: ${theme.src.type[type$].form.inputFont};
&:focus,
&[data-src-active="true"] {
border-color: ${theme.src.type[type$].main};
}
`}
${inputElement
? `
-webkit-appearance: none;
-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;
${placeholder.map(item => `
&${item} {
opacity: 1;
color: ${fill$ ? theme.src.type[type$].form.inputPlaceholderFill : theme.src.type[type$].form.inputPlaceholder};
}
`).join(" ")}
`
: `
cursor: default;
user-select: none;
&[data-src-placeholder-style="true"] {
color: ${fill$ ? theme.src.type[type$].form.inputPlaceholderFill : theme.src.type[type$].form.inputPlaceholder};
}
`}
${disabled ? `
opacity: ${theme.src.form.disabledOpacity};
${!fill$ ? `background:${theme.src.type[type$].form.inputBorder};` : ""}
` : ""}
${(leftAddon && !leftAddonAbsolute) ? `
border-top-left-radius: 0;
border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
` : ""}
${(rightAddon && !rightAddonAbsolute) ? `
border-top-right-radius: 0;
border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
` : ""}
`)
| 31,017 |
8676817_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 2,035 | 2,812 |
SUMMARY ORDER
Appellant N. Providence, LLC (“NP”) appeals from a judgment of the United-States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Seibel, J.) affirming the orders of the Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York (Drain, J.) granting the motion for summary judgment of Appellee The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company,- Inc. (“A & P”) and denying NP’s motion for summary judgment in an adversary proceeding commenced by NP seeking a declaration regarding its and A & P’s obligations under a lease agreement.1 We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history, and the issues presented for review.
This Court reviews a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Back v. Hastings on Hudson Union Free Sch. Dist., 365 F.3d 107, 122 (2d Cir.2004). *74Summary judgment is appropriate when, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, Nabisco, Inc. v. Warner-Lambert Co., 220 F.3d 43, 45 (2d Cir.2000), “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law,” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). “A dispute is not ‘genuine’ unless ‘the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” ’ Nabisco, 220 F.3d at 45 (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)). In “a contract dispute, a motion for summary judgment may be granted only where the agreement’s language is unambiguous and conveys a definite meaning.” Am. Home Assurance Co. v. Hapag Lloyd Container Linie, GmbH, 446 F.3d 313, 316 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). Under New Jersey law, which the parties agree governs the lease agreement in this case, contracts should be read “as a whole in a fair and common sense manner,” and “[i]f the language of a contract is plain arid capable of legal construction, the language alone must determine the agreement’s force and effect.” Manahawkin Convalescent v. O’Neill, 217 N.J. 99, 85 A.3d 947, 958, 959 (2014) (internal quotation marks omitted).
NP and A & P entered into a 20-year lease agreement, dated as of June 26, 2007, and amended as of October 23, 2009 (the “Lease”), pertaining to a property located at 1260 Springfield Ave., New Providence, New Jersey (the “Premises”) and owned by NP. The Lease requires A & P to pay rent, as well as “Charges,” which, under the terms of the Lease, include payments for A & P’s proportionate share of certain taxes. A & P constructed a new store on the Premises, which obligated NP to pay a $1.9 million construction allowance (the “Construction Allowance”) to A & P on or before the 90th day after A & P opened the store to the public. Section 7.G of the Lease (the “Abatement Clause”) provides that, in the event this Construction Allowance is not paid on time, A & P’s obligation to pay rent and Charges “shall abate ... until [A & P’s] receipt of the Construction Allowance, together with interest on the unpaid balance thereof at the Lease Interest Rate (as hereafter defined) from the due date until [A & P’s] receipt of same.” Jt. App’x 47. While the Construction Allowance became due on December 23, 2010, NP did not pay the Construction Allowance until September 29, 2011. A & P did not pay any rent or Charges that would otherwise have been due under the Lease for the period during which NP failed to pay.
NP commenced an adversary proceeding against A & P on June 28, 2011, seeking a declaration from the bankruptcy court that the Construction Allowance must be reduced by the amount of rent that A & P had refused to pay pursuant to Section 7.G. The bankruptcy court issued various orders regarding the adversary proceeding, eventually granting a motion for summary judgment filed by A & P on the grounds that, pursuant to Section 7.G, A & P was not obligated to pay rent or Charges incurred for the period for which the Construction Allowance was due and unpaid, that this clause was enforceable, and that certain tax payments constituting Charges under the Lease were incurred during this period and thus were not owed to NP. NP appealed the orders of the bankruptcy court, and the district court affirmed the judgment of the bankruptcy court in full.
On appeal, A & P argues that the district court correctly concluded that Section 7.G, properly construed, entirely eliminated A & P’s obligation to pay rent and Charges for the period beginning with the *75day after the Construction Allowance was due and ending with the day NP paid the Construction Allowance. NP argues that this Section must be read together with Section 27.A of the Lease (the “Landlord’s Default Clause”), and that when the two clauses are read together the Lease did not eliminate A & P’s obligation to pay rent and Charges during the abatement period, but instead provides for such amounts to be withheld and then set off against the Construction Allowance, with an adjustment to account for interest. The Landlord’s Default Clause states that in the event of a default by NP, A & P may deduct the amount by which NP is in default plus interest “from fixed annual rent and/or Charges.” Jt. App’x 69. The Landlord’s Default Clause limits the amount of any such “offset, recoupment, withholding or deduction” that can be collected under certain circumstances, but specifies that this limit does not apply to Article 7 of the Lease (which includes, among several sections, Section 7.G’s Abatement Clause). Jt. App’x 70.
We agree with the district court that the Abatement Clause unambiguously eliminated A & P’s obligation to pay rent and Charges for the period during which NP failed to pay the Construction Allowance. NP urges us to interpret an abatement under Section 7.G as constituting an “offset, recoupment, withholding or deduction” under the Landlord’s Default Clause, but this is inconsistent with the ordinary meaning of “abatement,” which refers to “[t]he act of eliminating or nullifying.” Black’s Law Dictionary 3 (9th ed.2009). NP contends that because the Landlord’s Default Clause excepts Article 7 of the Lease from its limit on deductions, the parties must have intended an abatement under Section 7.G to constitute such a deduction. By the plain terms of the Landlord Default Clause, however, the exception to its limit on deductions applies only where Article 7 provides for an offset, recoupment, withholding, or deduction — as Article 7 does, in provisions other than Section 7.G. See Jt. App’x 42 (Section 7.A) (providing for recoupment), 48 (Section 7.H) (same). We agree with the district court that the exception to the deduction limit in the Landlord’s Default Clause should be understood “as meaning no more than what it says, without implying that Section 7.G is in fact an offset provision despite its plain language to the contrary.” In re The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 510 B.R. 42, 50 (S.D.N.Y.2014).
NP also argues that the terms of the Landlord’s Default Clause must apply to a default caused by NP’s failure to pay the Construction Allowance, because the clause “states that it is to be applied to ‘any default hereunder’ with no qualifications.” Appellant’s Br. at 25 (citing Jt. App’x 69). However, NP ignores the fact that the Landlord’s Default Clause states that A & P “may ... deduct the amount [owed] plus interest on the outstanding balance.” Jt. App’x 69 (emphasis added). Even assuming that the Landlord’s Default Clause applies where NP fails to pay the Construction Allowance when it is due, this permissive language affords A & P the option of deducting the amounts owed, but it clearly does not require this potential remedy to be invoked in all cases.
NP contends that A & P’s interpretation reads the Landlord’s Default Clause out of the Lease, since Section 7.G is the only provision that requires NP to pay money to A & P. We disagree. There are multiple provisions that provide for NP to make payments to A & P in certain circumstances. See Jt. App’x 76 (Lease § 32 (requiring NP to pay A & P ‘any monies’ expended by A & P to satisfy liens or encumbrances on NP’s property)); Jt. App’x 100 (Lease Exhibit G (requiring NP to pay a proportional share of any tax *76refund to A & P)). Accordingly, this argument, like NP’s other arguments, is not sufficient to overcome the plain meaning of the abatement provision.
We further conclude that Section 7.G of the Lease is an enforceable forfeiture provision, not an unenforceable liquidated damages penalty. Forfeiture involves the loss of a right, privilege or property. See Black’s Law Dictionary 722 (9th ed.2009) (defining forfeiture as “[t]he divestiture of property without compensation,” or as “[t]he loss of a right, privilege, or property because of a crime, breach of obligation, or neglect of duty”). By contrast, liquidated damages provisions specify the measure of damages for a party’s breach. See Wasserman’s Inc. v. Twp. of Middletown, 137 N.J. 238, 645 A.2d 100, 105 (1994) (“[CJourts have scrutinized contractual provisions that specify damages payable in the event of breach.”). While the Supreme Court of New Jersey has stated that “when a choice exists, [an instrument] is to be construed against rather than in favor of a forfeiture,” Lehigh Valley R.R. Co. v. Chapman, 35 N.J. 177, 171 A.2d 653, 660 (1961), here, the Abatement Clause clearly provides for NP to lose its right to A & P’s payments of rent and Charges during such time as the Construction Allowance is due and owing, and does not provide for NP to pay A & P a sum of money. It is therefore a forfeiture provision which, under New Jersey law, is enforceable “in the absence of fraud, accident, surprise, or improper practice.” Dunkin’ Donuts of America, Inc. v. Middletown Donut Corp., 100 N.J. 166, 495 A.2d 66, 74 (1985). Because none of those circumstances are present in this case, the Abatement Clause is enforceable.
NP argues that even if the Abatement Clause is enforceable, the district court erred in concluding that because the Construction Allowance had not been paid, A & P was also not required to pay its proportionate share of real estate taxes for the third quarter of 2011 that constituted Charges under the Lease (“Q3 2011 Taxes”). We disagree. NP’s Controller submitted an affidavit explaining that real estate taxes became due to the Borough of New Providence on August 1, 2011, with a 30-day grace period. NP initially billed A & P for 42.2% of the real estate taxes on August 24, 2011, and paid the taxes to the borough on August 29, 2011 seeking to be reimbursed by A & P. However, A & P sought a revision in the tax bill that it had been sent by NP, stating that it owed only 42.13% of the total amount of real estate taxes. NP issued a revised invoice on October 13, 2011. NP paid the Construction Allowance on September 29, 2011, pri- or to issuing the revised invoice, but after A & P’s payment for the initial invoice was due.
NP contends that the Q3 2011 Taxes were incurred as a Charge under the Lease when it sent the revised invoice, after the date that it paid the Construction Allowance. We disagree. The Lease unambiguously provides that A & P’s obligation to pay taxes arises, at the latest, 30 days after A & P receives a tax bill from NP. NP first billed A & P for Q3 2011 Taxes on August 24, 2011; thus A & P would have been obligated to pay its share of the real estate tax no later than September 23, 2011, if NP had paid the Construction Allowance by that date, which it had not.
We have reviewed NP’s remaining contentions and find them to be without merit. For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is therefore AFFIRMED.
. NP challenges the April 28, 2014 opinion and order of the district court, which affirmed orders of the bankruptcy court issued on September 26, 2011, March 8, 2012, and June 21, 2013.
| 31,075 |
https://github.com/ivanganatra/Medicine-Management-System/blob/master/src/components/profile/shopUpdateModal.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
Medicine-Management-System
|
ivanganatra
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 65 | 233 |
import React from 'react';
import Button from '@material-ui/core/Button';
import Modal from 'react-bootstrap/Modal';
import ClearIcon from '@material-ui/icons/Clear';
import IconButton from '@material-ui/core/IconButton';
const updateModal = ({show, handleClose}) => {
return (
<Modal show={show} onHide={handleClose}>
<Modal.Header>
<Modal.Title>Profile Updated</Modal.Title>
<IconButton onClick={handleClose}><ClearIcon /></IconButton>
</Modal.Header>
<Modal.Body>
<p>Shop details has been Updated.
<br/> Please Check your updated profile.
</p>
</Modal.Body>
<Modal.Footer>
<Button onClick={handleClose}>
Close
</Button>
</Modal.Footer>
</Modal>
)
}
export default updateModal;
| 49,266 |
https://github.com/qwercik/Studia/blob/master/PD/krucjata/zad3.pl
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Studia
|
qwercik
|
Perl
|
Code
| 276 | 810 |
% Początek 23:18
% Koniec 23:48
% Wydawało się proste, ale jednak było trudniejsze. Debugowanie zajęło najdłużej oczywiście ;)
% Sam się dziwię, że udało mi się wpaść na pomysł jak to zrobić. Mam nadzieję że jest dobrze, ale jakoś bardzo wnikliwie nie sprawdzałem
alfabet([a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, w, v, x, y, z]).
idx(H, N) :- alfabet(Alfabet), index(H, Alfabet, N).
index(H, [H | T], 0) :- !.
index(X, [H | T], N) :- index(X, T, NN), N is NN + 1.
odl(S1, S2, D) :- idx(S1, N1), idx(S2, N2), D is abs(N2 - N1).
min(Symbol, [X], D) :-
odl(Symbol, X, D),
!
.
min(Symbol, [X | T], D2) :-
min(Symbol, T, D1),
odl(Symbol, X, D2),
D2 =< D1,
!
.
min(Symbol, [_ | T], D) :-
min(Symbol, T, D)
.
scal([], [], []) :- !.
scal([H1 | T1], [H2 | T2], [[H1, H2] | T]) :- scal(T1, T2, T).
partition([_, _], [], [], []) :- !.
partition([PivotKey, _], [[Key, Value] | Tail], [[Key, Value] | Lewo], Prawo) :-
Key < PivotKey,
!,
partition([PivotKey, _], Tail, Lewo, Prawo)
.
partition([PivotKey, _], [[Key, Value] | Tail], Lewo, [[Key, Value] | Prawo]) :-
partition([PivotKey, _], Tail, Lewo, Prawo)
.
quicksort([], []) :- !.
quicksort([H | T], S) :-
partition(H, T, Lewo, Prawo),
quicksort(Lewo, LewoPosortowane),
quicksort(Prawo, PrawoPosortowane),
append(LewoPosortowane, [H], LewoIPivot),
append(LewoIPivot, PrawoPosortowane, S)
.
lista__min(_, [], []) :- !.
lista__min(T0, [H1 | T1], [H2 | T2]) :- append(T0, T1, CalaListaBezObecnego), min(H1, CalaListaBezObecnego, H2), lista__min([H1 | T0], T1, T2).
zadanie(Lista, Wynik) :-
lista__min([], Lista, Lista2),
scal(Lista2, Lista, Lista3),
quicksort(Lista3, ListaPosortowana),
scal(_, Wynik, ListaPosortowana)
.
| 38,548 |
https://github.com/hshiozawa/gauche-book/blob/master/chapter-08/eq.scm
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
gauche-book
|
hshiozawa
|
Scheme
|
Code
| 18 | 43 |
(eq? (cons 1 2) (cons 1 2))
(define p (cons 1 2))
(eq? p p)
(eq? 'xyz 'xyz)
| 10,270 |
https://github.com/StoXProject/StoX/blob/master/frontend/src/app/dlg/RConnectionDlg.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
StoX
|
StoXProject
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 54 | 140 |
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
import { tap } from 'rxjs/operators';
import { Observable, of } from 'rxjs';
import { DataService } from '../service/data.service';
import { RConnectionDlgService } from './RConnectionDlgService';
@Component({
selector: 'RConnectionDlg',
templateUrl: './RConnectionDlg.html',
styleUrls: []
})
export class RConnectionDlg {
constructor(private dataService: DataService, public service : RConnectionDlgService ) {
}
}
| 33,865 |
https://github.com/m9aciej/uart/blob/master/UART/uart.c
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
uart
|
m9aciej
|
C
|
Code
| 125 | 345 |
/*
* muart.c ATmega8 F_CPU = 8000000 Hz
*
* Created on: 2017-04-30
* Author: admin
*/
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <avr/interrupt.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <util/delay.h>
#include "uart.h"
void uart_putc(char data ) {
while ( !( UCSRA & ( 1 << UDRE ) ) );
UDR = data;
}
void uart_puts(char *str)
{
while(*str) uart_putc(*str++);
}
void uart_putint(int val)
{
char buf[7];
itoa(val,buf,10);
uart_puts(buf);
}
void uart_Init( uint16_t baud ) {
UBRRH = ( uint8_t )( baud >> 8 );
UBRRL = ( uint8_t )baud;
UCSRB = ( 1 << RXEN ) | ( 1 << TXEN );
UCSRC = ( 1 << URSEL ) | ( 3 << UCSZ0 );
}
char uart_getc( void )
{
while ( !(UCSRA & (1<<RXC)) );
return UDR;
}
| 25,736 |
https://github.com/Paodange/ConfigManager/blob/master/src/Mgi.Apl.Repository/Impl/MaterialCategoryRepository.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
ConfigManager
|
Paodange
|
C#
|
Code
| 15 | 58 |
using Mgi.Apl.Model.Entity;
namespace Mgi.Apl.Repository.Impl
{
public class MaterialCategoryRepository : AbstractRepository<MaterialCategory, int?>, IMaterialCategoryRepository
{
}
}
| 7,143 |
https://github.com/apache/cloudstack/blob/master/test/integration/smoke/test_metrics_api.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0, GPL-2.0-only, BSD-3-Clause, MIT, GPL-1.0-or-later, LicenseRef-scancode-public-domain, BSD-2-Clause, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown
| 2,023 |
cloudstack
|
apache
|
Python
|
Code
| 1,268 | 7,606 |
# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
# or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
# distributed with this work for additional information
# regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
# with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
# KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
# specific language governing permissions and limitations
# under the License.
import marvin
from marvin.cloudstackTestCase import *
from marvin.cloudstackAPI import *
from marvin.lib.utils import *
from marvin.lib.base import *
from marvin.lib.common import *
from marvin.lib.utils import (random_gen)
from nose.plugins.attrib import attr
from marvin.lib.decoratorGenerators import skipTestIf
import time
_multiprocess_shared_ = True
class TestMetrics(cloudstackTestCase):
@classmethod
def setUpClass(cls):
cls.apiclient = cls.testClient.getApiClient()
cls.hypervisor = cls.testClient.getHypervisorInfo()
cls.dbclient = cls.testClient.getDbConnection()
cls.services = cls.testClient.getParsedTestDataConfig()
cls.zone = get_zone(cls.apiclient, cls.testClient.getZoneForTests())
cls.pod = get_pod(cls.apiclient, cls.zone.id)
cls.host = list_hosts(cls.apiclient,
zoneid=cls.zone.id,
type='Routing')[0]
cls.cluster = cls.apiclient.listClusters(listClusters.listClustersCmd())[0]
cls.mgtSvrDetails = cls.config.__dict__["mgtSvr"][0].__dict__
cls._cleanup = []
cls.disk_offering = DiskOffering.create(
cls.apiclient,
cls.services["disk_offering"]
)
cls._cleanup.append(cls.disk_offering)
cls.service_offering = ServiceOffering.create(
cls.apiclient,
cls.services["service_offering"]
)
cls._cleanup.append(cls.service_offering)
cls.template = get_test_template(
cls.apiclient,
cls.zone.id,
cls.hypervisor
)
cls.domain = get_domain(cls.apiclient)
cls.account = Account.create(
cls.apiclient,
cls.services["account"],
admin=False,
domainid=cls.domain.id
)
cls._cleanup.append(cls.account)
cls.hypervisorNotSupported = True
if cls.hypervisor.lower() != 'simulator':
cls.hypervisorNotSupported = False
cls.vm_stats_interval_cfg = Configurations.list(cls.apiclient, name='vm.stats.interval')[0].value
cls.vm_stats_max_retention_time_cfg = Configurations.list(cls.apiclient, name='vm.stats.max.retention.time')[0].value
cls.vm_stats_user_vm_only_cfg = Configurations.list(cls.apiclient, name='vm.stats.user.vm.only')[0].value
cls.vm_disk_stats_interval_cfg = Configurations.list(cls.apiclient, name='vm.disk.stats.interval')[0].value
cls.vm_disk_stats_interval_min_cfg = Configurations.list(cls.apiclient, name='vm.disk.stats.interval.min')[0].value
cls.vm_disk_stats_max_retention_time_cfg = Configurations.list(cls.apiclient, name='vm.disk.stats.max.retention.time')[0].value
cls.vm_disk_stats_retention_enabled_cfg = Configurations.list(cls.apiclient, name='vm.disk.stats.retention.enabled')[0].value
Configurations.update(cls.apiclient, 'vm.stats.interval', value='60000')
Configurations.update(cls.apiclient, 'vm.stats.max.retention.time', value='7200')
Configurations.update(cls.apiclient, 'vm.stats.user.vm.only', value='false')
Configurations.update(cls.apiclient, 'vm.disk.stats.interval', value='60')
Configurations.update(cls.apiclient, 'vm.disk.stats.interval.min', value='60')
Configurations.update(cls.apiclient, 'vm.disk.stats.max.retention.time', value='7200')
Configurations.update(cls.apiclient, 'vm.disk.stats.retention.enabled', value='true')
cls.restartServer()
@classmethod
def tearDownClass(cls):
if cls.hypervisor.lower() != 'simulator':
cls.updateConfiguration('vm.stats.interval', cls.vm_stats_interval_cfg)
cls.updateConfiguration('vm.stats.max.retention.time', cls.vm_stats_max_retention_time_cfg)
cls.updateConfiguration('vm.stats.user.vm.only', cls.vm_stats_user_vm_only_cfg)
cls.updateConfiguration('vm.disk.stats.interval', cls.vm_disk_stats_interval_cfg)
cls.updateConfiguration('vm.disk.stats.interval.min', cls.vm_disk_stats_interval_min_cfg)
cls.updateConfiguration('vm.disk.stats.max.retention.time', cls.vm_disk_stats_max_retention_time_cfg)
cls.updateConfiguration('vm.disk.stats.retention.enabled', cls.vm_disk_stats_retention_enabled_cfg)
cls.restartServer()
super(TestMetrics, cls).tearDownClass()
@classmethod
def restartServer(cls):
"""Restart management server"""
cls.debug("Restarting management server")
sshClient = SshClient(
cls.mgtSvrDetails["mgtSvrIp"],
22,
cls.mgtSvrDetails["user"],
cls.mgtSvrDetails["passwd"]
)
command = "service cloudstack-management stop"
sshClient.execute(command)
command = "service cloudstack-management start"
sshClient.execute(command)
#Waits for management to come up in 5 mins, when it's up it will continue
timeout = time.time() + 300
while time.time() < timeout:
if cls.isManagementUp() is True:
# allow hosts to be ready for deployment
time.sleep(30)
return
time.sleep(5)
cls.setup_failed = True
cls.debug("Management server did not come up, failing")
return
@classmethod
def isManagementUp(cls):
try:
cls.apiclient.listInfrastructure(listInfrastructure.listInfrastructureCmd())
return True
except Exception:
return False
@classmethod
def updateConfiguration(cls, config, value):
if value is not None:
Configurations.update(cls.apiclient, config, value=value)
def setUp(self):
self.userapiclient = self.testClient.getUserApiClient(
UserName=self.account.name,
DomainName=self.account.domain
)
self.cleanup = []
def tearDown(self):
super(TestMetrics, self).tearDown()
@attr(tags = ["advanced", "advancedns", "smoke", "basic"], required_hardware="false")
def test_list_hosts_metrics(self):
cmd = listHostsMetrics.listHostsMetricsCmd()
cmd.id = self.host.id
cmd.type = 'Routing'
host_metric = self.apiclient.listHostsMetrics(cmd)[0]
self.assertEqual(host_metric.cpuallocated, self.host.cpuallocated)
self.assertEqual(host_metric.memoryallocated, self.host.memoryallocated)
return
@attr(tags = ["advanced", "advancedns", "smoke", "basic"], required_hardware="false")
def test_list_clusters_metrics(self):
cmd = listClustersMetrics.listClustersMetricsCmd()
cmd.id = self.cluster.id
cluster_metric = self.apiclient.listClustersMetrics(cmd)[0]
self.assertEqual(cluster_metric.id, self.cluster.id)
self.assertTrue(hasattr(cluster_metric, 'cpuallocated'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(cluster_metric, 'cpumaxdeviation'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(cluster_metric, 'memoryallocated'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(cluster_metric, 'memoryused'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(cluster_metric, 'memorymaxdeviation'))
return
@attr(tags = ["advanced", "advancedns", "smoke", "basic"], required_hardware="false")
def test_list_zones_metrics(self):
cmd = listZonesMetrics.listZonesMetricsCmd()
cmd.id = self.zone.id
zone_metrics = self.apiclient.listZonesMetrics(cmd)[0]
self.assertTrue(hasattr(zone_metrics, 'cpuallocated'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(zone_metrics, 'cpumaxdeviation'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(zone_metrics, 'cputotal'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(zone_metrics, 'cpuused'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(zone_metrics, 'memoryallocated'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(zone_metrics, 'memorymaxdeviation'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(zone_metrics, 'memoryused'))
return
def run_list_vm_metrics_test(self, is_user):
apiclient = self.apiclient
if is_user:
apiclient = self.userapiclient
self.small_virtual_machine = VirtualMachine.create(
apiclient,
self.services["virtual_machine"],
serviceofferingid=self.service_offering.id,
templateid=self.template.id,
zoneid=self.zone.id
)
self.cleanup.append(self.small_virtual_machine)
cmd = listVirtualMachinesMetrics.listVirtualMachinesMetricsCmd()
cmd.id = self.small_virtual_machine.id
lvmm = apiclient.listVirtualMachinesMetrics(cmd)[0]
self.assertEqual(lvmm.id, self.small_virtual_machine.id)
self.assertTrue(hasattr(lvmm, 'cputotal'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(lvmm, 'cpuused'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(lvmm, 'diskiowrite'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(lvmm, 'diskkbswrite'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(lvmm, 'networkread'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(lvmm, 'networkwrite'))
@attr(tags = ["advanced", "advancedns", "smoke", "basic"], required_hardware="false")
def test_list_vms_metrics_admin(self):
self.run_list_vm_metrics_test(False)
@attr(tags = ["advanced", "advancedns", "smoke", "basic"], required_hardware="false")
def test_list_vms_metrics_user(self):
self.run_list_vm_metrics_test(True)
@attr(tags = ["advanced", "advancedns", "smoke", "basic"], required_hardware="false")
def test_list_pstorage_metrics(self):
#list StoragePools
sp = self.apiclient.listStoragePools(listStoragePools.listStoragePoolsCmd())[0]
#list StoragePoolsMetrics
cmd = listStoragePoolsMetrics.listStoragePoolsMetricsCmd()
cmd.id = sp.id
sp_metrics = self.apiclient.listStoragePoolsMetrics(cmd)[0]
self.assertEqual(sp_metrics.disksizeallocated, sp.disksizeallocated)
self.assertEqual(sp_metrics.state, sp.state)
return
@attr(tags = ["advanced", "advancedns", "smoke", "basic"], required_hardware="false")
def test_list_volumes_metrics(self):
volume = Volume.create(
self.apiclient,
self.services['volume'],
zoneid=self.zone.id,
diskofferingid=self.disk_offering.id
)
self.cleanup.append(volume)
cmd = listVolumes.listVolumesCmd()
cmd.id = volume.id
lv = self.apiclient.listVolumes(cmd)[0]
cmd = listVolumesMetrics.listVolumesMetricsCmd()
cmd.id = lv.id
lvm = self.apiclient.listVolumesMetrics(cmd)[0]
self.assertEqual(lv.size, lvm.size)
self.assertTrue(hasattr(lvm, 'diskBytesReadRate'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(lvm, 'diskBytesWriteRate'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(lvm, 'diskIopsReadRate'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(lvm, 'diskIopsWriteRate'))
return
@attr(tags = ["advanced", "advancedns", "smoke", "basic"], required_hardware="false")
def test_list_infrastructure_metrics(self):
cmd = listInfrastructure.listInfrastructureCmd()
li = self.apiclient.listInfrastructure(cmd)
self.assertTrue(hasattr(li, 'clusters'))
self.assertEqual(li.clusters, len(self.apiclient.listClusters(listClusters.listClustersCmd())))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(li, 'hosts'))
self.assertEqual(li.hosts, len(list_hosts(self.apiclient,
zoneid=self.zone.id,
type='Routing')))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(li, 'imagestores'))
self.assertEqual(li.imagestores, len(self.apiclient.listImageStores(listImageStores.listImageStoresCmd())))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(li, 'pods'))
self.assertEqual(li.pods, len(self.apiclient.listPods(listPods.listPodsCmd())))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(li, 'routers'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(li, 'storagepools'))
self.assertEqual(li.storagepools, len(self.apiclient.listStoragePools(listStoragePools.listStoragePoolsCmd())))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(li, 'zones'))
self.assertEqual(li.zones, len(self.apiclient.listZones(listZones.listZonesCmd())))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(li, 'systemvms'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(li, 'cpusockets'))
return
@attr(tags = ["advanced", "advancedns", "smoke", "basic", "bla"], required_hardware="false")
def test_list_management_server_metrics(self):
cmd = listManagementServersMetrics.listManagementServersMetricsCmd()
listMSMs = self.apiclient.listManagementServersMetrics(cmd)
cmd = listManagementServers.listManagementServersCmd()
listMSs= self.apiclient.listManagementServers(cmd)
self.assertEqual(len(listMSMs), len(listMSs))
metrics = listMSMs[0]
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'availableprocessors'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.availableprocessors, int))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'agentcount'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.agentcount, int))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'sessions'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.sessions, int))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'heapmemoryused'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.heapmemoryused, int))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'heapmemorytotal'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.heapmemorytotal, int))
self.assertTrue(metrics.heapmemoryused <= metrics.heapmemorytotal)
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'threadsblockedcount'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.threadsblockedcount, int))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'threadsdaemoncount'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.threadsdaemoncount, int))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'threadsrunnablecount'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.threadsrunnablecount, int))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'threadsteminatedcount'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.threadsteminatedcount, int))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'threadstotalcount'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.threadstotalcount, int))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'threadswaitingcount'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.threadswaitingcount, int))
self.assertTrue(metrics.threadsblockedcount <= metrics.threadstotalcount)
self.assertTrue(metrics.threadsdaemoncount <= metrics.threadstotalcount)
self.assertTrue(metrics.threadsrunnablecount <= metrics.threadstotalcount)
self.assertTrue(metrics.threadsteminatedcount <= metrics.threadstotalcount)
self.assertTrue(metrics.threadswaitingcount <= metrics.threadstotalcount)
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'systemmemorytotal'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.systemmemorytotal, str))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'systemmemoryfree'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.systemmemoryfree, str))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'systemmemoryvirtualsize'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.systemmemoryvirtualsize, str))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'loginfo'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.loginfo, str))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'systemtotalcpucycles'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.systemtotalcpucycles, float))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'systemloadaverages'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.systemloadaverages, list))
self.assertEqual(len(metrics.systemloadaverages), 3)
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'systemcycleusage'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.systemcycleusage, list))
self.assertEqual(len(metrics.systemcycleusage), 3)
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'dbislocal'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.dbislocal, bool))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'usageislocal'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.usageislocal, bool))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'collectiontime'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.collectiontime, str))
self.assertTrue(self.valid_date(metrics.collectiontime))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'id'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.id, str))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'name'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.name, str))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'state'))
self.assertEqual(metrics.state, 'Up')
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'version'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.version, str))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'javadistribution'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.javadistribution, str))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'javaversion'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.javaversion, str))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'osdistribution'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.osdistribution, str))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'lastserverstart'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.lastserverstart, str))
self.assertTrue(self.valid_date(metrics.lastserverstart))
if hasattr(metrics, 'lastserverstop') and metrics.lastserverstop:
self.debug(f"=== lastserverstop {metrics.lastserverstop} ===")
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.lastserverstop, str))
self.assertTrue(self.valid_date(metrics.lastserverstop))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'lastboottime'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.lastboottime, str))
self.assertTrue(self.valid_date(metrics.lastboottime))
return
@attr(tags = ["advanced", "advancedns", "smoke", "basic"], required_hardware="false")
def test_list_usage_server_metrics(self):
cmd = listUsageServerMetrics.listUsageServerMetricsCmd()
metrics = self.apiclient.listUsageServerMetrics(cmd)
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics,'collectiontime'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.collectiontime, str))
self.assertTrue(self.valid_date(metrics.collectiontime))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'hostname'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.hostname, str))
if hasattr(metrics, 'lastheartbeat') and metrics.lastheartbeat :
self.debug(f"=== lastheartbeat {metrics.lastheartbeat} ===")
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.lastheartbeat, str))
self.assertTrue(self.valid_date(metrics.lastheartbeat))
if hasattr(metrics, 'lastsuccessfuljob') and metrics.lastsuccessfuljob:
self.debug(f"=== lastsuccessfuljob {metrics.lastsuccessfuljob} ===")
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.lastsuccessfuljob, str))
self.assertTrue(self.valid_date(metrics.lastsuccessfuljob))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'state'))
self.assertTrue(metrics.state == 'Up' or metrics.state == 'Down')
return
@attr(tags = ["advanced", "advancedns", "smoke", "basic"], required_hardware="false")
def test_list_db_metrics(self):
cmd = listDbMetrics.listDbMetricsCmd()
metrics = self.apiclient.listDbMetrics(cmd)
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics,'collectiontime'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.collectiontime, str))
self.assertTrue(self.valid_date(metrics.collectiontime))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'connections'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.connections, int))
cmd = listConfigurations.listConfigurationsCmd()
cmd.name = 'database.server.stats.retention'
configuration = self.apiclient.listConfigurations(cmd)
retention = int(configuration[0].value)
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'dbloadaverages'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.dbloadaverages, list))
self.assertTrue(len(metrics.dbloadaverages) <= retention)
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'hostname'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.hostname, str))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'queries'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.queries, int))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'replicas'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.replicas, list))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'uptime'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.uptime, int))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'version'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.version, str))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(metrics, 'versioncomment'))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(metrics.versioncomment, str))
return
@attr(tags = ["advanced", "advancedns", "smoke", "basic"], required_hardware="true")
@skipTestIf("hypervisorNotSupported")
def test_list_vms_metrics_history(self):
#deploy VM
self.small_virtual_machine = VirtualMachine.create(
self.apiclient,
self.services["virtual_machine"],
serviceofferingid=self.service_offering.id,
templateid=self.template.id,
zoneid=self.zone.id
)
self.cleanup.append(self.small_virtual_machine)
# Wait for 2 minutes
time.sleep(120)
cmd = listVirtualMachinesUsageHistory.listVirtualMachinesUsageHistoryCmd()
cmd.id = self.small_virtual_machine.id
result = self.apiclient.listVirtualMachinesUsageHistory(cmd)[0]
self.assertEqual(result.id, self.small_virtual_machine.id)
self.assertTrue(hasattr(result, 'stats'))
self.assertTrue(type(result.stats) == list and len(result.stats) > 0)
self.validate_vm_stats(result.stats[0])
return
@attr(tags = ["advanced", "advancedns", "smoke", "basic"], required_hardware="true")
@skipTestIf("hypervisorNotSupported")
def test_list_system_vms_metrics_history(self):
cmd = listSystemVmsUsageHistory.listSystemVmsUsageHistoryCmd()
now = datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(minutes=15)
start_time = now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
cmd.startdate = start_time
result = self.apiclient.listSystemVmsUsageHistory(cmd)[0]
self.assertTrue(hasattr(result, 'stats'))
self.assertTrue(type(result.stats) == list and len(result.stats) > 0)
self.validate_vm_stats(result.stats[0])
return
@attr(tags = ["advanced", "advancedns", "smoke", "basic"], required_hardware="true")
@skipTestIf("hypervisorNotSupported")
def test_list_volumes_metrics_history(self):
#deploy VM
self.small_virtual_machine = VirtualMachine.create(
self.apiclient,
self.services["virtual_machine"],
serviceofferingid=self.service_offering.id,
templateid=self.template.id,
zoneid=self.zone.id
)
self.cleanup.append(self.small_virtual_machine)
currentHost = Host.list(self.apiclient, id=self.small_virtual_machine.hostid)[0]
if currentHost.hypervisor.lower() == "xenserver" and currentHost.hypervisorversion == "7.1.0":
# Skip tests as volume metrics doesn't see to work
self.skipTest("Skipping test because volume metrics doesn't work on hypervisor\
%s, %s" % (currentHost.hypervisor, currentHost.hypervisorversion))
# Wait for 2 minutes
time.sleep(120)
volume = Volume.list(
self.apiclient,
virtualmachineid=self.small_virtual_machine.id)[0]
cmd = listVolumesUsageHistory.listVolumesUsageHistoryCmd()
cmd.id = volume.id
result = self.apiclient.listVolumesUsageHistory(cmd)[0]
self.assertEqual(result.id, volume.id)
self.assertTrue(hasattr(result, 'stats'))
self.assertTrue(type(result.stats) == list and len(result.stats) > 0)
stats = result.stats[0]
self.assertTrue(hasattr(stats, 'diskioread'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(stats, 'diskiowrite'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(stats, 'diskiopstotal'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(stats, 'diskkbsread'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(stats, 'diskkbswrite'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(stats, 'timestamp'))
self.assertTrue(self.valid_date(stats.timestamp))
return
def validate_vm_stats(self, stats):
self.assertTrue(hasattr(stats, 'cpuused'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(stats, 'diskiopstotal'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(stats, 'diskioread'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(stats, 'diskiowrite'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(stats, 'diskkbsread'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(stats, 'diskkbswrite'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(stats, 'memoryintfreekbs'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(stats, 'memorykbs'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(stats, 'memorytargetkbs'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(stats, 'networkkbsread'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(stats, 'networkkbswrite'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(stats, 'networkread'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(stats, 'networkwrite'))
self.assertTrue(hasattr(stats, 'timestamp'))
self.assertTrue(self.valid_date(stats.timestamp))
def valid_date(cls, date_text):
try:
datetime.datetime.strptime(date_text, '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%z')
return True
except ValueError:
return False
| 47,959 |
US-202217721102-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,925 | 9,773 |
Information transmission method, network device, and user equipment
ABSTRACT
Embodiments of this application provide an information transmission method, a network device, and a user equipment. The method provided in this application includes: sending, by a network device, a broadcast frame that includes first duration information and second duration information that are of A-BFT (Association Beamforming Training); receiving a frame sent by a first user equipment in a timeslot randomly selected from a first time range; and receiving a frame sent by a second user equipment in a timeslot randomly selected from a second time range. According to the embodiments of this application, beamforming training efficiency can be improved.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/005,037, filed on Aug. 27, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/206,288, filed on Nov. 30, 2018 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,805,865), which is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/CN2017/082325, filed on Apr. 28, 2017, which claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 201610482072.3, filed on Jun. 27, 2016, and Chinese Patent Application No. 201610394650.8, filed on Jun. 3, 2016. All of the afore-mentioned patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
TECHNICAL FIELD
Embodiments of this application relate to communications technologies, and in particular, to an information transmission method, a network device, and a user equipment.
BACKGROUND
Currently, a wireless local area network (WLAN) usually operates in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands. Spectrum resources on the frequency bands become extremely crowded as a quantity of devices that use the frequency bands increases. However, a 60 GHz millimeter wave band has a large quantity of available spectrum resources. Therefore, the 60 GHz frequency band will be widely used in the future. Because a path loss of the 60 GHz millimeter wave band is extremely large, a communication distance based on the 60 GHz millimeter wave band is usually relatively short. To increase the communication distance, by using a directional communications technology of beamforming (BF), a transmit signal of a transmit antenna may center on an extremely small narrow beam, and a receive antenna receives the signal in an extremely narrow beam range. Before a BF technology is used, a network device may send a directional multi-gigabit (DMG) beacon frame in a beacon transmission interval (BTI) within a beacon interval (BI). The DMG beacon frame may include duration of association beamforming training (A-BFT) in the BI. Each user equipment in at least one user equipment that receives the DMG beacon frame sends a sector sweep (SSW) frame to the network device in a timeslot randomly selected in the duration of the A-BFT, so as to implement beamforming training of the user equipment.
With continuous development of communications technologies, a quantity and a type of user equipment continuously increase. However, currently, a network device may implement beamforming training of user equipment of one type in same A-BFT. This results in relatively low efficiency of beamforming training of the user equipment.
SUMMARY
Embodiments of this application provide an information transmission method, a network device, and a user equipment, so as to improve beamforming training efficiency.
According to an aspect, an embodiment of this application provides an information transmission method, including:
sending, by a network device, a broadcast frame, where the broadcast frame includes first duration information and second duration information that are of association beamforming training A-BFT; the first duration information is used by a first user equipment to determine a first time range, so that the first user equipment randomly selects a timeslot from the first time range; and the second duration information is used by a second user equipment to determine a second time range, so that the second user equipment randomly selects a timeslot from the second time range;
receiving, by the network device, a first-type frame sent by the first user equipment in the timeslot randomly selected from the first time range; and
receiving, by the network device, a second-type frame sent by the second user equipment in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range.
According to the information transmission method, the network device may implement beamforming training of user equipments of multiple access types in same A-BFT, so as to improve beamforming training efficiency and improve a network throughput.
Optionally, the first duration information includes duration of the first time range; and
the duration of the first time range is used by the first user equipment to determine an end time of the first time range according to a preset start time and the duration of the first time range, and determine the first time range according to the preset start time and the end time of the first time range.
Optionally, the second duration information includes duration of the second time range;
the duration of the first time range is further used by the second user equipment to determine a start time of the second time range according to the duration of the first time range; and
the duration of the second time range is used by the second user equipment to determine an end time of the second time range according to the start time of the second time range and the duration of the second time range, and determine the second time range according to the start time of the second time range and the end time of the second time range.
Optionally, the second duration information includes duration of the second time range; and
the duration of the second time range is used by the second user equipment to determine an end time of the second time range according to the preset start time and the duration of the second time range, and determine the second time range according to the preset start time and the end time of the second time range.
In the information transmission method, both a start time of the first time range and the start time of the second time range may be the preset start time. Therefore, the first time range and the second time range may have a partially-overlapped time, and the duration of the second time range may be greater than the duration of the first time range, so that a time selection range of the second user equipment is greater than a time selection range of the first user equipment, thereby effectively avoiding an access timeslot conflict of the second user equipment, and improving timeslot resource utilization.
Optionally, the duration of the first time range is located in an A-BFT length field of a beacon interval BI control field in the broadcast frame; and
the duration of the second time range is located in any one of the following locations in the broadcast frame:
at least one bit in the BI control field except the A-BFT length field; or
a preset field or information element in a data payload field, where the preset field or information element includes at least one bit.
Optionally, the broadcast frame further includes frame type indication information, and the frame type indication information is used by the second user equipment to determine a frame type; and
the receiving, by the network device, a second-type frame sent by the second user equipment in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range includes:
receiving, by the network device, the second-type frame that is corresponding to the frame type and sent by the second user equipment in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range, where transmission duration of frames corresponding to different frame types is different.
Optionally, the frame type indication information is located in at least one reserved bit in a directional multi-gigabit DMG parameters field in the broadcast frame.
Optionally, the broadcast frame further includes frame quantity indication information, and the frame quantity indication information is used by the second user equipment to determine a frame quantity; and
the receiving, by the network device, a second-type frame sent by the second user equipment in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range includes:
receiving, by the network device, the frame quantity of the second-type frames successively sent by the second user equipment in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range.
Optionally, the broadcast frame further includes usage indication information of at least one channel, and the usage indication information of the at least one channel is used by the second user equipment to determine whether the at least one channel is available, so that the second user equipment selects an available channel from the at least one channel; and
the receiving, by the network device, a second-type frame sent by the second user equipment in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range includes:
receiving, by the network device, the second-type frame sent by the second user equipment through the available channel in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range.
Optionally, the receiving, by the network device, the second-type frame sent by the second user equipment through the available channel in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range includes:
if the available channel is a main channel, receiving, by the network device, the second-type frame sent by the second user equipment through the available channel in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range.
Optionally, the broadcast frame further includes duration information corresponding to each channel, and the duration information corresponding to each channel is used by the second user equipment to determine a time range corresponding to each channel, so that if the available channel is a secondary channel, the second user equipment randomly selects a timeslot from a time range corresponding to the available channel; and
the method may further include:
receiving, by the network device, the second-type frame sent by the second user equipment through the available channel in the timeslot randomly selected from the time range corresponding to the available channel.
Optionally, the usage indication information of the at least one channel and/or the duration information corresponding to each channel are/is located in any one of the following locations in the broadcast frame:
at least one reserved bit of a DMG operation information field in a DMG operation element; or
a preset field or information element in a data payload field, where the preset field or information element includes at least one bit.
Optionally, the second duration information is specifically used by the second user equipment to determine the second time range, so that the second user equipment randomly selects a timeslot from the second time range, and randomly selects backoff duration in the randomly selected timeslot; and
the receiving, by the network device, a second-type frame sent by the second user equipment in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range includes:
receiving, by the network device, the second-type frame sent by the second user equipment after the backoff duration in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range.
According to the information transmission method, after randomly selecting the timeslot from the second time range, the second user equipment may further select the backoff duration, and send the second-type frame after the backoff duration, so as to effectively reduce a timeslot conflict between second user equipments and improve training efficiency of the A-BFT.
Optionally, backoff duration is determined by the second user equipment according to an access priority corresponding to the second user equipment, a higher access priority corresponding to the second user equipment indicates shorter backoff duration, and a lower access priority corresponding to the second user equipment indicates longer backoff duration.
Optionally, a larger quantity of access failures of the second user equipment indicates a higher access priority corresponding to the second user equipment.
According to the information transmission method, in a dense scenario, a timeslot conflict that occurs during an A-BFT period when multiple user equipments perform beamforming training may be reduced, so that user equipment that still cannot perform access after multiple training periods quickly accesses the network device, to quickly complete beamforming training, thereby improving training timeliness, and improving user experience.
Optionally, before the sending, by a network device, a frame, the method further includes:
determining, by the network device, whether a quantity of to-be-accessed user equipments is greater than a preset quantity value; and
the sending, by a network device, a broadcast frame includes:
sending, by the network device, the broadcast frame if the quantity of user equipments is greater than or equal to the preset quantity value.
Optionally, the broadcast frame includes overload indicator information, and the overload indicator information is located in any one of the following locations:
a reserved bit of a beacon interval BI control field in a frame control field; or
a reserved bit of another field other than the BI control field.
According to another aspect, an embodiment of this application further provides an information transmission method, including:
receiving, by a second user equipment, a broadcast frame sent by a network device, where the broadcast frame includes first duration information and second duration information that are of association beamforming training A-BFT, and the first duration information is used by a first user equipment to determine a first time range, so that the first user equipment randomly selects a timeslot from the first time range, so as to send a first-type frame to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the first time range;
determining, by the second user equipment, a second time range according to the second duration information, and randomly selecting a timeslot from the second time range; and
sending, by the second user equipment, a second-type frame to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range.
Optionally, the first duration information includes duration of the first time range, and the second duration information includes duration of the second time range; and
the determining, by the second user equipment, a second time range according to the second duration information includes:
determining, by the second user equipment, a start time of the second time range according to the duration of the first time range;
determining, by the second user equipment, an end time of the second time range according to the start time of the second time range and the duration of the second time range; and
determining, by the second user equipment, the second time range according to the start time of the second time range and the end time of the second time range.
Optionally, the second duration information includes duration of the second time range; and
the determining, by the second user equipment, a second time range according to the second duration information includes:
determining, by the second user equipment, an end time of the second time range according to a preset start time and the duration of the second time range, where the preset start time is a preset start time of the first time range; and
determining, by the second user equipment, the second time range according to the preset start time and the end time of the second time range.
Optionally, the duration of the first time range is located in an A-BFT length field of a beacon interval BI control field in the broadcast frame; and
the duration of the second time range is located in any one of the following locations in the broadcast frame:
at least one reserved bit in the BI control field except the A-BFT length field; or
a preset field or information element in a data payload field, where the preset field or information element includes at least one bit.
Optionally, the broadcast frame further includes frame type indication information;
before the sending, by the second user equipment, a second-type frame to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range, the method may further include:
determining, by the second user equipment, a frame type according to the frame type indication information; and
the sending, by the second user equipment, a second-type frame to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range includes:
sending, by the second user equipment to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range, the second-type frame corresponding to the frame type, where transmission duration of frames corresponding to different frame types is different.
Optionally, the frame type indication information is located in at least one reserved bit in a directional multi-gigabit DMG parameters field in the broadcast frame.
Optionally, the broadcast frame further includes frame quantity indication information;
before the sending, by the second user equipment, a second-type frame to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range, the method further includes:
determining, by the second user equipment, a quantity of to-be-sent frames according to the frame quantity indication information; and
the sending, by the second user equipment, a second-type frame to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range includes:
successively sending, by the second user equipment, the frame quantity of the second-type frames to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range.
Optionally, the broadcast frame further includes usage indication information of at least one channel; and
the sending, by the second user equipment, a second-type frame to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range includes:
determining, by the second user equipment according to the usage indication information of the at least one channel, whether the at least one channel is available; and selecting an available channel from the at least one channel; and
sending, by the second user equipment, the second-type frame to the network device through the available channel in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range.
Optionally, the sending, by the second user equipment, the second-type frame to the network device through the available channel in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range includes:
if the available channel is a main channel, sending, by the second user equipment, the second-type frame to the network device through the available channel in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range.
Optionally, the broadcast frame further includes duration information corresponding to each channel; and
the method further includes:
if the available channel is a secondary channel, determining, by the second user equipment according to duration information corresponding to the available channel, a time range corresponding to the available channel;
randomly selecting, by the second user equipment, a timeslot from the time range corresponding to the available channel; and
sending, by the second user equipment, the second-type frame through the available channel in the timeslot randomly selected from the time range corresponding to the available channel.
Optionally, the usage indication information of the at least one channel and/or the duration information corresponding to each channel are/is located in any one of the following locations in the broadcast frame:
at least one reserved bit of a DMG operation information field in a DMG operation element; or
a preset field or information element in a data payload field, where the preset field or information element includes at least one bit.
Optionally, before the sending, by the second user equipment, a second-type frame to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range includes:
randomly selecting, by the second user equipment, backoff duration in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range; and
the sending, by the second user equipment, a second-type frame to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range includes:
sending, by the second user equipment, the second-type frame to the network device after the backoff duration in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range.
Optionally, before the sending, by the second user equipment, a second-type frame to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range, the method further includes:
determining, by the second user equipment according to an access priority of the second user equipment, backoff duration corresponding to the access priority, where a higher access priority indicates shorter backoff duration, and a lower access priority indicates longer backoff duration; and
the sending, by the second user equipment, a second-type frame to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range includes:
sending, by the second user equipment, the second-type frame to the network device after the backoff duration in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range.
Optionally, before the determining, by the second user equipment according to an access priority of the second user equipment, backoff duration corresponding to the access priority, the method further includes:
determining, by the second user equipment, the access priority according to a quantity of access failures of the second user equipment, where a larger quantity of access failures indicates a higher access priority.
According to still another aspect, an embodiment of this application provides a network device, including a transmitter and a receiver, where
the transmitter is configured to send a broadcast frame, where the broadcast frame includes first duration information and second duration information that are of association beamforming training A-BFT; the first duration information is used by a first user equipment to determine a first time range, so that the first user equipment randomly selects a timeslot from the first time range; and the second duration information is used by a second user equipment to determine a second time range, so that the second user equipment randomly selects a timeslot from the second time range; and
the receiver is configured to: receive a first-type frame sent by the first user equipment in the timeslot randomly selected from the first time range; and receive a second-type frame sent by the second user equipment in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range.
Optionally, the first duration information includes duration of the first time range; and
the duration of the first time range is used by the first user equipment to determine an end time of the first time range according to a preset start time and the duration of the first time range, and determine the first time range according to the preset start time and the end time of the first time range.
Optionally, the second duration information includes duration of the second time range;
the duration of the first time range is further used by the second user equipment to determine a start time of the second time range according to the duration of the first time range; and
the duration of the second time range is used by the second user equipment to determine an end time of the second time range according to the start time of the second time range and the duration of the second time range, and determine the second time range according to the start time of the second time range and the end time of the second time range.
Optionally, the second duration information includes duration of the second time range; and
the duration of the second time range is used by the second user equipment to determine an end time of the second time range according to the preset start time and the duration of the second time range, and determine the second time range according to the preset start time and the end time of the second time range.
Optionally, the broadcast frame further includes frame type indication information, and the frame type indication information is used by the second user equipment to determine a frame type; and
the receiver is specifically configured to receive the second-type frame that is corresponding to the frame type and sent by the second user equipment in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range, where transmission duration of frames corresponding to different frame types is different.
Optionally, the broadcast frame further includes frame quantity indication information, and the frame quantity indication information is used by the second user equipment to determine a frame quantity; and
the receiver is specifically configured to receive the frame quantity of the second-type frames successively sent by the second user equipment in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range.
Optionally, the broadcast frame further includes usage indication information of at least one channel, and the usage indication information of the at least one channel is used by the second user equipment to determine whether the at least one channel is available, so that the second user equipment selects an available channel from the at least one channel; and
the receiver is further specifically configured to receive the second-type frame sent by the second user equipment through the available channel in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range.
Optionally, the receiver is further specifically configured to: if the available channel is a main channel, receive the second-type frame sent by the second user equipment through the available channel in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range.
Optionally, the broadcast frame further includes duration information corresponding to each channel, and the duration information corresponding to each channel is used by the second user equipment to determine a time range corresponding to each channel, so that if the available channel is a secondary channel, the second user equipment randomly selects a timeslot from a time range corresponding to the available channel; and
the receiver is further configured to receive the second-type frame sent by the second user equipment through the available channel in the timeslot randomly selected from the time range corresponding to the available channel.
Optionally, the second duration information is specifically used by the second user equipment to determine the second time range, so that the second user equipment randomly selects a timeslot from the second time range, and randomly selects backoff duration in the randomly selected timeslot; and
the receiver is specifically configured to receive the second-type frame sent by the second user equipment after the backoff duration in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range.
Optionally, backoff duration is determined by the second user equipment according to an access priority corresponding to the second user equipment, a higher access priority corresponding to the second user equipment indicates shorter backoff duration, and a lower access priority corresponding to the second user equipment indicates longer backoff duration.
Optionally, a larger quantity of access failures of the second user equipment indicates a higher access priority corresponding to the second user equipment.
According to yet another aspect, an embodiment of this application may further provide user equipment, where the user equipment is second user equipment, and includes a receiver, a processor, and a transmitter, the receiver is connected to the processor, and the processor is connected to the transmitter, where
the receiver is configured to receive a broadcast frame sent by a network device, where the broadcast frame includes first duration information and second duration information that are of association beamforming training A-BFT, and the first duration information is used by a first user equipment to determine a first time range, so that the first user equipment randomly selects a timeslot from the first time range, so as to send a first-type frame to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the first time range;
the processor is configured to determine a second time range according to the second duration information, and randomly select a timeslot from the second time range; and
the transmitter is configured to send a second-type frame to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range.
Optionally, the first duration information includes duration of the first time range, and the second duration information includes duration of the second time range; and
the processor is specifically configured to: determine a start time of the second time range according to the duration of the first time range; determine an end time of the second time range according to the start time of the second time range and the duration of the second time range; and determine the second time range according to the start time of the second time range and the end time of the second time range.
Optionally, the second duration information includes duration of the second time range; and
the processor is further specifically configured to: determine an end time of the second time range according to a preset start time and the duration of the second time range, where the preset start time is a preset start time of the first time range; and determine the second time range according to the preset start time and the end time of the second time range.
Optionally, the broadcast frame further includes frame type indication information;
the processor is further configured to determine a frame type according to the frame type indication information before the transmitter sends the second-type frame to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range; and
the transmitter is specifically configured to send, to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range, the second-type frame corresponding to the frame type, where transmission duration of frames corresponding to different frame types is different.
Optionally, the broadcast frame further includes frame quantity indication information;
the processor is further configured to determine a quantity of to-be-sent frames according to the frame quantity indication information before the transmitter sends the second-type frame to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range; and
the transmitter is specifically configured to successively send the frame quantity of the second-type frames to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range.
Optionally, the broadcast frame further includes usage indication information of at least one channel;
the processor is further configured to determine, according to the usage indication information of the at least one channel, whether the at least one channel is available; and select an available channel from the at least one channel; and
the transmitter is specifically configured to send the second-type frame to the network device through the available channel in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range.
Optionally, the transmitter is specifically configured to: if the available channel is a main channel, send the second-type frame to the network device through the available channel in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range.
Optionally, the broadcast frame further includes duration information corresponding to each channel;
the processor is further configured to: if the available channel is a secondary channel, determine, according to duration information corresponding to the available channel, a time range corresponding to the available channel; and randomly select a timeslot from the time range corresponding to the available channel; and
the transmitter is further configured to send the second-type frame through the available channel in the timeslot randomly selected from the time range corresponding to the available channel.
Optionally, the processor is further configured to: before the transmitter sends the second-type frame to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range, randomly select backoff duration in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range; and
the transmitter is specifically configured to send the second-type frame to the network device after the backoff duration in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range.
Optionally, the processor is further configured to: before the transmitter sends the second-type frame to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range, determine, according to an access priority of the second user equipment, backoff duration corresponding to the access priority, where a higher access priority indicates shorter backoff duration, and a lower access priority indicates longer backoff duration; and
the transmitter is specifically configured to send the second-type frame to the network device after the backoff duration in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range.
Optionally, the processor is further configured to determine the access priority according to a quantity of access failures of the second user equipment, where a larger quantity of access failures indicates a higher access priority.
According to the information transmission method, the network device, and the user equipment that are provided in the embodiments of this application, the network device sends the broadcast frame that includes the first duration information and the second duration information that are of the A-BFT, so that the first user equipment can determine the first time range according to the first duration information, and randomly select the timeslot from the first time range, so as to send the first-type frame in the timeslot randomly selected from the first time range; and the second user equipment can determine the second time range according to the second duration information, and randomly select the timeslot from the second time range, so as to send the second-type frame in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range. Therefore, the network device may implement beamforming training of the first user equipment and the second user equipment in the same A-BFT, so as to improve beamforming training efficiency and improve a network throughput.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a network system applicable to embodiments of this application;
FIG. 2 is a flowchart of an information transmission method according to Embodiment 1 of this application;
FIG. 3 is a flowchart in which first user equipment determines a first time range in an information transmission method according to Embodiment 2 of this application;
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a BI according to Embodiment 2 of this application;
FIG. 5 is a flowchart in which second user equipment determines a second time range in an information transmission method according to Embodiment 2 of this application;
FIG. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of another BI according to Embodiment 2 of this application;
FIG. 7 is a flowchart of determining a second time range in an information transmission according to Embodiment 2 of this application;
FIG. 8 is a schematic structural diagram of still another BI according to Embodiment 2 of this application;
FIG. 9 is a schematic structural diagram of a next DMG ATI element according to Embodiment 2 of this application;
FIG. 10 is a schematic structural diagram of an extended schedule element according to Embodiment 2 of this application;
FIG. 11 is a schematic structural diagram of a BI control field according to Embodiment 2 of this application;
FIG. 11A is a schematic structural diagram of yet another BI according to Embodiment 2 of the present application;
FIG. 11B is a schematic structural diagram of still yet another BI according to Embodiment 2 of the present application;
FIG. 12 is a schematic structural diagram of a broadcast frame according to Embodiment 2 of this application;
FIG. 13 is a flowchart of another information transmission method according to Embodiment 2 of this application;
FIG. 14 is a schematic structural diagram of an SSSW frame according to Embodiment 2 of this application;
FIG. 15 is a schematic structural diagram of a DMG parameters field according to Embodiment 2 of this application;
FIG. 16 is a flowchart of still another information transmission method according to Embodiment 2 of this application;
FIG. 17 is a flowchart of an information transmission method according to Embodiment 3 of this application;
FIG. 18 is a flowchart of another information transmission method according to Embodiment 3 of this application;
FIG. DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
An information transmission method, a network device, and user equipment that are provided in embodiments of this application are applicable to a WLAN system, and in particular, to a WLAN system in the 802.11ad standard, that in the 802.11 ay standard, and those in follow-up improved standards of the 802.11ad standard and the 802.11ay standard. The information transmission method is applicable to a network scenario with user equipments of multiple access types. FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a network system applicable to the embodiments of this application. As shown in FIG. 1, the network system to which the information transmission method is applicable may include, for example, a network device, at least one directional multi-gigabit (DMG) user equipment, and at least one enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) user equipment. The DMG user equipment and the EDMG user equipment in FIG. 1 each may be user equipment of an access type. The network device may be, for example, a personal basic service set control point (PCP)/access point (AP). The user equipment may be a station (STA). The DMG user equipment in FIG. 1 may be a DMG station, that is, a station corresponding to the 802.11ad standard, and the EDMG user equipment may be an EDMG station, that is, a station corresponding to the 802.11 ay standard.
By performing the information transmission method provided in this application, the network device may send a frame that includes multiple pieces of duration information of A-BFT, so that each of the user equipments of multiple access types can determine a duration range according to duration information corresponding to the user equipment of an access type, randomly select a timeslot from the duration range, and send a corresponding frame to the network device in the randomly selected timeslot. Therefore, the network device may implement beamforming training of the user equipments of multiple access types in the same A-BFT, so as to improve beamforming training efficiency and improve a network throughput. User equipments of different access types may be user equipments in different communications standards. It should be noted that the following methods in this application may be illustrated by using a solution in which two pieces of duration information are included. However, this is not limited in this application.
Embodiment 1 of this application provides an information transmission method. FIG. 2 is a flowchart of the information transmission method according to Embodiment 1 of this application. As shown in FIG. 2, the method may include the following steps.
S201. A network device sends a broadcast frame, where the broadcast frame includes first duration information and second duration information that are of A-BFT.
The first duration information is used by a first user equipment to determine a first time range, so that the first user equipment randomly selects a timeslot from the first time range. The second duration information is used by a second user equipment to determine a second time range, so that the second user equipment randomly selects a timeslot from the second time range.
The broadcast frame may be, for example, a beacon frame. The network device may send the broadcast frame, for example, in a broadcast or multicast manner, so that multiple user equipments that include the first user equipment and the second user equipment receive the broadcast frame.
The first user equipment and the second user equipment may be respectively user equipments of different access types, such as user equipments in different communications standards. The first user equipment may be, for example, a station corresponding to the 802.11ad standard that is also referred to as a DMG station. The second user equipment may be, for example, a station corresponding to the 802.11ay standard that may also be referred to as an EDMG station.
S202. First user equipment determines a first time range according to the first duration information, and randomly selects a timeslot from the first time range.
If the first user equipment is a DMG station, the first duration information may be DMG duration information, and the first time range may be a DMG time range. The first user equipment randomly selects the timeslot from the first time range. Therefore, the first time range may also be referred to as a contention range of the DMG station.
S203. Second user equipment determines a second time range according to the second duration information, and randomly selects a timeslot from the second time range.
If the second user equipment is an EDMG station, the second duration information may be EDMG duration information, and the second time range may be an EDMG time range. The second user equipment randomly selects the timeslot from the second time range. Therefore, the second time range may also be referred to as a contention range of the EDMG station.
Both the first duration information and the second duration information are duration information of the A-BFT. Therefore, the first time range and the second time range may be two time ranges of the A-BFT. In the A-BFT, the first time range and the second time range may have no overlapped time, or may have a partially-overlapped time. This is not limited in this application.
S204. The first user equipment sends a first-type frame to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the first time range.
In the timeslot randomly selected from the first time range, the first user equipment may further receive a feedback frame that is corresponding to the first-type frame and sent by the network device after receiving the first-type frame. The first-type frame may be, for example, an SSW frame. The first user equipment sends the first-type frame to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the first time range, so that the network device may implement beamforming training of the first user equipment in the first time range of the A-BFT.
S205. The second user equipment sends a second-type frame to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range.
In the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range, the second user equipment may further receive a feedback frame that is corresponding to the second-type frame and sent by the network device after receiving the second-type frame. The first-type frame may be of a same type as the second-type frame. The second-type frame may be, for example, an SSW frame, or may be a frame of another type. The second user equipment sends the second-type frame to the network device in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range, so that the network device may implement beamforming training of the second user equipment in the second time range of the A-BFT. It can be learned from the above that, according to the information transmission method described in Embodiment 1 of this application, the network device may implement beamforming training of user equipments of multiple access types in same A-BFT, so as to improve beamforming training efficiency and improve a network throughput.
It should be noted that, there is no absolute sequence between S202 and S203, and S202 and S203 may be successively performed, or may be simultaneously performed. There is no absolute sequence between S204 and S205, and S204 and S205 may be successively performed, or may be simultaneously performed. This is not limited in this application.
According to the information transmission method provided in Embodiment 1 of this application, the network device sends the broadcast frame that includes the first duration information and the second duration information that are of the A-BFT, so that the first user equipment can determine the first time range according to the first duration information, and randomly select the timeslot from the first time range, so as to send the first-type frame in the timeslot randomly selected from the first time range; and the second user equipment can determine the second time range according to the second duration information, and randomly select the timeslot from the second time range, so as to send the second-type frame in the timeslot randomly selected from the second time range. Therefore, the network device may implement beamforming training of the user equipments of multiple access types in the same A-BFT, so as to improve the beamforming training efficiency and improve the network throughput.
Optionally, the first duration information may include duration of the first time range. Embodiment 2 of this application further provides an information transmission method. FIG. 3 is a flowchart in which first user equipment determines a first time range in the information transmission method according to Embodiment 2 of this application. As shown in FIG. 3, in the information transmission method, S202 in which first user equipment determines a first time range according to the first duration information may include the following steps:
S301. The first user equipment determines an end time of the first time range according to a preset start time and the duration of the first time range.
S302. The first user equipment determines the first time range according to the preset start time and the end time of the first time range.
Specifically, the first user equipment may determine the end time of the first time range according to a sum of the preset start time and the duration of the first time range. After a start time and the end time that are of the first time range are determined, the first time range is determined. The first time range is a time period from the start time of the first time range to the end time of the first time range.
For example, FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a BI according to Embodiment 2 of this application. As shown in FIG. 4, the BI may include a beacon transmission interval (BTI), an A-BFT period, an announcement transmission interval (ATI), and a data transfer interval (DTI). If the A-BFT period includes eight timeslots, and the preset start time is 0, the start time of the first time range is a timeslot 0 in the A-BFT period. If the duration of the first time range is 2, the end time of the first time range may be a timeslot 2 in the A-BFT period. In this case, the first time range may be three timeslots from the timeslot 0 to the timeslot 2 shown in FIG. 4, and may be represented as [timeslot 0, timeslot 2].
Optionally, the second duration information may include duration of the second time range. Embodiment 2 of this application further provides an information transmission method. FIG. 5 is a flowchart in which second user equipment determines a second time range in the information transmission method according to Embodiment 2 of this application. As shown in FIG. 5, S203 in which second user equipment determines a second time range according to the second duration information may include the following steps.
S501. The second user equipment determines a start time of the second time range according to the duration of the first time range.
Specifically, the second user equipment may determine the end time of the first time range according to the duration of the first time range and the preset start time, so as to determine the start time of the second time range according to the end time of the first time range.
S502. The second user equipment determines an end time of the second time range according to the start time of the second time range and the duration of the second time range.
The second user equipment may determine the end time of the second time range according to a sum of the start time of the second time range and the duration of the second time range.
S503. The second user equipment determines the second time range according to the start time of the second time range and the end time of the second time range.
After the start time and the end time that are of the second time range are determined, the second time range is determined. The second time range is a time period from the start time of the second time range to the end time of the second time range.
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https://github.com/Yellow013/cygnus/blob/master/example/src/main/java/io/cygnus/example/strategy/ExampleSmaStrategy.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| null |
cygnus
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Yellow013
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Java
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Code
| 123 | 467 |
package io.cygnus.example.strategy;
import java.io.IOException;
import io.cygnus.engine.strategy.SingleInstrumentStrategy;
import io.horizon.market.data.impl.BasicMarketData;
import io.horizon.market.indicator.impl.SMA.SmaEvent;
import io.horizon.market.indicator.impl.SmaPoint;
import io.horizon.market.instrument.Instrument;
import io.horizon.trader.account.SubAccount;
import io.horizon.trader.order.Order;
import io.mercury.common.param.ParamKey;
import io.mercury.common.param.Params;
/**
*
* @author yellow013
*
*/
public final class ExampleSmaStrategy extends SingleInstrumentStrategy<BasicMarketData, ParamKey> implements SmaEvent {
public ExampleSmaStrategy(SubAccount subAccount, Params<ParamKey> params, Instrument instrument) {
super(100, "ExampleSmaStrategy", subAccount, params, instrument);
}
@Override
public String getStrategyName() {
return "SmaStrategyExample";
}
@Override
protected void handleMarketData(BasicMarketData marketData) {
}
@Override
protected void handleOrder(Order order) {
}
@Override
public void onCurrentPointAvgPriceChanged(SmaPoint point) {
}
@Override
public void onStartSmaPoint(SmaPoint point) {
}
@Override
public void onEndSmaPoint(SmaPoint point) {
}
@Override
public String getEventName() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return null;
}
@Override
public void close() throws IOException {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
}
}
| 13,773 |
f0cbf7b52df36bf633caab305177ab70
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 2,017 |
Arrêté du 11 août 2017, article 10
|
LEGI
|
French
|
Spoken
| 78 | 111 |
L'enveloppe budgétaire consacrée à la mesure ainsi que les modalités de mise en œuvre sont fixées par note technique du ministre chargé des pêches maritimes ou son représentant.L'aide versée au bénéficiaire est calculée selon les modalités fixées en annexe du présent arrêté.Dans le cas où les demandes d'aide excéderaient l'enveloppe budgétaire, les demandes correspondant aux navires ayant les plus importants débarquements en volume sur la période du 1er janvier 2014 au 31 décembre 2016 seront retenues en priorité.
| 40,555 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.