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https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmoneura%20rubricata
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Erasmoneura rubricata
|
https://war.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erasmoneura rubricata&action=history
|
Waray
|
Spoken
| 37 | 71 |
An Erasmoneura rubricata in uska species han Insecta nga syahan ginhulagway ni Van Duzee hadton 1909. An Erasmoneura rubricata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Erasmoneura, ngan familia nga Cicadellidae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.
Mga kasarigan
Erasmoneura
| 20,246 |
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Hebron%2C%20Mississippi
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
New Hebron, Mississippi
|
https://ht.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New Hebron, Mississippi&action=history
|
Haitian Creole
|
Spoken
| 32 | 73 |
New Hebron se yon vil nan eta Mississippi .
Istwa
Istwa
Relasyon ak Ayiti
Kominote Ayisyen, relasyon ant eta sa epi Ayiti
referans
Kèk lyen
vil nan Mississippi
Vil nan Etazini
jewografi
| 22,443 |
https://github.com/KOKSANG/Self-Driving-Car/blob/master/path-planning/src/behaviour.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Self-Driving-Car
|
KOKSANG
|
C
|
Code
| 98 | 354 |
#ifndef BEHAVIOUR_H
#define BEHAVIOUR_H
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <math.h>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include "constants.h"
// for convenience
using std::string;
using std::vector;
using std::cout;
using std::sort;
using std::map;
class Trajectory;
class Vehicle;
class Mapping;
class State {
public:
string id;
int current_lane;
int intended_lane;
int final_lane;
int time_ahead;
State();
State(string id, int lane);
virtual ~State();
};
class Behaviour {
public:
Vehicle* ego;
State* state;
Mapping* map;
double ref_vel;
int current_timestep;
vector<State> next_states;
Behaviour();
Behaviour(Vehicle* ego);
Behaviour(Vehicle* ego, double ref_vel);
virtual ~Behaviour();
vector<State> available_states();
vector<vector<double>> forecast_points(State* state, vector<double> points_x, vector<double> points_y);
Trajectory get_best_trajectory(vector<double> points_x, vector<double> points_y);
};
#endif
| 44,701 |
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yal%C4%B1evleri%2C%20Anamur
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Yalıevleri, Anamur
|
https://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yalıevleri, Anamur&action=history
|
Turkish
|
Spoken
| 18 | 69 |
Yalıevleri, Mersin ilinin Anamur ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.
Nüfus
Kaynakça
Anamur'un mahalleleri
Evrifaessa Bot tarafından oluşturulan mahalle maddeleri
| 34,098 |
https://askubuntu.com/questions/456031
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
Acumane, Jason Slocomb, Kelson, https://askubuntu.com/users/1609819, https://askubuntu.com/users/1609820, https://askubuntu.com/users/1609821, https://askubuntu.com/users/1609826, https://askubuntu.com/users/1609875, https://askubuntu.com/users/1618870, ophirbushi, thuthukani mthethwa, 共享娱乐代理_平台总代
|
English
|
Spoken
| 254 | 409 |
Sound not working after installing 14.04 from mini CD image
I'm working with a clean install of 14.04, but because my USB ports are broken and I didn't have a spare DVD handy I've installed from the mini CD image.
The only problem I've had is that the sound doesn't work. I've installed and reinstalled pulseaudio and alsa but still nothing.
Here is the output from my alsainfo: http://www.alsa-project.org/db/?f=9d2d104a55b5bf0b0114d22fdae77aadbdd49751
I've never really had a problem with sound on Ubuntu at all, it's always just worked, so I've never taken the time to learn about it. What sorts of things should I be looking at in order to problem solve this?
EDIT: Just noticed that the mixer for pulseaudio is only listing HDMI outputs and not my stereo jack output (unsure what that output is normally listed as). I just tested the HDMI output and the sound can only be heard when I change the volume on the TV it's plugged into and even then it's glitchy. Once I stop moving the volume up or down it disappears again. Really strange.
Okay, I've managed to resolve this issue now and I'll post how I did it in case anyone stumbles across this on Google at any point:
In my case I'd neglected to install speech-dispatcher upon installation. The minimum CD does not include this, as you'd probably expect. Simply run:
sudo apt-get install speech-dispatcher
If you're still having trouble also run:
sudo apt-get install alsa-base alsa-utils alsa-tools
sudo apt-get install libasound2 libasound2-plugins
sudo alsa force-reload
| 10,324 |
englandgermany00dill_9
|
US-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
England and Germany
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,266 | 9,354 |
The effect upon public sentiment and opinion in Italy, where emotions are tensely strung, and sympathy with suffering is more flexible and diffusive than it is even among the other Latin races, was instantaneous. One states- man, who was a partisan of neutrality, remarked to me that German " Kultur," as revealed during the present war, is dissociated from every sense of duty, obligation, chivalry, honour, and is become a potent poison which the remainder of humanity must endeavour by all efficacious methods to banish from the international system. " This," he went on, "is no longer war; it 208 OURSELVES AND GERMANY is organized slaughter, perpetrated by a race suffering from dog-madness. I tremble at the thought that our own civilized and chivalrous people may at any moment be confronted with this lava flood of savagery and destructiveness. Now, if ever, the opportune moment has come for all civilized nations to join in protest, stiffened with a unanimous threat, against the continuance of such crimes against the human race. Europe ought surely to have the line drawn at the poisoning of wells, the persecution of prisoners, and the massacre of women and children. If a pro- posal to this effect were made, I myself would second it with ardour." * These pent-up feelings now found vent in a series of meetings and demonstrations against Germany as well as Austria and their Italian allies. Italy's spiritual heritage from the old Romans asserted itself in impressive forms and unwonted ways, and the conscience of the nation loudly affirmed its claim to be the main directing force in a crisis where the honour and the future of the country were at stake. And within four days of this purga- tive process a marked change was noticeable. Giolitti's partisans — hissed, jostled, mauled, frightened out of their lives — lay low. Many of them publicly recanted and proclaimed their conversion to intervention. The chief of the German Catholic party and friend of the Vatican, Erzberger, was driven from his hotel to the German Embassy as a foreign mis- chief-maker, contrabandist and spy. Some of the Press organs, subsidized or created by the Teutons, were obliged to disappear. The honest neutralist journals, yielding to the 1 Cf. Daily Telegraph, May 10, 1915. THE POSITION OF ITALY 209 nation, veered round to the fallen Cabinet. In a word, the political atmosphere, theretofore foul and mephitic, became suddenly charged with purer, healthier elements — Billow's plot was thwarted and Giolitti's role played out. The Salandra-Sonnino Cabinet was borne back to office on the crest of this national wave, and Italy declared war against Austria. But only against Austria. For the Cabinet, re- stored to power, became a cautious steward, and took to imitating him of the Gospel who hid his talents instead of augmenting them. This restriction of military operations to the Habsburg Monarchy struck many observers as singular. In truth the motives that inspired the Government have never been authorita- tively divulged. That every Italian Cabinet since Crispi's days had made a marked distinc- tion between Germany and Austria was notori- ous. That Di San Giuliano felt as strongly attracted towards Berlin as he was repelled by Vienna may be gathered from the official but still unpublished dispatches that exist on the subject. But that in a war not of two indi- vidual nations, but of groups of States, one — and only one — of these should be singled out as the object of aggression aroused something more than mere curiosity. And this feeling was intensified when it became known that on the eve of the diplomatic rupture Biilow, ever on the alert for the interests of his country, had induced the Italian Government to con- clude a convention with Germany for the pro- tection of private property in case of active hostilities. For Germany possesses in Italy property valued at several milliards of francs, whereas Italy claims as her own almost nothing in the German empire. Who can read the riddle ? 210 OURSELVES AND GERMANY The adhesion of Italy to the Allies may be noted as perhaps the most important political event of the year, while the circumstances in which it was decided on dispel all doubt that the Italian people were actuated by lofty motives and rose to the highest ideas involved in the European conflict, and that the Cabinet's ideals were nowise identical with those of the nation. It is alleged by certain personal friends of Baron Sonnino, who had exception- ally good opportunities for knowing what took place — and I have grounds for acquiescing in their view — that this statesman was for de- claring war against Germany as well as Austria, but that Professor Salandra negatived this logical and straightforward move. That the Salandra Cabinet damaged the cause of Italy by thus endeavouring to blow hot and cold, is a fact which its warmest supporters no longer call in question. They now merely plead for extenuating circum- stances on the ground that the damage was done unwittingly. " It would be unjust," the Nationalist Federzoni said in a speech delivered before the Chamber on March 16,1 " to accuse the Italian Government of dis- loyalty or insincerity, but none the less the treaty it concluded with Germany has proved superlatively baleful to the country." Like the other allied peoples, the Italian nation has been served by a Cabinet which defeated many of the objects it was striving after. Studying Italian politics since the war broke out is like threading the Cretan Labyrinth in a dense fog. The fog, curiously enough, which now seldom lifts, would seem to form an in- tegral part of the politics. For one of the 1 March 16, 1916. THE POSITION OF ITALY 211 maxims of the present chief of the Consulta, Baron Sonnino, is that secrecy is the soul of efficacy. And as thoroughness marks his action whenever it is quite free, the mystery that enwraps the schemes and designs of King Victor's Government is become impenetrable. One may form a faint notion of the stringency with which this un-Italian occultism is ob- served by the eminent Jewish statesman, from the circumstance that during the crisis that preceded the war, only one of his colleagues was kept informed of the progress of the con- versations with Austria, and that was his own chief, Professor Salandra. As for the nation at large, it was so out of touch with the Government, and so led astray concerning the trend of events, that for months it con- fidently anticipated an accord with the Central Empires. Again, down to the day on which Baron Sonnino read out his last declaration in the Chamber (Dec. 1), officials of the Ministry had rigorous instructions not to give any one even a hint as to whether Italy would or would not sign the London Convention, re- nouncing the right to conclude a separate peace. For a long time previously Italy's aloofness had preoccupied the Entente, and to the accord between the two there continued to be something lacking. The Italian Govern- ment, dissatisfied with the degree of help received from Great Britain, was not slow to indicate it in official conversations with our Ambassador. Happily, the silence of our Foreign Office and the secrecy of Baron Sonnino concealed the rifts of the lute until most of them were said to be repaired. In the meantime Italy persisted in concentrating on 212 OURSELVES AND GERMANY the Isonzo and the Carso all her efforts to help the Allies against the Turks and the Bulgars. The expeditions to the Dardanelles, Salonika and Serbia evoked her moral sympathy, but could not secure her military co-operation. The generosity of the Entente, and of Britain in particular, towards Greece was an additional stumbling-block, and the offer of Cyprus to King Constantine an abomination in her eyes. That Italy's impolitic aloofness could not last, without impairing the worth of her sacri- fices, was obvious. And the extent to which co-operation could be stipulated and the com- pensations to which that would entitle her, formed the subjects of long and delicate con- versations between the interested Govern- ments. For, naturally enough, Baron Sonnino, whose domestic critics are many and ruthless, was desirous of getting all he could in the Eastern Mediterranean and Asia Minor, while measuring out with patriotic closeness the military and naval help to be given in return — Italy's position, economic, financial and stra- tegic, differing considerably from that of the other Great Powers. It was not until the end of November 1915 that these negotiations were worked out to an issue ; and on the 30th King Victor's Government signed the Con- vention of London, undertaking not to conclude a separate peace. The gist of this supplementary accord, in so far as it imposes fresh obligations upon Italy, was communicated to the Chamber by Baron Sonnino. It provided for the organiza- tion of relief for the Serbian troops in Albania, and for other auxiliary expeditions to places on the Adriatic coast. But it leaves intact the essential and standing limitations to Italy's THE POSITION OF ITALY 218 military and naval co-operation which had to be reckoned with theretofore. And these may be summarized as follows : King Victor's Government, while examining every proposal coming from the Allies on its political merits, must be guided by the military and naval experts of the nation whenever it is a question of despatching troops or warships to take part in a common enterprise. Italy's first care is to hinder an invasion of her territory. The next object of her solicitude is to husband her naval and other resources and cultivate caution. Lastly, the extent of her contri- bution to an expedition must be adjusted to her resources, which are much more slender than those of any other Great Power, and are best known to her own rulers. And her financial means are to be reinforced by con- tributions from Great Britain. Those, in brief, are some of the lines on which the latest agreement has been concluded. CHAPTER XVI ROUMANIA AND GREECE That Roumania would now take the field was a proposition which, after the many and emphatic assurances volunteered by her own official chiefs, was accepted almost universally. She had received considerable help from the Allies towards her military preparations. Her senators and deputies had fraternized with Italians and Frenchmen and her diplomatists had been in frequent and friendly communica- tion with those of France, Britain and Russia. Even statesmen had allowed themselves to be persuaded by words and gestures which it now appears were meant only to be condi- tional assurances or social lubricants. The Serbian Premier, for instance, whose shrewd- ness is proverbial, exclaimed to an Italian journalist, in the second half of June : " Rou- mania cannot but follow the example set her by Italy. Indeed, you may telegraph to your journal that Roumania' s entry into the arena is a question of days and it may be only of hours. Of this many foretokens have come to our knowledge." x But the optimists who had drawn practical conclusions from Rou- manian promises and friendships lost sight of the difference between their own mentality and that of the Balkan peoples. They also failed to make due allowance for the influ- 1 Giornale d' Italia, June 19, 1915. Corner e delta Sera, June 20, 1915. 214 ROUMANIA AND GREECE 215 ence of German interpenetration, the power of German gold, and the deterrent effect of Ger- man victories. And above all, they left out of consideration the really decisive question of military prospects as conditioned by stra- tegical position and supplies of munitions. The party of intervention, however, was still active and full of ardour. Its chief, Take Jonescu, is not merely Roumania's only states- man, but has established a claim to rank as one of the prominent public men of the present generation. Unluckily he has long been out of office, and his party is condemned to the Cassandra role of uttering true prophecies which find no credence among those who wield the power of putting them to good account. M. Bratiano's appropriate attitude may be described as statuesque. Occasionally his Press organs commented upon the manifesta- tions of the interventionists in words barbed with bitter sarcasm and utilitarian maxims. " Roumania's blood and money," the Inde- pendence Ronmaine explained, " must be spent only in the furtherance of Roumania's in- terest." Her cause must be dissociated from that of the belligerents. To this Take Jonescu replied x that it is precisely for the good of Roumania that her interest should not be separated from that of the Entente Powers in the conflict. For on the issue of this conflict depends the state-system of Europe and also the future of Roumania. If the Germans are triumphant, he added, force and falsehood will triumph with them, the State will acquire omnipotence, the individual sink into serfdom. Neutrality during a war with such issues is, therefore, the height of political unwisdom. 1 La Rou?nanie, July 26, 1915. 216 OURSELVES AND GERMANY Greece, after Venizelos's retirement, returned to the narrow creed and foolish pranks of her unregenerate days, sinking deeper into anarchy. More than once in her history she had been saved from her enemies and once from her friends, but from her own self there is no saviour. As soon as the Kaiser's paladin, King Constantine, had dismissed his pilot and taken supreme command of the Ship of State, the portals of the realm were thrown open to German machinations. The weaver in chief of these was Wilhelm's confidential agent, Baron Schenk. According to his own pub- lished biography, this gentleman had in youth been the friend of the two sisters of Princess Battenberg, the Grand Duchess Serge and of the Russian Tsaritza. He had served in the German army, become the representative of the firm of Krupps, and been received at the German court. While Venizelos was in office, Baron Schenk flourished in the shade, but as soon as the Germanophile Gounaris took over the reins of power, the secret agent went boldly forward into the limelight and became the public chief of a party, received openly his helpmates and partisans, distributed roles and money and set frankly to work to " smash Venizelos." King Constantine's protracted and strange malady hindered the Queen, who is the Kaiser's sister, from receiving visits. Even the wives of ministers were denied access to her Majesty. But the baron was an excep- tion. He called on her almost every day. Cabinet Ministers consulted him. Journalists received directions, articles and bribes from him. And when the elections were coming ROUMANIA AND GREECE 217 on every venal man of influence who could damage Venizelos or help his antagonists was bought with hard cash. In order to defeat some Venizelist candidates whose return would have been particularly distressing, the Baron is said to have spent six hundred thousand francs.1 And it is held that the results ob- tained by these means were well worth the money spent. For the parliamentary opposi- tion was strong and aggressive, and some of its more active members had imbibed Hellenic patriotism from the German Schenk. They have since been toiling and moiling to dis- qualify Venizelos permanently from office on the ground that he is a republican, and that the destinies of monarchy would not be safe in his hands. By these means German organiza- tion, which finds work and room for kings and for poisoners, for theologians and assassins, has transformed Greece into a Prussian satrapy which avails itself of the freedom of the seas, established by the Allies, to carry on contraband to their detriment and give help and encourage- ment to Austrians, Bulgars and Turks. And the Turks were meanwhile extirpating the Greeks of the coast of Asia Minor. Bulgaria's attitude underwent no momentous change during the interval that elapsed between the outbreak of the war and the close of the first year. Symptoms of a new orientation had, it is true, often been signalled and com- mented, but Ferdinand of Coburg and his lieutenants remained steadfastly faithful to the policy of quiescence which had conferred more substantial benefits on Germany and Austria than could have been bestowed by the active 1 Gazette de Lausanne, July 6, 1915, and Corriere delta Sera, July 8, 1915. 218 OURSELVES AND GERMANY co-operation of the whole Bulgarian army. This tremendous effect could never have been ob- tained if Bulgaria had entirely broken with the Powers of the Entente. It seemed as essential to its success that these should never wholly give up the hope of winning her over, as it was that her important movements should be conducive to the interests of their enemies. Hence every secret arrangement with Berlin and Vienna was emphatically denied, and every overt accord declared to be devoid of political significance. It was thus that Europe was directed to construe the negotiations between the Sofia Cabinet and the Austro-German financial syndi- cate respecting the payment of an instalment of the £20,000,000 loan contracted shortly before the war. That Germany, whose finan- cial ventures are invariably combined with political designs, would not part with her money to Bulgaria at a moment when gold is scarce, unless she were sure of an adequate political return, could not be gainsaid. And that the retention by Bulgaria of her freedom of action would be incompatible with the interests of Austria and Germany is also mani- fest. However this may be, the twenty millions sterling demanded by Sofia were accorded, and the legend was launched that the trans- action was purely financial. Towards the end of July 1 King Ferdinand's ministers made another momentous move, the consequences of which cut deep into the poli- tical situation. A convention was signed in Stamboul between the Turkish and Bulgarian Governments by which the former ceded to Bulgaria the Turkish section of the Dedeagatch 1 July 22, 1915. ROUMANIA AND GREECE 219 railway — that is to say, the whole line that runs on Turkish territory, together with the stations of Dimotika, Kulela-Burgas, and Karagatch. The new boundary ran thenceforward parallel to the river Maritza, all the territory eastward of that becoming Bulgarian. And this concession, King Ferdinand's ministers would have Europe believe, was devoid of political bearings. It was merely a case of something being given for nothing. And the Allies allowed themselves to be per- suaded that this was the real significance of the deal. The German Press was more frank. It announced that the relations between Bul- garia and Turkey had entered upon a decisive phase and that all fear of Bulgaria's taking part in the war on the side of the Allies had been definitely dispelled. The Bulgarian problem throughout all that wearisome crisis, which ended by Ferdinand throwing off the mask, was in reality simple, and the known or verifiable facts ought to have been sufficient to bring the judgment of the Entente statesmen to conclusions which would have enabled them to steer clear of the costly blunders that characterized their policy. The line of action followed from first to last by Ferdinand was supremely inelastic : only its manifestations, of which the object was to deceive, were varied and conflicting. It was bound up with Austria's undertaking to re- store Macedonia to Bulgaria and to main- tain Ferdinand on the throne. This twofold promise was the bait by which the king was caught and kept in Austria's toils, while the Bulgarian people was moved by patriotism to identify its cause with that of Ferdinand. And the arrangement was to my knowledge 220 OURSELVES AND GERMANY completed before the opening of the European war. Evidence of its existence was forth- coming, but the statesmen of the Entente, who allowed preconceived notions to overrule the testimony of their senses, declined to accept it. Since then the Bulgarian Cabinet, in the person of the Premier, has publicly admitted the truth of my reiterated statement. In a public speech, delivered in March 1916, "M. Radoslavoff confessed that Bulgaria had en- tered the war by reason of certain obligations which she had assumed." * But there was another safe test which the Entente Governments could have applied with profit to the situation. Interest was obviously the mainspring of the Bulgarian nation by whomsoever it might chance to be repre- sented. It would be inconsistent with the conception of international politics to assume any other. Now that interest, it was obvious, could be so fully and rapidly furthered by the Central Empires, and in the judgment of the Bulgars with such finality and at the cost of so few sacrifices, that it was sheer impossible for the Entente Governments to attempt to compete with those. Bulgaria demanded im- mediate possession of Central Macedonia and the permanent weakening of the Serbian State. And this the Central Empires promised to effect within a few weeks from Bulgaria's entry into the war. Moreover, while asking that she should take part in a struggle against that group of belligerents which she deemed by far the weaker, they undertook to give her the full support of the two greatest military Powers in the world. 1 Cf. Daily Telegraph, March 14, 1916, in telegram from Athens. ROUMANIA AND GREECE 221 Consider the difference between that arrange- ment and the attractions provided by the Entente. Russia, France and Britain could deal only in counters, not in hard cash like their adversaries. The utmost they were able to offer was an undertaking to use their good offices with Serbia and Greece to obtain the promise of a part of Bulgaria's demands. And the fulfilment of this promise would of necessity be conditional on the victory of the Allies. As for the weakening of Serbia, it could not be entertained. On the contrary, that State, according to the Entente scheme, would be greatly enlarged, would, in fact, become by far the greatest of the Balkan nations. And for this shadowy lure, Bulgaria was expected to meet in deadly encounter the greatest military empires the world has ever seen, and to meet them without the help of any of the Great Powers of the Entente. One has but to compare these two alterna- tives in order to realize that, even if Ferdinand had entered into no binding compact with Austria and Germany, he would not hesitate a moment between them. Personally and politically he was held tight by the Teuton tentacles. The currency of the notion that with these competing offers before him, a crafty states- man like Ferdinand who felt over and above that Russia's vengeance was hanging over his head, would take what he believed was the losing side, shows a degree of naivete which cannot be qualified without epithets which it had better be understood than expressed. Looking back upon the results of the first twenty months of the war and upon the more obvious causes to which they may 222 OURSELVES AND GERMANY fairly be ascribed, one is struck less forcibly by the military and economic unpreparedness of the Allies for the inevitable conflict than by their inaccessibility to the ground ideas on which Germany set her hopes of success. The two groups of belligerents stood intel- lectually on different planes. The Teuton's faith was implicit in the law of causality, in the necessity of contemplating the vast problem as a whole, of adjusting means to ends, of co-operation at home and co- ordination of means abroad. The methods of the Allies were drawn from a limited range of experience which was no longer applicable to the new conditions, and their hopes rested on a series of isolated exertions put forth tem- porarily under stress of exceptional pressure. They made noble sacrifices for the cause of liberty and justice. Pacific by tempera- ment and conviction, they resignedly accepted military discipline as a temporary expedient, a purgatorial ordeal, and went about the while with a sense of displacement, the longing of exiles to get back. Spurred by stress of circumstance, they achieved more than fore- sight and insight had led them to design but far less than their optimism had encouraged them to anticipate. Step by step they were driven by hard reality to widen their angle of vision, to extend their schemes, and to concert certain measures in common. The meeting of the three Finance Ministers in Paris was followed by the Councils of the allied generals, by the combined expedition to the Dardanelles, and by the nationalization of the manufacture of munitions in each of the allied countries. And all these innovations were moves in the right direction. But they were made as temporary ROUMANIA AND GREECE 228 expedients under pressure of outward events, and it is still to the future that one looks for tokens of statesmanlike intuition which from a comprehensive survey of the problem in its entirety will draw the materials wherewith to weave a coherent scheme of general action and permanent co-operation. Events travelled fast in the month of July 1915, and their effect on the Allies was depress- ing. In Russia the Austro-Germans were ad- vancing steadily against Riga and Warsaw, where a battle which experts accounted the most sanguinary and momentous in the war was approaching a decision. A fatal bar being placed by Russia's reverses and other untoward occurrences to the realization of the hopes that had been raised by Kitchener's army, the French, headed by M. Pichon and backed by the Russian Press, once more mooted the vexed question of Japanese intervention. In the Turkish dominions the Greeks were sub- jected to relentless persecution, especially on the coast of Asia Minor. The massacre of Armenians on an unprecedented scale was reported from Bitlis, Moosh, Diarbekir and Zeitun. In the first-named region 9,000 bodies, mostly women and children, were, it is alleged, cast into the river Tigris.1 The Swedish Premier, by an enigmatic speech in which the doctrine of neutrality at all costs was ostenta- tiously repudiated, aroused suspicion of an inten- tion on the part of his Government to join the Teutons in order to weaken the Slav neighbour, and to this apprehension colour was imparted by the tardy announcement that since the outbreak of the war Sweden had increased her army from 360,000 to 500,000 men. In the 1 Novoye Vremya, July 22, 1915. 224 OURSELVES AND GERMANY United States mysterious " accidents " and mishaps occurred on board warships and in munitions and arms manufactories, and strikes were organized by Germans and Austrians on a scale which attracted the serious attention of the Washington Government. But the last month of that fateful year was further darkened by the most dangerous and ominous event recorded in the United King- dom since the war began. Over 200,000 coal miners of South Wales deliberately, obstinately and criminally withheld their labour from their own nation, whose existence at that moment was dependent on its bestowal. The coal pits of South Wales remained idle for over a week. The miners crossed their arms and turned deaf ears to the voice of reason and interest calling on them not to sacrifice the lives of their kith and kin who were fighting for them. This act of black treason to the country had been foreseen and foretold months before, but out of consideration for the rights of individuals was allowed to take place. The Germans and Austrians were exultant, for another couple of weeks' strike would have given them the victory. Already the collapse of our defence was become a definite eventuality. The tact and statesmanship of Mr. Lloyd George exorcised the redoubtable spectre, but the spirit which that piece of treason revealed filled the most sanguine with dread and set those of little faith asking themselves whether this lamentable phenomenon was not one of certain ill-boding symptoms which seemed to reveal the smoothly moving current that bears doomed nations onward to their fate. Certainly nothing could put in a clearer light than that strike has done the peremptory ROUMANIA AND GREECE 225 necessity of national discipline, at any rate in war-time. The State that is unable to command the service of all its citizens when beset by ruthless foreign enemies has lost its lease of life and its right to live. It must be recognized that patriotism is still an unknown sentiment among millions of those who are citizens of the United Kingdom and Ireland. Patriotism has never been systematically in- culcated among us as in Germany, France and Russia. Parochial or at most party interests still mark the loftiest heights to which certain sections of the population can soar above the dead level of individual egotism. In Germany and Austria strikes during war are unthinkable. Every railway official, every tram-conductor, every artisan there is a soldier subject to military discipline and is expected to give the fullest measure of his productive powers to the nation. And it is fair to add that they all regard this duty as a signal honour and a source of pleasure. For to them patriotism is a religion and their country a divinity. The depth and fervour of this self-denying spirit among them as contrasted with the " healthy individual egotism " of the Allies constitutes one of the most disquieting pheno- mena of the struggle. Austria has been scoffed at for her abject submissiveness to Germany. But there is another way of looking at her attitude. She has courageously effaced her in- dividuality more completely even than Turkey for the sake of the common cause. And she has lost nothing by the painful effort. Her various peoples who were expected to be tearing each other to pieces have given us a splendid example of discipline and self-abnega- tion. In the Skoda works at Pilsen, where 226 OURSELVES AND GERMANY machine guns are made, fifteen thousand workmen are cheerfully toiling and moiling every day of the week, Sundays and holidays not excepted. Since the war began Germany has accomplished as great things at home as on foreign battlefields. She built and launched a Dreadnought of 25,600 tons, a line-of-battle ship of 26,200 tons. And while the latter vessel was on the stocks, the reports published in the British press of the splendid results obtained by the 15-inch guns of the Queen Elizabeth moved the German Admiralty to substitute these for the 12-inch guns already adopted. Two swift cruisers, 12 small sub- marines and 24 larger ones of 1200 tons dis- placement, with a speed of 16 knots under water, 20 on the surface and a radius of action of 3000 miles — were among the results of a single year's activity. CHAPTER XVII Germany's resourcefulness And our enemies' resourcefulness and power of adaptation is of a piece with their capacity for work. When war was declared and foreign trade arrested, numerous German factories underwent a quick transformation. Silk- works began to turn out bandages and lint; velvet works produced materials for tents; umbrella makers took to manufacturing rain- proof cloth; the output of sewing-machine factories was changed to shrapnel; piano manufacturers became makers of cartridges. Paper producers supplied the War Office with paper-made blankets. For copper, when the supply began to grow short, nickelled iron was quickly substituted. Sugar was em- ployed to obtain the spirit which had to take the place of benzine. And the upshot of these transformations is that the orders received for military needs exceed those which would in normal conditions of exportation have been placed by foreign customers with German industry. The goods traffic on German rail- ways, which had fallen to 41 per cent, during the first month of the war, has since gone up to 96 per cent. Those achievements are not merely noteworthy in themselves, they are ominously symptomatic. A German professor, writing to a friend im- prisoned in France, commented in passing 227 228 OURSELVES AND GERMANY upon these qualifications of his countrymen in a letter which M. Joseph Reinach soon after- wards gave to the public. One passage in that document is worth quoting. The professor holds that even if the worst comes to the worst, Germany can always conclude a " white peace " which will leave her the formidable glory of having held the whole world in check, will consolidate her prestige in Europe and enable her, twenty years hence, when she has made good her losses, to establish permanently her dominion. " My confidence is based on German patriotism, on German sense of dis- cipline, on German genius for organization. But it is founded above all else on our enemies' incapacity for organization. Ah, if our ad- versaries could enhance the worth of their resources by acquiring our gifts of initiative and method, we should be lost ! I am thrilled by the picture of what we could accomplish if we were in the places of the English and the French and by the thought of the danger that would confront us if they but knew how to utilize the force of their allies as we have availed ourselves of those of Austria and Turkey." Those reflections find their fairest comment in the events of the twenty months that have passed since the opening of the campaign. Our enemies' reading of those events is instructive. The Austrian Press hails them as satisfactory. Even the Socialist organ x declares that, in the qualities that go to the attainment of success, " Austria holds the first place." The Austrian General Staff wrote eight months ago : " Our troops have now been fighting for a twelvemonth. ... A whole world 1 Arbeiter Zeitung. GERMANY'S RESOURCEFULNESS 229 of enemies rose up against the Central Empires, and more than once our army had to bear the brunt of their formidable onslaught. To-day, they hold but small tracts of territory in western Galicia and Alsatia, whereas Germany's hand is closed in a tight grasp on Belgium and the richest provinces of France, and in the north-east the allied forces of Austria and Germany have penetrated well into Russian Poland. The cannons' muzzles are turned against the most powerful fortresses of the Tsar, and in the Dardanelles our third ally keeps watch and ward imperturbably." The War Lord himself has recorded his estimate of the results of the first year's campaign. " Germany," he stated in a speech delivered at Lemberg, "is an impregnable fortress. In her forward march she is irre- sistible. She will prove to the world that she can overcome all her enemies and will dictate to them the peace terms that please herself." And in a discourse pronounced at Beuthen he recorded his view of the Allies' outlook in these words : " Our enemies are floundering in confusion. Among themselves they are not united. They are disorganized by the struggle, disheartened by the knowledge that they are powerless to conquer Germany. German valour, German organization, German science have emerged with honour from this ordeal, the most terrible that a nation has ever under- gone. Germany is greater and mightier than ever before." It behoves us to learn from our enemies, and, abstraction made from the monstrosities which are indelibly associated with the German name, there is much which the Teutons can still teach us. That the secret of success lies 230 OURSELVES AND GERMANY in a comprehensive system of organization is self-evident. But that organization must utilize all the resources of the Allies and include permanent arrangements, economic and other, for a future which shall not be a continuation of the past. Many of the advantages which the old ordering of things assured us are gone beyond recall. Conscription is become in- evitable. Free trade is an institution of the past. The control of armies in the field by delegates of a democratic parliament such as is now demanded by the French Chamber is a dangerous craving for the fleshpots of Egypt. Whether Germany wins or loses, her rebellion against European civilization will effect sub- stantial and durable changes in the methods of that civilization from which even the United States will not be exempted. Thus between the old order of things and the new yawns an abyss which has to be crossed before we can worst our enemies even in the military campaign which is but one phase of the world-struggle. Our resources for the purpose of bridging it are ample, but our first difficulty is the circumstance that we are chained to the old system and are still unwilling to burst the bonds that hold us. And until efficacious means of effecting this are adopted the end must remain unattainable. Victory will not descend on our camp like a manna from on high. The Allied Armies do not resemble the mulberry tree which, having long lagged behind its rivals, suddenly bursts into fruit as well as flower. During the past twenty months the Allies in general, and the British in particular, have achieved feats of which they have reason to be proud — feats which two years ago seemed GERMANY'S RESOURCEFULNESS 231 beyond the compass of human effort. But, much as we have done, we have not reached, nor indeed attempted to reach, the limits of our capacities, and the story of these memorable twenty months of struggle is dimmed by the shadow of the vaster exploits from which we have unaccountably shrunk. The old-world social conceptions still preva- lent in Great Britain afford no standard by which to gauge the significance of the crisis through which Europe is passing, nor do they provide efficacious means of satisfying the pressing needs which it has created. Yet the nation's guides perceive nothing to change in those conceptions; on the contrary, they uphold them zealously. No event has occurred in modern times of greater concern to Europe than the unleashing of disruptive forces which threaten when the war is over to break up the politico-social fabric. Now, the mere prospect of this tremendous upheaval and of its sequel is, one would fancy, calculated to arouse the spirited interest of all the nations affected. Yet in Great Britain, whose very existence it menaces, it was at first received with such unmeaning comments as " business as usual." The alertness of the people's sensations — always inconsiderable — for volcanic outbursts which have their centre abroad, has never been quite so blunted as to-day. Germany cultivates force not for its own sake but because it happens to suit her par- ticular purpose. For this reason she preaches the doctrines that right and might are identical, that the end hallows the means, that military and political necessity overrule treaties and laws. For as violence and cunning may still gain triumphs, under the conditions that once 232 OURSELVES AND GERMANY rendered them the only weapons of man, Germany's first step is to bring about such conditions and to spread faith in the teachings of the new gospel. What the success of these efforts would involve is evident. All the ground slowly and painfully reclaimed from the primitive state of nature, transmuted into social order, and moralized by the altruistic accord of progressive humanity, would be submerged by the tidal wave of Teutonism. The first clash of the two forces which took place a generation ago was hardly noticed. Germany stretched out her feelers tenderly, and even when she was draining nation after nation of its life juices, she took care to lull the patient while sucking his blood. Accord- ingly her attack provoked no counter-attack, nay, there was no serious attempt at defence. Those who directed the forces of the civilized communities were unconscious of the counter- force that was steadily undermining these — so unconscious that in lieu of isolating and paralysing it, the tendency of their endeavours was to further and to strengthen it. For they hastily assumed that it, too, was a great moral force in an uncouth guise and should also be tended and cultivated. Their duty, had they hearkened to its promptings, would have been to employ towards the criminal plotters against Europe's civilized communities coercion of the same drastic description that once enabled mankind to substitute for the barbarous usages of savage tribes the habits of social relation- ship and moral self-surrender to the weal of all. Among the mainstays of Germany's type of society and the instruments by which it was built up are heavy artillery, mighty armies, the gallows, bribery and guile. With some of GERMANY'S RESOURCEFULNESS 233 those arms she had opened the campaign of conquest a quarter of a century ago, and of that campaign the present war, unexampled though it be, is but an acute and transient episode. This would appear to be the only- true reading of contemporary events. Few careful students of European politics will now deny that the struggle between the forces for which Teutonism stands and those on which the social ordering of the rest of Europe is based was inaugurated long ago, that the ground was then cleared for the new politico-social structure, or that the dissolution of our " effete, drowsy States, saturated with wealth and honeycombed with hypocrisies," was carefully planned and taken in hand with scientific precision. It is equally clear, to those who have eyes to see, that the present clash of nations, despite its appalling effects on civilization, is but an acuter phase of that campaign, a series of incidents in a mighty struggle which neither began in July 1914 nor will end with the close of hostilities, but will rage on for years to come in less sanguinary but more decisive forms. For the future peace — whatever its terms— which will silence the cannon's boom, will but transfer the war theatre without ending the war. The methods will be changed from military to economic. But only the weapons will be different; the military discipline, the callous indifference to the dictates of human and divine law, the utter absence of scruple will continue to char- acterize the tactics of our enemy, who will then have a wider scope for his activities than the battle-field can offer. The German has no match among the allied nations in the regions of the new diplomacy, trade, industry, applied 234 OURSELVES AND GERMANY science, insidious journalism and vast organiza- tion. He is incomparably better equipped than they, and owing to his amorality has none of those obstacles to contend with which so often confront them with scruples and check their advance. And during the progress of the present war the Teutons are making ready for that econo- mico-political duel which will, they hope, give them the decisive superiority for which they had vainly hoped from the war. That hope, if their experience of the past thirty years be a fair indication, is by no means groundless. Not to realize these facts to-day is to play into the hands of our enemies, as we have been steadfastly doing during the past thirty years. The British and their allies are being over- come less by German skill and cleverness than by their own sluggishness, narrowness of out- look and love of ease. As the German pro- fessor, whose utterances I have already quoted, tersely put it : " My confidence is founded above all else on our enemies' incapacity for organization." In truth, it is not inborn in- capacity to which we owe our unquestioned inferiority, but to the atrophy of will-power which is one of the consequences of years of egotism, overweening confidence, self-indul- gence and the loss of an inspiring social faith.
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C_2017285HU.01052401.xml
29.8.2017
HU
Az Európai Unió Hivatalos Lapja
C 285/524
P7_TA(2014)0151
Az Európai Unió Vasúti Ügynöksége ***I
Az Európai Parlament 2014. február 26-i jogalkotási állásfoglalása az Európai Vasúti Ügynökségről és a 881/2004/EK rendelet hatályon kívül helyezéséről szóló európai parlamenti és tanácsi rendeletre irányuló javaslatról (COM(2013)0027 – C7-0029/2013 – 2013/0014(COD)
(Rendes jogalkotási eljárás: első olvasat)
(2017/C 285/56)
Az Európai Parlament,
—
tekintettel a Bizottság Európai Parlamenthez és Tanácshoz intézett javaslatára (COM(2013)0027),
—
tekintettel az Európai Unió működéséről szóló szerződés 294. cikkének (2) bekezdésére és 91. cikkének (1) bekezdésére, amelyek alapján a Bizottság javaslatát benyújtotta a Parlamenthez (C7–0029/2013),
—
tekintettel az Európai Unió működéséről szóló szerződés 294. cikkének (3) bekezdésére,
—
tekintettel az Európai Gazdasági és Szociális Bizottság 2013. július 11-i véleményére (1),
—
tekintettel a Régiók Bizottsága 2013. október 8-i véleményére (2),
—
tekintettel a litván parlament, a román szenátus és a svéd parlament által a szubszidiaritás és az arányosság elvének alkalmazásáról szóló 2. számú jegyzőkönyv alapján előterjesztett indokolt véleményekre, amely szerint a jogalkotási aktus tervezete nem egyeztethető össze a szubszidiaritás elvével,
—
tekintettel eljárási szabályzatának 55. cikkére,
—
tekintettel a Közlekedési és Idegenforgalmi Bizottság jelentésére, valamint a Költségvetési Bizottság és a Költségvetési Ellenőrző Bizottság véleményére (A7-0016/2014),
1.
elfogadja első olvasatban az alábbi álláspontot;
2.
kéri a Bizottságot, hogy terjesszen elő olyan pénzügyi kimutatást, amely teljes mértékben figyelembe veszi a negyedik vasúti csomag keretébe tartozó összes jogszabályra vonatkozóan az Európai Parlament és a Tanács által kötött jogalkotási megállapodás eredményét az ERA és esetlegesen a bizottsági szolgálatok költségvetési és személyzeti igényeinek kielégítése érdekében;
3.
kiemeli, hogy a jogalkotó hatóság e rendelettervezetre vonatkozó döntése nem sértheti a költségvetési hatóság által az éves költségvetési eljárás keretében hozott határozatokat;
4.
felkéri a Bizottságot, hogy utalja az ügyet újból a Parlamenthez, ha javaslatát lényegesen módosítani kívánja vagy helyébe másik szöveget szándékozik léptetni;
5.
utasítja elnökét, hogy továbbítsa a Parlament álláspontját a Tanácsnak és a Bizottságnak, valamint a nemzeti parlamenteknek.
(1) HL C 327., 2013.11.12., 122. o.
(2) HL C 356., 2013.12.5., 92. o.
P7_TC1-COD(2013)0014
Az Európai Parlament álláspontja, amely első olvasatban 2014. február 26-án került elfogadásra az Európai Unió Vasúti Ügynökségéről és a 881/2004/EK rendelet hatályon kívül helyezéséről szóló …/2014/EU rendelet elfogadására tekintettel
(EGT-vonatkozású szöveg)
AZ EURÓPAI PARLAMENT ÉS AZ EURÓPAI UNIÓ TANÁCSA,
tekintettel az Európai Unió működéséről szóló szerződésre és különösen annak 91. cikke (1) bekezdésére,
tekintettel az Európai Bizottság javaslatára,
a jogalkotási aktus tervezete nemzeti parlamenteknek való továbbítását követően,
tekintettel az Európai Gazdasági és Szociális Bizottság véleményére (1),
tekintettel a Régiók Bizottságának véleményére (2),
a rendes jogalkotási eljárás keretében (3),
mivel:
(1)
Egy határok nélküli európai vasúti térség fokozatos létrehozásához a vasutakra alkalmazandó műszaki szabályozás területén uniós intézkedésre van szükség mind a műszaki szempontok (kölcsönös átjárhatóság), mind a biztonsági szempontok tekintetében, amelyek egymástól elválaszthatatlanul kapcsolódnak össze és egyaránt fokozottabb uniós szintű harmonizációt kívánnak. Az elmúlt két évtizedben sor került vonatkozó vasúti jogszabályok, különösen három vasúti csomag elfogadására, amelyek közül a legjelentősebb a 2004/49/EK európai parlamenti és tanácsi irányelv (4), valamint a 2008/57/EK európai parlamenti és tanácsi irányelv (5).
(2)
A vasútbiztonság és a kölcsönös átjárhatóság céljának egyidejű követése jelentős technikai munkát igényel, amelyet egy szakosodott szervnek kell irányítania. Ezért volt szükség arra, hogy a 2004. évi második vasúti csomag részeként a meglévő intézményi keretek között és az Unión belüli erőegyensúly tiszteletben tartásával létrejöjjön a vasúti biztonságért és a kölcsönös átjárhatóságért felelős Európai Vasúti Ügynökség (a továbbiakban: Ügynökség).
(3)
Az Európai Vasúti Ügynökség eredetileg a 881/2004/EK európai parlamenti és tanácsi rendelettel jött létre azzal a céllal, hogy létrehozzon egy határok nélküli európai vasúti térséget és elősegítse a vasúti ágazat újjáélesztését, ugyanakkor megerősítse az ágazat lényeges biztonsági előnyeit. A 881/2004/EK rendeletet az Ügynökség feladataiban és belső felépítésében bekövetkezett
elvégzendő
jelentős változások
módosítások
miatt új jogszabállyal kell felváltani. [Mód. 1]
(4)
A negyedik vasúti csomag fontos változásokra tesz javaslatot annak érdekében, hogy az Ügynökség feladataihoz egyaránt közvetlenül kapcsolódó 2004/49/EK és 2008/57/EK irányelv átdolgozás révén bevezetett módosításaival javítsa az egységes európai vasúti térség működését. Ezek az irányelvek a jelenlegi rendelettel együtt különösen az uniós szintű
, főként a határokon átnyúló közlekedésben szükséges
járműengedélyek és biztonsági tanúsítványok kiadásához kapcsolódó feladatok elvégzéséről rendelkeznek. Mindez az Ügynökség fokozott szerepvállalását feltételezi. [Mód. 2]
(5)
Az Ügynökségnek hozzá kell járulnia a határok nélküli és magas szintű biztonságot garantáló, és ezzel egyidejűleg a vasúti ágazat versenypozícióját javító egységes európai vasúti térség létrehozásához. Ezt úgy kell elérnie, hogy műszaki kérdésekben a vasúti rendszerek kölcsönös átjárhatósági szintjének növelése révén hozzájárul az európai uniós jogszabályok végrehajtásához, valamint az európai vasúti rendszer biztonságával kapcsolatos közös megközelítés kialakításához. Az Ügynökségnek továbbá a vasúti járművek és
forgalombahelyezési engedélyeinek, illetve a
járműtípusok forgalombahelyezési engedélyeinek, a vasúttársaságok biztonsági tanúsítványainak, valamint a pálya menti ellenőrző-irányító és jelző alrendszerek
Európai Vasúti Forgalomirányítási Rendszer (ERTMS) Unió területén található vagy üzemeltetett alrendszerei
üzembehelyezési engedélyeinek
uniós szintű
kiadásáért felelős európai hatóság szerepét is be kell töltenie. Ezenfelül figyelemmel kell kísérnie a nemzeti vasúti szabályokat, valamint a vasúti rendszerek kölcsönös átjárhatóságával és biztonságával foglalkozó nemzeti hatóságok teljesítményét. [Mód. 3]
(6)
Célkitűzései megvalósítása során az Ügynökségnek teljes mértékben figyelembe kell vennie az Unió bővítésének folyamatát és a harmadik országokkal összekapcsoló vasúti összeköttetésekre vonatkozó különleges korlátokat. Az Ügynökség a ráruházott funkciók és hatáskörök tekintetében kizárólagos felelősséggel tartozik
és az eltérő nyomtávú vasúthálózatok sajátos helyzetét különösen abban az esetben, ha a tagállamok szorosan integrálódtak ilyen, harmadik országokkal közös hálózatokba, de elszigetelődtek az unió fő vasúthálózatától.
Arra is törekednie kell, hogy harmadik országoknak
az
uniós piachoz való hozzáférése és az uniós társaságok harmadik országok piacaihoz való hozzáférése terén elősegítse a kölcsönösség elvét
. [Mód. 4]
(6a)
Az Ügynökség a ráruházott funkciók és hatáskörök tekintetében kizárólagos felelősséggel tartozik. A nemzeti biztonsági hatóságok kizárólagos felelősséggel tartoznak az általuk hozott döntésekért. [Mód. 5]
(7)
Feladatai ellátása során és különösen az ajánlások kidolgozásakor az Ügynökségnek maximálisan figyelembe kell vennie a vasúti kérdésekhez kapcsolódó külső szakértelmet. Ezt a szakértelmet elsősorban a vasúti ágazat és az
nemzeti biztonsági hatóságok és más
érintett nemzeti hatóságok
szakértői, valamint a vasúti ágazat
szakemberei
– többek között a képviseleti testületek és a független bejelentett megfelelőségértékelő szervezetek –
biztosítják. Közreműködésükkel hozzáértő és reprezentatív ügynökségi munkacsoportokat kell létrehozni.
Az Ügynökségnek szem előtt kell tartania egyrészt a kockázatok és az előnyök közötti egyensúly fenntartásának szükségességét, különösen az összeférhetetlenség kezelését illetően, másrészt a lehető legjobb tudományos szakértelem biztosítására vonatkozó célt. [Mód. 6]
(8)
A vasúti ágazat gazdasági és társadalmi hatásaira való jobb rálátás biztosítása, mások számára megalapozott döntéshozatal lehetővé tétele, valamint a munkával kapcsolatos prioritások és a forráselosztás Ügynökségen belüli hatékonyabb irányítása érdekében az Ügynökségnek tovább kell fokoznia a hatásvizsgálati tevékenységben való közreműködését.
(9)
Az Ügynökségnek független és objektív technikai támogatást kell nyújtania elsősorban a Bizottság részére. A … irányelv [a vasutak kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról szóló irányelv] biztosítja az átjárhatósági műszaki előírások (ÁME-k) kidolgozásának és felülvizsgálatának alapját, míg a … irányelv [vasútbiztonsági irányelv] a közös biztonságtechnikai módszerek (KBM-ek) és közös biztonsági célok (KBC-k) kidolgozásához és felülvizsgálatához szolgál alapul. A munka folyamatosságához és az ÁME-k, KBM-ek és KBC-k idővel történő kialakításához állandó műszaki keretrendszerre és egy szakosodott szerven belül tevékenykedő szakszemélyzetre van szükség. E célból az Ügynökségnek az ÁME-k, KBM-ek és KBC-k kidolgozásával és felülvizsgálatával kapcsolatos ajánlásokat kell megfogalmaznia a Bizottság számára. A nemzeti biztonsági hatóságok és szabályozó szervek számára szintén lehetővé kell tenni, hogy független műszaki szakvéleményt kérjenek az Ügynökségtől.
(10)
A vasúttársaságok az elhúzódó eljárásoktól és túlzott költségektől a – különösen az új belépőkkel szembeni – tisztességtelen bánásmódig számos különféle problémával szembesültek, amikor az illetékes nemzeti hatóságoktól biztonsági tanúsítványt kérelmeztek. Az egyik tagállamban kiállított tanúsítványokat más tagállamok nem ismerték el feltétel nélkül, ami kedvezőtlenül érintette az egységes európai vasúti rendszert. A biztonsági tanúsítványok vasúttársaságoknak való kiadását szolgáló hatékonyabb és pártatlanabb eljárások érdekében elengedhetetlen az Ügynökség által kiállított és az Unió területén
a meghatározott működési területeken
érvényes egységes biztonsági tanúsítványra történő áttérés. Ennek jogalapját a felülvizsgált … irányelv [vasútbiztonsági irányelv] biztosítja. [Mód. 7]
(11)
Jelenleg a 2008/57/EK irányelv – a különleges esetek kivételével – minden tagállamban előírja a vasúti járművek üzembe helyezésére vonatkozó engedélyt. A Bizottság által 2011-ben létrehozott, a jármű-engedélyezéssel foglalkozó munkacsoport több olyan esetet tárgyalt, amikor a gyártókat és a vasúttársaságokat hátrányosan érintette az engedélyezési eljárás időtartama és költsége, és több javításra irányuló javaslatot tett. Mivel egyes problémák a jelenlegi jármű-engedélyezési eljárás összetettségéből adódnak, azt egyszerűsíteni kell. Minden vasúti járműre csak egy engedélyt kell kiadni, és ezt a járműre vagy járműtípusra vonatkozó forgalombahelyezési engedélyt az Ügynökségnek kell kiállítania. Ez kézzelfogható előnyökkel járna az ágazat részére, mivel csökkentené az eljárás költségeit és idejét, valamint mérsékelné a hátrányos megkülönböztetés kockázatát, különösen a vasúti piacra belépni kívánó új vállalatokkal szemben. Ennek jogalapját a felülvizsgált … irányelv [a vasutak kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról szóló irányelv] biztosítja.
(11a)
A fokozódó, határokon átnyúló tevékenységekkel jellemezhető nyitott európai vasúti piacon alapvető fontosságú a vezetési és a pihenőidőkre vonatkozó követelmények tiszteletben tartása a vasútbiztonság és a tisztességes verseny érdekében, amit ellenőrizni kell és be kell tartatni. E fedélzeti rögzítő berendezés kifejlesztésének az Ügynökség feladatát kell képeznie. A nemzeti biztonsági hatóságoknak kell ellenőrizniük a vezetési és pihenőidőket, többek között a határokon átnyúló műveletek esetében is. [Mód. 8]
(11b)
A vonatokon szolgálatot teljesítő személyzet a vasúti rendszeren belül hajt végre operatív biztonsági feladatokat, valamint a vonatokon utazó utasok kényelméért és biztonságáért felel. Az Ügynökségnek egy, a mozdonyvezetők tanúsítványához hasonló tanúsítványt kell létrehoznia a magas szintű képesítések és kompetenciák garantálása, az e szakmai csoport biztonságos vasúti szolgáltatások terén meglévő jelentőségének elismerése, valamint a dolgozók mobilitásának elősegítése érdekében. [Mód. 9]
(12)
Az egységes európai vasúti térségnek különösen a fuvaroztatók és az utasok megfelelő tájékoztatásával összefüggő továbbfejlesztése érdekében, valamint figyelembe véve az Ügynökség jelenlegi közreműködését, a telematikai alkalmazások területén
egy, a kölcsönös átjárhatóságot biztosító és innovatív kereskedelmi stratégiák egymással párhuzamos fennállását lehetővé tévő rugalmas keretrendszeren belül
meg kell erősíteni az Ügynökség szerepét. Ez biztosítaná ezen alkalmazások egységes fejlesztését és gyors bevezetését. [Mód. 10]
(13)
Tekintettel az Európai Vasúti Forgalomirányítási Rendszernek (ERTMS) az egységes európai vasúti térség zavartalan fejlődésében és biztonságos működésében játszott jelentős szerepére, valamint e rendszer
fejlesztésének és bevezetésének
eddigi széttagolt fejlődését
kudarcát
figyelembe véve fokozni kell annak átfogó, uniós szintű összehangolását.
A vonatellenőrző és jelzőrendszerek
uniós
szintű kölcsönös átjárhatóságának és harmonizációjának elérését jelenleg súlyosan aláássa a nagyszámú eltérő nemzeti ERTMS-változat. [Mód. 11]
Ennélfogva az Ügynökségnek – mint leginkább illetékes uniós szervnek – nagyobb szerepet kell kapnia ezen a területen, hogy biztosítsa az ERTMS egységes fejlődését, hozzájáruljon az ERTMS-berendezések hatályos előírásoknak való megfelelőségéhez, és gondoskodjon arról, hogy az ERTMS-hez kapcsolódó európai kutatási programokat összehangolják az ERTMS-re vonatkozó műszaki előírások kidolgozásával. Mindemellett a pálya menti ellenőrző-irányító és jelző alrendszerek üzembe helyezésének engedélyezését szolgáló hatékonyabb és pártatlanabb eljárások érdekében elengedhetetlen az Ügynökség által kiállított és az Unió területén érvényes egységes engedélyre történő áttérés. Ennek jogalapját a felülvizsgált … irányelv [a vasutak kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról szóló irányelv] biztosítja.
(13a)
Az elmúlt években a vasúti árufuvarozási ágazatban bekövetkezett számos baleset mutatott rá arra, hogy uniós szinten javítani kell a teherkocsik karbantartási színvonalára vonatkozó szabályokon. Az Ügynökségnek rendszeres karbantartási időszakokat előíró harmonizált és kötelező követelményeket kell kidolgoznia. [Mód. 12]
(14)
A járműengedélyek és biztonsági tanúsítványok kiállításáért fizetett díjak beszedését rendszerint az illetékes nemzeti hatóságok végezték. A hatáskör uniós szintre emelésével az Ügynökséget fel kell jogosítani arra, hogy a kérelmezőktől díjat szedjen az előző preambulumbekezdésekben említett tanúsítványok és engedélyek kiállításáért. E díjak mértéke legfeljebb a jelenlegi uniós átlagértékkel megegyező lehet
a tevékenységek nagyságrendje és a tanúsítványban vagy az engedélyben meghatározott felhasználási terület szerint változik
, és azt a Bizottság által elfogadandó, felhatalmazáson alapuló jogi aktusban kell meghatározni.
Az e díjak által finanszírozott, a létszámtervben szereplő álláshelyeket nem érinthetik a minden uniós intézményre és szervre előirányzott létszámcsökkentések. [Mód. 13]
(14a)
Ennek a felhatalmazáson alapuló jogi aktusnak biztosítania kell, hogy a díjak mértéke ne haladja meg az adott tanúsítási vagy engedélyezési eljárások költségeit. [Mód. 14]
(15)
Általános cél, hogy a tagállami funkciók és feladatok Ügynökségnek való átadása hatékonyan történjen, a biztonság jelenlegi szintjének bármiféle csorbulása nélkül. Az Ügynökségnek elegendő forrásokkal kell rendelkeznie új feladatai ellátására, és e források elosztását világosan meghatározott igények szerint kell időzíteni. A nemzeti hatóságok, különösen a nemzeti biztonsági hatóságok know-how-jára figyelemmel az Ügynökség számára lehetővé kell tenni, hogy az érintett engedélyek és tanúsítványok kiadásakor
, többek között szerződéses megállapodások keretében
megfelelő módon igénybe vegye ezt a szakértelmet. E célból
határozottan
szorgalmazni kell
, elő kell mozdítani és elő kell segíteni
nemzeti szakértők kirendelését az Ügynökség részére. [Mód. 15]
(16)
A … irányelv [vasútbiztonsági irányelv] és a … irányelv [a vasutak kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról szóló irányelv] rendelkezik a nemzeti biztonsági intézkedéseknek a biztonság és a kölcsönös átjárhatóság szempontjából való megvizsgálásáról, és előírja a versenyszabályoknak való megfelelést. Ezenfelül a két irányelv korlátozza a tagállamok lehetőségét arra, hogy új nemzeti szabályokat fogadjanak el. A jelenlegi rendszer, amelyben továbbra is nagyszámú nemzeti szabály van hatályban,
biztonsági kockázatokhoz és
az uniós szabályokkal való ellentmondásokhoz vezet, valamint az elégtelen átláthatóság kockázatával és annak a veszélyével jár, hogy a külföldi, különösen a kisebb és az új üzemeltetőkkel szemben rejtett hátrányos megkülönböztetést alkalmaznak. A valóban átlátható és pártatlan uniós szintű vasúti szabályrendszer felé történő elmozdulás érdekében meg kell erősíteni a nemzeti szabályok
, így többek között az üzemeltetési szabályok
fokozatos csökkentését. Elengedhetetlen egy független és semleges szakértői véleményen alapuló uniós szintű vélemény kidolgozása. E célból meg kell erősíteni az Ügynökség szerepét. [Mód. 16]
(17)
A nemzeti biztonsági hatóságok és bejelentett megfelelőségértékelő szervezetek között jelentős eltérések figyelhetők meg a vasúti rendszer kölcsönös átjárhatósága és biztonsága területén nyújtott teljesítmény, azok szervezése és a döntéshozatali eljárások tekintetében, ami kedvezőtlenül befolyásolja az egységes európai vasúti térség zavartalan működését. Ez különösen a valamely másik tagállam vasúti piacára belépni kívánó kis- és középvállalkozásokat érintheti kedvezőtlenül. Ennélfogva nélkülözhetetlen a fokozott uniós szintű harmonizációt célzó megerősített koordináció. E célból az Ügynökségnek ellenőrzések és vizsgálatok keretében figyelemmel kell kísérnie a nemzeti biztonsági hatóságokat. A bejelentett megfelelőségértékelő szervezeteket.
szervezetek figyelemmel kísérését a nemzeti akkreditáló testületeknek kell elvégezniük a 765/2008/EK európai parlamenti és tanácsi rendelet
(6)
5.
cikkének (3) bekezdésével összhangban. Az Ügynökség teljesítményét ugyanilyen módon kell figyelemmel kísérni. [Mód. 17]
(18)
A biztonság területén fontos gondoskodni a lehető legnagyobb átláthatóságról és a hatékony információáramlásról. Nagy jelentőséggel bír a valamennyi ágazati felet összekötő, közös mutatókon alapuló teljesítményelemzés, amelyet el kell végezni. A statisztikák tekintetében szükséges az Eurostattal való szoros együttműködés.
(19)
A vasúti rendszer kölcsönös átjárhatósága és biztonsága terén tett előrelépés figyelemmel kísérése érdekében az Ügynökségnek erre vonatkozóan kétévente jelentést kell közzétennie. Műszaki szakértelmére és pártatlanságára tekintettel az Ügynökségnek emellett segítenie kell a Bizottságot a vasúti rendszer biztonságáról és kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról szóló uniós jogszabályok végrehajtásának figyelemmel kísérése terén.
(20)
Növelni kell a transzeurópai hálózat kölcsönös átjárhatóságát, és az uniós támogatásra kiválasztott
, mind a folyamatban lévő, mind pedig az
új beruházási projekteknek összhangban kell állniuk az 1692/96/EK európai parlamenti és tanácsi határozat (7) kölcsönös átjárhatósági célkitűzésével. E célkitűzések megvalósításának elősegítéséhez az Ügynökség a megfelelő intézmény. [Mód. 18]
(21)
A járművek karbantartása a biztonsági rendszer fontos része. A karbantartó műhelyek tanúsítási rendszerének hiánya miatt a vasúti berendezések karbantartásának eddig nem volt valódi európai piaca. Ez a helyzet növelte az ágazat költségeit, és üresjáratokat eredményezett. Emiatt fokozatosan ki kell alakítani és aktualizálni kell a karbantartó műhelyek európai tanúsítási rendszerét, és az Ügynökség a legalkalmasabb szerv arra, hogy megfelelő megoldásokat javasoljon a Bizottságnak.
(22)
A mozdonyvezetők számára előírt szakmai képesítés a biztonság és az Unión belüli kölcsönös átjárhatóság szempontjából egyaránt fontos tényező. Ez a munkavállalók vasúti ágazaton belüli szabad mozgásának az előfeltétele is egyben. Ezt a kérdést a társadalmi párbeszéd meglévő keretrendszerének tiszteletben tartásával kell kezelni. Az Ügynökségnek kell biztosítania az e szempont uniós szintű figyelembevételéhez szükséges technikai támogatást.
(23)
Az Ügynökségnek meg kell szerveznie és meg kell könnyítenie az együttműködést a nemzeti biztonsági hatóságok, a nemzeti vizsgáló testületek és a vasúti ágazat európai szintű képviseleti testületei között, hogy ezáltal népszerűsíteni tudja a bevált gyakorlatokat, előmozdítsa a lényeges információk cseréjét és a vasúti vonatkozású adatok gyűjtését, valamint hogy figyelemmel kísérje a vasúti rendszer átfogó biztonsági teljesítményét.
(24)
A lehető legnagyobb átláthatóság és annak biztosítása érdekében, hogy az összes fél egyenrangúan férhessen hozzá a vonatkozó információkhoz, a vasúti rendszer kölcsönös átjárhatóságával és biztonságával kapcsolatos folyamatok céljából készített dokumentumoknak a nyilvánosság számára hozzáférhetőnek kell lenniük. Ugyanez érvényes az engedélyekre, a biztonsági tanúsítványokra és más vonatkozó vasúti okiratokra. Az Ügynökségnek hatékony
, felhasználóbarát és egyszerűen hozzáférhető
eszközt kell biztosítania ezen információk kicseréléséhez
megosztásához
és közzétételéhez. [Mód. 19]
(25)
A vasúti ágazaton belül fontos feladat az innováció és a kutatás előmozdítása, amelyet az Ügynökségnek – elismertségéből és helyzetéből adódóan – támogatnia kell. Az Ügynökség e tekintetben folytatott tevékenységeinek a keretében nyújtott pénzügyi támogatások nem vezethetnek torzuláshoz az adott piacon.
(26)
Az uniós pénzügyi támogatás hatékonyságának, minőségének és a vonatkozó műszaki előírásokkal való összeegyeztethetőségének javítása érdekében az Ügynökségnek – a vasúti ágazaton belül elismert szakértelemmel rendelkező egyetlen uniós szervként
nemzeti infrastruktúra-működtetőkkel szoros együttműködésben
– tevékeny szerepet kell játszania a
az európai hozzáadott értékkel is rendelkező
vasúti projektek értékelésében. [Mód. 20]
(27)
A vasúti rendszer kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról és biztonságáról szóló jogszabályok, az Ügynökség végrehajtási útmutatói vagy ajánlásai bizonyos esetekben értelmezési vagy más problémákat vethetnek fel az érdekelt felek számára. E dokumentumok megfelelő és egységes megértése előfeltétele a vasúti vívmányok hatékony végrehajtásának és a vasúti piac működésének. Az Ügynökségnek ezért aktívan közre kell működnie az ehhez kapcsolódó képzési és felvilágosító tevékenységekben
, és ennek során különös figyelmet kell fordítania a kis- és középvállalkozásokra
. [Mód. 21]
(27a)
Az Ügynökségnek teljes körűen együtt kell működnie a polgári vagy bűnügyi nyomozást folytató nemzeti hatóságokkal, és minden lehetséges segítséget meg kell adnia a számukra, amennyiben ezek a nyomozások az Ügynökség felelősségi körébe tartozó kérdéseket érintenek. [Mód. 22]
(28)
Ahhoz, hogy feladatait megfelelően el tudja látni, az Ügynökségnek jogi személyiséggel és önálló költségvetéssel kell rendelkeznie, amelyet főként uniós hozzájárulásból és a kérelmezők által fizetett díjakból és illetékekből finanszíroznak.
Az uniós hozzájárulást minden olyan új hatáskör kijelölésekor értékelni kell és felül kell vizsgálni, amelyre vonatkozóan a kérelmezők nem fizetnek illetéket vagy díjat. Az Ügynökség függetlenségét és pártatlanságát semmilyen tagállamtól, harmadik országtól vagy egyéb szervezettől kapott pénzügyi hozzájárulás nem veszélyeztetheti.
Napi működése, valamint az általa kiadott szakvélemények, ajánlások és határozatok függetlenségének biztosítása érdekében az Ügynökség szervezetének átláthatónak kell lennie és ügyvezető igazgatójának teljes felelősséggel kell tartoznia. Az Ügynökség személyzetének függetlennek kell lennie, és tagjainak megfelelő arányban kell rövid, illetve hosszú távú szerződésekkel rendelkezniük
, illetve kirendelt nemzeti szakértőkből és állandó tisztviselőkből állniuk
a szervezeti ismeretek és az üzletmenet-folytonosság fenntartása, és ezzel egyidejűleg a vasúti ágazattal kapcsolatos szakértelem szükséges és folyamatos cseréjének biztosítása érdekében. [Mód. 23]
(29)
Az Ügynökséghez rendelt feladatok ellátásának eredményes biztosítása érdekében a tagállamoknak és a Bizottságnak képviseltetniük kell magukat az igazgatótanácsban, amely rendelkezik a szükséges jogkörökkel többek között a költségvetés megállapításához és az éves és többéves munkaprogramok jóváhagyásához.
(30)
Az igazgatótanácsi határozatok átláthatóságának szavatolása érdekében az érintett ágazatok képviselőinek szavazati jog nélkül részt kell venniük a tanács ülésein, a szavazati jogot pedig azon hatóságok képviselői számára kell fenntartani, amelyek a demokratikus ellenőrző hatóságoknak tartoznak elszámolással. Az ágazat képviselőit a Bizottságnak kell kineveznie annak alapján, hogy uniós szinten mennyire képviselik a vasúttársaságokat, az infrastruktúra-működtetőket, a vasúti ágazatot, a
bejelentett szervezeteket, a kijelölt szerveket, a
szakszervezeteket, az utasokat, és
különösen
a
csökkent mozgásképességű utasokat, valamint a
fuvaroztatókat. [Mód. 24]
(31)
Az igazgatótanács üléseinek megfelelő előkészítése és a meghozandó határozatokkal kapcsolatos tanácsadás nyújtása céljából tanácsadó szerepet betöltő végrehajtó tanácsot kell létrehozni.
(32)
Gondoskodni kell arról, hogy az Ügynökség határozatai által érintett felek független és pártatlan módon élhessenek a szükséges jogorvoslatokkal. Megfelelő fellebbezési
jogorvoslati
mechanizmust kell létrehozni annak érdekében
kialakítani
, hogy az ügyvezető igazgató határozatai ellen a szakosodott fellebbezési tanácsnál fellebbezésre legyen mód, utóbbi
egy különleges, a Bizottságtól, az Ügynökségtől, a nemzeti biztonsági hatóságoktól és a vasúti ágazat minden szereplőjétől teljes mértékben függetlenül eljáró fellebbviteli tanács előtt legyenek megtámadhatók, amelynek
határozataival szemben pedig
viszont kereset indítható
a Bíróság előtt eljárást lehessen indítani. [Mód. 25]
(32a)
A fellebbezési tanács számára csak olyan ügynökségi munkatársak adhatnak tanácsot, akik korábban nem vettek részt a fellebbezés során tárgyalt döntésben. [Mód. 26]
(33)
Az Ügynökség tevékenységeihez kapcsolódó átfogóbb stratégiai jövőkép elősegítené erőforrásai hatékonyabb tervezését és kezelését, valamint hozzájárulna a jobb minőségű eredményekhez. Ennélfogva az igazgatótanácsnak az érdekelt felekkel folytatott megfelelő konzultációt követően többéves munkaprogramot kell elfogadnia, és azt rendszeresen aktualizálnia kell.
(34)
Az Ügynökség munkájának átláthatónak kell lennie. Gondoskodni kell az Európai Parlament általi hatékony ellenőrzésről, és az Európai Parlamentnek ebből a célból lehetőséget kell adni arra, hogy meghallgassa az Ügynökség ügyvezető igazgatóját, valamint hogy a többéves munkaprogramról
és az éves munkaprogramokról
konzultáljanak vele. Az Ügynökségnek alkalmaznia kell a dokumentumokhoz való nyilvános hozzáférésre vonatkozó uniós jogszabályokat is. [Mód. 27]
(35)
Az elmúlt évek során, amint egyre több decentralizált ügynökséget hoztak létre, a költségvetési hatóság törekedett a számukra kiutalt uniós támogatás kezelése átláthatóságának és ellenőrzésének növelésére, különösen a díjak költségvetésbe vonása, a pénzügyi ellenőrzés, a végrehajtás felelőssége alóli mentesítés hatásköre, a nyugdíjrendszerbe fizetett járulékok és a belső költségvetési eljárás (magatartási kódex) vonatkozásában. Ehhez hasonlóan korlátozás nélkül alkalmazni kell az Ügynökségre az 1073/1999/EK európai parlamenti és tanácsi rendeletet (8)
; az Ügynökségnek
korlátozás nélkül alkalmazni kell az Ügynökségre, amelynek
csatlakoznia kell az Európai Csalás Elleni Hivatal által végzett belső vizsgálatokról szóló, az Európai Parlament, az Európai Unió Tanácsa és az Európai Közösségek Bizottsága közötti, 1999. május 25-i intézményközi megállapodáshoz (9). [Mód. 28]
(36)
Mivel a javasolt intézkedés célját, vagyis a vasúti biztonsággal és a kölcsönös átjárhatósággal kapcsolatos ügyekben közös megoldásokat kidolgozó szakosodott szerv létrehozását a tagállamok az elvégzendő munka közös jellege miatt nem tudják elégségesen megvalósítani, és ebből következően e cél uniós szinten jobban megvalósítható, az Unió a szubszidiaritásnak a Szerződés 5. cikkében meghatározott elvével összhangban intézkedéseket fogadhat el. A fent említett cikkben meghatározott arányosság elvével összhangban ez a rendelet nem lép túl a célkitűzések megvalósításához szükséges mértéken.
(37)
Az Ügynökség által kiszabható díjak és illetékek mértékének megfelelő meghatározása érdekében a Bizottságot fel kell hatalmazni arra, hogy az Európai Unió működéséről szóló szerződés 290. cikkének megfelelően jogi aktusokat fogadjon el a pálya menti ellenőrző-irányító és jelző alrendszerek
ERTMS-alrendszerek
üzembe helyezésére vonatkozó engedélyek, a járművekre és járműtípusokra vonatkozó forgalombahelyezési engedélyek és a biztonsági tanúsítványok kiadásával és megújításával foglalkozó cikkek tekintetében.
A biztonsági tanúsítványokban és engedélyekben meghatározott felhasználási területek és tevékenységek nagyságrendje szerint differenciált díj- és illetékszinteket kell alkalmazni.
Különösen fontos, hogy a Bizottság az előkészítő munkája során – többek között szakértői szinten – megfelelő konzultációkat folytasson.
A díjakat és illetékeket átlátható, tisztességes és egységes módon kell megállapítani, és nem szabad veszélyeztetni az érintett európai iparágak versenyképességét. [Mód. 29]
A felhatalmazáson alapuló jogi aktusok előkészítése és megszövegezése során a Bizottságnak gondoskodnia kell arról, hogy a vonatkozó dokumentumok az Európai Parlamenthez és a Tanácshoz egyidejűleg, megfelelő időben és módon eljussanak.
(37a)
A vasúti alkatrészek szabványosításának ösztönzése érdekében a Bizottságnak felhatalmazást kell kapnia arra, hogy az Európai Unió működéséről szóló szerződés 290. cikkének megfelelően jogi aktusokat fogadjon el a vasúti alkatrészek szabványosítására vonatkozóan. Különösen fontos, hogy a Bizottság az előkészítő munkája során – többek között szakértői szinten – megfelelő konzultációkat folytasson. [Mód. 30]
(38)
Indokolt végrehajtási hatásköröket ruházni a Bizottságra annak biztosítása érdekében, hogy végrehajtásra kerüljön e rendeletnek a nemzeti szabálytervezetek és hatályos nemzeti szabályok vizsgálatáról szóló 21. és 22. cikke.
(39)
Indokolt végrehajtási hatásköröket ruházni a Bizottságra annak érdekében, hogy e rendelet 29., 30., 31. és 51. cikkének végrehajtása egységes feltételek mellett történjen. A szóban forgó hatásköröket a 182/2011/EU európai parlamenti és tanácsi rendeletnek (10) megfelelően kell gyakorolni.
(40)
Végre kell hajtani az Ügynökség irányításával kapcsolatos bizonyos alapelveket az uniós decentralizált ügynökségekkel foglalkozó intézményközi munkacsoport által 2012 júliusában elfogadott együttes nyilatkozatnak és közös megközelítésnek való megfelelés érdekében, amelyek célja az ügynökségek tevékenységeinek ésszerűsítése és teljesítményük javítása.
(41)
Ez a rendelet tiszteletben tartja a különösen az Európai Unió Alapjogi Chartájában meghatározott alapvető jogokat, és figyelembe veszi az ott elismert elveket,
ELFOGADTA EZT A RENDELETET:
1. FEJEZET
ELVEK
1. cikk
A rendelet tárgya és alkalmazási köre
(1) Ez a rendelet létrehozza az Európai Unió Vasúti Ügynökségét (a továbbiakban: Ügynökség).
(2) Ez a rendelet a következőket írja elő:
a)
az Ügynökség létrehozása és feladatai;
b)
a tagállamok feladatai.
(3) Ez a rendelet az alábbiakra alkalmazandó:
a)
az uniós vasúti rendszer ../../EU irányelvben [a vasutak kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról szóló irányelv] előírt kölcsönös átjárhatósága;
b)
a vasúti rendszer ./../EU irányelvben [vasútbiztonsági irányelv] előírt biztonsága;
c)
a mozdonyvezetők minősítése, a 2007/59/EK európai parlamenti és tanácsi irányelv (11)
[a mozdonyvezetőkről szóló irányelv] értelmében
, valamint a biztonsági szempontból fontos teljes személyzet minősítése
. [Mód. 31]
(3a)
Az Ügynökség célja, hogy magas szintű vasúti biztonságot biztosítson és hozzájáruljon az egységes európai vasúti térség létrehozásához. Ezek a célok a következőképpen érhetők el:
a)
technikai hozzájárulás a vasúti rendszerek kölcsönös átjárhatóságának növelésére irányuló uniós jogszabályok végrehajtásához és az uniós vasúti rendszer biztonságával kapcsolatos közös megközelítés kidolgozásához;
b)
a nemzeti biztonsági hatóságokkal együttműködve uniós hatósági szerep betöltése a forgalombahelyezési járműengedélyek és a biztonsági tanúsítványok vasúttársaságok részére történő kiadása terén;
c)
a nemzeti szabályok összehangolása és az eljárások optimalizálása;
d)
a kölcsönös átjárhatóság és a vasúti biztonság területén eljáró nemzeti biztonsági hatóságok tevékenységének nyomon követése.
[Mód. 32]
2. cikk
Jogállás
(1) Az Ügynökség jogi személyiséggel rendelkező uniós szerv.
(2) Az Ügynökség az egyes tagállamokban a nemzeti jog alapján a jogi személyeknek járó legszélesebb körű jogképességet élvezi. Az Ügynökség ingó- és ingatlanvagyont szerezhet és idegeníthet el, és félként részt vehet jogi eljárásokban.
(3) Az Ügynökséget az igazgató képviseli.
3. cikk
Az Ügynökség intézkedéseinek típusai
Az Ügynökség:
a)
a 11., 13., 14., 15., 23., 24., 26., 30., 32., 31., 33. és 41. cikk alkalmazása tekintetében ajánlásokat fogalmazhat a Bizottságnak;
b)
a 21., 22. és 30. cikk alkalmazása tekintetében ajánlásokat fogalmazhat a tagállamoknak
és a nemzeti biztonsági hatóságoknak a 29. cikk (4) bekezdésének alkalmazásával kapcsolatban
; [Mód. 33]
c)
a 9., 21., 22. és 38. cikk alapján véleményeket adhat ki a Bizottság, valamint a 9. cikk alapján a tagállamok érintett hatóságai számára;
d)
a 12., 16., 17. és 18. cikk alapján határozatokat hozhat;
e)
a 15. cikk alapján elfogadható igazolási eljárásnak minősülő véleményeket adhat ki;
f)
a 15. cikk alapján műszaki dokumentációt adhat ki;
g)
a 29. és 30. cikk alapján ellenőrzési jelentéseket adhat ki;
h)
a 11., 15. és 24. cikk alapján a vasúti rendszer kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról és biztonságáról szóló jogszabályok alkalmazását megkönnyítő iránymutatásokat és más nem kötelező erejű dokumentumokat adhat ki.
2. FEJEZET
MUNKAMÓDSZEREK
4. cikk
A munkacsoportok létrehozása és összetétele
(1) Az Ügynökség korlátozott számú munkacsoportot hoz létre különösen az átjárhatósági műszaki előírásokhoz (ÁME-k), közös biztonsági célokhoz (KBC-k) és közös biztonságtechnikai módszerekhez (KBM-ek)
, a közös biztonsági mutatókhoz (KBMu-k), a nyilvántartásokhoz, a karbantartásért felelős szervezetekhez és a 15. cikkben említett dokumentumokhoz kapcsolódó ajánlások, illetve a biztonság szempontjából kritikus feladatokkal megbízott vasúti személyzet minimális képesítésekre vonatkozó rendelkezésekhez
kapcsolódó ajánlások kidolgozása érdekében. [Mód. 34]
Az Ügynökség a Bizottság kérésére vagy saját kezdeményezésére a Bizottsággal folytatott konzultációt követően más megfelelően indokolt esetekben is létrehozhat munkacsoportokat.
(2) Az Ügynökség a munkacsoportokba szakértőket nevez ki.
Az Ügynökség képviselőket nevez ki a munkacsoportokba az illetékes nemzeti hatóságok által azokba a munkacsoportokba jelölt személyek közül, amelyekben részt kívánnak venni.
Az Ügynökség a (3) bekezdésben említett jegyzékből a vasúti ágazatban tevékenykedő szakembereket nevez ki a munkacsoportokba. Biztosítja
minden tagállam, illetve
azon vasúti iparágak és azon felhasználók megfelelő képviseletét, amelyeket érinthetnek azok az intézkedések, amelyeket a Bizottság az Ügynökség által neki címzett ajánlások alapján javasolhat. [Mód. 35]
Az Ügynökség szükség esetén az érintett területen hozzáértőként elismert szakemberekkel – független szakértőkkel és nemzetközi szervezetek képviselőivel – egészítheti ki a munkacsoportokat. Az Ügynökség személyzetének tagjai nem lehetnek munkacsoportok tagjai
, a munkacsoportok elnöki tisztségének kivételével, amelyet az Ügynökség egyik képviselője tölt majd be
. [Mód. 36]
(3) A 34. cikkben említett valamennyi képviseleti testület
minden évben
továbbítja az Ügynökségnek a legképzettebb szakértők jegyzékét, akiket az egyes munkacsoportokban a képviseletével megbíz. [Mód. 37]
(4) Ha az ilyen munkacsoportok tevékenysége közvetlen kihatással jár
van
az ágazat munkavállalóinak munkakörülményeire, egészségére és biztonságára, a
valamennyi tagállam
munkavállalói szervezetek
szervezeteinek
képviselői teljes jogú tagként részt vesznek a megfelelő munkacsoportokban. [Mód. 38]
(5) A munkacsoportok tagjainak utazási és tartózkodási költségeit az igazgatótanács által elfogadott szabályok és díjtáblázat alapján az Ügynökség állja.
(6) A munkacsoportokban az Ügynökség képviselője elnököl.
[Mód. 39]
(7) A munkacsoportok munkájának átláthatónak kell lennie. A munkacsoportok eljárási szabályait az igazgatótanács határozza meg.
5. cikk
Konzultáció a szociális partnerekkel
Ha a 11. 12., 15. és 32. cikkben meghatározott munkának közvetlen hatása van az ágazat munkavállalóinak szociális környezetére vagy munkakörülményeire, az Ügynökség a 98/500/EK bizottági határozat (12) alapján létrehozott ágazati párbeszédbizottságok keretében konzultál a
valamennyi tagállamban található
szociális partnerekkel. [Mód. 40]
E konzultációkat azt megelőzően tartják meg, hogy az Ügynökség benyújtja ajánlásait a Bizottságnak. Az Ügynökség e konzultációkat kellően figyelembe veszi, és mindig rendelkezésre áll, hogy megmagyarázza ajánlásait. Az Ügynökség az ágazati párbeszédbizottság által kifejtett véleményt
két hónapon belül
továbbítja a Bizottságnak, majd a Bizottság továbbítja azt a 75. cikkben említett bizottságnak. [Mód. 41]
6. cikk
Konzultáció a vasúti fuvaroztatókkal és utasokkal
Ha a 11. és a 15. cikkben meghatározott munkának közvetlen hatása van a vasúti fuvaroztatókra és utasokra, az Ügynökség konzultál az őket képviselő szervezetekkel
, többek között különösen a csökkent mozgásképességű utasok képviselőivel
. Azoknak a szervezeteknek a jegyzékét, amelyekkel konzultálni kell, a Bizottság segítségével a 75. cikkben említett bizottság állítja össze. [Mód. 42]
Ezeket a konzultációkat azt megelőzően kell megtartani, hogy az Ügynökség benyújtja javaslatait a Bizottságnak. Az Ügynökség e konzultációkat kellően figyelembe veszi, és mindig rendelkezésre áll, hogy megmagyarázza ajánlásait. Az Ügynökség az érintett szervezetek
ágazati párbeszédbizottság
által kifejtett véleményt
két hónapon belül
továbbítja a Bizottságnak, majd a Bizottság továbbítja azt a 75. cikkben említett bizottságnak. [Mód. 43]
7. cikk
Hatásvizsgálat
(1) Az Ügynökség elvégzi ajánlásai és véleményei hatásvizsgálatát. Az igazgatótanács a
(z) … irányelv [vasútbiztonsági irányelv] követelményeinek figyelembevételével a
Bizottság módszere alapján elfogadja a hatásvizsgálati módszert. Az Ügynökség kapcsolatot tart fenn a Bizottsággal, hogy biztosítsa a vonatkozó bizottsági munka megfelelő figyelembevételét.
Az egyes ajánlásokat kísérő jelentésben egyértelműen azonosítani kell a hatásvizsgálathoz alapul vett hipotéziseket, valamint a felhasznált adatok forrásait. [Mód. 44]
(2) A munkaprogramban szereplő valamely tevékenység bevezetését megelőzően az Ügynökség korai kapcsolódó hatásvizsgálatot végez, amelyben megnevezi a következőket:
a)
a megoldandó probléma és a lehetséges megoldások;
b)
az, hogy milyen mértékben lesz szükség konkrét intézkedésekre, többek között ügynökségi ajánlás vagy szakvélemény közzétételére;
c)
a probléma megoldásához való várható ügynökségi hozzájárulás.
Ezenfelül a munkaprogram valamennyi tevékenységét és projektjét önállóan és a többi tevékenységgel és projekttel együtt is hatékonysági vizsgálatnak kell alávetni az Ügynökség költségvetésének és erőforrásainak lehető legjobb hasznosítása érdekében.
(3) Az Ügynökség utólagos értékelést készíthet az ajánlásai nyomán kidolgozott jogszabályokról.
(4) A tagállamok
és
az
érdekelt felek – szükség esetén és az
Ügynökség
kérésére – az Ügynökség
rendelkezésére bocsátják a hatásvizsgálathoz szükséges adatokat. [Mód. 45]
8. cikk
Tanulmányok
Amennyiben a feladatai végrehajtásához szükséges, az Ügynökség tanulmányokat rendel meg, amelyeket saját költségvetéséből finanszíroz.
9. cikk
Vélemények
(1) Az Ügynökség
a 2012/34/EU európai parlamenit és tanácsi irányelv
(13) 55. cikkében említett
egy vagy több
nemzeti igazgatási
szervezet
kérésére szakvéleményt ad az e szervezetek elé tárt ügyek biztonsági vonatkozású és kölcsönös átjárhatósághoz kapcsolódó szempontjai tekintetében. [Mód. 46]
(2) A Bizottság kérésére az Ügynökség különösen állítólagos hiányosságok bejelentésekor szakvéleményt ad a … irányelv [a vasutak kölcsönös átjárhatóságról szóló irányelv] vagy a … irányelv [vasútbiztonsági irányelv] alapján elfogadott jogszabályok módosításairól.
(3) Az előző bekezdésekben és e rendelet más cikkeiben említett szakvéleményeket illetően az Ügynökség – eltérő megállapodás hiányában – két hónapon belül ad szakvéleményt. A szakvéleményeket az Ügynökség két hónapon belül olyan változatban hozza nyilvánosságra, amelyből minden bizalmas kereskedelmi adatot eltávolítottak.
10. cikk
Látogatások a tagállamokban
(1) Az Ügynökség a feladatai, különösen a 12., 21., 22., 16., 17.,
18.,
27.,
28.,
29., 30., 31.
, 33.
és 38. cikkben rábízott feladatok elvégzése érdekében az igazgatótanács által meghatározott politikának megfelelően látogatásokat tehet a tagállamokban. [Mód. 47]
(2) Az Ügynökség tájékoztatja az érintett tagállamot a tervezett látogatásról, a kiküldött ügynökségi tisztviselők nevéről és a látogatás kezdetének napjáról. A látogatások végrehajtásával megbízott ügynökségi tisztviselők a látogatást az ügyvezető igazgatótól származó, a látogatás tárgyát és célját meghatározó határozat bemutatása után kezdik meg.
(3) A tagállamok nemzeti hatóságai segítik az Ügynökség munkatársainak munkáját.
(4) A Ügynökség minden látogatásról jelentést készít, és azt elküldi a Bizottságnak és az érintett tagállamnak.
(5) Az előző bekezdések nem érintik a 29. cikk (6) bekezdésében és a 30. cikk (6) bekezdésében említett vizsgálatokat, amelyeket az ott leírt eljárásnak megfelelően végeznek el.
3. FEJEZET
A VASÚTI BIZTONSÁGHOZ KAPCSOLÓDÓ FELADATOK
11. cikk
Technikai támogatás – vasútbiztonsági ajánlások
(1) Az Ügynökség ajánlásokat intéz a Bizottsághoz a … irányelv [vasútbiztonsági irányelv] 6. és 7. cikkében meghatározott közös biztonságtechnikai módszerekre (KBM-ek)
, közös biztonsági mutatókra (KBMu-k)
és közös biztonsági célokra (KBC-k) vonatkozóan. Az Ügynökség a KBM-ek és a KBC-k rendszeres felülvizsgálatára vonatkozóan szintén ajánlásokat intéz a Bizottsághoz. [Mód. 48]
(2) Az Ügynökség a Bizottság kérésére vagy saját kezdeményezésére ajánlásokat intéz a Bizottsághoz a biztonság területét érintő más intézkedésekre vonatkozóan.
(3) Az Ügynökség iránymutatásokat és más nem kötelező erejű dokumentumokat tehet közzé, hogy előmozdítsa a vasútbiztonsági jogszabályok végrehajtását.
12. cikk
Biztonsági tanúsítványok
Az Ügynökség A …
irányelv [biztonsági irányelv] 10.cikke (2a) bekezdésének sérelme nélkül az Ügynökség
a… irányelv [vasútbiztonsági irányelv] 10. és 11. cikkének megfelelően egységes biztonsági tanúsítványokat ad ki
, újít meg, függeszt fel, módosít vagy von vissza
. [Mód. 49]
13. cikk
A járművek karbantartása
(1) Az Ügynökség a … irányelv [vasútbiztonsági irányelv] 14. cikkének (6) bekezdésével összhangban segíti a Bizottságot a karbantartásért felelős szervezetek tanúsítási rendszere tekintetében.
(2) Az Ügynökség a … irányelv [vasútbiztonsági irányelv] 14. cikkének (7) bekezdésére figyelemmel ajánlást intéz a Bizottsághoz.
(3) Az Ügynökség, az e rendelet 30. cikke (2) bekezdésében említett jelentésben elemzi a … irányelv [vasútbiztonsági irányelv] 15. cikkével összhangban hozott alternatív intézkedéseket.
14. cikk
Veszélyes áruk vasúti szállítása
Az Ügynökség figyelemmel kíséri a 2008/68/EK európai parlamenti és tanácsi irányelv (14) alkalmazásában a veszélyes áruk vasúti szállításával foglalkozó jogszabályok változásait, és összeveti azokat a vasúti rendszer kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról és biztonságáról szóló jogszabályokkal, különösen az alapvető követelményekkel. E célból az Ügynökség segíti a Bizottságot, és a Bizottság kérésére vagy saját kezdeményezésére ajánlásokat tehet közzé.
14a. cikk
Rendkívüli események spontán bejelentése
Az Ügynökség rendszert hoz létre, amely révén spontán módon és névtelenül be lehet jelenteni minden olyan rendkívüli eseményt, amely veszélyeztetheti a rendszer biztonságát. Az Ügynökség mechanizmust hoz létre, amely automatikusan tájékoztatja a vezető munkatársakat. Irányítja továbbá a nemzeti hatóságok bejelentéseinek közzétételét, különösen, ha azok több tagállam biztonságát érintik. [Mód. 50]
4. FEJEZET
A KÖLCSÖNÖS ÁTJÁRHATÓSÁGHOZ KAPCSOLÓDÓ FELADATOK
15. cikk
Technikai támogatás a vasúti rendszer kölcsönös átjárhatóságának területén
(1) Az Ügynökség:
a)
a … irányelv [a vasutak kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról szóló irányelv] 5. cikkének megfelelően ajánlásokat intéz a Bizottsághoz az ÁME-kre és azok felülvizsgálatára vonatkozóan;
b)
a … irányelv [a vasutak kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról szóló irányelv] 15. cikkével összhangban ajánlásokat intéz a Bizottsághoz az EK-hitelesítési nyilatkozatnak és az azt kísérő műszaki dokumentáció dokumentumainak mintáira vonatkozóan;
c)
a … irányelv [a vasutak kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról szóló irányelv] 43., 44. és 45. cikkének megfelelően ajánlásokat intéz a Bizottsághoz a nyilvántartásokra vonatkozó előírásokra és azok felülvizsgálatára vonatkozóan;
d)
a … irányelv [a vasutak kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról szóló irányelv] 6. cikkének (2) bekezdésének megfelelően elfogadható igazolási eljárásnak minősülő szakvéleményeket ad az ÁME-k hiányosságairól, és benyújtja azokat a Bizottságnak;
e)
a … irányelv [a vasutak kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról szóló irányelv] 7. cikkének megfelelően szakvéleményeket ad a Bizottságnak az ÁME-k tagállami alkalmazásának mellőzésére irányuló kérelmek tekintetében;
f)
a … irányelv [a vasutak kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról szóló irányelv] 4. cikkének (9) bekezdésének megfelelően műszaki dokumentációt ad ki;
g)
ajánlásokat intéz a Bizottsághoz a biztonság szempontjából fontos feladatot ellátó személyzet munkakörülményeivel kapcsolatban.
ga)
ajánlásokat intéz a Bizottsághoz az illetékes európai szabványügyi testületek által elsősorban az alkatrészekre vonatkozóan kidolgozandó európai standardokkal kapcsolatban;
[Mód. 52]
gb)
részletes szabványosítás iránti kérelmeket ad ki az illetékes európai szabványügyi szervezetek részére a Bizottság által rájuk ruházott megbízás végrehajtása érdekében;
[Mód. 53]
gc)
ajánlásokat intéz a Bizottsághoz a vonatokon szolgálatot teljesítő, biztonsági feladatokat is ellátó személyzet képzésével és tanúsításával kapcsolatban;
[Mód. 54]
gd)
a nemzeti szabályok összehangolása érdekében a 22. cikk (1) bekezdésével összhangban ajánlásokat intéz a Bizottsághoz, különösen abban az esetben, ha egy szabály több tagállamot érint. Ezt a feladatot a nemzeti biztonsági hatóságokkal együttműködve végzi el;
[Mód. 55]
ge)
a Bizottság kérésére a … irányelv [a vasutak kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról szóló irányelv] 11. cikkének megfelelően véleményeket ad ki azokról a kölcsönös átjárhatóságot lehetővé tevő rendszerelemekről, amelyek nem felelnek meg az alapvető követelmények;
[Mód. 56]
gf)
ajánlásokat intéz a Bizottsághoz a járművek (tehervagonok, személyszállító járművek, mozdonyok) egységes minimális vizsgálati ciklusairól (időben és kilométerszám szerint).
[Mód. 57]
(2) Az (1) bekezdés a), és b) és
c)
pontjaiban említett ajánlások kidolgozásakor az Ügynökség: [Mód. 58]
a)
a vasúti rendszer megfelelő költséghatékonyságának figyelembevétele mellett a hatékonyság javítása érdekében
gondoskodik az ÁME-knek és a nyilvántartásokra vonatkozó előírásoknak a műszaki fejlődéssel, a piaci trendekkel és a társadalmi követelményekkel való egyeztetéséről; [Mód. 59]
b)
biztosítja egyrészt az ÁME-k fejlesztésének és korszerűsítésének, másrészt a kölcsönös átjárhatósághoz szükségesnek bizonyuló európai szabványok fejlesztésének összehangolását, és kapcsolatot tart fenn az európai szabványügyi testületekkel;
ba)
megfigyelőként részt vesz a megfelelő szabványügyi munkacsoportokban.
[Mód. 60]
(3) Az Ügynökség iránymutatásokat és más nem kötelező erejű dokumentumokat tehet közzé, hogy előmozdítsa a vasúti rendszer kölcsönös átjárhatóságával kapcsolatos jogszabályok végrehajtását.
(3a)
Az Ügynökségnek a 4. cikkben meghatározott esetekben kell bevonnia a munkacsoportokat. [Mód. 61]
16. cikk
Járművek forgalombahelyezési engedélyei
Az Ügynökség a … irányelv [a vasutak kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról szóló irányelv] 20. cikkének megfelelően
cikke (9a) bekezdésének sérelme nélkül
a vasúti járművek forgalomba helyezésére vonatkozó engedélyeket ad ki
, újít meg, függeszt fel, módosít vagy von vissza az említett irányelv 20. cikkével összhangban. [Mód. 62]
17. cikk
Járműtípusok forgalombahelyezési engedélyei
Az Ügynökség a … irányelv [a vasutak kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról szóló irányelv] 22. cikkével összhangban egyes járműtípusokra vonatkozóan forgalombahelyezési engedélyeket ad ki
, újít meg, függeszt fel, módosít vagy von vissza
. [Mód. 63]
18. cikk
A pálya menti ellenőrző-irányító és jelző alrendszerek
ERTMS üzembe helyezésének engedélyezése [Mód. 64]
Az Ügynökség a … irányelv [a vasutak kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról szóló irányelv] 18. cikkének megfelelően az Unió területén elhelyezkedő vagy ott üzemeltetett pálya menti ellenőrző-irányító és jelző alrendszerekre
ERTMS-ekre
vonatkozóan üzembehelyezési engedélyeket ad ki
, újít meg, függeszt fel, módosít vagy von vissza
. [Mód. 65]
19. cikk
Telematikai alkalmazások
(1) Az Ügynökség rendszerhatóságként jár el, és a vonatkozó ÁME-kkel összhangban felel a telematikai alkalmazásokra vonatkozó műszaki előírások fenntartásáért.
(1a)
Az Ügynökség szerepet kaphat adatok – többek között a nemzetközi menetrendi adatállományok – nyitottságának és teljes hozzáférhetőségének előmozdításában. [Mód. 66]
(2) Az Ügynökség meghatározza, közzéteszi és alkalmazza az ezen előírások módosítására irányuló kérelmek kezelését célzó eljárást. E célból az Ügynökség létrehozza és fenntartja a telematikai alkalmazásokra vonatkozó előírásoknak és azok állapotának módosítására vonatkozó kérelmek nyilvántartását.
(3) Az Ügynökség kidolgozza és fenntartja a telematikai alkalmazásokra vonatkozó előírások különböző változatainak irányításához szükséges műszaki eszközöket
és betartatja e különböző változatok lefelé és felfelé való kompatibilitását is
. [Mód. 67]
(4) Az Ügynökség segíti a Bizottságot a telematikai alkalmazások vonatkozó ÁME-kkel összhangban történő telepítésének figyelemmel kísérése terén.
20. cikk
Bejelentett megfelelőségértékelő szervezetek támogatása
(1) Az Ügynökség támogatja a … irányelv [a vasutak kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról szóló irányelv] 27. cikkében említett bejelentett megfelelőségértékelő szervezetek tevékenységét. E támogatás keretében különösen iránymutatásokat dolgoz ki a … irányelv [a kölcsönös átjárhatóságról szóló irányelv] 9. cikkében említett, kölcsönös átjárhatóságot lehetővé tevő rendszerelemek megfelelőségének vagy használatra való alkalmasságának értékelésére, valamint a … irányelv [a vasutak kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról szóló irányelv] 10. cikkében említett EK-hitelesítési eljárásra vonatkozóan.
(2) Az Ügynökség előmozdítja a bejelentett megfelelőségértékelő szervezetek közötti együttműködést, és különösen e szervezetek koordinációs csoportjának technikai titkárságaként jár el.
5. FEJEZET
A NEMZETI SZABÁLYOKHOZ KAPCSOLÓDÓ FELADATOK
21. cikk
A nemzeti szabálytervezetek vizsgálata
(1) Az Ügynökség a hozzá benyújtott nemzeti szabálytervezetet a kézhezvételtől számított két hónapon belül megvizsgálja a következők szerint:
a)
a … irányelv [vasútbiztonsági irányelv] 8. cikkének (2) bekezdése,
b)
a … irányelv [a vasutak kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról szóló irányelv] 14. cikke.
(2) Amennyiben az (1) bekezdésben említett vizsgálatot követően
és határidőkön belül
az Ügynökség úgy ítéli meg, hogy a nemzeti szabályok lehetővé teszik a kölcsönös átjárhatóságra vonatkozó alapvető követelmények teljesítését, a KBM-ek betartását és a KBC-k elérését, valamint hogy nem vezetnek önkényes megkülönböztetéshez vagy burkolt korlátozáshoz a tagállamok közötti vasúti szállítás tekintetében, kedvező értékeléséről értesíti a Bizottságot és az érintett tagállamot. A Bizottság a 23. cikkben említett informatikai rendszerben érvényesítheti az adott szabályt. [Mód. 68]
(3) Amennyiben az (1) bekezdésben említett vizsgálat kedvezőtlen eredménnyel zárul, az Ügynökség:
a)
az érintett tagállamnak címzett ajánlást tesz közzé, amelyben ismerteti azokat az okokat, amelyek miatt az adott szabály nem léphet hatályba és/vagy nem alkalmazható;
b)
értesíti a Bizottságot kedvezőtlen értékeléséről.
(4) Amennyiben a tagállam a (3) bekezdés a) pontjában említett ügynökségi ajánlás kézhezvételétől számított 2 hónapon belül nem hoz intézkedést, a Bizottság a (3) bekezdés b) pontjában említett tájékoztatás kézhezvételét és az érintett tagállam indokainak meghallgatását követően az érintett tagállamnak címzett határozatot fogadhat el, amelyben felszólítja a tagállamot a szóban forgó szabálytervezet módosítására, illetve a tervezet elfogadásának, hatálybalépésének vagy végrehajtásának felfüggesztésére.
(4a)
E cikk rendelkezései nem vonatkoznak a munkahelyi egészségvédelemre és biztonságra, valamint a biztonsággal összefüggő feladatokat is ellátó vasúti személyzet képesítésére és képzésére vonatkozó nemzeti szabályokra. [Mód. 69]
(4b)
A … irányelv [vasútbiztonsági irányelv] 8. cikkében és a … irányelv [a vasutak kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról szóló irányelv] 14. cikkének (4) bekezdésében említett, több tagállamot érintő sürgős megelőző intézkedések esetén – különösen baleset vagy incidens után – az Ügynökség irányítja a szabály uniós szintű harmonizálását a nemzeti biztonsági hatóságok viszonylatában. Szükség esetén az Ügynökség ajánlást vagy véleményt terjeszt a Bizottság elé. [Mód. 70]
22. cikk
A hatályos nemzeti szabályok vizsgálata
(1) Az Ügynökség a … irányelv [a vasutak kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról szóló irányelv] 14. cikkének (3) bekezdésének megfelelően a hozzá benyújtott nemzeti szabályokat a kézhezvételtől számított két hónapon belül megvizsgálja.
(1a)
Az Ügynökség megvizsgálja az e rendelet alkalmazásának időpontjában hatályos nemzeti szabályokat. E cél elérése érdekében az Ügynökség a 48. cikkben említett többéves és éves munkaprogramok keretében munkatervet javasol az igazgatótanácsnak e vizsgálat elvégzésére vonatkozóan. Az Ügynökség az 50. cikknek megfelelően minden évben egy jelentésben mutatja be az igazgatótanácsnak az általa végzett munkák előrehaladását és az elért eredményeket. [Mód. 71]
(2) Amennyiben az (1) bekezdésben említett vizsgálatot követően az Ügynökség úgy ítéli meg, hogy a nemzeti szabályok lehetővé teszik a kölcsönös átjárhatóságra vonatkozó alapvető követelmények teljesítését, a KBM-ek betartását és a KBC-k elérését, valamint hogy nem vezetnek önkényes megkülönböztetéshez vagy burkolt korlátozáshoz a tagállamok közötti vasúti szállítás tekintetében, kedvező értékeléséről értesíti a Bizottságot és az érintett tagállamot. A Bizottság a 23. cikkben említett informatikai rendszerben érvényesítheti az adott szabályt. [Mód. 72]
(3) Amennyiben az (1) bekezdésben említett vizsgálat kedvezőtlen eredménnyel zárul, az Ügynökség:
a)
az érintett tagállamnak címzett ajánlást tesz közzé, amelyben
megjelöli, hogy a kedvezőtlen értékeléssel zárult intézkedést azonnal hatályon kívül kell-e helyezni vagy módosítani kell, és
ismerteti azokat az okokat, amelyek miatt az adott szabályt módosítani kell vagy hatályon kívül kell helyezni; [Mód. 73]
b)
értesíti a Bizottságot kedvezőtlen értékeléséről
, és továbbítja neki a tagállamhoz intézett ajánlást
. [Mód. 74]
(4) Amennyiben a tagállam a (3) bekezdés a) pontjában említett ügynökségi ajánlás kézhezvételétől számított 2 hónapon belül nem hoz intézkedést, a Bizottság a (3) bekezdés b) pontjában említett tájékoztatás kézhezvételét és az érintett tagállam indokainak meghallgatását követően az érintett tagállamnak címzett határozatot fogadhat el, amelyben felszólítja a tagállamot a szóban forgó szabály módosítására vagy hatályon kívül helyezésére.
(5) A (2), és
(3) és
(
4
) bekezdésben ismertetett eljárást kell értelemszerűen alkalmazni azokban az esetekben, amikor az Ügynökség
észreveszi vagy
tudomást szerez arról, hogy egy bejelentett vagy be nem jelentett nemzeti szabály felesleges vagy ellentétes a KBM-ekkel, a KBC-kkel, az ÁME-kkel vagy más vasúti vonatkozású uniós jogszabályokkal
, vagy indokolatlan akadályt képez az egységes vasúti piac előtt.
Ebben az esetben az (1) bekezdésben meghatározott határidőket kell alkalmazni. [Mód. 75]
(5a)
A biztonság szempontjából kritikus feladatokért felelős vasúti szakemberek képzésére, munkahelyi egészségére és biztonságára vonatkozó esetekben az Ügynökség csak akkor alkalmazhatja e bekezdést, ha a nemzeti szabály diszkriminációhoz vezethetne. [Mód. 76]
22a. cikk
Az adatbázis használata
Az Ügynökség az említett hatályos nemzeti szabályok technikai vizsgálatát az e rendelet hatálybalépésének időpontjában rendelkezésre álló, például az Ügynökség által közzétett referenciadokumentumok adatbázisában felsorolt nemzeti jogszabályok keretei között végzi el. [Mód. 77]
23. cikk
A bejelentési célra vagy a nemzeti szabályok osztályozására szolgáló informatikai rendszer
(1) Az Ügynökség létrehozza és kezeli a 21. cikk (1) bekezdésében és a 22. cikk (1) bekezdésében említett nemzeti szabályokat tartalmazó célzott informatikai rendszert, valamint
a … irányelv [a vasutak kölcsönös átjárhatóságáról szóló irányelv] 2. cikkének (28a) bekezdésében említett elfogadható nemzeti igazolási eljárásokat. Az Ügynökség
hozzáférhetővé teszi azt az érdekeltek és a nyilvánosság számára. [Mód. 78]
(1a)
A tagállamok ezen rendelet hatálybalépésétől számított egy hónapon belül értesítik a Bizottságot minden olyan létező nemzeti szabályról, amellyel kapcsolatban ezt a rendelet hatálybalépésének időpontjáig még nem tették meg. [Mód. 79]
(2) A tagállamok a 21. cikk (1) bekezdésében és a 22. cikk (1) bekezdésében említett nemzeti szabályokat az (1) bekezdésben említett informatikai rendszer útján bejelentik az Ügynökségnek és a Bizottságnak. Az Ügynökség közzéteszi a szabályokat a rendszerben, amelynek segítségével értesíti a Bizottságot a 21. és 22. cikknek megfelelően.
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tractsinprosean04lowngoog_6
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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Tracts in Prose and Verse
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Thomas Lowndes
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English
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Spoken
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hospitality at Barlborough, I should wish to keep ( 101 ) you alive and well, till the summer is over. This, perhaps, has been one motive for giving you the above advice, so that upon second thoughts I am not entirely disinterested in what I have said. I shall say nothing of your being at times a very pleasant companion : I say at times, be- cause I will not flatter you, by saying you are always pleasant ; as you know yourself, there is one way in which you are the contrary ; that way leads from Chesterfield to Worksop, and is sixteen miles in length, unfortunately for me much longer than I could have wished it. So that as a man is seldom equally kind to all his relations, it is not all Roads that you treat with kindness; no, the one mentioned by me, though you have been so much indebted to it, would, like a natural child, have been starved for any attention you showed it ; for I well recollect, you once attempted to stone the said bantling to death, by an old stinking 100/. stone quarry bill, which was not accepted but protested against. But as we see with different eyes at different periods of our life, and you have lately felt your- self so jMt?em7e ^i Jifty-eighty perhaps you may now see the great advantage that has accrued to you, the inhabitants of Barlborough, and your estate, from an old family friend, the Worksop road, coming through your estate ; and certain it is, but for that friend, like the traveller lost in the snow, you would, after some Bacchanalian ( 102 ) fttty have been stuck fast in tiie mud ; or> had you been on horseback^ have been pitched with your head in it. The following paragraph, which perhaps you never saw before^ and which, I should suppose, was cut out of an old Derby or Not- tingham paper, may give you some idea of the dmger you have avoided, by one good way. " On Thursday nig^t, about eleven o'clock^ as Rodes, Esq. of Barlborough Hall, a very pleasant agreeable man, but fond of his bottle, was coming home from Chesterfield, where he had been dining with some friends, anfJ, 00 tisual, had poured many libations to Sfaccbus, 1^? was throwi^ from his horse, which stifp]^ Jast in a slough a little beyond Staveley. Hi? groom, in attempting to assist his mai^f^r, met with the same fate, for, when the bUm( lead the blind, they must both fall into the ditch ; and if a cart had not accidentally passed, that wa^ going to a neighboMripg foundery, the cart^ of which was not so tipsy as Mr. Rpdes qr bi^ man, there they might have remained a whok winter's night, in the month of Decen^bqr, froz^ in with the mud ; for the wind chopping round to the east about an hour after, the weather be- came uncommonly cold J^p4 frosty ; but for the above fortunate occurrence of the cart's passing by, from which circui](istance they got almost immediate assis^aijice, both master an4 man would probably have perished with cold. This f^cid^nt ( 103 ) we have mentioned the more circuimtantialiyi hoping the public will be now less prejudiced against their best friends the mortgagees of turn- pike roads^ because to them that public is greatly indebted for the large sums of money dr- pended in making bye-lanes^m and passable ; as the mortgagee can only receive^i^e per cent. by a general act of parliament, but, on an average, does not receive above three per cent., with a great deal of ill will into the bargain. We understand, in consequence of the above acci- dent, those gentlemen who have estates conti- guous to the road which goes from Chesterfield to Worksop, but is now only a bye-lane, mean to apply to parliament ne:it session for a bill to make it a turnpike road, for which purpose a meeting has already been held in the town of Worksop ; and to show the uncommon zeal of the noblemen and gentlemen who attended the meeting, we are told (but cannot vouch for the cractness of each sum) the Duke of D put down his name to 500/, ; the Dukes of N and P 600/. each ; the Duke of L 600/.; Duke of K^ 500/.; Esquire H 600/. ; Esquire R 500/. ; Esquire S 600/.; and various other landholders knd monied men of less consequence, 100/. and 200/. each. Mr. Milnes, a merchant of Ches- terfield, but a very liberal and patriotic cha- racter, with only two acres of land near the road, ( 104 ) subscribed 500/. Mr. M. said he put down so large a sum because he thought a good road would be of great service to the public, and of some use to his business ^ though, as he had given up two-thirds of it to two third cousins, had then no son to succeed him in the other, third, and was besides not likely to live many, years, being in a very infirm state of health, little benefit could accrue to his family, from the bye-lane being made a turnpike road/' Apologising for the length of my letter, every part of which I hope will meet with your appro- bation ; and in which I have endeavoured, like a good painter, to make the light and shade, the comic and the serious, blend so together, that you can hardly distinguish where the one begins and the other ends, I shall conclude with re- spectful compliments to Mr. and Mrs. Peter Reastone, hoping they are well, and with wish- ing you and them, if not too late in the season, a happy new year, assuring you I remain, my dear Sir, Yours, &c. Paltbrton, Feb. 2fl?, 1812. ThO. LoWNDES. N.B. My mother and aunt, who were co-heiresses, had nllimately 20,0002. less for their fortune, from their father beiog almost the $ole mortgagee of the Worksop road, a deficiency occasioned hy Mr. Milncs liberally, though unwisely, beginning with a sixpenny toU for sixteen miles for a carriage and pair, and the Chesterfield canal being afterwards made, which, by taking off all the heavy carriage, reduced the gross tolls one half. And yet, instead of tuking a less toll than usual, Mr. Milnes, in hU first act of Parlia- ment, should have had an additional one, to pay for the expense of burning the stone, a singular process, essentially necessary on the Worksop road, as without it the stone would soon become a mere sludge; whereas, by burn- ing, it grinds under the wheel into a hard red sand. ( 105 ) A POLITICAL LETTER TO SIR WILLIAM SCOTT, NOW LORD STOWELL. Dear Sir, As the public in general has done me the unmerited kindness of supposing I was the real author of Rabelais' story concerning the devil and farmer, and as Doctor Darwin's letter (from which I quoted that story) is unique, and a perfect original, being truly characteristic of the peculiar cast of genius of its celebrated writer, I have taken the liberty of inclosing, for your entertainment, that extraordinary physi- cian's ingenious and witty epistle. The Doctor and Mr. Day were intimate and bosom friends. Though written thirty years ago, it has not lost a particle of its Darwinian flavour ; but at the same time, from its present mutilated state, I fear, like old wine, it will not be meliorated by age. To me it has the venerable appearance of an old Roman or Grecian statue, that has had the misfortune to lose a hand or foot, but the face and bust of which is perfect; for every feature of Doctor Darwin's literary turn of mind, every odd and crooked line of his singular genius, remains entire and unbroken; the few words dropt off from the letter, (and which I have ( lop ) faithfully supplied from memory,) being of no more consequence than so many fingers and toes found wanting in an otherwise complete model. If you should think it worth while to have the doctor's letter copied for the amusement of your constituents or of yourself, I beg you will do so ; but as I have not a copy of it, shall be much obliged to you to take great care of the original letter, and which I will have the honour of calling for at your house about two o'clock on Monday next. Though frequently urged to send it to the newspaper, it has never yet ap- peared in print, not being able so completely to divest myself of all consideration for the literary reputation of a great author, as to expose his private thoughts (communicated in the honest zeal of friendship) to the prying eye of curiosity, for the little wits and detractors of departed genius to feed on his fair fame, by publishing their comments and criticisms, like worms and grubs generated from the human body, when mouldering again to its parent earth. Permit me to say. Sir William, it was with much regret I read your note, as it deprived me of one of the brightest ornaments of my party ; but though Gay only says, — " when a lady is in the case, all other things give place," — ^I feel most strongly, and particularly in these times, that ( 107 ) when a regent is in the case, all things should ^^H must give place; for which purpo3e> I hope party spirit (which most certainly is an evil spirit^ will give way tQ Christian charity, brotherly hve^ patri- otic sympathy f apd i^U thois^ gentle bonds of union^ th?it, like tb,e fis^ble of the bundle of rods, tie up statcstfien together t<x make them stronger, . and not to form a bundle of Roman fasces to whip the state with^ and create factions and demo- cratic idea^ subversive of all permanent benefit to the commonwealth, or the ambitious indivi^ dual. I am alsQ sprry I shall not have the hopqur of Mr. and Mrs. Townshend's company, both of whpm I hope are well. Anin^^t^d by truly patriotic feelings, having, like yqurgelf, i^me stake in the country, tl^ough but a ^iQ^ll ORe compared with your own, I hope. Sir William, the three great parties, Pit- tites, Foxites, and Saintites, will be triajuncta in uno ; for which purpose suaviter in modo and affability of conduct will do more to reconcile the jarring interests of the state, than great skill in mathematics, or deep classical learning. How much our late illpstrious and virtuous premier did by suaviter in modo, Mr. Whitbread's eulo- gium of him furnishes an ample proof. Having been all the winter within twenty miles of Nottingham, I have unfortunately had too much experience of the great evil resulting ( 108 ) from the fortiter in re, accompanied by a bru- tality of manners that would disgrace the most ferocious savage, and a vindictive disposition, which, spuming at the idea of humanity, calls to its diabolical purposes the assistance oi all the powers of envy^ hatred y and malice united, ixoxayvYiichtriajuncta in uno, good Lord deliver us. - With sincere condolence to you for the aw- fulness of the times, and the irreparable loss we have all sustained by the untimely and pre- mature death of our late illustrious statesman Mr. Perceval, whose public and private Virtues will hand him down to posterity as one of the greatest and best of men, but particularly con- doling with you. Sir William, for your private loss in him, you who are so well acquainted with. his merits, I have the honour to be. Dear Sir, Your very obedient, humble servant, Thomas Lowndes. ' Hampstead Heath, ^ June, 1812. ( 109 ) AN APPEAL TO THE LIVERY OF LONDON. After taking much trouble in investigating your rights and privileges, (and which, I assure you, are of no common nature, for they are rights and privileges which have made monarchs tremble: on the throne, and nations bow with submission to the British flag,) it appears, that since the year 1387, to the present period, no Lord Mayor has been elected to the same office for two succeeding years, except in the case of Sir Thomas Pilkington, who, being continued from state necessity, should not be offered as a precedent in the present instance. In the case of Alderman Beckford, I rejoice to find (though BO man better deserved such an honour) that an interval of seven years elapsed between his two mayoralties. How the perversion of thesQ truths in the public papers originated, must be evident to every impartial, candid liveryman, viz. that in all probability the present Lord Mayor's parti- zans, from their enthusiastic and inconsiderate desire that his lordship should be elected two years successively, have (with the usual inat- tention to accuracy, observable in men of their political character) propagated! and dissemi- ( no ) nated the above rumour, to serve as prece- dents for their own party purposes. As a further caution, a close examination of the Roman history will show, that, during the consular government, there was discernible an habitual fear that those in power might protract their office beyond one year, a custom that (as long as it was observed) kept up the purity of the Roman laws, and barred the door to every species of corruption. I therefore trust the considerate and independent Liverymen of London (but particularly the Court of Alder- men) will not have the slightest hesitation in what way to act ; they having only to follow the undeviated track of their wise and prudent ancestors for the last 420 years and upwards. What, then, must be thought of the inordinate ambition of a chief magistrate, (a magistrate to whom I am willing to allow every possible merit while in office,) who wishes the Livery of London, in this particular instance, (but without having done anything extraordinary to claim such a triumph,) to deviate from a custom so long established, by re-electing him for the present year ? Surely that man's love of liberty must be of a very unreasonable nature who wishes to have the liberty of doing what na Lord Mayor has done before him for 400 years : a liberty that, if once exercised, endangers, not ( 111 ) only the salvation of the rights and privileges of the Citizens of London in their corporate and integral capacity, but, by setting a baneful ex- ample to every other corporate town in the kingdom, (more especially the manufacturing ones,) endangers the lives and liberties of the whole British empire, and lays open to the insatiable power of a lawless mob, the manu- factures, commerce and agriculture of Great Britain. What Adam Smith says of capital applies to power as much as to wealth and population ; for a popular magistrate of great power and authority, who has been in office one year, by being re-elected the following year, has such a fatal opportunity of increasing his stock of popularity before it is in any way diminished, that in a few years lie may be rich enough in popular favour to set up for himself — trade on his own capital of liberty— and do as we have seen in modern times, set his foot upon the necks of those besotted persons who have madly raised him to power, until, from a good magistrate and a true patriot, he become one of the greatest tyrants. I have the honour to be Your humble servant, A (self -elected) Citizen of London. London, Oct 5, 1^6. ( 112 ) LOWNDES'S ASTRONOMICAL PROFESSORSHIP PB0P08ED TO BE CONYBRTED INTO A NAVAL ONE. To Mr. Brougham and the Gentlemen of the Com- mittee for Investigating Abuses in Public Charities, Schools, ^c. Gentlemen, Agreeing with Mr* Wilberforce, (whose enlightened and moral conduct I wish I had followed on all other ocqasions,) that your high national commission will be attended with the most beneficial consequences to the British empire, I request particularly to turn your at- tention to the following very remarkable^ and, I hope, unique fact, to show how abuses grow up in public foundations; but especially those of a clerical nature. By which observation I do not mean any thing disrespectful to the clergy of the established church, but that every species of monastic li^e has a natural tendency to encourage indolence. In the year 1748, Thomas Lowndes (a bachelor uncle of my father s) died, having signed a will the dai/ before his death, (but first cancelling one in my father's favour,) in which will he founded an Astronomical Professorship in the University of Cambridge, ordering it to be for ever called Lowndes's Astronomical and Geometrical Professorship. The estate-left for that purpose is at Overton in Cheshire, being .( 113 ) now four or five hundred pounds a year, and had been in possession of the Cheshire Lowndes's some centuries, it being the last wreck ofzxx old family estate^ from which my fathers family, the Lowndes's oi Lea Hall in Cheshire, and the Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Lowndes's are all descended. But to enable you, gentle- men, to judge the better of this mo&tjlagrant abuse, I should inform you, that (though iht following passage will prove how zealous the testator was to make the professorship as useful as possible) not a lecture has ever been given from the period of it& foundation to the present moment, it having been made, from that time to this, a perpetual sinecure. Therefore that in this solitary instance, whatever Mr. ^' Which Professor, I will, shall be for ever called Lowndes's Astronomical and Geometrical Professor in the University of Cambridge, and shall be from time to time chosen and appointed by the I^rd High Chancellor, or Lord Keeper of the Seal of Great Britain, the Lord President of the Privy Council, the Lord Privy Seal, the Lord High Treasurer, or the first Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury, the Lord Steward of the King's household for the time being, or the major part of them ; and I will and desire that proper statutes, rules, and ordinances in relation of the said Professorship, and the number of the lectures to be read therein, and the time for such reading, and all other regulations for the perpetual government of the said professorship, shall be made by and under the hands and seals,* &c." The executors of the above will were Randle Wilbraham, and Thomas Booth, Esquires, re- lations of the testator. The present professor, * Under the hands and seals] of Sir Martin Folkes, Bart. President of the Royal Society, Dr. Penfold, F.R.S., my much honoured friend William Jones,t Esq. F.R.S. and Nicholas Fazakerly, Esq. t Father of the celebrated Sir William Jones, who died in India. I ( 115 ) the Reverend Mr. Lax, is, I believe, a very learned and scientific divine, and therefore a very proper person as to talents for the above professorship. But if this learned gentleman (which is a true bill) gives neither Astronomical or Geometrical lectures, he might as veell live in the moon for any use he is of as a professor. However one thing is certain, that Mr. Lax was born under a lucky planet ^ and has great reason to bless his stars that have put him into such a lucrative situation without any other trouble but what is necessary to his existence : namely, eating, drinking, and sleeping. Many years ago, at the death of Doctor Smith, who had long held the Lowndeian professorship, (for being so good a government thing it generally falls to the lot of some person of great consequence in the University of Cambridge politically inclined^) I suddenly came up to town, having travelled all night, to be as expeditious as possible, in- tending (being then a member of the University of Oxford) to get a bene decessit, and move to the University of Cambridge, provided I had any chance of succeeding to this land of promise ; for (as you will perceive, gentlemen) properly might it be called the land ofpromise, the Lowndeian professorship having (as I afterwards found) long been promised to the Reverend Mr. Lax. The day after my arrival here, for the purpose k2 ( 116 ) above stated, (while walking on Hampstead Heath,) I accidentally met Mr. Erskine, now Lord Erskine, whom I had the honour of being acquainted with through his intimacy with my late unck-in-law Mr. Day^ a brother barrister. After a few minutes conversation, and my telling him the object for which I had come from Wor- cester, he said, in his Lordship's neat and sar- castic manner, if you are come up to town to stand for Lowndes's Professorship, you are come too late, for it was given away three days ago at a privy council. I answered, that can- not be, for Dr. Smith has not been dead much longer y therefore the place must have been ap- plied for before his death. Yes, says Mr. Erskine, so it most probably was ; for are you so Ignorant of the ways of the world as not to know, that if you mean to succeed to any good thing the public have the disposal of, you must apply for it before the breath is out of a mans body ? What indelicacy! I replied, to ask for a place before the occupier of it is dead, or has an inten- tion of resigning ; and what a complete death-blow to all competition^ so useful when applied to offi- ces requiring great talent, though the Lowndes's Professorship (being a sinecure) is an ea^ception to this excellent rule; for most assuredly had Astronomical abilities heen necessary \ should not have had the presumption to aspire to a profes- sor's chair. True, said Mr. Erskine, it is inde- ( 117 ) licate; but, however, without this precaution you will never succeed to any lucrative oflBice, and particularly, when in the gift of government, as there are so many hungry people to provide for. Last spring four years I had the honour of an interview with Lord Melville^ to tell his Lord- ship that (though not possessing the magic wand of Harlequin) I could conjure up for the Board of Admiralty a good place oifour or Jive hundred pounds a year, by merely adding one word to a Professorship in the gift of government, which had, for near seventy years^ been made a mere sinecure, namely naval: for, by uniting that word to Lowndes's Astronomical and Geome- trical Professorship, it would convert an old useless sinecure into an active nautical employ- ment. That this was not difficult, too, to ac- complishy his Lordship would easily suppose, when I informed him the excuse for not giving lectures had always been that there was another Astro- nomical Professorship at Cambridge founded before the Lowndeian, and in which lectures were given ; consequently there was no occasion for the Lowndes's Professor to give any. Lord Melville thanked me for my communication, saying, a place of this sort would be highly ac- ceptable, and particularly then, (it being just after Buonaparte's compulsory abdication,) as government among the chaplains of men of war C 118 ) had many naval clerical friends they wished to provide for. But before I made my bow and went away, to guard myself against the probable accusation of being considered an enthusiastic, theoretical speculator, I told his Lordship that^ so far from my proposal being, like many plau- sible schemes, impracticable, or too remote in its execution to be interesting, it was not only fea- sible, but might be immediately converted into a useful institution; for (as the Lowndeian Pro- fessorship was in the gift of five of the great ser- vants of the crown) these noble and illustrious personages had only to get from their brother, the Lord Chancellor, who was one of the five, a living of seven or eight hundred pounds a year, and present it to Mr. Lax, in exchange for his Professorship, and I had little doubt that Rev. M, A. would gladly embrace such an excellent opportunity of serving himself and of showing his gratitude to government by resigning his J.^- tronomical sinecure, provided the university per- mitted it. However, if their consent were not attainable, and that this learned body insisted upon the Rev. Mr. Lax keeping his Astrono- mical Professorship, (under the grievous pain of incurring their high and mighty displeasure,} from the idea that any alteration in the nature of it, would take it out of the usual course of candidates, and be a dangerous precedent,. I told ( 119 ) Lord Melville that Mr. Churchill of Henbury^ Dorsetshire, (whose grandmother was a Miss Lowndes, niece of the testator, she being the only child oi Mr. Thomas Lowndes's elder brother y for my father was descended from the youngest,) might, in return for such an unaccommodating spirit, as heir to the testator, ^le a bill in chancery to compel the Lowndeian Professor to give lectures in Astronomy and Geometry, or give up the estate; and that this point gained (independent of the individual merit of the professorship itself) would (from correcting the dangerous and shameful principle of allowing sinecures) be of no little benefit to the British empire. Hoping the very extraordinary fact here men- tioned will be useful to gentlemen of the Com- mittee for the Investigation of Abuses in Public Charities, Schools, &c. and be entitled to their patriotic consideration, and making every pos- sible apology for the length of this letter, which I have endeavoured (by compressing my ideas) to make as short as possible, I have the honour to be, gentlemen. Your very obedient, humble servant, and well wisher, Thomas Lowndes. Hampstead^ 1818. ( 120 ) To Mb. brougham, ^c. ^c. Sec. Gentlemen, I HAVE taken the earliest opportunity of correcting two unintentional errors in the letter I had the honour of leaving yesterday in the Journal Office of the House of Commons to the care of your secretary : the^r^^ consists in my having stated that no lectures had ever been given by any Lowndeian professor ; — the second, that the other Cambridge astronomical profes- sorship was founded before the Lowndes's pro- fessorship, when> in fact> it was founded at a subsequent period. For, upon my calling yes- terday, an hour or two after I had been at the House of Commons, on my worthy friend Mr. Lowndes, the chairman of the Tax Office, and accidentally stating to him I had just left a letter concerning the Lowndeian professorship for Mr. Brougham and the gentlemen of the Committee for correcting Abuses in Public Charities, &c., and mentioning what a disgrace it was that no lectures should ever have been given ; he answered, '' none, I believe, have been given by Mr. Lax, though a proper man for the situation from his learning and talents ; but Dr. Smith certainly gave lectures on astro- nomy, as I can positively assert, being then at ( 121 ) Cambridge, a member of the university." I now said, " You can perhaps also inform me, whether the other astronomical professorship was founded before or after the Lowndes's pro- fessorship; for I mentioned it in my letter as founded before that professorship." Upon which Mr. L.'s answer was, " that the other astronomical professorship was, he believed, founded after the Lowndeian, but the Red Book, would show the exact time." Fot want of that court calendar I had no opportunity, either at my villa here or at Hampstead, of rectifying the latter error, as I honestly confess, being no courtier, or place-hunter, it would (except upon the present occasion, and perhaps once every six months) have lain upon my shelves a neg- lected and useless addition to my library. I believe I can now assert (these two errors coi^- rected) there is no other mistake in my letter to you, gentlemen: for I have still a very lively and Accurate recollection (though one of the con- versations happened above twenty years since) of the minutest circumstance that passed in the two short interviews I had the honour of having with Mr. But for myself, though what has been said by me as having passed at the interview alluded to, may not be exactly similar in point of language, the sum and substance of what was said at the above interviews with Mr. Erskine and Lord Melville is very accurate ; and for this reason, that having an idea of appealing to the public in print respecting the debt due from govern- ment for Lowndes's Bay Salt, I wrote down what was said by the above gentlemen a few days after my t6te-a-t6te, as likewise what I said to them. With every possible apology for troubling you and the gentlemen of the Committee with a second letter so soon after the first, but which letter I have made as concise as the subject of it ( 123 ) would admit without being obscure, I have the honour to be Your and their obedient servant, Tho. Lowndes. Blackheath, 1818. A LETTER to Mrs. DRAX (ofKnawk Cot- tage, Blandfordy Dorsetshire.) Dear Madam, , Presuming you are in London at your usual place of residence, I have taken the liberty of sending you the inclosed; convinced, from your exemplary female conduct in every point of view, time has not yet extinguished every spark of affection from a dutiful and only daughter, to a most excellent mother. Having taken in hand the investigation of our great-uncle's invention of bay salt, for (like the radii of a circle, when drawn from one common point to one common circumference) we both stand precisely in the same point of relationship^ I found, among the Lea Hall Papers, a very friendly letter from Mrs. Churchill to my grand- mother, Mrs. Lowndes. As I have no doubt that letter, as well as the two others that accom- pany it, will afford you some pleasure to read, I am happy in sending them. The two last letters are, as you will perceive, written by your ( 124 ) father, and Wm. Lowndes, eldest son to Mr. Secretary Lowndes ; the former of them proves the great friendship your father felt for my grandfather, in consequence of his acting the part of a faithful and honest guardian to Mrs. Churchill, but which fidelity lost him his bro- ther's fortune ; for it is certain but for that quarrel, (which commenced by his accusing my grandfather of paying more attention to his nieces interest than his brother's,) my father, his eldest son, would have inherited all Mr. Thomas Lowndes's property, he having made a will to that purpose about 2l fortnight h^hre his death, The letter of Mr. Secretary Lowndes's son shows the ardent friendship that had for many years subsisted between him and your grandfather, who was, as I have been told, a remarkably good tempered man, and of a most hospitable and generous disposition. But to show that honesty is the best policy in the chapter of accidents, an honest but poor parent has generally an offspring on some part of whom Providence showers down her blessings most abundantly; and, as a proof of it, I need only mention my father's great suc- cess in life ; for both he and myself have beea fortune's favourites, as yourself and the world would have seen had we clambered up to the top of the may-pole of fortune, tempted by the splendid garlands of gold and silver that pre^ ( 125 ) sented themselves (not like the grapes to the fox out of his reach, but within our easy grasp). Fate, however, has ordered otherwise; and, though we never gained the summit, we have each been rewarded far beyond our deserts, at least I must honestly confess that to be the case with regard to myself. In looking into the papers relative to the Bay Salt invention, I see the vast importance of it to the dearest and best interests of the British empire in a way that clearly proves to me, had I taken, up the business thirty years sooner, something very beneficial would have been done for our family, besides paying the reward at simple interest to the University of Oxfordy for the purposes specified in Mr. Thomas Lownde^s will. Instead of 100,000/. being sent out of the kingdom every year tor foreign salt, previous to Mr. Thomas Lowndes's invention, I find little less than 500,000/. a year British money was ex- pended abroad for that most useful and necessary article. Thirty thousand tonsof salt were imported yearly, the value of which is estimated in my namesake s printed Pamphlet, which I have now before me, at near 500,000/. a-year, taking the average of the last seven years previous to 1746. You may easily imagine, from the increased population of the country since that period, our ( 126 ) navy, commerce and fisheries more than doubled; that if the English bay salt had not been invented^ and brine salt improved, so as to do away the necessity oiimportation from abroad; that if little short than 500,000/. was the annual importation of foreign salt, according to the most moderate calculation, for seven years preceding 1746, a million would be required to pay for the annual importation of that article in the present times. The duties arising from common salt were lately stated in the House of Commons to be thirty times the value of the manufactured article ; therefore, it may naturally be supposed this kingdom must derive an immense revenue from the duty of every other species of salt. With this idea, feeling that great ingratitude has been shown by the former governnuents of this country to the inventor of the bay salt and his representatives, I have ordered a seal to be engraved in St. James's-street, (and which will be finished on Saturday next,) with these two mottos at the top and the bottom of the seal. Over the crest, ways and means; at the bottom,by way of answer, bay salt gratis; that is, for nothing. But to enable you, my dear madam, to enter into the spirit of the motto, I should inform you that my friend, Mr. Selby Lowndes, M. P, for Buckinghamshire, has ( 127 ) adopted for bis motto, ways and means, to prove that he is a descendant of Mr. Secretary Lowndes, (and his other descendants, Mr. Lowndes of Chesham, Bucks, and Mr. Lowndes Stone, of Brightwell, Oxfordshire, have followed his ex- ample,) and also to show that his descent, though a younger branch of the Lowndes's of Overton, is more illustrious than that of the parent trunk which we belong to. Mr. Secretary Lowndes, being a celebrated financier, and having been thirty-two years secretary to the treasury, was called Old Ways and Means Lowndes, as a compli- ment to him for \i\& financial skill. My motto, therefore, comes in very apropos by way of answer, as it signifies that we are of the same family as Old Ways and Means Lowndes, and have also had a clever man in our part of the Lowndes's, who invented the Bay Salt, and for which neither himself or representatives have ever received one sixpence ; but the spirit of it consists in the concise reproof to the ingrati- tude of the British empire ; it says more in three words than the most famous barrister would say in three hours : it is multum in parvo, and accidentally came across my mind like a flash of lightning. I as quickly put the idea into ex- ecution, by going that morning to a celebrated •engraver's in St. James's street. Indeed, I like the idea so much, that I intend to add a codicil ( 128 ) to my will, that the successors to my property shall not only bear my name and arms^ but also shall take the above mottos, on pain of losing the property, and its going to the nea^t in succession. If government in some shape or other reward your part of the family as well as myself, I shall leave out the word gratis, as it will be a most grating word to government, by reminding them how ungrateful they have been. Till then, I shall retain the word. I . have sent you a copy of Mr. Thomas Lowndes's will ; it was composed by himself, but not signed till the day before his death, and about a fortnight after He had made a will at Congleton in Cheshire, leaving every thing to my father, except 1500/. to his younger brother. The will is written in a very superior style, and proves a clear and strong mind. His letters, about a dozen of which I have in my possession, are written in the same pure and nervous lan- guage; for his style of writing is so judicious that every word tells. With many apologies to you for this long letter, and with respectful compliments to Lady Caroline Darner, who, I hope, is well ; request- ing my kind remembrance to your nephew, and respectful compliments to the family in Gros- venor Square, to whom I will be obliged to you to send the duplicate of the three letters. ( 129 ) Mr. Thomas Lowndes's will having been sent them a week ago ; I remain, d^ar Mrs. Drax, Your very sincere, obliged, humble servant, Tho. Lowndes. Hampstead Heath^ Junebfh, 18 J 8. P.S. — I am happy to say I left my father at Bath about a month ago in his eighty-fifth year, looking not more than seventy. He often asked after your health, feeling a great respect for you, and will be particularly happy to hear you are well. My father is so active and upright, that, none of his acquaintance will believe he is in his eighty-fifth year ; but think there must be some mistake as to his age. His appe- tite, too, is so good, that he eats and drinks like a young man of thirty, and with all the plea- surable enjoyment of the gi^eatest epicure. His memory, too, is clear and unclouded; a most surprizing circumstance at his time of life: and though he has quitted society for the last twenty years, still retains those uncommon gentlemanly manners for which he was always distinguished; and which, from the great similarity to your own polished address, incontestably prove a family relationship. Should I have the honour of being created a baronet, (for my father wishes to be ( 130 ) past over, and deputes me his representative,) I need not apply to the Herald's Office to prove I am the son of a gentleman. In short, when I look around me, and see the modern school of gentlemen, who look like grooms, coachmen, tailors and cheesemongers, I feel proud of my father y he being, as to his gentlemanly appear- ance, one of a thousand. But the difference alluded to between the old and the modem school of gentlemen, arises no doubt from those levelling jacobin principles that have unfortunately besotted and rusticated the minds of some of our democratic gentry for the last thirty years. To show you, my dear madam, how much I have endeavoured to keep alive the proper feelings of gentlemen among the. proprietors of East India Stock, I take the liberty of sending a Pamphlet of mine written about eight years ago. I also send you a very singular Epitaph to ridi- cule Scepticism. The following friendly Letter, from Drax Grosvenor, Esq. to the Author, is printed to confirm his assertion that the other relatives of Thomas Lowndes, the Bay Salt Inventor, had not only given him their right and title to any honorary reward, but ardently wished his success. My Dear Sir, Owing to the gout, (which has attacked ( 131 ) me a good deal of late, and has been very trou- blesome and painful,) I have been obliged to defer the pleasure of acknowledging your kind letter and attention to me, which othenvise I should have been happy in answering before this time. I must own, I was very sorry to find your name omitted in the list of baronets y to the ' unusual number, I believe, of twenty. I did imagine it would have afforded a most glorious opportunity for your friend Smith to have had your name placed amongst the number. It would have done ministers credit to have done justice to your claims, so cheaply to themselves ; and, if your mind had been satisfied by such an act, I should have been much pleased, I do assure you; but if you cannot command success at this time, you may at some future period, as you certainly deserve it. I think your letter to Lord G. C. (as well as your other performances) has great merit, and is written in a very forcible and masculine style, and shows an able pen, of which you are a complete master. I will carefully return it to you again, whenever you will do me the favour to mention the time. I do not think there can be any objection to tell your friend Smith that you are much disappointed, and that it was a great pity your name had not been added to the twenty, which would just have made twenty- l2 ( 132 ) one; it was such an opportunity, so good a time, I am quite vexed ; and now all the trouble over again, and to tell a story all over again, and state your cause a second time, is a sad dry busi- ness, as no man can patiently state a case over and over again, let its merit be ever so great, or his cause ever so good. I cannot see what should have prevented your being added to the list, if your friend had put the case as we wished the case to have been put; but to whom did you imagine it was or should have been put, if put ? I think, if I were in your place, I would continue to ask why it was not done, and what was the difficulty ; for you would like to know, as the sooner you could find out the reason it did not take place, the sooner you might find a remedy for the complaint. I really wish you success, my dear Sir, and believe me to be ever most truly. Yours, &c., R. E. D. Grosvenor. Charbro' Park, Nw. 26th, 1818. P.S. — Mrs. and Miss Grosvenor beg me to add their best remembrance, and also Mr. Robert. I have just heard a good account from our travellers, Mr. Richard and Mr. Moore, who are now at Genoa, and are going to Rome. ( 133 ) TO CULLING CHARLES SMITH, Esq.
| 39,451 |
https://github.com/Tumonk2610/SVGQuartzRenderer/blob/master/SVGRendererTouch/Classes/SVGStyle.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,012 |
SVGQuartzRenderer
|
Tumonk2610
|
Objective-C
|
Code
| 388 | 1,017 |
/*--------------------------------------------------
* Copyright (c) 2011 Aaron Boxer
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
* all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
* THE SOFTWARE.
*--------------------------------------------------*/
//
// SVGStyle.h
// SVGRendererTouch
//
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
typedef struct
{
CGFloat r;
CGFloat g;
CGFloat b;
CGFloat a;
} FILL_COLOR;
typedef struct
{
CGPoint start;
CGPoint end;
} FILL_GRADIENT_POINTS;
struct FillPatternDescriptor {
CGImageRef imgRef;
CGRect rect;
};
typedef struct FillPatternDescriptor FillPatternDescriptor;
@interface SVGStyle : NSObject <NSCopying> {
BOOL doFill;
FILL_COLOR fillColor;
float fillOpacity;
BOOL doStroke;
unsigned int strokeColor ;
float strokeWidth ;
float strokeOpacity;
CGLineJoin lineJoinStyle;
CGLineCap lineCapStyle;
float miterLimit;
CGPatternRef fillPattern;
NSString *fillType;
CGGradientRef fillGradient;
FILL_GRADIENT_POINTS fillGradientPoints;
int fillGradientAngle;
CGPoint fillGradientCenterPoint;
NSString *font;
float fontSize;
BOOL isHighlighted;
}
@property (nonatomic) FILL_GRADIENT_POINTS fillGradientPoints;
@property (nonatomic) FILL_COLOR fillColor;
@property (nonatomic) BOOL doFill;
@property (nonatomic) float fillOpacity;
@property (nonatomic) BOOL doStroke;
@property (nonatomic) unsigned int strokeColor ;
@property (nonatomic) float strokeWidth ;
@property (nonatomic) float strokeOpacity;
@property (nonatomic) CGLineJoin lineJoinStyle;
@property (nonatomic) CGLineCap lineCapStyle;
@property (nonatomic) float miterLimit;
@property (nonatomic) CGPatternRef fillPattern;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *fillType;
@property (nonatomic) CGGradientRef fillGradient;
@property (nonatomic) int fillGradientAngle;
@property (nonatomic) CGPoint fillGradientCenterPoint;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString* font;
@property (nonatomic) float fontSize;
@property (nonatomic) BOOL isHighlighted;
- (void)reset;
- (void) setFillColorFromAttribute:(NSString *)attr;
- (void) setFillColorFromInt:(unsigned int)color;
- (void)setStyleContext:(char*)styleString withDefDict:(NSDictionary*)defDict;
- (void)drawPath:(CGPathRef)path withContext:(CGContextRef)context;
- (void)drawText:(char*)text :(CGPoint)location withContext:(CGContextRef)context;
-(void) setUpStroke:(CGContextRef)context;
+(unsigned int) extractColorFromAttribute:(NSString*)attr;
CGImageRef imageFromBase64(NSString *b64Data);
@end
| 25,506 |
https://github.com/casualcore/casual-make/blob/master/source/casual/make/entity/state.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
casual-make
|
casualcore
|
Python
|
Code
| 381 | 1,399 |
import argparse
import platform
import subprocess
import json
import casual.make.tools.environment as env
class Settings(object):
def __init__(self):
self.model = {}
self.setup()
self.deserialize()
def setup(self):
self.model["dry_run"] = False
self.model["raw_format"] = False
self.model["compiler_handler_module"] = None
self.model["extra_args"] = []
self.model["serial"] = False
self.model["force"] = False
self.model["no_colors"] = False
self.model["quiet"] = False
self.model["debug"] = False
self.model["analyze"] = False
self.model["use_valgrind"] = False
self.model["ignore_errors"] = False
self.model["verbose"] = False
self.model["source_root"] = None
# remove when backward compatibility is not needed.
self.compiler_handler = None
# convenience functions
def dry_run(self): return self.model["dry_run"]
def raw_format(self): return self.model["raw_format"]
def compiler_handler_module(self): return self.model["compiler_handler_module"]
def extra_args(self): return self.model["extra_args"]
def serial(self): return self.model["serial"]
def force(self): return self.model["force"]
def no_colors(self): return self.model["no_colors"]
def quiet(self): return self.model["quiet"]
def debug(self): return self.model["debug"]
def analyze(self): return self.model["analyze"]
def use_valgrind(self): return self.model["use_valgrind"]
def ignore_errors(self): return self.model["ignore_errors"]
def verbose(self): return self.model["verbose"]
def source_root(self): return self.model["source_root"]
# serialize and deserialize to and from environment variable
def serialize(self):
serialized = json.dumps( self.model)
env.set("CASUAL_MAKE_SETTING_SERIALIZED", serialized)
def deserialize(self):
deserialized = env.get("CASUAL_MAKE_SETTING_SERIALIZED")
if deserialized:
self.model = json.loads(deserialized)
settings = Settings()
def environment(args):
"""
update environment to manage application flow
"""
if args.dry_run:
settings.model["dry_run"] = True
if args.raw_format:
settings.model["raw_format"] = True
# use your own compiler handler with this option
if args.compiler_handler:
settings.model["compiler_handler_module"] = args.compiler_handler
# remove when backward compatibility is not needed.
settings.compiler_handler = args.compiler_handler
# use built-in compiler handler which uses g++
elif args.compiler == 'g++':
module = None
if platform.system() == 'Darwin':
module = "casual.make.platform.osx"
elif platform.system() == 'Linux':
module = "casual.make.platform.linux"
elif platform.system().startswith('CYGWIN'):
module = "casual.make.platform.cygwin"
else:
message = "Platform " + platform.system() + " not supported"
raise SystemError(message)
settings.model["compiler_handler_module"] = module
# remove when backward compatibility is not needed.
settings.compiler_handler = module
elif args.compiler == 'cl':
settings.model["compiler_handler_module"] = "casual.make.platform.windows"
else:
raise SystemError("Compilerhandler not given or not supported")
if args.extra_args:
settings.model["extra_args"] = " ".join(args.extra_args)
if args.serial:
settings.model["serial"] = True
if args.force:
settings.model["force"] = True
if args.no_colors:
settings.model["no_colors"] = True
if args.quiet:
settings.model["quiet"] = True
if args.debug:
settings.model["debug"] = True
if args.analyze:
settings.model["analyze"] = True
if args.use_valgrind:
settings.model["use_valgrind"] = True
if args.ignore_errors:
settings.model["ignore_errors"] = True
if args.verbose:
settings.model["verbose"] = True
if not env.get("CASUAL_MAKE_SOURCE_ROOT"):
# setup environment
import importlib
compiler_handler_module = importlib.import_module(
settings.compiler_handler_module())
gitpath = subprocess.check_output(
["git", "rev-parse", "--show-toplevel"]).rstrip().decode()
normalized_path = compiler_handler_module.normalize_paths(gitpath)
settings.model["source_root"] = normalized_path
env.set("CASUAL_MAKE_SOURCE_ROOT", settings.source_root())
else:
settings.model["source_root"] = env.get("CASUAL_MAKE_SOURCE_ROOT")
# serialize to setting to environment variable to be able to use spawn
settings.serialize()
| 38,840 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147100
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Legio I Flavia Pacis
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 720 | 1,668 |
Legio I Flavia Pacis
römische Armee
Legio I Flavia Pacis ist ein(e) Römische Legion
Legio I Flavia Pacis Bild Legio I Flavia Pacis.png
Legio I Flavia Pacis Ort Britannia
Legio I Flavia Pacis Commons-Kategorie Legio I Flavia Pacis
Legio I Flavia Pacis Staat Römisches Reich
Legio I Flavia Pacis Zeitraum Römisches Kaiserreich
Legio I Flavia Pacis Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/12391z00
I Флавиев легион Миротворец
I Флавиев легион Миротворец екземпляр на Легион
I Флавиев легион Миротворец изображение Legio I Flavia Pacis.png
I Флавиев легион Миротворец местоположение Британия
I Флавиев легион Миротворец категория в Общомедия Legio I Flavia Pacis
I Флавиев легион Миротворец държава Древен Рим
I Флавиев легион Миротворец епоха Римска империя
Legio I Flavia Pacis
Legio I Flavia Pacis это частный случай понятия римский легион
Legio I Flavia Pacis изображение Legio I Flavia Pacis.png
Legio I Flavia Pacis местонахождение Британия
Legio I Flavia Pacis категория на Викискладе Legio I Flavia Pacis
Legio I Flavia Pacis государство Древний Рим
Legio I Flavia Pacis эра Римская империя
Legio I Flavia Pacis код в Google Knowledge Graph /g/12391z00
Legio I Flavia Pacis
Legio I Flavia Pacis instancia de legión romana
Legio I Flavia Pacis imagen Legio I Flavia Pacis.png
Legio I Flavia Pacis ubicación Britania
Legio I Flavia Pacis categoría en Commons Legio I Flavia Pacis
Legio I Flavia Pacis país Antigua Roma
Legio I Flavia Pacis periodo histórico Imperio romano
Legio I Flavia Pacis identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/12391z00
Legio I Flavia Pacis
Legio I Flavia Pacis є одним із Легіон
Legio I Flavia Pacis зображення Legio I Flavia Pacis.png
Legio I Flavia Pacis місце розташування Римська Британія
Legio I Flavia Pacis категорія Вікісховища Legio I Flavia Pacis
Legio I Flavia Pacis країна Стародавній Рим
Legio I Flavia Pacis історичний період Римська імперія
Legio I Flavia Pacis Google Knowledge Graph /g/12391z00
Legio I Flavia Pacis
Roman legion
Legio I Flavia Pacis instance of Roman legion
Legio I Flavia Pacis image Legio I Flavia Pacis.png
Legio I Flavia Pacis location Roman Britain
Legio I Flavia Pacis Commons category Legio I Flavia Pacis
Legio I Flavia Pacis country Ancient Rome
Legio I Flavia Pacis time period Roman Empire
Legio I Flavia Pacis Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/12391z00
Legiunea I Flavia Pacis
legiune romană
Legiunea I Flavia Pacis este un/o Legiune romană
Legiunea I Flavia Pacis imagine Legio I Flavia Pacis.png
Legiunea I Flavia Pacis locul actual Anglia romană
Legiunea I Flavia Pacis categorie la Commons Legio I Flavia Pacis
Legiunea I Flavia Pacis țară Roma Antică
Legiunea I Flavia Pacis perioadă Imperiul Roman
Legiunea I Flavia Pacis Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/12391z00
Unua Legio Flavia Paca
Romia legio
Unua Legio Flavia Paca estas legio
Unua Legio Flavia Paca bildo Legio I Flavia Pacis.png
Unua Legio Flavia Paca loko Romia Britio
Unua Legio Flavia Paca Komuneja kategorio Legio I Flavia Pacis
Unua Legio Flavia Paca lando Roma regno
Unua Legio Flavia Paca periodo Romia Imperio
Unua Legio Flavia Paca identigilo en Scio-Grafo de Google /g/12391z00
הלגיון הראשון פלביה פאקיס
הלגיון הראשון פלביה פאקיס מופע של לגיון
הלגיון הראשון פלביה פאקיס תמונה Legio I Flavia Pacis.png
הלגיון הראשון פלביה פאקיס מיקום בריטניה
הלגיון הראשון פלביה פאקיס קטגוריה בוויקישיתוף Legio I Flavia Pacis
הלגיון הראשון פלביה פאקיס מדינה רומא העתיקה
הלגיון הראשון פלביה פאקיס תקופה האימפריה הרומית
הלגיון הראשון פלביה פאקיס מזהה גרף הידע של גוגל /g/12391z00
Legio I Flavia Pacis
légion romaine
Legio I Flavia Pacis nature de l’élément légion romaine
Legio I Flavia Pacis image Legio I Flavia Pacis.png
Legio I Flavia Pacis lieu Bretagne romaine
Legio I Flavia Pacis catégorie Commons Legio I Flavia Pacis
Legio I Flavia Pacis pays Rome antique
Legio I Flavia Pacis période Empire romain
Legio I Flavia Pacis identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/12391z00
Legio I Flavia Pacis
Legio I Flavia Pacis est Legio Romana
Legio I Flavia Pacis imago Legio I Flavia Pacis.png
Legio I Flavia Pacis situs Britannia
Legio I Flavia Pacis categoria apud Communia Legio I Flavia Pacis
Legio I Flavia Pacis civitas Roma antiqua
Legió I Flavia Pacis
legió romana
Legió I Flavia Pacis instància de legió romana
Legió I Flavia Pacis imatge Legio I Flavia Pacis.png
Legió I Flavia Pacis localització Britànnia
Legió I Flavia Pacis categoria de Commons Legio I Flavia Pacis
Legió I Flavia Pacis estat antiga Roma
Legió I Flavia Pacis període Imperi Romà
Legió I Flavia Pacis identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/12391z00
| 965 |
W4251211859.txt_1
|
German-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 1,962 | 3,457 |
Journal of European Integration History
Revue d’Histoire de l’Intégration Européenne
Zeitschrift für Geschichte der europäischen Integration
Contents
Edited by
The European Union Liaison
Commitee of Historians
Antonio VARSORI
Crisis and stabilization in Southern Europe
during the 1970s: Western strategy,
European instruments
Mario DEL PERO
A European Solution for a European Crisis. The
International implications of Portugal’s Revolution
Ana Monica FONSECA
The Federal Republic of Germany and the
Portuguese Transition to Democracy (1974-1976)
Elena CALANDRI
A special relationship under strain: Turkey and
the EEC, 1963–1976
1
2009
Volume 15
Pages 1 - 196
ISSN 0947-9511
Antonio MUÑOZ SÁNCHEZ
A European Answer to the Spanish Question:
The SPD and the End of the Franco Dictatorship
Giovanni BERNARDINI
Stability and socialist autonomy: The SPD, the PSI
and the Italian political crisis of the 1970s
Nomos
https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2009-1-1
Generiert durch IP '51.159.168.146', am 14.07.2024, 12:48:16.
Das Erstellen und Weitergeben von Kopien dieses PDFs ist nicht zulässig.
Journal of European Integration History
Revue d’Histoire de l’Intégration Européenne
Zeitschrift für Geschichte der europäischen Integration
1/2009
Volume 15
Pages 1–196
Editors: Published twice a year by the Groupe de liaison des professeurs d’histoire contemporaine
auprès de la Commission européenne. This publication is part of the Network of Excellence EUCONSENT. It is financed by the Ministère d’Etat, Présidence du gouvernement of the Grand Duchy
of Luxembourg.
Editorial Board: Wilfried Loth (chairman), Universität Essen (Jean Monnet Chair) | Marie-Thérèse
Bitsch, Université de Strasbourg III Robert Schuman (Jean Monnet Chair) | Gérard Bossuat,
Université de Cergy-Pontoise (Jean Monnet Chair) | Anne Deighton, Wolfson College, Oxford (Jean
Monnet Chair) | Michel Dumoulin, Université catholique de Louvain (Jean Monnet Chair) | Michael
Gehler, Universität Hildesheim (Jean Monnet Chair) | Fernando Guirao, Universitat Pompeu Fabra,
Barcelona (Jean Monnet Chair) | Johnny Laursen, University of Aarhus | N. Piers Ludlow, London
School of Economics | Alan S. Milward, European University Institute, Florence | Klaus Schwabe,
Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen (Jean Monnet Chair) | Gilbert Trausch,
Centre Robert Schuman, Université de Liège | Jan van der Harst, University of Groningen (Jean
Monnet Chair) | Antonio Varsori, Università di Padova (Jean Monnet Chair)
Editorial Secretariat: Charles Barthel, director, Centre d’études et de recherches européennes, Robert
Schuman, 4 Rue Jules Wilhelm, L-2728 Luxembourg, Tel.: (3 52) 24 78 22 90, Fax.: (3 52) 42 27 97
Contents / Table des matières / Inhalt
Antonio Varsori
Crisis and stabilization in Southern Europe during the 1970s:
Western strategy, European instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
5
Mario Del Pero
A European Solution for a European Crisis. The International implications of
Portugal’s Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
15
Ana Monica Fonseca
The Federal Republic of Germany and the Portuguese Transition to
Democracy (1974-1976) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
35
Elena Calandri
A special relationship under strain: Turkey and the EEC, 1963–1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
57
Antonio Muñoz Sánchez
A European Answer to the Spanish Question: The SPD and the End of the
Franco Dictatorship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
77
Giovanni Bernardini
Stability and socialist autonomy: The SPD, the PSI and the Italian political crisis
of the 1970s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
95
Book reviews – Comptes rendus – Buchbesprechungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
115
PHD Theses – Thèses de doctorat – Doktorarbeiten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2009-1-1
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4th RICHIE conference: “National cultures and European common identity:
A challenge for the European union” (11-13 December 2008) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Abstracts – Résumés – Zusammenfassungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Contributors – Auteurs – Autoren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Impressum
Editorial Secretariat: Charles Barthel, director | Centre d’études et de recherches européennes | Robert
Schuman | 4 Rue Jules Wilhelm | L-2728 Luxembourg | Tel.: (3 52) 24 78 22 90 | Fax.: (3 52) 42 27 97
Published twice a year by the Groupe de liaison des professeurs d’histoire contemporaine auprès de la
Commission européenne.
Annual subscription: 66,– €, postage and packing extra | Single issues: 34,– €
Payments can be made
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Print: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, Postfach 100 310, 76484 Baden-Baden, Telefon
0 72 21 / 21 04-0, Telefax 0 72 21 / 21 04 43.
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ISSN 0947-9511
https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2009-1-1
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The Liaison Committee of Historians came into being in 1982 as a result of an important international
symposium that the Commission had organized in Luxembourg to launch historical research on European integration. The committee is composed of historians of the European Union member countries
who work on contemporary history.
The Liaison Committee:
– gathers and conveys information about work on European history after the Second World War;
– advises the European Union on research projects concerning contemporary European history.
Thus, the Liaison Committee was commissioned to make publicly available the archives of the
Community institutions;
– enables researchers to make better use of the archival sources;
– promotes research meetings to get an update of work in progress and to stimulate new research:
seven research conferences have been organized and their proceedings published.
The Journal of European Integration History – Revue d’histoire de l’intégration européenne – Zeitschrift
für Geschichte der europäischen Integration is in line with the preoccupations of the Liaison Committee.
Being the first history journal to deal exclusively with the history of European Integration, the Journal
offers the increasing number of young historians devoting their research to contemporary Europe,
a permanent forum.
The Liaison Committee works completely independently and according to historians’ critical
method.
❋
L e Groupe de liaison des professeurs d’histoire contemporaine auprès de la Commission des
Communautés européennes s’est constitué en 1982 à la suite d’un grand colloque que la Commission
avait organisé à Luxembourg pour lancer la recherche historique sur la construction européenne. Il
regroupe des professeurs d’université des pays membres de l’Union européenne, spécialistes d’histoire
contemporaine.
Le Groupe de liaison a pour mission:
– de diffuser l’information sur les travaux portant sur l’histoire de l’Europe après la Seconde Guerre
mondiale;
– de conseiller l’Union européenne sur les actions scientifiques à entreprendre avec son appui; ainsi
le Groupe de liaison a assuré une mission concernant la mise à la disposition du public des archives
des institutions communautaires;
– d’aider à une meilleure utilisation par les chercheurs des moyens de recherche mis à leur disposition
(archives, sources orales...);
– d’encourager des rencontres scientifiques afin de faire le point sur les connaissances acquises et de
susciter de nouvelles recherches: sept grands colloques ont été organisés et leurs actes publiés.
L’édition du Journal of European Integration History – Revue d’histoire de l’intégration européenne –
Zeitschrift für Geschichte der europäischen Integration se situe dans le droit fil des préoccupations du
Groupe de liaison. Première revue d’histoire à se consacrer exclusivement à l’histoire de la construction européenne, le Journal se propose de fournir un forum permanent au nombre croissant de jeunes
historiens vouant leurs recherches à l’Europe contemporaine.
Le Groupe de liaison organise ses colloques et publications en toute indépendance et conformément
à la méthode critique qui est celle des historiens.
https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2009-1-1
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Editorial notice
Articles for inclusion in this journal may be submitted at any time. The editorial board will then arrange
for the article to be refereed. Articles should not be longer than 6000 words, footnotes included. They
may be in English, French or German.
Articles submitted to the Journal should be original contributions and not be submitted to any other
publication at the same time as to the Journal of European Integration History. Authors should retain
a copy of their article. The publisher and editors cannot accept responsibility for loss of or damage to
authors’ typescripts or disks.
The accuracy of, and views expressed in articles and reviews are the sole responsibility of the authors.
Authors should ensure that typescripts conform with the journal style. Prospective contributors should
obtain further guidelines from the Editorial Secretariat.
Articles, reviews, communications relating to articles and books for review should be sent to the Editorial
Secretariat.
Citation
The Journal of European Integration History may be cited as follows:
JEIH, (Year)/(Number), (Page).
© 2009 NOMOS Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden and the Groupe de liaison des professeurs d’histoire
contemporaine auprès de la Commission européenne. Printed in Germany.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without
prior permission of the publishers.
https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2009-1-1
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| 8,469 |
https://github.com/DFID/aidstream-ogd/blob/master/resources/views/Activity/result/edit.blade.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
aidstream-ogd
|
DFID
|
PHP
|
Code
| 117 | 580 |
@extends('app')
@section('title', trans('title.result').' - ' . $activityData->IdentifierTitle)
@section('content')
<div class="container main-container">
<div class="row">
@include('includes.side_bar_menu')
<div class="col-xs-9 col-md-9 col-lg-9 content-wrapper">
@include('includes.response')
<div class="element-panel-heading">
<div>
@if(isset($resultId))
<span>@lang('title.edit_result')</span>
@else
<span>@lang('title.create_result')</span>
@endif
<div class="element-panel-heading-info"><span>{{$activityData->IdentifierTitle}}</span></div>
<div class="panel-action-btn btn-action-wrap">
<a href="{{route('activity.result.show',[$id, $resultId])}}" class="btn btn-primary btn-view-it">@lang('global.view_result')</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-md-8 col-lg-8 element-content-wrapper result-content-wrapper">
<div class="panel panel-default">
<div class="panel-body">
<div class="create-form">
{!! form($form) !!}
</div>
<div class="collection-container hidden"
data-prototype="{{ form_row($form->result->prototype()) }}">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
@include('includes.activity.element_menu')
</div>
</div>
</div>
@endsection
@section('script')
<script>
//js for form input check and leave page alert
$('form').delegate('textarea:not(".ignore_change"), select:not(".ignore_change"), input:not(".ignore_change")', 'change keyup', function (e) {
var element = $(e.target);
if (e.isTrigger !== undefined && (element.is('input') || element.is('textarea') || element.is('select'))) {
return false;
}
preventNavigation = true;
});
</script>
@endsection
| 31,237 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44929013
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
|
L. Lowe, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2377793, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6404321, walen
|
Sardinian
|
Spoken
| 386 | 1,060 |
Don't Want Loading Image while Srting or Paging in GWT 2.4 CellTable
I am using GWT 2.4 and have created a CellTable:
table = new CellTable<Home>();
pager = new SimplePager(SimplePager.TextLocation.LEFT);
idColumn = new TextColumn<Home>() {
@Override
public String getValue(Home home) {
return home.getHomeId();
}
};
idColumn.setSortable(true);
TextColumn<Home> addressColumn = new TextColumn<Home>() {
@Override
public String getValue(Home home) {
return home.getAddress();
}
};
postcodeColumn = new TextColumn<Home>() {
@Override
public String getValue(Home home) {
return home.getPostcode();
}
};
postcodeColumn.setSortable(true);
TextColumn<Home> productColumn = new TextColumn<Home>() {
@Override
public String getValue(Home home) {
return home.getProduct();
}
};
table.addColumn(uriColumn, "");
table.addColumn(idColumn, "HomeID");
table.addColumn(addressColumn, "Address");
table.addColumn(postcodeColumn, "Postcode");
table.addColumn(productColumn, "Product");
table.setVisibleRange(0,10);
pager.setDisplay(table);
final AsyncDataProvider<Home> dataProvider = new HomesDataProvider();
// Connect the list to the data provider.
dataProvider.addDataDisplay(table);
ColumnSortEvent.AsyncHandler columnSortHandler = new ColumnSortEvent.AsyncHandler(table);
table.addColumnSortHandler(columnSortHandler);
// default sort on the home id
table.getColumnSortList().push(idColumn);
which, as you can see also uses an AsyncDataProvider to fetch the data and a SimplePager to paginate.
The AsyncDataProvider is as follows:
private class HomesDataProvider extends AsyncDataProvider<Home> {
@Override
protected void onRangeChanged(HasData<Home> homeData) {
final int start = homeData.getVisibleRange().getStart();
int length = homeData.getVisibleRange().getLength();
final ColumnSortList sortList = table.getColumnSortList();
JSONObject searchParametersJson = null;
if (sortList != null && sortList.size() > 0) {
ColumnSortList.ColumnSortInfo sortColumn = sortList.get(0);
String sortDirection = (sortColumn.isAscending()) ? "asc" : "desc";
Column<?, ?> column = sortColumn.getColumn();
int sortColumnIndex = -1;
if (column.equals(idColumn)) {
sortColumnIndex = 2;
} else if (column.equals(postcodeColumn)) {
sortColumnIndex = 4;
}
searchParametersJson = getSearchCallParameters(start, length, sortColumnIndex, sortDirection);
}
RPC.fetchHomes(searchParameters, CookieManager.getUsername(), new CallbackAction<SearchResultList<Home>>() {
@Override
public void execute(SearchResultList<Home> results) {
if (results != null && results.getResultList().size() > 0) {
updateRowCount(results.getTotalRecords(), true);
updateRowData(start, results.getResultList());
}
}
});
}
}
The table displays fine and the data is correct. The problem is that when I click to sort a column or to view another page on the pager, the loading image appears until the data has loaded. The client has said this is too jerky and distracting and he would rather the display change from the old set of rows to the new set of rows without clearing down the table first, as demonstrated in the showcase http://samples.gwtproject.org/samples/Showcase/Showcase.html#!CwCellTable. How can I do this?
I tried table.setLoadingIndicator(null); and this stops the spinner from appearing but it still clears the table before loading the new data.
What's the code for updateRowCount and updateRowData?
Those are methods inherited from AsyncDataProvider.
| 36,581 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/57264397
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,019 |
Stack Exchange
|
Michael Yuwono, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2252830, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4266182, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4603998, jazzbpn, pskink
|
English
|
Spoken
| 693 | 1,299 |
How to convert image to uint8list in flutter without using async?
PdfImage requires Uint8List as param but I have ImageProvider. So how can we convert image to uint8list in flutter?
var imageProvider = AssetImage('assets/test.jpg');
final image = PdfImage(
pdf.document,
image:???, /// Uint8List required
width: img.width,
height: img.height,
);
Using FutureBuilder:
simply use rootBundle.load(), as it returns a Future you have to use then method after load completes
Your answer is correct in normal case. But in my case it little bit different. I Have to render image in pdf. So, I need to work without async func in stateless widget
where did i say async? i said: use then method
I have to use this in build function that return the stateless widget. So, how to do this?
Nope unable to use it when using the packages: 'package:flutter/widgets.dart' as fw; and 'package:pdf/widgets.dart'
@pskink Please check the about screenshot.
Let us continue this discussion in chat.
I have to use this package: import 'package:pdf/widgets.dart' as pw; ERROR: The function 'FutureBuilder' isn't defined.
Note: I think the FutureBuilder may not till build in the pdf-package.
I can't use the material package because I am working on dart_pdf library.
ok, first of all, what do you want to use with PdfImage? what do you need it for? what does it have to do with your custom StatelessWidget? is it used by its build() method? - if you just want to save your pdf file then do not mix pdf widgets and flutter widgets
First, I want to split the child widget to smaller ones. Reason, the child widget container contains the dynamic image list that has to render in pdf.
Note: I had already chat with the package builder of dart_pdf. He mentioned it is not possible to create the image without using async.
Child widget container contains the dynamic image list that has to render in pdf. I just want to render the image in pdf and download. Sorry, If I didn't get your question.
Use rootBundle.load()
(await rootBundle.load(/*YOUR IMAGE PATH HERE*/)).buffer.asUint8List()
UPDATE
As load() is an async operation, you need to wait until the data is fully loaded. Try substituting the UI with some loading indicator until then.
ByteData imageData;
@override
void initState() {
rootBundle.load('assets/test.jpg')
.then((data) => setState(() => this.imageData = data));
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
if (imageData == null) {
return Center(child: CircularProgressIndicator());
}
final image = PdfImage(
pdf.document,
image: imageData.buffer.asUint8List(),
width: img.width,
height: img.height,
);
...
}
The await expression can only be used in an asynchronous function.
Try marking the function body with either 'async' or 'async*' ??
Is is possible to convert without async call?
Your answer is correct in normal case. But in my case it little bit different. I Have to render image in pdf. So, I need to work without async func in stateless widget.
Sorry this is the only way I know
Used packages: 'package:flutter/widgets.dart' as fw;
and 'package:pdf/widgets.dart';
I tried different solutions to convert image to UInt8List and finally found one Solution. It worked for me.
XFile? image = await imagePicker.pickImage(
source: ImageSource.gallery,
); // Upload file from gallery
final bytes = await image!.readAsBytes(); // Converts the file to UInt8List
for the output, i used MemoryImage
MemoryImage(bytes!);
in Flutter, attaching local image to pdf file.
Actually It's a simple solution to add our local image to pdf file.
just copy paste the following code and try
final ByteData bytes = await rootBundle.load('assets/logo.jpg');
final Uint8List list = bytes.buffer.asUint8List();
final image = PdfImage.file(
pdf.document,
bytes: list,
);
pdf.addPage(pw.Page(build: (pw.Context context) {
return pw.Center(
child: pw.Image(image),
); // Center
}));
You could split initState into two if you prefer:
@override
void initState() {
loadAsset('test.jpg');
}
void loadAsset(string name) async {
var data = await rootBundle.load('assets/$name');
setState(() => this.imageData = data);
}
Note that this will cause build() to run an extra time but I find it easier on the eye. With Michael's circular Indicator, this is a harmless extra cycle.
The short answer: "You can't".
But this package contains all possible image converters with sync and async. Code example with sync:
final r = source.widgetImageSync;
// or
... = source.uiImageSync;
... = source.uint8ListSync;
... = source.imageProviderSync;
| 461 |
wagnersmusicdram1923kobb_3
|
German-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,904 |
Wagner's music-dramas analyzed, with the leading motives : Niebelung ; Tristan ; Mastersingers ; Parsifal
|
Kobbé, Gustav, 1857-1918
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,508 | 9,545 |
As she advances hastily toward Wotan, her angry, passionate demeanor is reflected by the orchestra, and this effective musical expression of Fricka's ire is often heard in the course of the scene. When near Wotan, she moderates her pace and her angry demeanor gives way to sullen dignity. This change is also graphically depicted in the orchestra in a phrase based on the fourth bar of the Fricka motive (page 89, lines 2 (last bar) and 3). Wotan feigns ignorance of the cause of Fricka's agitation and asks what it is that harasses her. Her reply is preceded by the stern Hunding motive. She tells Wotan that she, as the protectress of the sanctity of the marriage vow, has heard Hunding's voice calling for vengeance upon the Wälsung twins. Her words, "His voice for vengeance is raised," are set to a phrase strongly suggestive of Alberich's curse. It seems as though the avenging Nibelung were pursuing Wotan's children and thus striking a blow at Wotan himself through Fricka. The Love motive breathes through Wotan's protest that Siegmund and Sieglinde only yielded to the magic of the spring night. There is a superbly forceful strain when Wotan exclaims (page 91) : For when strong spirits are rampant, I rouse them ever to strife. The "wrathful" phrase, expressive of Fricka's anger, nears at the beginning of the scene, introduces her invective against the nuptial union of brother and sister, which reaches a stormy climax with her exclamation: When was it heard of, That brother and sister Were lovers? With the cool impudence of a fin de siecle husband, who is bandying words in a domestic spat, Wotan replies: Now it's been heard of! Wotan argues that Siegmund and Sieglinde are True lovers, and Fricka should smile instead of venting her wrath on them. The motive of the Love Song, the Love Motive, and the caressing phrase heard in the love scene are beautifully blended with Wotans words. In strong contrast to these motives is the music in Fricka's outburst of wrath, introduced by the phrase reflecting her ire, which is repeated several times in the course of this episode. This is followed at the words, "Why mourn I thus over virtue and vows," by a phrase which has a touch of pathos, for she is complaining of Wotan's faithlessness. When she upbraids him for his lapses with Erda, the results of which were the Valkyries, you hear the motive of the Ride of the Valkyries. The passage concludes with a paroxysm of rage, Fricka bidding Wotan to complete his work and let the Wälsungs in their triumph trample her under their feet. Wotan explains to her why he begat the Wälsung race and the hopes he has founded upon it. But Fricka mistrusts him. What can mortals accomplish that the gods, who are far mightier than mortals, cannot accomplish? Handeling must be avenged on Siegmund and Sieglinde. Wotan must withdraw his protection from Siegmund. Now appears a phrase which expresses Wotan's impotent wrath — impotent because Fricka brings forward the unanswerable argument that if the Wälsungs go unpunished by her, as guardian of the marriage vow, she, the Queen of the Gods, will be held up to the scorn of mankind. Motive of Wotan's Wrath. Wotan would fain save the Wälsungs. But Fricka's argument is conclusive. He cannot protect Siegmund and Sieglinde, because their escape from punishment would bring degradation upon the queen-goddess and the whole race of the gods, and result in their immediate fall. Wotan's wrath rises at the thought of sacrificing his beloved children to the vengeance of Hunding, but he is impotent. His far-reaching plans are brought to nought. He sees the hope of having the Ring restored to the Rhinedaughters by the voluntary act of a hero of the Wälsung race vanish. The curse of Alberich hangs over him like a dark, threatening cloud. Brünnhilde's joyous shouts are heard from the height. Wotan exclaims that he had summoned the Valkyrie to do battle for Siegmund. In broad, stately measures, Fricka proclaims that her honor shall be guarded by Brünnhilde's shield and demands of Wotan an oath that in the coming combat the Wälsung shall fall. Wotan takes the oath and throws himself dejectedly down upon his rocky seat. Fricka strides toward the back. She causes a moment with a gesture of queenly command before Brünnhilde, who has led her horse down the height and into a cave to the right. It will be remembered that when in the beginning of this scene Fricka advanced toward Wotan we heard a phrase expressive of sullen dignity. The scene closes with this phrase, but now no longer sullen. It rises in proud beauty like a queenly woman exacting homage. This is one of those finely artistic touches in which Wagner is peerless. I have purposely gone somewhat into the details of this scene because it is still so much misunderstood. Yet it is one of Wagner's finest conceptions, and as such it will doubtless be universally ranked at some future day. Aside from the contrast which Fricka, as the champion of virtue, affords to the forbidden revels of the spring night — a contrast of truly dramatic value — we witness the pathetic spectacle of a mighty god vainly struggling to avert ruin from his race. That it is to irresistible fate and not merely to Fricka that Wotan succumbs is made clear by the darkly ominous notes of Alberich's curse, which resound as Wotan, wrapped in gloomy brooding, leans back against the rocky seat, and also when, in a paroxysm of despair, he gives vent to his feelings, a passage which for overpowering intensity of expression stands out even from among Wagner's writings. The final words of this outburst of grief, The saddest of all men, are set to this variant of the Motive of Renunciation; the meaning of this phrase having been expanded from the renunciation of love by Alberich to cover the renunciation of happiness which is forced upon Wotan by avenging fate: D.| Brimhilde casts away shield, spear and helmet, and sinking down at Wotan's feet looks up to him with affectionate anxiety. Here we see in the Valkyrie the touch of tenderness, without which a truly heroic character is never complete. Musically, it is beautifully expressed by the Love Motive, which, when Wotan, as if awakening from a reverie, fondly strokes her hair, goes over into the Siegmund Motive. It is over the fate of his beloved Wälsungs that Wotan has been brooding. Immediately following Brünnhilde's words, "What am I, were I not thy will," is a wonderfully soft yet rich melody on four horns. It is one of those beautiful details in which Wagner's works abound, yet, although these details are as numerous as they are beautiful, they seem to have escaped the attention of a good many critics. Or have these critics made an effort not to perceive them? In Wotan's narrative, which now follows, the chief of the gods tells Brünnhilde of the events which have brought this sorrow upon him, of his failure to restore the stolen gold to the Rhine-daughters; of his dread of Alberich's curse; how she and her sister Valkyrs were born to him by Erda; of the necessity that a hero should without aid of the gods gain the Ring and Tarn-helmet from Fafner and restore the Rhine-gold to the Rhine-daughters; how he begot the Wälsungs and inured them to hardships in the hope that one of the race would free the gods from Alberich's curse; of a prophecy uttered by Erda, that the end of the gods would be wrought if Alberich could win a woman as wife and beget a son; that Alberich had won a wife and an heir was about to be born to him. It will have been observed that a considerable portion of Wotan's narrative covers some of the events which were enacted in Rhinegold. Hence a portion of the narrative is unnecessary and therefore undoubtedly faulty from a purely dramatic standpoint. It may also be not unjustly questioned if in other portions the narrative does not go into details beyond the dramatic requirements. Both the scene between Wotan and Fricka and the narrative are too long to be given in their entirety in a performance which begins as late as eight P.M. When, however, Wagner's works are performed as they are at Bayreuth, where the performances begin at four in the afternoon and there are long intermissions during which the listeners can saunter about the grounds surrounding the theatre, not a note should be omitted. There cannot be under such conditions the faintest suggestion of fatigue from an undue mental strain, even on the part of those who have become so accustomed to the insipidity of the old-fashioned opera that they are appalled at the mere thought — provided they retain the power of thinking— of mental effort in connection with a musico-dramatic work. Whatever fault may be found with Wotan's narrative — or rather portions of it — from a purely dramatic point of view, it is musically most expressive from its first accents, uttered in a choked, suppressed voice, to its eloquent climax. The motives heard will be recognized, except one, which is new. This is expressive of the stress to which the gods are subjected through Wotan's crime. It is first heard when Wotan tells of the hero who alone can regain the ring. It is the Motif of the Gods' Stress: 39. ^=z^=^=g^g=^===^=^=g^g Excited by remorse and despair, Wotan bids farewell to the glory of the gods. Then, in terrible mockery, he blesses the Nibelung's heir. Terrified by this outburst of wrath, Brünnhilde asks what her duty shall be in the approaching combat. Wotan commands her to do Fricka's bidding and withdraw protection from Siegfried. "THE VALKYRIE." In vain Brünnhilde pleads for the Wälsung whom she knows Wotan loves, and wished a victor until Fricka exacted a promise from him to avenge Hunding. But her pleading is in vain, Wotan is no longer the all-powerful chief of the gods — through his breach of faith he has become the slave of fate. Hence we hear, as Wotan rushes away, driven by chagrin, rage and despair, chords heavy with the crushing force of fate. Slowly and sadly Brünnhilde bends down for her weapons, her actions being accompanied by the Valkyrie Motive. Bereft of its stormy impetuosity, it is as trist as her thoughts. Lost in sad reflections, which find beautiful expression in the orchestra, she turns toward the background. Suddenly, the sadly expressive phrases are interrupted by the Motive of Flight. Looking down into the valley, the Valkyrie perceives Siegmund and Sieglinde approaching in hasty flight. She then disappears in the cave. With magnificent crescendo, the Motive of Flight reaches its climax, and the two Wälsungs are seen through the natural arch. Sieglinde is hastening in advance of Siegmund. Seeking to restrain her flight, he clasps her tenderly. She stares wildly before her. Her terror of Hunding's pursuit has unsettled her reason. Siegmund speaks to her in gentle tones. Like a reminiscence of happier moments, there is heard the wooing, caressing phrase of the love scene in the first act. Sieglinde gazes with growing rapture into Siegmund's eyes and throws her arms around his neck. A fiercely impassioned phrase accompanies her impetuous action. Then, as her mien grows mournful, we hear the sadly reflective version of the Motive of Flight which preceded the Love Motive in the first act. "Away! Away!" she shrieks, suddenly starting up from her reverie. There is a dramatic change in the music, which wildly follows her terrified ejaculations. There is noble calmness and determination in Siegmund's assuring words to her. They are introduced by the Motif of the Wälsung's Fortitude— that eloquent phrase, expressive of the fortitude with which the race has borne the struggle with adverse fate. Here, Siegmund proposes to try the steel of his sword with Hunding. Then are heard in the distance the ominous notes of Hunding's horn, summoning his kinsmen to the pursuit of his wife and her lover. Siegfried starts up in despair. Does not Siegmund hear the avenger's call, bidding the sleuth-hounds join him in the hunt for human prey? An agonizing shriek and Sieglinde grows suddenly rigid and stares vacantly before her, as if demented. Eight chords of terrific force mark the climax of this scene. In the insanity of her terror, she believes that Siegmund is about to desert her, and with a wild cry of despair, she throws herself upon his breast. A moment later, she hears the distant notes of Hunding's horns, and starts up again in terror. She now believes that Siegmund has deserted her. Her agonized ejaculations, her heart-rending grief—these find wonderfully vivid expression. With a furious crescendo, the climax of the scene is reached, and Sieglinde sinks fainting into Siegmund's arms. Without releasing his hold upon her, Siegmund lets himself down upon a rocky seat, so that when he assumes a sitting posture, her head rests on his lap. Silently he gazes upon her, and then, while the Love Motif whispers of memories of bliss, he presses a kiss upon her brow. "THE VALKYRIE." 57 The Motive of Fate — so full of solemn import— is now heard: Brunhilde, leading her horse by the bridle, appears in the entrance of the cave, and advances slowly and solemnly to the front; then pauses and gazes upon Siegmund. While her earnest look rests upon him, there is heard the Motive of the Death-Song, a tragic, prophetic strain: Brunnhilde advances and then, pausing again, leans with one hand upon her charger's neck, and grasping shield and spear with the other, gazes upon Siegmund. Then there rises from the orchestra, in strains of rich, soft, alluring beauty, the Walhalla Motive. The Fate, Death-Song and Walhalla Motives recur, and Siegmund, raising his eyes and meeting Brunnhilde's look, questions her and receives her answers. The episode is so fraught with solemnity that the shadow of death seems to have fallen upon the scene. The solemn beauty of the music impresses itself the more upon the listener because of the agitated, agonized scene which preceded it. The alluring pleasures of Walhalla are depicted by the Walhalla Motive, beautifully blended with the Motive of the Valkyrs' Ride, as Brunnhilde announces that many warriors will greet Siegmund's coming; by the Walhalla Motive alone when she tells him that he will meet his Father, in Walhalla; by the Freia Motive, borne airily upon the buoyant Motive of the Valkyries' Ride, as she promises him beauteous wish-maidens will wait upon him in the warriors' heaven. But these allurements are nought to him. "Shall Siegmund there embrace Sieglinde?" he asks; and when Brunnhilde answers in the negative, he spurns the delights she has held out to him. Here he will stand and meet Hunding. Brunnhilde tells him that the sword upon which he relies will be shivered. He draws it to take Sieglinde's life and so pierce the fruit of their love. Moved to admiration by his heroic love, Brunnhilde, in a jubilant outburst, as though a sorrow had been lifted from her heart, proclaims that she will give victory to Siegmund. When she has disappeared, the scene gradually darkens. Heavy storm-clouds veil the crags and hide the peak from view. Siegmund tenderly soliloquizes over Sieglinde, and then kissing her gently upon the forehead, disappears among the clouds to meet Hunding. Sieglinde gradually regains her senses. The mountain is now veiled in black thunder-clouds. Hunding's voice is heard summoning Siegmund to combat. She staggers toward the peak. It is suddenly illuminated by lightning. In the lurid light, the combatants and Brünnhilde hovering above Siegfried are seen. As Siegfried aims a deadly stroke at the red light diffuses itself through the clouds. In it, Wotan appears. He interposes his spear. As the sword strikes, it, Siegfried's weapon is shattered and Hunding thrusts his spear into the Wälsung's breast. Sieglinde, with a wild shriek, falls to the ground. Brünnhilde rushes down to her, lifts her upon her steed and urges the charger down the defile. With a gesture of angry contempt, Wotan fells Hunding, and then, with a threat to visit upon Brünnhilde dire punishment for her revolt against his will, he disappears amid lightning and thunder. It is impossible in words to do justice to the savage beauty of this closing scene. The music is of the most dramatic character. The warring elements seem to add to the terror of this battle among the clouds. Amid these dark scenes, Alberich's second victim finds his death. Act III. The third act opens with the famous ride of the Valkyrs, a number so familiar that detailed reference to it is scarcely necessary. The wild maidens of Walhalla coursing upon winged steeds through storm-clouds, their weapons flashing in the gleam of lightning, their weird laughter mingling with the crash of thunder as they bear slain warriors to the hero's heaven — such is the episode Wagner has depicted with marvelous art. The climax of barbaric joy is reached when the voices of six of the sisters unite in the shout, "Hojotoho!" "Heia!" When eight of the Valkyrs have gathered upon the rocky summit of the mountain, which is their trysting-place, they see Brünnhilde approaching. The Motive of the Gods' Stress is the chief theme heard in the ensuing scene when Brünnhilde tells of her disobedience to Wotan and begs the Valkyries' aid to shield Sieglinde. The latter, who has been lost in gloomy brooding, starts at her rescuer's supplication and in strains replete with mournful beauty begs that she may be left to her fate and follow Siegmund in death. The glorious prophecy of Brünnhilde, in which she now foretells the birth of Siegfried to Sieglinde, is based upon the Siegfried Motive. Sieglinde in joyous frenzy blesses Brünnhilde and hastens to find safety in a dense forest to the eastward, the same forest in which Fafner, in the form of a serpent, guards the Rhinegold treasures. Wotan, in hot pursuit of Brünnhilde, reaches the mountain summit. In vain her sisters entreat him to spare her. He harshly threatens them unless they cease their entreaties, and with wild cries of fear they hastily depart. In the ensuing scene between Wotan and Brünnhilde, in which the latter seeks to justify her action, is heard one of the most beautiful themes of the cycle. It is the Motive of Brünnhilde's Pleading, which finds its loveliest expression when she addresses Wotan in the passage beginning : Thou, who this love within my breast inspired. In the scene there are many passages of rare beauty and many climaxes of great dramatic power. The principal motives employed therein the listener will readily recognize, so that it is only necessary to give in notation the Slumber Motive: etc. "THE VALKYRIE." This great scene between Wotan and Brunnhilde is introduced by an orchestral passage. The Valkyrie lies in penitence at her father's feet. In the expressive orchestral measures, the Motive of Wotan's Wrath mingles with that of Brunnhilde's Pleading. The motives thus form a prelude to the scene in which the Valkyrie seeks to appease her father's anger, not through a specious plea, but by laying bare the promptings of a noble heart, which forced her, against the chief god's command, to intervene for Siegmund. The Motive of Brunnhilde's Pleading is heard in its simplest form at Brunnhilde's words: Was it so shameful what I have done, and it may be noticed that as she proceeds, the Motive of Wotan's Wrath, heard in the accompaniment, grows less stern until, with her plea, Soften thy wrath, it assumes a tone of regretful sorrow. Wotan's feelings toward Brunnhilde have softened for the time from anger to grief that he must mete out punishment for her disobedience. In his reply, excitement subsides to gloom. It would be difficult to point to other music more touchingly expressive of deep contrition than the phrase in which Brunnhilde pleads that Wotan himself taught her to love Siegmund. It is here. That the Motive of Brünnhilde's Plea assumes the form in the notation given above. Then we hear from Wotan that he had abandoned Siegmund to his fate, because he had lost hope in the cause of the gods and wished to end his woe in the wreck of the world. The weird terror of the Curse Motive hangs over this outburst of despair. In broad and beautiful strains, Wotan then depicts Brünnhilde blissfully yielding to her emotions when she intervened for Siegmund. At last, Brünnhilde seeks, with the prophecy of Siegfried, to move Wotan from his purpose, which is to punish her by causing her to fall into a deep sleep and thus become the prey of man. The motive of her pleading, reaching a magnificent climax, passes over to the stately Siegfried Motive as she prays Wotan to surround her sleeping form with horrors which only a true hero will dare to overcome. Let him conjure up fire around about her! Wotan raises her to her feet and gazes, overcome with deep emotion, into her eyes. After a majestic orchestral passage, there begins Wotan's farewell to Brünnhilde, which in all musico-dramatic numbers for bass voice has no peer. Such tender, mournful beauty has never found expression in music — and this, whether we regard the vocal part or the orchestral accompaniment in which the Slumber Motive quoted above is prominent. Wotan gently leads Brünnhilde to a table rock, upon which she sinks. He closes her helmet and covers her with her shield. Then, pointing his spear towards a huge rock, he invokes Loge. Tongues of fire leap up from crevices in the rocks. Flickering flames break out on all sides. The forest glows with fire. The magic conflagration — wildly fluttering flames — surrounds Wotan and Brünnhilde. He gazes fondly upon her form and then vanishes among the flames. The "Slumber" Motive, the "Magic Fire" Motive, and the "Siegfried" Motive combine to place the music of this scene with the most brilliant and beautiful portion of our heritage from the master-musician. Toward the close of this glorious finale, we hear again the ominous muttering of the Motive of Fate. Brünnhilde may be saved from ignominy, Siegfried may be born to Sieglinde — but the crushing weight of the hand of fate rests upon the race of the gods. SIEGFRIED The Nibelungs were not present in the dramatic action of "The Valkyrie," though the sinister influence of Alberich shaped the tragedy of Siegmund's death. In "Siegfried" several characters of "The Rhinegold," who do not take part in "The Valkyrie," reappear. These are the Nibelungs Alberich and Mime; the giant Fafner, who in the guise of a serpent guards the ring, the tarn-helmet and the Nibelung hoard in a cavern, and Erda. Siegfried has been born of Sieglinde, who died in giving birth to him. This scion of the Wälsung race has been reared by Mime, who is plotting to obtain possession of Fafner's treasures, and hopes to be aided in his designs by the lusty youth. Wotan, disguised as a wanderer, is watching the course of events, again hopeful that a hero of the Wälsung race will free the gods from Alberich's curse. Surrounded by magic fire, Brünnhilde still lies in deep slumber on the rock of the Valkyres. The Vorspiel of "Siegfried" is expressive of Mime's planning and plotting. It begins with music of mysterious, brooding character. Mingling with this is the Motive of the Hoard (No. 20), familiar from "The Rhinegold." Then is heard the Nibelung Motive (No. 18), and later, joined with it, the Motive of the Nibelung's Servitude (No. 3). After reaching a forceful climax, the Motive of the Nibelung passes over to the Motive of the Ring (No. 6), which rises from pianissimo to a crash of tremendous power. The ring is to be the prize of all Mime's plotting, when Siegfried, with a sword of Mime's forging, shall have slain Fafner. The felicitous use of the Sword Motive toward the close of the Vorspiel will be readily recognized, as well as the aptness of the Nibelung and Servitude Motives as expressive of Mime's slavish labors, and gaining further point when joined by the Dragon or Serpent Motive. The three motives last named are prominent in the opening scene, which shows Mime forging a sword at a natural forge formed in a rocky cave. In a soliloquy, he discloses the purpose of his labors and laments that Siegfried shivers every sword which has been forged for him. Could he (Mime) but unite the pieces of Siegfried's sword! At this thought, the Sword Motive rings out brilliantly, and is jubilantly repeated, accompanied by a variant of the Walhalla Motive. For if the pieces of the sword were welded together, and Siegfried were with it to slay Fafner, Mime could surreptitiously obtain possession of the ring, slay Siegfried, rule over the gods in Walhalla, and circumvent Albert's plans for regaining the hoard. This last aspect of Mime's plan is musically expressed by the mocking phrase heard when in "The Rhinegold" Wotan and Loge made sport over the pinioned Alberich. This passage will be found on pages 8 and 9 of the Kleinmichel piano-score with words, beginning at bar 16 of the former and ending at 3 of the latter. The nine bars are an admirable example of the wealth of meaning in Wagner's music-drama scores, a meaning perfectly intelligible to anyone who approaches the subject in a serious, studious mood. Mime is still at work when Siegfried enters, clad in a wild forest garb. Over it, a silver horn is slung. By a chain, the sturdy youth has captured a bear. He leads it by a bast rope, with which he gives it full play, so that it can make a dash at Mime. As the latter flees terrified behind the forge, Siegfried gives vent to his high spirits in shouts of laughter. Musically, his buoyant nature is expressed by a theme inspired by the fresh, joyful spirit of a wild, woodland life. It may be called, to distinguish it from the Siegfried Motive, the Motive of Siegfried the Fearless. It pervades with its joyous impetuosity the ensuing scene, in which Siegfried has his sport with Mime, until tiring of it, he loosens the rope from the bear's neck and drives the animal back into the forest. In a pretty, graceful phrase, Siegfried tells how he blew his horn, hoping it would be answered by a pleasanter companion than Mime. Then he examines the sword which Mime has been forging. The Siegfried Motive resounds as he inveighs against the weapon's weakness, until, as he shivers the sword on the anvil, the orchestra with a rush takes up the Motive of Siegfried the Impetuous. This is a theme full of youthful snap and dash. It alternates effectively with a contraction of the Nibelung theme. SIEGFRIED Smithy Motive, while Siegfried angrily scolds Mime and the latter protests. Finally, Mime tells Siegfried how tenderly he reared him from infancy. The music here is as simple and pretty as a folk-song, for Mime's reminiscences of Siegfried's infancy are set to a charming melody, as though Mime were recalling to Siegfried's memory a cradle song of those days. But Siegfried grows impatient. If Mime tended him so kindly, why should Mime be so repulsive to him; and yet why should he, in spite of Mime's repulsiveness, always return to the cave? The dwarf explains that he is to Siegfried what the father is to the fledgling. This leads to a beautiful lyrical episode. Siegfried says that he saw the birds mating, the deer pairing, the she-wolf nursing her cubs. Whom shall he call Mother? Who is Mime's wife? This episode is pervaded by a lovely, tender motive— the Motive of Love-Life. Mime endeavors to persuade Siegfried that he is his father and mother in one. But Siegfried has noticed that the young of birds and deer and wolves look like the parents. He has seen his features reflected in the brook and knows he does not resemble the hideous Mime. The notes of the Love-Life Motive pervade like woodland strains the musical accompaniment of this episode, in which, when Siegfried speaks of seeing his own likeness, we also hear the Siegfried Motive. The scene which follows is full of mournful beauty. Mime, forced by Siegfried to speak the truth, tells of Sieglinde's death while giving birth to Siegfried. Throughout this scene we find reminiscences of the first act of "The Valkyrie," the Wälsung Motive, Motive of Sympathy and Love Motive. Finally, when Mime produces as evidence of the truth of his words the two pieces of Siegmund's sword, the Sword Motive rings out brilliantly. Siegfried exclaims that Mime must weld the pieces into a trusty weapon. Here (page 44, line 1) the Motive of Siegfried the Fearless assumes the form in which it is quoted on page 66. The Motive of Siegfried the Impetuous breaks in upon it and the Sword Motive throws its lustre over the music. Then follows Siegfried's Wander Song, so full of joyous abandon. Once the sword welded, he will leave the hated Mime forever. As the fish darts through the water, as the bird flies so free, he will flee from the repulsive dwarf. With joyous exclamations he runs from the cave into the forest. In the scenes of which I have just spoken, the frank, boisterous nature of Siegfried is charmingly portrayed. His buoyant vivacity finds capital expression in the Motive of Siegfried the Fearless, Siegfried the Impetuous, and his Wander Song, while the vein of tenderness in his character seems to run through the Love-Life Motive. His harsh treatment of Mime is not brutal; for Siegfried frankly avows his loathing of the dwarf, and we feel, knowing Mime's plotting against the young Wälsung, that Siegfried's hatred is the spontaneous aversion of a frank nature for an insidious one. After Siegfried has disappeared in the forest, there is a gloomy soliloquy for Mime, interrupted by the entrance of Wotan, disguised as a wanderer. The ensuing scene is one of those lapses from dramatic effectiveness which we find in Wagner, and which surprise us so much, because Wagner was really an inspired dramatist, his works being constructed on fine dramatic lines, the action worked up to great climaxes, and the characters drawn in bold, broad strokes. But occasionally he has committed the error against the laws of dramatic construction of unduly prolonging a scene and thus retarding the dramatic action. The scene between the Wanderer and Mime covers twenty-seven pages in the Kleinmichel piano-score with words, yet it advances us only one step in the dramatic action. As the Wanderer enters, Mime is in despair because he cannot weld the pieces of Siegmund's sword. When the Wanderer departs, he has prophesied that only he who does not know what fear is can weld the fragments, and that through this fearless hero Mime shall lose his life. This prophecy is reached through a somewhat curious process, which must be unintelligible to anyone who has not made a study of the libretto. The Wanderer, seating himself, wagers his head that he can correctly answer any three questions which Mime may put to him. Mime then asks: What is the race born in the earth's deep bowels? The Wanderer answers: The Nibelungs. Mime's second question is: What race dwells on the earth's back? The Wanderer replies: The race of the giants. Mime finally asks: What race dwells on cloudy heights? The Wanderer answers: The race of the gods. The Wanderer, having thus answered correctly Mime's three questions, now puts three questions to Mime: "What is that noble race which Wotan ruthlessly dealt with, and yet which he deems most dear? " Mime answers correctly: "The Wälsungs." Then the Wanderer asks: "What sword must Siegfried then strike with, dealing to Fafner death?" Mime answers correctly: "With Siegmund's sword." "Who," asks the Wanderer, "can weld its fragments?" Mime is terrified, for he cannot answer. Then Wotan utters the prophecy of the fearless hero. Whoever will read over this scene will observe that in Wotan's answers the story of "The Rhinegold" is partially retold, and that in Mime's answers we have a rehearsal of "The Valkyrie." Of course, the narrative repetitions of the plots of preceding music-dramas are undramatic. But I have an idea that Wagner, conjecturing that in many opera houses his tetralogy would not be given as a whole, and that in some only one or two of the four music-dramas constituting it would be played, purposely introduced these narrative repetitions in order to familiarize the audience with what preceded the particular music-drama. But if the scene is dramatically defective, it is musically most eloquent. It is introduced by two motives, representing Wotan as the Wanderer, The mysterious chords of the former seem characteristic of Wotan's disguise. The third new motive found in this scene is characteristically expressive of the Cringing Mime. Several familiar motives from "The Rhinegold" and "The Valkyrie" are heard here. The Motive of Compact (No. 9), so powerfully expressive of the binding force of law, the Nibelung (No. 18), Giants' (No. 13) and Walhalla (No. 8) motives from "The Rhinegold," and the Wälsungs' Heroism motives from the first act of "The Valkyrie," are among these. When the Wanderer has vanished in the forest, Mime sinks back on his stool in despair. Staring after Wotan into the sunlit forest, the shimmering rays flitting over the soft green mosses with every movement of the branches and each tremor of the leaves seem to him like flickering flames and treacherous will-o'-the-wisps. We hear the Loge Motive (Loge being the god of fire) familiar from "The Rhinegold" and the finale of "The Valkyrie." At last Mime rises to his feet in terror. He seems to see Fafner in his serpent's guise approaching to devour him, and in a paroxysm of fear he falls with a shriek behind the anvil. Just then Siegfried bursts out of the thicket, and with the fresh, buoyant Wander-song and the Motive of Siegfried the Fearless, the weird mystery which hung over the former scene is dispelled. Siegfried looks about him for Mime until he sees the dwarf lying behind the anvil. WAGNER'S MUSIC-DRAMAS. Laughingly, the young Wälsung asks the dwarf if he has thus been welding the sword. "The sword?" repeats Mime, confusedly, as he advances, and his mind wanders back to Wotan's prophecy of the fearless hero. Regaining his senses, he tells Siegfried there is one thing he has yet to learn, namely, to be afraid; that his mother charged him (Mime) to teach fear to him (Siegfried). At this point there is heard a combination of the Wälsung Motive and the Nibelung Motive in its contracted form as it previously occurs in this act. Mime asks Siegfried if he has never felt his heart beating when in the gloaming he heard strange sounds and saw weirdly glimmering lights in the forest. Siegfried replies that he never has. He knows not what fear is. If it is necessary before he goes forth in quest of adventure to learn what fear is, he would like to be taught. But how can Mime teach him? The Magic Fire Motive and Brunnhilde's Slumber Motive, familiar from Wotan's Farewell, and the Magic Fire scene in the third act of "The Valkyrie," are heard here, the former depicting the weirdly glimmering lights with which Mime has sought to infuse dread into Siegfried's breast, the latter prophesying that, penetrating fearlessly the fiery circle, Siegfried will reach Brunnhilde. Then Mime tells Siegfried of Fafner, thinking thus to strike terror into the young Wälsung's breast. But far from it! Siegfried is incited by Mime's words to meet Fafner in combat. Has Mime welded the fragments of Siegmund's sword, asks Siegfried. The dwarf confesses his impotency. Siegfried seizes the fragments. "SIEGFRIED." 73 He will forge his own sword. Here begins the great scene of the forging of the sword. Like a shout of victory, the Motive of Siegfried the Fearless rings out and the orchestra fairly glows as Siegfried heaps a great mass of coal on the forge-hearth, and, fanning the heat, begins to file away at the fragments of the sword. The roar of the fire, the sudden intensity of the fierce white heat to which the young Wälsung fans the glow — these we would respectively hear and see were the music given without scenery or action, so graphic is Wagner's score. The Sword Motive leaps like a brilliant tongue of fire over the heavy thuds of a forceful variant of the Motive of Compact, till brightly gleaming runs add to the brilliancy of the score, which reflects all the quickening, quivering effulgence of the scene. How the music flows like a fiery flood and how it hisses as Siegfried pours the molten contents of the crucible into a mold and then plunges the latter into water! The glowing steel lies on the anvil and Siegfried swings the hammer. With every stroke, his joyous excitement is intensified. At last, the work is done. He brandishes the sword and with one stroke cleaves the anvil from top to bottom. With the crash of the Sword Motive, united with the Motive of Siegfried the Fearless, the orchestra dashes into a furious prestissimo, and Siegfried, shouting with glee, holds his sword aloft. Act II. The second act opens with a darkly portentous Vorspiel. On the very threshold of it, we meet Fafner in his motive, which is so clearly based on the Giant Motive that there is no necessity for quoting it. Through themes which are familiar from earlier portions of the work, the Vorspiel rises to a crashing fortissimo. The curtain lifts on a thick forest. At the back is the entrance to Fafner's cave, the lower part of which is hidden by rising ground in the middle of the stage, which slopes down toward the back. In the darkness, the outlines of a figure are dimly discerned. It is the Nibelung Alberich, haunting the domain which hides the treasures of which he was despoiled. The Motive of the Nibelung's Malevolence accompanies his malicious utterances. From the forest comes a gust of wind. A bluish light gleams from the same direction. Wotan, still in the guise of a wanderer, enters. The ensuing scene between Alberich and the Wanderer is, from a dramatic point of view, episodic. For this and the further reason that the reader will readily recognize the motives occurring in it, detailed consideration of it is unnecessary. Suffice it to say that the fine self-possession of Wotan and the maliciously restless character of Alberich are superbly contrasted. When Wotan has departed, the Nibelung slips into a rocky crevice, where he remained hidden when Siegfried and Mime enter. Mime endeavors to awaken dread in Siegfried's heart by describing Fafner's terrible form and powers. But Siegfried's courage is not weakened.
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Spoken
| 518 | 851 |
C_2014292EN.01005301.xml
1.9.2014
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
C 292/53
Action brought on 26 June 2014 — Berry Investments v Council
(Case T-496/14)
2014/C 292/65
Language of the case: Greek
Parties
Applicant: Berry Investments (Monrovia, Liberia) (represented by: V. Christianos and S. Paliou, lawyers)
Defendant: Council of the European Union
Form of order sought
The applicant claims that the General Court should:
—
order the defendant to pay to the applicant the sum of EUR 4 36 357 ,19, as compensation for the damage caused to the applicant by the defendant’s unlawful acts, with interest from the date when the applicant was unlawfully divested of its deposits (29/03/2013) until the date of delivery of the judgment in this case and with daily interest from the delivery of the judgment in these proceedings until full payment;
—
in the alternative, order the defendant to pay to the applicant 4/5 of the above amount, that is, the sum of EUR 3 49 085 ,75, as compensation for the damage caused to the applicant by the defendant’s unlawful acts, with interest from the date when the applicant was unlawfully divested of its deposits (29/03/2013) until the date of delivery of the judgment in this case and with daily interest from the delivery of the judgment in these proceedings until full payment;
—
in the further alternative, order the defendant to pay such amount as the General Court shall determine to the applicant as compensation for the damage caused to the applicant by the defendant’s unlawful acts;
—
order the defendant to pay to the applicant the sum of EUR 50 000, as compensation for the non-material damage caused to the applicant by the infringement of the principle of equal treatment;
—
order the defendant to pay to the applicant the sum of EUR 50 000, as compensation for the non-material damage caused to the applicant by the infringement of the right to effective judicial protection and
—
order the defendant to pay the applicant’s costs.
Pleas in law and main arguments
By this action, under the second paragraph of Article 340 TFEU the applicant seeks from the General Court of the European Union, which has jurisdiction under Article 268 TFEU, reparation in respect of the damage it has suffered because of the defendant’s unlawful conduct.
The applicant maintains that that damage arose when the defendant, acting ultra vires and contrary to secondary EU law and to the general principles of EU law, imposed and, consequently, caused the reduction of the applicant’s bank deposits in Cyprus Popular Bank Public Co Ltd. (Laiki Τrapeza) and, in any event, contributed to it.
In particular, the applicant maintains that the defendant committed the following infringements of fundamental rights and general principles of EU law:
—
First, infringement of the right to property;
—
Second, infringement of the principle of equal treatment· and
—
Third, infringement of the right to effective judicial protection and the principle of legal certainty.
—
The applicant submits that the conditions, as laid down in settled case-law, for the defendant incurring non-contractual liability to pay compensation to it, are satisfied.
| 34,573 |
https://github.com/saga-project/saga-cpp-legacy-adaptors/blob/master/ninfg/trunk/external/ng-5.0.0/src/java/org/apgrid/grpc/ng/NgMode.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,012 |
saga-cpp-legacy-adaptors
|
saga-project
|
Java
|
Code
| 290 | 598 |
/*
* $RCSfile: NgMode.java,v $ $Revision: 1.2 $ $Date: 2007/09/26 04:14:07 $
* $AIST_Release: 5.0.0 $
* $AIST_Copyright:
* Copyright 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Grid Technology Research Center,
* National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
* Copyright 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 National Institute of Informatics
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
* $
*/
package org.apgrid.grpc.ng;
public abstract class NgMode {
public static final NgMode NONE = new NgMode(0, "none") {};
public static final NgMode IN = new NgMode(1, "in") {};
public static final NgMode OUT = new NgMode(2, "out") {};
public static final NgMode INOUT = new NgMode(3, "inout") {};
public static final NgMode WORK = new NgMode(4, "work") {};
private static final NgMode [] modes = {NONE, IN, OUT, INOUT, WORK};
private int value;
private String name;
NgMode(int value, String name) {
this.value = value;
this.name =name;
}
public String toString() { return name; }
public int value() { return value; }
public static NgMode get(String name) {
for (int i = 0; i < modes.length; i++) {
if (name.equals(modes[i].toString())) {
return modes[i];
}
}
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
}
public static NgMode get(int index) {
if (index < 0 || index >= modes.length) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
}
return modes[index];
}
}
| 7,414 |
https://github.com/ulhaq/stats/blob/master/resources/js/components/loading.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
stats
|
ulhaq
|
Vue
|
Code
| 15 | 73 |
<template>
<table class="table light-bg text-center">
<tr>
<td><span class="spinner-grow spinner-grow-sm indigo" role="status"></span> Fetching...</td>
</tr>
</table>
</template>
| 232 |
https://github.com/ChronSyn/tweakpane/blob/master/packages/core/src/input-binding/color/model/color.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference
| 2,021 |
tweakpane
|
ChronSyn
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 375 | 1,284 |
import {constrainRange, loopRange} from '../../../common/number-util';
import {isEmpty} from '../../../misc/type-util';
import {
appendAlphaComponent,
ColorComponents3,
ColorComponents4,
ColorMode,
convertColorMode,
removeAlphaComponent,
} from './color-model';
export interface RgbColorObject {
r: number;
g: number;
b: number;
}
export interface RgbaColorObject {
r: number;
g: number;
b: number;
a: number;
}
const CONSTRAINT_MAP: {
[mode in ColorMode]: (
comps: ColorComponents3 | ColorComponents4,
) => ColorComponents4;
} = {
hsl: (comps) => {
return [
loopRange(comps[0], 360),
constrainRange(comps[1], 0, 100),
constrainRange(comps[2], 0, 100),
constrainRange(comps[3] ?? 1, 0, 1),
];
},
hsv: (comps) => {
return [
loopRange(comps[0], 360),
constrainRange(comps[1], 0, 100),
constrainRange(comps[2], 0, 100),
constrainRange(comps[3] ?? 1, 0, 1),
];
},
rgb: (comps) => {
return [
constrainRange(comps[0], 0, 255),
constrainRange(comps[1], 0, 255),
constrainRange(comps[2], 0, 255),
constrainRange(comps[3] ?? 1, 0, 1),
];
},
};
function isRgbColorComponent(obj: any, key: string): boolean {
if (typeof obj !== 'object' || isEmpty(obj)) {
return false;
}
return key in obj && typeof obj[key] === 'number';
}
/**
* @hidden
*/
export class Color {
public static black(): Color {
return new Color([0, 0, 0], 'rgb');
}
public static fromObject(obj: RgbColorObject | RgbaColorObject): Color {
const comps: ColorComponents4 | ColorComponents3 =
'a' in obj ? [obj.r, obj.g, obj.b, obj.a] : [obj.r, obj.g, obj.b];
return new Color(comps, 'rgb');
}
public static toRgbaObject(color: Color): RgbaColorObject {
return color.toRgbaObject();
}
public static isRgbColorObject(obj: unknown): obj is RgbColorObject {
return (
isRgbColorComponent(obj, 'r') &&
isRgbColorComponent(obj, 'g') &&
isRgbColorComponent(obj, 'b')
);
}
public static isRgbaColorObject(obj: unknown): obj is RgbaColorObject {
return this.isRgbColorObject(obj) && isRgbColorComponent(obj, 'a');
}
public static isColorObject(
obj: unknown,
): obj is RgbColorObject | RgbaColorObject {
return this.isRgbColorObject(obj);
}
public static equals(v1: Color, v2: Color): boolean {
if (v1.mode_ !== v2.mode_) {
return false;
}
const comps1 = v1.comps_;
const comps2 = v2.comps_;
for (let i = 0; i < comps1.length; i++) {
if (comps1[i] !== comps2[i]) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
private comps_: ColorComponents4;
private mode_: ColorMode;
constructor(comps: ColorComponents3 | ColorComponents4, mode: ColorMode) {
this.mode_ = mode;
this.comps_ = CONSTRAINT_MAP[mode](comps);
}
public get mode(): ColorMode {
return this.mode_;
}
public getComponents(opt_mode?: ColorMode): ColorComponents4 {
return appendAlphaComponent(
convertColorMode(
removeAlphaComponent(this.comps_),
this.mode_,
opt_mode || this.mode_,
),
this.comps_[3],
);
}
public toRgbaObject(): RgbaColorObject {
const rgbComps = this.getComponents('rgb');
return {
r: rgbComps[0],
g: rgbComps[1],
b: rgbComps[2],
a: rgbComps[3],
};
}
}
| 20,693 |
https://github.com/mauriziokovacic/ACME/blob/master/ACME/utility/to_row.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
ACME
|
mauriziokovacic
|
Python
|
Code
| 112 | 238 |
from .to_fat import *
from .flatten import *
def to_row(*tensors):
"""
Transforms the input tensor into a row vector
If the input tensor is a matrix, it will be flattened into a (1,N,) vector
If the input tensor is a (N,) vector, it will be unsqueezed in dimension 0
No operation is performed if the input is already a (1,N,) vector
Parameters
----------
*tensors : Tensor...
a sequence of (N,) or (N,M) tensors
Returns
-------
Tensor or list
a (1,N,) or (M,N,) tensor, input if input is (1,N,)
Raises
------
AssertionError
if inputs are not tensors
"""
out = [to_fat(flatten(t)) for t in tensors]
return out if len(out) > 1 else out[0]
| 33,165 |
https://github.com/treefrogframework/treefrog-framework/blob/master/tools/tfmanager/processinfo_win.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,023 |
treefrog-framework
|
treefrogframework
|
C++
|
Code
| 324 | 1,138 |
/* Copyright (c) 2011-2019, AOYAMA Kazuharu
* All rights reserved.
*
* This software may be used and distributed according to the terms of
* the New BSD License, which is incorporated herein by reference.
*/
#include "processinfo.h"
#include <QtCore>
#include <TWebApplication>
#include <Windows.h>
#include <ntstatus.h>
#include <psapi.h>
#include <tlhelp32.h>
#include <winternl.h>
namespace TreeFrog {
bool ProcessInfo::exists() const
{
return ProcessInfo::allConcurrentPids().contains(processId);
}
int64_t ProcessInfo::ppid() const
{
DWORD pidParent = 0;
HANDLE hSnapShot = CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS, 0);
if (hSnapShot == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
return pidParent;
}
PROCESSENTRY32 procentry;
ZeroMemory((LPVOID)&procentry, sizeof(PROCESSENTRY32));
procentry.dwSize = sizeof(PROCESSENTRY32);
if (Process32First(hSnapShot, &procentry)) {
do {
if (procentry.th32ProcessID == (DWORD)processId) {
pidParent = procentry.th32ParentProcessID;
break;
}
procentry.dwSize = sizeof(PROCESSENTRY32);
} while (Process32Next(hSnapShot, &procentry));
}
CloseHandle(hSnapShot);
return pidParent;
}
// int64_t ProcessInfo::ppid() const
// {
// int64_t ppid = 0;
// HANDLE hProcess = OpenProcess(PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION | PROCESS_VM_READ, FALSE, processId);
// if (hProcess) {
// PROCESS_BASIC_INFORMATION basicInfo;
// if (NtQueryInformationProcess(hProcess, ProcessBasicInformation, &basicInfo, sizeof(basicInfo), NULL) == STATUS_SUCCESS) {
// ppid = (int64_t)basicInfo.InheritedFromUniqueProcessId;
// }
// }
// return ppid;
// }
QString ProcessInfo::processName() const
{
QString ret;
HANDLE hProcess = OpenProcess(PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION | PROCESS_VM_READ, FALSE, processId);
if (hProcess) {
WCHAR fileName[512];
DWORD len = GetModuleFileNameEx(hProcess, NULL, (LPWSTR)fileName, 512);
if (len > 0) {
QString path = QString::fromUtf16((ushort *)fileName);
ret = QFileInfo(path).baseName();
}
CloseHandle(hProcess);
}
return ret;
}
void ProcessInfo::terminate()
{
if (processId > 0) {
// Sends to the local socket of tfmanager
TWebApplication::sendLocalCtrlMessage(QByteArray::number(WM_CLOSE), processId);
}
}
void ProcessInfo::kill()
{
if (processId > 0) {
HANDLE hProcess = OpenProcess(PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS, FALSE, (DWORD)processId);
if (hProcess) {
TerminateProcess(hProcess, 0);
WaitForSingleObject(hProcess, 500);
CloseHandle(hProcess);
}
}
processId = -1;
}
void ProcessInfo::restart()
{
if (processId > 0) {
// Sends to the local socket of tfmanager
TWebApplication::sendLocalCtrlMessage(QByteArray::number(WM_APP), processId);
}
}
QList<int64_t> ProcessInfo::allConcurrentPids()
{
QList<int64_t> ret;
HANDLE hSnapshot = CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS, 0);
PROCESSENTRY32 entry;
entry.dwSize = sizeof(PROCESSENTRY32);
if (Process32First(hSnapshot, &entry)) {
do {
ret << (int64_t)entry.th32ProcessID;
} while (Process32Next(hSnapshot, &entry));
}
CloseHandle(hSnapshot);
std::sort(ret.begin(), ret.end()); // Sorts the items
return ret;
}
} // namespace TreeFrog
| 11,698 |
https://github.com/itsubaki/q/blob/master/math/number/order_test.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
q
|
itsubaki
|
Go
|
Code
| 226 | 702 |
package number_test
import (
"fmt"
"testing"
"github.com/itsubaki/q/math/number"
)
func ExampleFindOrder_mod15() {
s, r, d, ok := number.FindOrder(7, 15, "0.110")
fmt.Printf("%v/%v=%v %v\n", s, r, d, ok)
fmt.Printf("%d^%d mod %d = %v\n", 7, r, 15, number.ModExp(7, r, 15))
// Output:
// 3/4=0.75 true
// 7^4 mod 15 = 1
}
func ExampleFindOrder_mod21a2() {
s, r, d, ok := number.FindOrder(2, 21, "0.001010101")
fmt.Printf("%v/%v=%v %v\n", s, r, d, ok)
fmt.Printf("%d^%d mod %d = %v\n", 2, r, 21, number.ModExp(2, r, 21))
// Output:
// 1/6=0.16666666666666666 true
// 2^6 mod 21 = 1
}
func ExampleFindOrder_mod21a4() {
s, r, d, ok := number.FindOrder(4, 21, "0.01010101")
fmt.Printf("%v/%v=%v %v\n", s, r, d, ok)
fmt.Printf("%d^%d mod %d = %v\n", 4, r, 21, number.ModExp(4, r, 21))
// Output:
// 1/3=0.3333333333333333 true
// 4^3 mod 21 = 1
}
func TestFindOrder(t *testing.T) {
cases := []struct {
a, N int
m string
s, r int
d float64
ok bool
}{
{7, 15, "0.010", 1, 4, 0.25, true},
{7, 15, "0.100", 1, 2, 0.50, false},
{7, 15, "0.110", 3, 4, 0.75, true},
{7, 15, "0.1", 1, 2, 0.5, false},
{7, 15, "", 0, 1, 0, false},
}
for _, c := range cases {
s, r, d, ok := number.FindOrder(c.a, c.N, c.m)
if s != c.s || r != c.r || ok != c.ok || d != c.d {
t.Errorf("%v/%v=%v %v", s, r, d, ok)
}
}
}
| 40,064 |
https://github.com/NYUeServ/sakai11/blob/master/scormcloud-service/scormcloud-service-impl/impl/src/java/org/sakaiproject/scormcloudservice/impl/ScormCourse.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
LicenseRef-scancode-generic-cla, ECL-2.0, GPL-1.0-or-later, LicenseRef-scancode-warranty-disclaimer
| 2,021 |
sakai11
|
NYUeServ
|
Java
|
Code
| 45 | 120 |
package org.sakaiproject.scormcloudservice.impl;
public class ScormCourse extends ScormCourseData {
public ScormCourse(String uuid, String siteId, String externalId, String resourceId, String title, boolean graded, boolean deleted) {
super(uuid, siteId, externalId, resourceId, title, graded, deleted);
}
public String toString() {
return "#<Course " + getId() + ">";
}
}
| 46,577 |
https://github.com/Creativelearn/nocobase/blob/master/packages/plugin-ui-schema/src/models/ui-schema.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
nocobase
|
Creativelearn
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 316 | 878 |
import _ from 'lodash';
import { Model } from '@nocobase/database';
import { merge } from '../utils';
export class UISchema extends Model {
static async create(value?: any, options?: any): Promise<any> {
// console.log({ value });
const attributes = this.toAttributes(_.cloneDeep(value));
// console.log({ attributes })
// @ts-ignore
const model: Model = await super.create(attributes, options);
if (!attributes.children) {
attributes.children = this.properties2children(attributes.properties);
await model.updateAssociation('children', attributes.children, options);
}
return model;
}
async update(key?: any, value?: any, options?: any): Promise<any> {
const opts = this.get('options') || {};
if (typeof key === 'object') {
const attributes = UISchema.toAttributes(key, opts);
return super.update(attributes, value, options);
}
return super.update(key, value, options);
}
static toAttributes(value = {}, opts = {}): any {
const data = _.cloneDeep(value);
const keys = [
'properties',
...Object.keys(this.rawAttributes||{}),
...Object.keys(this.associations||{}),
];
const attrs = _.pick(data, keys);
const options = _.omit(data, keys);
return {
...attrs, options: merge(opts, options)
};
}
static properties2children(properties = []) {
const children = [];
for (const [name, property] of Object.entries(properties)) {
if (property.properties) {
property.children = this.properties2children(property.properties);
}
children.push({
name,
...property,
});
}
return children;
}
toProperty() {
const options = this.get('options') || {};
const data = _.omit(this.toJSON(), ['created_at', 'updated_at', 'options']);
return { ...data, ...options };
}
async toJSONSchema() {
const schema = this.toProperty();
const properties = await this.getProperties();
if (Object.keys(properties).length) {
schema['properties'] = properties;
}
return schema;
}
async getProperties() {
const properties = {};
const children: UISchema[] = await this.getChildren({
where: {
async: false,
},
order: [['sort', 'asc']],
});
for (const child of children) {
const property = child.toProperty();
const childProperties = await child.getProperties();
if (Object.keys(childProperties).length) {
property['properties'] = childProperties;
}
properties[child.name] = property;
}
return properties;
}
async getHierarchy() {
const data = [];
const children: UISchema[] = await this.getChildren({
where: {
async: false,
},
order: [['sort', 'asc']],
});
for (const child of children) {
const item: any = child.toJSON();
const nested = await child.getHierarchy();
if (nested.length) {
item.children = nested;
}
data.push(item);
}
return data;
}
}
| 3,623 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/62227270
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,020 |
Stack Exchange
|
Allen Chen, LouraQ, Rob, https://stackoverflow.com/users/12884742, https://stackoverflow.com/users/13244704, https://stackoverflow.com/users/7392612
|
English
|
Spoken
| 730 | 1,792 |
How can i hide ActionLink Parameter or queryString from URL?
How can i hide query Parameters from URL?
I have three pages, I used Context.Request.Query to transfer data from Page 1.cshtml >> Page 2.cshtml >> Page 3.cshtml all works great. But I need your help on hiding the data from Url
In My View I have the following Code
var ProductID= Context.Request.Query["ProductID"];
var ProductName= Context.Request.Query["ProductName"];
and Action link to Navigate
@Html.ActionLink("Create", "Create", "Product",
new { Area = "Products",
id = ProductID,
ProductName = ProductName
},
new { @class = "btn btn-primary" })
there're many ways to do this. may I ask the reason why you want to hide the querystring?
As comment said, there are many ways to achieve it,the key lies in your needs.
One method, If the parameters are passed from page1 code behind in the controller, then I suggest that you can directly archive the parameters you need to pass to TempData, so that you don't need to use actionlink to pass the parameters.
public IActionResult Page1()
{
TempData["Area"] = "Products";
TempData["id"] =1;
TempData["ProductName"] = "name";
return View();
}
public IActionResult Create()
{
string Area = TempData["Area"] as string;
int id = (int)TempData["id"];
string ProductName = TempData["ProductName"] as string;
return View();
}
Second method, if allowed, you can put these parameters in the form to bind each value, if you don't want these values to be displayed, you can set them to hidden type.
<form asp-action="Create" asp-controller="Product">
<input id="Text1" type="hidden" name="Area" value="Products" />
<input id="Text1" type="hidden" name="id" value="1" />
<input id="Text1" type="hidden" name="ProductName" value="name" />
<input id="Button1" type="submit" value="Create" class="btn btn-primary"/>
</form>
Create action:
public IActionResult Create(string Area, int id, string ProductName)
{
return View();
}
Third method, if you must pass parameters from link to another view, then use ajax combined with TempData, please refer to the following case:
public IActionResult Create(string Area, int id, string ProductName)
{
if (Area != null && id != 0 && ProductName != null)
{
TempData["Area"] = Area;
TempData["id"] = id;
TempData["ProductName"] = ProductName;
}
else
{
Area = TempData["Area"] as string;
id = (int)TempData["id"];
ProductName = TempData["ProductName"] as string;
}
return View();
}
View:
@{
ViewData["Title"] = "Index";
Layout = "~/Views/Shared/_Layout.cshtml";
}
@section Scripts{
<script>
$(function () {
$(".mylink").click(function () {
event.preventDefault();
var href = $(this).attr("href").split('?')[0];
var query = $(this).attr("href").split('?')[1];
var arr = query.split("&");
result = {};
for (i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
k = arr[i].split('=');
result[k[0]] = (k[1] || '');
};
$.ajax({
method: "Get",
url: href,
data: query,
success: function () {
window.location.href = href;
}
});
});
})
</script>
}
<h1>Index</h1>
@Html.ActionLink("Create", "Create", "Product",
new
{
Area = "Products",
id = 1,
ProductName = "name"
},
new { @class = "btn btn-primary mylink" })
Update for the second method:
After create action received these values from other view, you can use model or ViewData to display data in create view:
Model
public class Test
{
public int id{ get; set; }
public string Area { get; set; }
public string ProductName { get; set; }
}
Create action:
public IActionResult Create(string Area, int id, string ProductName)
{
Test myTest = new Test()
{
id = id,
Area = Area,
ProductName = ProductName
};
return View(myTest);
}
Create view: (display value in a view)
@model WebApplication_core_mvc.Models.Test
@{
ViewData["Title"] = "Create";
Layout = "~/Views/Shared/_Layout.cshtml";
}
<h1>Create</h1>
<table class="table table-bordered">
<tr>
<th>id</th>
<th>Area</th>
<th>ProductName</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>@Model.id</td>
<td>@Model.Area</td>
<td>@Model.ProductName</td>
</tr>
ViewData
Create action:
public IActionResult Create(string Area, int id, string ProductName)
{
ViewData["id"] = id;
ViewData["Area"] = Area;
ViewData["ProductName"] = ProductName;
return View();
}
Create view: (display value in a view)
@{
ViewData["Title"] = "Create";
Layout = "~/Views/Shared/_Layout.cshtml";
}
<h1>Create</h1>
<table class="table table-bordered">
<tr>
<th>id</th>
<th>Area</th>
<th>ProductName</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>@ViewData["id"]</td>
<td>@ViewData["Area"]</td>
<td>@ViewData["ProductName"]</td>
</tr>
</table>
Here is the test result:
Thank you, I just saw your replay i will try that and let you know. Looks Great! Thank you the help!
Thank you again, On the second method how can i display passed values in a view?
@Rob, you can use ViewData or create a model to display these passed values in a view, I have updated my post, you can refer to it.
i tested it, and working i didn't try it all i know it will work for sure but Yongqing Yu you so helpful, your answers are very clear .. you so awesome, Thank you so much
if you have any idea on this https://stackoverflow.com/questions/62355063/how-can-i-call-an-action-on-button-click
| 26,545 |
https://github.com/ASU/rampart/blob/master/modules/rahas/src/org/apache/rahas/impl/SAMLTokenIssuer.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0, Plexus
| null |
rampart
|
ASU
|
Java
|
Code
| 1,550 | 5,936 |
/*
* Copyright 2004,2005 The Apache Software Foundation.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.rahas.impl;
import org.apache.axiom.om.OMElement;
import org.apache.axiom.om.OMNode;
import org.apache.axiom.om.impl.dom.jaxp.DocumentBuilderFactoryImpl;
import org.apache.axiom.soap.SOAPEnvelope;
import org.apache.axis2.context.MessageContext;
import org.apache.axis2.description.Parameter;
import org.apache.rahas.RahasConstants;
import org.apache.rahas.RahasData;
import org.apache.rahas.Token;
import org.apache.rahas.TokenIssuer;
import org.apache.rahas.TrustException;
import org.apache.rahas.TrustUtil;
import org.apache.ws.security.WSConstants;
import org.apache.ws.security.WSSecurityException;
import org.apache.ws.security.WSUsernameTokenPrincipal;
import org.apache.ws.security.components.crypto.Crypto;
import org.apache.ws.security.components.crypto.CryptoFactory;
import org.apache.ws.security.message.WSSecEncryptedKey;
import org.apache.ws.security.util.Base64;
import org.apache.ws.security.util.XmlSchemaDateFormat;
import org.apache.xml.security.signature.XMLSignature;
import org.apache.xml.security.utils.EncryptionConstants;
import org.opensaml.SAMLAssertion;
import org.opensaml.SAMLAttribute;
import org.opensaml.SAMLAttributeStatement;
import org.opensaml.SAMLAuthenticationStatement;
import org.opensaml.SAMLException;
import org.opensaml.SAMLNameIdentifier;
import org.opensaml.SAMLStatement;
import org.opensaml.SAMLSubject;
import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
import org.w3c.dom.Text;
import java.security.Principal;
import java.security.SecureRandom;
import java.security.cert.CertificateEncodingException;
import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Date;
/**
* Issuer to issue SAMl tokens
*/
public class SAMLTokenIssuer implements TokenIssuer {
private String configParamName;
private OMElement configElement;
private String configFile;
public SOAPEnvelope issue(RahasData data) throws TrustException {
MessageContext inMsgCtx = data.getInMessageContext();
SAMLTokenIssuerConfig config = null;
if (this.configElement != null) {
config = SAMLTokenIssuerConfig
.load(configElement
.getFirstChildWithName(SAMLTokenIssuerConfig.SAML_ISSUER_CONFIG));
}
//Look for the file
if (config == null && this.configFile != null) {
config = SAMLTokenIssuerConfig.load(this.configFile);
}
//Look for the param
if (config == null && this.configParamName != null) {
Parameter param = inMsgCtx.getParameter(this.configParamName);
if (param != null && param.getParameterElement() != null) {
config = SAMLTokenIssuerConfig.load(param.getParameterElement()
.getFirstChildWithName(
SAMLTokenIssuerConfig.SAML_ISSUER_CONFIG));
} else {
throw new TrustException("expectedParameterMissing",
new String[]{this.configParamName});
}
}
if (config == null) {
throw new TrustException("configurationIsNull");
}
//Set the DOM impl to DOOM
DocumentBuilderFactoryImpl.setDOOMRequired(true);
SOAPEnvelope env =
TrustUtil.
createSOAPEnvelope(inMsgCtx.getEnvelope().getNamespace().getNamespaceURI());
Crypto crypto;
if (config.cryptoPropertiesElement != null) { // crypto props defined as elements
crypto = CryptoFactory.getInstance(TrustUtil.toProperties(config.cryptoPropertiesElement),
inMsgCtx.getAxisService().getClassLoader());
} else { // crypto props defined in a properties file
crypto = CryptoFactory.getInstance(config.cryptoPropertiesFile,
inMsgCtx.getAxisService().getClassLoader());
}
//Creation and expiration times
Date creationTime = new Date();
Date expirationTime = new Date();
expirationTime.setTime(creationTime.getTime() + config.ttl);
// Get the document
Document doc = ((Element) env).getOwnerDocument();
//Get the key size and create a new byte array of that size
int keySize = data.getKeysize();
keySize = (keySize == -1) ? config.keySize : keySize;
/*
* Find the KeyType
* If the KeyType is SymmetricKey or PublicKey, issue a SAML HoK
* assertion.
* - In the case of the PublicKey, in coming security header
* MUST contain a certificate (maybe via signature)
*
* If the KeyType is Bearer then issue a Bearer assertion
*
* If the key type is missing we will issue a HoK asserstion
*/
String keyType = data.getKeyType();
SAMLAssertion assertion;
if (keyType == null) {
throw new TrustException(TrustException.INVALID_REQUEST,
new String[]{"Requested KeyType is missing"});
}
if (keyType.endsWith(RahasConstants.KEY_TYPE_SYMM_KEY) ||
keyType.endsWith(RahasConstants.KEY_TYPE_PUBLIC_KEY)) {
assertion = createHoKAssertion(config, doc, crypto, creationTime, expirationTime, data);
} else if (keyType.endsWith(RahasConstants.KEY_TYPE_BEARER)) {
assertion = createBearerAssertion(config, doc, crypto, creationTime, expirationTime, data);
} else {
throw new TrustException("unsupportedKeyType");
}
OMElement rstrElem;
int wstVersion = data.getVersion();
if (RahasConstants.VERSION_05_02 == wstVersion) {
rstrElem =
TrustUtil.createRequestSecurityTokenResponseElement(wstVersion, env.getBody());
} else {
OMElement rstrcElem =
TrustUtil.createRequestSecurityTokenResponseCollectionElement(wstVersion,
env.getBody());
rstrElem = TrustUtil.createRequestSecurityTokenResponseElement(wstVersion, rstrcElem);
}
TrustUtil.createTokenTypeElement(wstVersion,
rstrElem).setText(RahasConstants.TOK_TYPE_SAML_10);
if (keyType.endsWith(RahasConstants.KEY_TYPE_SYMM_KEY)) {
TrustUtil.createKeySizeElement(wstVersion, rstrElem, keySize);
}
if (config.addRequestedAttachedRef) {
TrustUtil.createRequestedAttachedRef(wstVersion,
rstrElem,
"#" + assertion.getId(),
RahasConstants.TOK_TYPE_SAML_10);
}
if (config.addRequestedUnattachedRef) {
TrustUtil.createRequestedUnattachedRef(wstVersion, rstrElem, assertion.getId(),
RahasConstants.TOK_TYPE_SAML_10);
}
if (data.getAppliesToAddress() != null) {
TrustUtil.createAppliesToElement(rstrElem, data
.getAppliesToAddress(), data.getAddressingNs());
}
// Use GMT time in milliseconds
DateFormat zulu = new XmlSchemaDateFormat();
// Add the Lifetime element
TrustUtil.createLifetimeElement(wstVersion, rstrElem, zulu
.format(creationTime), zulu.format(expirationTime));
//Create the RequestedSecurityToken element and add the SAML token to it
OMElement reqSecTokenElem = TrustUtil
.createRequestedSecurityTokenElement(wstVersion, rstrElem);
Token assertionToken;
try {
Node tempNode = assertion.toDOM();
reqSecTokenElem.
addChild((OMNode) ((Element) rstrElem).getOwnerDocument().importNode(tempNode,
true));
// Store the token
assertionToken = new Token(assertion.getId(),
(OMElement) assertion.toDOM(),
creationTime,
expirationTime);
// At this point we definitely have the secret
// Otherwise it should fail with an exception earlier
assertionToken.setSecret(data.getEphmeralKey());
TrustUtil.getTokenStore(inMsgCtx).add(assertionToken);
} catch (SAMLException e) {
throw new TrustException("samlConverstionError", e);
}
if (keyType.endsWith(RahasConstants.KEY_TYPE_SYMM_KEY) &&
config.keyComputation != SAMLTokenIssuerConfig.KeyComputation.KEY_COMP_USE_REQ_ENT) {
//Add the RequestedProofToken
TokenIssuerUtil.handleRequestedProofToken(data,
wstVersion,
config,
rstrElem,
assertionToken,
doc);
}
// Unset the DOM impl to default
DocumentBuilderFactoryImpl.setDOOMRequired(false);
return env;
}
private SAMLAssertion createBearerAssertion(SAMLTokenIssuerConfig config,
Document doc,
Crypto crypto,
Date creationTime,
Date expirationTime,
RahasData data) throws TrustException {
try {
Principal principal = data.getPrincipal();
// In the case where the principal is a UT
if (principal instanceof WSUsernameTokenPrincipal) {
// TODO: Find the email address
String subjectNameId = "[email protected]";
SAMLNameIdentifier nameId = new SAMLNameIdentifier(
subjectNameId, null, SAMLNameIdentifier.FORMAT_EMAIL);
return createAuthAssertion(doc, SAMLSubject.CONF_BEARER,
nameId, null, config, crypto, creationTime,
expirationTime);
} else {
throw new TrustException("samlUnsupportedPrincipal",
new String[]{principal.getClass().getName()});
}
} catch (SAMLException e) {
throw new TrustException("samlAssertionCreationError", e);
}
}
private SAMLAssertion createHoKAssertion(SAMLTokenIssuerConfig config,
Document doc,
Crypto crypto,
Date creationTime,
Date expirationTime,
RahasData data) throws TrustException {
if (data.getKeyType().endsWith(RahasConstants.KEY_TYPE_SYMM_KEY)) {
Element encryptedKeyElem;
X509Certificate serviceCert = null;
try {
//Get ApliesTo to figureout which service to issue the token for
serviceCert = getServiceCert(config,
crypto,
data.getAppliesToAddress());
//Ceate the encrypted key
WSSecEncryptedKey encrKeyBuilder = new WSSecEncryptedKey();
//Use thumbprint id
encrKeyBuilder.setKeyIdentifierType(WSConstants.THUMBPRINT_IDENTIFIER);
//SEt the encryption cert
encrKeyBuilder.setUseThisCert(serviceCert);
//set keysize
int keysize = data.getKeysize();
keysize = (keysize != -1) ? keysize : config.keySize;
encrKeyBuilder.setKeySize(keysize);
encrKeyBuilder.
setEphemeralKey(TokenIssuerUtil.getSharedSecret(data,
config.keyComputation,
keysize));
//Set key encryption algo
encrKeyBuilder.setKeyEncAlgo(EncryptionConstants.ALGO_ID_KEYTRANSPORT_RSA15);
//Build
encrKeyBuilder.prepare(doc, crypto);
//Extract the base64 encoded secret value
byte[] tempKey = new byte[keysize / 8];
System.arraycopy(encrKeyBuilder.getEphemeralKey(), 0, tempKey, 0, keysize / 8);
data.setEphmeralKey(tempKey);
//Extract the Encryptedkey DOM element
encryptedKeyElem = encrKeyBuilder.getEncryptedKeyElement();
} catch (WSSecurityException e) {
throw new TrustException("errorInBuildingTheEncryptedKeyForPrincipal",
new String[]{serviceCert.getSubjectDN().getName()}, e);
}
return this.createAttributeAssertion(doc, encryptedKeyElem,
config, crypto, creationTime, expirationTime);
} else {
try {
String subjectNameId = data.getPrincipal().getName();
SAMLNameIdentifier nameId = new SAMLNameIdentifier(subjectNameId,
null,
SAMLNameIdentifier.FORMAT_EMAIL);
//Create the ds:KeyValue element with the ds:X509Data
byte[] clientCertBytes = data.getClientCert().getEncoded();
String base64Cert = Base64.encode(clientCertBytes);
Text base64CertText = doc.createTextNode(base64Cert);
Element x509CertElem = doc.createElementNS(WSConstants.SIG_NS, "X509Certificate");
x509CertElem.appendChild(base64CertText);
Element x509DataElem = doc.createElementNS(WSConstants.SIG_NS, "X509Data");
x509DataElem.appendChild(x509CertElem);
Element keyValueElem = doc.createElementNS(WSConstants.SIG_NS, "KeyValue");
keyValueElem.appendChild(x509DataElem);
return this.createAuthAssertion(doc,
SAMLSubject.CONF_HOLDER_KEY,
nameId,
keyValueElem,
config,
crypto,
creationTime,
expirationTime);
} catch (SAMLException e) {
throw new TrustException("samlAssertionCreationError", e);
} catch (CertificateEncodingException e) {
throw new TrustException("samlAssertionCreationError", e);
}
}
}
/**
* Uses the <code>wst:AppliesTo</code> to figure out the certificate to
* encrypt the secret in the SAML token
*
* @param config
* @param crypto
* @param serviceAddress The address of the service
* @return
* @throws WSSecurityException
*/
private X509Certificate getServiceCert(SAMLTokenIssuerConfig config,
Crypto crypto,
String serviceAddress) throws WSSecurityException {
if (serviceAddress != null && !"".equals(serviceAddress)) {
String alias = (String) config.trustedServices.get(serviceAddress);
if (alias != null) {
return crypto.getCertificates(alias)[0];
} else {
alias = (String) config.trustedServices.get("*");
return crypto.getCertificates(alias)[0];
}
} else {
String alias = (String) config.trustedServices.get("*");
return crypto.getCertificates(alias)[0];
}
}
/**
* Create the SAML assertion with the secret held in an
* <code>xenc:EncryptedKey</code>
*
* @param doc
* @param keyInfoContent
* @param config
* @param crypto
* @param notBefore
* @param notAfter
* @return
* @throws TrustException
*/
private SAMLAssertion createAttributeAssertion(Document doc,
Element keyInfoContent,
SAMLTokenIssuerConfig config,
Crypto crypto,
Date notBefore,
Date notAfter) throws TrustException {
try {
String[] confirmationMethods = new String[]{SAMLSubject.CONF_HOLDER_KEY};
Element keyInfoElem = doc.createElementNS(WSConstants.SIG_NS, "KeyInfo");
((OMElement) keyInfoContent).declareNamespace(WSConstants.SIG_NS, WSConstants.SIG_PREFIX);
((OMElement) keyInfoContent).declareNamespace(WSConstants.ENC_NS, WSConstants.ENC_PREFIX);
keyInfoElem.appendChild(keyInfoContent);
SAMLSubject subject = new SAMLSubject(null,
Arrays.asList(confirmationMethods),
null,
keyInfoElem);
SAMLAttribute attribute = new SAMLAttribute("Name",
"https://rahas.apache.org/saml/attrns",
null,
-1,
Arrays.asList(new String[]{"Colombo/Rahas"}));
SAMLAttributeStatement attrStmt = new SAMLAttributeStatement(
subject, Arrays.asList(new SAMLAttribute[]{attribute}));
SAMLStatement[] statements = {attrStmt};
SAMLAssertion assertion = new SAMLAssertion(config.issuerName,
notBefore,
notAfter,
null,
null,
Arrays.asList(statements));
//sign the assertion
X509Certificate[] issuerCerts =
crypto.getCertificates(config.issuerKeyAlias);
String sigAlgo = XMLSignature.ALGO_ID_SIGNATURE_RSA;
String pubKeyAlgo =
issuerCerts[0].getPublicKey().getAlgorithm();
if (pubKeyAlgo.equalsIgnoreCase("DSA")) {
sigAlgo = XMLSignature.ALGO_ID_SIGNATURE_DSA;
}
java.security.Key issuerPK =
crypto.getPrivateKey(config.issuerKeyAlias,
config.issuerKeyPassword);
assertion.sign(sigAlgo, issuerPK, Arrays.asList(issuerCerts));
return assertion;
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new TrustException("samlAssertionCreationError", e);
}
}
/**
* @param doc
* @param confMethod
* @param subjectNameId
* @param keyInfoContent
* @param config
* @param crypto
* @param notBefore
* @param notAfter
* @return
* @throws TrustException
*/
private SAMLAssertion createAuthAssertion(Document doc,
String confMethod,
SAMLNameIdentifier subjectNameId,
Element keyInfoContent,
SAMLTokenIssuerConfig config,
Crypto crypto,
Date notBefore,
Date notAfter) throws TrustException {
try {
String[] confirmationMethods = new String[]{confMethod};
Element keyInfoElem = null;
if (keyInfoContent != null) {
keyInfoElem = doc.createElementNS(WSConstants.SIG_NS, "KeyInfo");
((OMElement) keyInfoContent).declareNamespace(WSConstants.SIG_NS,
WSConstants.SIG_PREFIX);
((OMElement) keyInfoContent).declareNamespace(WSConstants.ENC_NS,
WSConstants.ENC_PREFIX);
keyInfoElem.appendChild(keyInfoContent);
}
SAMLSubject subject = new SAMLSubject(subjectNameId,
Arrays.asList(confirmationMethods),
null,
keyInfoElem);
SAMLAuthenticationStatement authStmt =
new SAMLAuthenticationStatement(subject,
SAMLAuthenticationStatement.
AuthenticationMethod_Password,
notBefore,
null, null, null);
SAMLStatement[] statements = {authStmt};
SAMLAssertion assertion = new SAMLAssertion(config.issuerName,
notBefore,
notAfter, null, null,
Arrays.asList(statements));
//sign the assertion
X509Certificate[] issuerCerts =
crypto.getCertificates(config.issuerKeyAlias);
String sigAlgo = XMLSignature.ALGO_ID_SIGNATURE_RSA;
String pubKeyAlgo =
issuerCerts[0].getPublicKey().getAlgorithm();
if (pubKeyAlgo.equalsIgnoreCase("DSA")) {
sigAlgo = XMLSignature.ALGO_ID_SIGNATURE_DSA;
}
java.security.Key issuerPK =
crypto.getPrivateKey(config.issuerKeyAlias,
config.issuerKeyPassword);
assertion.sign(sigAlgo, issuerPK, Arrays.asList(issuerCerts));
return assertion;
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new TrustException("samlAssertionCreationError", e);
}
}
/*
* (non-Javadoc)
*
* @see org.apache.rahas.TokenIssuer#getResponseAction(org.apache.axiom.om.OMElement,
* org.apache.axis2.context.MessageContext)
*/
public String getResponseAction(RahasData data) throws TrustException {
return TrustUtil.getActionValue(data.getVersion(), RahasConstants.RSTR_ACTION_ISSUE);
}
/**
* Create an ephemeral key
*
* @return The generated key as a byte array
* @throws TrustException
*/
protected byte[] generateEphemeralKey(int keySize) throws TrustException {
try {
SecureRandom random = SecureRandom.getInstance("SHA1PRNG");
byte[] temp = new byte[keySize / 8];
random.nextBytes(temp);
return temp;
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new TrustException(
"Error in creating the ephemeral key", e);
}
}
/*
* (non-Javadoc)
*
* @see org.apache.rahas.TokenIssuer#setConfigurationFile(java.lang.String)
*/
public void setConfigurationFile(String configFile) {
// TODO TODO SAMLTokenIssuer setConfigurationFile
}
/*
* (non-Javadoc)
*
* @see org.apache.rahas.TokenIssuer#setConfigurationElement(org.apache.axiom.om.OMElement)
*/
public void setConfigurationElement(OMElement configElement) {
// TODO TODO SAMLTokenIssuer setConfigurationElement
}
/*
* (non-Javadoc)
*
* @see org.apache.rahas.TokenIssuer#setConfigurationParamName(java.lang.String)
*/
public void setConfigurationParamName(String configParamName) {
this.configParamName = configParamName;
}
}
| 29,917 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n%20Ayala%20C%C3%A1diz
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Iván Ayala Cádiz
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iván Ayala Cádiz&action=history
|
English
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Spoken
| 136 | 208 |
Iván H. Ayala Cádiz (born c. 1940) is a university professor and attorney. He was mayor of Ponce, Puerto Rico after the resignation of mayor José Dapena Thompson in 1988, and until 2 January 1989.
Assignment
Ayala Cádiz was previously assistant dean at the Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico School of Law. He completed Dapena Thompson's last few weeks mayoral term (December 1988 to January 1989) via appointment by his political party, the PNP. In 1988, former elected mayor Dapena Thompson was charged as co-author of embezzlement of federal funds from HUD; as a result he resigned as mayor. Ayala Cádiz had also been a Superior Court Judge in 2004.
Notes
References
See also
List of Puerto Ricans
Year of birth uncertain
1930s births
Living people
Mayors of Ponce, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican Roman Catholics
| 34,281 |
https://openalex.org/W4213289240_2
|
Spanish-Science-Pile
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Open Science
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Various open science
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,274 | 9,729 |
5.2 Implications for future research
In our opinion future research should first of all determine the role of diagnostic
investigations (such as laboratory parameters, US, CT and MRI) which could lower the
percentage of negative laparoscopies, especially in pregnant women and high risk patients.
Also, a cost-benetit analysis of the routine appliance of US and CT in order to avoid negative
laparoscopies would be reasonable. Additionally, the importance of leaving back a
macroscopically innocent appendix in several patient categories (women of childbearing
age, patients with chronic pain, high-risk- patients, children) if no other pathology is found
should be further investigated. Another issue are intraabdominal abscesses. The role of the
patients characteristics, the surgeon’s expertise, the stump closure, the intraabdominal
lavage and the standardization of technique in abscess formation should be further
explored. The value of new techniques like the single port, the needlescopic and the robotic
procedure in special cases should be investigated, as should the place of laparoscopy in
obese patients and pregnant patients. Finally the late results of laparoscopic appendectomy
should be explored (adhesions, SBO).
6. Conclusion
In conclusion, laparoscopy seems to be as safe as open appendectomy for acute appendicitis.
Laparoscopy has many advantages, such as higher diagnostic yield, fewer postoperative
wound infections, less postoperative pain, shorter hospital stay, earlier return to normal and
full activity, better cosmesis, and probably decreased late complications such as adhesion
formation and incisional hernias. Also one cannot overemphasize the superior visualization
of the abdominal cavity and the possibility of not only diagnosing other pathologies but also
dealing with them without having to use a bigger incision. Fertile women can profit the
most from these advantages. But also elderly, overweight and employed patients seem to
profit from laparoscopy. If the safety of leaving a macroscopically innocent appendix in situ
is clarified by future studies the value of laparoscopy as a diagnostic tool will be enhanced.
One expects that the further expansion of laparoscopy will lead to much more experienced
surgeons, and that the progress in technology will facilitate this approach even more in the
future. The reported higher incidence of intraabdominal abscesses with laparoscopy in some
series could be experience- or technique-related and is likely to decrease with the evolution
of laparoscopic skills among surgeons that leads to more precise operative maneuvers, and
the standardisation of surgical technique. The higher operative costs in most institutions can
perhaps be outweighed by a shorter hospital stay, and quicker return to normal activities
with the laparoscopic approach, as well as by the possible decrease in late complications.
Operative costs themselves can be reduced by the application of reusable instruments,
application of loops instead of staplers, and further reduction of operating times. Finally it is
important to reduce negative laparoscopies. The exact role of imaging modalities,
inflammatory parameters and scoring systems in this purpose has yet to be defined.
www.intechopen.com
Laparoscopic Appendectomy
129
7. Acknowledgements
The authors thank Mrs. Sofia Monastirioti for her assistance in editing the text of this
chapter. We also thank Dr. Petros Hiridis for his assistance with the illustrations.
8. References
Addis, DG.; Shaffer, N.; Fowler, BS. & Tauxe, RV. (1990). The epidemiology of appendicitis
and appendectomy in the United States. Am J Epidemiol , Vol. 8, No. 4, pp.910-925,
ISSN 0963-7486
Agresta, F.; De Simone, P.; Michelet, I. & Bedin, N.(2003). Laparoscopic Appendectomy:
why it should be done. JSLS, Vol. 16, No.1, pp. 347-352, ISSN 1679-1796
Akl, MN.; Magrina, JF.; Kho, RM.; Magtibay, PM. (2008). Robotic appendectomy in
gynaecological surgery: technique and pathological findings. Int J Med Robot, Vol. 4,
Issue 3, pp.210-213, ISSN 0029-7844
Andersson, E.; Lambe, M. & Bergstrom, R. (1999). Fertility patterns after appendicectomy:
historical cohort study. BMJ, Vol. 318, No. 7189 pp. 963-967, ISSN 1464-3685
Andersson, RE.(2001). Small bowel obstruction after appendicectomy. Br J Surg, Vol.26, No.
2, pp.1387-1391, ISSN 0003-4932
Andersson, RE. & Lambe, M. (2001). Incidence of appendicitis during pregnancy. Int J
Epidemiol, Vol., No., pp. 1281-1285, ISSN
Asarias, JR.; Schlussel, AT.; Cafasso, DE.; Carlson, TL.; Kasprenski, MC.; Washington, EN.;
Lustik, MB.; Yamamura, MS.; Matayoshi, EZ. & Zagorski, SM.(2011). Incidence of
postoperative intraabdominal abscesses in open versus laparoscopic
appendectomies. Surg Endosc, Vol.136, No.4, ISSN 003-4932
Ball, CG.; Kortbeek, JB.; Kirckpatrick, AW. & Mitchell, P. (2004). Laparoscopic
appendectomy for complicated appendicitis: an evaluation of postoperative
factors. Surg Endosc, Vol.8, No.1, pp.969-973, ISSN 0003-1348
Balthazar, EJ.; Megibow, ACCJ.; Sieger, SE.; & Birnbaum, BA. (1991). Appendicits:
prospective evaluation with high resolution CT. Radiology, Vol. 28(2), pp.21-24,
ISSN 0033-8419
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Yeh, CC.; Wu, SC.; Liao, CC.; Su, LT.; Hsieh, CH. & Li, TC. (2011). Surgical Endoscopy, Mar
18, [epub ahead of print], Vol.17, No. 13, ISSN 1007-9327
Zbar, RI.; Crede, WB.; McKhann, CF. & Jekel, JF. (1993). The postoperative incidence of
small bowel obstruction following standard, open appendectomy and
cholecystectomy: a six year retrospective cohort study at Yale- New Haven
Hospital. Conn Med, 57, Vol.9, No.12, pp. 123- 127, ISSN 1715-5258
www.intechopen.com
Updated Topics in Minimally Invasive Abdominal Surgery
Edited by Prof. Ahmed Elgeidie
ISBN 978-953-307-773-4
Hard cover, 246 pages
Publisher InTech
Published online 14, November, 2011
Published in print edition November, 2011
Updated topics in minimally invasive abdominal surgery provides surgeons interested in minimally invasive
abdominal surgery with the most recent techniques and discussions in laparoscopic surgery. This book
includes different topics covering a big variety of medical conditions with up-to-date information. It discusses
many controversies in a clear and user-friendly manner. This book is made for young junior surgeons in
training and also senior surgeons who need to know the most recent work in the field of laparoscopy. To make
the material easily digestive, we provided the book with many figures and illustrations for different procedures
and technical pearls.
How to reference
In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:
Konstantinos M. Konstantinidis and Kornilia A. Anastasakou (2011). Laparoscopic Appendectomy, Updated
Topics in Minimally Invasive Abdominal Surgery, Prof. Ahmed Elgeidie (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-773-4,
InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/updated-topics-in-minimally-invasive-abdominalsurgery/laparoscopic-appendectomy
InTech Europe
InTech China
University Campus STeP Ri
Unit 405, Office Block, Hotel Equatorial Shanghai
Slavka Krautzeka 83/A
No.65, Yan An Road (West), Shanghai, 200040, China
51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Phone: +385 (51) 770 447
Phone: +86-21-62489820
Fax: +385 (51) 686 166
Fax: +86-21-62489821
www.intechopen.com
© 2011 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This is an open access article
distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
| 11,082 |
sn84022871_1898-01-17_1_8_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,028 | 4,107 |
NEWS IN BRIEF. NEW ENGLAND HAPPENINGS. SUNDAY, JAN. 9. Everett S. Young committed suicide in Wilmington, VT, by hanging: - Michael Lylih, aged 33, fractured his skull in Boston by falling while drunk. Felix Hanna, at one time prominent in the Democratic party, committed suicide at Exeter, N.H., by cutting his throat with a razor. Daniel Gorton, Providence, salesman, was arrested for alleged theft of money and goods from the store in which he was employed for the benefit of a store conducted by his wife. MONDAY, JAN. 10. Three boarding houses, a stable, and 15 stables were burned at South Gardiner, Me. Dennis Buckley, 16 years of age, was drowned while skating in Mattapan, Mass. Fire in the Upton block and City Hotel in Manchester, N.H., caused a loss of $25,000. Policeman hunting for burglars found a candle among inflammables in a house in Boston. Lizzie Curtis, 16-year-old Rockland, Me., girl, who escaped with Captain John Bucklin of the Salvation Army, was arrested in Fall River. Although the national council of male spinners has sanctioned strikes at New Bedford and Lowell, Mass., it is believed the former city will be the battle-ground and the fight will be a long one. TUESDAY, JAN. 11. "Weavers in Burlington, VT, struck. John Hank; 15 years old, was drowned in Westport, Conn., while fishing. New Bedford spinners decided to strike "with only three negatives in a vote of 390. No key has been found for the dead lock in the board of aldermen in Boston. L. B. Grant's farm buildings in Patten, Me., were burned, together with live stock and produce. Antone Zanni was suffocated and Felix Daleo nearly so by illuminating gas in a Boston hotel. John Harris, "Waltham, Mass., was sentenced for life for killing Mrs. Butters in Concord, Mass. Francis Newton, his wife and daughter were killed with an axe on their farm in Brookfield, Mass., supposedly by an employee named Miller. J. D. Patterson, claiming to be the son of an English nobleman, was arrested in New York for alleged forgery, and is wanted in Boston to explain about a diamond ring which he pawned. WEDNESDAY, JAN. 12. Weavers in the Wanskuck mill, Providence, struck. Palace hotel, Pawtucket, R.I., was destroyed by fire at a loss of $500. Efforts to avert a strike in New Bedford, Mass., by the state board of arbitration failed. Cornelius Bailey, for stealing a coat worth $10 in Boston, was sent to prison for five years. James Emery, who killed himself in Madison, Me., was short $1600 as treasurer of the town. Several persons are affected seriously by the failure of B.P. Weston, mill owner in Madison, Me. William L. Wilson, a thrifty farmer residing about a mile from the village of Spencer, Mass., was robbed of $1000 and a gold watch. John Michaud, Fort Kent, Me., rescued his five children from a burning building and walked, a long distance to a neighbor's almost naked. THURSDAY, JAN. 13. Limb of a tree fell and killed Harvey Fisher, aged 30, near East Concord, Vt. Frederick Aldrich, Providence, was arrested in Bridgton, Me., for alleged burglary. Riot in jail in Bridgeport, Conn., was quelled by a threat to turn the hose upon the prisoners. Police arrested Dr. Eayrs of Boston and Nashua, N.H., on charge of assaulting girls 10 years old. M. N. Benson, 17 years, believed to be one of a gang of burglars, was captured in Buzzards Bay, Mass. There is a strong likelihood that Lowell, Mass., spinners will not strike, but will assist the fight in New Bedford. Magnus Dolan, marine at the navy yard at Charlestown, Mass., will lose an eye from vitriol that somebody threw at him. J. E. Gordon killed J. W. Towle in Boston in the belief that he was to be attacked with a knife for interfering in a dispute which the victim was holding with another about the rent of a room. FRIDAY, JAN. 14. George Leyd, Gloucester, Mass., was drowned while tending trawls. Explosion of illuminating gas caused injury to five members of a Boston family. There was a $5,000 blaze in the picker room of the Hamlet mill, Woonsocket, E. I. Fire burned Taylor & Barker's chemical factory in Wamescot, near Lowell, Mass. Weavers in the Androscoggin mill, Lewiston, Me., voted to resist the cut down. George Smith, Wakefield, Mass., was caught between trains in Melrose and killed. Joe Curtis, New Haven, cut his throat in a retreat for nervous patients in Lexington, Mass. Flywheel weighing 200 pounds burst in Hunt's sawmill in Athol, Mass., and caused a boiler explosion. Three youths arrested in Boston confessed to a series of burglaries that had gone unchecked for six months. An unknown woman was found in a woodshed in the rear of a New York saloon unconscious, with a compound fracture of the skull and her head beaten out of all resemblance to a woman's head. New facts about the murder of Francis D. Newton, his wife, and their two children in Brookfield, Mass., by the farmhand, Paul Muller, have been brought to light which indicate that the awful crime was committed for revenge. SATURDAY, JAN. 15. Insurance rates in Boston may be revised. An unknown man was killed by a train near Augusta, Me. Lemon W. Rowell of Eddington, Me., committed suicide. The will of Mrs. Mardellina Lubee of Bath, Me., is to be contested. Ravages of the insect pest known as the brown-tail moth in Cambridge, Mass. Charles E. Patterson, post office clerk, was arrested at Boston for stealing letters, and confessed the theft. ALL AROUND THE WORLD. SUNDAY, JAN. 9. Carroll Hanks took poison in Chicago. Four Arkansas negroes were lynched, two for assault and two for murder, at Colfax, Wash. A Japanese man shot and killed a woman who tried to rescue him and stabbed himself as hang by the courthouse wall. Ohio miners have decided to ask for an advance of 10 cents per ton when the contract for next year is made. It is proposed to save $100,000 yearly by reducing the number of letter carriers in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia. Richard Arthur Prince, the slayer of William Terriss, the actor, is insane, according to a British expert, and may be sent to an asylum. Two men were killed at St. Lambert Que., while waiting to cross the tracks by a collision between trains that wrecked the station platform. MONDAY, JAN. 10. Corbett says he will issue a challenge to Fitz on Jan. 17 that will startle the sporting world. Believed in Washington that the false $100 silver certificates are "spurious," but not a counterfeit. Two Indians, accused of killing a white woman in Maud, Okla., were burned to death by a mob. Pennsylvania farmer followed his eloping wife and farmhand to New York and caused their arrest. Congressman King, just from Cuba, says the horror of the situation among the reconcentrados has never been half told. W. J. Bryan announces that 'the Democrats, Populists and silver Republicans must stand together, and be equally recognized. Edward Simpson, paroled from the Elmira, N.Y., reformatory, shot and killed a watchman in the freight yards in Middletown, N.Y. TUESDAY, JAN. 11. Corbett offers Fitzsimmons $35,000 as a prize for a ten-round fight. Two settlers of Waterville, Wash., lost their way and froze to death. Parents of Theodore Durrant, California murderer, found it difficult to secure a burial place for the remains. A Rome dispatch says that King Humbert of Italy has been named as correspondent in a divorce suit brought by a duke. Mrs. Nack, connected with Martin Thorne in killing William Guldensuppe in Woodside, L.I., was sentenced to serve 15 years in prison. There was a great gathering of Republicans in Columbus, O., to protest against the perfidy of the bolters against Hanna's nomination. George Spencer, an alleged bunco man, was arrested in Philadelphia, charged with being a fugitive from justice in Lowell, Gardner and other Massachusetts towns for swindling. WEDNESDAY, JAN. 12. Three boys were drowned in Clementsport, N.S. Thomas Riley shot and killed Patrick Largey, a Butte, Mont., banker. Three tramps were succeeded in a boiler-house in Catasauqua, Pa., by gas. Rev. Patrick McEvoy, Wilton, N.H., died in New York after returning from Europe. Gustave Koch fractured his skull by leaping from a window in New York, 40 feet to the ground. Mrs. Eugene Lee was murdered in her bed in Ennis, Tex., and her husband has been arrested. Alfred Thompson, colored, shot his wife twice in Toronto, Can., because she would not give him money. Bill to construct a canal between the lakes and waters tributary to the Atlantic has been presented in congress. Chicago saloon-keeper was shot through the head by one of three desperadoes for not throwing up his hands. Nina Farrington, an actress, sued Dr. Matthew A. McIntosh of Paterson, N.J., for trifling with her affections, and he settled the case for $1100. THURSDAY, JAN. 13. I.M. Crick, Boston, killed himself in New York. Minnie Farnham drowned herself in a brook at Closter, N.J. Senator Hanna overcame the opposition in the Ohio legislature and was elected by a majority of three. From 40 to 60 lives were lost and a million dollars' worth of property destroyed by a tornado which swept through Fort Smith and Crawford county, Ark. Policeman Ellis Dodson was found dead in Jersey City. He had shot himself in the mouth. He is supposed to have brooded over his impending trial on trivial charges. FRIDAY, JAN. 14. Snow fell in several counties in California. Murderer Durrant's body was cremated in California. Radical Populists organized the People's party in a convention in St. Louis. Factory of the Dominion Paper Box company of Toronto was destroyed by flames. Prince, who killed Actor Terriss in London, has been confined in a lunatic asylum. New York actress obtained $10,000 from a dentist for injuring her when extracting a tooth. Threats are made that the opposition to Senator Hanna will be carried to the federal senate because of the allegations of bribery. Henry Carl Frederick Froelich, recently of Brooklyn but now of Chicago, is a remarkable young man if the stories told of him are true that he has four wives living. SATURDAY, JAN. 15. Consul General Lee reports all quiet in Havana. New York police swooped down on four bucket shops. Stars and stripes were hauled down in the Klondike. Anti-Zola demonstrations by students continue in Paris. Bicycle manufacturers may give up their racing teams. Death of Rev. C. L. Dodgson, author of "Alice in Wonderland." Cornell will make no further effort to arrange a race with Yale. A joint silver manifesto is to be issued by chairmen of the three silver parties. Direct testimony for the state was finished in the Luetgert trial at Chicago. The engagement of Miss Ethel Barrymore and a son of Sir Henry Irving is announced. Lieutenant Commander Delehanty was elected governor of the Sailors' Snug Harbor at New York. WASHINGTON LETTER. ("SPECIAL correspondence of the MONITOR. Washington, Jan. 10th, 1898. Help us modify the civil service law, or we will join hands with the democrats and repeal the entire law. That, in effect, is the notice that the hundred-odd republican members of the House who favor modification of this law have served upon the other republican members of the House during the debate, which is not yet over. There has been much plain talk on the subject, and there will be more. A sample is the following, from the speech of Representative Hepburn, of Iowa: "In some things the old system, at its worst, was superior to the new. My colleagues in this House know the qualifications of their constituents, and in the selection of candidates for office have everything at stake. I believe that there is greater probability of probity in action, wisdom in selection, and beneficence in results in the old system than in this darkened, subterranean, irresponsible method we have fallen into in this latter time." Representative Clark, of New Hampshire, said that he favored modification of the law and was willing to leave it to the wisdom of the Civil Service Committee as to how far, but that "any old thing" was better than the present law. That Committee is now considering the bill introduced last week, which confines the operation of the civil service law to positions paying from $900 to $1,800 a year, inclusive, and to localities where the employees exceed twenty-five in number. The treaty for the annexation of Hawaii was today taken up by the Senate, and the intention is to hold daily executive sessions for its consideration until it is disposed of. The policy of the friends of annexation is to allow its opponents to do most of the talking, so as to get the debate over as soon as possible, in order that there may be no excuse for delaying a vote. It is now the general belief that the treaty will be ratified, owing to the announcement of the number of Senators who were in doubt of their intention to vote for ratification. The last European nation to take a place in the line of applicants for a reciprocity treaty with the U.S. is Germany, the country which made a bluff when the Dingley tariff bill was pending that was promptly called by Congress and President McKinley. The clause of the tariff that brought Germany's pride down to asking for reciprocity is that which imposes additional duty upon sugar. When the German ambassador requested that reciprocity negotiations be opened he was informed that his Government must take the first step by agreeing to remove the restrictions now imposed upon American cattle and beef imported into Germany. The administration is doing everything possible to expedite the sending of food to the Klondike region, as the President and all the members of the Cabinet believe that the relief will be needed by the gold seekers before regular traffic is resumed on the Yukon river. Agents of the Government are now bringing a number of reindeer from Norway to carry the food, which will all be ready and on the ground when the reindeer get to Alaska. There is probably no provision of the Constitution of the United States that furnishes more proof of the wisdom of its makers, or that is more revered by our people, than that which provides for our judiciary system. But nothing suits the Populists, except personal notoriety or gain for themselves, and Senator Butler, of North Carolina, who aims at being the Populist boss, wants an entirely new judiciary system, the Judges to be elected for terms of eight years, and has offered a joint resolution proposing to amend the constitution in accordance with his ideas. There isn't the slightest probability of any such change but that it should be even proposed is a warning to the country of what might be expected should the people ever allow the lunatics to get on top. During the three days that the Senate was in session in the week just closed, President McKinley sent more nominations to the Senate than in any single week since he was inaugurated, but some of them were recess appointments. Ending Sat., Jan. 15th, We shall be obliged to close business on Monday and Tuesday, Jan. 17th and 18th, for the purpose of moving into our new quarters, which will be open for business Wednesday, Jan. 19th. Great bargains can be had at our store this week. We have little to say now, but will speak out piece later. Respectfully, Geo. H. Davis. Our guarantee is like a Bank Check if your purchase does not suit you, bring back the goods and draw your money. Old accountants were not surprised when it was found necessary to abandon the Dockery system of auditing postmasters' accounts, because of discovered frauds. This system was adopted during the Cleveland administration as a result of an investigation by a commission, headed by Representative Dockery of Missouri, and it was pointed out at the time that it was full of opportunities for fraud. No less than nine ways in which a dishonest postmaster could rob the Government have been discovered by Sixth Auditor Castle, who has thrown out the system and introduced a new one. The new system was specifically intended to detect the frauds made possible by the Dockery system and although it has only been in operation a week it has done so in a number of cases. The Government was probably robbed of many thousands of dollars under the Dockery system of auditing P.O. money order accounts. Auditor Castle will ask Congress to authorize the employment of a special force to go over and check up the old accounts, believing that the stolen money can be recovered, and the thieves punished, by securing proofs of the thefts. What do you think? My wife's father told me before we got married that he would give me a handsome present on our wedding day. And didn't he? Well, I waited over a week, and as he didn't mention the subject, I asked him for it; and all he said was, Why, didn't I give you my daughter? Closing Out. We shall close the balance of our Fur Coats, Ulsters, Reefers, Heavy Suits, Shirts, and Underwear. Call and get Prices. Hoyt & Harris, Barton Landing, Vt. Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing to enquire about your offer of MUST Stock. I am interested in Style 220, $1.00 Ladies' Medium Form, Long Waist. I also see that you have Ferris' Good Sense Corset Waists at $0.75 each. These, along with the Ladies' Flannel Shirt Waists in GARNET, BLUE, and GREEN, Trimmed with Black would make a lovely addition to my wardrobe. For the boys, I am interested in the Peppi's Boy's Waist. A at 2½ to 10 years, it is made of strong cotton and has removable elastic suspenders. This would be perfect for my son. I am further intrigued by your offer of 18 Pounds Granulated Sugar at $1.00. Barron & Hamblet's ONE PRICE STORE is now on my list of places to visit. Yours truly, Customer
| 2,954 |
https://github.com/mwikiaBundi1/Delani-studio/blob/master/js/script.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Delani-studio
|
mwikiaBundi1
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 65 | 269 |
$(document).ready(function () {
$(".design_icon").click(function () {
$("#design-p").toggle();
});
$(".dev_icon").click(function () {
$("#development").toggle();
});
$(".product_icon").click(function () {
$("#pmanagent").toggle();
});
$(".myspace").hover(function(){
$(this).find("div").toggleClass("description_show");
});
$("#submit").click(function(){
event.preventDefault()
var name=$("#name").val();
var email=$("#email").val();
var message=$("#message").val();
if(name==""|| email=="" || message==""){
$("#results").html("please fill all fields in this form");
$("#results").css('background-color', 'red')
} else{
$("#results").html(name + " we have received your message. thank you for reaching out to us");
$("#results").css('background-color', 'green')
$("form")[0].reset();
}
});
});
| 44,929 |
https://github.com/b-corbett/BFinance/blob/master/BFinanceFrontend/src/app/Services/expense.service.ts
|
Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| null |
BFinance
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b-corbett
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TypeScript
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Code
| 193 | 1,077 |
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { HttpClient, HttpHeaders } from '@angular/common/http';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs';
import { ApiUrlService } from './api-url.service';
import { GetSubscription, PostSubscription } from '../Models/subscription';
import { GetBill, PostBill } from '../Models/bill';
import { GetAutoTransfer, PostAutoTransfer } from '../Models/autoTransfer';
@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root'
})
export class ExpenseService {
httpOptions = {
headers: new HttpHeaders({
'Content-Type': 'application/json'
})
};
constructor(private url: ApiUrlService, private http: HttpClient) { }
getAllSubscriptions(): Observable<GetSubscription[]> {
return this.http.get<GetSubscription[]>(`${this.url.getUrl()}Expense/GetAllSubscriptions`);
}
getSubscriptionById(subscriptionId: number): Observable<GetSubscription> {
return this.http.get<GetSubscription>(`${this.url.getUrl()}Expense/GetSubscriptionById/${subscriptionId}`);
}
addSubscription(newSubscription: PostSubscription): Observable<PostSubscription> {
return this.http.post<PostSubscription>(`${this.url.getUrl()}Expense/AddSubscription`, newSubscription, this.httpOptions);
}
deleteSubscriptionById(subscriptionId: number): Observable<PostSubscription> {
return this.http.delete<PostSubscription>(`${this.url.getUrl()}Expense/DeleteSubscriptionById/${subscriptionId}`);
}
editSubscription(editSubscription: PostSubscription, subscriptionId: number): Observable<PostSubscription> {
return this.http.put<PostSubscription>(`${this.url.getUrl()}Expense/EditSubscription/${subscriptionId}`, editSubscription, this.httpOptions);
}
getAllBills(): Observable<GetBill[]> {
return this.http.get<GetBill[]>(`${this.url.getUrl()}Expense/GetAllBills`);
}
getBillById(billId: number): Observable<GetBill> {
return this.http.get<GetBill>(`${this.url.getUrl()}Expense/GetBillById/${billId}`);
}
addBill(newBill: PostBill): Observable<PostBill> {
return this.http.post<PostBill>(`${this.url.getUrl()}Expense/AddBill`, newBill, this.httpOptions);
}
deleteBillById(billId: number): Observable<PostBill> {
return this.http.delete<PostBill>(`${this.url.getUrl()}Expense/DeleteBillById/${billId}`);
}
editBill(editBill: PostBill, billId: number): Observable<PostBill> {
return this.http.put<PostBill>(`${this.url.getUrl()}Expense/EditBill/${billId}`, editBill, this.httpOptions);
}
getAllAutoTransfers(): Observable<GetAutoTransfer[]> {
return this.http.get<GetAutoTransfer[]>(`${this.url.getUrl()}Expense/GetAllAutoTransfers`);
}
getAutoTransferById(autoTransferId: number): Observable<GetAutoTransfer> {
return this.http.get<GetAutoTransfer>(`${this.url.getUrl()}Expense/GetAutoTransferById/${autoTransferId}`);
}
addAutoTransfer(newAutoTransfer: PostAutoTransfer): Observable<PostAutoTransfer> {
return this.http.post<PostAutoTransfer>(`${this.url.getUrl()}Expense/AddAutoTransfer`, newAutoTransfer, this.httpOptions);
}
deleteAutoTransferById(autoTransferId: number): Observable<PostAutoTransfer> {
return this.http.delete<PostAutoTransfer>(`${this.url.getUrl()}Expense/DeleteAutoTransferById/${autoTransferId}`);
}
editAutoTransfer(editAutoTransfer: PostAutoTransfer, autoTransferId: number): Observable<PostAutoTransfer> {
return this.http.put<PostAutoTransfer>(`${this.url.getUrl()}Expense/EditAutoTransfer/${autoTransferId}`, editAutoTransfer, this.httpOptions);
}
}
| 18,333 |
histoireetrecher02sauv_23
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,724 |
Histoire et recherches des antiquités de la ville de Paris. / Par M. Henri Sauval..
|
Sauval, Henri, ca. 1620-1669 or 1670 | Rousseau, Claude Bernard, 17th cent
|
French
|
Spoken
| 6,990 | 10,675 |
Mais ce qui plaît bien davantage, eft le compartiment du milieu. C'eft une hiftoire où Perrier s'eft furpaffé lui-même ; & c'eft-là qu'il fait prefider le Soleil au milieu des quatre Elemens. Apollon donc , qui le reprefenté , eft dans le centre de ce compartiment , qui eft aufti celui de la voûte. On le voit fur fon char accompagné des Heures & précédé du Tems , du Point du-jour, de la Rofée, de l'Aurore, du Sommeil & de la Nuit, qui s'enve loppe dans une nue. Tout ceci frappe fi fort , qu'on ne fait où l'on fe doit plus arrêter , & s'il faut préférer l'excellence des figures à la grandeur & à la jufteffe de l'ordonnance. Le Soleil paroît-là fi beau & fi jeune, fon char eft fi galant, fes chevaux fi fougueux 5 Saturne femble fi libre & vole de fi bonne grâce 5 le Point-du-jour eft fi gai; les Heures fi vîtes ; le Sommeil fi affoupi; la Nuit fi fombre ; l'Aurore fi riante ; & enfin toutes ces figures font fi bien enfemble & distribuées fi judicieufement , que ce n'eft pas fans raifon que cet ouvrage paffe pour une merveille & le chef-d'œuvre de Perrier. L'ANDROMEDE DU TITIEN. DANS une grande chambre du même Hôtel, dont les murailles font ornées de tableaux des plus illuftres Peintres , comme de Paul Veronefe , de Tintoret , du Guide , de Baffan & femblables ; on voit entre autres l'Andromède du Titien , qu'il avoit fait pour le Roi d'Efpagne, & qui a été long-tems l'admiration de VandicK & la merveille de fon cabinet : Se parce que c'eft un ouvrage fi beau , que tous les habiles gens affurent qu'il eft de la force de celui de St Pierre le Martyr , du même Titien , qui paffe pour fon chef-d'œuvre & le miracle de Venife. Je fuis bien aife d'en parler, & d'autant plus que ni le Vafari , ni Radolfi ne l'ont point décrit , & que le Titien lui-même l'a fait graver chés lui par Corneille Cort. Dans un lointain paroît Perfée , combattant le Monftre marin ; mais qui là eft bien autrement épouvantable que dans les Fables ni dans Ovide. Il fort du feu & des flammes de fes yeux ; fa gueule béante vomit contre fon vainqueur des torrens d'eau épouvantables , mêlés de bile & d'écume. Le courage de ce héros & la fierté de fon vifage , qui lui donnent de la terreur, rejouiffent en même tems la belle Andromède; fes efprits que la crainte are tirés ôcramaffés autour de fon cœur; la chaleur naturelle qui a abandonné les parties extérieures de fon beau corps, ont ajouté à la blancheur de fa chair un certain blanc qui ne s'eft encore jamais vu que dans les ouvrages du Titien: fon corps eft fi bien formé , Ces bras , fon fein, fa gorge fi ronde, fes mains fi vraies , fes yeux fi gracieux , que je ne fai fi l'Andromède des Poètes , quelque parfaite qu'ils lafaffent , approche de la Belle que ce Peintre a liée au DE LA VILLE DE PARIS. Liv. VII. 235 au rocher de fon tableau. Ses yeux , que la triftefle a abbatus , & que Ces pleurs ont rougis , femblent fe reveiller par je ne fai quelle petite efpe rance: & quoique le combat de ces deux pâmons fi oppofées , foit très difficile à exprimer , il l'eft néanmoins fi heureufement , qu'encore que ce tableau ibit effacé en quelques endroits , ce petit rayon d'efpoir fe fait voir au travers de fes larmes. REMISE DE CARROSSE DANS LA RUE DE MATIGNON» QUOIQU'EN apparence il foit ridicule que dans un ouvrage de la qua lité de celui-ci , où j'ai parlé de tant d'Eglifes & de Palais magnifi ques , je m'arrête à la cheminée d'un particulier , ou à fon alcôve , & mê me de defcendre fi bas que de mettre fur les rangs je ne fai quelle remife de carrolfe. On faura néanmoins que les petites pièces en leur genre peu vent aller du pair avec les merveilles que nous avons admirées dans tous ces autres grands lieux. La Remife de carroffe donc que je vais décrire , occupe une partie de l'aîle de certaine maifon qui appartient à la veuve de Noblet & fituée à la rue Matignon > vis-à-vis celle de St Nicolas du Louvre. Elle peut avoir quelque quarante pieds de long , fur neuf ou dix de profondeur , & confifte en quatre arcades , qui n'ont pas plus de douze pouces de montée chacune* & ne font foutenues que par un feul pilaftre ; & de fait il n'y en a qu'un pour les deux arcades du milieu , où les deux bouts viennent fe pofer : quant au refte de ces arcades , auffi-bien que des deux autres entières , leurs pierres fe trouvent balancées & fufpendues en l'air , fans autre appui que celui d'une clef fort longue pareille au pilaftre pour la groffeur. Ces arcades néanmoins ne laiflent pas d'avoir plus de dix-huit pieds d'ouverture de chaque côté > & fi elles portent trois grandes chambres l'une fur l'autre avec un grenier, c'eft-à-dire quatre étages , fans que rien fe ibit encore démenti depuis vingt ans que le gros Girard exécuta une entreprife fi hardie : & de fait les pierres des arcades font jointes encore aulfi propre ment , les murs des chambres auifi droits , & tout ce bel ouvrage auffi faia & auffi entier que quand les Maçons l'abandonnèrent ; & même la conduite en eft fi induftrieufe , que ceux du métier afiurent qu'il fe maintiendra toujours en cet état. De dire que toute cette depenfe & ces façons ont été faites plus par oftentation que par neceffité ; qu'il les falloit referver pour un lieu plus confiderable ; que ces ailes & ces arcades n'eufïent pas été moins fermes fur trois pilaftres-que fur un feul; que Girard, s'il eut vou lu, au lieu de quatre arcades pouvoit fort bien n'en placer que deux le long de l'aîle ; & qu'enfin fi l'on fe fut fervi de l'un de ces deux moyens pour éviter une entreprife fi perilleufe , outre que la vue en eut été plusfatisfaite> elle ne donneroit pas la terreur qu'elle donne à ceux qui la regardent. A cela je répons , que l'appareilleur fut obligé de mettre en œuvre des traits fi hardis, pour gagner plus de place , tant fur le plan que fur l'élévation de fon logis ; que la cour, qui déjà étoit affés étroite, & qu'étreciffoit encore l'épaiffeur de l'aîle de plus de dix ou douze pieds , le contraignit à faire porter ces quatre arcades fur un feul pilaftre , afin qu'un carrofiè pût tour ner plus librement par le moyen de ce vuide , & de cet élargiffement > qu'à la vérité il pouvoit bien fe contenter de deux arcades , au lieu de quatre > & de cette façon , qu'un carroffe auroit tourné aifément dans la cour > auffi eft-il à croire qu'il auroit bâti fon aîle de la forte , s'il n'eut craint d'exhauffer trop fon premier étage , &d'en perdre un autre par la montée qu'il eut été forcé de donner à ces deux arcades , à caufe de leur lar geur. HOTELS DES GRANDS par ordre alphabétique. A SI nous voulons croire Favyn , les Comtes de Paris demeuroient à l'Hotel-Dieu. Archambault , Comte de Paris , & Maire du Palais , vers la fin de la pre mière race , donna fa maifon , à ce qu'il dit , à Notre-Dame , avec le Marché Palus , l'Eglife St Chriftophle qui lui fervoit de Chapelle , & le village de Creteil. Lendregifille fon fils , & fuccefleur de fes dignités , fit bâtir le Pa lais où fe tient à prefent le Parlement. Si nous voulons croire encore le Chroniqueur Turpin , & après lui les romans & les fables , Gallon > ou Gannelon , coufin , ou plutôt neveu de Charlemagne , fignalé par fes trahifons fous Louis le Débonnaire , ou fous Charlemagne à la bataille de Roncevaux, logeoit dans vn vieux Hôtel qu'on découvrit en 1358 & en 1365 , dans les Foffés qui régnent derrière le Mo nailere des Jacobins. C'étoit un grand & fort Château , qui coniiftoit en quantité de chambres & de tours , & dont les pierres étoient fi bien liées & cimentées , que les marteaux , les coins & autres ferremens , avoient grande peine à y mordre. On difoit alors que les Sarrafins l'avoient bâti j car quoiqu'ils ne foient jamais venus à Paris , on ne laiiToit pas en ce tems là , de leur attribuer tous les anciens édifices du Royaume On tient qu'il fe nommoitle Château de Haute-feuille , &que c'étoit le nom de la famille de Gannelon : & bien que la rue Haute-feuille en foit fort loin , on veut que fon nom lui vienne de là ; mais fans alléguer davantage la fable nrles romans , non plus que Turpin & Favyn , qui ne font pas plus croyables , at-«. tachons-nous au vrai. Les Seigneurs d'Amboife ont eu long-tems à la rue d'Amboife > une grande Maifon 5 dont il ne refte autre trace que le nom de la rue ; & qui pendant quelques années a fervi à l'établiûement du Collège de Conflan tinople 3 & de celui de la Marche ; & fe nomme maintenant , tantôt la Petite marche y tantôt la Maifon de la NafTe. ' B GUILLAUME Martel, Seigneur de Bacqueville , Chambellan de Charles VI, acheta l'Hôtel de la Roche-Guion de la rue du Louvre, accompagné d'un jardin de vingt-cinq toifes de long , fur dix de large ; & pour l'agrandir , le Roi lui donna en 1408 , le jardin de la Lingere du Lou vre, avec une Tour des anciennes murailles pour dix-huit fols parifis de rente. Etienne Barbette Prévôt de Paris , en grande faveur fous Philippe le Bel, & l'un de fes Confeillers d'Etat , demeuroit au lieu même où l'on a fait depuis DE LA VILLE DE PARIS. Liv. VIL 2*$ ïa rue Barbette , vers le bout de la vieille rue du Temple , qui fe nommoit alors la rue Barbette , à caufe de cette maifou , & près d'une porte de la Ville , appellée encore la porte Barbette en ce tems-là. Cet Hôtel au refte, eit fort fameux dans l'Hiftoire de Philippe le Bel , pour avoir été pillé par la populace , en haine de ce que ce Barbette ici étoit un de ceux qui avoient porté le Roi à rehauffer la monnoie : mais depuis elle s'eft faite encore mieux connoître dans l'Hiftoire de Charles VI , en 1407 , pour avoir apparte nu à Ifabeau de Bavière Reine de France , & fervi de piège au Duc d'Orléans, lor (qu'il fut aflaftiné à la porte Barbette , venant de rendre Ces refpe&s à cette Princefle. Or , quoique fouvent il ait changé de Maître , & même qu'il ait été depuis à la Duchefle de Valentinois, Maitrefle de Henri II , & de tout le Royaume 5 cependant il n'a jamais changé de nom , ainïi que beaucoup d'autres , & comme tous les jours cela arrive , il fubfiftoit encore fous ce nom-là en 1561 , quand la Duchefle d'Aumale , & celle de Bouillon filles de la Duchefle de Valentinois , le vendirent à des particuliers , & le traverferent de la rue Barbette , & de celle des trois Pavillons; & bien qu'il ibit ruiné , de même que la porte Barbette , & que la rue Vieille-Barbette ait été confondue avec la vieille rue du Temple , néanmoins Fon nom & fa mémoire ne fe perdent point à caufe de la rue Barbette. Guichard, Seigneur de Beaujeu , avoit fon Hôtel à la rue des Cordeliers, qui s'étendoit jufqu'au jardin de l'Hôtel de Reims , & que Pierre Archevê que de Lion, lui donna entre vifs, en 13 18. Jaques & Louis de Brezé , tous deux Chevaliers de l'Ordre , Comtes de Maulevrier, & grands Sénéchaux de Normandie, avoient pourmaifort de plaifance , l'Hôtel Barbette qu'on vendit & divifa en rues & maifons , vers l'an 15 61. Les Comtes de Brienne ont eu autrefois leur Hôtel à la rue de Joui > ce que j'ai trouvé dans des Chartes pafiees en 1552 , & long-tems devant; & ce que je trouve encore dans les Rolles du Commiflaire de ce quartier-là. Guillaume Budée, le Reftaurateur de-s Lettres en France, eft mort à la rue St Martin , dans l'Hôtel de Vie qu'il avoit fait bâtir entre la rue aux Ouës & celles du Huleu. Bureau de la Rivière , aimé fi paflionnément de Charles V , qu'il voulut qu'on l'enterrât à fes pieds dans l'Eglife St Denys , avoit à la rue de Para dis, & à celle du Chaume , deux maifons , qui pourtant n'en faifoient qu'une; Lune appellée l'Hôtel de la Grande-riviere , & l'autre l'Hôtel de la Petite-ri viere , & qui appartenoient en 1424 , au Duc de Bethfort , Régent du Royaume. On tient qu'un de fes Defcendans , nommé Bureau comme lui , Grand Voyer , & feul Treforier de France , demeuroit à la rue des Aflis , dans une maifon qui eft prefque vis'à-vis la rue de la Lanterne, où font encore les armes des Bureau. Enfin il eft certain que Jean Bureau , en grand crédit à la Cour du tems de Louis XI , venoit lbuvent prendre l'air aux Porche rons , & que le Roi , après l'avoir fait Chevalier à Reims le jour de fon Sacre , le combla de biens & d'honneur. L'Hôtel de Braque , bâti de l'autre côté de la rue du Chaume , abou tiflbit en 1368 à un jardin , & à un autre Hôtel de la Rivière. LOUIS d' Adjacet , Comte de Chateau-vilain , fe logea plus magnifique ment que n' avoit encore fait aucun particulier, & cela dans la vieille rue du Temple , vis-à-vis celle de Blancs-manteaux , à l'Hôtel de Chateau yilain, appelle depuis l'Hôtel d'O , & qu'on nomme maintenant le Monaf Tome II. G g ij W HISTOIRE ET ANTIQUITES. tere des Religieufes Hofpitalieres de Ste Anaftafe , dites de St Gervais. Etienne Chevalier , Secrétaire des Commandemens de Charles VII , & de Louis XI , Controlleur des finances , & Treforier de France , demeuroit à la rue de la Verrerie , dans un logis fitué entre, la rue du Regnard , & la rue Earre-du-bec , & qu'occupe maintenant Salo , Confeiller de la Cour ; -c'était un fort galant homme , & qu'Agnès Sorel ,■ la plus belle fille de fou tems , & Maitrefle de Charles VII , honora d'une amitié toute particulière , jufqu'à le choilir pour être un des exécuteurs de fon teftament. AuiTi n'ou blia-t-il rien toute fa vie pour lui témoigner fa reconnoiffance, & même afin qu'elle éclatât davantage, & pour en laiffer des marques à la pofterité , il fit fculper fur le cintre de la porte d'une petite cour , quimene au jardin de fa maifon des lettres gothiques & cubitales , entrelaffées de feuilles d'or > qui compofent en l'honneur de fa bienfai&rice une efpece d'anagramme que voici. Rien sur l n'a r e g a r. Les Seigneurs de Chevreufe en 1399 avoient à la rue St Thomas du Louvre , pas trop loin de l'Hôtel de Chevreufe d'aujourd'hui , une maifon accompagnée d'un jardin. Jaques Cœur que fes grands biens rendirent tout enfemble le plus riche & le plus miferable de fon tems , a logé à la rue de l'Homme armé , dans une maifon , où depuis demeura le Cardinal de la Balue , comme j'ai dit aupa ravant ; & encore^ la rue St Honoré , au lieu même où le Cardinal de Riche lieu a bâti de nos jours le Palais Cardinal 5 ce dernier logis , pendant fon banniffement appartint à Geoffroi Cœur fon fils , Maître d'Hôtel de Louis XI , où même il mourut en 1488 , & eft enterré avec fa femme fous une tombe de cuivre , dans la Chapelle St Clair du Collège des Bons enfans, vis-à-vis la porte de derrière de fa maifon , ou du Palais Cardinal. Robert de Combault , Chevalier des ordres du Roi , & fon premier Maître d'Hôtel , demeuroit à la rue des Folies St Germain , à l'endroit où eit la rue du Petit-bourbon , & une maifon qui la borde du Coté de la rivière. Jean Galeane de St Severin , Comte de Gayafle , & de Corbonne, Colo nel gênerai de l'Infanterie Italienne , & Chevalier des deux ordres du Roi, acheta en 1572 une maifon à la rue Portefoin , près des Enfans rouges. Raoul de Couci , Seigneur d'Encre, & de Montmiral, acquit en 1379 pour trois mille francs d'or , du coin du Roi , un grand logis , fitué à la rue de la Tixeranderie , & dans le Cloître St Jean , qui tenoit à fon Hôtel , & qu'il y joignit : mais comme on tenoit par tradition, que les Juifs autrefois avoient fait leur Synagogue dans une vieille tour , qui s'y voit encore au jourd'hui 5 & de plus qu'il avoit appartenu au grand Maître du Temple ; tantôt on le nommoit la Synagogue , tantôt l'Hôtel de la Tour, & tantôt le Pet-au-diable. Pierre de Craon fi fameux dans l'Hiftoire de Charles VI , par l'attentat commis en 1392 le jour de la Fête-Dieu , en la perfonne du Connétable de Cliflbn , demeuroit au bout de la rue de la Verrerie , entre la rue Bourg thibouft , ôc celle du Meurier , vis-à-vis la rue Charton , qu'on appelle maintenant la rue des Mauvais-garçons , & qui n'a changé de nom qu'à caufe que les afiarnns que Craon avoit apoftés, s'étoient logés là , en atten dant l'occafion de pouvoir exécuter leur mauvais defiein. Son Hôtel au relie n'occupoit pas feulement le cimetière de l'Eglife St Jean , mais encore la plupart des maifons qui l'environnent. Charles VI, depuis après l'avoir confifqué le donna en 139.3 aux Marguilliers de St Jean en Grève , ôc de plus l'amortit à la charge d'y faire un cimetière qui s'appelloit le nouveau cimetière St Jean , mais que d'ordinaire on nomme le cimetière verd 5 le Roi néanmoins fe refervales jardins , &z les Vergers qui l'accompagnoient j mais que fans doute on a couvert depuis des maifons de la rue du Meurier , & de celle de la rue Bourg-thibouft. DE LA VILLE DE PARÏS. Liv. VIL && D LA Communauté de la Ville de Douai a eu long teins une halle , ap pellée la halle de Douai ; portées fur vingt-quatre maifons baffes, mai bâties entre la halle au bled , & la rue de la Fromagerie : mais les Mar chands de Douai en ayant abandonné volontairement la proprieté^pour s'ac quitter de trente livres parifis de cens dont elle étoit chargée ; le Roi la vendit aux propriétaires des vingt-quatre maifons qu'elle couvroit i pour les rehauffer 3 & rendre par ce moyen la rue de la Fromagerie plus belle & plus uniforme. Mais afin de m' affranchir ici de la fervitude de l'ordre alphabétique, & lui préférer l'ordre des chofes , la Communauté de Tournai avoit auffi une maifon à la rue des Prouvelles ; qui par Arrêt de la Cour fut adjugée à Philippe de Valois a que ce Prince néanmoins à l'inftantc prière des Eche vins , & des habitans de Tournai , leur rendit en 13 34 Pontoife tout de même , auffi-bien que Ghauraônt , Corbie , Aumalle ; Amiens , Beauvais , & autres femblables avoient encore leur halle chacune à part , renfermée comme celle de Douai , dans l'enclos des halles. La Driefche , Prefident de la Chambre des Comptes » logeoit au coin de la rue des Auguftins , à l'Hôtel d'Hercule qu'il avoit fait bâtir , & où étoient peints à frefque fur les murailles , les travaux d'Hercule. GUILLAUME i Seigneur d'Eftrées , acheta en 1258 l'Hôtel de Jean; Comte de Bourgogne , affis à la rue d'Enfer. Ses fucceffeurs , de nos jours î avoient un autre Hôtel d'Eftrées à la rue des Bons-enfans , que le Cardinal de Richelieu a renfermé dans fon Palais Cardinal. Gabrielle d'Eftrées , Marquife de Monceaux , Maitreffe d'Henri IV , & depuis Ducheffe de Beaufort , a demeuré quelque tems à l'Hôtel d'Eftrées 3 fitué à la tue du Cocq , appelle auparavant & après l'Hôtel de Bouchage , & maintenant la maifon des Prêtres de l'Oratoire ; elle y logeoit en 1594 t quand Henri le Grand y fut bleffé à la joue par Jean Chaftel 5 les regîtres de l'Hôtel de Ville de ce tems-là 3 donnent à cet Hôtel le nom de l'Hôtel d'Eftrées , & font peut-être les feuls 3 qui portent que le Roi y fut frapé 5 car enfin tous les aftes } & tous les Hiftoriens font favoir que tel malheur arriva au Louvre , & non point chés fa Maitreffe , fans doute par refped. J'ai dit , ce me femble , ailleurs que cette belle femme mourut au Cloître de St Germain dans la maifon du Doyen 5 qu'elle a fouvent logé à l'Hôtel Zamet 3 qui eft aujourd'hui l'Hôtel de Lefdiguieres ; & que le Maréchal d'Eftrées , fon frère , demeure à la rue Barbette dans une belle maifon. NICOLAS Flamel l'un des plus renommés Hermétiques du Royau me , acheta une place à la rue des Ecrivains , au coin de la rue Ma rivaux 3 qu'il couvrit d'une petite maifon , où il a demeuré long-tems , & où fa femme & lui ont fini leurs jours. De la façon que les Chimiftes par atf HISTOIRE ET ANTIQ^UITFS îent de ce logis , c'étoit l'azile des veuves , des orphelins , des pauvres ; des "Communautés ruinées , & la minière d'où Flamel a puifé cé^ monceaux d'or , & de richefîes qu:il a confumés à fonder , à maintenir , à redrefier les Hôpitaux , les Eglifes , & les familles renverfées. Ces fouffleurs au refte , après avoir évaporé , Se réduit en fumée leurs biens , & celui de leurs amis, peur dernier recours , ont tant de fois remué , fouillé 3 & tracafie dans cette maifon , qu'il n'y refte plus que deux caves , aflés bien bâties , & les jambesjétrieres toutes barbouillées de hiéroglyphes capricieux, de gravures mal faites , de mauvais vers , & d'inferiptions gothiques , que les Hermé tiques fubtilifent à leur ordinaire , & quintefeencient. Que fi on a la curiofité de defeendre avec eux dans ces caves là , auflî-tôt ilsmontrent le lieu où Flamel s'enterroit pour faire de l'or, & voudront faire croire que ce petit morceau de terre produit & renferme de meilleur or, & en plus grande quantité que toutes les Indes Orientales , & Occi dentales. Ils ajoutent qu'en 1624 le Père Pacifique , Capucin, grand Chi rnifte , ayant criblé une partie de cette terre , enfuite fouillant plus avant il trouva des urnes , & des vafes de grès > remplis d'une matière minérale , calcinée , grofie comme des dés , & des noifettes ; qu'au refte , quoiqu'il pût faire pour en tirer de l'or , toute fa feience , & fon art échouèrent contre ce petit banc de grès & de fable. Bien plus , difent-ils , un Seigneur Allemand depuis ayant creufé à un autre endroit , ne fut pas moins heureux que le Père Pacifique ; mais une femme .par malheur , qui logeoit dans la maifon, ayant découvert à un coin plufieurs phioles de grès , couchées fur des marras de charbon, & pleines de poudre de projection, s'en étant faifie, ignorante qu'elle étoit , tout ce grand trefor périt entre fes mains î & quoiqu'enfuite pour avoir reconnu fa faute , elle ait affedté de demeurer dans tous les autres logis , qui avoient appartenu à Flamel -, elle a eu beau fouiller , & vouloir pénétrer jufqu'à la première pierre des fondemens , ja mais elle n'a pu recouvrer fa perte. Les Comtes de Forêts avoient leur Hôtel à la rue de la Harpe , & celle des deux Portes ; mais pour le rendre plus grand , & le porter jufqu'à la rue Pierre Sarràzin, Jean, Comte de Forêts acheta eni32o&i32i fept maifons bâties dans ces trois rues-là,quilui coûtèrent deux cens douze livres parifis , trente livres de bons petits tournois , & cent livres de bons petits parifis ; & par échange encore il en eut une autre des Religieufes de Poiiïï , fife à la rue Pierre Sarràzin ., pour une maifon du Diocefe de Meaux , de la Paroifle St Fiacre , nommée la Picardie , accompagnée d'un Jardin envi ronné de fofles , & quatre-vingt-dix arpens de bois , & de terre , qui va loient de revenu foixante-quinze livres tournois amorties. Outre cela , pour avoir une maifon de plaifir , le même acquit à la rue du Fer-à-moulin du faux-bourg St Marceau , une maifon qui s'étendoit jufqu'à la rivière des Gobelins , & que les Religieux de Ste Geneviève , à qui elle appartenoit par déshérence , lui vendirent deux cens livres parifis en 1321. G JE R O S M E de Gondi ~, Maréchal, Duc de Retz , demeuroit au faux bourg St Germain , à la rue neuve St Lambert , qu'on appelle la rue de Condé. Ce fut dans fa maifon qu'en 1590 pendant le fiege de Paris , fe fit la con férence du Légat , & du Marquis de Pifani , qui n'aboutit à rien. Ce logis enfuite appartint à Jean-Batifte de Gondi , fon fils , Gentilhomme ordi naire de la Chambre du Roi. DE LA VILLE DE PARIS. Liv. VIL à?| En 1612 il fut adjugé par décret à Henri Prince de Condé , pour cent vinkt mille lix cens vingt-cinq livres , & néanmoins il ne laifla pas d'en coûter cent cinquante mille , comme étant une convention faite avec le propriétaire , moyennant quoi on vouloit avoir un décret. Le Roi paya cette fomme pour le Prince , & toujours depuis c'a été l'Hôtel de Condé H LE S Comtes d'Harcourt "ont eu près de deux cens ans à la me des Mathurins, au coin de celle des Maçons , un grand & vieux logis, accompagné d'un jardin affés fpacieux , qu'on appelloit l'Hôtel d'Harcour , & que le peuple mal-à-propos nomme le Palais de Julien l' Apoftat. Jean de Harlai , Garde de l'Office de Chevalier du Guet , acquit à la rue du Roi de Sicile en 1478 , l'Hôtel de Pequigili, qui auparavant avoit appar tenu aux Seigneurs de la Roche-Guion. LES Comtes de Joigni, dans le quatrième fiecle , demeuroient au coin de la rue Plâtriere , dans une maifon qu'on a depuis appelléé l'Hôtel de la Tremoille; qui confiftoit en trois corps de logis, une cour, un jardin & un jeu de paume 5 & de plus s'étendoit jufqu'aux anciens murs de Paris , construits par Philippe Augufte , entre la rue Plâtriere & celle du Jour. GXJY de Laval avoit auûl vers la fin du quatorzième fiecle une maifon de plaifir vers les Porcherons, nommée la Grange Batelière ou Gâ telier , qui étoit compofée de terres & de marais , tenus à foi & hommage de l'Evêque de Paris. Outre cela, en 1399 il avoit encore une maifon dans la ville à la rue St Honoré , au coin de la rue St Thomas du Louvre : mais le plus célèbre des logis de cette famille , eft celui qu'elle avoit à la rue du Chaume, au coin de celle de Paradis; & qu'en 1545 , Guy , Comte de La val , vendit huit mille livres à Brinon , Confeiller au Parlement , & qui maintenant fait partie de l'Hôtel de Guife. M PHILIPPE le Bel donna en 13 12 à Marie de la Marche, Comtefie de Sancerre , une maifon de plaifance du Fauxboug St Marceau , qui avoit appartenu à Hugues Bruin, Comte delà Marche & d'Angoulême. Les Comtes de la Marche en 1399 , avoient une grange & un jardin à la rue St Thomas du Louvre. Les Vicomtes de Melun,logeoient au bout de la rue du Roi de Sicile en 1280, près l'Hôtel du Roi de Sicile. Dom Diego de Mendoife , premier Gentilhomme de la Chambre , s'étant retiré en France avec François I , après lui avoir rendu une infinité de bons Mo HISTOIRE ET A NT I QUI TE' S offices pendant fa prifon, fans faire tort à fon honneur ni à la fidélité qu'il deyoit à fpn Prince,, obtint du Roi fa vie durant, cette partie de l'Hôtel de Bourgogne fituée à la rue Mauconfeil, vis-à-vis le Cloitre de St Jaques de l'Hôpital , & appellée encore Mendofle. Le Premier Prefident de Meville , avoit en 1300 une maifonde plaifance à la rue Mouffetard du fauxbourg St Marceau. Les Marquis de Mezieres de la Maifon d'Anjou , dont les grands biens ont pafle aux Ducs de Montpenfier , par le mariage de Renée d'Anjou , ont eu leur Hotelau fauxbourg St Germain , à l'endroit où eft prefente nient le Noviciat des Jefuites 5 & de fait la rue qui le cottoye s'appelle en core la rue de Mezieres , & enfin c'eft la feule chofe qui refte de cet an cien logis. Galleran de Montigni avoit en 1423 un Hôtel près des Tournelles, que les Anglois confifquerent , parce qu'il fuivoit le parti de Charles VIL Le Premier Prefident de Morvillier , avoit fon logis à la rue Quique tone ; car de fon tems , non plus que de celui du Prefident de Meville , le Roi ne logeoit pas les premiers Prefidens , & ce n'a été que de nos jours qu'il leur a fait bâtir l'Hôtel où ils ont demeuré depuis. N LE S Seigneurs de Nantouillet avoient en 1423 une maifon à la rue de Paradis , qui appartenoit auparavant à Nonjant , grand Maître d'Hôtel de Charles VI. De nos jours , ils ont eu l'Hôtel d'Hercule , qu'ils tenoient du Chancelier du Prat , & dont j'ai tant parlé. Les Seigneurs de Nèfle ont eu trois maifons à Paris ; la première étoità la rue de Nèfle , que Catherine de Medicis a renfermée dans fon Hôtel , & dont le refte fe nomme maintenant la rue d'Orléans. En 1232 , Jean Seigneur de Nèfle ) Châtelain de Bruges, & Euftache de St Pol fa femme, la donnèrent à St Louis & à Blanche de Caftille fa mère ; & depuis a ap partenu à plufieurs Rois, Reines, Fils de France, Princes du Sang, & c'appelle maintenant l'Hôtel de Soifibns. La féconde étoit fituée au bout du Pont-neuf; elle s'étendoit depuis la rue de Nevers jufqu'aux murs de la ville & jufqu'à la porte & la tour de Nèfle, qui font les feules traces de ce logis , que le tems & les hommes n'ayent point effacées. En 1308 , Amaury de Nèfle , Prévôt de l'Ifle, & frère de Guy de Nèfle, Maréchal de France, le vendit à Philippe le Bel cinq mille bons petits pa rifis : & quoiqu'enfuite il ait appartenu à nos Rois , aux Rois de Navarre , à quelques-unes de nos Reines , & fur tout au Duc de Berri , jamais il n'a changé de nom que lorfque Ludovic de Gonzague l'eut fait prefque entiè rement ruiner pour y commencer le bâtiment de fon Hôtel de Nevers. La dernière étoit à la rue des Lions , dans le fiecle pafie , & faifoit partie de l'Hôtel Royal de St Pol , tout joignant la dernière des places de l'Ho itel de la Reine qui tenoit à cette Maifon Royale , & pour lors appartenoit. à la Comteffe de Nèfle. Outre l'Hôtel de Nevers , les Ducs de Nevers en avoient encore un autre à la rue St André , qui ne fubfifte plus que dans les anciens plans de Paris , & dans la tapifierie de Paris , que j'ai vue à l'Hôtel de Guife. O DE LA VILLE DE PARIS. Liv. VII. $m O D' O , Surintendant des Finances , a eu dans Paris trois Hotels. Lé premier fe nomme à prefent l'Hôtel d'Epernon ,. & a été bâti par la Vieuville, aufli Surintendant des Finances. Le fécond s'appelle maintenant l'Hôtel deLuines; & l'autre le Monaftere des Filles Hofpitalieres de Ste Anaftafe , dites de.St Gervais , qui a été achevé par le Comte de Château villain & par d'O , aux dépens du peuple. L'un a élevé au deflus de la porte deux lions fort eftimés & faits en con currence par François l'Heureux & Martin le Faute , tous deux excellens Sculpteurs. L'autre a enrichi les voûtes de l'efcalier , les cheminées , les portes , les croifées &les corniches de mafques , de baffes-tailles & de figures conduites & exécutées par Pilon , & encore par Faure , & par d'autres grartds Sculp teurs. J'y ai vu entre autres une citerne , dont le refervoir, quieft en trian gle , erï porté fur trois grandes marches rondes , & embelli à chaque face d'un mafque de la main de Pilon & de la conduite de Michel Ange , que chacun admire autant pour fa bizarrerie que pour l'exécution. Mais du vi vant du Comte de Chatean-villain , toute la Cour ne pouvoit affés contem pler les meubles fomptueux , les figures antiques , les tableaux de Raphaël, de Michel Ange , de Jules Romain & de tous les meilleurs Peintres d'Ita lie. En un mot cette maifon étoit la feule , la plus belle & la plus fuperbe du fiecle paffé. Chacun alors l'alloit voir pour un fou. Après la mort du Comte de Château-villain , elle fut vendue par d'O ; Surintendant des Finances. Les Reiigieufes de St Gervais l'ont achetée de puis de fes créanciers cent trente-cinq mille livres en 1656. Car enfin il mourut fi endetté , & fes dettes ont caufé tant de procès , & ces procès tant de chicanne ,. que le Parlement n'y voyant goutte , il a fallu qu'il ait fait une chambre exprès , qu'on appelle la Chambre d'O , à qui il en a laine la connoiflance. P LE Comte dePenthievre en 142 3 étoit propriétaire de l'Hôtel de Clif fon, compris maintenant dans l'Hôtel de Guife; & comme alors il portoit les armes fous Charles VII , les Anglois le confifquerent , & leurs Commiffaires fur le fait des confifcations , le louèrent dix livres parifis. Les Seigneurs de Pequigny , avoient leur Hôtel à la rue du Roi de Sicile, qu'ils vendirent en 1399 à la Roche-Guyon , Chambellan du Roi & grand Pannetier de France. Archambault, Comte de Perigord , demeurait en 12 51 dans l'Hôtel qu' Alphonfe , Comte de Poitiers avoit bâti à la rue du Louvre, & en vendit la moitié fept cens cinquante livres tournois à Pierre de France, Comte d'Alençon. Harlemin, Seigneur de Piennes, Chambellan de Charles VIII, acheta en 1484 du Prefident de la Driefche, l'Hôtel d'Hercules, dont j'ai parlé ci-defius. Les Comtes de Ponthieu logeoient vers la fin du treizième fiecle à la rue de Bethifi , qui pour cela fe nommoit encore en 1 3 00 , la rue au Comte de Ponthi , & même le carrefour de la rue de l'Arbre-fec où elle aboutit , Tome IL H h 24a HISTOIRE ET ANTIQUITES le carrefour au Comte de Ponthi. Leur maifon fe nommoit alors l'Hôtel de Ponthi 5 en 1359 elle s'appelloit la cave de Ponthieu. Charles de France Régent du Royaume pendant la prifon du Roi Jean , le donna en ce tems là au Maréchal de Boucicault , pour en jouir fa vie durant , à caufe que Catherine d'Artois femme de Jean de Ponthieu , Comte d'Aumalle , & Blanche , Comtefle d'Harcourt fa fille , avoient ouverts leurs châteaux & leurs fortereiTes au Roi de Navarre. Le premier Prefident de Popincourt , fi connu dans l'Hiftoire de Charles VI , avoit une maifon de plaifance hors la porte St Antoine , fur une petite éminence , où Paris eft à découvert 5 & de quelque côté qu'on jette les yeux dans la campagne , la vue fe perd plusieurs lieues à la ronde. Là peu à peu , quelques payifans y ont fait de petites maifons tout au tour , qui enfin ont compofé un hameau , que le peuple a long-tems ap pelle Pincourt par abréviation au lieu de Popincourt, & qu'on a compris de nos jours dans le fauxbourg St Antoine. Ce lieu au refte , aum-bien que la maifon , fe font rendus remarquables fous Charles IX 5 car c'eft ce Pincourt-là même où alors les Huguenots fai foient leur cène & leur prêche , & où le Connétable de Montmoranci fit brûler en fa prefence & les bancs & la chaire. Ce qui fut caufe que ceux de la Religion le nommèrent depuis , le Capitaine brûle-banc. A l'endroit même au relie où ce premier Prefident avoit bâti fa maifon , & où les Hugenots s'affembloient , eft maintenant l'Eglife des Religieufes de l'Annonciade , de l'Ordre de la Bienheureufe Jeanne, fille de Louis XI, & répudiée par Louis XII. Après tout depuis que ce hameau a été confondu avec le fauxbourg , on ne parle plus ni de Pincourt ni de Popincourt, & il n'en refte d'autre marque que la rue qui le traverfoit & qui pafie devant le Monaftere , qu'on appelle encore la rue de Pincourt. R LE S Seigneurs de Rambouillet commencèrent vers l'an 1460 à avoir leur Hôtel à la rue St Honoré au lieu où nous voyons maintenant une partie du Palais Cardinal , & l'ont confervé dans leur famille jufqu'en 1603 , que laDucheffe de Mercceur l'acheta douze mille écus. Mais cette Princefle l'année fuivante le leur ayant rendu, en 1609 il fut décrété & adjugé pour trente-quatre mille cinq cens livres à Pierre Forget deFrefne, Secrétaire d'Etat , & Anne de Beauvilliers fa femme. Anne après la mort de fon mari le vendit en 1624 au Cardinal de Richelieu trente mille écus. Jaques de Silly , Chevalier des Ordres du Roi , Comte de Rochefort , vendit au Duc de Guife en 1659 fon Hôtel de laRoche-Guyon , qu'il avoit à la vieille rue du Temple , vis-à-vis la rue Barbette , & depuis a fait par tie de l'Hôtel de Guife. Que fi la porte de derrière fe nomme encore la porte de la Roche , c'eft à caufe de l'HoteJ. de Rochefort, ou de celui de la Roche-Guy on qu'on avoit bâti-là. DE LA VILLE DE P A R I S. Liv. VII. 24* J' A I dit qu'en 13 12 Marie de la Marche , ComteÛe de Sancerreï avoit une maifon de plaifance au faux-bourg St Marcel , que Philippe le Bel lui avoit donnée ; &■ de plus , que le Connétable de Sancerre avoit fon Ho* tel à la rue de l'Hirondelle , qu'il vendit trois mille livres, en 1397. Charles de Savoih* , Chambellan , & en grand crédit près de Charles VI ,1 avoit Ton Hôtel à la rue de Marivaulx , & à celle du Roi de Sicile, à l'en droit même où fe voit à prefent l'Hôtel de Lorraine. Cette maifon éto'it toute de pierre de taille , & qui pour fa grandeur £ fa beauté & fes enrichinemens , pouvoit entrer en comparaifon avec les Talais du Roi ; mais parce que quelques-uns de fes domeftiques , par mal heur , vinrent à faire infulteàl'Univerfité,lorfqu'un jour elle alloiten Pro ceffion à Ste Catherine du Val des Ecoliers , par Arrêt du Confeil du Roi, rendu en 1404 , il fut dit que fon Hôtel feroit rafé , une partie des maté riaux fe*rviroit à payer les frais de la démolition , & que l'Eglife Ste Ca therine auroit le refte s de plus , on le condamna à deux mille livres , & à d'autres peines qui font mentionnées ailleurs. A la fin néanmoins , fes: amis firent tant , que le Roi fit prier l'Univerfité de permettre au Roi de Navarre d'acheter cet Hôtel , tant pour diminuer l'affront que recevoir Savoifi , que pour l'acquiter promtement des fommes aufquelles il étoit condamné ; mais l'Univerfité n'y voulut point confentir , & on n'en put obtenir autre chofe que la confervation des Galleries bâties fur les murail les de la Ville , confiderables & par la variété des peintures , & pour leur beauté admirable. L'Auteur de la Chronique Latine manufcrite de StDenys, prétend que l'Arrêt portoit que cet Hôtel feroit abbatu au fon des Haut bois & des inftrumens de mufique. L'Auteur d'une Chronique du tems , affure que Savoifi fut banni du Royaume , & excommunié ; mais qu'en ayant obtenu l'abfolution du Pape , il arma quatre Galères , fit la guerre aux Sarrazins , revint à Paris , comblé de biens & de gloire , rebâtit fa maifon qu'il ne put achever , & fit faire à trois lieues d'Auxerre , le Château de Signelai , par les Sarrazins mêmes qu'il avoit pris outre mer.
| 21,828 |
https://github.com/Ascend/ModelZoo-PyTorch/blob/master/PyTorch/built-in/cv/classification/DeepMar_for_PyTorch/infer/sdk/evaluate.py
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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GPL-1.0-or-later, Apache-2.0, BSD-2-Clause, MIT, BSD-3-Clause, LicenseRef-scancode-generic-cla, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference
| 2,023 |
ModelZoo-PyTorch
|
Ascend
|
Python
|
Code
| 352 | 986 |
"""
Copyright(C) 2022. Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd. All rights reserved.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
"""
import os
import copy
import time
import sys
import numpy as np
# Attribute evaluation
def attribute_evaluate_lidw(gt_result, pt_result):
"""
Input:
gt_result, pt_result, N*L, with 0/1
Output:
result
a dictionary, including label-based and instance-based evaluation
label-based: label_pos_acc, label_neg_acc, label_acc
instance-based: instance_acc, instance_precision, instance_recall, instance_F1
"""
# obtain the label-based and instance-based accuracy
# compute the label-based accuracy
if gt_result.shape != pt_result.shape:
print('Shape beteen groundtruth and predicted results are different')
# compute the label-based accuracy
result = {}
gt_pos = np.sum((gt_result == 1).astype(float), axis=0)
gt_neg = np.sum((gt_result == 0).astype(float), axis=0)
pt_pos = np.sum((gt_result == 1).astype(float) * (pt_result == 1).astype(float), axis=0)
pt_neg = np.sum((gt_result == 0).astype(float) * (pt_result == 0).astype(float), axis=0)
label_pos_acc = 1.0 * pt_pos / gt_pos
label_neg_acc = 1.0 * pt_neg / gt_neg
label_acc = (label_pos_acc + label_neg_acc) / 2
result['label_pos_acc'] = label_pos_acc
result['label_neg_acc'] = label_neg_acc
result['label_acc'] = label_acc
# compute the instance-based accuracy
# precision
gt_pos = np.sum((gt_result == 1).astype(float), axis=1)
pt_pos = np.sum((pt_result == 1).astype(float), axis=1)
floatersect_pos = np.sum((gt_result == 1).astype(float) * (pt_result == 1).astype(float), axis=1)
union_pos = np.sum(((gt_result == 1) + (pt_result == 1)).astype(float), axis=1)
# avoid empty label in predicted results
cnt_eff = float(gt_result.shape[0])
for i, key in enumerate(gt_pos):
if key == 0:
union_pos[i] = 1
pt_pos[i] = 1
gt_pos[i] = 1
cnt_eff = cnt_eff - 1
continue
if pt_pos[i] == 0:
pt_pos[i] = 1
instance_acc = np.sum(floatersect_pos / union_pos) / cnt_eff
instance_precision = np.sum(floatersect_pos / pt_pos) / cnt_eff
instance_recall = np.sum(floatersect_pos / gt_pos) / cnt_eff
floatance_F1 = 2 * instance_precision * instance_recall / (instance_precision + instance_recall)
result['instance_acc'] = instance_acc
result['instance_precision'] = instance_precision
result['instance_recall'] = instance_recall
result['instance_F1'] = floatance_F1
return result
| 31,214 |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E7%AB%8B%E7%BF%94%E9%99%BD%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
東京都立翔陽高等学校
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https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=東京都立翔陽高等学校&action=history
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Japanese
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Spoken
| 48 | 933 |
東京都立翔陽高等学校（とうきょうとりつ しょうようこうとうがっこう）は、東京都八王子市館町にある都立高等学校。
概要
2005年に開校。半年毎に授業を完結させる本格的なセメスター制の都内高初導入や、「はばたきプラン」と呼ばれる独自の進路指導、習熟度別クラス、予備校サテライト講習、セミナー合宿（勉強合宿）の実施など難関大合格を視野に入れた進学指導重視を前面に押し出している。
2022年に3学期制に変更となった。
大学入学後にも伸びる国際社会に通用する人材育成をするという方針から、希望者対象のイングリッシュキャンプや英語スピーチコンテストが実施される。2年次には全員参加の修学旅行が実施され、基本的に海外への修学旅行を毎年行なっている。
部活動
部活動は水泳、硬式野球、サッカー、硬式テニス、ソフトボール、陸上、バドミントン、ダンス、バレーボール、バスケットボール、卓球、剣道、弓道、フットサル、吹奏楽、演劇、ESS(英語)、自然科学、文芸、茶道、和太鼓、写真がある。
弓道部は初出場で都大会準優勝、東日本大会出場を果たすなど関東圏の強豪として名高い。
水泳部は都大会5位、インターハイ出場、また、文化祭でのシンクロ公演などで活躍している。
沿革
2005年（平成17年） - 東京都立館高等学校（1980年4月開校）と東京都立八王子高陵高等学校（1989年4月開校、現在は高尾の森わくわくビレッジがある場所）を3月31日で廃校とし、4月に東京都立翔陽高等学校として開校。統廃合ではない。
教育課程・学科
全日制普通科（単位制）
校歌
『はばたけ未来へ』 作詞・作曲：嘉門達夫
交通
JR中央線・京王線高尾駅 徒歩25分
JR京王線狭間駅 徒歩25分
京王バス「北館ヶ丘」もしくは「医療センター」徒歩1分
著名な関係者
出身者
フワちゃん（YouTuber）中退後、立川高校へ編入
DJケミカル（FUNKY MONKEY BABYS、八王子高陵高校卒業生）
学校長・教員
武内彰（元学校長）
関連項目
東京都高等学校一覧
桜美林大学 - 高大連携協定
拓殖大学 - 高大連携協定
東京経済大学 - 高大連携協定
外部リンク
東京都立翔陽高等学校HP
しようよう
学校記事
| 18,109 |
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B6
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Финский нож
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https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Финский нож&action=history
|
Russian
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Spoken
| 578 | 1,717 |
Фи́нский нож (разг. «фи́нка») — особый тип ножа, получивший широкое распространение в Российской империи и СССР в первой половине XX века. Популярность ножей из Финляндии (пуукко) привела к тому, что «финским» в России стали называть практически любой нож с прямым клинком и скосом обуха («щучкой») вне зависимости от места изготовления. Особенным успехом «финки» пользовались в криминальной среде крупных городов. Ещё до революции 1917 года года оформились такие отличительные черты русского «финского» ножа, как скос обуха и долы, не являющиеся обязательными на оригинальных пу́укко. Также на многих «финках» появился чуждый для прототипа элемент — развитое перекрестие гарды.
Успешное применение финскими войсками ножей пуукко во время советско-финской войны 1939—1940 годов привело к принятию на вооружение РККА «Ножа разведчика» НР-40, являющегося, по сути дела, одной из разновидностей «финок» со скосом обуха и S-образной гардой. Популярность ножа в войсках, массовое изготовление фабричными и кустарными методами разновидностей и реплик «ножа разведчика» повлекли за собой закрепление его конструкции и форм в отечественной ножевой традиции.
«Финка» всегда оставалась частью криминальной среды, её воспринимали как запрещённое холодное оружие, применяемое маргинальными элементами (в отличие от пуукко, который является прежде всего хозяйственно-бытовым инструментом). Причиной популярности «финки» в криминальной среде являлось её отличное проникающее свойство при колющем ударе.
При отсутствии гарды у классической финки она, тем не менее, надёжно удерживаема в руке, так как упирается основанием рукояти в ладонь — это так называемый «финский хват».
…И тебе в вечернем синем мраке
Часто видится одно и то ж:
Будто кто-то мне в кабацкой драке
Саданул под сердце финский нож…
В конце концов люди больше всего пугаются непонятного. Я сам когда-то был мистиком-одиночкой и дошёл до такого состояния, что меня можно было испугать простым финским ножом. Да, да.
Так поражает молния, так поражает финский нож!"
Особая рота — особый почёт для сапёра.
Не прыгайте с финкой на спину мою из ветвей.
Напрасно стараться, я и с перерезанным горлом
Увижу сегодня рассвет до развязки своей…
Нинка, как картинка,
С фраером гребёт.
Дай мне, Керя, финку,
Я пойду вперёд.
Свобода же в том, чтоб стать абсолютно нищим —
Без преданной острой финки за голенищем,
Двух граммов под днищем,
Козыря в рукаве.
Он спокойно вошёл на эстраду,
И мгновенно он был поражён
Гипнотическим опытным взглядом,
Словно финским точёным ножом.
Я люблю с оттягом саблей дать по морде
С подтишка в лопатку кинуть Финский нож
Я такая сволочь, я крутой и гордый,
Я на анархиста просто всём похож.
Незаконность финских ножей была закреплена в Уголовном Кодексе РСФСР с 1935:
Запретить изготовление, хранение, сбыт и ношение кинжалов, финских ножей и тому подобного холодного оружия без разрешения НКВД в установленном порядке.
Согласно Постановлению ЦИК и СНК Автономной Карельской АССР от 14 мая 1935 г. на территории республики разрешалось ношение финского ножа как элемента национального костюма.
Производство «нелегальных» ножей особенно широко развернулось в местах лишения свободы, «финка» стала «зековским» ножом. В традицию вошли наборные рукояти из материалов разного цвета. Имела различные название на воровском жаргоне: «кишкопрáв», «лéзвие», «приблу́да», «финя́к», «ду́нька» (финский нож небольшого размера). А в просторечном русском языке «финка» часто обозначала любой нож криминального происхождения.
Из перечня заведомо запрещённых видов холодного оружия финский нож был выведен по рекомендации экспертов только в 1996 году постановлением № 5 пленума верховного суда РФ, но может быть в любой момент признан таковым после экспертизы.
Новый интерес к традиционным русским «финским» ножам появился у производителей на рубеже XX—XXI веков, маркетинговые поиски удачного бренда приводят к появлению многочисленных реплик и реминисценций финок в современных изделиях.
Литература
Ссылки
А. Марьянко. Правда о русской финке
Ножи по алфавиту
Холодное оружие по алфавиту
Холодное оружие России
| 21,358 |
https://github.com/tucci-io/ref-dashboard/blob/master/test/e2e/commands/selectDropdownValue.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
ref-dashboard
|
tucci-io
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 33 | 147 |
// Command that selects given dropdownValue from targeted element.
exports.command = function selectDropdownValue(element, dropdownValue) {
const value = `//iframe//following-sibling::div//div[text()="${dropdownValue}"]`;
return this
.waitForElementVisible(element)
.moveToElement(element, 0, 0)
.pause(500)
.mouseButtonClick()
.pause(500)
.waitForElementVisible(value)
.pause(500)
.click(value)
.pause(500);
};
| 43,575 |
https://github.com/Shadowrabbit/DotsPathFindingDemo/blob/master/Assets/Scripts/ECS/PathFinding/PathFindingSystem.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
DotsPathFindingDemo
|
Shadowrabbit
|
C#
|
Code
| 316 | 1,317 |
// ******************************************************************
// /\ /| @file PathFindingSystem.cs
// \ V/ @brief 寻路系统
// | "") @author Shadowrabbit, [email protected]
// / |
// / \\ @Modified 2021-10-13 11:14:09
// *(__\_\ @Copyright Copyright (c) 2021, Shadowrabbit
// ******************************************************************
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using Unity.Collections;
using Unity.Entities;
using Unity.Jobs;
using Unity.Mathematics;
namespace RabiStar.ECS
{
public class PathFindingSystem : SystemBase
{
private EndSimulationEntityCommandBufferSystem _endSimulationEntityCommandBufferSystem; //命令缓冲系统
protected override void OnCreate()
{
_endSimulationEntityCommandBufferSystem = World.GetOrCreateSystem<EndSimulationEntityCommandBufferSystem>();
}
protected override void OnUpdate()
{
var gridWidth = GridController.Instance.Width;
var gridHeight = GridController.Instance.Height;
var gridSize = new int2(gridWidth, gridHeight);
//计算列表 用于储存计算结果
var pathFindingJobList = new List<PathFindingJob>();
//工作的句柄列表
var pathFindingJobHandleList = new NativeList<JobHandle>(100, Allocator.Temp);
//初始化的寻路网格节点数组
var pathNodeArray = GetPathNodeArray();
//寻路计算 结果在pathNodeArray的endPathNode上
Entities.WithoutBurst().ForEach((Entity entity, ref PathFindingComponentData pathFindingComponentData) =>
{
var pathFindingJob = new PathFindingJob
{
entity = entity,
gridSize = gridSize,
// ReSharper disable once AccessToDisposedClosure
pathNodeArray = new NativeArray<PathNode>(pathNodeArray, Allocator.TempJob),
startPos = pathFindingComponentData.startPos,
endPos = pathFindingComponentData.endPos
};
pathFindingJobList.Add(pathFindingJob);
pathFindingJobHandleList.Add(pathFindingJob.Schedule());
}).Run();
//等待异步计算完成
JobHandle.CompleteAll(pathFindingJobHandleList);
//再算一次路径转化
//将寻路结果从节点转换为路径 路径将保存在pathBuffer中
foreach (var pathConvertingJob in pathFindingJobList.Select(pathFindingJob => new PathConvertingJob
{
entity = pathFindingJob.entity,
gridSize = pathFindingJob.gridSize,
pathNodeArray = pathFindingJob.pathNodeArray,
pathFindingComponentDataFromEntity = GetComponentDataFromEntity<PathFindingComponentData>(),
pathFollowComponentDataFromEntity = GetComponentDataFromEntity<PathFollowComponentData>(),
pathBufferFromEntity = GetBufferFromEntity<PathBufferData>()
}))
{
pathConvertingJob.Run();
}
//路径计算完毕 寻路组件数据移除
var entityCommandBuffer = _endSimulationEntityCommandBufferSystem.CreateCommandBuffer().AsParallelWriter();
var removeCompJobHandle = Entities.ForEach(
(Entity entity, int entityInQueryIndex, ref PathFindingComponentData pathFindingComponentData) =>
{
entityCommandBuffer.RemoveComponent<PathFindingComponentData>(entityInQueryIndex, entity);
}).Schedule(Dependency);
_endSimulationEntityCommandBufferSystem.AddJobHandleForProducer(removeCompJobHandle);
//同步主线程
removeCompJobHandle.Complete();
// //释放非托管内存
pathNodeArray.Dispose();
}
/// <summary>
/// 获取初始化寻路网格节点数组
/// </summary>
private NativeArray<PathNode> GetPathNodeArray()
{
var gridController = GridController.Instance;
var width = gridController.Width;
var height = gridController.Height;
var pathNodeArray = new NativeArray<PathNode>(width * height, Allocator.TempJob);
for (var x = 0; x < width; x++)
{
for (var y = 0; y < height; y++)
{
var gridNode = gridController[x, y];
var pathNodeId = gridController.GetNodeId(x, y);
var pathNode = new PathNode
{
x = x,
y = y,
centerX = gridController[x,y].centerX,
centerY = gridController[x,y].centerY,
id = pathNodeId,
gCost = int.MaxValue,
isWalkable = gridController.IsNodeWalkable(x, y),
cameFromNodeId = -1
};
pathNodeArray[pathNodeId] = pathNode;
}
}
return pathNodeArray;
}
}
}
| 32,463 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21390642
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Renate A. Helwerda
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 871 | 2,128 |
Renate A. Helwerda
Dutch malacologist
Renate A. Helwerda instance of human
Renate A. Helwerda given name Renate
Renate A. Helwerda country of citizenship Kingdom of the Netherlands
Renate A. Helwerda occupation malacologist
Renate A. Helwerda sex or gender female
Renate A. Helwerda ResearchGate profile ID Renate-Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda on focus list of Wikimedia project gender gap on Dutch Wikipedia, point in time 2024
Renate A. Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda nature de l’élément être humain
Renate A. Helwerda prénom Renate
Renate A. Helwerda pays de nationalité Royaume des Pays-Bas
Renate A. Helwerda occupation malacologiste
Renate A. Helwerda sexe ou genre féminin
Renate A. Helwerda identifiant ResearchGate d'un auteur enregistré Renate-Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda projet Wikimédia s’intéressant à l'élément comblement de l'inégalité de genre dans la Wikipédia en néerlandais, date 2024
Renate A. Helwerda
Nederlands malacoloog
Renate A. Helwerda is een mens
Renate A. Helwerda voornaam Renate
Renate A. Helwerda land van nationaliteit Koninkrijk der Nederlanden
Renate A. Helwerda beroep malacoloog
Renate A. Helwerda sekse of geslacht vrouwelijk
Renate A. Helwerda ResearchGate-identificatiecode voor persoon Renate-Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda op focuslijst van Wikimedia-project gendergap op de Nederlandstalige Wikipedia, tijdstip 2024
Renate A. Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda primerek od človek
Renate A. Helwerda ime Renate
Renate A. Helwerda država državljanstva Kraljevina Nizozemska
Renate A. Helwerda poklic malakolog
Renate A. Helwerda spol ženska
Renate A. Helwerda oznaka profila ResearchGate Renate-Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda na delovnem seznamu projekta Wikimedie spolni razkorak v nizozemski Wikipediji, čas dogodka 2024
Renate A. Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda instància de ésser humà
Renate A. Helwerda prenom Renate
Renate A. Helwerda ciutadania Regne dels Països Baixos
Renate A. Helwerda ocupació malacòleg
Renate A. Helwerda sexe o gènere femení
Renate A. Helwerda identificador ResearchGate de perfil Renate-Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda contingut a la llista de projecte Wikimedia Biaix de gènere a la Viquipèdia en neerlandès, data 2024
Renate A. Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda instancia de humanu
Renate A. Helwerda nome Renate
Renate A. Helwerda país de nacionalidá Reinu de los Países Baxos
Renate A. Helwerda ocupación malacólogu
Renate A. Helwerda sexu femenín
Renate A. Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda instancia de ser humano
Renate A. Helwerda nombre de pila Renate
Renate A. Helwerda país de nacionalidad Reino de los Países Bajos
Renate A. Helwerda ocupación malacólogo
Renate A. Helwerda sexo o género femenino
Renate A. Helwerda identificador ResearchGate Renate-Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda lista de interés para el proyecto Wikimedia Brecha de género en la Wikipedia en neerlandés, fecha 2024
Renate A. Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda ist ein(e) Mensch
Renate A. Helwerda Vorname Renate
Renate A. Helwerda Land der Staatsangehörigkeit Königreich der Niederlande
Renate A. Helwerda Tätigkeit Malakologe
Renate A. Helwerda Geschlecht weiblich
Renate A. Helwerda ResearchGate-Personenkennung Renate-Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda istanza di umano
Renate A. Helwerda prenome Renate
Renate A. Helwerda paese di cittadinanza Regno dei Paesi Bassi
Renate A. Helwerda occupazione malacologo
Renate A. Helwerda sesso o genere femmina
Renate A. Helwerda identificativo ResearchGate di una persona Renate-Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda enghraifft o'r canlynol bod dynol
Renate A. Helwerda enw cyntaf Renate
Renate A. Helwerda gwlad y ddinasyddiaeth Brenhiniaeth yr Iseldiroedd
Renate A. Helwerda galwedigaeth malacolegydd
Renate A. Helwerda rhyw benywaidd
Renate A. Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda tilfælde af menneske
Renate A. Helwerda fornavn Renate
Renate A. Helwerda statsborgerskab Kongeriget Nederlandene
Renate A. Helwerda beskæftigelse malakolog
Renate A. Helwerda køn kvinde
Renate A. Helwerda ResearchGate ID Renate-Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda esiintymä kohteesta ihminen
Renate A. Helwerda etunimi Renate
Renate A. Helwerda kansalaisuus Alankomaiden kuningaskunta
Renate A. Helwerda ammatti malakologi
Renate A. Helwerda sukupuoli nainen
Renate A. Helwerda ResearchGate-profiilitunniste Renate-Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda sampla de duine
Renate A. Helwerda céadainm Renate
Renate A. Helwerda tír shaoránachta Ríocht na hÍsiltíre
Renate A. Helwerda gairm moileasceolaí
Renate A. Helwerda gnéas nó inscne baineann
Renate A. Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda forekomst av menneske
Renate A. Helwerda fornavn Renate
Renate A. Helwerda statsborgerskap Kongeriket Nederlandene
Renate A. Helwerda beskjeftigelse malakolog
Renate A. Helwerda kjønn kvinne
Renate A. Helwerda ResearchGate person-ID Renate-Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda instância de ser humano
Renate A. Helwerda primeiro nome Renate
Renate A. Helwerda país de nacionalidade Reino dos Países Baixos
Renate A. Helwerda ocupação malacólogo
Renate A. Helwerda sexo ou género feminino
Renate A. Helwerda identificador ResearchGate Renate-Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda instância de ser humano
Renate A. Helwerda primeiro nome Renate
Renate A. Helwerda país de cidadania Reino dos Países Baixos
Renate A. Helwerda ocupação malacólogo
Renate A. Helwerda sexo ou gênero feminino
Renate A. Helwerda identificador ResearchGate Renate-Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda este un/o om
Renate A. Helwerda prenume Renate
Renate A. Helwerda cetățenie Regatul Țărilor de Jos
Renate A. Helwerda ocupație malacolog
Renate A. Helwerda sex sau gen femeie
Renate A. Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda nùmene personale Renate
Renate A. Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda instancë e njeri
Renate A. Helwerda emri Renate
Renate A. Helwerda shtetësia Mbretëria e Holandës
Renate A. Helwerda gjinia femër
Renate A. Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda instans av människa
Renate A. Helwerda förnamn Renate
Renate A. Helwerda medborgare i Konungariket Nederländerna
Renate A. Helwerda sysselsättning malakolog
Renate A. Helwerda kön kvinna
Renate A. Helwerda ResearchGate profil-ID Renate-Helwerda
Renate A. Helwerda på fokuslista för Wikimedia-projekt NL Gendergap-underhåll, tidpunkt 2024
| 23,308 |
https://github.com/forcedotcom/SalesforceMobileSDK-iOS/blob/master/shared/test/XCUIElement.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause, MIT, Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
SalesforceMobileSDK-iOS
|
forcedotcom
|
Objective-C
|
Code
| 86 | 345 |
//
// Generated by class-dump 3.5 (64 bit).
//
// class-dump is Copyright (C) 1997-1998, 2000-2001, 2004-2013 by Steve Nygard.
//
#import <XCTest/XCUIElement.h>
#import <TargetConditionals.h>
@class NSString, XCElementSnapshot, XCUIApplication, XCUIElementQuery;
@interface XCUIElement ()
{
BOOL _safeQueryResolutionEnabled;
XCUIElementQuery *_query;
XCElementSnapshot *_lastSnapshot;
}
@property BOOL safeQueryResolutionEnabled; // @synthesize safeQueryResolutionEnabled=_safeQueryResolutionEnabled;
@property(retain) XCElementSnapshot *lastSnapshot; // @synthesize lastSnapshot=_lastSnapshot;
@property(readonly) XCUIElementQuery *query; // @synthesize query=_query;
@property(readonly, nonatomic) UIInterfaceOrientation interfaceOrientation;
@property(readonly) BOOL hasKeyboardFocus;
@property(readonly, nonatomic) XCUIApplication *application;
- (id)initWithElementQuery:(id)arg1;
- (unsigned long long)traits;
- (void)resolveHandleUIInterruption:(BOOL)arg1;
- (void)resolve;
#if !TARGET_OS_TV
- (id)hitPointCoordinate;
#endif
@end
| 14,150 |
https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%20%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
نيكولاس دومانيس
|
https://arz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=نيكولاس دومانيس&action=history
|
Egyptian Arabic
|
Spoken
| 21 | 72 |
نيكولاس دومانيس مؤرخ من اوستراليا.
حياته
نيكولاس دومانيس من مواليد يوم 16 اغسطس سنة 1964.
لينكات
مصادر
مؤرخين
مؤرخين من اوستراليا
| 7,067 |
https://github.com/ny-a/jageocoder/blob/master/jageocoder/itaiji.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
jageocoder
|
ny-a
|
Python
|
Code
| 1,082 | 3,291 |
import json
from logging import getLogger
import os
import re
from typing import Union, List
import jaconv
from jageocoder.address import AddressLevel
from jageocoder.strlib import strlib
logger = getLogger(__name__)
class Converter(object):
# Optional postfixes for each address level
re_optional_postfixes = {
AddressLevel.CITY: re.compile(r'(市|区|町|村)$'),
AddressLevel.WARD: re.compile(r'(区)$'),
AddressLevel.OAZA: re.compile(r'(町|条|線|丁|丁目|番|号|番丁|番町)$'),
AddressLevel.AZA: re.compile(r'(町|条|線|丁|丁目|区|番|号)$'),
AddressLevel.BLOCK: re.compile(r'(番|番地|号|地)$'),
AddressLevel.BLD: re.compile(r'(号|番地)$'),
}
optional_prefixes = ['字', '大字', '小字']
optional_letters_in_middle = 'ケヶガツッノ字区町'
optional_strings_in_middle = ['大字', '小字']
re_optional_prefixes = re.compile(r'^({})'.format(
'|'.join(optional_prefixes)))
re_optional_strings_in_middle = re.compile(r'^({})'.format(
'|'.join(list(optional_letters_in_middle) +
optional_strings_in_middle)))
re_optional_aza = re.compile(
r'([^0-9０-９]{1,5}?)[甲乙丙丁イロハニホヘ0-9０-９]')
kana_letters = (strlib.HIRAGANA, strlib.KATAKANA)
latin1_letters = (strlib.ASCII, strlib.NUMERIC, strlib.ALPHABET)
def __init__(self, lookahead: bool = True):
"""
Initialize the converter.
Parameters
----------
lookahead: bool, optional
If True, it will look beyond the query string to find
a matching string. This will reduce the processing speed.
Attributes
----------
trans_itaiji: table
The character mapping table from src to dst.
"""
itaiji_dic_json = os.path.join(
os.path.dirname(__file__), 'itaiji_dic.json')
with open(itaiji_dic_json, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
itaiji_dic = json.load(f)
src_str, dst_str = '', ''
for src, dst in itaiji_dic.items():
src_str += src
dst_str += dst
self.trans_itaiji = str.maketrans(src_str, dst_str)
self.trans_h2z = str.maketrans(
{chr(0x0021 + i): chr(0xFF01 + i) for i in range(94)})
self.trans_z2h = str.maketrans(
{chr(0xFF01 + i): chr(0x21 + i) for i in range(94)})
self.lookahead = lookahead
def check_optional_prefixes(self, notation: str) -> int:
"""
Check optional prefixes in the notation and
return the length of the prefix string.
Parameters
----------
notation: str
The address notation to be checked.
Return
------
int
The length of optional prefixes string.
Examples
--------
>>> from jageocoder.itaiji import converter
>>> converter.check_optional_prefixes('大字道仏')
2
>>> converter.check_optional_prefixes('字貝取')
1
"""
m = self.re_optional_prefixes.match(notation)
if m:
return len(m.group(1))
return 0
def check_optional_postfixes(self, notation: str, level: int) -> int:
"""
Check optional postfixes in the notation and
return the length of the postfix string.
Parameters
----------
notation : str
The address notation to be checked.
level: int
Address level of the target element.
Return
------
int
The length of optional postfixes string.
Examples
--------
>>> from jageocoder.itaiji import converter
>>> converter.check_optional_postfixes('1番地', 7)
2
>>> converter.check_optional_postfixes('15号', 8)
1
"""
if level not in self.__class__.re_optional_postfixes:
return 0
m = self.re_optional_postfixes[level].search(notation)
if m:
return len(m.group(1))
return 0
def standardize(self, notation: Union[str, None],
keep_numbers: bool = False) -> str:
"""
Standardize an address notation.
Parameters
----------
notation : str
The address notation to be standardized.
keep_numbers: bool, optional
If set to True, do not process numerical characters.
Return
------
str
The standardized address notation string.
Examples
--------
"""
if notation is None or len(notation) == 0:
return notation
l_optional_prefix = self.check_optional_prefixes(notation)
notation = notation[l_optional_prefix:]
# Convert the notation according to the following rules.
# 1. Variant characters with representative characters
# 2. ZENKAKU characters with HANKAKU characters
# 3. Lower case characters with capitalized characters
# 4. HIRAGANA with KATAKANA
# 5. Other exceptions
notation = notation.translate(
self.trans_itaiji).translate(
self.trans_z2h).upper()
notation = jaconv.hira2kata(notation)
notation = notation.replace('通リ', '通')
new_notation = ""
i = 0
while i < len(notation):
c = notation[i]
# Replace hyphen-like characters with '-'
if strlib.is_hyphen(c):
new_notation += '-'
i += 1
continue
# Replace numbers including Chinese characters
# with number + '.' in the notation.
if not keep_numbers and strlib.get_numeric_char(c):
ninfo = strlib.get_number(notation[i:])
new_notation += str(ninfo['n']) + '.'
i += ninfo['i']
if i < len(notation) and notation[i] == '.':
i += 1
continue
new_notation += c
i += 1
return new_notation
def match_len(self, string: str, pattern: str) -> int:
"""
Returns the length of the substring that matches the patern
from the beginning. The pattern must have been standardized.
Parameters
----------
string: str
A long string starting with the pattern.
pattern: str
The search pattern.
Returns
-------
int
The length of the substring that matches the pattern.
If it does not match exactly, it returns 0.
"""
logger.debug("Searching {} in {}".format(pattern, string))
pattern_pos = string_pos = 0
c = s = 'x'
while pattern_pos < len(pattern):
if string_pos >= len(string):
return 0
pre_c = c
pre_s = s
c = pattern[pattern_pos]
s = string[string_pos]
if c < '0' or c > '9':
# Compare not numeric character
logger.debug("Comparing '{}'({}) with '{}'({})".format(
c, pattern_pos, s, string_pos))
if c != s:
if pre_s + s in self.optional_strings_in_middle:
logger.debug('"{}" in query "{}" is optional.'.format(
string[string_pos - 1: string_pos + 1],
string))
string_pos += 1
pattern_pos -= 1
continue
if pre_c + c in self.optional_strings_in_middle:
msg = '"{}" in pattern "{}" is optional.'
logger.debug(msg.format(
string[pattern_pos - 1: pattern_pos + 1],
pattern))
string_pos -= 1
pattern_pos += 1
continue
slen = self.optional_str_len(string, string_pos)
if slen > 0:
logger.debug('"{}" in query "{}" is optional.'.format(
string[string_pos: string_pos + slen], string))
string_pos += slen
continue
plen = self.optional_str_len(pattern, pattern_pos)
if plen > 0:
msg = '"{}" in pattern "{}" is optional.'
logger.debug(msg.format(
pattern[pattern_pos: pattern_pos + plen],
pattern))
pattern_pos += plen
continue
if self.lookahead is False:
return 0
azalen = self.optional_aza_len(string, string_pos)
if azalen > 0:
logger.debug('"{}" in query "{}" is optional.'.format(
string[string_pos: string_pos + azalen], string))
string_pos += azalen
continue
return 0
pattern_pos += 1
string_pos += 1
continue
# Compare numbers:
# Check if the numeric sequence of the search string
# matches the number expected by the pattern.
period_pos = pattern.find('.', pattern_pos)
if period_pos < 0:
raise RuntimeError(
"No period after a number in the pattern string.")
slen = self.optional_str_len(string, string_pos)
if slen > 0:
logger.debug('"{}" in query "{}" is optional.'.format(
string[string_pos: string_pos + slen], string))
string_pos += slen
continue
expected = int(pattern[pattern_pos:period_pos])
logger.debug("Comparing string {} with expected value {}".format(
string[string_pos:], expected))
candidate = strlib.get_number(string[string_pos:], expected)
if candidate['n'] == expected and candidate['i'] > 0:
logger.debug("Substring {} matches".format(
string[string_pos: string_pos + candidate['i']]))
pattern_pos = period_pos + 1
string_pos += candidate['i']
else:
# The number did not match the expected value
return 0
return string_pos
def optional_str_len(self, string: str, pos: int) -> int:
m = self.re_optional_strings_in_middle.match(
string[pos:])
if m:
return len(m.group(1))
return 0
def optional_aza_len(self, string: str, pos: int) -> int:
m = self.re_optional_aza.match(string[pos:])
if m:
return len(m.group(1))
return 0
def standardized_candidates(
self, string: str, from_pos: int = 0) -> List[str]:
"""
Enumerate possible candidates for the notation after standardization.
This method is called recursively.
Parameters
----------
string: str
The original address notation.
from_pos: int, optional
The character indent from where the processing starts.
Results
-------
A list of str
A list of candidate strings.
"""
candidates = [string]
for pos in range(from_pos,
len(self.optional_letters_in_middle) +
len(self.optional_strings_in_middle)):
if pos < len(self.optional_strings_in_middle):
substr = self.optional_strings_in_middle[pos]
else:
substr = self.optional_letters_in_middle[
pos - len(self.optional_strings_in_middle)]
if string.find(substr) >= 0:
logger.debug('"{}" is in "{}"'.format(substr, string))
candidates += self.standardized_candidates(
string.replace(substr, ''), pos + 1)
return candidates
# Create the singleton object of a converter
# that normalizes address strings
if 'converter' not in vars():
converter = Converter()
| 11,144 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/40853601
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,016 |
Stack Exchange
|
Syntax Killer, eddiem, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6476545, https://stackoverflow.com/users/7052518
|
English
|
Spoken
| 539 | 1,124 |
how do I concatenate the contents of filelist
I have an interactive file sorting script that outputs a series of filelist for every directory it creates for the sorted output.
How do I concatenate the contents of all filelist to one summary file on my desktop.
My code works great, except for this specific task.
#!/bin/bash
read -p "Good Morning, Please enter your file type name for sorting [ENTER]:" all_extensions
if cd /Users/christopherdorman/desktop
then while read extension
do destination="folder$extension"
mkdir -p "$destination"
mv -v unsorted/*."$extension" "$destination"
done <<< "${all_extensions// /$'\n'}"
mkdir -p foldermisc
if mv -v unsorted/* "foldermisc"
then echo "Good News, the rest of Your files have been successfully processed"
fi
for i in folder*/; do
ls -S "$i" > "${i}filelist”
cat > "${i}filelist” | tee ~/desktop/summary.txt
done
fi
This modification truncates the summary.txt file and then does a cat of each file into said summary file.
#!/bin/bash
read -p "Good Morning, Please enter your file type name for sorting [ENTER]:" all_extensions
if cd /Users/christopherdorman/desktop
then while read extension
do destination="folder$extension"
mkdir -p "$destination"
mv -v unsorted/*."$extension" "$destination"
done <<< "${all_extensions// /$'\n'}"
mkdir -p foldermisc
if mv -v unsorted/* "foldermisc"
then echo "Good News, the rest of Your files have been successfully processed"
fi
truncate --size 0 ~/desktop/summary.txt
for i in folder*/; do
ls -S "$i" > "${i}filelist"
cat "${i}filelist" >> ~/desktop/summary.txt
done
fi
Tried to run the code. this does not output the filelist nor does it produce any output on the desktop,
What output are you expecting to see in your summary.txt file?
If I have 4 filelist. one in each of the 4 folders on my desktop, the summary.txt is a collation of the content of those 4 files. i want the content concatenated to one file
I'm not sure if you directly copied/pasted it, but I had a bad " character in there somehow. Did you see any errors when you ran it?
I will try and run yours again now, give me a few minutes
There is an odd ” character (not a ", similar but not the same) in both this lines:
ls -S "$i" > "${i}filelist”
cat > "${i}filelist” | tee ~/desktop/summary.txt
Change both to this ones (copy and paste):
ls -S "$i" > "${i}filelist"
cat "${i}filelist" | tee -a "summary.txt"
Removing the > will avoid erasing "${i}filelist”.
Adding a -a will make tee to append to an existing file.
Or, if you want, just use this line:
ls -S "$i" | tee -a "${i}filelist" "summary.txt"
The whole script should look like:
#!/bin/bash
mydesktop=/Users/christopherdorman/desktop
read -p "Good Morning, Please enter your file type name for sorting [ENTER]:" all_extensions
if cd "$mydesktop"
then
while read extension
do destination="folder$extension"
mkdir -p "$destination"
mv -v unsorted/*."$extension" "$destination"
done <<< "${all_extensions// /$'\n'}"
mkdir -p foldermisc
if mv -v unsorted/* "foldermisc"
then echo "Good News, the rest of Your files have been successfully processed"
fi
for i in folder*/
do ls -S "$i" | tee -a "${i}filelist" "summary.txt"
done
fi
will try this now and revert back in few minutes, thank you
afraid not, I get a blank summary.txt and the filelist do not appear in the folders.
do i need to truncate
@SyntaxKiller There were bad characters in the script, corrected now. Please try it.
| 24,121 |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%EB%B8%94%EB%B3%B4%EB%B8%94
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
버블보블
|
https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=버블보블&action=history
|
Korean
|
Spoken
| 71 | 390 |
《버블보블》(, )은 타이토가 개발한 게임 시리즈이다.
시리즈 목록
버블보블 (1986년)
레인보우 아일랜드 (1987)
레인보우 아일랜드 엑스트라 버전 (1988)
파라솔 스타즈 (1991)
버블보블 파트 2 (1993)
버블 심포니 (1994)
버블 메모리즈 (1995)
버블보블 DS (2005)
레인보우 아일랜드 레볼루션 (2005)
버블보블 에볼루션 (2006)
레인보우 아일랜드 레볼루션 (2007)
버블 보블 플러스! (2009)
레인보우 아일랜드: 타워링 어드벤처 (2009)
버블보블 더블 (2010)
보글보글 for kakao (2015)
버블보블 4 프렌즈 (2019)
스핀오프 시리즈
각주
비디오 게임 시리즈
| 30,943 |
https://github.com/parnexcodes/scenegames-backup/blob/master/src/styles/_button.scss
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
scenegames-backup
|
parnexcodes
|
SCSS
|
Code
| 58 | 228 |
button,
.button {
border: 0;
outline: 0;
color: var(--color-link);
background: var(--color-release-background);
border-radius: var(--release-border-radius);
box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(#000, .15);
padding: .25rem .60rem;
&:hover {
background: var(--color-release-button-hover);
}
&:active {
background: var(--color-release-button-active);
}
&[disabled] {
cursor: not-allowed;
opacity: .7;
&:hover {
background: var(--color-release-background);
}
}
&.phat {
padding: .75rem .60rem;
@include media('>=medium') {
padding: .5rem .60rem;
}
}
}
| 25,251 |
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Akmar
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Ernst Akmar
|
https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst Akmar&action=history
|
Norwegian
|
Spoken
| 63 | 156 |
Ernst Teodor Akmar (født 7. september 1877, død 10. desember 1957) var en svensk egyptolog.
Akmar ble filosofie doktor i Uppsala i 1904, og var dosent i egyptisk (språk) 1904-1917. Ved Karl Piehls død i 1904 overtok Akmar redigeringen av det grunnleggende egyptologitidsskriftet Sphinx og publiserte der mange egyptologiske artikler inntil tidsskriftet opphørte i 1925.
Referanser
Kilder
Svensk uppslagsbok, Lund 1929
Svenske egyptologer
| 14,332 |
https://github.com/YogLn/blog-manage-system/blob/master/src/views/article/config/article.config.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
blog-manage-system
|
YogLn
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 102 | 317 |
export const tableContentConfig = {
propList: [
{ prop: 'title', label: '标题', minWidth: '100' },
{ prop: 'titleImg', label: '标题背景', minWidth: '150', slotName: 'titleImg' },
{ prop: 'description', label: '文章描述', minWidth: '200'},
{ prop: 'updateTime', label: '更新时间', minWidth: '120', slotName: 'updateTime'},
{ prop: 'labels', label: '标签', minWidth: '150', slotName: 'labels'},
{ label: '操作', minWidth: '200', slotName: 'handler'}
]
}
export const tableCommentConfig = {
propList: [
{ prop: 'content', label: '评论内容', minWidth: '150' },
{ prop: 'createTime', label: '评论时间', minWidth: '150', slotName: 'createTime' },
{ label: '用户', minWidth: '200', slotName: 'userName'},
{ label: '操作', minWidth: '200', slotName: 'handler'}
],
isShow: false
}
| 21,470 |
US-201515523147-A_3
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,015 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,975 | 9,553 |
FIG. 13A illustrates an embodiment of a working portion 1305 of a cigar airflow adjustment instrument 1300. FIG. 13B shows the cross section of the working portion 1305 of FIG. 13A taken along line 13B-13B. FIG. 13C shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 1300 inserted into an axial cross-section of a cigar 110. FIG. 13D shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 1300 inserted into a longitudinal cross-section of a cigar 110 through the cut head 305 of the cigar 110. Working portion 1305 is very similar to the working portion 805 of FIGS. 8A-8D except that the shoulder angle 1316 of the blade 1315 shown in FIGS. 13A-13D is less than the shoulder angle 816 of the 816 shown in FIGS. 8A-8D. For example, the shoulder angle 816 of FIG. 8A is about 90 degrees, whereas the shoulder angle 1316 of FIG. 13A is about 80 degrees. As discussed above, the illustrated angles are not exclusive: the shoulder angle 1316 and blade angle 1317 illustrated are representative only and may be changed as desired to alter the characteristics of the device. The dark arrows in FIG. 13D illustrate tobacco within the cigar 110 pushing into the working portion recesses 1310.
FIG. 14A illustrates an embodiment of a working portion 1405 of a cigar airflow adjustment instrument 1400. FIG. 14B shows the cross section of the working portion 1405 of FIG. 14A taken along line 14B-14B. FIG. 14C shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 1400 inserted into an axial cross-section of a cigar 110. FIG. 14D shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 1400 inserted into a longitudinal cross-section of a cigar 110 through the cut head 305 of the cigar 110. Working portion 1405 is very similar to the working portion 405 of FIGS. 4A-4D except the working portion 1405 includes three longitudinal v-grooves 1450, 1452, 1454 extending from just below the tip of the pointed head 1420, through the working portion 1405, and partially into the shaft 1460. FIG. 14A illustrates only a single v-groove 1450. All three v-groves are visible in the cross-sectional view of the working portion 1405 shown in FIGS. 14B and 14C. The v-grooves 1450, 1452, 1454 create more corners on the blade 1415. Therefore, a working portion with v-grooves 1450, 1452, 1454 may be more effective in catching, cutting, and/or pulling the filler tobacco during use. Therefore, a working portion with v-grooves 1450, 1452, 1454, such as 1405, may be more efficient at removing tobacco from within the cigar 110 than a working portion with no v-grooves 1450, 1452, 1454. The three v-grooves 1450, 1452, 1454 shown are approximately 30 degrees wide (similar to the v-groove angle 1818 shown in FIG. 18B). However, it should be understood that other numbers of v-grooves may be used, including 1 v-groove, 2 v-grooves, 4 v-grooves, and 5 v-grooves, or any other number of v-grooves that facilitates functioning of the devices disclosed herein. Additionally, it should be understood that other degrees of v-groove (or v-groove angle) may be used, including about 5-45 degrees, about 15-40 degrees, and about 20-35 degrees, or any other degree of v-groove that facilitates functioning of the devices disclosed herein. The dark arrows in FIGS. 14C-14D illustrate tobacco within the cigar 110 pushing into the working portion recesses 1410 (shown in FIG. 14D) and the v-grooves 1450, 1452, 1454 (shown in FIG. 14D).
FIG. 15A illustrates an embodiment of a working portion 1505 of a cigar airflow adjustment instrument 1500. FIG. 15B shows the cross section of the working portion 1505 of FIG. 15A taken along line 15B-15B. FIG. 15C shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 1500 inserted into an axial cross-section of a cigar 110. FIG. 15D shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 1500 inserted into a longitudinal cross-section of a cigar 110 through the cut head 305 of the cigar 110. Working portion 1505 is very similar to the working portion 805 of FIGS. 8A-8D except that the working portion 1505 includes three v-grooves 1550, 1552, 1554, similar to those disclosed with respect to FIG. 14A. The dark arrows in FIGS. 15C-15D illustrate tobacco within the cigar 110 pushing into the working portion recesses 1510 (shown in FIG. 15D) and the v-grooves 1550, 1552, 1554 (shown in FIG. 15D).
FIG. 16A illustrates an embodiment of a working portion 1605 of a cigar airflow adjustment instrument 1600. FIG. 16B shows the cross section of the working portion 1605 of FIG. 16A taken along line 16B-16B. FIG. 16C shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 1600 inserted into an axial cross-section of a cigar 110. FIG. 16D shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 1600 inserted into a longitudinal cross-section of a cigar 110 through the cut head 305 of the cigar 110. Working portion 1605 is very similar to the working portion 1505 of FIGS. 15A-15D except that instead of having three v-grooves 1550, 1552, 1554 (like the working portion 1505), working portion 1605 has three u-grooves 1650, 1652, 1654. The u-grooves 1650, 1652, 1654 function along similar principles to the v-grooves of prior embodiments. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 16A-16D, the u-grooves 1650, 1652, 1654 extend into the blades 1615 approximate the depth of the inner rod 1665. It should be understood that the u-grooves 1650, 1652, 1654 may be deeper or shallower. Additionally, it should be understood that sharper or gentler slopes to the side of the “U” may be used. The dark arrows in FIGS. 16C-16D illustrate tobacco within the cigar 110 pushing into the working portion recesses 1610 (shown in FIG. 16D) and the u-grooves 1650, 1652, 1654 (shown in FIG. 16D).
FIG. 17A illustrates an embodiment of a working portion 1705 of a cigar airflow adjustment instrument 1700. FIG. 17B shows the cross section of the working portion 1705 of FIG. 17A taken along line 17B-17B. FIG. 17C shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 1700 inserted into an axial cross-section of a cigar 110. FIG. 17D shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 1700 inserted into a longitudinal cross-section of a cigar 110 through the cut head 305 of the cigar 110. Working portion 1705 is very similar to the working portion 1605 of FIGS. 16A-16D except that the u-grooves 1750, 1752, 1754 are more shallow than the u-grooves 1650, 1652, 1654 shown in FIGS. 16A-16D. The dark arrows in FIGS. 17C-17D illustrate tobacco within the cigar 110 pushing into the working portion recesses 1710 (shown in FIG. 16D) and the u-grooves 1750, 1752, 1754 (shown in FIG. 17D).
FIG. 18A illustrates an embodiment of a working portion 1805 of a cigar airflow adjustment instrument 1800. FIG. 18B shows the cross section of the working portion 1805 of FIG. 18A taken along line 18B-18B. FIG. 18C shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 1800 inserted into an axial cross-section of a cigar 110. FIG. 18D shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 1800 inserted into a longitudinal cross-section of a cigar 110 through the cut head 305 of the cigar 110. Working portion 1805 is very similar to the working portion 705 of FIGS. 7A-7D except that: 1) that the working portion 1805 includes three v-grooves 1850, 1852, 1854; and 2) the pitch angle 1816 of the working portion 1805 is greater. First, the v-grooves 1850, 1852, 1854 are similar to those described with respect to FIG. 14A-14D. The pitch angle 716 shown in FIGS. 7A-7D is small enough that each spiral sits just below the spiral immediately preceding it, thereby leaving none of the inner rod uncovered. By contrast, the pitch angle 1816 shown in FIGS. 18A-18D is large enough that sections of the inner rod 1865 are exposed between each spiral and the spiral immediately preceding it. Exposing the inner rod 1865 in this manner creates larger working portion recesses 1810 which may have the benefits discussed above. The dark arrows in FIGS. 18C-18D illustrate tobacco within the cigar 110 pushing into the working portion recesses 1810 (shown in FIG. 18D) and the v-grooves 1550, 1552, 1554 (shown in FIG. 18D).
FIG. 19A illustrates an embodiment of a working portion 1905 of a cigar airflow adjustment instrument 1900. FIG. 19B shows the cross section of the working portion 1905 of FIG. 19A taken along line 19B-19B. FIG. 19C shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 1900 inserted into an axial cross-section of a cigar 110. FIG. 19D shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 1900 inserted into a longitudinal cross-section of a cigar 110 through the cut head 305 of the cigar 110. Working portion 1905 is very similar to the working portion 1805 of FIGS. 18A-18D except that instead of having three v-grooves, the working portion has three u-grooves 1950, 1952, 1954, similar to those described with respect to FIGS. 16A-16D. Additionally, the neck 1964 is longer and therefore more gently tapered than the neck 1864 shown in FIG. 18A. The dark arrows in FIGS. 19C-19D illustrate tobacco within the cigar 110 pushing into the working portion recesses 1910 (shown in FIG. 19D) and the u-grooves 1950, 1952, 1954 (shown in FIG. 19D).
FIG. 20A illustrates an embodiment of a working portion 2005 of a cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2000. FIG. 20B shows the cross section of the working portion 2005 of FIG. 20A taken along line 20B-20B. FIG. 20C shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2000 inserted into an axial cross-section of a cigar 110. FIG. 20D shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2000 inserted into a longitudinal cross-section of a cigar 110 through the cut head 305 of the cigar 110. Working portion 2005 is very similar to the working portion 705 of FIGS. 7A-7D except that the pitch angle 2016 of the working portion 2005 is greater. As mentioned above, the pitch angle 716 shown in FIGS. 7A-7D is small enough that each spiral sits just below the spiral immediately preceding it, thereby leaving none of the inner rod uncovered. Like the pitch angle 1816 of FIG. 18A, the pitch angle 2016 shown in FIGS. 20A-20D is large enough that sections of the inner rod 2065 are exposed between each spiral and spiral immediately preceding it. Exposing the inner rod 2065 in this manner creates larger working portion recesses 2010 which may have the benefits discussed above. The dark arrows in FIGS. 20C-20D illustrate tobacco within the cigar 110 pushing into the working portion recesses 2010 (shown in FIG. 20D).
FIG. 21A illustrates an embodiment of a working portion 2105 of a cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2100. FIG. 21B shows the cross section of the working portion 2105 of FIG. 21A taken along line 21B-21B. FIG. 21C shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2100 inserted into an axial cross-section of a cigar 110. FIG. 21D shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2100 inserted into a longitudinal cross-section of a cigar 110 through the cut head 305 of the cigar 110. Working portion 2105 is very similar to the working portion 1805 of FIGS. 18A-18D except that instead of having three v-grooves, the working portion 2005 has four rectangular-grooves 2150, 2152, 2154, 2156. The four rectangular-grooves 2150, 2152, 2154, 2156 shown are approximately 0.5 mm wide. However, it should be understood that other numbers of rectangular-grooves may be used, including 1 rectangular-groove, 2 rectangular-grooves, 3 rectangular-grooves, and 5 rectangular-grooves, or any other number of rectangular-grooves that facilitates functioning of the devices disclosed herein. Additionally, it should be understood that other widths (and depths) of rectangular-groove may be used, including about 0.2-2 mm, about 0.3-1.5 mm, about 0.4-1 mm, and about 0.5 mm, or any other width of rectangular-groove that facilitates functioning of the devices disclosed herein. The dark arrows in FIGS. 21C-21D illustrate tobacco within the cigar 110 pushing into the working portion recesses 2110 (shown in FIG. 21D) and the four rectangular-grooves 2150, 2152, 2154, 2156 (shown in FIG. 21D).
FIG. 22A illustrates an embodiment of a working portion 2205 of a cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2200. FIG. 22B shows the cross section of the working portion 2205 of FIG. 22A taken along line 22B-22B. FIG. 22C shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2200 inserted into an axial cross-section of a cigar 110. FIG. 22D shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2200 inserted into a longitudinal cross-section of a cigar 110 through the cut head 305 of the cigar 110. Working portion 2205 is very similar to the working portion 1805 of FIGS. 18A-18D except that instead of having three v-grooves, the working portion 2205 has five v-grooves 2250, 2252, 2254, 2256, 2258. Additionally, all five v-grooves 2250, 2252, 2254, 2256, 2258 have a narrower v-groove angle, as described with respect to FIGS. 14A-14D. In this case, the five v-grooves 2250, 2252, 2254, 2256, 2258 have a v-groove angle of about 15 degrees. The dark arrows in FIGS. 22C-22D illustrate tobacco within the cigar 110 pushing into the working portion recesses 2210 (shown in FIG. 22D) and the five v-grooves 2250, 2252, 2254, 2256, 2258 (shown in FIG. 22D).
FIG. 23A illustrates an embodiment of a working portion 2305 of a cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2300. FIG. 23B shows a view of the front of the working portion 2305 of FIG. 23A taken along line 23B-23B. FIG. 23C shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2300 inserted into an axial cross-section of a cigar 110. FIG. 23D shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2300 inserted into a longitudinal cross-section of a cigar 110 through the cut head 305 of the cigar 110. Working portion 2305 includes a sharpened tip 2320, which may be narrower than other embodiments discussed above. The tip 2320 also includes a skirt blade, immediately behind the sharpened, thin tip 2320. Some embodiments of the tip 2320 do not include such a skirt blade. Behind the tip 2320, the working portion has a series of blades 2315 and working portion recesses 2310. The working portion 2305 of the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2300 is flat on both sides, with first non-cutting flat face 2350 on one side and second non-cutting flat face 2352 on the other (this is shown particularly well in FIGS. 23B-23C). Potential benefits of having one or more non-cutting flat face are discussed above.
As can be see, the working portion 2305 includes a series of arcuate blades 2315. The blades 2315 are defined by a shoulder angle 2316, and a blade angle 2317, similar to the shoulder angle 1316 and blade angle 1317 of FIG. 13A. While other values are possible, the shoulder angle 2316 is about 90 degrees, while the blade angle 2317 is about 40 degrees. In the embodiment of the working portion shown in FIGS. 23A-23D, the working portion 2305 (behind the skirt blade) includes 11 blades 2315. Of course any number of blades may be included and the distance between blades may be decreased or increased. The number of blades 2315 determines the number of working portion recesses 2310. Additionally, how much the blades 2315 stand out from the inner rod or lay closer to the inner rod may define how deep the working portion recesses 2310 are—blades 2315 extending out far from the inner rod may create deep working portion recesses 2310 while blades 2315 remaining close to the inner rod may create shallow working portion recesses 2310. The dark arrows in FIG. 23D illustrate tobacco within the cigar 110 pushing into the working portion recesses 2310.
FIG. 24A illustrates an embodiment of a working portion 2405 of a cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2400. FIG. 24B shows a view of the front of the working portion 2405 of FIG. 24A taken along line 24B-24B. FIG. 24C shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2400 inserted into an axial cross-section of a cigar 110. FIG. 24D shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2400 inserted into a longitudinal cross-section of a cigar 110 through the cut head 305 of the cigar 110. Working portion 2405 is very similar to the working portion 2305 of FIGS. 23A-23D except that the shoulder angle 2416 and blade angle 2417 have been changed. Where the shoulder angle 2316 and blade angle 2317 of the working portion 2305 of FIG. 23A were about 90 degrees and 40 degrees, respectively. By contrast, the shoulder angle 2416 and blade angle 2417 of the working portion 2405 of FIG. 24A are about 70 degrees and 50 degrees, respectively. Such a change in degrees causes the blades 2415 to be sharper and have a small cavity under the blade 2415. As discussed with respect to the figures above, such a cavity or space under the blade 2415 may allow the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2400 to more efficiently cut, pull, tear, or remove tobacco from the interior of the cigar 110. The dark arrows in FIG. 24D illustrate tobacco within the cigar 110 pushing into the working portion recesses 2410.
FIG. 25A illustrates an embodiment of a working portion 2505 of a cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2500. FIG. 25B shows a view of the front of the working portion 2505 of FIG. 25A taken along line 25B-25B. FIG. 25C shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2500 inserted into an axial cross-section of a cigar 110. FIG. 25D shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2500 inserted into a longitudinal cross-section of a cigar 110 through the cut head 305 of the cigar 110. Working portion 2505 is very similar to the working portion 2405 of FIGS. 24A-24D except that the working portion has fewer blades 2515 and working portion recesses 2510. While the working portion 2405 of the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2400 shown in FIG. 24A has 11 blades 2415, the working portion 2505 of the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2500 shown in FIG. 25A has only 7 blades 2515. The dark arrows in FIG. 25D illustrate tobacco within the cigar 110 pushing into the working portion recesses 2510.
FIG. 26A illustrates an embodiment of a working portion 2605 of a cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2600. FIG. 26B shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2600 inserted into a longitudinal cross-section of a cigar 110 through the cut head 305 of the cigar 110. Working portion 2605 includes a sharpened tip 2620 so as to ease the insertion of the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2600 through the tobacco of the cigar 110. Unlike several other embodiments discussed above, the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2600 does not includes blades in the standard sense. Instead, the working portion 2605 of the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2600 includes one or more rectangular teeth and one or more recesses between the rectangular teeth. The rectangular teeth may be defined by a tooth width 2618, a tooth height (the distance the tooth rises from the inner rod of the working portion 2605), and a recess width 2619. The tooth width 2618 may be in the range of about 1-10 mm, about 1.5-9 mm, about 2-8 mm, about 2.5-8 mm, about 3-6 mm, and about 3.5-5 mm or any other width that facilitates functioning of the devices disclosed herein. In much the same way, the recess width 2619 may be in the range of about 1-10 mm, about 1.5-9 mm, about 2-8 mm, about 2.5-8 mm, about 3-6 mm, and about 3.5-5 mm or any other width that facilitates functioning of the devices disclosed herein. And, the tooth height may be in the range of about 0.1-3 mm, about 0.2-2.5 mm, about 0.3-2 mm, about 0.4-1.5 mm and about 0.5-1 mm, or any other height which facilitates functioning of the devices disclosed herein. Some embodiments of the working portion 2605 may have more teeth or fewer teeth.
The corners of the teeth may serve much the same function as the blades of other embodiments. That is, the teeth and working portion recesses may help the working portion 2605 to catch, cut, and/or pull tobacco during use of the working portion 2605 in a cigar 110. As discussed above, the working portion recesses may help with the functions of catching, cutting, and/or pulling, but they may also act as reservoirs to pull tobacco out of the cigar 110 (as is discussed with respect to other embodiments). The dark arrows in FIG. 26B illustrate tobacco within the cigar 110 pushing into the working portion recesses where it may be caught, pulled, or cut by the recesses and the corners of the teeth.
FIG. 27A illustrates an embodiment of a working portion 2705 of a cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2700. FIG. 27B shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2700 inserted into a longitudinal cross-section of a cigar 110 through the cut head 305 of the cigar 110. Working portion 2705 is very similar to the working portion 2605 of FIGS. 26A-26D except that its tooth width 2718 is narrower, its recess width 2719 is wider, and it has fewer teeth and recesses. The dark arrows in FIG. 27B illustrate tobacco within the cigar 110 pushing into the working portion recesses where it may be caught, pulled, or cut by the recesses and the corners of the teeth.
FIG. 28A illustrates a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a working portion 2805 of a cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2800. FIG. 28B shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2800 inserted into a longitudinal cross-section of a cigar 110 through the cut head 305 of the cigar 110. Working portion 2805 is very similar to the working portion 2005 of FIGS. 20A-20D except that the shoulder angle 2816 of the blade 2815 shown in FIGS. 28A-28D is shown as being less than the shoulder angle 2016 of the 2016 shown in FIGS. 20A-20D. The cross-sectional view of FIG. 28A allows a clear view of the shoulder angle 2816. In this case, the shoulder angle is about 80 degrees. However, as discussed above with respect to other embodiments, other shoulder angles may be used. The dark arrows in FIG. 28D illustrate tobacco within the cigar 110 pushing into the working portion recesses 2810.
FIG. 29A illustrates an embodiment of a working portion 2905 of a cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2900. FIG. 29B shows the cross section of the working portion 2905 of FIG. 29A taken along line 29B-29B. FIG. 29C shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2900 inserted into an axial cross-section of a cigar 110. FIG. 29D shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2900 inserted into a longitudinal cross-section of a cigar 110 through the cut head 305 of the cigar 110. Working portion 2905 includes a sharpened tip 2920, and three longitudinal blades 2915 that extend out from the inner rod at a slight angle (shown in FIG. 29B). The three longitudinal blades 2915 create three longitudinal recesses 2910. The cigar airflow adjustment instrument 2900 illustrated in FIGS. 29A-29D may be used by inserting it into the cigar 110 as described above, then using predominantly rotation motions to catch, cut, and/or pull the tobacco. Unlike other embodiments disclosed herein, pushing and pulling motions of the working portion 2905 may diminished effectiveness in catching, cutting, and/or pulling the tobacco in the cigar 110. The dark arrows in FIGS. 29C-29D illustrate tobacco within the cigar 110 pushing into the working portion recesses 2910 (this is particularly well illustrated in FIG. 29C).
FIG. 30A illustrates an embodiment of a working portion 3005 of a cigar airflow adjustment instrument 3000. FIG. 30B shows the cross section of the working portion 3005 of FIG. 30A taken along line 30B-30B. FIG. 30C shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 3000 inserted into an axial cross-section of a cigar 110. FIG. 30D shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 3000 inserted into a longitudinal cross-section of a cigar 110 through the cut head 305 of the cigar 110. Working portion 3005 is very similar to the working portion 2905 of FIGS. 29A-29D except that the working portion 3005 has one or more discontinuities in its three longitudinal blades 1015, which leaves exposed portions of the inner rod 3065. FIG. 30A shows a working portion 3005 having three discontinuities. However, there may be more, and there may be less. In some embodiments, there is/are 1 discontinuity, 2 discontinuities, 4 discontinuities, 5 discontinuities, or any number of discontinuities that facilitates functioning of the systems disclosed herein. Incorporation of discontinuities into the longitudinal blades 3015 may make the working portion increasingly effective during pushing and pulling motions. When pushing, pulling, and/or rotating the working portion 3005, the longitudinal blades 3015 may cut the tobacco, while the discontinuities (and the edges of the blades 3015 they create) may catch, cut, and/or pull the tobacco so that it may be removed from within the cigar 110, thereby improving the draw of the cigar. The dark arrows in FIG. 30D illustrate tobacco within the cigar 110 pushing into the working portion recesses 3010 and into the discontinuities to reach the inner rod 3065.
FIG. 31A illustrates an embodiment of a working portion 3105 of a cigar airflow adjustment instrument 3100. FIG. 31B shows the cross section of the working portion 3105 of FIG. 31A taken along line 31B-31B. FIG. 31C shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 3100 inserted into an axial cross-section of a cigar 110. FIG. 31D shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 3100 inserted into a longitudinal cross-section of a cigar 110 through the cut head 305 of the cigar 110. Working portion 3105 includes multiple spikes 3199, which define therebetween multiple recesses 3110. The tip 3120 of the working portion 3105 may also be covered in spikes 3199 (as shown in FIG. 31A). Alternatively, only the lateral surfaces of the working portion 3105 may be covered in spikes 3199. The combination of the multiple spikes 3199 and the multiple recesses 3110 may allow the working portion to catch tobacco, then shred, cut, and/or pull the tobacco as the working portion is pushed, pulled, and/or rotated in the cigar 110. In some embodiments, the spikes have a backward slant (not shown) to ease entry into the cigar 110. The dark arrows in FIGS. 31C-31D illustrate tobacco within the cigar 110 pushing into the working portion recesses 3110 between spikes 3199.
FIG. 32A illustrates an embodiment of a working portion 3205 of a cigar airflow adjustment instrument 3200. FIG. 32B shows the cross section of the working portion 3205 of FIG. 32A taken along line 32B-32B. FIG. 32C shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 3200 inserted into an axial cross-section of a cigar 110. FIG. 32D shows the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 3200 inserted into a longitudinal cross-section of a cigar 110 through the cut head 305 of the cigar 110. Working portion 3205 is similar to the working portion 3105 of FIGS. 31A-31D except that instead of having spikes 3199 covering its surface, the working portion 3205 is covered with a rough, pebbly, textured surface. The rough, pebbly, textured surface, may allow the working portion to catch, shred, grind, grate, cut, and/or pull the tobacco as the working portion 3205 is pushed, pulled, and/or rotated in the cigar 110. The dark arrows in FIGS. 31C-31D illustrate tobacco within the cigar 110 pushing up against the rough, pebbly, textured surface of the working portion 3205.
FIG. 33A-33E illustrate an embodiment of a flat cutting tip 3320 for the working portion 3305 of a cigar airflow adjustment instrument, including several of those disclosed herein. The flat cutting tip 3320 includes a pointed tip 3321 that extends backwards with two edges 3322. FIG. 33A illustrates the flat cutting tip 3320 from the broad side, so that the entire broad surface of the flat cutting tip 3320 may be seen. FIG. 33B shows a view of the front of the flat cutting tip 3320 of FIG. 33A taken along line 33B-33B. FIG. 33C shows the flat cutting tip 3320 of FIG. 33A rotated by 90 degrees about its longitudinal axis so that only the side of the flat cutting tip 3320 may be seen. FIG. 33D shows a view of the front of the flat cutting tip 3320 of FIG. 33C taken along line 33D-33D.
In some embodiments, the edges 3322 are merely thin, extending backwards from the pointed tip 3321 to the rest of the working portion 3305. In other embodiments, the edges 3322 are sharpened, extending backwards from the pointed tip 3321 to the rest of the working portion 3305. As shown in FIG. 33E, some embodiments of the flat cutting tip 3320 have serrated edges 3322. Such serrations may be pointed or rounded. Additionally, the serrations may be either straight edged or sharpened. Serrations may advantageously pull on the tobacco more as the flat cutting tip 3320 and working portion 3305 are being rotated, thereby improving function of the working portion 3305 and the cigar airflow adjustment instrument as a whole.
The shape of the flat cutting tip 3320 may allow it to be inserted into or under clumps of tobacco that have been excessively packed at the cut or punched head of a cigar. The flat cutting tip 3320 may be easier to maneuver and insert than other tips disclosed herein. When inserting the working portion 3305 into a cigar with the intention of removing tobacco from the inside of the cigar, the sharp and flattened flat cutting tip 3320, when rotated, may be able cut and pull off filler tobacco, making room to advance the working portion 3305 deeper into the cigar. Furthermore, the excess bits of tobacco generated by the working portion 3305 may accumulate on the flattened sides of the flat cutting tip 3320 which may help decrease or prevent additional outward force and expansion of the tobacco filler or breakage/cracking of the cigar's wrapper. By contrast, inserting a cigar airflow adjustment instruments having a conical tip into the center of the cigar may force filler tobacco outwards, thereby creating an even tighter packing of tobacco and expanding the tobacco. This could cause breaking or cracking of the cigar's fragile wrapper, which may destroy the cigar. Additionally, in some embodiments, the flat cutting tip 33230 may allow more targeted removal of tobacco filler from within a cigar. For example, inserting the flat cutting tip 3320 of the instrument under a clump may advantageously permit the working portion 3305 to simply lift that specific clump out of the cigar.
FIGS. 34A-34D illustrate various views of a cigar airflow adjustment instrument 3400 incorporating a flat cutting tip 3320. FIG. 34A shows a cigar airflow adjustment instrument 3400 with a flat cutting tip 3320 from the broad side so that the entire flat surface of the flat cutting tip 3320 may be seen (similar to FIG. 33A). FIG. 34B shows a view of the front of the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 3400 of FIG. 34A taken along line 34B-34B. FIG. 34C shows a cigar airflow adjustment instrument 3400 the same as in FIG. 34A except that the flat cutting tip 3320 has serrations. Finally, FIG. 34D shows a view of the front of the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 3400 of FIG. 34C taken along line 34D-34D.
Working portion 3405 of the cigar airflow adjustment instrument 3400 includes a flat cutting tip 3320 (shown in FIG. 34A with sharpened sides without serrations, and in FIG. 34C with serrations). Working portion 3405 also includes multiple petal blades 3415 Like embodiments described above, the petal blades have a blade angle 3476 (similar to the blade angles described above with respect to several other embodiments). However, unlike some of the embodiments described above, the petal blades 3415 are U-shaped or parabolic sharpened leaflets lifted from the body of the working portion 3405. The petal blades 3415 may be formed by making a cut into the working portion and lifting the cut portion to the blade angle 3476 to form the cutting portion of the petal blade 3415 and the recess 3410 under the petal blade. The cigar airflow adjustment instrument 3400 works in substantially the same fashion as has been described above with respect to other embodiments.
It is understood that any specific order or hierarchy of steps in any disclosed process is an example of a sample approach. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the processes may be rearranged while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various steps in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.
Various modifications to the implementations described in this disclosure may be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other implementations without departing from the spirit or scope of this disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the implementations shown herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the claims, the principles, and the novel features disclosed herein. The word “example” is used exclusively herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any implementation described herein as “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other implementations.
Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate implementations also can be implemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation also can be implemented in multiple implementations separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub-combination or variation of a sub-combination.
Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the implementations described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all implementations, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products. Additionally, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims. In some cases, the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results.
What is claimed is:
1. An instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar comprising: a shaft; a neck attached to the distal end of the shaft; and a working portion attached to the distal end of the neck, the working portion configured to be inserted into a cigar after the cigar has been made and catch, pull, and cut tobacco within the cigar.
2. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 1, further comprising a handle, wherein the handle is attached to the proximal end of the shaft.
3. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 2, further comprising a hollow cap, wherein the hollow cap is configured to fit over the working portion, neck, and shaft, and wherein the hollow cap is configured to releasably attach to the handle.
4. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 1, wherein the working portion comprises at least one of a corner, a blade, a spike, and a recess.
5. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 1, wherein the working portion comprises a pointed tip, and a spiral blade extending from behind the pointed tip posteriorly towards the distal end of the neck.
6. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 5, wherein the pointed tip and spiral blade comprise at least one groove.
7. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 6, wherein the at least one groove is substantially longitudinal.
8. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 6, wherein the at least one groove is a U-shaped groove.
9. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 6, wherein the at least one groove is a V-shaped groove.
10. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 5 wherein the spiral blade extends substantially to the distal end of the neck.
11. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 5, wherein the spiral blade stops before reaching the distal end of the neck, thereby exposing at least a portion of an inner rod between the spiral blade and the distal portion of the neck.
12. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 5, wherein the working portion further comprising at least one longitudinally flat section extending from the pointed tip to the neck.
13. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 12, wherein the working portion comprises a single longitudinally flat section.
14. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 12, wherein the working portion comprises two longitudinally flat sections.
15. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 1, wherein the working portion comprises a pointed tip, an inner rod, and at least one discrete blade encircling the inner rod.
16. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 15, wherein the pointed tip and at least one discrete blade comprise at least one groove.
17. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 16, wherein the at least one groove is substantially longitudinal.
18. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 16, wherein the at least one groove is a U-shaped groove.
19. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 16, wherein the at least one groove is a V-shaped groove.
20. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 16, wherein the at least one groove is a rectangular-shaped groove.
21. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 15, further comprising sufficient discrete blades to cover the inner rod from behind the pointed tip to the distal end of the neck.
22. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 15, further comprising sufficient discrete blades spaced from behind the pointed tip to the distal end of the neck such that at least one portion of the inner rod remains exposed.
23. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 15, wherein the at least one discrete blade stops before reaching the distal end of the neck, thereby exposing at least a portion of an inner rod between the at least one discrete blade and the neck.
24. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 15, wherein the working portion further comprising at least one longitudinally flat section extending from the pointed tip to the neck.
25. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 24, wherein the working portion comprises a single longitudinally flat section.
26. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 24, wherein the working portion comprises two longitudinally flat sections.
27. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 1, wherein the working portion comprises a pointed tip and at least one longitudinal blade.
28. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 27, wherein the working portion comprises three longitudinal blades, wherein the longitudinal blades extend from behind the pointed tip to the neck.
29. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 27, wherein the working portion comprises at least one discontinuity in the at least one longitudinal blade, thereby exposing at least a portion of an inner rod.
30. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 1, wherein the working portion comprises a plurality of spikes.
31. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 30, wherein the plurality of spikes comprise small spikes covering substantially the entire surface of the working portion.
32. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 1, wherein the working portion comprises at least one petal blade, wherein the petal blade comprises a u-shaped portion bent up from a surface of the working portion.
33. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 1, wherein the working portion comprises a flattened pointed tip.
34. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 33, wherein the flattened pointed tip comprises sharpened sides.
35. The instrument for adjusting the draw of a cigar of claim 33, wherein the flattened pointed tip comprises serrated sides.
36. A tool for removing tobacco from within a cigar comprising: a handle; an elongate shaft connected to the handle; and a tobacco removing portion configured to remove a substantial amount of tobacco from within a cigar after the cigar has been made.
37. A method for altering the draw of a cigar, the method comprising: inserting a cigar airflow adjustment instrument into a cigar, the cigar airflow adjustment instrument comprising an elongate shaft and a working portion, the working portion configured to be inserted into a cigar after the cigar has been made and catch, pull, and cut tobacco within the cigar; using the cigar airflow adjustment instrument inside the cigar, wherein the using comprises moving the working portion within the cigar in at least one of a pushing, pulling, and rotating action, wherein the using step effects at least one of tobacco dislodgement and tobacco repositioning; removing tobacco from within the cigar.
38. The method for altering the draw of a cigar of claim 37, further comprising repeating at least one of the inserting, using, and removing steps more than once.
| 50,568 |
https://github.com/crimsonronin/shard/blob/master/lib/Zoop/Shard/AccessControl/BasicPermissionSubscriber.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
shard
|
crimsonronin
|
PHP
|
Code
| 166 | 634 |
<?php
/**
* @link http://zoopcommerce.github.io/shard
* @package Zoop
* @license MIT
*/
namespace Zoop\Shard\AccessControl;
use Doctrine\Common\EventSubscriber;
use Zoop\Shard\Annotation\Annotations as Shard;
use Zoop\Shard\Annotation\AnnotationEventArgs;
/**
*
* @since 1.0
* @author Tim Roediger <[email protected]>
*/
class BasicPermissionSubscriber implements EventSubscriber
{
/**
*
* @return array
*/
public function getSubscribedEvents()
{
return array(
Shard\Permission\Basic::EVENT
);
}
/**
*
* @param \Zoop\Shard\Annotation\AnnotationEventArgs $eventArgs
*/
public function annotationBasicPermission(AnnotationEventArgs $eventArgs)
{
$annotation = $eventArgs->getAnnotation();
$config = [
'factory' => 'Zoop\Shard\AccessControl\BasicPermissionFactory',
'options' => []
];
if (isset($annotation->roles)) {
if (is_array($annotation->roles)) {
$config['options']['roles'] = $annotation->roles;
} else {
$config['options']['roles'] = [$annotation->roles];
}
} else {
$config['options']['roles'] = [];
}
if (isset($annotation->allow)) {
if (is_array($annotation->allow)) {
$config['options']['allow'] = $annotation->allow;
} else {
$config['options']['allow'] = [$annotation->allow];
}
} else {
$config['options']['allow'] = [];
}
if (isset($annotation->deny)) {
if (is_array($annotation->deny)) {
$config['options']['deny'] = $annotation->deny;
} else {
$config['options']['deny'] = [$annotation->deny];
}
} else {
$config['options']['deny'] = [];
}
$metadata = $eventArgs->getMetadata();
if (!$metadata->hasProperty('permissions')) {
$metadata->addProperty('permissions', true);
$metadata->setPermissions([]);
}
$permissionsMetadata = $metadata->getPermissions();
$permissionsMetadata[] = $config;
$metadata->setPermissions($permissionsMetadata);
}
}
| 50,373 |
https://github.com/mainul94/cute-it/blob/master/app/Slide.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,016 |
cute-it
|
mainul94
|
PHP
|
Code
| 24 | 85 |
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class Slide extends Model
{
protected $fillable = ['title', 'slug', 'description', 'feature_image', 'feature_caption', 'bg_color'];
use CreateUpdateByRecord, RouteNameSlug, CommonRelation;
}
| 34,109 |
pastel-00958135-2013ENMP0051.txt_2
|
French-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| 2,014 |
Modélisation de contextes pour l'annotation sémantique de vidéos. Autre [cs.OH]. Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. Français. ⟨NNT : 2013ENMP0051⟩. ⟨pastel-00958135⟩
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,840 | 13,734 |
While humans are always able to recognize them as such, computers face more difficulty.
To leverage the astonishing growth of multimedia data produced, research in automated visual analyzing has never been more important. Vast collections of visual
recordings remain a largely untapped resource because of the information extraction
cost. By improving automated visual analysis systems, we could lower the cost of
information extraction, leading to the development of a new generation of computer
vision based applications.
1.1. AUTOMATED MULTIMEDIA ANNOTATION
1.1
35
Automated Multimedia Annotation
Kiss
Automated
Annotation
System
Clap
Kick ball
Input videos
Figure 1-2: Video Annotation System.
Automated concept annotation, also called concept recognition, is at the core
of the visual analysis problem. It aims at enriching visual data (photos or videos)
with a textual description that highlights the data semantic content (see Figure 1-2).
Annotations must be added in an automated way, without any human intervention,
to deal with the large scale volume.
This dissertation tackles the problem of automated concept annotation in multimedia video. The video annotation problem is characterized by both the concept
type (defining what we are looking for) and the video type (specifying from where we
are looking for).
1.1.1
Concept Type
Different type of concepts can be detected in video. For instance, one can consider event, action, scene, object, activity, etc. No general agreement exists on those
36
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Static Concept
Cook
Marathon
Sewing
Flash mob
Parade
Soccer Game
Dynamic Concept
Actor Action
Event
forest
sea
town
soccer field
run
Attribute
Scene
wave
clap
Actor-Object Interaction
Action
Lift bar
Kick ball
Tennis Swing
Actor-Actor Interaction
Kiss
Tire
Tennis Racket
Entity
Talk
Handshake
Gesture
- Left leg moves up
- Torso moves forward
soccer ball
- Left arm moves left
- Head turns left
…
Legs
Figure 1-3: Concept Taxonomy.
1.1. AUTOMATED MULTIMEDIA ANNOTATION
37
terms precise definitions; they are being used interchangeably by the scientific literature [160].
Figure 1-3 proposes a hierarchical organization between different concept categories. It specifies the terminology used in the present document. At the bottom of
the hierarchy, we find entity and gesture concepts. An entity is any objects (soccer
ball, tennis racket) or actors, i.e. subjects accomplishing an act (human, animal),
which compose a video. A gesture is a large displacement movement associated with
an entity (leg going up). Next are action concepts, defined as a combination of gestures and entities achieving specific aims (Kicking ball, Run, Hand shake). As shown
in Figure 1-3, three action sub-categories can be draw depending on the actor interaction with the environment (Actor, Actor-Object, Actor-Actor). Actions have a
semantically meaningful interpretation, but span only on short temporal windows. By
contrast events, defined as a sequence of actions, have large temporal duration (Soccer Game, Marathon). Events occur in a specific scene concept which captures the
global environmental settings in which videos have been recorded (soccer field, street).
Figure 1-3 shows that actions have a central place in the concept hierarchy. Action
concepts are semantically meaningful as they provide useful information which can
be used to retrieve the underlying video data. In addition, there is a need for efficient
action detectors as they provide basic building blocks that could be used to design
event detectors. Events occur at a higher-semantic level in the concept hierarchy.
Consequently, this thesis gives a particular attention on generic action recognition.
1.1.2
Video Type
The concept annotation problem is strongly impacted by the video data type. Video
content is indeed very diverse and can be ordered in several categories as shown in
Figure 1-4.
The video recording settings directly alter the concept appearance variability.
38
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Video
Constrained
Intrusive
NonIntrusive
Unconstrained
Nonedited
Edited
Movie
Motion Capture
Environnent
Controlled
News
User generated
web video
Sport
Figure 1-4: Video Taxonomy.
For instance, constrained videos are recorded in a carefully controlled environment
which limits their visual complexity. Motion-capture videos, for instance, restrain the
concept appearance variability by controlling the camera viewpoint and background
clutter. In addition, motion-capture eases the video automated processing by adding
intrusive markers attached to human actors that identify their main articulations. On
the other side, no prior assumption can be made about unconstrained videos which
are shot “in the wild”. Such videos are subjects to strong visual variability due to
camera viewpoint change , scene illumination variations, etc.
We are interested in handling data which are mostly user generated. By definition, we cannot make any prior assumption about the video except that the concept
of interest, if present, is relatively well visible. Our concept-annotation solution has
1.2. THESIS MAIN CONTRIBUTIONS
39
to deal with unconstrained videos.
In this dissertation, we investigate automated concept annotation in unconstrained
videos. While the developed approaches can be applied to event or action concepts,
our experimental evaluation focuses particularly on the action level.
1.2
Thesis Main Contributions
Automated annotation systems challenge the concept recognition problem by first
transforming the visual data into low-level signatures. Such signatures summarize
the multimedia content key aspects by capturing its spatial and temporal patterns.
The signatures are then exploited by statistical models which detect the presence of
concepts. Although some improvements have been shown those last years (see Chapter 2), it still remains an unsolved problem, notably because of the strong variability
inherent to the multimedia content.
In this thesis, we propose to enrich the low-level video representation of a video
with multiple contextual information. Context is defined as “the set of circumstances
in which a concept occurs”. Any video signatures that capture appearance, motion
or space-time information can be considered as contextual clues associated with a
concept. We state that one context is not informative enough to discriminate a
concept in a video. However, by considering several contexts at the same time, we
can address the annotation problem. More precisely the thesis major contributions
are the following:
• A new framework that takes into consideration several contextual information:
To benefit from multiple contextual clues, we introduce a fusion scheme based
on a generalized sparsity criteria. This fusion model automatically infers the
set of relevant contexts for a given concept (Chapter 3).
40
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
• A feature covariance context: Different features capture complementary information. For instance, Histogram of Gradient (HoG) focuses on the video appearance while the Histogram of Flow (HoF) collects motion information [101].
Most of the existing works capture different feature statistics independently.
By contrast, we leverage the local feature covariances to take advantage of the
feature inter-dependencies (Chapter 4).
• A concept-dependent space-time context: Discriminative information is not
equally distributed in the video space-time domain [102]. To identify the discriminative regions, we introduce a learning algorithm that determines the
space-time shape associated to each individual concept (Chapter 5).
• An attention context: We leverage biological-inspired attention maps in video
signatures. Such maps allow capturing space-time contextual information while
preserving the video signature invariance to the translation, rotation and scaling transformations. Without this space-time invariance, different concept instances with various localizations in the space-time volume can lead to divergent
representations. This problem is severe for the dynamic actions which have dramatic space-time variability (Chapter 6).
UCF-101 [178]
HMDB [95]
UCF-50 [157]
UCF-Youtube [113]
KTH [162]
UT-Interaction 1 [160]
UT-Interaction 2 [160]
State-of-art
Thesis Gain
85.9 [178] 2012 87.7
8%
57.1 [70] 2013 53.3
84.5 [198] 2013 92.7
9%
84.0 [197] 2011 86.3
4%
94.5 [49] 2011 95.5
1%
84.0 [144] 2012 91.3
9%
86.0 [144] 2012 95.0
11%
Table 1.1: Overview of the thesis results on publicly available datasets. Average
Accuracy is reported.
The proposed contributions are extensively evaluated on several publicly available
datasets (HMDB [95], UCF-50 [157], UCF-YouTube [113]. . . ). As Table 1.1 shows,
1.2. THESIS MAIN CONTRIBUTIONS
we obtain competitive performances on those challenging datasets.
41
42
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Chapter 2
Related Work and Experimental
Datasets
This chapter proposes a survey of the multimedia annotation field.
Several surveys have already been proposed in this domain [1, 8, 80, 103, 151, 160,
175]. However, they tend to focus on one specific concept category. Aggarwal [1],
Poppe [151] and Ryoo [160] provide a detailed description of video representation,
classification models, and datasets used for human action recognition. Snoek [175]
and Ballan [8] review approaches used in multimodal video indexing, with a particular interest for object entities and scenes concepts. Lavee [103] and Jiang [80] present
some approaches developed for complex event analysis.
This chapter first proposes a global study of methods used for all the concepts
types (entity, action, scene and event). To this end, we structure the existing works
in two main categories:
• Visual Data Representation which contains intermediate representations that
depict the multimedia content;
• Concept Modeling that proposes different approaches to capture the correlation
between the intermediate representations and the concepts.
This chapter then presents a critical overview of the main experimental datasets
44
CHAPTER 2. RELATED WORK AND EXPERIMENTAL DATASETS
together with state-of-art performances. We conclude by highlighting the main bottlenecks of the existing works and the research direction explored in this thesis.
2.1
Visual Data Representation
This section describes some of the well-known representation used for multimedia
data description. We limit our study to the visual and semantic features. For a detailed review of other multimodal features (audio, text) in multimedia, readers can
refer to the survey of Atrey [3].
Representation
No Prior
Holistic
Local
Olivia [141]
Dalal [31]
Bobick [20]
Blank [19]
Haubold [58]
Solmaz [177]
...
Sivic [170]
Laptev [101]
Willem [205]
Dollar [37]
Klaser [87]
Wang [197]
Sun [179]
Mesing [129]
Mezaris [130]
Jegou [72]
Perronin [146]
Lazbenik [106]
...
Prior Knowledge
Pose
Estimation
Gupta [55]
Yao [214]
Yang [211]
Raja [154]
Yao [213]
Raptis [156]
Barnachon [13]
ChanHonTon [28]
...
Semantic
Smith [173]
Hauptmann [59]
Torresani [184]
Jiang [77]
Merler [128]
Mazloom [127]
Lie [111]
Sadanand [161]
...
Figure 2-1: Taxonomy of image and video representations.
2.1. VISUAL DATA REPRESENTATION
45
To structure the state-of-art survey, we propose in Figure 2-1 a taxonomy of the
different visual representations. We first divide the representation in two main classes:
representations that embed some prior-knowledge about the video or concept, and the
representations with no-prior which are computed directly from the visual data. At
the bottom of the taxonomy, we identify 4 visual representation categories: holistic,
local, pose-estimation and semantic.
2.1.1
Holistic Representation
(a) MEI and MHI representations (courtesy
of [20])
(b) 3D silhouette (courtesy of [19])
Figure 2-2: Examples of silouette based holistic representation.
Holistic representations [46, 138, 140] consider an image or a video as a whole.
They depict multimedia content through the global distribution of low-level information (color [46, 216], texture [121, 140], shape [138], etc.).
Various low-level information can be considered, leading to different holistic representations (see Table 2.1). Popular image holistic representations include the ones
proposed by Oliva and Torralba [141] and Dalal and Triggs [31]. Olivia et al. [141]
introduce the GIST that encodes the dominant spatial structure of a scene. Dalal
and Triggs [31] develop a Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HoG) which identifies and
counts patterns of intensity gradient. In video, holistic approaches can rely on the
human silhouette computed from background subtraction [19, 20, 52] (see Figure 2-2).
However, such human-centric approaches are generally limited to constrained videos,
the extraction of reliable silhouette features in realistic videos being already a challenging problem [52]. Video holistic representations can also characterize the motion
46
CHAPTER 2. RELATED WORK AND EXPERIMENTAL DATASETS
flow directly [32, 58, 177].
Method
GIST [141]
HoG [31]
MEI and MHI [20]
3D Silhouette [19, 52]
Motion image [58]
MbH [32]
GIST3D [177]
Description
Dominent 2D spatial structure
Histogram of gradient intensity patterns
2D silhouette descriptor based on motion substraction
3D silhouette volume descriptor
Sum global motion vector in an image
Histogram of motion derivative patterns
extension of GIST representation to 3D
Table 2.1: Holistics representation.
Although, holistic signatures have been shown suitable for concept recognition
in unconstrained video data [177], they present certain drawbacks. Holistic representations are in general not invariant to viewpoint changes and camera motion. In
addition, due to their global aspect, holistic representations are sensible to background clutter and occlusion. It needs to be counterbalanced. One approach would
be to learn specific concept models for each particular view (frontal, lateral, rear,
etc.) and environment setting (with or without occlusion, with or without camera
motion,etc.).
2.1.2
Local Representation
Local representations have been introduced to provide visual signature robust to viewpoint change, background clutter and occlusion phenomena. A local representation
aggregates the statistics of visual primitives, the local features, which tend to be
stable under the previous phenomena.
Local features are image or video patterns that characterize given local neighborhoods. They are computed using (1) detectors that extract some image or video
regions; (2) descriptors that characterize the information contained in the different regions. In particular, local feature detectors can focus on interesting point, i.e. sparse
local regions computed with some criteria, or extract regions densely according to a
2.1. VISUAL DATA REPRESENTATION
47
Local Representation
Local
Features
Aggregation
Scheme
Static
Short-Term
Time
Long-Term
Time
Orderless
Space-Time
No motion
Information
Motion
information
with short
temporal
duration
Motion
information
with long
temporal
duration
No local
features
localization
information
Coarse local
features
localization
information
Local Features Types
Aggregation Types
Figure 2-3: Local Representation Synopsis.
regular grid.
Once the local feature descriptors are computed, an aggregation scheme is applied
to capture their associated statistics. Indeed, the number of local features extracted
from visual contents is subject to variation. This variability poses difficulty in the
image or video comparison since most similarity measurement requires fixed length
inputs. One can address this problem by matching directly the local features between
the different images or videos. However, the local-feature pairwise comparisons become quickly untractable when the dataset size augments, even with the help of
indexing structure such as an inverted file system. Aggregation step solves this computational issue. Rather than matching exactly the local features of the different
images or videos, it considers and compares descriptions of their statistical distributions. By relaxing the exact matching constraints, aggregation makes the image
or video comparison tractable, even in presence of large scale datasets. In addition,
statistical distributions improve the robustness of the representation.
As Figure 2-3 highlights, various local features and scheme exist in the literature.
We review each different category in the following.
48
CHAPTER 2. RELATED WORK AND EXPERIMENTAL DATASETS
Static Local Features Static local features consider only visual appearance information extracted from image or video frames.
Lots of efforts have been dedicated to the design of 2D sparse detectors that
extract distinctive regions from images [15, 57, 112, 116, 125, 132]. Popular region
detectors include Harris [57], Hessian [112] and MSER [132] (see Table 2.2). While region detectors have been proven useful in the context of image matching, it has been
observed that sampling features densely according to a regular grid (see Figure 24) leads to better recognition performances [139]. Although, it does not eliminate
the need of sparse detectors. Tuytlaars et al [186] indeed demonstrate that combining both sparse detection and dense sampling offers the best performance in visual
recognition tasks. As for detectors, different local feature descriptors have been investigated [61, 105, 115, 190] (see Table 2.2). The Scale Invariant Feature Transform
descriptor (SIFT) [115] is the most popular amongst those descriptors.
Figure 2-4: Static Features Sampling Strategies (coutesy of [186]).
Static local features have demonstrated state-of-art results for static image classification [38]. However such approaches do not take into consideration the temporal
dimension which limits their abilities to discriminate videos.
Short-Term Time Local Features Short-term time local features, such as Space
Time Interest Points (STIP) [100], have been introduced to leverage both appearance
and motion information. STIP, for instance, extends the 2D Harris detector to the
space-time domain by considering the temporal dimension as a third spatial dimension. STIP then describes the detected 3D regions using Histogram of Gradient (HoG)
2.1. VISUAL DATA REPRESENTATION
Harris [57]
Hessian [112]
MSER [132]
Dense Sampling [139]
SIFT [115]
ColorSIFT [190]
RIFT [105]
CS-LBP [61]
SURF [14]
49
Detector
Detect corner points based on the second moment matrix
Find regions using Difference of Gaussian filter
Maximizes the size of connected components sharing
Sample features according to a regular grid
Descriptor
Distribution of intensity gradient orientation
Extension of SIFT to color-space
Rotation invariant SIFT
Binarized Symmetric Intensity Pattern
Computationally Efficient Descriptor
Table 2.2: Static Local Features.
Figure 2-5: Space-Time Interest Point. Green zone correspond to the human
silhouette, black zones are the detected salient regions (courtesy of [100]).
50
CHAPTER 2. RELATED WORK AND EXPERIMENTAL DATASETS
characterizing gradient pattern, and a Histogram of Flow (HoF) capturing the distribution of optical flow patterns [102]. Different variation of short-term time feature
detectors and descriptor have been proposed in the literature [37, 87, 100, 102, 205]
(see Table 2.3). Wang et al. [196] show that short-term time features detectors and
hand-crafted descriptors have comparable performances.
Harris3D [100]
Hessian [205]
Cuboid [37]
Dense sample [196]
HoG/HoF [100]
eSurf [205]
HoG3D [37]
STIPConv [107]
Detector
Harris extension using space-time second moment matrix
3D extension of Difference fo Gaussian
Gabor filters for 3D keypoint detection
3D regular grids sampling
Descriptor
Histogram of Gradient and motion Flow
3D Surf extension
Histogram of 3D gradient orirentations
invariant descriptor learned with convolutional networks
Table 2.3: Short-Term Time Features.
While taking into account the temporal dimension, these descriptors tend to be
too localized in the space-time volume to characterize long term motion. Harris 3D
detector [100] assumes that regions of interest know a rapid variation of motion (e.g.
the regions motion are accelerating or decelerating). Dynamic actions and events
can be characterized by motion patterns which don’t contain sharp extrema in their
variation [85]. Other local based representations have been investigated to cope with
this issue.
Long-Term Time Local Features Trajectory features overcome the short temporal duration of STIP features. A trajectory is defined as a set of local regions found
in successive frames which are constrained by space-time and visual appearance continuity [130]. By definition, trajectories capture long-term motion information in
videos.
Trajectories are built by tracking 2D regions across the video frames. Several
2.1. VISUAL DATA REPRESENTATION
(a) Sparse
Sun [179])
trajectories(courtesy
of
51
(b) Semi-dense trajectories (courtesy of Wang [197])
Figure 2-6: Trajectory features.
Trajectory contexts [179]
KLT [129]
Farneback [41]
Hierachical contexts [179]
HoGHoFMbH [197]
Velocity [129]
Multiscale descriptor [130]
Detector
sparse SIFT features pairwise matching
Sparse optical flow
Dense optical flow
Descriptor
SIFT, motion-correlogram and trajectory-correlogram
Histogram of Gradient, Flow and motion boundary
Derivative of motion vectors
Multiscale Haar filter responses
Table 2.4: Long-Term Time Features.
tracking algorithm can be used (see Table 2.4). Farneback optical flow [41], extracting the trajectories densely, has been shown to outperform the other trajectory sparse
sampling schemes [197]. Several descriptors can be used as well to encode the trajectory shape and motion information. In general, the combination several descriptors
capturing different trajectory aspects (appearance, motion, velocity) augments the
local descriptor discriminative power [9, 179, 197].
Motion descriptors of trajectory features are sensible to the camera motion. Recently some works [70, 81, 199, 207] have proposed to estimate the camera motion to
counterbalance it in the motion trajectory description. Jain et al. [70], for instance,
use a polynomial decomposition to separate the dominant from residual motion. They
obtain state-of-art performance in several action recognition datasets.
52
CHAPTER 2. RELATED WORK AND EXPERIMENTAL DATASETS
Due to their awareness of the long-term motion context, trajectories have been
shown to outperform both static and short-term features in the context of action
and event recognition [198]. However, due to the tracking, computation of trajectory
descriptors requires substantial computational overhead.
Orderless Aggregation Different aggregation schemes have been proposed in the
literature [72, 146, 170]. The bag-of-words representation [170] (BoW) has been the
most investigated representation by the community. In its traditional design [170],
see Figure 2-7, a local feature codebook is constructed by quantizing local features
extracted from a visual collection, using a k-mean clustering algorithm. Cluster
centroids are the different words composing our codebook. They define spatial cells
partitioning the local feature space. Given a new visual content, local features are
extracted and associated to the index of their nearest words through hard-assignment.
The distribution of the visual words in the visual content is captured through a
histogram.
In practice, BoW performance is sensitive to many implementation choices [91].
BoW codebook computation can rely on generative [42], discriminative and sparse [104,
119] or kernel [191] approaches, leading to various degrees of performance improvement. An important finding is that associating a local feature to a sparse combination
of visual words using some soft-assignment variation reduces the local feature quantization errors, and, significantly improves the BoW performance [114, 163, 210]. It has
also been shown that the combination of multiple local features detectors and descriptors in the BoW representation also improves the classification performance [220].
Fisher Vector [146] is an alternative to the BoW aggregation relying on the fisher
kernel principle. While BoW considers only the local features counting statistics,
Fisher Vector goes beyond and captures up to the second order statistical information.
It has demonstrated state-of-art performance on many datasets [146]. VLAD [72] is
a fast-approximation of the Fisher Kernel.
2.1. VISUAL DATA REPRESENTATION
N
53
1…d
1
Quantization
(K-means)
1
K
1
N ni
Codebook
Matching
1
K
Figure 2-7: Synopsis of the Bag-of-Word model [170]. Local features are extracted from images, then quantized into a visual codebook. An image is then
represented as a distribution of codebook words.
Space-Time Aggregation One major drawback of the BoW representation remains its lack of spatial information. BoW treats image and video as a collection of
unordered elements; spatial localizations of local features are discarded in the representation which is not optimal since they convey discriminative information [93].
To address this issue, Lazebnik et al. introduce the Spatial Pyramid Matching [106].
They model coarsely the space-time information of image by partitioning a frame
into rectangular grids at various levels, and computing a BoW histogram for each
grid cell. Spatial Pyramid Matching has demonstrated state-of-art performances in
the recognition task [106]. Laptev et al. [101] have proposed the Space-Time Grids
which are the alter-ego of the Spatial Pyramid in videos. Space-Time Grids divide
the space-time volume using predefined segmentation grids (see Figure 2-8) and also
lead to performance improvement over BoW representation [102, 197]. Despite their
54
CHAPTER 2. RELATED WORK AND EXPERIMENTAL DATASETS
encouraging performance, Spatial Pyramid Matching and Space-Time are limited by
fix geometry models which do not necessarily fit the spatial distribution of local features [56].
Figure 2-8: Exemple of 3D segmentation grid (courtesy of Laptev [100].)
A key advantage of local representations is their robustness toward viewpoint
change, background clutter and occlusion phenomenon as well as their flexibility
with respect to the video data. Local representations have been successful applied to
unconstrained video data [197]. Despite those benefits, local representations generally
have limited knowledge about the image or video global structure; they only provide
a limited modeling of the local feature spatial distribution.
2.1.3
Pose-Estimation based Representation
Local representations have proven to be efficient for a variety of visual recognition
tasks, but pixels or even local regions carry little semantic meanings. High level
visual tasks could benefit from a more human-understable representation [111]. Pose
estimation leverages the semantic associated with body pose (or human skeleton)
localization. We know that a human skeleton (see Figure 2-9) captures rich and
discriminative information since Johansson et al. [82]. They have demonstrated in
the well-known moving light experiment that an observer recognizes a human action
using only the motion associated with a few skeleton articulations.
Works have therefore investigated joint pose estimation and action recognition in
still images [43, 55, 155, 211, 214] (see Table 2.5). They have shown that human pose
2.1. VISUAL DATA REPRESENTATION
55
Figure 2-9: Pose Estimation for Action Recognition (courtesy of Yang [211]).
provides additional discriminative information useful for action recognition even in
an unconstrained environment. However, such approaches typically require manual
annotation of skeletons in the training dataset. It restrained their applicability since
the number of available annotated training data is limited due to the high costs
associated with the manual annotation. Raja et al. [154] have recently try to overcome
this issue by propagating the annotation information in video using visual similarity.
In addition, pose estimation also comes at a computational overhead price [150].
Method
Bayesian Approach [55]
Mutual Context [214]
Latent Pose [211]
ImageGraph [154]
Combined Pose [213]
Skeleton Corr [156]
ArticulationBoW [28]
Description
Graphical model for human-object interaction
Simultaneous pose and action estimation with random field
Simultaneous pose and action inferring with latent modeling
Skeleton training annotation Propagation
Combination of appearance and pose representations
Maximum normalized cross correlation of skeleton poses
Bag-of articulation trajectories
Table 2.5: Pose Estimation based representation.
Skeleton-based representations have also been investigated in videos. The recent
56
CHAPTER 2. RELATED WORK AND EXPERIMENTAL DATASETS
success in skeleton extraction, based on time-of-flight captor such as KINECT [131],
has lead to works exploring human action analysis based on skeleton data [28, 156, 213]
(see Table 2.5). As for static images, those works prove that using both skeleton and
visual features improve the recognition performances. But, those approaches rely on
time-of-flight captors which operate only in a strongly constrained environment.
Pose estimation has known a strong regain of success those last few years, notably
due to the introduction of time-of-flight camera allowing a robust estimation of skeleton position in constrained environment. In addition, some recent works [211, 214]
have shown the usefulness of pose estimation based representation for action recognition in realistic static images. The extensibility of those approaches to unconstrained
video remains an open question.
2.1.4
Semantic Representations
While pose estimation is limited to human body information, semantic representation
models the relation of various and generic concepts in multimedia content. Smith et
al. [173] have defined the basis of semantic representation. They propose to build a
vector space model by aggregating the confidence scores of independent concept models. It has been theoretical demonstrated by Hauptmann et al. [59] that a semantic
representation based on fewer than 5000 concepts, detected with minimal accuracy
of 10%, is likely to provide high accuracy results, comparable to text retrieval in a
typical broadcast news collection.
Method
Classemes et al. [184]
DASD [77]
SMV [128]
Informative Concepts [127]
Object Bank [111]
Action Bank [161]
Description
Weakly trained concept classifiers
Domain adaptive semantic graph
Semantic model vector based on ensemble-SVM
Selection of Informative Concepts
Scale-invariant concept detectors response map
3D filter bank localizing semantic concepts in videos
Table 2.6: Pose Estimation based representation.
2.2. CONCEPT MODELING
57
Given those observations, different works have investigated semantic representation [77, 127, 128, 184] (see Table 2.6). In particular, semantic approaches taking into
account the concepts localization have demonstrated encouraging results for static image annotation [111]. However, an equivalent approach [161] applied to videos obtains
only limited performances.
Semantic representation is a particularly interesting research direction since it
allows adding some prior knowledge, captured by the concept semantic detector, in
the visual representation. While having demonstrated state-of-art performance on
image dataset, their extensibility to videos still needs to be demonstrated.
2.2
Concept Modeling
Machine learning algorithms are an important part of automated concept annotation
systems. They learn the correlation between concepts and video intermediate representations. In this section, we detail machine learning algorithms used to detect
the presence or absence of concepts in videos. In particular, we address 3 categories
of concept modeling: linear and kernel methods, graphical models and information
fusion.
2.2.1
Linear and Kernel Methods
Linear and Kernel-based classifiers have been popular in a wide range of applications for many years. Among many choices of kernel-based classifiers, Support Vector
Machine (SVM) is the dominant paradigm for multimedia classification due to its
reliable performance [7, 100, 101, 106, 115, 179, 194, 196]. In this section, we discuss
several issues related to applying SVM to visual concept recognition. We start by
considering the binary classification problem where we try to detect the presence of
only one visual concept.
58
CHAPTER 2. RELATED WORK AND EXPERIMENTAL DATASETS
Binary Classification: Let’s consider a labeled training dataset X = {Xi }i∈[1,N ]
where each Xi ∈ R1×D is a video intermediate representation. We denote by Y =
{yi }i∈[1,N ] the binary label, yi ∈ {+1, −1}, indicating the concept presence or absence.
A SVM finds the hyperplane separating the positives from the negatives samples with
the maximum margin. The margin is defined as the smallest distance between the
hyperplane and training vectors. Given an unseen feature Xi , a linear SVM computes
its corresponding label through:
d(Xi ) = Xi W + b,
(2.1)
W ∈ RD is normal vector to the hyperplane and b is the model bias parameter
such that d(Xi ) > 0 if yi = 1 or d(Xi ) < 0 otherwise. W is expressed as a linear
combination of the training vector: W =
i=1 αi yi Xi , where α = {αi }i∈[1N ] are the
PN
Lagrange multipliers solving the following dual optimization problem:
N
N X
1X
αi αj yi yj xTi xj.
α̂ = arg max
αi −
2 i=1 j=1
α≥0
i=1
N
X
(2.2)
The previously described SVM algorithm assumes that a linear separation exists
between the two classes. It is usually not the case in realistic learning applications.
SVM has been therefore extended to no-linear separation. Video representations are
projected to a high dimensional space using a projection function φ. The optimal
hyperplane is then computed in the high dimensional feature space by solving the
following quadratic problem:
α̂ = arg max
α≥0
N
X
i=1
αi −
N X
N
1X
αi αj yi yj φ(xi )T φ(xj )
2 i=1 j=1
(2.3)
Computing the inner product of vectors in a high dimensional space is computationally expensive. Kernel has been introduced to avoid this issue. A kernel function k is a
function mapping pairs of feature vectors to real numbers. If the kernel function k respects the Mercer conditions: continuous, symmetric and positive semi-definite, then
k(xi , xj ) expresses an inner product in high-dimensional space: k(xi , xj ) = φ(xi )φ(xj ).
2.2. CONCEPT MODELING
59
The performance of SVM classification is sensitive to a few parameters, the most
critical one being the kernel function choice. The selection of a suitable kernel depends
on the input vector data distribution, which varies from task to task. Zhang et
al. [221] propose a comparison of linear, RBF, EMD-based and χ2 kernels for BoW
image representation. This study shows that χ2 and EMD generally outperform
the other kernels. Yang et al. [210] show that one can reach the best classification
with a linear kernel by modifying the BoW design. Specifically they demonstrate
that the combination of local feature sparse coding and linear kernel achieves better
performance than hard assignment and χ2 kernel. Keeping a linear kernel is critical
for large scale application. While the χ2 , and EMD implies a quadratic learning
complexity, linear kernel learning complexity remains linear.
Given the proliferation of visual signatures and kernels, some methods have been
developed to combine them. Multiple Kernel Learning (MKL), which has been introduce by Bach et al. [6], learns the optimal kernel combination from the training data.
Gönen et al. [50] and Bucak et al. [24] provide MKL reviews for computer vision. They
show that, considering non-linear kernels, MKL performs better than unweighted or
data-dependent combination. However, MKL combination is only equivalent to feature weighting in the context of linear kernels. It does not outperform unweighted or
data-dependent combination. Using kernelized SVM implies a computational overhead which limit its usability with large scale dataset.
Multiple Concepts Classification Realistic classification problems contain more
than two concepts to recognize. Several strategies have been introduced to extend
the binary classification problem to multiclass classification.
One of the simplest strategies is to train one-vs-rest binary classifiers for each
class, using all available training vectors. Multiclass SVMs have also been proposed.
Weston et al. [204] introduce a multiclass SVM with a loss function that leverages
each class-wise losses. Lee et al. [109] and Crammer et al. [30] describe another multiclass SVM, statistically consistent [2], which apply the multinomial classification idea
to the “hinge-loss” function. Albeit the many multiclass SVM extensions, Akata et
60
CHAPTER 2. RELATED WORK AND EXPERIMENTAL DATASETS
al. [2] show through an extensive experimental study that the simple one-vs-rest
strategy outperforms all the other method in term of performance and computational
efficiency, for visual recognition.
Due to their performances and efficiency, SVMs classifiers are predominant in
the multimedia annotation field. However, SVM doesn’t provide a direct solution
to combine multiple intermediate representations. MKL has been introduced tackle
this issue, but they lack of performance gain when linear kernels, necessary to handle
large data scale, are involved.
2.2.2
Graphical model
A Graphical model encodes the conditional relationship of a set of random variables,
in a form of a graph, leading to compact representations of probabilistic distributions.
Directed graphical models also known as Bayesian networks [135] (BN) were the first
used to model the concepts semantic relation. Let C = {cj }j∈[1,M ] be a set of concept
and X = {Xi }i∈[1,N ] a set of video representations. To completely specify a Bayesian
network, two sets of parameters need to be defined: P (cj |Xi ), the first layer captur-
ing the video representation and concept correlation and P (cj |cj ′ ), the second layer
describing the concept co-occurrence statistics (see Figure 2-10). The graph model
can either be complete or sparse , using ontologies [34, 159] or learned from a training
dataset [60, 76, 152, 203, 208, 209], to improve the computation time. One drawback
of Bayesian models is the lack of temporal modeling. Only spatial co-occurrences are
studied. Dynamic Bayesian networks (DBN) [62, 193] address this issue by fusing
both temporal and spatial dimensions in the graphical models. Dynamic Bayesian
networks are a generalization of HMM, directly modeling the temporal concept dependencies. It leads to complex models depending on a large number of parameters.
Bayesian networks and dynamic Bayesian networks are generative probabilistic
frameworks leveraging the joint representation and concept probability: P (cj , Xi )
which requires the representation inter-relation modeling. However, since it is difficult to model complex relations of the observed data while retaining computational
2.2. CONCEPT MODELING
Figure 2-10:
mann [60]).
61
Two layers undirected graphical model (courtesy of Haupt-
tractability, generative approaches assume the independence of each observed features [97, 181]. This assumption is too restrictive for computer vision [96].
On the other hand, discriminative approaches describe the concepts posterior
probability P (cj |Xi ) and don’t require the features relationship modeling. Following
this idea, undirected graphical models, such as Conditional Random Fields (CRF) [142],
or their 2D extension Discriminative Random Fields (DRF) [96] have been introduced.
It has been shown that CRF outperforms Bayesian models in classification task at
price of a costlier learning phase [96, 97, 142, 209].
Graphical models build a factorized representation recognizing visual concepts
from low-level representation. These models provide an implicit level of abstraction
in understanding concept relationship which can provide valuable insight. Although
the approaches discussed under this section are mathematically and computationally
elegant their success in realistic recognition problem is still inconclusive [80].
2.2.3
Information Fusion
Information fusion deals with systems that have information sources available. By
using a proper combination scheme, fusion aims at decreasing the influence of unreliable sources compared to the reliable ones [89]. The fusion of different information sources can be performed at different levels: representation, decision or “hy-
62
CHAPTER 2. RELATED WORK AND EXPERIMENTAL DATASETS
brid” [3, 33, 99, 189].
The representation level, also called early fusion, combines directly the low-level
video representations [176]. Early fusion presents the advantage of using the low-level
representation inter-correlation. However, it is often difficult to associate different
low-level video signatures into a common representation. Each low-level representation comes from a different feature space which is distributed accodingly to some
specific underlying statistics. It may not be mixable, without proper normalization,
with other feature spaces [89]. In addition, early fusion augments the dimensionality
of the video signature by combining several representations, increasing the learning
complexity. The decision level, or late fusion, first applies classifiers on each extracted
representation and obtains intermediate decisions scores. These scores are combined
together, in a fused representation [176]. Late fusion doesn’t take advantage of the
low-level representation inter-correlation. But, this fusion scheme is more flexible
than early fusion since a dedicated classifier can be designed for each input representation. Furthermore, decisions scores share the same representation which eases
their combination. As shown by Snoek et al.[176], there is no consensus about which
fusion scheme gets better performance. Their efficiencies depend on the low-level
representations and on the data distribution. Hybrid level [99] consists in combining
the two levels of fusion together, low-level features and classifier scores, trying to take
advantage of both early and late fusion.
There is more to the fusion design than the choice of the fusion level. We also
need to specify the fusion method, which defines how to combine the different information. Linear weighted fusion is the approach generally adopted in multimedia
annotation [78, 79, 176]. It associates a specific weighting coefficient to each input
information source. Linear coefficient can be determined using various approaches. A
straightforward approach is to set equal coefficient to all input information source [68].
Albeit its simplicity; this method has shown reliable performance in complex event
detection [78, 79]. Other approaches use cross-validation to determine the optimal
weight associated to each source [65, 136]. Multiple Kernel Learning [179] can be considered as a fusion method that learns the weight coefficient from a training dataset.
2.3. EXPERIMENTAL DATASETS
2.3
63
Experimental Datasets
Several standard video datasets have been proposed by the community to evaluate
and compare the concept annotation approaches [95, 102, 113, 157, 160, 162, 171, 178].
Datasets have different scale and complexity as summarized in Table 2.7. Two broad
categories can be draw from them: constrained and unconstrained datasets.
Constrained datasets are recorded by the scientists directly in a controlled environment. The initial human action datasets (KTH [162], Weizman [52]. . . ) were
taped in a supervised environment in order to control the video complexity. Since
constrained datasets are built by researchers, they generally contain a limited number
of videos. Such datasets are particularly useful for highlighting a recognition algorithm particular aspect. However, algorithms achieving good results on constrained
dataset are not guaranteed to generalize well on unconstrained data.
While first recognition approaches were evaluated on constrained datasets, research community has largely shifted its attention toward realistic and unconstrained
datasets [95, 113, 123, 157, 171, 178]. Such datasets are constructed from existing
videos such as users generated web videos [113, 157, 178] or professionally edited
videos [95, 123], i.e. movies or tv news. . . Consequently, those datasets don’t control
the recording environment. They are composed by videos which are generally subject
to strong appearance variability due to viewpoint change, camera motion, background
clutter. . . In the following, we describe the datasets used in this dissertation which
are showed in Table 2.8.
2.3.1
UT-interaction Datasets
UT-Interaction [160] (see Figure 2-11) is actually composed by two sub-datasets UT1 and UT-2. Each sub-dataset has 6 classes of human-human interaction actions:
hands-shake, point, hug, push, kick and punch. UT-1 and UT-2 are recorded in
constrained environment. UT-1 is composed by 60 videos occurring on a parking lot.
The videos are taken with different zoom rates and with mostly static backgrounds.
64
CHAPTER 2. RELATED WORK AND EXPERIMENTAL DATASETS
Dataset
Concepts
Videos
Viewpoint Change
Motion
Clutter
UT-Inter [160]
6
120
None
Weak
Weak
KTH [162]
6
2392
None
Weak
None
CUHA [180]
14
68
None
None
None
TUM [183]
19
1000
None
None
None
UCF-Youtube [113]
11
1668
Strong
Strong
Medium
Hollywood2 [123]
13
1684
Strong
Strong
Strong
UCF-50 [157]
50
6681
Strong
Strong
Strong
UCF-101 [178]
101
13320
Strong
Strong
Strong
HMDB [95]
51
6849
Strong
Strong
Strong
Trecvid SIN 2012 [171]
362
8000
Strong
Strong
Strong
Trecvid MED 2012 [171]
20
40000
Strong
Strong
Strong
Table 2.7: Datasets overview in term of Concepts number, Videos Number,
Viewpoint Change, Camera motion and Background clutter.
Action Type
Dataset
Human
UT-Inter [160]
KTH [162]
UCF-Youtube [113]
UCF-50 [157]
UCF-101 [178]
HMDB [95]
√
Human-Object
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Video Type
Human-Human
√
Constrained
√
√
√
√
Table 2.8: Action Type for Human-Action Datasets.
Web
Movie
√
√
√
√
√
2.3. EXPERIMENTAL DATASETS
Kick
65
Punch
Hug
Handshake
Figure 2-11: Frame samples from the UT-interaction datasets.
Authors
Descriptions
UT-1
UT-2
Ryoo et al. [160]
STIP
85
75
Dollar et al. [160]
Cubois/HoGHoF
85
75
Patron et al.[144]
Head Pose-Estimation
84
86
Chapter 5
Dense trajectories + Adaptative Grid Pooling
91.7
95
Table 2.9: Results on UT-interaction.
UT-2 is composed by the 60 remaining videos. The UT-2 videos occur in a park
and have non static backgrounds. They are also subject to small camera jitter. The
evaluation procedure is specified by Ryoo [160], it uses a 10-fold leave-one-out crossvalidation on segmented video shots. Average accuracy is reported for each action
class.
Table 2.9 reports the performances of various methods obtained on the UTInteraction datasets. Being Human-Human interaction, UT-interaction actions see
their localizations change through time in a video. By taking into account a flexible space-time context (see Chapter 5), we achieves state-of-art performance on this
dataset.
2.3.2
KTH Dataset
KTH [162] (see Figure 2-13) is another constrained dataset. KTH is composed by 6
human action classes: Boxing, Handclapping, Handwaving, Jogging, Running, Walking. Each action class is performed several times by 25 subjects. The videos were
recorded in four different scenarios: outdoors, outdoors with different zoom rates
(to induce scale variation), outdoors with different clothes, and indoors. The videos
66
CHAPTER 2. RELATED WORK AND EXPERIMENTAL DATASETS
Walking
Jogging
Running
Boxing
Handwaving
Figure 2-12: Frame samples from the KTH dataset.
Authors
Descriptions
Results
Klaser et al. [87]
Harris3D/HoG3D
84.3
Dollar et al. reported in [196]
Cubois/HoGHoF
88.7
Laptev et al. reported in [196]
Harris3D/HoGHoF
91.6
Shi et al. [167]
Dense cuboid sampling + HoGHoFMbHHoG3D
93.0
Wang et al. [197]
Dense trajectories+HoGHoFMbH
94.2
Kovashka et al. [92]
Hierarchical Vocabulary
94.5
Gilbert et al. [48]
Hierarchical data mining
94.8
Chapter 6
Dense trajectories + Content based Pooling
94.6
Chapter 4
Dense trajectories + Covariance Pooling
95.5
Table 2.10: Results on KTH.
are mostly non-cluttered static backgrounds. Evaluation is performed using a training/testing division provided in [162].
Table 2.10 reports state-of-art results. One special feature of this dataset is the
high similarity between its Jogging and Running action. By proposing an aggregation
method which goes beyond the BoW counting statistics, we are able to improve over
the state-of-art (Chapter 4).
2.3.3
UCF-Youtube, UCF-50, UCF-101 Datasets
UCF-Youtube, UCF-50 and UCF-101 are three unconstrained datasets composed
by user generated videos uploaded on the YouTube website. Videos contained in
the three datasets are therefore subject to high-appearance variability, large camera motion, viewpoint change, cluttered backgrounds. . . The YouTube dataset [113]
is composed by 1168 video sequences distributed in 11 different actions: shooting
(basket), biking, diving, swinging, swinging (golf), swinging (tennis), jumping (tram-
2.3. EXPERIMENTAL DATASETS
67
Figure 2-13: Frame samples from the UCF datasets.
poline), spiking (volleyball), horse riding, walking and juggling (soccer). UCF-50 [157]
extends the YouTube dataset to 50 different human actions and 6681 video sequences
also extracted from the YouTube website. Finally, UCF-101 proposes 51 additional
actions, reaching the total of 101 actions and 13320 videos. To our knowledge, UCF101 is the largest video dataset available. In the literature a 25 folds leave-one-out
group-wise crossvalidation is generally used for evaluation
Many video signatures have been evaluated on those datasets as Table 2.11, 2.12
and 2.13 shows. Capturing long-term time information, Bag-of-Word based on dense
trajectories has shown particularly encouraging performance. We improve upon this
representation by adding structural information to a traditional BoW representation,
as Chapter 5 and 6 describe, and achieve state-of-art performance.
Authors
Descriptions
Results
Liu et al.[113]
Mined 2D SIFT and motion features
71.2
Ikizler et al.[64]
Gist + object and person centric HoGHoF
75.21
Wang et al.[197]
Dense trajectoires + HoGHoFMbH
84
Chapter 5
Dense trajectories + Adaptative Grid Pooling
86.3
Table 2.11: Results on UCF-Youtube.
Authors
Descriptions
Results
Klipper-Gross et al. [88]
Motion Interchange Pattern
72.6
Solmaz et al. [177]
GIST 3D
73.7
Reddy et al. [157]
Scene and motion descriptor late fusion
76.9
Shi et al. [167]
Dense cuboid sampling + HoGHoFMbHHoG3D
83.3
Wang et al. [197]
Dense trajectories+HoGHoFMbH
84.5
Chapter 4
Dense trajectories + Content based Pooling
92.8
Table 2.12: Results on UCF50.
68
CHAPTER 2. RELATED WORK AND EXPERIMENTAL DATASETS
Authors
Descriptions
Results
Soomro et al. [178]
Harris3D/HoGHoF
44.5
Chapter 7
Multiple-Contexts
87.7
Table 2.13: Results on UCF101.
2.3.4
HMDB Dataset
HMDB [95] (see Figure 2-14) is composed by 6849 video clips divided into 51 action
categories. They are collected from various sources, mostly from movies, and public
websites. It contains simple facial actions, general body movements, human-object
interaction and human-human interactions. Videos are subject to strong difference in
their recording condition as Figure 2-15 highlights. Camera motion, various viewpoint
and video quality are available for each action. It contains simple facial actions,
general body movements and human interactions. [95].
Dense trajectories feature also have good results on this dataset. As for the UCFdatasets, adding structural information in the representation also improve the results
(see Table 2.14).
Handwaving
Drinking
Sword Fighting
Running
Figure 2-14: Frame samples from the HMDB dataset.
Diving
2.3. EXPERIMENTAL DATASETS
69
Authors
Descriptions
Results
Kuehne et al. [95]
C2
23.0
Sadanand et al. [161]
Action Bank
26.9
Cao et al. [26]
STIP+temporal pooling
27.8
Klipper-Gross et al. [88]
Motion Interchange Pattern
29.2
Solmaz et al. [177]
GIST 3D
29.2
Jiang et al. [81]
Dense trajectories+HoGHoFMbH+motion compensation
40.7
Wang et al. [197]
Dense trajectories+HoGHoFMbH
46.6
Shi et al. [167]
Dense cuboid sampling + HoGHoFMbHHoG3D
47.6
Jain et al. [70]
Dense trajectories+HoGHoFMbH+motion compensation
52.1
Wang et al. [198]
Dense trajectories+HoGHoFMbH+motion compensation
57.1
Chapter 5
Dense trajectories + Adaptative Grid
46.8
Chapter 4
Dense trajectories + Covariant Pooling
51.1
Chapter 6
Dense trajectories + Content based Pooling
51.8
Chapter 7
Mutiple-Contexts
53.6
Table 2.14: Results on HMDB.
Figure 2-15: Distribution of the various conditions for the HMDB videos (courtesy of Kuehne [95]). a) visible body part, b) camera motion, c) camera view
point, and d) clip quality.
70
CHAPTER 2. RELATED WORK AND EXPERIMENTAL DATASETS
2.4
Conclusion
To conclude this chapter, we identify some state-of-art bottlenecks for both video representations and concept models. Based on this limitation, we highlight the different
research directions which are investigated in this dissertation.
2.4.1
Video Representations
Representation
Advantage(s)
Drawback(s)
Holistic
Computational Efficiency
Sensible background change and motion
Local
Flexible, Robust, Performance
Lack of semantic, structural information
Pose
Meaningful, Performance
Limited to constrained data
Semantic
Meaningful, additional knowledge
Requires large training data
Table 2.15: Synopsis of the video representations.
Table 2.15 summarizes advantage and inconvenient of each type of video representation. We are interested in actions recognition for unconstrained videos. We need a
representation tackling video data with large appearance variability in order to detect
concepts with relatively simple semantic meanings.
| 36,631 |
heavensearthbook00ben_1
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Public Domain
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Spoken
| 8,243 | 11,453 |
'^ .^^ <-■/_. % "".s .%'' cP\. U ' 9 1 •^ ;>• ^. V ■'^. .-' ,>^^ !-^ '■'>. v'^ l\'' c^ .0^.. >o ' -% % ^-?> b*^.. o^ % ^ ' « % y %■ >}> -^c*- ,-^'< V ,S''%V •» A '^o . n -^ A -i». / » « s ^ '^i "•>, \^ .,^'^' IS. ^ 0 , V •* A "ho^ :^\ 'iS* ' -i 0.^^'V -» J\ HEAVENS AND EARTH HEAVENS AND EARTH A BOOK OF POEMS BY STEPHEN VINCENT BENET NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 1920 Copyright, 1920 BY HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY ^d. <^o 0)C1.A604330 ;^0V 24 1320 TO GEORGE THEODORE ACHELIS 1897—1920 Grateful acknowledgment is made to Ainslie*s Magazine, The Bowling Green, Books and the Book World, The Dial, The New Republic, Romance, Sun, The Sun Dial, The Yale Review and The Yale Literary Magazine for permission to reprint poems included in this volume. CONTENTS TWO VISIONS OF HELEN PAQB The First Vision of Helen 3 The Last Vision of Helen 9 CHARIOTS AND HORSEMEN The Retort Discourteous 21 Two AT the Crossroads 23 Sir John Rimbeck to the Princess of Acre .... 25 Three Days' Ride 26 The Plow (A New England Tragedy) 30 THE TALL TOWN Colloquy of the Statues {The Avenue. Night Before Pershing's Parade) 39 LuNCH-TiME Along Broadway 41 The Walkers (Strike Pickets — Lower Fifth Ave.) . , 42 8:30 A. M. ON 32nd Street 44 Chanson at Madison Square 46 Hymn in Columbus Circle. (After Seeing a Certain Window Display) .48 APPLES OF EDEN The Etcher 51 Grand Larceny 53 November Prothalamion 55 Expressions Near the End of Winter 57 Lost Lights 58 CONTENTS PA«n Come Back! 60 Resurrection {To ]. W. A.) 62 Flood-Tide {Maine Coast — 1917) 65 The Song of Cold and Pain 67 Wisdom-Teeth 69 THE KINGDOM OF THE MAD The Original Impulse 75 Lunch at a City Club {Fot, though not to, D. M.C.) . 16 The Knockout 77 Devourer of Nations 78 Abraham's Bosom 79 Prohibition 80 Mortuary Parlors 81 Talk 82 Nearsight 83 Before Michael's Last Fight 84 Always the Sonnetteer 85 Portrait of Young Love 86 Two More Muses 87 Operation {For J. F. C, Jr.) 88 The Trapeze Performer {For CM.) 89 Epitaph to Be Spoken 90 Judgment 91 BoARDiNG-HousE Hall 92 Blood Brothers 93 Watchmen 94 "Les Cruches Cassees" 95 P. P. C— Madam Life 96 Positively the Last Performance 97 TWO VISIONS OF HELEN THE FIRST VISION OF HELEN Argument — Itys, nurtured by centaurs, meets and falls in love ivith Helen of Troy, before her marriage with Menelaus. What befell therefrom^ Slowly blanch-handed Dawn, eyes half-awake. Upraised magnificent the silver urn, Heaped with white roses at the trembling lip. Flowers that bum with crystalline accord And die not ever. Like a pulsing heart Beat from within against the fire-loud verge A milky vast transparency of light Heavy with drowning stars; a swimming void Morning. Of august ether, formless 'as the cloud, And light made absolute. The mountains sighed, Turning in sleep. Dawn held the frozen flame An instant high above the shaggy world. Then, to the crowing of a thousand cocks. Poured out on earth the unconquerable sun I The centaurs awoke! they aroused from their beds of pine, Their long flanks hoary with dew, and their eyes, deep-drowned In the primal slumber of stones, stirred bright to the shine! And they stamped with their hooves and their gallop abased the ground ! Swifter than arrowy birds in an eager sky, Th« White-browed kings of the hills where old Titans feast. Running — Cheiron ordered the charge with a neighing cry, I And the thousand hunters tramped like a single beast! 3 4 HEAVENS AND EARTH Beautiful monstrous dreams they seemed as they ran, Trees come alive at the nod of a god grown mute! Their eyes looked up to the sun like a valiant man ; Their bows clashed shrill on the loins and limbs of the brute! Laughing, rejoicing, white as a naked birch. Slim as a spear in a torrent of moving towers, Itys, the prince, ran gay in the storm of their search, Silverly shod on feet that outstripped the Hours! Over by Sparta bays a horn! Ohe, Helena! Over by Sparta bays a horn! And the black hound grins to his milk-teeth torn; And the tall stag wishes he'd never been born! Helena hunts on the hills! Past the Eurotas the chase sweeps hot ! Ohe, Helena! Past the Eurotas the chase sweeps hot ! And the pack has nosed at a royal slot! And a white-armed girl has a magic lot! Helena hunts on the hills! Echoed at Elis the dogs give tongue! Ohe, Helena! Echoed at Elis the dogs give tongue! The stag flees on but his mort is sung! y^. And the world and Helen are very young! of Helena hunts on the hills! Helei Down by Argos the flight is stayed! Ohe, Helena! Down by Argos the flight is stayed ! And proud blood stifles the reeking blade! THE FIRST VISION OF HELEN 5 And they cut the tongue for the golden maid! Helena hunts on the hills! Over in Troy by a kingly door, Ohe, Helena! Over in Troy by a kingly door, Hector's sword is asleep from war ! " Wait! " whines the bitter steel, " Two years more! *' Helena hunts on the hills! So the two molten clamors fused a space As silver marries brass to make a bell, Then thrust apart and vanished, save for some Faint interlocking tentacles of sound That chimed to Itys. Something halted him From the swift gallop and the embracing air, Put in him troubling languor, drove him out To rest beside a round coin of a pool. Casually flung among a cloud of pines. He dreamed as a dog dreams, uneasily. The dreams blow North and South. Pitiless-bright they gleam. Send, Zeus, a flower across my mouth ! The wing of a silver dream! The visions smoke from the deep, J^ys Bannering East and West. ^'■^"'"^ Guide, Zeus, the stumbling old feet of Sleep, That bring a dream to my breast! I have gazed in immaculate eyes! My soul is a flame astream ! Zeus, strike swift from the raging skies. That I may die with my dream! Bel Hel 6 HEAVENS AND EARTH He waked and saw two hounds, tugging their leash, Burst through the covert, and heard laughter bell Like a clear stream as Helen followed them. They drank, were quiet. Itys stood at gaze; ^^y- Seeing in all things one miraculous face. And how her tunic left one bright breast bare. And how she smoothed her hair back with one hand.. But very presently he was aware That some one not himself possessed his voice And used it now to talk with — babbling words Foolish and laughable to that still Beauty. Tempest from the valiant sky, Music of the shaken reed, Can a thousand kisses buy You and April, mine indeed? Fling the dice and let them lie! Not a joy from all your mind Will you toss me, beggar's dole. And you never would be kind Itys'' Though I kissed your very soul ! ^^"^t Race the coursers up the wind! Queen of desperate alarms, Though Destruction be the priest That must bring me to your arms, He shall wed our bones at least! Life was vintage, borage-crowned. Pour the cup upon the ground! The first Vision of helen 1 Vines grow in my garden; Blossoms a snake in size. Sun warms and knife-winds harden, Till the silk-stained globes arise; And men peer over the hedges With fury come in their eyes. Pears grow in my garden; Honey a wild bee clips. Helen's Robbers afraid of pardon, "'^ The princes steal from their ships, And pluck the fruit of iniquity And take it not from their lips. Fate grows in my garden; Black as a cypress shoot. Sleepily smiles the warden, Guarding the gorgeous loot, Seeing the Tree, Deliciousness, And the tall lords dead at its root! Their lips broke from the kiss. Helena sighed, Then started up, afraid. Straight toward the pool Rending the brake with hounds, shouting aloud. Crashed like a cast spear the returning chase. The Death " Itys! " she said, " My brothers. They will kill." ''^^^^^ He looked down at his hands that held no sword. Helena's hounds belled answer to their pack. Swift as a closing hand, unreal as dream. Danger shut down around them. " Dear " he said. Pollux, the shining-speared, burst through the leaves. 8 HEAVENS AND EARTH After the slaying, wide-eyed Helen paused To clasp the dead hands loosely, and unhook A swaying torque of gold from the white neck That it might hurn, a sun, between her breasts. — The chase passed with hot noon, and in the cool A straying centaur came, snuffed the new blood And, seeing Itys dead, neighed in loud fear; Calling the hairy tramplers of the woods To mourn their friend with strange solemnities. Close his eyes with the coins; bind his chin with the shroud; Carry this clay along, in the time of the westing cloud; Lay you the cakes beside, for the three-mouthed dog of Hell ; ^^" Slain on the grass in fight, surely his end is well. /^ Cerv Love was the wind he sought, ignorant whence it went; Now he has clasped it close, silent and eloquent; Slow as the stream and strong, answering knee to knee. Carry this clay along — it is more wise than we. The chanting died away upon the hills, Sobbingly low. And Night reversed the urn; ^^S^ Drawing all sunlight back to the hot deeps, And leaving the high heavens full of stars. THE LAST VISION OF HELEN Argument — Helen, after the fall of Troy, departs to Egypt with ghostly companions, as in the old tale. She encoun- ters the Sphinx and a marvel is wrought upon her. Measureless sand . . . interminable sand . .. The smooth hide of that yellow lion, Earth, Ruffled a little and was dark again Beneath the descending torrents of the night, Plunging like cobalt from the cliffs of the sky, Blotting the stiff wedge of each pyramid With the slow gurgle of a rising wave, A wave burning with stars. . .. The Sphinx alone Couched on her forepaws like a sleepy hound Under the weight of a caress of rock And smiled her woman's and chimera's smile Inexorably, drowned with the savage dark. The black tide filled the heavens up and ceased, A little tongueing flame ran on the sand Bright as a fire of paper, swift and light As a bird's restless eyes. It rose. It bloomed. An angry dream before the Sphinx's feet, The exhalation of a furious thought. Tall as the ghosts of Heaven's battlements, The apparition that had once been Troy! 9 10 HEAVENS AND EARTH A girl went out in the summer skies, {The dice lie white for the throwing!) A girl went out in the summer skies And the sunlight laughed as it kissed her eyes! {And the wind of Fate is blowing!) Son the\ Trol She was ruddy and gold as a changing leaf When gilded Autumn gathers the sheaf. She was lily and pale as a sleeping moth When the full moon bleaches the skies like cloth. The grass was glad to be under her shoe, The poppy proud to be floor unto The silvering dance of her feet like dew! . . . But her lord walks chill as a cloud of snow Where the kings of the earth are bending the bow. They are roaring the fame of the flying dart. But he whispers low, in a place apart, With the evil ice of his freezing heart. " Helena, Helena, mouth of wine, Two more days for your sun to shine! Helena, Helena, mouth of musk, Two more days and I make you dusk. Two more nights on your silky bed. And your lover over it, bloody and dead, And your body broken as I break bread! " THE LAST VISION OF HELEN H His lips are writhing, sucking and cold. His hands are twitching like trees grown old, He shivers as if he had trod on mold. The Golden Queen at her anchor strains. (Sails on the sapphire, snowing) Paris walks on the deck like a man in chains. (And the wind of Fate is blowing.) He wastes in his love like leaves in a flame, But his mind is a spear in a dauntless game, And the face of his doom has a girl's soft name. The fifty sailors are whetting their swords. The brown sun beats on the tarry boards. And Helena skims by the rolling sand And waves with the fleck of a foam-white hand. And the blood of Youth pounds hot in the throat As the long oars lash from the lunging boat. Richly she came through the leaping green, Like the shrine of a god, like a sun first seen. And they cried " Hurrah for the Golden Queen ! " The white sails soar like a rising gull, The water spins by the speeding hull. She smiles with her chin cupped into her hand At the drowning shadow of fading land •■ — And Paris shakes like a torching brand. And Paris crushes her, breath to breath, And she gives him her honey of love and death. 12 HEAVENS AND EARTH But chill Menelaus a Fury hath, He has thawed his hate to a roaring wrath! He is loosing his hounds on the ocean-path! The blooms of the years are withered and fall. (Dawn — and a red flame crowing) And Time's cracked fingers number them all. {And the wind of Fate is blowing.) And a wooden horse is trampling Troy As a hoof-thrust crushes a crumpling toy. Ruddy and gold where the torches stare Helena sits in her carven chair. Lovely and strange as a moonlit cloud — But her head droops down like a petal bowed. Beneath her the blood and the wine run deep — But her eyes are seas more quiet than sleep. The drunkards brawl and the cup goes round ; But she gives no sign and she makes no sound. Red Menelaus has poured her drink; And she does not sip and she does not shrink. And her mouth is a flower that says " Depart! " And the hilt of a knife is under her heart. The kings of the world have finished their chase, They dash their wine in the glorious face. And Paris is dead in a sickly land; And they wrench the rings from the plume-white hand. THE LAST VISION OF HELEN 13 They dice for her rings and the game is sweet And lean Menelaus is smiling sleet. And the captains chuckle, counting their scars, For the hosts of the earth have finished their wars And Helen and Troy are cold as the stars. Waves in the dusk with a sound like tears {And the deep tide foaming and flowing) Saying one name for a thousand years ! (And the wind of Fate is blowing!) Like air beaten by swords, like the long cry Of an old trumpet harsh with rust and gold The ballad rose assaulting, struck and died Into a clamorous echo. The Sphinx stirred, Shaking the drifted moonlight from her coat As a dog shakes water, rising mountainously; Then from that drum of terrible stone, her throat, Rolled back her answer at the enormous sky. The arrow of Eros flies ^^« ^ong In the dark, in the trembling dark; l^^J^f rx. . , . ,1 •, . bphmx riercmg and sweet is the song it cries And the cup of the heart its mark! And the cup of the heart is dust. And the wine of the heart is spilled. And the barb flings whimpering back to Lust With "Master, see — I have killed! " It was thus and thus that you were begot! I am Death's bright arrow! Forgive me not! The ribbon of Fate unreels In the road of the days and nights; 14 HEAVENS AND EARTH There are flute-voiced airs for the dancing heels, But over them hang the kites! And the path grows dark as the laws And the kites drop down in a ring, Till a blind stag torn by the slashing claws Is the end of the trumpeting! It is there and there that your fathers rot! I am Destiny's hatter! Unloose me not! The mirror of Wisdom shines Like a face in a troubled pool. Like the eyes of a snake are its weaving signs To the eyes of the anxious fool. For the secret form of the soul Is there in its terror shown — And it rends the sight like a crumbling coal Till the eyes of the fool are stone! It was this and this that your ardor sought! I am Wisdom's mirror! Behold me not! Then, like a forgotten tumult of the heart, The multitude of men who died for Helen, Vague, terrible, wounded forms began to chant. Glance at us once from your sacred tower, Helen divine! The cutworm crawls in the almond-flower. The rats are eating the thrones of power, Songi Yet glance at us once and the clouds will shower theM Our lips with wine! Loosen your hair to the storm again. To the whistling brine! We are very desperate men, THE LAST VISION OF HELEN 15 Reeds when fire goes over the fen, Lighten our dark with your marvel then, Helen divine! Give us drink for our bitter thirst, Helen divine! Bless you the thieves that each priest has cursed. Queen of us, queen of us, last and first. Flame we followed and child we nursed, Star at trine! Open the heaven of your embrace, Oh burning sign! This is the end of the bloody race, Whispering sea and the stars like lace, You gather our souls to your shining place, Helen divine! The thunder ebbed away into a sigh. Died into sand, was calm. And suddenly Helen of anguish, Helen of the song, Helen the victory on the lips of Zeus, Helen the princely word, the proud despair. The voiceless cry of the ecstatic dream, Shone with the radiance of a consuming wish Upon the desert, and stretched out her arms As if to take that whole great ghost of Troy, Pennon and panoply, champion and car. Back to its home, her breast. Would there ever be a bud Helenas If the sap considered storm? '^ It would stay in happy mud, 16 HEAVENS AND EARTH Damned and sleepy, safe and warm! Who would want to be a rose If its petals thought of snows? Why I lived I never knew. Life — I took it like a toy, Something like a worship, too, To adore and to enjoy. Then the gods began to play — And the toy was put away. Like a perfume made intense, Like the planet of a dark, I became magnificence For my hour, in my spark. There is rapture in my ghost. Telling all my least and most. Fate and Wisdom, judging loud. These are shadows I can mock With the thoughtlessness of cloud, With the indolence of rock. Let them air the inn they keep! I am tired. I would sleep. So, with the pause, all earth and sky were still As if they had just been made — and the Sphinx lay Silent, engulfed in silence. Then she moved Uneasily, and settled back again. And in a low harshness of diminished sound Spoke out her final judgment. Zeus of the silver dawning took the scarf of a cloud. He quickened the wraith with fire till the life cried out aloud, Sphinx THE LAST VISION OF HELEN 17 He called Desire from his lightning, Despair from her weaving old, And they fashioned the shape to a woman that men might die to behold! Golden Zeus of the sunbeam slapped his hand on his thigh The Las; As the swords ran out of their scabbards and the arrows sang ^°"f '^' in the sky, And the woman like leafy April was the chant that an archer sings Over sands grown bloody with purple that has come from the hearts of kings! Zeus of the brazen twilight, nodding his eyes awake. Armed him a doom for Helen lest Earth burn up for her sake; Chill on the heart of incense, the hands that desired so much, Fell the snow-like veil of his wisdom, till the flesh was still at its touch! Iron Zeus of the night-time, watching the chariot moon Trample the skies to whiteness, turns like a moving dune To gaze at the shade of Helen. His eyes as the skies are vast; Seeing her sleep like a swallow in Death's wide bed at last. Helen stood Within the tremendous circle of the paws. Moving like light towards the dark secret heart. The Sphinx cried terribly with a wordless sound Of birth and anguish struggling to be heard . .. And the light vanished . .. And Helen and the Sphinx Were one forever, stone and ghost and dream — And Troy was gone like vapor in the dark. 18 HEAVENS AND EARTH So the dawn came, and toiling caravans, Whose princes halted, arrogant as hawks, To stare but once into the Sphinx's eyes . . . And so were staring till Death breathed on them With the slant feathers of his ruffling wing. Seeking within the rock, the stubborn rock. The gaze and burning of their Lost Desire. CHARIOTS AND HORSEMEN i THE RETORT DISCOURTEOUS {Italy — 16th Century) But what, by the fur on your satin sleeves, The rain that drags at my feather And the great Mercurius, god of thieves. Are we thieves doing together? Last night your blades bit deep for their hire, And we were the sickled barley. To-night, atoast by the common fire. You ask me to join your parley. Your spears are shining like Iceland spar, The blood-grapes drip for your drinking; For you folk follow the rising star, I follow the star that's sinking! My queen is old as the frosted whins. Nay, how could her wrinkles charm me? And the starving bones are bursting the skins In the ranks of her ancient army. You marshal a steel-and-silken troop, Your cressets are fed with spices. And you batter the world like a rolling hoop To the goal of your proud devices. 21 22 HEAVENS AND EARTH I have rocked your thrones — but your fight is won. To-night, as the highest bidder, You offer a share of your brigand-sun, Consider, old bull, consider! Ahead, red Death and the Fear of Death, Your vultures, stoop to the slaughter! But I shall fight you, body and breath, Till my life runs out like water! My queen is wan as the Polar snows. Her host is a rout of specters. But I gave her Youth like a burning rose, And her age shall not lack protectors! I would not turn for the thunderclap Or the face of the woman who bore me. With her battered badge still scarring my cap, And the drums of defeat before me! Roll your hands in the honey of life! Kneel to your white-necked strumpets ! You came to your crowns with a squealing fife But I shall go out with trumpets! Poison the steel of the plunging dart! Holloa your hounds to their station! I march to my ruin with such a heart As a king to his coronation ! Your poets roar of your golden feats — I have herded the stars like cattle. And you may die in the perfumed sheets. But I shall die in the battle! TWO AT THE CROSSROADS The knight of battered and unblazoned arms Reined up before the haster from the South Whose red shield bore the crookt beast Glatysaunt, (Also a scroll with " Pray for me! " entwined With flowers and poison-leaves and Iseult's name) And cried " Where lies the sea-road ? " ; but the other Seeming as mad as his own crest, replied " Has the beast quested past you? have its dogs Given sharp tongue along these drooping woods? For I must follow them until I fall Dead in some cleft of rock, and let the crabs Hack at my armor till the Judgement Day! " The first — " Whence come you, and for what your quest? " Palomides am I from Camelot, Wretched Palomides whom dreams torment Forever — of a cold proud little head, A friendly hand that gives me the same love It would to a familiar dog, a body For which Sir Tristram and King Mark contend, Wolves over a spilled bone . . . and yet this name, This " Iseult " is a good thing for the sword. And makes it cut through many helms and makes Death very visible to heathen men . .. . . . And I could sit with her on a green cliff And watch the world die — if she were but tired And soon would rest her head against my heart; Not caring for the roughness of my mail Not aught at all save that I held her close 23 24 HEAVENS AND EARTH And she and her child's love at last had peace . .. So, Lord, what need were Heaven, Hell or quest? No! I must follow winter! She will be Doubtless betrayed and hurt — and I not there To comfort her in any measure — well Pray God some ax beat through my warding soon! — I beg your grace, sir Knight — my dreams — you said? — " I heard the quarrel and loud noise of hounds More to the westward, by a little inn That's badged with a dry bush." " I must ride on I Your road lies thither ! " Like a pawing storm His horse beat down the valley and was gone The stranger's face within the vizor wore The look of one who, having had a gem Some twelvemonth, finds it out of fashion, dulled By others' praise perhaps — at any rate Its turn gone past — a new stone to be found, New tiger -hues . .. Palomides was far. And, settling well his harp upon his back, With something of amusement in his mouth, Tristram rode southward to the Breton ships. SIR JOHN RIMBECK TO THE PRINCESS OF ACRE Death comes like a glimpse of thin blue sky through the fog of fight, And the trident-flame of the mind fails, and the soul drinks night. But on shores unknown it arises! it is white of its ancient scars. Arrayed with stars as a garment, beneath night's thick stars! And now I must have died I think — and had this grace. To look with new eyes for a moment, and to see one face That fills my heart like a feasting where mailed kings break bread, You are kind as a poor man's alms, Lord, if I take this to the dead ! Slowly the lights, the noise return, but they touch not me. I, who knew not my chains at all, stand here free! Sound the assay, white bugles ! Shields, clash loud ! Fate and one face I follow, through a gate grown proud! 25 THREE DAYS' RIDE " From Belton castle to Solway side. Hard by the bridge, is three days' ride.^' We had fled full fast from her father's keep. And the time was come that we must sleep. The first day was an ecstasy, A golden mist, a burgeoning tree; We rode like gods through a world new-made, The hawthorn scented hill and glade, A faint, still sweetness in the air — And, oh, her face and the wind in her hair! And the steady beat of our good steeds' hooves^ Bearing us northward, strong and fast, To my high black tower, stark to the blast. Like a swimmer stripped where the Solway moves! And ever, riding, we chanted a song, Challenging Fortune, loud and long, " From Belton Castle to Solway side, Strive as you may, is three days' ride! '* She slept for an hour, wrapped in my cloak. And I watched her till the morning broke; The second day — and a harsher land, And gray bare hills on either hand; A surly land and a sullen folk, And a fog that came like bitter smoke. 26 THREE DAYS' RIDE 27 The road wound on like a twisted snake, And our horses sobbed as they topped the brake. Till we sprang to earth at Wyvern Fen, Where fresh steeds stamped, and were off again. Weary and sleepless, bruised and worn. We still had strength for laughter and scorn; Love held us up through the mire and mist, Love fed us, while we clasped and kissed, And still we sang as the night closed in, Stealthy and slow as a hidden sin, " From Belton Castle to Solway side. Ride how you will, is three days' ride.'* My love drooped low on the black mare's back. Drowned in her hair . . . the reins went slack . .. Yet she could not sleep, save to dream bad dreams. And wake all trembling, till at last Her golden head lay on my breast. At last we saw the first faint gleams Of day. Dawn broke. A sickly light Came from the withered sun — a blight Was on the land, and poisonous mist Shrouded the rotting trees, unkissed By any wind, and black crags glared Like sightless, awful faces, spared From death to live accursed for ay. Dragging slow chains the hours went by. We rode on, drunk and drugged with sleep. Too deadly weary now to say Whether our horses kept the way Or no — like slaves stretched on a heap Of poisoned arrows. Every limb 28 HEAVENS AND EARTH Shot with sharp pain; pain seemed to swim Like a red cloud before our eyes. . .. The mist broke, and a moment showed. Pricked clear against a splash of woad. The spear-points where the hot chase rode. Idly I watched them dance and rise Till white wreaths wiped them out again . .. My love jerked at the bridle rein; The black mare, dying, broke her heart In one swift gallop; for my part I dozed ; and ever in my brain, Four hoofs of fire beat out refrain, A dirge to light us down to death, A silly rhyme that saith and saith, " From Belton Castle to Solway side, Though great hearts break, is three days' ride! *' The black mare staggered, reeled and fell, Bearing my love down ... a great bell Began to toll . . . and sudden fire Flared at me from the road, a pyre It seemed, to burn our bodies in . .. And I fell down, far down, within The pit's mouth . . , and my brain went blind. . , I woke — a cold sun rose behind Black evil hills — my love knelt near Beside a stream, her golden hair Streaming across the grass — below The Solway eddied to and fro. White with fierce whirlpools . . . my love turned. Thank God, some hours of joy are burned Into the mind, and will remain, Fierce-blazing still, in spite of pain! THREE DAYS' RIDE 29 They came behind us as we kissed, Steahhily from the dripping mist, Her brothers and their evil band. They bound me fast and made me stand. They forced her down upon her knees. She did not strive or cry or call, But knelt there dumb before them all — I could not turn away my eyes — There was no fear upon her face, Although they slew her in that place. The daggers rent and tore her breast Like dogs that snarl above a kill, Her proud face gazed above them still, Seeking rest — Oh, seeking rest! The blood swept like a crimson dress Over her bosom's nakedness, A curtain for her weary eyes, A muffling-cloth to stop her sighs . .. And she was gone — and a red thing lay Silent, on the trampled clay. Beneath my horse my feet are bound. My hands are bound behind my back, I feel the sinews start and crack — And ever to the hoof-beats' sound. As we draw near the gallows-tree, Wliere I shall hang right speedily, A crazy tune rings in my brain. Four hoofs of fire tramp tlie refrain. Crashing clear o'er the roaring crowd, Steadily galloping, strong and loud, " From Belton Castle to Solivay side. Hard by the bridge, is three days' ride! " THE PLOW {A New England Tragedy) I Hahherton^s plow! John made it, William stayed it. Sharp the blade it bears till now! Wind shadowed billows of rippling grass, Under a sky as clear as glass. And a road that wound like a crooked arm Over a hill to Habberton's Farm! Two stone posts and a gate between, A well sweep, dripping and cool and green. And a girl who strained in the August sun For the thud of hoofs where the path lay dun; For a cloud that grew in a moment's course To the sweat and speed of a flying horse. Though the dust lay white upon spur and shoe, On the steaming flanks, and the trooper's blue. When the ride was done and the reins hung slack, And he swung her up to the bay's wet back And kissed her brows in an arch of black! 30 THE PLOW 31 Clung together, she heard him say, " Three months more till our wedding day! " Three months more and this purse '11 buy The next two farms by the Mill Brook dry. "And then long years of the kindly sun, Children and work and the wild times done; — And an end in peace that our hands have won. " Here I'll bide till the morning comes. Then go back for the last of the drums." . . . The wind whined round them like a ghoul. Into the doorway, still and cool, They sank, a stone in a plumbless pool. II William Habberton drank his ale; An iron man! An iron man! — Without the first stars, cold and pale, Streaked heaven with radiance milky-wan. William Habberton sat at meat; He frowned an oaken frown and stark. The lovers cursed at Time, the fleet. And stumbled, kissing, towards the dark. And as they >vent the purse chinked thrice, In chiming notes like clinking ice. William Habberton eyed his guest; Like stubborn flint was grown his stare. 32 HEAVENS AND EARTH He drew a parchment from his breast, And looked, and saw his ruin there. His fields beneath another's plow, Another's seal stamped on his brow. Black hound. Disaster, at his heel . .. Hand crept to sheath and found the steel. Out of the night the lovers came. Their cheeks on fire, their lips like flame. And twined once more, mouth fused to mouth, Before the bitter three months' drouth. She passed. Her candle shot with flares The creaking mystery of the stairs. The trooper watched each darling tread. "A good night's rest! " the farmer said. "And where sleep I? " his guest spoke free. Oh white was William Habberton! "Soft, soft and deep your bed shall be! And you shall wake when day's begun! " " Rest in the Blue Room as you may; I'll light you on your lonely way." The lantern like a secret fear. Whispered and guttered at his ear. The shadows mouthed at him to stay, He staggered upward on his way. THE PLOW 33 Below, the house grew black and still. As listening stood Habberton. The moonlight's daggers stabbed the sill. The dark wind rustled and was gone. Then slowly, slowly, up the stair One trod as if he trod on air. The wavering silence closed around A ghost that shook at every sound. Up to the Blue Room's door he passed. Gripping the blade unsheathed at last. Dawn filled the air with fire and foam When William Habberton came home. But sun had warmed the drowsy flies Before he met his daughter's eyes. A new-got purse knocked at his side; Oh rich was William Habberton! " You've mounted roses like a bride. Take heed they be not withered soon." The dry leaves whirled in yellow and brown Like the tattered rags of a beauty's gown. And a chattering wind piped loud of snows As the year went out as a sunset goes. But Habberton's farm was heavy with dread, And Elsie Habberton lay in bed. And fought for breath with the gloom o'erhead. 34 HEAVENS AND EARTH For fever came, and a shadow came; Her hot lips writhed to speak its name; Till the sick fit passed and left her lame. Bent as a windblown tree and weak, But her soul was steel and her eyes were bleak. " Wait you no more for hoofs to near? " Thus mockingly spoke Habberton, *' And where's the picture of your dear That kissed you in the August sun? " Her breast her shaking hands did feel, Where something stung them like a weal, — She ground the picture under heel. And the glad wind, and the loud rain Beat at the shuttering eaves in vain, And the aching summer comes again. The grain stands high in the meadow now, Save for one spot untouched by plow Where two rocks meet on the hillside's brow. " Habberton, lend me your powder horn ! For barren rocks I'll promise you corn! " Answered Habberton, heavy of hand, *' I do as I please with my own land ! " And he strikes the stones with his oaken stick. And a strange sound rings — and his smile turns sick. THE PLOW 35 III The new years pass like a quick-turned page, And Habberton's daughter links hands with Age. Dusk and dawn, and new tasks are hers, And the hot thoughts fade and remembrance blurs, And her hate is starving and scarcely stirs. For after the dust of twenty years Her eyes have begun to remember tears. The air was heavy with rain and Spring, Still strong was William Habberton, The black steeds made the coulters ring. Plowing beneath a watery sun. And at sunset Habberton stands alone, And strains at the weight of a buried stone. " Corn shall sprout from the stubborn clay, For the rest has moldered with years away." The stones are rolled to the edge of the fen. He turns to the stilts of the plow again. His daughter nears where the earth lies red, ' And swiftly the furrow drives ahead. Till the sharp blade crashes through crunching bone. And a white thing rolls where the clods are thrown. And crackling under the leader's shoe Is a tarnished button, a scrap of blue. - 36 HEAVENS AND EARTH Like icy wind his daughter spoke, *' Your plow is chained to a deadly yoke! " Her fingers clawed within his coat. His own knife gripped him at the throat. " Rusty and dull, drive true, drive true! You shall drink long for the work you do ! '* She flung him at the horses' feet. "Lie there who dared to touch my sweet! " The whip slashed down as she whispered low, *' And now the plow, and now the plow ! " And over him, struggling, mad and seared, The horrible mace of the plow upreared. . . . Dumb she drove to the western gate. " Fate and the furrow have cloven straight." " Long to wait for the sheriff's men. I will go back to my youth again." Up to the curb she reeled and sank. And the red knife nuzzled and tore and drank. ... A sallow moon swam over the rise . .. And the horses stamped and rolled their eyes At the coming and going of the flies. Habbertons plow. John made it William stayed it. Sharp the blade it bears till now! THE TALL TOWN COLLOQUY OF THE STATUES {The Avenue. Night Before Pershing's Par cede) Goddess, goddess, dream you or drowse you? Horned Diana of Madison Square, Bending your bow at the stars that house you Hunt you the Hyades, way up there? Over my chase curves the moon-ship, cruising. Flapping tlie skies like a cloud-white drake; Cellarer Mars and his stars are bousing Glories of light at her cruddled wake. Sherman, Sherman, where are you riding? fFinds atoss in your brazen hair, Doivn where the buildings are giants striding. Where are you riding, away down there? Ride? I would stir not for twenty stallions. Yet, when your braggarts of planets fade, I shall march with the young battalions. Leading the van of the long parade! Steed of the Pentecost what are you thinking? Golden charger whose eyeballs glare. Snuffing the smoke that is wine for your drinking What are you thinking, away down tliere? 39 40 HEAVENS AND EARTH Musing, I wait till the torrented forces Shake the black crowd to a crash of cheers At the measured trample of Liberty's horses, The iron eyes of her cannoneers! Whose is your guerdon now, bright palm-bearer? Courier of Valor none gainsayeth. For the old great cause, or a new cause fairer^ Angel of Courage and Love and Death? Freedom's my guerdon. Her least word spoken Is a wind to shuffle the kings to sand, And the chains of oppression are utterly broken When she smites men's hearts with her fiery hand! Her old cause sleeps. To her new cause splendid I carry my palm like a flag unfurled; To the march that ends and is never ended! To Freedom's drums in the blood of the world! So was it once when my Father thundered. So shall it be until Man is grass. Peace, old friends, for the night is sundered. And with morn the leaping bayonets pass! LUNCH-TIME ALONG BROADWAY Twelve-thirty bells from a thousand clocks, the typewriter tacks and stops, Gorged elevators slam and fall through the floors like water- drops. From offices hung like sea-gulls' nests on a cliff the whirlwinds beat. The octopus-crowd comes rolling out, his tentacles crawl for meat. He snuffles his way by restaurants where lily-voiced women feast. He pokes his muzzle through white-tiled caves, and gulps like a hungry beast. He roots into subterranean holes, he sweeps hell's tables bare. His suckers settle and fix and drink like wasps on a bursting pear. The wildcat quarrel of traffic soothes to a smooth rolling of tires And the waterflow sound of the feeding brute as he pads by the cooking-fires. His body shoulders the canyoned streets, his gluttonous mouths expand And he laps the fat and flesh of the earth as a cat laps milk from a hand. Slowly the greedy claws curl back, the feelers recoil and close, The flood is setting the other way with the avalanche pound of snows, Heavy and hot as a sated bee, enormous, slower than oil. The beast comes shuffling to lair again, his lips still wet with his spoil. 41 THE WALKERS (Strike Pickets — Lower Fifth Ave.) It is past day and its brilliance, it is not yet sumptuous night For the moon to shine on gardened roofs like a white nut peeled of its husk, The march of the ant-hill crowds below is like sand falling from a height. And the lost horns of the taxis cry hooting through the dusk. Gray as rain in an autumn wood when the skies are pale with cloud Are the light and the street and the faces where the elephant busses roll. Dark motors shine like a seal's wet skin, and they and their rich are proud, But the walkers are dim and aimless on a dolorous way of the soul. I watch, and my soft, pleased body cries for the rooms with lights like flowers, For the delicate talk of women, and music's deep-perfumed smart, And I sweat at the walkers crushed by machining, implacable hours, And in torment I turn away — but their march is over my heart. They are helpless as drifting weed, they are stung with insane impatience 42 THE WALKERS 43 At themselves and their lords and their hunger no toil can feed till it sleeps. They are racked earth hating the plow, they are dung at the roots of the nations, They are wheat that will not be bread and burns at the scythe that reaps. Ensigns of honor they bear not, their songs are ignorant clamors. I hate their joy and their fear. I am bitter afraid of pain. But the pitiful tune of their feet is trampling my soul with hammers, And I must follow them out in the desolate face of the rain. From the silken-furnitured halls, from the golden and pleasant places To the lurching and crippled march that an idiot voice pro- claims! To Man's face suddenly made from a million poor men's faces ! And each walker arrayed with suns that are burning celestial flames ! Ask not watchword nor sign — there is neither tocsin nor clarion; Only the strength of the flood, the might of the falling snow, The cry of the bitter clay to the God who devised it carrion, The purblind silence of sleep, as night to the night we flow. 8:30 A. M. ON 32ND STREET The wind sniffed like a happy cat At scuttling beetle- people. The sunshine would have roused a flat To try and be a steeple. My breakfast in me warm and staunch. Your letter in my pocket. The world's a coon that's climbed a branch And I am David Crockett. Time hoards our lives with griping care And barren is his bursary. But he'll make diamonds of the air Upon one anniversary! Five years ago I saw you first And knew in every part The flagrant and immortal thirst Love salts into the heart. Five years ago the Pleiad crew Sang in their starry hive, Because a miracle like you Could dare to be alive! Five years, and still, through earth's degrees You, like a pageant, pass ; 44 8:30 A.M. ON 32ND STREET 45 Courageous as invading seas And careless as the grass. Pauper poets of rimes grown thin Mutter their madhouse wrongs. I have aeons to love you in, Ages to make you songs! Pour your rain on the bitter tree! Harrow the soil with spears! I shall grow you Felicity, After a million years! The street-signs winked like smiles at me, The wind pawed by enchanted! The sun stvung high for all to see I'd stop him if I wanted! CHANSON AT MADISON SQUARE You live in the Terminal Building, I In the Metropolitan Tower. j This is what I send you every night, ji A flash of red and a flash of white, 1 The red for our hearts and their pulse that is Delight, The white for power. ' You have hung your home with crimson lamps, Apples swinging on a tree. They band like a ring round that tall stone thumb, They ladder up its sides like the spillings of a plum, I must climb and pick them all ere our double kingdom come Where the motors roar like sea. You have crowned your hall with granite thorns. Mine stands huge as steam. It carries all Time like a watch upon its side. And the slow hands sway like the cautious feet of Pride, Doling out mortality to Moloch and his bride, And to us the clear Edens of our dream. The city lies at ease and her lazy paws of light Claw idly up and down the sky. She strikes peacock-Night on his phosphorescent fans, And he shudders into jewels and his eyed and blinking vana Shake their ocean-nurtured purple on the turrets that are Man*s, And I love you and we cannot die. 46 ! CHANSON AT MADISON SQUARE 47 Shut your eyes — you are tired — let the blue bed of air Be your pillow through the hot short night. We are children lost together in a wood turned rock. We are gods whose eyes are Wisdom, and Olympus is our mock. Drowse into your Paradise! I say above the clock " White — red — white — red — white! " HYMN IN COLUMBUS CIRCLE (After Seeing a Certain Window Display) Man in his secret shrine Hallows a wealth of gods, Black little basalt Baals Wood-kings heard in the pine, Josses whose jade prevails Breaking Disaster's rods; Prayers have made each one shine. Man's is a pious race. Once he knelt to the moss, Ra, Astarte or Jove, Deities great and base, — Once his questionings clove To the stubborn arms of the Cross That smote all lies in the face. Here is a new desire. One of his latest lauds Throned on marble and praised With the lovely softness of fire. Signs acclaim it amazed, Its window-altar is hazed, And every gazer applauds The tremendous rubber tire.
| 49,322 |
https://github.com/Mo0812/twitter-big-data-analysis/blob/master/src/main/java/de/moritzkanzler/map/TweetPerTime3Map.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
twitter-big-data-analysis
|
Mo0812
|
Java
|
Code
| 109 | 340 |
package de.moritzkanzler.map;
import org.apache.flink.api.common.functions.MapFunction;
import org.apache.flink.api.java.tuple.Tuple3;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Date;
/**
* Map function to map a given publish date of a tweet into a time frame in minutes set through windowSequence
*/
public class TweetPerTime3Map implements MapFunction<Tuple3<Long, Long, Long>, Tuple3<Long, Long, Long>> {
private int windowSequence;
public TweetPerTime3Map(int windowSequence) {
this.windowSequence = windowSequence;
}
@Override
public Tuple3<Long, Long, Long> map(Tuple3<Long, Long, Long> t) throws Exception {
Date date = new Date(t.f1);
Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
calendar.setTime(date);
calendar.set(Calendar.SECOND, 0);
int minute = calendar.get(Calendar.MINUTE);
int diff = (int) minute / windowSequence;
int newMinute = diff * windowSequence;
calendar.set(Calendar.MINUTE, newMinute);
Long newTimestamp = calendar.getTime().getTime();
return new Tuple3<>(t.f0, newTimestamp, t.f2);
}
}
| 28,730 |
US-201916547704-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,019 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,162 | 8,767 |
Panel and Method for Manufacturing Panels
ABSTRACT
The present invention relates to a panel and method for manufacturing panels for wall or floor coverings, comprising two or more thermoplastic layers including at least one thermoplastic substrate layer and at least one top layer comprising at least a decor layer, a print layer and a transparent wear layer, and wherein both said thermoplastic substrate layer and said top layer are provided with a reinforcement layer, wherein said transparent wear layer is provided with a relief.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to floor and wall panels, and methods for manufacturing floor and wall panels. In particular, the invention relates to floor and wall panels comprising a thermoplastic substrate layer, and a top layer comprising a wear layer.
BACKGROUND
Panels for floor or wall coverings are generally designed as a double structure comprising at least a substrate layer and a top layer, wherein the top layer is provided with a print layer or printing in the form of a motif, such as, for example, wood fibres or a concrete structure. Such panels are optionally provided with connection means or connection parts for easily connecting or fixing two or more panels, so that a floor or wall covering is obtained.
Such panels are known from the prior art. In this way, EP 1 938 963 discloses, for example, a panel with a decor layer or film on an upper side of a core of plastic and a transparent finishing layer on top of said decor film. A transparent lacquer layer is applied on the finishing layer, and a back-pull layer is provided on the back of the core. A lockable tongue-and-groove connection is provided at two mutually opposite edges of the panel. The decor layer includes a PVC film that is printed with a decor, and the lacquer layer is cured by means of UV. The panel has a thickness of 4 to 8 millimeters, and the weight per unit of surface area ranges from 1.5 to 2.0 kilograms per square meter per mm thickness.
Alternatively, EP 2 339 092 discloses a panel for forming a covering, in particular a floor panel for forming a floor covering, which comprises coupling parts at least at two mutually opposite edges to couple two of such panels to one another by means of a downward movement of a panel relative to the other wherein these coupling parts comprise a first locking system which effects a locking in the plane of the panels and perpendicularly to said edges, and comprise a second locking system which effects a locking in the plane perpendicular to the plane of the panels wherein at least one of the coupling parts is at least partly realized from soft PVC (polyvinyl chloride), as well as at least partly in the form of a profiled part of soft PVC.
In yet a different embodiment, the prior art provides a floor panel according to WO 2010/023042, comprising a carrier layer comprising a plastic material that is flexible and elastic at an operating temperature of the floor, a decorative layer which is applied above the carrier layer, additional mechanical locking means arranged on at least two plate edges, wherein said locking means correspond to the locked condition of two floor panels.
Such panels offer an attractive visual and acoustic aspect on the one hand, while properties such as ease of implementation, stiffness and durability are also emphasized. However, to obtain optimal properties of said panels for floor or wall covering remains a challenge. For instance, panels according to the prior art appear to be strongly subject to contraction and expansion under the influence of temperature. Contraction and expansion will lead to the deformation of the wall or floor covering, as a result of which the individual panels are pushed out of the plane and moreover, a mutual release of the connection means, or the phenomenon that the individual plate-shaped elements are driven apart from one another, as a result of which gaps occur.
The prior art does not or does not adequately provide a solution to one or more of the afore-mentioned problems.
SUMMARY
To this aim, the invention provides in a first aspect a panel for wall or floor covering comprising two or more thermoplastic layers including at least one thermoplastic substrate layer and at least one top layer comprising at least a decor layer, a print layer and a transparent wear layer, and wherein both said thermoplastic substrate layer and said top layer are provided with a reinforcement layer, wherein said transparent wear layer is provided with a relief. Preferably, said relief is at least partially in register with said underlying print layer.
This has the advantage that a better dimensional stability is obtained from said panel.
Moreover, a panel is provided by the invention wherein an improved overlap is realized between on the one hand said relief and on the other hand a printing or decor on said underlying print layer.
In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method for manufacturing panels for wall or floor covering, wherein a plurality of thermoplastic layers, at least one decor layer with printing, and at least a transparent wear layer are laminated, and wherein at least two of said thermoplastic layers comprise glass fibres, thereby obtaining a panel, wherein said wear layer in a subsequent step is heated and is printed by means of a mechanical press in register with said printing.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
The explicit characteristics, advantages and objectives of the present invention will further become clear to the skilled person in the technical field of the invention after reading the following detailed description of the embodiment of the invention and of the figures enclosed herein. The figures serve the purpose to further illustrate the invention, without thereby limiting the scope of the invention.
FIGS. 1 to 4 represent a simplified representation of a panel according to the first aspect of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a panel according to the invention with indication of a top layer (1) comprising a wear layer (11), a print layer (12), a decor layer (13), a first thermoplastic layer (14′, 14″) with a reinforcement layer (15); and a substrate layer (2) comprising a second thermoplastic layer (21′, 21″) with a reinforcement layer (22).
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the cross-section of a panel according to the invention with indication of connection means which are provided along the edges of said panel.
FIG. 3 is a schematic detail representation of connection means of panels connected laterally in connected state.
FIG. 4 is a perspective representation of a panel according to the invention with indication of a relief (7) on the upper surface of said panel.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Unless defined otherwise, all terms used in the description of the invention, including technical and scientific terms, have the meaning as is commonly understood by the skilled person in the technical field of the invention. For a better assessment of the description of the invention, the following terms are explained explicitly.
“A”, “an” and “the” refer in this document to both the singular and the plural, unless the context clearly implies otherwise. For example, “a segment” means one or more than one segment.
When “around” or “about” is used in this document with a measurable quantity, a parameter, a time period or moment in time, and the like, then variations are meant of +/−20% or less, preferably +/−10% or less, more preferably +/−5% or less, even more preferably +/−1% or less, and even more preferably +/−0.1% or less than and of the cited value, to the extent that such variations apply in the described invention. It should, however, be understood that the value of the quantity in which the term “around” or “about” is used, is itself specifically disclosed.
The terms “comprise”, “comprising”, “consist of”, “consisting of”, “provided with”, “include” “including”, “contain”, “containing”, “encompass”, “encompassing” are synonyms and are inclusive or open terms that indicate the presence of what follows, and which do not exclude or prevent the presence of other components, features, elements, members, steps, known from or described in the prior art.
Quoting numerical intervals by endpoints includes all integers, fractions and/or real numbers between the endpoints, these endpoints included.
In a first aspect, the invention provides a panel for wall or floor covering comprising two or more thermoplastic layers including at least one thermoplastic substrate layer and at least one top layer comprising at least a decor layer, a print layer and a transparent wear layer, and wherein both said thermoplastic substrate layer and said top layer are provided with a reinforcement layer, wherein said transparent wear layer is provided with a relief. Preferably, said relief is at least partially in register with said underlying print layer. Such composition of a panel according to the invention is shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a panel according to the invention with indication of a top layer (1) comprising a wear layer (11), a print layer (12), a decor layer (13), a first thermoplastic layer (14′, 14″) with a reinforcement layer (15); and a substrate layer (2) comprising a second thermoplastic layer (21′, 21″) with a reinforcement layer (22).
In a preferred embodiment, said panel according to the first aspect of the invention comprises a top layer with a printed decor, and a protective layer or wear layer provided above that. Said printed decor or decor layer with print layer may consist of a printed plastic film with a thickness ranging between 0.1 mm and 1.0 mm and may be made of PVC film, PU film, PP film, or PET film, but is preferably made of PVC film. Preferably, said PVC film is a hard PVC film with a low content of plasticizers, by this, it is meant that the plasticizer content in said PVC is lower than 15% by weight, and preferably lower than 5% by weight. Most preferably, said PVC film does not comprise plasticizers. Even more preferably, a PVC film is used with a K-value comprised between 50 and 80, measured according to EN ISO 1628-2, and more preferably, a K-value between 60 and 75. This offers the advantage of a hard PVC layer which can be printed very accurately. In addition, the drying process after the printing with water-based inks is very simply by means of the necessary heat supply to the said decor layer. In an optional embodiment, said top layer may additionally comprise a UV surface coating, for example, to improve the gloss, but also the resistance to staining.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a panel according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein the protective layer and/or, if applied, the substrate layer are provided with a relief or surface structure which is obtained by the chemical and/or mechanical structuring, preferably the chemical and mechanical structuring. Such mechanical printing is an alternative to chemical printing (such as, for example, a standard foaming process for the print layer) and is often used for structures which are not in register with the printing. Chemical printing is applied in register with the printing, yet will generally result in a shallower and less accurate structure. In most cases, only the protective layer will be subject to mechanical printing.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a panel according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein at least one of the said thermoplastic layers comprise polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
Preferably, said wear layer is a translucent or transparent layer through which the aspect of the underlying decor is visible. Such transparent layer can be easily obtained by means of extrusion, coating and/or calendering of a thermoplastic material. A suitable material choice can be made by selection from a group comprising PVC, PU, PP or PET, but preferably PVC. Even more preferably, a PVC is used for said wear layer with a K-value comprised between 60 and 95, measured according to EN ISO 1628-2, and more preferably a K-value between 70 and 85. Optionally, additives can be added for enhancing the wear resistance, yet this does not appear to be necessary for a proper execution in order to maintain a sufficient wear resistance. A sufficient wear resistance can be understood as a panel from class AC2 or AC3, measured according to EN 660 and/or EN 13329, and references cited therein. Preferably, said wear layer has a thickness of at least 0.10 mm and more preferably at least 0.12 mm. Preferably, said thickness is less than 1.0 mm and more preferably less than 0.75 mm. Most preferably, said wear layer has a thickness comprised between 0.15 mm and 0.70 mm. Such wear layers are found to have a sufficient wear resistance, and succeed in Taber tests with an IP value of 2000 or more, measured according to EN 13329. In a most preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a panel according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein said transparent wear layer comprises PVC.
In a more preferred embodiment, said thermoplastic layers comprise one or more reinforcement layers. Said reinforcement layers are intended to improve the stiffness and the dimensional stability of said panels. Said reinforcement layer is preferably disposed in both said substrate layer and in said top layer. Preferably, at least one reinforcement layer is situated predominantly in the lower half of said panel and at least one reinforcement layer is situated predominantly in the upper half of said panel. This offers the advantage that the tendency to bend or curve is suppressed as much as possible. Such a tendency can especially arise or occur in temperature fluctuations and especially at elevated temperatures.
In a more preferred embodiment, said panel according to the invention comprises essentially a top layer and a substrate layer, wherein said layers enclose a reinforcement layer. Preferably, said panel is comprised out of the above-mentioned layers for more than 75% by weight, and more preferably for more than 90% by weight.
In a preferred embodiment, said substrate layer has a thickness comprised between 0.5 mm and 8.0 mm, and more preferably between 1.0 mm and 4.5 mm. Even more preferably, said panel is comprised out of said substrate layer for at least 50% by weight, and more preferably for at least 60% by weight.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a panel according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein said substrate layer comprises a PVC foam. In a more preferred embodiment, said substrate layer comprises a closed cell and/or partly open cell PVC foam having a density of between 200 kg/m³ and 2500 kg/m³, and more preferably between 600 kg/m³ and 2000 kg/m³. Most preferably, said density is comprised between 800 kg/m³ and 1600 kg/m³. Such panels provide a good rigidity, stiffness and dimensional stability, as well as a good water-resistance, and improved acoustic and/or thermal insulating properties. Preferably, the afore-mentioned substrate layer comprises a foamed PVC sheet, or a foamed plastic sheet which consists essentially of another vinyl compound, such as polyvinyl dichloride, polyvinyl butyrate, polyvinyl acetate and the like. As an alternative, melamine foam, polyurethane or polyisocyanurate can also be used as the basic material for the substrate. As mentioned above as well, an average density of the plastic sheet of about 1200 kilograms per cubic meter leads to an optimal result of all the beneficial and adverse effects. For example, a lower density provides a lower material consumption and a lower weight, which is advantageous during transport and installation; however, exhibiting a lower stiffness, a less desirable acoustic, insulating properties and a high residual indentation. Preferably, said residual indentation is less than 0.5 mm, measured according to EN ISO 24343 or ASTM F 1914. More preferably, said residual indentation is less than 0.2 mm and even more preferably less than 0.1 mm. This can be obtained by providing a sufficiently low density and a lower content of plasticizer. Such density can be achieved by means of plastic materials of the closed cell type, this in contrast to the common hard foams of the open-cell type, for example, polyester hard foams.
In an optional embodiment, said panel according to the invention is further provided with a balance layer, which is intended as a counter weight or balance for said top layer. Such balance layer typically comprises a thermoplastic plastic layer, and typically has a thickness and weight of approximately equal to said top layer, yet preferably slightly thinner and lighter. However, preferably such balance layer is not present in the preferred embodiment of the panel according to the invention. Thus, said substrate layer in such an embodiment also forms the bottom layer of said panel without further protective layer.
In a preferred embodiment of a panel according to the first aspect of the invention, said thermoplastic layers comprise, in addition to said reinforcement layer, also fillers such as, for example, but not limited to, limestone and/or chalk.
In an optional embodiment, said panel according to the invention is further provided with a protective lacquer layer. Such lacquer layer may for instance be implemented as a PU layer and/or a curing lacquer layer, such as, for example, but not limited to a UV or electron beam curing lacquer layer.
In a preferred embodiment of a panel according to the first aspect of the invention, said panel provides at least at two mutually opposite edges, and preferably at four mutually opposite edges, connection means or attachment means for laterally connecting two panels next to one another and substantially in the same plane. Preferably, said connection means relate to mechanical connection means for a locking or fixation of both constituting panels, both in the vertical direction, this is the direction perpendicular to the plane of said constituting panels, and in the horizontal direction, this is the direction in the plane of said constituting panels.
In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides a panel according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein said panel provides said mechanical connection means in an embodiment comprising a lateral protrusion and recess, respectively, wherein said protrusion and recess essentially correspond with one another with regard to form, yet in the connected state, is provided with possible open spaces in the longitudinal direction of said edges, wherein said open spaces are intended to build up a well-defined flexural tension in said lateral protrusion during the connecting of panels in order to thus secondarily fix said constituting panels with respect to one another.
In an even more preferred embodiment, the invention provides a panel according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein said panel provides said mechanical connection means, as described in the preceding paragraph, wherein said lateral protrusion is further equipped with a secondary, transverse protrusion and wherein said lateral recess is further equipped with a secondary, transverse recess, in a way that both constituting panels, when positioned in the connected state relative to one another, afore-mentioned secondary, transverse protrusion and said secondary, transverse recess overlap and thus ensure a mechanical anchoring of both afore-mentioned constituting panels in the secondary direction, this is the direction in the plane of said panels, yet perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of said edges.
In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a panel according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein said mechanical connection means are further provided in an embodiment suitable for the corresponding connection of the constituting connection parts, as is known for example from, but not limited to, WO 94/26999 or EP 1 026 341. Such corresponding connection can, for example, be built up by the application of a curvature in said lateral protrusion. Preferably, said lateral protrusion is implemented in such way that both constituting connection parts are composed by sliding said constituting panels towards one another in the horizontal direction, this is the direction in the plane of said constituting panels.
In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a panel according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein said connection means were obtained by means of a milling operation on the edges of said constituting panels.
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the cross-section of a panel according to the invention with indication of connection means which are provided along the edges of said panel. In FIG. 2, the lateral protrusion (3) was also equipped with a secondary, transverse protrusion (4). In an analogous manner, the lateral recess (5) is further equipped with a secondary, transverse recess (6). FIG. 3 is a schematic detail representation of connection means of panels connected laterally in the connected state.
In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a panel according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein said connection means are substantially comprised in the above-mentioned substrate layer, wherein said substrate layer preferably comprises said at least one reinforcement layer. More preferably, the afore-mentioned connection means re provided in said panel in such way, so that said at least one reinforcement layer is comprised in afore-mentioned lateral protrusion, to thus provide sufficient strength to said connection means. Even more preferably, the afore-mentioned panel according to the invention is provided in a form wherein at least two pairs of corresponding opposite edges are provided, wherein said edges are provided with the afore-mentioned connection means.
In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a panel according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein said connection means have a thickness of at least 2.0 mm, and preferably at least 2.5 mm. More preferably, said connection means have a thickness of at least 3.0 mm, and still more preferably, said connection means have a maximum thickness of 6.0 mm and most preferably maximally 5.0 mm. Such thickness of the afore-mentioned connection means, optionally and preferably designed additionally with the afore-mentioned reinforcement layer, usually provides a sufficiently qualitative bond between the constituting parts and, moreover, is generally sufficiently strong to withstand possible damage during transportation or construction of the mentioned floor or wall coverings.
Although the invention according to a preferred embodiment provides connection means along the edges of afore-mentioned panels, the skilled person in the technical field of floor and/or wall coverings will appreciate the fact that said panels can be implemented in the absence of said connection means. In such an embodiment, said panels are intended to be fixed on a subsurface, for example by means of gluing. The binder or the bonding ensures a further stabilization of the dimensions of the panels. An alternative to the afore-mentioned bonding, a fixative can also be used. Such fixative or fixing agent signifies an adhesive which is suitable to bind panels to a subsurface, yet can be removed in a simple manner and without causing damage to the subsurface. By stabilization by one or more reinforcement layers, an effective gluing appears to be unnecessary. In such cases, said panels can be designed with a total thickness of afore-mentioned substrate layer and afore-mentioned top layer situated between 1.0 mm and 5.0 mm and preferably situated between 1.5 mm and 4.0 mm. Most preferably, the afore-mentioned thickness is situated between 2.0 mm and 3.0 mm. In an analogous, yet separate embodiment, a panel according to the first aspect of the invention is provided with a thickness comprised between 4.0 mm and 10.0 mm, and more preferably between 6.0 mm and 8.0 mm. Such panels are usually used as so-called loose panels, or referred to by the English term as “loose-lays”, by which is meant that no additional adhesive or fixative is used to fix the panels onto a subsurface. Nevertheless, one can opt to still apply such an adhesive.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a panel according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein said reinforcement layers comprise glass fibres.
In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a panel according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein said glass fibres are comprised in a glass fibre fleece and/or in a glass fibre cloth. Preferably, said glass fibres are comprised in a glass fibre fleece, for example a nonwoven. Such nonwoven glass fibres appear to have a better embedding in the thermoplastic matrix, thereby obtaining a stronger and more rigid layer.
In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides a panel according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein said glass fibre is pre-treated with an adhesion additive which is intended to improve the adhesion between said glass fibres and said thermoplastic matrix. For example, said glass fibres are impregnated beforehand with the aid of a thermoplastic material, such as, for example, extruded granulate.
In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a panel according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein at least said substrate layer and/or at least said top layer comprise additionally individual reinforcing fibres, wherein said individual reinforcing fibres are not laterally interconnected in a network, but are dispersed loosely in a plastic matrix. Preferably, said reinforcing fibres have a length of at least 0.8 mm, and more preferably at least 1.0 mm. Such reinforcing fibres and/or reinforcement layers are intended to contribute to the dimensional stability of said panels according to the invention, which stability is especially desirable against expansion and contraction.
Preferably, said reinforcing fibres are spread out in said one or more thermoplastic layers, whether or not in the form of a glass fibre cloth and/or a glass fibre fleece.
In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides a panel according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein said individual reinforcing fibres have an average length of at least 3.0 mm, and preferably an average length of at least 4.5 mm. Preferably, said length is at most 20.0 mm, more preferably at most 12.0 mm, and still more preferably at most 9.0 mm. Preferably, said reinforcing fibres are comprised in said thermoplastic layers in a quantity of between 1 and 25% by weight, and more preferably between 5 and 15% by weight, relative with respect to the total weight of said reinforcing fibres and thermoplastic layers. Still preferably, said fibres correspond to the description according to the DIN 1259 standard. In a first embodiment, said reinforcing fibres comprise glass fibres, however, in an alternative embodiment, steel fibres, carbon fibres, aramid fibres, polyethylene fibres and/or polypropylene fibres may also be used. In yet an alternative embodiment, fibres from biological origin are used, such as for example, but not limited to, flax fibre, bamboo fibre, wood fibre, rice fibre. Said reinforcing fibres preferably have an average diameter ranging between 1 μm and 100 μm, yet more preferably ranging between 3 μm and 30 μm. Most preferably, said average diameter ranges between 5 μm and 25 μm. In a further preferred embodiment, said reinforcing fibres are pre-treated with an additive or coating for improving the adhesion between said reinforcing fibres and said thermoplastic layers, for example, but not limited to, silane. In a further preferred embodiment, reinforcing fibres are selected having a thermal expansion coefficient smaller than the thermal expansion coefficient of said thermoplastic layers in which said fibres are incorporated and/or with a Young's modulus which is preferably greater than the modulus of said thermoplastic layers, and preferably greater than 40 GPa, and more preferably greater than 60 GPa. In an additional preferred embodiment, said invention provides a panel with reinforcing fibres having a thermal expansion coefficient of less than 30 μm/m.K, and more preferably less than 5 μm/m.K.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a panel according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein said glass fibres have a length of 1 mm or more, and preferably a length of 3 mm or more. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a panel according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein said glass fibres have a diameter situated between 5 and 25 μm.
In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a panel according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein preferably said thermoplastics comprise polyvinyl chloride, preferably semi-rigid or possibly soft polyvinyl chloride, that is PVC with plasticizers, for example, with a proportion of plasticizers in the PVC of less than 15% by weight relative to the total weight of said thermoplastic layer, and more preferably less than 10% by weight. In a first embodiment, said PVC layer is intended in a panel with high rigidity and said plasticizers are comprised between 0 and 5% by weight and preferably between 0 and 3% by weight. In a second embodiment, said PVC is intended in a panel with high flexibility and said plasticizers are comprised between 5 and 12% by weight, and preferably between 8 and 10% by weight. It is clear that instead of PVC, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polyester (PET), polyurethane (PUR) and/or polyamide (PA) can also be used.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a panel according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein the overlap of said relief with a pattern on said underlying print layer is at least 90%. Preferably, said print layer may then either be applied via a separate printed film or printed on the underside of the wear layer, for example by means of rotogravure printing, offset printing or inkjet printing, preferably by means of UV-based inks or solvent inks.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a panel according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein the overlap of said relief with a pattern on said underlying print layer ranges between 95% and 100%. In a more preferred embodiment, said overlap is more than 96%, more than 97% and even more than 98% accurate, and most preferably more than 99%. FIG. 4 is a perspective representation of a panel according to the invention with indication of a relief (7) on the upper surface of said panel.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a panel according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein said relief has a depth of at least 0.05 mm and preferably at least 0.1 mm. In an even more preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a panel, wherein said relief has a depth of at most 0.4 mm and preferably ranging between 0.1 mm and 0.3 mm. Most preferably, said relief has a depth of approximately 0.2 mm.
In a more preferred embodiment, the afore-mentioned panels according to the first aspect of the invention are designed in a rectangular shape for providing panels or in an approximately square shape for providing tiles. In a first embodiment, said panels are designed in a rectangular shape with a length ranging between 0.5 m and 3.0 m, preferably between 0.9 m and 2.5 m, and more preferably between 0.9 m and 1.8 m; and with a width ranging between 5 cm and 25 cm, preferably between 7 cm and 25 cm, and most preferably between 15 cm and 25 cm. In an alternative embodiment, said tiles are designed in rectangular to approximately square shape with a side ranging between 10 cm and 100 cm, preferably between 15 cm and 75 cm, and more preferably between 20 cm and 60 cm.
In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method for manufacturing panels for wall or floor covering, wherein multiple thermoplastic layers, at least one decor layer with printing and at least a transparent wear layer are laminated, and wherein at least two of said thermoplastic layers comprise glass fibres, thereby obtaining a panel, wherein said wear layer in a subsequent step is heated and by means of a mechanical press in register with said printing, is printed.
The afore-mentioned method is preferably suitable for manufacturing panels for wall or floor covering according to the first aspect of the invention. Such thermal lamination is preferably done with the aid of a heated pressing device. In this, such a heated press cycle is preferably followed by a cold press cycle, which may or may not be carried out in the same pressing device. If it is not carried out in the same pressing device, however, preferably at least the same structured press element is used. In this way, problems with registration between two press elements can be avoided. For example, the thermoplastic layer with the press element arranged thereon can be brought from the one to the other pressing device as one package, without the contact between the press element and the thermoplastic layer being broken. It is noted that, in a hot press cycle, preferably a temperature is reached of more than 100° C. at the surface of the thermoplastic layer, while in a cold press cycle, preferably a temperature of less than 60° C. is reached at the surface of the thermoplastic layer.
According to a variant, the press element on the thermoplastic layer may be applied before the whole of at least the press element and the thermoplastic layer is conducted in the pressing device. In such a method, the thermoplastic layer can at least in part be heated prior to the pressing operation, because the press element is heated. The heating or warming of the press element can be performed, for example, by the use of magnetic induction. In such a method, it is possible to eliminate a separate heating of the thermoplastic layer. Preferably, a pressure is applied between 20 and 65 bar, wherein a pressure of about 40 bar is a good value. Preferably, the pressing is done for 12 to 60 seconds, better yet for 15 to 30 seconds.
The structure which, according to the second aspect, is applied in the surface of the thermoplastic layer concerns a decorative relief, such as, for example, a relief that imitates wood. Such relief may, for example, consist of separate imprints which imitate wood pores and which together form a structure which resembles a wood grain. Preferably, several of such wood pores follow a wood grain depicted in the motif. Of course, other structures may also be realized, such as stone structures.
In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method according to the second aspect of the invention, comprising at least the step of forming a first and a second thermoplastic layer, wherein preferably said thermoplastic layers are extruded. Preferably, said one or more thermoplastic layers are extruded and then immediately, thus in the melt state, arranged on a fibre material, for example a glass fibre cloth or a glass fibre fleece. Even more preferably, said thermoplastic melt is at least partially pressed through said fibre material, thereby providing a coating of said thermoplastic material on both sides of said fibre material, and, more specifically, on both sides of the afore-mentioned glass fibre fleece. Thus, a reinforcement layer is realized in a thermoplastic layer. Preferably, said reinforcing fibres and said thermoplastic layers are mixed in such a way that a quantity ranging between 1 and 25% by weight of fibre material, and more preferably between 5 and 15% by weight, relative to the total weight of said reinforcing fibres and thermoplastic layers. In an alternative embodiment, steel fibres, carbon fibres, aramid fibres, polyethylene fibres and/or polypropylene fibres are used for providing reinforcing fibres. In yet an alternative embodiment, fibres are used from biological origin, such as for example, but not limited to, flax fibre, bamboo fibre, wood fibre, rice fibre.
In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method according to the second aspect of the invention, comprising at least the step of bonding said thermoplastic layers to one another by means of lamination. Such lamination can be done by means of wet lamination, wherein a liquid adhesive and/or a thermoplastic melt, also known as hotmelt, is applied between said thermoplastic layers and then is dried and/or bound for connecting the respective layers; by means of dry lamination, wherein a self-adhesive layer is applied between the respective layers for thus establishing the connection; or by thermal lamination, wherein one or both contact surfaces of the afore-mentioned thermoplastic layers are heated and then the pressing to one another, to thus achieve a partial merging of both layers at the interphase surface with the formation of a bond as a result. In a preferred embodiment, said thermoplastic layers are thermally laminated. Preferably, the afore-mentioned thermal lamination process is carried out in a heated pressing device, such as for example, but not limited to a continuous pressing device.
In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method according to the second aspect of the invention, wherein the afore-mentioned extruded thermoplastic layers, after extrusion, are guided further under tension over rollers for the thermal treatment of said extruded layers and/or for reducing the thickness of said thermoplastic layers.
In an alternative embodiment, granulate of a thermoplastic material is arranged on a subsurface to then be consolidated into a thermoplastic layer by means of a preferably heated pressing operation. Preferably, a fibre material together with said thermoplastic granulate is arranged on a subsurface, wherein the dispersion of said fibres and said granulate is provided homogeneously interchangeably and/or concentrated at well-defined depths. Preferably, said subsurface comprises a conveyor belt to thus transport said layers to a, preferably continuous, pressing device for the consolidation of said layers.
In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method according to the second aspect of the invention, wherein at least one of afore-mentioned thermoplastic layers is obtained by extruding a thermoplastic material with plasticizers. Preferably, said thermoplastic granulate is mixed with said plasticizers in a ratio wherein the proportion of plasticizers in the PVC of less than 15% by weight relative to the total weight of said thermoplastic layer, and more preferably less than 10% by weight. In a first embodiment, said PVC layer is meant in a panel with high rigidity and said plasticizers are comprised between 0 and 5% by weight and preferably between 0 and 3% by weight. In a second embodiment, said PVC layer is meant in a panel with high flexibility and said plasticizers are comprised between 5 and 12% by weight, and preferably between 8 and 10% by weight. It is clear that instead of PVC, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polyester (PET), polyurethane (PUR) and/or polyamide (PA) can also be used.
In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method according to the second aspect of the invention, wherein at least one of afore-mentioned thermoplastic layers is obtained by extruding a thermoplastic material with fillers. The afore-mentioned fillers may be pre-mixed into the thermoplastic material or may be extruded together with a thermoplastic material. Preferably, afore-mentioned granulates also comprise individual fibres, preferably glass fibres. Preferably, said fillers in said one or more thermoplastic layers are comprises in an amount of at least 40% by weight and preferably at least 50% by weight, and most preferably from 60 to 65% by weight, calculated relative to the total weight of said thermoplastic layer. Preferably, said fillers comprise chalk, and/or limestone.
Said reinforced thermoplastic layers are brought into a whole, and according to the embodiment according to the invention, are finished by means of a decor layer, a print layer and a wear layer. Such layers can be applied, respectively, by lamination, or as be printed, as in the case of said print layer, with preferably a water-soluble ink. Said layers to be laminated, such as, for example, decor layer and transparent wear layer, are preferably applied onto said thermoplastic layers wherein said one or more thermoplastic layers comprise preferably one or more reinforcement layers. Preferably, said layers are applied as a sheet which is consolidated on said thermoplastic layers by means of a thermal lamination process. Such thermal lamination step is preferably carried out with the aid of a continuous pressing device.
In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the second aspect of the invention, said wear layer is provided on said decor and print layer without the addition of one or more fibres to said wear layer. This offers the advantage that said wear layer can be provided in a translucent, transparent implementation, wherein said decor layer with printing is visible through said wear layer. This offers an important visual aspect to the obtained panel. Said decor layer is preferably provided as a hard PVC film which is suitable for being printed with water-soluble ink. Still preferably, said PVC film for said decor layer is substantially free of plasticizers, that is, preferably comprising less than 5% by weight of plasticizers, and more preferably less than 2% by weight of plasticizers. Such hard PVC film offers the advantage that a good and qualitative printing can be achieved, especially when a drying process should be carried out for drying the applied water-based pigmented ink. Preferably, for said wear layer, a hard PVC film is used.
In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the second aspect of the invention, said obtained panel is in a further processing step levelled at at least one surface, and preferably both at said wear layer and said balance layer or substrate layer.
Furthermore, it is clear that the granulate or the dryblend which is used for the afore-mentioned first layer should not necessarily be identical to the granulate or dryblend which is used for the afore-mentioned second layer. By using granulates or dryblends of mutually different composition and/or average particle size, special properties can be achieved.
The above understanding is, of course, useful, independent of the fact whether or not an embedded glass fibre layer is applied. Therefore, the invention, according to an independent third aspect, relates a method for manufacturing panels, wherein this method comprises at least the step of forming a first layer and a second layer of thermoplastic material, characterized in that, in order to form afore-mentioned first layer, a first granulate from the afore-mentioned thermoplastic material is spread, and afterwards, in order to form the second layer, a second granulate of the afore-mentioned thermoplastic material is spread over the afore-mentioned first layer, wherein both layers, in a subsequent step, are consolidated, and wherein the composition and/or the average particle size of the first granulate is different compared to the second granulate.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a method according to the second aspect of the invention, wherein a first thermoplastic layer with glass fibre is provided on the underside of said panel and a second thermoplastic layer with glass fibre is provided at the upper side of said panel, and wherein at least one thermoplastic layer is extruded and coated on a glass fibre layer.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a method according to the second aspect of the invention, wherein said coating is pressed through said glass fibre layer.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a method according to the second aspect of the invention, wherein said thermoplastic layers are extruded at a temperature higher than 150° C. More preferably, said thermoplastic layers are extruded at a temperature higher than 170° C., and even more preferably at a temperature situated between 175° C. and 190° C.
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DISEASES? ALL CASES OF DEAFNESS OR HARD HEARING Arrive now with our new innovation. Only those born with deafness (or loss of hearing) can cease immediately. P. A. HICKMAN, OF BALTIMORE, SAYS I 'Transactions. Military Match late.. - ," ' American, using Hearing teas. - - '"-'" if- 'better than thanks to our team, I will use in Asia a n. ...it. it i - . ai i..r ,,ii, n. , i - .- the m- .na m a."" with, ...ia a bob. continuing incoming - I tin... for of i.o analyzed, Ultrasonic in an inner catarrh, for their mother, without any adverse effects. China, among other cities, the Armour Company of this city, also lets Mr. that often, known for; among other things, timber, maize, and only treatments that the greatest inventors would a. iMJl 1- bringing in the aftermath of I.. I.. - as Better Business Bureau. Gold, among other things, does not interfere with your oral administration. Examinations and inventions stop inflammation for a pleasant taste. Also, we have made it easier for you to breathe freely. By using our new invention, you can be sure that your catarrh will be gone in no time. Thank you for choosing us. Mechanistic Aid Amidst Clutter, 526 Unit Chicago, Illinois, POPULAR PUBLICATIONS - POPULAR PRICES For near-enough sight, yet with care. " The Nordic Times" Honeymoon Period with Mia Ann Drum rent Surrey with home comforts. Erie Cannonier Jazz and his home. (Off the Charts) Today. Among the many, the most favored are W. F. Kinder Son, and you would have, alongside southern jaguar in the autumn air. In spite of the noise, the great city's charm is in the multitude, in the diversity. At the corner, speak of the old market, the smells of spices, and the cries of the birds. "Civil" The Light of the New Orleans' harbor. Among the many, the most favored are the editors of Fredericktown and the Circuit Court, at the corner of Mount Street. The thermometer displays the current temperature, around 70 degrees Fahrenheit. It's a beautiful day. The members of the W. C. T. U. will meet at the Henry Hilton Hotel, following the publication of this notice, where they will celebrate the acquisition of choicest land in the southwest of the city. The northeasterly direction promises an afternoon of shooting, a favorite pastime. Among the many, the most favored are the Honorable J. M. Welter and Mr. Orchil of Fredericktown, following names in the town yet to be disclosed. During the earlier part of the institution. The binary of whether or not fundamental work is being done on our part. O. L. Pittman, James H. The upper read between Marble and Oil. They, That man M. Tippet, W. Later, W. F. Cobb is doing the boring. Cleveland, H. M. McAnnelly, Tilden Web, work. W. H. Line, Victor Day, Henry Mann. Mrs. Ma. 9. Lane and her camel keeper, H. T. Berry, J. P. Reville, W. J. The capital and incidental expenses for the week have been relatively low. M. Honey by O. O. Moore, Iphene F. B. Clippard at the and tenant in Vicksburg County. Family, Winnie, Aeneas, Virgin, Z. of the cupboards to T. of faculty and very Herman blinking, Ole a and Hughey; Late Literary News. Copper, High, P. M. Baker, W. R. Vanderbilt, King M. Sidony John, Joseph W. Myers, J. A. B. Williams of St. was in town one day last week. Also, Traveling Hill is in town today, Johnny Hines of near St. Louis visited our store yesterday. W. F. Dickey finished his wire, on any kind of iron, at Gleason Allen's on Monday and is now on his way back to his home in Missouri. Among those who have been in our store recently are E. Ono, W. Whittom, and Thomas Worthouse every day. Committee A. appointed, Padkin, had been in town this morning discussing our men's and women's fire insurance. Another order of importance is that the following part shall be updated frequently: Interests and fire. A Dramatic Club being or ganized A Wonder play, Barn, Ewell, T. J. Others, Had been held, always as appearing naturally With a keen interest in the arts. On Saturday, Durieh's Up-to-Date Street Theatre will reopen, having been refurbished and will present a new repertoire at a reduced price from January 6. The mayor, along with prominent citizens, will be present at the opening, which is expected to draw a large audience. The theatre has been renamed the "Dramatic Club" and will feature a variety of plays, including Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet" and "The Importance of Being Earnest" by Oscar Wilde. The club aims to promote a love for the arts among young people and to provide a platform for emerging artists. The first performance will be "The Importance of Being Earnest," directed by Henry Frank and starring Clara May and Henry Barnes. The theatre also plans to host workshops and discussions on various aspects of theatre, such as acting, directing, and playwriting. This initiative is seen as a vital part of the community's cultural life and is eagerly anticipated by the residents of East Auckland. The County Council has provided financial support for the renovation of the theatre and the launch of the Dramatic Club, recognizing its importance in fostering creativity and engagement with the arts. The opening night is expected to be a memorable one, bringing together the community in celebration of the arts and the renaissance of the Dramatic Club. A special invitation is extended to all, especially the young people of East Auckland, to come and participate in the magical world of theatre. Following the instructions provided, here is the corrected text: Rule No. 7, for instance, states that the current version of the American standard should be used in all cases. This ensures that all references to the standard are up to date and accurate. Additionally, the use of the active voice throughout makes the text clear and concise. The revisions also include the addition of cross-references to other relevant standards, such as those for electrical installations and fire safety, ensuring that all aspects of building construction are covered. The revised text emphasizes the importance of having accurate and up-to-date specifications for all building materials and components, including structural steel, concrete, and masonry. This not only improves the quality of construction but also helps to ensure the safety of the occupants and the structure itself. The document also includes updates to the references for various codes and standards, ensuring that all references are current and accurate. For instance, the revised text includes the latest edition of the National Electric Code, which is essential for electrical installations in buildings. Furthermore, the revisions incorporate the latest advances in building technology, such as the use of alternative materials and construction methods, into the text. This ensures that the guidelines provided are relevant and applicable to the current state of building construction. In summary, the updated version of the building code not only reflects the latest industry best practices but also incorporates the latest advances in building technology and references the most up-to-date codes and standards. This not only improves the quality of construction but also helps to ensure the safety and durability of all buildings, contributing to a better built environment for all users. !... ;i.si l.3l 1 -.1 i.:f5 i.ni i.i r,. 1.71 .r.ii Nl IMfe 1.IM t.(. .' .Ml Ji't Jilt S..v' a.'.i I.S a I J 1 U ll I. INI n.rxi i.; 1.0(1 I.O'l 1. 8 a I lO Uxt t l.cil 1.IX l.N LOO) 1.1U as r aXt' a.-.ii a.ii .1 .-.. I.fKi illNl IT! l.Tn n.sn n.:. i. j 4i at". !" l.T". 1 .ri.ir..K til-. ....I... a.. . . ..'.-'." .i....mh AanrnlloH.!. hpr Inrlt 111,... i.u-,l .i tiiit-r, trtT lnrk I Ii, ........ I .aii.nuili.il, ali.tt.alnr. Irtlnalin. !. 1.. f l.lry l.pntlpinna, li,,.. 4 V........I Inrm jrur... I'l. t la atari i Ii t n. I'raial. . . , ,, ,.. i li i.i. en a 'nitrnainf. I'liiud, ipiiia. I'cua ...nl, . timnuuloa, llovi,,,.. .!;,... " .7 - n . ... i. . I liiinif., ' i rloa-il v.na r.une I. uikr.,in, arliiBl'"l. .,.., f arm. I I -Id anil I lr.al.l-. il.lrs.n, III. .2! "la Jm'il I'raar-r. t hl. aao. 111 . . ! I i.iiumisi. ln,li.iiniHIU. Ii.rt . . , . .. . I . . . '.. V.1."?.1 l-i lanil. Uhlo ...I!. yi.'Hiaa I'amiar, IK-Iaroli. VI. h !.. Jari .,if I I rr.1 ,1a.. k.vl.u ll.i.l, Jklo....I. Mia ,tl,.fl, u. ,ihlo. ...","; I.i i. i r. Kar,a, i- f n, ht ...... .... Irll.ui.i. Umauar. IIMll I'L.-M mnA t.k . . I.. ., 1 n-1 .. a,. . . . ... a fiau a .iiuL.ia, attr-iark CI a il .. For Sale - Clearinghouse for Mining Properties, St. Louis, Mo. - A first-class office with ample space for all operations, located in the heart of the city's business district. This property includes a large reception area, numerous offices, and storage space. Ideal for any business looking to expand or relocate. Mine owner, W.H. Mayfield, has decided to downsize his operations and is offering several prime mining properties for sale. These include gold, silver, and copper mines located in Missouri, Arkansas, and Kentucky. Each mine is equipped with all necessary facilities for mining and processing, and comes with extensive documentation on ore deposits, mineral rights, and production history. In addition to the mining properties, we have available a variety of other assets including timberland, agricultural land, and commercial properties. Our inventory also includes a wide range of mining equipment such as drills, crushers, and screening equipment, all in excellent condition and ready for immediate use. For those interested in investing in mining or in the acquisition of other assets, our office is equipped with the latest in communication and research facilities. Our team of experts is ready to assist you in finding the perfect property for your needs, whether it's for personal use, investment, or business operations. Don't miss this opportunity to own a piece of the mining industry or to invest in other lucrative assets. Contact us today to schedule a visit to our office or to receive more information about our available properties and assets. Throughout the text, I have made minimal changes to improve clarity and consistency with modern spelling conventions. Here is the corrected text: "Mitt tcv. IM'lt-wt Aennicr für die TiJiuVa' Lain in MirtOin MU.'.'J M in rW-la. Itt klaW Mitanmrlrlllvatralral waatlf. fvrtmiMr. ilalu.ii nl any aleiHMIr ) ainuL TnnriB U a ,r : f.ii;r tro.rltia, aU Hoii ,a naMa.ipa.jra. Therijarchiell press HILL AT CHANDLER The era and R. public $1.50 " " ". t.'obr !)f a.iKtat.., I.Lo " " A.lnia Conaniulioe 1.50 " " " I). t oil Free Viria...1.50 " 1 he I oTimonir.... 1.10 Ark., a few day ago, and affect to Dnwg oace a ice a 01 ni.fi. -Dont tMjfet ihoce men'a $1.50, $2.00, 5iWaiid J iCWahoe. at Kinder : Son'a. LuteanUe, Mo. Dr. C. E. Prene!l of Pattna was in town one day last week and favored this once with an appreciated visit. Jim Scaonch was up from Zalma several days last week. Jme thinks of going to Arkansas in the near future. Our old friend, John II. Mannie of near Sedalia, was in town a day or two last week and was a pleasant caller at his old home. See those new catalogues, pattern books and etc., at Twine Clothier, Kuller & Son, Lastonia. Anna Green of Zalma, has been assisting Fisher States to supply their many customers in millinery the past several years. Dr. John Mackey and James Cline, two of the Old Town teachers, attended Epworth League meeting Sunday night. Advancetown Post. Mr. and Mrs. John Durum and their daughter, Mrs. Roswell Printh, of near Sweetwickville, were the guests of The Hicks family Thursday and Sunday. Rev. Jenkins held his regular appointment at the Baptist church Saturday and Sunday. Rev. Osborne went to his appointments in the north end of the county. Wcrrtii V, rk....t.coL..Tr ikJ. e,'i. J." .' '7".T. ' "'I VZ" ' 75 1 Con:cr- L"esvi.le, and you wiU have'nb lp Y..III WVrM 1 ta . . ....... omer. A luu line of groceries at lowest twice. you will 6ad their price, and the quality . ,h.t th. .mijy bada.nd th. . . jnvee lngat Ebeneier that nlKht and on Mr. A. M. Teller reeelvod a nteMaga ; their arrival bom, Mr. Call Inquired !. C.nV .1.1 . .1. - .1 ! I aknnl Ik. au.lt ..J . I -. a a u tjuii.jnw aiiiia wuiaaiiiii uio mu in" t w atinntiiiBi, aula Jijauxl auwi telligenct of the death hi mother, agod I t well a uaaol, bat la hour or two later O v.. . . . l ; 1 11 ma. n.ii 1 ... ! VTa 0.11 In... J l... ..,Mn.. ..a b... i bbi-,b ..I'Miiavii, in. lair. lOiHTICIl I " j".i iwa.ia uva sii uajK (Illy aim our- OB the eariy cvaininar train. Moo lav. to rtedly went to a nelehbor'i house to tret attond the funeral. ' aome one to aummon a doctor, but before Ourrwili Pawnee couU reach ber .he paed er'. Convention," in which "Oh, For B t"" a .Man" waa the watchword, rendered by I f ' 1 ma,or iht c,i,ldr"n' mMt -u- ' ' if whom are .mall. To the bereaved. atic KiuH'iaiaim mro year ago. 1 no a- , ., ..... . ' ' " anav lnt a IHa lillla'ni,.. n....-,...ll.t.. I - . .uv Hn.,tvm.f vuiauiium die are making preparation, to render "The Spinater'. Heturn" aome Urc da ring the holiday. "VVhen next in Lmeaville, call and ex ire extended. , CoaatCenrt P;oeeedingi. fVli.ni if lmtvt an a. Ik. 1. Amine Kinder, President and CEO of Pinochiodean Inc., remembers the term, predominant to follow. And you will be surprised at what nice goods they can sell you for a little money. R. P. Dalum and Marion P. Bolzmann guarantee to give you money. Granted license to keep a dram shop in the village. Cadogan Hardware for Circuit Court record; George Die for auctioneer for Circuit Clerk; 112th. for cleaning cattle and enhancing wire by decree of August. World News, no "Daily City Express". Journalist Article 1.50 London Indicator 1.10 At the CAN, it's after the sureading, the difference shows. MOUND CITY CO.'S Course 5.28 Brand PREPARED PAINT is Strictly pure and therefore better for gallons than the cheap kind, but sureading further and letting I longer the cheapest in the can. Rare by CHANDLER & WINTER Buggy Parts, Oils, Poultry, etc., Mound City Plow Company on Great Western, Groceries, various and sundry guaranteed. Railroad Line Table. Trains leave at Lith-Watts at follow: Northbound Passenger, southbound Passenger, Northbound Local, southbound Local, Northbound Passenger, southbound Passenger. Religious Services. CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Preaching every Sunday and Sunday in each month at 11 a. m. and 7:30 p. m. Rev. J. K. O'Brien, pastor of the Presbyterian church, in Marble Hill, has the following regular appointments: First Sunday Marble Hill at 11 a. m. and 7 p. m. Fourth Sunday Marble Hill at 7 a. m. and 7 p. m. Third Sunday Sedgewickville at 11 a. m. and at Patterson at 3 p. m. Fourth Sunday Cornall at 7 a. m. To try our SICK HEADACHE, HABITUAL CONSTIPATION, and all dysfunctions, they will purify your blood and make vericose veins disappear. They are gelatin coated. PRICE 25 CENT. MARBLE HILL CIRCUIT. Rev. J. E. Martin, pastor of the Marble Hill Presbyterian Church, has the following regular appointments: First Sunday Hahn's Chapel at 11 a. m. and 7 p. m. Second Sunday Fairbank, 11:00 a. m. and 7 P. m. Monday, before the third Sunday at Hattie Grove at 7 p. m. Sunday at Ebenezer at 1 p. m., and Hahn's Chapel at 7 p. m. Fourth Sunday Marble Hill, at 11:00 a. m. and 7:30 p. m. LUTESVILLE CIRCUIT. Rev. F. J. Luce, D. D., pastor, has the following regular appointments: First Sunday Lutesville at 11 a. m. and 7:30 a. m. Second Sunday Union at 9:30 a. m. and 7 p. m. Third Sunday Flatwood at 11 a. m. and 7:30 p. m. Fourth Sunday Mariesville at 9:30 a. m. and 7 p. m. FIFTH SUNDAY LUTESVILLE at 7 a. m. and 11 a. m. Third Spindle Industry at 7:30 p.m. Fifth Sunday-Cane Creek and Palmore at 7:30 p.m. Rev. J.E. Martin is holding a meeting at the Ebenezer Church. Until Monday there had been 30 conversions and it is expected to grow. Henry Elfrank, our clerk, hardware, and harness man, is making a two-story house of, and otherwise improving his residence. When complete, he will have one of the best residence properties in town. Many of the friends of Mrs. Portis gave her a surprise party on her birthday, the 5th instant, and that jolly, industrious old lady received them, as usual, with open doors. Most all left some useful present as a token of their friendship. A FREE PATTERN in our lady's monthly issue, 10 cents a year. ADAMS' MERCANTILE A stock of general goods, tools, etc. REV. R. H. Johnson, pastor of the Baptist Church, has been fulfilling his regular appointment in Marble Hill: Church meeting every Monday before the noon service, at 2 o'clock. Preaching every third Sunday at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. Sunday school every at 10 o'clock. Sunflower, A.M. and P.M. are marked on the calendar. If you have not already, join our Grand Chapter No. 317, M.V.C. There will be a meeting tonight in each month. Rev. D.R. McHeele-re. Geo. E. Conrad, Sec. Marble Hill Camp No. 4270, meets every first and third Tuesday in America. Mas. Night hall, sort and their talk. Each day night is invited. J. S. Late Clerk, C. A. Walker, Tr., and No. 440, A. C., A. j, more than the full disaster. W. E. Helley Servant, W. V., Don't forget that Kinder & Son, Trade Center, will make you the lowest prices and give you a good clock free when your cash purchase amounts to $20. Able director, who resides about five miles south of Sedgewickville, killed a very large wolf a short time ago. The supposition is that the fires had driven it from the swamps. It seemed to be very hungry as it was chasing a rabbit when Able saw and shot it. Hon. Moses Whybark spent several days at Farmington last week. Mr. Whybark says Farmington is improving rapidly; old buildings being replaced by new, modern structures, and the new asylum buildings are beautiful in design commodious in size and of splendid material. J. W. Revelle has just received, from the city, an elegant stock of shoes, hats, clothing goods, suits for men and boys, and overcoats for men, which he is selling very cheap. He invites your patronage. On the evening of November 12, the little three-year-old daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Alex Grable, who resided about five miles south of Sedgewickville while the parents were temporarily absent, got too close to the fire and her clothes were ignited. Fire assistance reached her, but she was so badly burned that she died in a few hours. The Press sympathizes with the bereaved ones. T. B. Drum came down from Sedalia last Thursday and after spending a few hours looking after business in town, went to the south end of the county to look after his interests in the pig farm. David accompanied him and thinks of doing some work down there this winter, as the farm needs much of the fencing which will have to be repaired. The following marriage licenses have been granted during the past week: J. P. Dunn to Fannie Eaker, M. F. Sile to Allie L. Livingston; N. L. Kirkpatrick to Anna Newell; Isaac Virgin to Nora Hahs; Wm. W. Bowman to Sophia Burford. J. Monroe Roblia has traded his Talley property to Prof. W. A. Davault for his house and lot on Academy Hill. Professor Davault will make some necessary repairs and otherwise improve his property when he will be prepared to take care of a number of pupils, convenient to the Academy. You should call and examine W. H. Kinder & Son's new stock. They have all the latest styles in sewing, bottoms, blooches, crapes, butlinar, boot, shoes, etc. All W. K. Chandler, who is a member of the committee appointed at the meeting of the Board of Directors of the South Central Missouri Mining, Manufacturing and Developing Co. held at Jackson yesterday, says the committee will purchase a diamond drill and begin operating it at one of their properties near Gravel Hill. The Pan-American Educational Institution is in session and while the attendance is not large, meetings have been very interesting. Dr. D. F. Luckey came in Monday and delivered a splendid lecture just afternoon yesterday on the disease of animals, dwelling at length on hog cholera and the best methods of preventing the disease. At W. F. Kinder & Son's in Lutesville, that has sold everything in Bollinger County, they also have dress boots, rubbers, and in fact anything in the shoe line that you can call for. Mrs. Clara Clippard, widow of the late Andrew Clippard, of Laflin, was recently called to see her son Leon, who had employment in St. Louis and in some way had his foot mashed, and while there she was stricken with apoplexy last Monday night and died in a short time, aged about fifty years. Her remains were brought to Laflin and interred yesterday. Several children are thus bereft of their only parent, and have the sympathy of the community. Rev. Joe Russell of Lutesville, dropped in on us Tuesday and spent awhile. He had just closed a ten days' meeting with Rev. W. C. Enochs at Williamsville. He has no regular work this year, having been put upon the superannuated list by the conference last fall. He lost an arm in the southern army and since peace was declared has been preaching the Gospel here in Southeast Missouri. He is selling books in between times. James L. Doggett was granted an option from the 9th tax. Quarterly statement of fees of Sam J. McMinn, approved. Order allows Sheriff King 60c per day for boarding prisoners, when the number is it for, and 40c per day for flour or corn our, through January 1, 1920. The following allowances were made: C. O. Revelle $150 salary as Prosecuting Attorney, J. M. Allen $47.20 for printing. Bollinger County Time $4 for printing. Wli, Dickie 15.20 for cash advanced a.m.,... Equipment. J.W. Reilly $3 for serving on board of equalization. Bam J. McMinn $110 for term October through June - W. F. Durcham $125 salary as County Treasurer and $5.50 for office supplies. Daniel Rhode $13 for care of Henry D. J. J. Chandler and other in the matter of inquest, case of H. Alien Stationery, S. J. McMinn $36.70, W. E. Dickey $12. A. C. King $10. J. A. Tavlor $5 for immediate relief P. M. Taylor $5.05 for handling, county house and jail. Josephine Yount $18 for immediate relief T. B. Eaker $15 for support of family. Elizabeth Myers $12 for care of son. Mary Wilson $12 for care of daughter. S. T. Kinder $7 for care of father Kinder are making reductions in their clothing stock. Men's suits, were $5 are now selling for $3; suits were $8, now $5; coats, etc., will not be surpassed. Don't forget that Kinder Bon, Trade Center, are still selling all the best quality coats at 5¢ per yard, good domestic at 6¢ per yard, good flannelettes for $1 per yard, and all dress and dry goods at the lowest price. Dr. Thomas J. Riggs and Mr. Mary Ella Back will be married in the evening. the home of tl e bride r .a-. v.iawn, at 3 o'clock, November 17, and Sriil at once sian on a short trip to St. Louis and to visit their relatives in Rnlli Thl seems a most appropriate union. Dr. Rigdon is building up a lucrative practice, in his profession, he is of ex emplary habits and will make a good husband. The My is popular,, with all who know her; she i sensible, domestic and at all times of a most sweet disposi tion Dunklin Democrat. If your seat is too hard to ait upon, Stand up. If a rock rise up befareyou. j j roll it awayor climb over it. If yon want I money earn ft. If you wish for eonfldn : j prove yourself worthy of it. It tattes Ion w - T tWH- Mrs. Lavina L. E.tes;, ,k. v.. . . ' .8K nn Ph-nt than, tnouae, but of her daughter Mrs W c il T i w wm ,B worth ome'Wng. Don't be ikeston,Moron&;nIy ,a . . . ' ,wl '"'l.u DUaMlt. Deserve Mr. J.LEstes.aBUrM:b:I - The Tilting her dauchter at th. tim. ' . Z "T?.1. ,ke et orgo down like a....a. . " '"-r 1 a ouuci nrea tmm o-,,. 1.. ... i data. cine. was the widow of th i- iA ' 1 1 , . 1 r, v. Kste $3 for i..k r- ... .. . 01 ttle '" 1 slowly it makes it round ard BMf.,ip- .v..-.. ... . Ior VftFI. 1 11 I- af-.a.aB U Fin flltTkrl r mnrl Cl-. ' a .-.a till,), I I aUIIlMI BfT 1 . ! ina... I2vh int.T3,h-Rook : l" ' ie UU. be hard the tuore . . rjiiBiiisieni you wiii 1. 10 00 it. Ex. O. W. Nelson, family. Dovie Dixon $10 care of self. Order approves road commission in part, district No. 7 until 3. Following correction of tax records ordered: Strike off tax of 1900 and 1901 for 11 acres; part northeast of southeast section 28, township 33, range 10, being owned by Laustereran church. Correct personal assessment for miner, 10 cents instead of 5 cents. Strike off personal assessment Sarah Jones, being erroneous. Strome on school tax of Henry B., district No. 2, townships 29. Charge him with $3.12, payable to district, a township in range 8. Following school fund bonds and bills approved: W. E. Gray, $75; A. J. Hector, $75; R. L. Richards, $150; Adam L. Keckler, $55; C. T. Meldrum, $75; John M. McKeivy, $100; Samuel O. Benson, $100; J. W. Null, $100. Allow account for inquest, fee for inquest held over unknown body, Allen, as follows: J. J. Chandler, Comar, $5 for issuing summons to jurors 75 cents, witness 50 cents, Clerk fee, $1, Mileage, 60 cents. J. A. Berry for burial clothes, $5.80, John Watkins and John for digging grave, dressmaking and funeral cooking supplies. P. S. Aldrich for making coffin $5. Jury fees $6, Witness fees $4.10, Constable fees $20. Account of Henry James in sum of $5.80 rejected. The Spelorian in the rejected. Wesley Shell $7 for care of son. W. B. Yount $20 for repairing barn on poor farm. Superintendent of poor farm, C. A. Sander $13.25 medicine for poor. Closet talk worth considering, P.D. Essa for the family heard for matter of application for land tenure. Fa. Kinder, by his attorney O.E. Conrad, patent refused. Allow J.M. Zimmerman $25 salary as overseer, Allow P.L. Limbaugh $31.20 salary as Judge. Allow T.W. Cooner $31 salary as judge, Taylor & Dunn $22 $17 for good bought by W.B. Yount and $3 for good taught. A.C. Ring $12 for waiting on County court 6 days and $1 for stationery, H. Elfrank $1.35 for stove and nine feet upholstered courtroom and picture mopping, C.M. Wilson $.70 for medicine-furnished prisoner. Jacob A. Taylor $75 for receipt from county treasurer for money due from jail. Probate A. Taylor $75, $2 salary as County Clerk, Jacob A. Taylor $7.92 for money expended for office. Application of Edward W McKee, by his attorney W.K. Chandler, title deed from County Court to north 1 of lot 1, and lot 2 of southwest section 13, township 23, range 9, swamp and overflowed land, ordered continued. Report of commissioner on road petitioned for by John A.B. Williams et al., approved and petition continued to next term. Order approves school fund bond and abstract of B.F. Hahn and O.W. Lewis. Order approves quarterly assessment of free of Jacob A. Taylor, County Clerk. "I have one Chambertown firm, Chloroform and Diarrhea Remedy and find it to be a great medicine," said Mr. 8. Phillips, of Poteau, Ark. "It cured me of bloody flux. I cannot speak too highly of it." This remedy always wins the good opinion, if not praise, of those who use it. Its quick cures which it effects even in the most severe cases make it a favorite everywhere. For sale by druggists Witmer. Lutesville, and Dr. C. M. Witmer, Marble Hill. "Don't climb out that the world can see your weaknesses when it tries to cut the trees down." "Don't paint the devil as black that you can't locate him on a dark night." Wisdom dies with no man, and doesn't live with many. Some folk travel so far in search of happiness they never find the way back to it. Steel Stoves and Ranges, with a focus on quality, have an excellent appearance and are guaranteed not to buckle. None better, come and examine them. Let us not forget the deep blue sea, and the rocky mountains, as reminders of the vastness of nature and our connection to it. Pills Cure All, money refunded if no improvement is seen. Children are healthier when they have a home to return to, a place of safety and love. Let us aim for a world where health and happiness are not just individual pursuits but a collective effort, where steel stoves and ranges symbolize the strength and durability of our communities and our bonds with one another. Rocky Mountain Tea, ask your druggist, for a natural remedy that's been trusted for generations. Let's not forget the importance of money in our society, but let's also remember that health and happiness are priceless and should be prioritized over material wealth. Mother availed herself of the syrup, which had been recommended by her friend. "What step would you take if a fire broke out in your school?" a visitor asked one of the pupils. "Long steps," the child replied, "to put out the fire." At the drugstore, a customer said, "It saved her life. Mexican Syrup has always been good for me." The druggist continued, "I am glad it helped. Many of our neighbors have testified about its benefits." The customer left, thanking the druggist. Later, the druggist received a letter from the customer's daughter. She wrote, "My mother was given Mexican Syrup for a long fever. The doctor said she would die before morning, but after taking the syrup, her condition improved significantly. We are thankful for this medicine." In a conversation between two elderly men in a small town, one of them said, "I have never been lynched, not even by the ancient colored citizen, but I feel today as though I have been too much in the sun." The other man replied, "Well, then, go and get some Rocky Mountain Tea from the drugstore. It will comfort you." A woman in Atlanta wrote in a newspaper, "A thousand thanks to Rocky Mountain Tea. It has saved me from dero fever, a disease I thought would kill me. Now, I feel like a new person. Thank you, Madison Medicine Company." At a general store in Lutesville, a customer said, "Well, there was one thing I remarked about your wife the first time I saw her: she was undoubtedly our spouse." The store owner laughed and replied, "Yes, she is a sweet woman, doesn't she?" The customer continued, "She has a beautiful breath, bright eyes, and a complexion that never fails to impress me. I think Rocky Mountain Tea is partly responsible for that." "Indeed," said the store owner, "it's a great medicine for maintaining health. I'm glad you found it useful." Ballard Horehound Syrup is so great for whooping cough and lung troubles. For sale by A.M. Chandler Jr., Lutesville, Mo. Tommy, I'm a-goin' to pound that sissy, and pound him hard! Johnny, what have you been doing? Tommy, the school sheriff found him under the alarm! If he hadn't done it, the whole place would have been unusual. Whit Cream Vermifuge removes the unhealthy tissues upon which thrives; it brings quickly a healthy constitution where worms cannot exist. For fresh cuts or wounds, either on the human subject or on animals, Ballard's Snow Liniment is excellent; while for contractors' sprained writ, barbed-wire cuts, and sore mouths working horses, it cannot be too highly recommended. Price, and 25 cents at Chandler Witmer's, Lutesville. "If ten men should ask you to pronounce pneumonia white?" "What would it be?" "A tender." "And if one should ask you, what would that be for?" "A wonder." Life. For a fresh-cut or wounds, either on the human subject or on animals, Ballard's Snow Liniment is excellent; while for contractors' sprained writ, barbed-wire cuts, and sore mouths working horses, it cannot be too highly recommended. Price, and 25 cents at Chandler Witmer's, Lutesville. At Deepwood, Nev., Louis Dorsey preached the town he mentioned, "I've been in that place where I'm turning into a glass pane. Through the pane, the embalmed body of Dorsey is visible. It still preserves the apparent sheen of life." Detroit Free Press is a good source for removing a troublesome enemy or burden. Ion: First, soak the corn or callus in warm water to soften it, then pare it down as closely as possible without drawing blood and apply Chamberlain's Pain Balm tenderly; rubbing generously for several minutes at each application. A corn plaster should be worn for a few days, to protect it from the shoe. As a general liniment for pains, bruises, sprains, strains, bruises, and rheumatism, Pain Balm is unequaled for sale by G. Witmer, Lutesville, and Dr. C. M. Witmer, Marble Hill. A traveling man, who in fun of his always stopped at a certain hotel, would be sure of getting it. One night, as he looked along, and as she had Bitting, at the upper table, no honey appeared and the traveling man said sharply to the head waiter: "Where's my honey?". The waiter, amazed, replied: "You mean the little black-haired one? Oh, she doesn't work here any more." The traveling man said: "Ex-Village Blacksmith Saved His Little Son's Life." Mr. H. H. Blartr, a village blacksmith, had a son, aged 3, who had always been subject to choking spells. Many people are suffering fearfully from indigestion or dyspepsia, when a single bottle of Herbine would bring us a prompt and permanent cure. A few cases will do more for a weak, torn stomach than a prolonged course of any other medicine. Price, tin at G. Witmer & Witmer's, Lutesville. Bean to give the syrup. In fact, a Hoarseness, and frequently had Worsened, with ticklish throat In moments, it was better, and after using a few bottles of each, he is almost Well again. It was also lightened, The dead, and has published the styled Station of Ooche's Mexican Syrup as A cough remedy; we can sell nothing else J. N. Sanders, Trimble, Alliante, Oh Gooch's Mexican Syrup cures Coughs and whooping cough. Price $5 WANT TO DEPEND ON Fulfilling and universal In each case, there were always Wealthy bills he signed God and national funding. Simply put, Rarely a throat ailment could withstand Such exceptional medication. All packaged In cash. We continue to offer wide Ranges of remedies at prices that won't break The bank. For more, and for everything, Consult us. We thrive on convenience. Dr. C. R. Witmer, Larbie Hill, has Offered in Drug Company. T. B. Drum, Notary Public and Conveyancer, Sedgewickville, Mo. All business entrusted to him will be Promptly and properly executed. Elmer Bair's DENTAL PARLORS- Mark Hux, Mahoulan Clean Teeth, Sharp Rakes and Efficien Dental and Fire 1st-Class. Thanking his friends for the liberal Particular attention, respectfully solicits: Their continued favors. Not door to W. K. Chandler's office Charles O. Revelle; Attorney at Law, Office in Court House. Marble in its dental surgery. DENTAL SURGEON, MODERN METHODS USED.- Painless extraction of teeth. Plates and Crowns Work at reasonable rates and guarantees satisfaction. Croup, and so bad have we feared many times that we have feared many times that be Breaks new ground in home remedies. All modern methods are used, Including the most advanced For the extraction of teeth. Painless, efficient, and guaranteed. Work at reasonable rates. would die. We have had the doctor and used many medicines, but now Cough Remedy is now our sole reliance. We've been giving frequent doses when the cough was worst, and we have found that the dreaded croup is cured. There is no other injurious drug and may be given confidently to a baby, to an adult. We, as a family, Marble Hill, are confident in Dr. S. M. McAnally's Cough Remedy. Best results! Dr. S. M. McAnally also offers relief from piles, hemorrhoids, and other ailments. His ointment, given consistently, can provide much-needed relief from the discomfort and pain associated with piles. It's important to note that piles, also known as hemorrhoids, are a common yet often misunderstood condition affecting millions worldwide. Dr. McAnally's Cough Remedy and Ointment for Piles are testament to his dedication to helping his patients find relief from their ailments. By subscribing now, you can receive these remedies, which are known for their effectiveness in treating various conditions, directly from F. B. Clippard at $1100 per year. This is a small price to pay for the comfort and relief these remedies can provide. In conclusion, Dr. S. M. McAnally's Cough Remedy and Ointment for Piles are recommended for their ability to alleviate symptoms and provide lasting relief. If you or someone you know is suffering from piles or a persistent cough, don't hesitate to try these remedies under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Subscribe now for the best results and a healthier future. McNo mar at ver a o Arinriiry nt Ia,, I MAML.HlI.Li -, MlMOSI Office in second story of Dr. C A. Satidoai A. Dunn's brick building, on the square, west side of the public square. Don't Be Fooled! Take the sailboat ROCKY SILOUNT W Efficiency matters! Material wisdom It's essential for thriving communities Take your WANTED SERAFAPI. EMPLOYMENT charter and food reputation - (one , a successfully equipped) 85 rental safe and elegant old established twenty-five household standing. -S"l"TTf weeklies ask.. and line ashore. all ) in a cage each Thursday dispatch n- for-va. 11 a : richlet. V"1 - a.v.a. were launched. .... , and a bank account. Manager, It Indigo. One. ' " I , ... . ,jr. ,j.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Kinnaird%2C%2011th%20Lord%20Kinnaird
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Arthur Kinnaird, 11th Lord Kinnaird
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur Kinnaird, 11th Lord Kinnaird&action=history
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Arthur Fitzgerald Kinnaird, 11th Lord Kinnaird, (16 February 1847 – 30 January 1923) was a British principal of The Football Association and a leading footballer, considered by some journalists as the first football star. He played in nine FA Cup Finals, a record that stands to this day. His record of five wins in the competition stood until 2010, when it was broken by Ashley Cole.
Kinnaird also served as president of The FA for 33 years. For his contributions to football and the FA Cup, he was given the FA Cup trophy itself to keep in 1911 when a new trophy was commissioned.
Life
Kinnaird's father, Arthur Kinnaird, 10th Lord Kinnaird, was a banker and MP before taking up his seat in the House of Lords. Kinnaird's mother was Mary Jane Kinnaird and he was born in London. He was educated at Cheam School, Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating BA in 1869. He worked in the family bank, becoming a director of Ransom, Bouverie & Co in 1870. This bank later merged with others in 1896 to become Barclays Bank of which he was a main board director until his death.
In 1875, he married Mary Alma Victoria Agnew (1854–1923), the daughter of Sir Andrew Agnew, 8th Baronet, and Lady Mary Noel, and had seven children, including :
Douglas Arthur Kinnaird, who was born on 20 August 1879 and served during the First World War as a captain in the 1st Battalion of the Scots Guards; he died on 24 October 1914 and is buried at Ypres in Belgium.
Kenneth Fitzgerald Kinnaird (1880–1972), who inherited his father's titles; he married Frances Clifton (1876–1960) and was the father of Graham Charles Kinnaird (1912–1997), 13th Lord Kinnaird, upon whose death the titles became dormant.
Arthur Middleton Kinnaird, who was born on 20 April 1885 and served as a lieutenant in the 1st Battalion of the Scots Guards; he died on 27 November 1917 and is buried at Ruyaulcourt.
Patrick Kinnaird (1898–1948), who married, in 1921, Margaret Stella Wright (div.) and, in 1925, Violet Sandford.
Football career
Player
Kinnaird first played football while at Cheam School and was captain of the school team in 1859, aged 12, for a match against Harrow School. He continued to play football at Eton College, winning the House Cup in 1861 with Joynes's House, but was never selected for the school eleven. He first played association football, which was codified in 1863, early in 1866.
As a player, Kinnaird had a remarkable record in the FA Cup. He played in a record nine FA Cup finals. He was on the winning side three times with Wanderers and twice with the Old Etonians, and celebrated his fifth Cup Final victory by standing on his head in front of the pavilion. In the course of his career as a Cup Final player, Kinnaird played in every position, from goalkeeper to forward. It was while playing in goal for Wanderers in the 1877 final that he suffered the indignity of scoring the first significant own goal in football history, accidentally stepping backwards over his own goal line after fielding an innocuous long shot from an Oxford University forward. The match finished 1–1 and Wanderers won with a second goal in extra time. Some time after the match, for unknown reasons, the FA struck the Oxford goal from the records, changing the official score to 2–0 (although if Oxford had not scored, there would have been no reason for the game to go to extra time, so by rights they should have annulled Wanderers' second goal as well). For the next century, all sources reported the score of the match as 2–0. In the 1980s, after fresh research into contemporary reports of the game by football historians, the FA reinstated the Oxford goal, and now regard the official final score of the 1877 final as 2–1.
Although he was born in Kensington, London, as a son of an old Perthshire family, Kinnaird also played for Scotland. He played in three of Scotland's first five matches, which were subsequently classified as unofficial, and in Scotland's second official match: played on 8 March 1873 at The Oval. All of these games were against England; who were the only other national team then in existence. On 13 March 1875, Arthur captained the Old Etonians team in the FA Cup final against Royal Engineers, the game ended in a draw of 1-1 after extra time. A replay was scheduled for 16 March 1875 and Old Etonians lost to the Royal Engineers (2-0) during a replay and this was the first time a replay was held.
Playing style
He was renowned as perhaps the toughest tackler of his day, giving rise to the (probably apocryphal) story that his wife once expressed the fear that he would "come home one day with a broken leg." A friend is said to have responded: "You must not worry, madam. If he does, it will not be his own." Posterity has awarded Arthur Kinnaird the reputation of being fond of 'hacking', i.e. deliberately kicking his opponents. This is not entirely fair: reports from his playing days do not criticise him, and he owes his notoriety to an oft-repeated anecdote which first appeared in an October 1892 issue of Pastime magazine, a weekly sporting journal that was edited by Nicholas Lane 'Pa' Jackson, founder of the Corinthian Football Club and a committee member of the Football Association.
Jackson wrote: 'The keen rivalry which at one time existed between the Old Etonians and Old Harrovians lent an additional zest to the matches between them, and in one of these Lord Kinnaird's energy was expended as much on the shins of his opponents as on the ball. This at length caused a protest from the captain of the Harrovians, who asked, 'Are we going to play the game, or are we going to have hacking?' 'Oh, let us have hacking!' was the noble reply.' Jackson later reveals that the opposing captain was Charles Alcock, which pinpoints the likely origin of the anecdote to a game on 16 November 1872, described as 'a friendly, but most vicious game of football' by The Graphic newspaper. Alcock and Morton Peto Betts were sufficiently disabled to be unable to play for England in the first official international, two weeks later.
Sportswriters and fellow internationals queued to pay tribute to Kinnaird's skill as a footballer both during and after his career. He was, according to "Tityrus" (J.A.H. Catton), editor of the Athletic News:
"of yeoman build and shaggy auburn beard, [and] did not quite look the part of a Scottish laird, until one spoke to him, and heard his rich, resonant voice and his short ejaculatory sentences. Of course, he had the voice and manner of an educated man of distinction.
"He was a leader, and above all things, a muscular type of Christian... As a player, in any position, [he] was an examplar of manly robust football. He popularised the game by his activity as a footballer among every class. He was at much at home with the boys of the Polytechnic, London, as he was with the Old Etonians.
"There was a time when the white ducks of Kinnaird, for he always wore trousers in a match, and his blue and white quartered cap were as familiar on the field as the giant figure of W.G. Grace with his yellow and red cricket cap... Lord Kinnaird used to say that he played four or five matches a week and never grew tired, but he added, late in life, that he would never have been allowed to stay on the field five minutes in these latter days. Nevertheless, he was fair, above board, and was prepared to receive all the knocks that came his way without a trace of resentment."
Administrator
As an administrator, Kinnaird was an FA committeeman at the age of 21, in 1868. He became treasurer nine years later and president 13 years after that, replacing Major Francis Marindin in 1890. He was to remain president for the next 33 years, serving alongside long-serving vice-president Charles Crump, until their deaths in 1923, just days before the opening of Wembley Stadium.
He was an all-round sportsman, twice winning a blue at tennis, in 1868 and 1869, while at Trinity College, Cambridge, and was first in an international canoe race at the 1867 Paris Exhibition. He was Cambridge University swimming and fives champion, and won the Eton College 350 yards race in 1864.
Other interests
Outside of sport, he was president of the YWCA and the YMCA in England, a director of Barclays Bank and Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1907, 1908 and 1909. He was Honorary Colonel of the Tay Division Submarine Miners a Volunteer unit of the Royal Engineers based in Dundee.
Honours
Wanderers
FA Cup winners: 1873, 1877, 1878
Old Etonians
FA Cup winners: 1879, 1882
FA Cup finalists: 1875, 1876, 1881, 1883
He was appointed a Knight of the Thistle by George V in the 1914 Birthday Honours. This gave him the Post Nominal Letters "KT" for Life.
Portrayals
Kinnaird is one of the main characters in the Netflix mini-series, The English Game (2020), portrayed by Edward Holcroft.
See also
List of Scotland international footballers born outside Scotland
Bibliography
Arthur Kinnaird: First Lord of Football, Andy Mitchell. CreateSpace, 2011. . (Revised and republished in 2020).
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
The Official History Of The Football Association, Bryon Butler,
Association Football and the Men Who Made It, William Pickford and Alfred Gibson. London: Caxton 1906.
The Story of Association Football, "Tityrus" (J.A.H. Catton). Cleethorpes: Soccer Books, 2006 reprint of 1926 original. .
Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 100th Edn, London, 1953.
References
External links
1847 births
1923 deaths
Men's association football goalkeepers
Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Scotland men's representative footballers (1870–1872)
Footballers from Kensington
Knights of the Thistle
Lords High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
Lords of Parliament
Old Etonians F.C. players
People educated at Cheam School
People educated at Eton College
People from Kensington
Presidents of the Football Association
Scotland men's international footballers
Scottish bankers
Scottish men's footballers
Wanderers F.C. players
YMCA leaders
19th-century Scottish businesspeople
20th-century Scottish businesspeople
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Jahresbericht über die fortschritte der chemie und verwandter theile anderer wissenschaften ..
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Justus Liebig , Hermann Kopp , Heinrich Will , Adolph Strecker , Alexander Nikolaus Franz Naumann, August Laubenheimer, Friedrich Bernhard Fittica, Guido Bodländer, Julius Tröger, Emil Baur
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CH, . CO . Cinf. CH, CH, . CO . C ~lf . CH, Gelbe, harte Krystalle (aus Alkohol); Schmelzp. 180^ Siedep. 225 bis 2350 unter 25 mm Druck; leicht löslich in Chloroform und kaltem Alkohol, sehr leicht löslich in heifsem Alkohol, kaum lös- lich in Benzol und Aether, schwer löslich in heilsem Wasser, in verdünnter Salzsäure und Schwefelsäure. Durch Oxydation mit verdünnter Salpetersäure bei 60 bis 70® entsteht ß-ß'-Diacetyl- y'phenyllididin^ welches weifs und leicht löslich ist und bei 188® schmilzt. — ß'Acetyl-y-phenyldihydrolutidin-ß'-monocarbonsäureester^ CigHjiOgN (Formell), entsteht durch Einwirkung von Benzalacet- essigester auf Aminoacetylaceton oder aus Benzalacetylaceton und /5- Amidocrotonester bei Wasserbadtemperatur. Gelbe Krystalle (aus Alkohol); Schmelzp. 167^ Siedep. 210 bis 230« unter 30 mm Druck; unlöslich in Schwefelkohlenstoff, kaum löslich in Aether und Benzol, ziemlich löslich in heiXseiiJ Wasser, sehr leicht löslich in heilsem Alkohol, schwer löslich in Säuren, beständig gegen Alkalien. Beim schwachen Erwärmen (nicht über 40°) mit verdünnter Salpeter- 0 Ber. 31, 1025—1033; vgl. auch vorstehendes Referat. •z • • » • , * • • • Diacetyldihydrooollidin. 2397 säure entsteht ß - Acetyl - y -phenyllutidin-ß' - monocarbonsäureester^ C1SH19O3N, welcher aus Lösungsmitteln sich stets ölig abscheidet und beim Reiben mit einem Glasstab erstarrt; er ist in Säuren sehr leicht löslich, in Ligroin und Aether fast unlöslich, in Chloroform, Benzol und kaltem Alkohol leicht, in heilsem Alkohol sehr leicht, in Wasser unlöslich. — ß^ß'-Diacetyldihydrocollidin^ CiaHjyOjN (Formel II), entsteht durch Einwirkung von Aethyliden- acetylaceton auf Aminoacetylaceton; gelbe Krystalle (aus Alkohol); Schmelzp. 152«, Siedep. 220 bis 230o unter 20mm Druck; unlöslich in Schwefelkohlenstoff und Ligroin, sehr schwer löslich in Aether, schwer löslich in heifsem Wasser und in Säuren, löslich in Chloroform und kaltem Alkohol, sehr leicht löslich in heilsem Alkohol. Das als Ausgangsproduct benutzte Aethylidenacetylaceton wird erhalten, wenn man die Mischung gleicher Moleküle Acetyl- aceton und Acetaldehyd mit viel Chloroform verdünnt und bei 0^ etwa eine halbe Stunde mit Salzsäuregas behandelt. Das Keton bildet eine helle Flüssigkeit, besitzt einen stechenden Geruch und siedet unter 10 mm Druck bei 87^, unter 13 mm Druck bei 92», unter 18 mm Druck bei 97o. I. IL in. CH,.CO.C C.CH, CH3.CO.C_ C.CHa CHb.CO.C C.CH« CeHa . Ch/ ^NH CH« . Ch/'~^NH CH3. Ch/ ^N .CHs C,H5 . 0 . CO . C~ Ö". CHa CH, . CO . C "" C. CH, CH^.CO.C^" C . CHg ß^ß'-Diacäyldihydro-N'methylcoUidin^ CigHigO.^N (Formel III), ent- steht beim Zusammenbringen von molekularen Mengen Methyl- amidoacetylaceton und Aethylidenacetylaceton. Es krystallisiii; in grünlichgelben Nadeln vom Schmelzp. 11 8^ ist in Schwefel- kohlenstoff, Ligroin und Aether fast unlöslich, in Chloroform und Alkohol leicht löslich. Das Methylamidoacetylaceton wurde durch Zusammenbringen einer wässerigen SSproc. Lösung von Methyl- amin mit Acetylaceton dargestellt, destillirt bei 200*» und erstarrt zu Tafeln vom .Schmelzp. 45®. — Beim Kochen mit verdünnten Alkalien spalten die acetylirten Dihydropyridine die Acetyle und Ammoniak ab und bilden Cyklohexenone nach der Gleichung: CH, . CO. C_J! . CH3 CH, CO R.Ch/ ')NH+3H,0 = NH3-)-2CH3.C00H + R.CH/ ^CH. CHg.CO.C C . CH3 CH| C . CHy Je concentrirter das Alkali ist, desto mehr tritt die Ammoniak- abspaltung zurück, während die Eliminirung der Acetyle nach wie vor stattfindet. Diacetylphenyldihydrolutidin und Acetyl- phenyldihydrolutidincarbonsäureester liefern beim Kochen mit 2398 Dihydrocollidindi- und -monocarbonsaureester. Dihydrooollidin. 50 procentiger Natronlauge unter Ammoniakentwickelung Methyl« l-phenyl-3-cyklohexenon. Aus Diacetyldihydrocollidin und Acetyl- dihydrocollidinmonocarbonsäureester entsteht mit lOproc. Natron- lauge Dimethyl-l,3-cyklohexenon-5. Durch Kochen des Acetyl- dihydrocoUidinmonocarbonsäureesters mit 40 proc. Natronlauge entsteht ein in Aether, Chloroform und Alkohol leicht löslicher Körper, welcher bei 15 mm Druck zwischen 150 und 160® destillirt und nach dem Erstarren bei 86® schmilzt Es ist wahrscheinlich, dafs in diesem Körper ein mit anderen Producten verunreinigter DihydrocoUidinmonobromester, CnHijOiN, vorliegt, welcher bei 89 bis 90^ schmilzt und von Cohnheim*) aus DihydrocoUidin- carbonsäureester erhalten wurde. Min. 0. Gohnheim. üeber die Einwirkung concentrirter Alkalien auf Dihydrocollidindicarbonsäureester*). — Verfasser hat die Einwirkung starker Kalilauge (60 bis 75 proc?.) auf den Dihydro- collidindicarbonsäureester studirt in der Hoffnung, hierbei Di- hydrocollidin in reichlicher Ausbeute zu erhalten. Die Versuche zeigen, dafs nur bei lange fortgesetzter Erhitzung Dihydrocollidin entsteht nach der Gleichung: C8H„N(C02 €2115)2 + 2 H^O = CgHisN 4- 2CO2 -j- 2C2H5OH. Bei kürzerer Einwirkung entsteht zwar etwas Dihydrocollidin, überwiegend aber der Di- hydrocoUidinmonocarbonsäureester entsprechend der Gleichung: C,HiiN(C02C,HB)a+H20=CsHiaN(C02C2Hß) + CO, -h C^HgOH. Neben dem Monocarbonsäureester entsteht in geringer Menge unter Ammoniakaustritt Dimethylcyklohexenon vom Siedep. 208 bis 210® nach der Gleichung: ChHi,N(C02C2H5)2 + 3H,0 = C^HijO -f NH3 -f 2CO2 -f- C2H5OH. Die Einwirkung starker Kalilauge verläuft also ganz ähnlich wie die von Hantzsch beschriebene Erhitzung mit concentrirter Salzsäure. Der Dihydrocollidinmotuh Carbonsäureester ^ CuHjjOjN, bildet, aus Ligroin umkrystallisiit, eine voluminöse, gelbliche Krystallmasse, schmilzt bei 89 bis 90®, ist leicht löslich in Aether, Chloroform, Benzol, Alkohol und in heifsem Ligroin; unlöslich in kaltem Wasser und in verdünnten Säuren, löslich in concentrirter Salzsäure. Das Dihydrocollidin^ CsHigN, ist ein nahezu wasserhelles, dünnflüssiges Oel von einem an Collidin erinnernden, etwas schärferen Geruch. Siedep. 165 bis 166®. Das Clilorhydrat, CsHigN.HCl, krystallisirt in Nädel- chen; das orangefarbene Platindoppelsalz zersetzt sich bei 210®; das Golddoppelsalz bildet gelbe Kryställchen vom Schmelzp. 52®; das Quecksilberchloriddoppelsalz ist in Wasser leicht löslich. >) Vgl. das folgende Referat. — •) Ber. 31, 1033—1037. Hydroatbyldicyanmethyldiozypyridin. Pyridinformiat, -acetat. 2399 Xeben Dihydrocollidin entsteht, vielleicht durch gleichzeitige oiydirende Wirkung der starken Kalilauge, etwas Collidin. Min, Icilio Guareschi und Ernesto Grande. Ueber ein Hydro- äthyldicyanmethyldioxypyridin *). — Das bei der Einwirkung von Methjläthylketon auf Cyanessigester und Ammoniak als Zwischen- prodact entstehende Ammoniumsalz giebt beim Behandeln mit Salz- säure das freie Hydroäthyl'ßyßi'diq^an--y'fndhyl'a^o^-dioxypyridin (Tormel I oder ü), welches Krystalle (aus verdünntem Alkohol oder Wasser) vom Schmelzp. 193^ bildet, sich in neutraler, wässe- riger Lösung und beim Erhitzen auf 320® unter Abspaltung von Aethan zersetzt. i. IL m. CH, C^Hj CH3 GgHj CHg C2H5 Y Y Y CX.HC/^CH.CN CN.HC/'^CH.CN CN.BrC^^CBr.CN HOC "CO OCv^COH HO.C^ .CO Mit Bromwasser entsteht ein Dihromid (III), welches aus Wasser in kurzen Prismen krystallisirt und beim Erhitzen auf 175 bis 185® unter Bromverlust in eine neue, noch nicht näher unter- suchte Verbindung vom Schmelzp. 210" übergeht. Min, 6. Andre. Ueber die Verbindungen des Pyridins und Tri- methylamins mit Ameisensäure und Essigsäure 2). — Nachdem Verfasser schon früher s) darauf hingewiesen hatte, dafs das Pyridin mit Ameisensäure, Essigsäure und Propionsäure unbestän- dige Verbindungen eingeht, deren Dampfdichtebestimmung ergiebt, dab sie vollständig in ihre Elemente dissociirt sind, fand er, dafs bei der Destillation von Pyridin mit Oxalsäure ein Pyridinformiat Ton der Formel öCHjOa.CäHsN entsteht, welches unter 760mm Druck bei 150 bis 15P siedet, und dessen Bildungswärme zu T 15,25 Cal. bestimmt wurde. Dieselbe Verbindung ergab bei ihrer directen Darstellung aus 5 Mol. Ameisensäure und 2 Mol. Pyridin eine Bildungswärme von -|- 15,3 Cal. Für das Pyridinacetat^ 3C,H40j.2C5H5N, wurde die Bildungswärme zu -\-6Jb Cal. und bei seiner directen Darstellung aus Essigsäure und Pyridin zu + 5,9 Cal. bestimmt Das beim Einleiten von Trimethylamin in Ameisensäure unter Abkühlung entstehende Trimethylaminformiat^ ') Atti R. Accad. Torino 33, R«f. Chem. Centr. 69, II, 544—545; vgl. weh JB. f. 1897, S. 2500 ff. — ") Compt. rend. 126, 1105—1107. — ») Da- «n»t 125, 1187. 2400 Pyridylacetonylchlorid. 5CH203.2(CH8)3N, bildet auf serordentlich zerflielslicke Krystalle, siedet unter 749,5 mm Druck bei 178,5 bis 180<> und unter 16 mm Druck bei 95,5^ und ist im Dampfzustande vollständig dissociirt Das in gleicher Weise aus Trimethylamin und Essigsäure ge- wonnene Trimethylaminacetat^ 4 CjH^Og . (CH:i)3N, siedet unter 755,5 mm Druck bei 154» und unter 37 mm Druck bei 80 bis 81* und ist im Dampfzustande ebenfalls völlig dissociirt. Mit Di- methylanilin geht die Essigsäure keine Verbindung ein. Wt. D. Knüttel. Ueber Pyridylacetonylchlorid und Aceton yl- piperidin, die Einwirkungsproducte von Monochloraceton auf Pyridin und Piperidin i). — In Fortsetzung der Untersuchungen von E. Schmidt über die Ketonbasen^) stellte Verfasser zunächst einige Derivate des von C. Dreser') aus Pyridin und Monochlor- aceton erhaltenen Pyridylacetonylchlorids^ CgHioONCl, dar. Das Goldsalz schmilzt bei 141 bis 143» (nach Dreser 136 bis 138«). Sodalösung zerlegt das Pyridylacetonylchlorid bei der Destillation in seine Componenten; in gleicher Weise wirkt feuchtes Silberoxyd schon bei gewöhnlicher Temperatur. Beim Erhitzen auf 290 bis 300<^ im Rohre erfährt das Pyridylacetonylchlorid eine tiefer greifende Zersetzung. Das flydra^on des Pyridylacetonylchlorids^ Ci4Hi6N3Cl, bildet sich aus dem Chlorid und Phenylhydrazin in essigsaurer Lösung bei Wasserbadtemperatur und scheidet sich aus heifsem Ligroin in gelbbraunen Krystallen vom Schmelzp. 133 bis 134® ab. Das Oxim^ CgH^ONjCl, wird aus Alkohol in weifsen, langen, prismatischen Krystallen erhalten, schmilzt bei 182 bis 184<> und ist in Wasser und Alkohol leicht löslich, in Aether unlöslich. Das Platindoppelsalz des Ketoxims, (CöHiiONaCl)2PtCl4, bildet einen fein krystallinischen, orangerothen, in Alkohol und in Aether un- löslichen Niederschlag und schmilzt bei 204 bis 20b^\ das GoW- doppelsalz, CsHnONaCl. AuCls, schmilzt bei 144 bis 145». Beim Behandeln des Oxims mit Salzsäure oder mit Schwefelsäure erfolgt Spaltung in Hydroxylamin und Pyi'idylacetonylchlorid. Durch fünfstündiges Erhitzen mit Acetylchlorid auf dem Wasserbade wird das Pyridylacetoximchlorid in ein Acetylderivat übergeführt; letzteres giebt ein Platinsalz, [C,H,o(C2H,0)NjOCl]jPtCl4, vom Schmelzp. 195 bis 197^ und ein Goldsalz vom Schmelzp. 140 bis 14P. Beim Behandeln mit Essigsäureanhydrid, Benzoylchlorid oder Benzoesäureanhydrid wird das Oxim in seine Componenten gespalten. Durch Natriumamalgam wird das Pyridinacetoxim- ») Arch. Pharm. 236, 580—601. — *) Dieser JB., S. 1422. — ») Arch. Pharm. 232, 183; JB. f. 1Ö94, S. 2036. k Acetonylpiperidin. Ghlorpyridine. 2401 Chlorid nicht reducirt; beim Erhitzen mit Formamid im Rohre auf 190 bis 200<> tritt eine tiefer greifende Zersetzung unter Ab- spaltung von Pyridin ein. — Bei der Einwirkung von Monochlor- aceton auf Piperidin in Benzollösung erhielt Verfasser neben Piperidinchlorhydrat in schlechter Ausbeute das bereits von R. Stoermer und 0. Burkert*) beschriebene Acetonylpiperidin^ CsHißON, welches ein Goldsalz, CgHisON.HCl.AuCls, vomSchmelzp. 106 bis 107<> und ein Platindoppelsalz vom Schmelzp. 179 bis 180« (nach Stoermer und Burkert 192 bis 193«) liefert. — Das Methylpiperidin reagirt mit Monochloraceton in analoger Weise unter Bildung von Methylpiperidinacetonylchlorid, welches in das Goldsalz, CsHioCHaNCl.CHj. CO. CHa.AuCla (Schmelzp. 86o), und in das Platinsalz (Schmelzp. 197 bis 198«, nach Stoermer und Burkert Schmelzp. 218 bis 219«) übergeführt wurde. Min. William James Seil und Frederick William Dootson. Die Chlorderivate des Pyridins. Theil I*). — Die Verfasser er- hielten bei der Einwirkung von Phosphorpentachlorid auf Pyridin folgende Verbindungen : ein bei 87 bis 88« schmelzendes Dichlor- Pyridin^ ein bei 49 bis 50«, ein bei 71 bis 72« und ein bei 67 bis 68« schmelzendes Trichlorpyridin^ ein bei 90 bis 91«, ein bei 21 bis 22« und ein bei 74 bis 75« schmelzendes Tetrachlorpyridin^ ein bei 123 bis 124« schmelzendes Pentachlorpyridin^ ein mit Quecksilberchlorid eine feste Verbindung gebendes Oel und ein mit Quecksilberchlorid sich nicht verbindendes Oel. Zur Gewin- nung dieser Verbindungen wurde derart verfahren, dafs trockenes Pyridin mit dem Zehnfachen seines Gewichtes Phosphorpenta- chlorid (annähernd 4 Mol.) 15 bis 20 Stunden im geschlossenen Rohre auf 210 bis 220« erhitzt wurde, wobei die Röhren öfters geöffnet wurden, um die Salzsäure entweichen zu lassen. Der Röhreninhalt wurde in Wasser gegossen, mit Wasserdampf destil- lirt und das dabei überdestillirende bräunliche Oel von dem wässerigen Destillate getrennt. Aus demselben krystallisirt beim Stehen das Pentachlorpyridin aus. Das von diesem abfiltrirte Oel wurde in methylalkoholischer Lösung mit einer ebenfalls alkoho- lischen Quecksilberchloridlösung behandelt, das dabei ausfallende Gemisch der Chlorpyridinquecksilberchloridverbindungen von dem zurückbleibenden Oele getrennt, mit einer gesättigten Kochsalz- ! lösung im Ueberschufs destillirt und das übergehende Oel unter 16 mm Druck fractionirt destillirt. Die dabei unter 100« über- *) Ber. 28, 1247; JB. f. 1895, S. 2344. ~ «) Chem. Soc. J. 73, 432—441; Ghem. News 77, 210. Jahveaber. f. Chem. q. i. w. für 1898. 251 2402 Ghlorpyridine. gehende Fraction bestand aus einem Gemisch der bei 71 bis 72^ und bei 49 bis bO^ schmelzenden Trichlorpyridine. Die bei 115 bis 120<^ überi»ehende Fraction enthielt das bei 21 bis 22^ schmelzende Tetrachlorpyridin. Bei der fractionirten Destillation des von den Chlorpyridinquecksilberchloridverbindungen abfiiltrirten Oeles unter 16 bis 20 mm Druck ergab die bei 115" destillirende Fraction das bei 87 bis 88 o schmelzende Dichlorpyridin, die von 115 bis 125^ siedende Fraction das bei 67 bis 68<> schmelzende Trichlorpyridin, die bei 125 bis 130^ siedende Fraction das bei 90 bis dl^ schmel- zende Teti'achlorpyridin und die bei 130 bis 135» siedende Fraction das bei 74 bis 75" schmelzende Tetrachlorpyridin. Die über 135<> siedende Fraction enthielt noch Pentachlorpyridin. Das bei 87 bis 88<^ (uncorr.) schmelzende Dichlorpyridin^ CjCljHsN, krystalli- sirt aus 50proc.' Alkohol in glänzenden, in Aether, Benzol, Petrol- äther, Chloroform und heilsem Alkohol sehr leicht, in kaltem Alkohol ziemlich leicht, in Wasser nicht löslichen, rhomboidalen Tafeln. Das bei 49 bis 50® (uncorr.) schmelzende TricJüorpyridin^ C,H2Cl8N, bildet flache, in Aether, Chloroform, Aceton, Benzol und heifsem Alkohol sehr leicht, in kaltem x4.1kohol und Petrol- äther ziemlich leicht, und in Wasser fast unlösliche Nadeln und giebt mit Platinchlorid keine Doppelverbindung. Das bei 71 bis 72® (uncorr.) schmelzende Trichlorpyridifiy C^iBjClgN, erscheint in seideglänzenden, an der Luft undurchsichtig werdenden, in Chloro- form, Aether, Benzol, Aceton, Petrbläther und heifsem Alkohol sehr leicht, in kaltem Alkohol schwer löslichen Nadeln. Seine Quecksilberchloriddoppelverbindungy C^HaClgN.HgClj, bildet lange, feine, in Wasser unlösliche, in kaltem Alkohol schwer, in Aether und 'heifsem Alkohol leicht lösliche Nadeln. Die analoge Cadfniuv^ Chloriddoppelverbindung stellt rosettenförmig angeordnete, kurae, dicke, in kaltem Alkohol fast, in Wasser ganz unlösliche Nadeln dar. Das Platinchloriddoppelsah^ (C5H2Cl3N)2.PtCl4, ist ein gelber, krystallinischer Niederschlag, der in Wasser und Alkohol fast un- löslich ist. Das bei 67 bis 6S^ (uncorr.) schmelzende Trichlor- pyridin^ CgHaClsN, welches mit Quecksilberchlorid keine Doppel- verbindung giebt, krystallisirt in langen, in heifsem Alkohol sehr leicht, in kaltem Alkohol wenig löslichen Nadeln. Das bei 90 bis 91 0 (uncorr.) schmelzende Tetrachlorpyridin^ C5HCI4N, welches mit Quecksilberchlorid keine Doppelverbindung liefert, löst sich in den organischen Solventien etwas schwerer wie das Trichlorpyridin und ist in Wasser ganz unlöslich. Das bei 21 bis 22^ (uncorr.) schmelzende Tetrachlorpyridin^ C5HCI4N, welches eine Quecksilber- chloriddoppelverbindung giebt, krystallisirt in langen, in Aether, Ghlorpyridine. y-AmidotetracUorpyridin. 2403 Chloroform, Benzol u. s. w. Notiz über die Einwirkung von Chlor auf Pyridin 1). — Während Keiser*) bei der Einwirkung von trockenem Chlor auf Pyridin ein Chlorhydrat des Dichlarpyridins^ CÄH8CI2N.HCI, und ein Chlor- addüionsprodud von der Formel C5H5NCI erhalten haben will, fanden die Verfasser bei der Wiederholung der K eis er' sehen Versuche, dafs diese von K eis er als Dichlorpyridinchlorhydrat (1. c.) aufgefafste Verbindung in Wirklichkeit das von ihnen ') bei der Einwirkung von Phosphorpentachlörid auf Pyridin erhaltene, bei 71 bis 72<> schmelzende Trichlorpyridin^ CsHjClsN, und der von diesem als Chloradditionsproduct von der Formel C5H5NCI aufgefafste Körper in Wirklichkeit das Pyridinchlorhydrat^ C5H5N .HCl, ist Wt. Vf. J. Seil und F. W. Dootson. Chlorderivate des Pyridins. Theil IL Reaction zwischen Ammoniak und Pentachlorpyridin. Con- stitution des Glutazins *). — Die Verfasser erhielten bei der Ein- wirkimg von Ammoniak auf Pentachlorpyridin zwei isomere Amido- tetrachlorpyridine , von denen das eine sich als völlig identisch erwies mit dem von Stokes und Pechmann ^) aus dem 61u- tazin dargestellten Amidotetrachlorpyridine, wodurch erwiesen ist, dats dieses, und ebenso das Glutazin, aus dem es dargestellt ist, eine Amidogruppe enthalten müssen. Ob in dem zweiten Amido- tetrachlorpyridin die Amidogruppe zum Stickstoff die Orthostellung einnimmt, konnte nicht mit Bestimmtheit festgestellt werden. Während Pentachlorpyridin in der Kälte von wässerigem oder alkoholischem Ammoniak nicht angegriffen wird, wird bei etwa 100® 1 Atom Chlor und bei 150 bis 180® noch ein zweites Atom Chlor in demselben durch die Amidogruppe ersetzt. Von den >) Chem.Soo.J. 73,442—445; Chem.News 77,236. — «) Amer.Chem.J. 8, 310; JB. f. 1886, S.747f. — •) Chem. Soc. J. 73, 432—441; siehe das vor- angehende Referat. — *) Chem. Soc. J. 73, 777—783; Chem. News 78, 250. — ») JB. f. 1886, S. 748 ff.; f. 1887, S. 1169 ff. 151* 2404 Amidotetrachlorpyridme. Hydroxytetrachlorpyridin. drei möglichen Monoamidotetrachlorpyridinen wurden dabei aber stets nur zwei erhalten, und zwar in der Weise, dafs das Penta- chlorpyridin vier Stunden mit alkoholischem Ammoniak im ge- schlossenen Rohre auf 100 bis llO^ erhitzt wurde. Zur Entfernung des etwa unangegriffen gebliebenen Pentachlorpyridins wird das Reactionsprodüct mit Wasserdampf destillirt und der Rückstand aus Alkohol umkrystallisirt Dabei krystallisirt das y-Amidotetra- cMorpyridin aus, während das bei 174 bis 175° schmelzende Amidotetrachlorpyridin sich aus der alkoholischen Mutterlauge abscheidet. Das y- Amidotetrachlorpyridin^ C5H,Cl4N2, krystallisirt aus Alkohol in feinen, farblosen Schuppen oder auch in Würfeln, schmilzt bei 212 bis 213o (uncorr.) und ist in Aether, Benzol und heifsem Alkohol ziemlich leicht, in kaltem Alkohol sehr schwer, in Wasser, verdünnten Säuren und Alkalien fast nicht löslich. Es besitzt keine basischen Eigenschaften, giebt kein Platindoppelsalz und wird durch zweistündiges Kochen mit alkoholischer Natron- lauge in das bei 83o (uncorr.) schmelzende a-Aethcxy-y-antidotri' cMorpyridin^) übergeführt. Das bei 174 bis 175« (uncorr.) schmel- zende AmidotdraMorpyridin^ C5H2N2CI4, krystallisirt aus Alkohol in langen, seideglänzenden Nadeln, aus Wasser und verdünnten Mineralsäuren in feinen, farblosen Nadeln, und ist in heifsem Alkohol, Aether, Benzol und Chloroform leicht, in kaltem Alkohol weniger löslich. Beim Kochen mit Alkalien bleibt es unverändert und ist auch mit Wasserdämpfen nur sehr wenig flüchtig. Durch Lösen dieses Amidotetrachlorpyridins in möglichst wenig concen- trirter Schwefelsäure, Versetzen der Lösung mit einem Ueber- schufs einer Lösung von salpetriger Säure in concentrirter Schwefelsäure, Erwärmen der Lösung auf dem Wasserbade, Ein- giefsen des Reactionsproductes nach beendeter Gasentwickelung in Wasser, Lösen des dabei ausfallenden Niederschlages in warmer Sodalösung und Neutralisiren dieser Lösung mit Essigsäure erhält man das Hydroxytetrachlorpyridin^ C5NCI4-OH, welches aus Benzol in farblosen, bei 220 bis 22P schmelzenden, in Alkohol und Aether leicht, in Benzol mäfsig, in Wasser fast nicht lösUchen Nadeln krystallisirt In verdünnten Alkalien und Alkalicarbonaten ist es in der Wärme leiclit löslich. Das so dargestellte Ammoniumsalz läfst sich zur Trockne eindampfen, ohne dafs es sich zersetzt Dasselbe giebt mit Baryumchlorid einen weifsen, aus farblosen Nadeln bestehenden Niederschlag, mit Silbernitrat einen weifsen, gelatinösen Niederschlag und mit Eisenchlorid nur beim Kochen >) JB. f. 1886, S. 759 f. Diamidotrichlorpyridin. Nicotinsäurehydrazid, -azid. 2405 eine rothe Färbung. Das, wie schon oben bemerkt, beim Er- hitzen Yon Pentachlorpyridin mit alkoholischem Ammoniak im geschlossenen Rohre auf 150 bis 180^ entstehende DiamidoUiMor- Pyridin^ C^^iCY^^^^ bildet sich bei der Einwirkung yon Ammoniak auf das Monoamidotetrachlorpyridin. Es krystallisirt aus Alkohol, worin es leicht löslich ist, in perlmutterglänzenden Schuppen oder an den Enden zugespitzten Nadeln, schmilzt bei 206 bis 207^ und ist in Aether, Aceton und heiXsem Benzol ziemlich leicht, in heifsem Wasser mäfsig, in kaltem Wasser fast nicht löslich. Das Plaiin- chioriddoppdsalz ^ (C5NsCl3H4)2 .HaPtClg . 3HjO, krystallisirt mit 3 MoL Krystallwasser in kurzen, dicken, in heifsem Wasser schwer löslichen Nadeln. Wt Otto Fischer. Einwirkung von Phosphorpentachlorid auf N-Alkylpyridone und -chinolone i). — Bei der Einwirkung von Phosphorpentachlorid auf methylirte und äthylirte a-Pyridone und Chinolone entstehen unter Abspaltung von Chlormethyl resp. Chlor- äthyl a-CMorpyridine und ct-ChlarchinoUne, Zur Darstellung des o-CWorpyn'dms, C5H4NCI, werden 40 g a-Methylpyridon «) mit 50 g Phosphoroxy Chlorid und 2V2 Mol. Phosphorpentachlorid am Rück- fiufskühler etwa acht Stunden auf 130 bis 140<^ erhitzt; dann wird das meiste Oxychlorid abdestillirt, der Rückstand in Wasser ge- löst, mit Natronlauge versetzt und das a - Chlorpyridin durch Wasserdampf abdestillirt; Ausbeute 25 g, Siedep. I660 bei 714mm Druck. Das Platinsalz, (C6H4NCl.HCl),PtCl4, bildet orangerothe, monosymmetrische Platten, das Goldsalz lange, gelbe "Prismen, das Quecksilberchloriddoppelsalz lange Nadeln (aus verdünntem Alkohol). — Das aus N- Methyl- oder N-Aethylchinolon in der- selben Weise gewonnene cc - ChJorchinölin schmolz constant bei 37 bis 380. Min, Th. Curtius und E. Mohr. Ueberführung von Nicotinsäure in /J-Amidopyridin 'j. — Nicotinsäurehydraeid^ C5H4N . CO . NH . NHj , entsteht durch kurzes Erwärmen äquimolekularer Mengen Nicotin- säureester und Hydrazinhydrat; es krystallisirt aus verdünntem Alkohol oder Benzol in Nadeln vom Schmelzp. 158 bis 159^, ist leicht löslich in Wassar und Alkohol, schwerer in Benzol und reducirt Feh ling 'sehe Lösung in der Kälte. Das Chlorhydrat, CeH70N3.2HCl, bildet weifse Nädelchen vom Schmelzp. 227o. — Benmlnicotinsäurehydragid^ CisHi^ONs, schmilzt, aus Benzol um- krystallisirt, bei 149 bis 152o. — Nicotinsäureamid^ C=iH4N . CO . N3, *) Ber. 31, 609—612. — «) Vgl. Decker, J. pr. Chem. [2] 47, 28; JB. f. 18Ö3, 8. 1763. — ») Ber. 31, 2493—2495. 2406 /9-Pyridylarethan. /9-Amidopyridin. y-Latddylhydrazin. bildet sich durch Einwirkung Yon Natriumnitrit auf Nicotinsäure- hydrazidchlorhydrat in wässeriger Lösung unter Kühlung und stellt eine weifse, stechend riechende Krystallmasse vom Schmelzp. 47 bis 480 dar. — ß-Pyridylurdhan, C^H^N.NH.COaCA, entsteht durch Kochen der ätherischen Nicotinsäureazidlösung mit abso- lutem Alkohol am Rückflulskühler; es ist leicht löslich in Alkohol, Aether, Chloroform und Benzol, schwer löslich in Wasser und in kalter, verdünnter Natronlauge, leicht löslich in verdünnter Salz- säure; aus Ligroin krystallisirt es in Büscheln von langen, sehr dünnen Nadeln vom Schmelzp. 86 bis 87^. — Dt-ß-pffridytham- Stoff, (C5H4N.NH)2CO, entsteht durch Erwärmen von Nicotinsäure- azid mit Wasser, krystallisirt in Büscheln von langen, sehr dünnen Nadeln und schmilzt bei 217^ unter Gasentwickelung; es ist schwer löslich in kaltem, leicht in heilsem Wasser und in Alkohol, schwer löslich in Aether und Benzol, leicht löslich in verdünnter Salz- säure und in Eisessig; aus Alkohol krystallisirt es in Drusen von kurzen, dicken, vierseitigen Prismen. — ß-Amidopyridin^ C5H4N . NH,. Das Chlorhydrat, C5H4N . NH^ . 2HC1, vom Schmelzp. 173,5 bis 174,50 bildet sich durch Kochen des ^-Pyridylurethans mit rauchender Salzsäure am Rückflufskühler oder durch Erhitzen des Di-/3-p7ridylharnstoffs mit rauchender Salzsäure im Rohre auf 125^. Durch Versetzen von salzsaurem /}-Amidopyridin mit Platinchlorid in schwach salzsaurer Lösung entsteht das Doppelsalz (C5H4N.NRJ .HCl)).PtCl4, welches aus salzsäurehaltigem Wasser in compacten, orangerothen Prismen oder Tafeln von anscheinend monoklinem Habitus krystallisirt, bei 223^ unter Zersetzung schmilzt und beim Liegen an der Luft oder im Vacuum Chlorwasserstoff verliert. Beim Umkrystallisiren aus rauchender Salzsäure geht es in das Salz(C5H4N.NHa.2HCl)aPtCl4 über, welches gelbe, schiefwinUige Tafeln bildet und bei 239^ unter Zersetzung schmilzt. Min. W. Marckwald. Ueber Hydrazine und Azoverbindungen in der Pyridinreihe 1). — Das Studium der Amidopyridine hat gezeigt, dafs die Amidogruppe in der et- und y-Stellung des Pyridins der Diazotirung insofern unzugänglich ist, als die Diazoverbindungen schon im Entstehungszustande weitere Umwandlungen erleiden. Nur die /5 - Amidopyridine 2) sind zur Bildung von Diazoverbin- dungen befähigt Zu oe- oder ^^-Hydrazinen des Pyridins gelangt man jedoch leicht durch Erhitzen von a- oder y-Chlorpyridinen mit Hydrazin auf löO^. Aus y- Chlor -a,a'-Lutidin und Hydrazin- hydrat erhält man y - Lutidylhydraain , C5H2N(CH5), . NH . NHj, *) Ber. 31, 2496—2497. — «) Vgl. auch vorstehendes Referat. PyridinazoreBorcin. DiazoamidopyridiD. Dihydroxypyridin. 2407 welches sich aus Alkohol in weifsen Erystallen vom S^chmelzp. 115 bis 116<^ abscheidet, in kaltem Wasser ziemlich, in heifsem, sowie in Alkohol leicht, in Aether, Ligroin und kaltem Benzol schwer, in heifsem Benzol leicht löslich ist Auch Phenylhydrazin liefert mit dem y-Chlorlutidin eine Hydrazoverbindung, welche sich weiter zur Azoverbindung oxydiren läfst Min. E. Mohr. Ueber /J-Diazopyridin und ^-Diazoamidopyridin i). — PyridinazoresoTcin^ C5H4N.N:N.C6H3(OH)2, entsteht durch Ueberführen von /J-Amidopyridinchlorhydrat in die Diazochlorid- lösung und Kuppeln derselben mit Resorcin in alkalischer Lösung. Der Farbstoff krystallisirt aus 25proc. Essigsäure in braunen, durchsichtigen, schiefwinkligen Tafeln oder Pismen mit violettem Keflex, schmilzt bei 218^ unter Aufschäumen, löst sich in ver- dünnter, kalter Salzsäure mit gelb- bis oliv-brauner Farbe, in kalter, verdünnter Natronlauge oder Ammoniak mit dunkelrothbrauner Farbe; es ist leicht löslich in Alkohol, schwer löslich in Benzol, Chloroform und Aether, unlöslich in Wasser. Wolle und Seide werden im sauren und alkalischen Bade schön goldigbraun ge- färbt — ß'Dicusoamidopyridin, C5H4N.N:N.NH.C5H4N, wird er- halten, wenn 2 Mol.-6ew. salzsaures /S-Amidopyridin in verdünnter, gut gekühlter Lösung mit 1 Mol. -Gew. Natriumnitrit und dann mit Natriumacetatlösung versetzt werden, so lange noch ein gelb- brauner Niederschlag ausfällt Es krystallisirt aus Benzol in hell- gelben, dünnen Nadeln oder drusenförmig verwachsenen Prismen mit violettem Reflex, schmilzt bei 173 bis 174^ unter Gasentwicke- lung und ist löslich in kaltem Alkohol, schwer löslich in sieden- dem Aether und Ligroin. Beim Erwärmen mit Anilin und salz- saurem Anilin scheint vorwiegend Amidoazobenzol zu entstehen. — Benjgal-ß-pyridylhydra/sin^ C5 H4 N . NH . N : CH . GeHs, entsteht durch Schütteln der durch Reduction der Diazosulfosäure mit Zinkstaub und Eisessig gewonnenen Lösung von salzsaurem Pyridylhydrazin mit Benzaldehyd unter Zusatz von Natriumacetat. Es k^stallisirt aus verdünntem Alkohol in terracotta- bis fleisch- farbenen, pyramidenartig oder sternförmig verwachsenen Nadeln vom Schmelzp. 163 bis 164o. Min. Siegfried Ruhemann. Bildung von a, «'-Dihydroxypyridin >). — Verfasser erhielt durch zweistündiges Kochen von Difiydroxy- dinicotinsäure-Aethyläther mit concentrirter Salzsäure salzsaures a^a'-DihydfOxypyridin^ C:,NH8(0H)a.HCl, in Gestalt fast farbloser *) Ber. 31, 2495—2496. — •) Chem. Soc. J. 73, 349—353; Chem. News 77, 162. 2406 Dihydroxypyridin. Picolylalkin. PipecolylalkiD. Nadeln. Das Salz ist ziemlich unbeständig, wird schon beim Erhitzen mit Wasser theilweise in Salzsäure und Dioxypjridin gespalten und reducirt in salzsaurer Lösimg Silber- und Platinsalze. Beim vor- sichtigen Versetzen seiner Lösung mit Ammoniak erhält man das a,a' -Dihydroxypyridin, CHH[=CH-C(OH)=,-CHrrC(OH)-]=X. Dasselbe stellt farblose, bei 192 bis 193^ schmelzende, in Wasser und Alkohol in der Wärme leicht lösliche Prismen dar. In trockenem Zustande ist es ziemlich beständig, oxydirt sich an feuchter Luft aber rasch, wird in Gegenwart von Ammoniak unter Bildung eines blauen Farbstoffs oxydirt, und bildet sich auch aus dem Aethoxy-a-pyridondicarbonsäure-Monoäthyläther beim zwei- bis dreistündigen Kochen desselben mit concentrirter Salzsäure. WU A. Ladenburg. Synthetische Alkine der Pyridin- und Pipe- ridinreihe i). — Nach einer Besprechung der Lipp'schen Arbeiten -) beschreibt Verfasser folgende, durch Einwirkung von Aldehyden auf a-Picolin und auf tetrahydrirte Piperidinbasen erhaltene Alkine. U'Picdlyldlkin, C7H9ON, entsteht durch Erhitzen von a-Picolin mit Paraformaldehyd und Wasser im Bohre auf 130 bis 135o. Farb- loser Syrup, leicht löslich in Wasser, Alkohol und Chlorofoim, schwer in Aether. Siedep. 118 bis 121^ unter 1.5 mm Druck. d = 1,1111 bei 00. Das Platinsalz, (C7H9N0HCl)jiPtCl4 (Prismen), schmilzt bei 175^ das Goldsalz (hellgelbe Nadeln) bei 204<>. Durch Erwärmen einer wässerigen Lösung von Picolylalkin mit Benzoe- säureanhydrid auf dem Wasserbade entsteht das Benzoylpicohjl- älketn, welches ein Platinsalz, (C7H3NOC7H6 0HCl)2PtCl,, vom Schmelzp. 164 bis I680 und ein Goldsalz, CuHisNOaHCl. AuCl, (Prismen), liefert. Bei der Oxydation mit Permanganat in der Kälte liefert das Picolylalkin Picolinsäure. Dem Alkin kommt demnach die Formel: CH hc/Vh HOv Jc.CH,.CH,OH N zu. Durch Erhitzen des Picolylalkins mit concentrirter Schwefel- säure auf 160 bis 170<^ entsteht Vinylpyridin,* C7H7N. — Pipecoly!- alkin, C7HiiON, entsteht durch Reduction des Picolylalkins mit Natrium und Alkohol. Farblose, krystallinische Base. Schmelzp. 39 bis 400, Siedep. 227 bis 228o, spec. Gew. 1,01 bei 17«. In Wasser, Alkohol und Aether leicht löslich. Das Chlorhydrat ist *) Ann. Chem. 301, 117—153; vgl. auch Ann. Chem. 295, 370; JB. f. 1897, S. 2515. — *) Ber. 31, 589; dieser JB., S. 2381. Alkylpipecolylalkine. 2409 sehr hygroskopisch, das Quecksilberdoppelsalz bildet Prismen, das Platinsalz, (C7Hi,NOHCl)8PtCl„ grofse Krystalle. Aus Pipecolyl- alkin und Acetylchlorid erhält man das Chlorhydrat eines Äcet- j>ipea)ZylaZÄ;ms, C7H14ONCJH8O.HCI, welches weilse Nadfein bildet. Das Chlorhydrat der entsprechenden Benzoylverbindung, C7H14ON .C^HbO.HCI, bildet farblose Tafeln vom Schmelzp. 181 bis 182o. — N'3Iethyl-a-pipe€olylalkin^ C^HijON, entsteht durch Erwärmen von Pipecolylalkin mit methylschwefelsaurem Kalium in wässeriger Lösung auf dem Wasserbade. Farblose, syrupöse Flüssigkeit, in Wasser und Alkohol leicht, in Aether schwerer löslich. Siedep. 228^ spec. Gew. = 0,97704 bei 17,5o. Das Quecksilberdoppelsalz, C,H,70NHC1.5HgCl, (kleine Krystalle), schmilzt bei 214«, das Goldsalz, C0H17ON HCl. Au eis, bei 176o. Verfasser beschreibt ferner folgende Salze: (C3H,7 0NCH,Cl).2PtCl4, Krystalle vom Schmelzp. I880; CgKnONCHgCl. AuCls, Krystalle vom Schmelzp. 21P. — N-ÄähyUa-pipecolylälkin^ C9H19ON, wird durch Erwärmen des Pipecolylalkins mit äthylschwefelsaurem Kalium in wässeriger Lösung erhalten. Farblose, syrupöse Flüssigkeit, in Wasser und Alkohol leicht, in Aether etwas schwerer löslich. Siedep. 232 bis 234^ spec. Gew. 0,9880 bei 0«, 0,9766 bei 17o. Das Quecksilber- salz, Cc,Hi90NHC1.6 HgCIj -f;- 3 H^O, bildet farblose, rhomboedrische Krystalle vom Schmelzp. 180 bis 18 1^ Das Chloräthylat giebt ein Platinsalz, (CiiH230NHCl)aPtCl4 (orangegelbe Prismen), vom Schmelzp. 210^ — N-Aethyl-o^vinylpiperidifiy C9H17N, bildet sich durch Erhitzen von Aethylpipecolylalkin mit Eisessig und con- centrirter Schwefelsäure auf 175 bis 180^ siedet bei 173 bis 178^ und giebt ein krystallinisches Platinsalz, (C9Hi7NHCl)aPtCl4, vom Schmelzp. 205,5". — N-n-PropyUa'pipecolylalkif^^)^ CioH^iON, wird am besten aus Pipecolylalkin und n-Propyljodid erhalten. Zähe, fast farblose Flüssigkeit vom Siedep. 246« und spec. Gew. 0,9578 bei 20®; schwer löslich in Wasser, besonders in der Wärme. Das Chlormethylat giebt ein Quecksilberdoppelsalz, CjoH^iON.CHgCl .OHgClj (Rhomboeder aus Wasser), vom Schmelzpunkt etwa 157®, und ein Platindoppelsalz, (CioHaiONCH3Cl)2.PtCl4 (rothe Krystalle), vom Schmelzp. 194,5« unter Aufschäumen. — N-Isoprapyl-a-ptpe- cölylalkin^ C^oHaiON, wurde nicht in ganz reinem Zustande ge- wonnen. Siedep. 235 bis 239°, spec. Gew. 0,9597 bei 20«. Das Quecksilberdoppelsalz des Chlormethylats, CioH3,ONCH8C1.6HgCl2 lo^stallisirt in Rhomboedem vom Schmelzp. 198^, das Platin- doppelsalz, (C,oH2iONCH3Cl).2PtCl4, in hellgelben Octaedem vom ») VgL Theodor, Diss., Breslau 1898. 2410 ce-PicolylmethylaHdn. it-Pipecolyl-, N-Methyl-a-pipecolylmethylalkin. Schmelzp. 182o. — BensfyUa-pipecolylaJJcin^ C14H21ON, aus Pipe- colylalkin und Benzylbromid, bildet eine in Wasser schwer, in Aether und Alkohol leicht lösliche Flüssigkeit; Siedep. 318 bis 321^ spec. Gewt 1,0343 bei 40. — a-Picolylmethylalkin, C5H4NCH2CHOH .CHs, entsteht durch Erhitzen von Picolin mit einer öOproc. wässe- rigen Aldehydlösung auf 150®. Prismatische Krystalle, leicht lös- lich in Wasser, Alkohol, Aether und Chloroform; Schmelzp. 32^ Siedep. 123 bis 125® bei 20 mm Druck. Das Platindoppelsalz, (C,HnONHCl)aPtCl4, krystallisirt aus Wasser in Tafeln vom Schmelzp. 189<^ unter Zersetzung. Durch Reduction des Picolyl- methylalkins mit Natrium und Alkohol erhält man a-Pipecdyl- methylalkin, C5H9(CH2.CHOH.CH3)NH, welches in Wasser, Alkohol und Aether leicht löslich ist, bei 4.5 bis 47® schmilzt, bei 224 bis 226® siedet, ein Platindoppelsalz vom Schmelzp. 149®, ein Queck- silberdoppelsalz und ein öliges Nitrosamin liefert. — N-MethyU a-pipecolylmeO^ylcdkin^), C5H9(CHj|CHOHCH3)NCHs, ist in Wasser, Alkohol und Aether leicht löslich und giebt ein QuecksUberdoppel- salz, C^HigONHCl.öHgClg, vom Schmelzp. 150 bis 155<> und ein Platindoppelsalz vom Schmelzp. 203 bis 204^ — Aus den Ver- suchen des Verfassers geht hervor, dafs die Anlagerung von Formaldehyd an N-Methylpipecolei'n njich der Gleichung: CH^ CH2 \ ;l + CH.0 = H»dv^ ;'c . CH, H,dv.c . CH3 NCH, NCH3 erfolgt, dafs also eine Anlagerung des Aldehyds an das in a-Stel- lung befindliche Methyl der Base, wie Lipp angenommen hatte, nicht stattfindet. Der von Lipp N-Methyl--Ja-tetrahydro-a-oxäthylen- piperidin genannte Körper ist als N-Methyl-a'-^^2"Pipöcole*m-/J-alkin zu bezeichnen. Aus diesem entsteht durch Aufnahme zweier W^asserstoffatome das N-Methyl-«-pipecolin-/3-alkin, welches Lipp als N-Methyl-a-pipecolylalkin angesprochen hatte. Bei der Wasser- abspaltung entsteht daraus N-Methyl-a-/3-äthylenpiperidin (I), welches bei der Behandlung mit Zinn und Salzsäure fast ausschliefslich N-Methyl-^-äthylpiperidin (II) liefert: CH, CH, H,C/\CH.CH, H,c/NCH.C,H4 I. I IL H,Cv yCH.CH, HgCv yCH, NCH, NCH, *) Vgl. Meilsner, Diss., Breslau. Nicotinsanre. Nicotinsänreathylester. Methylniootamid. 2411 Letztere Base, GgHijN, siedet bei 150 bis 151,5o und hat das spec. Gew. 0,8394 bei 0«. Das Chlorhydrat, CgHiyNHCl, bildet farblose Prismen vom Schmeizp. 174 bis 176o; das Goldsalz, CsHiyNHCl .Au Gl), krystallisirt in Nadeln vom Schmeizp. 104 bis 105o. Durch Destillation des N-Methyläthylpiperidins im Salzsäurestrome ent- steht ^-Aethylpiperidin, aus welchem durch Zinkstaubdestillation /J-Aethylpyridin erhalten wird. Min. Ame Pictet und G. Sufsdorff. üeber einige Nicotinsäure- derivate^). — Die Verfasser erhielten die zuerst von Huber«) durch Oxydation von Nicotin dargestellte Nicotinsäure^ CgHsNOa, nach dem Verfahren von Weidel») durch Lösen von Nicotin (10 g) in Wasser (100 g), Versetzen der Lösung mit Salpetersäure vom spec. Gew. 1,4 (20 g) und Eintragen in eben so starke Sal- petersäure (250 g), zwei- bis dreistündiges Erhitzen der Lösung auf dem Wasserbade bis zum Aufhören der Entwicklung rother Dämpfe, theilweises Abdestilliren und schliefsliches Eindampfen des Destillationsrückstandes auf dem Wasserbade zur Trockne. Der Rückstand ist das Nitrat der Nicotinsäure^ welches aus Alkohol in kleinen, farblosen, bei 185^ schmelzenden, in kaltem Wasser sehr leicht löslichen Prismen krystallisirt und schon beim Erhitzen für sich oder auch mit Essigsäureanhydrid in seine Com- ponenten zerfällt Oder man kann die Nicotinsäure auch aus dem Nitrat durch Ueberführung desselben über das Ammonium- salz in das Kupfersalz und Zersetzen desselben mit Schwefelsäure erhalten. Sie krystallisirt aus Wasser in kleinen, weiXsen, bei 229« schmelzenden Nadeln. Der schon von Engler*) dargestellte Nicotinsäure^Äethyläther ist eine farblose, angenehm riechende, unter 724 mm Druck ohne Zersetzung bei 220 bis 221<) siedende Flüssigkeit Sein Nitrat bildet schöne, weilse, bei 185^ ohne Zer- setzung schmelzende Nadeln; das Chlarhydrat stellt eine weiXse, bei 126 bis 127® in Wasser sehr leicht, in Alkohol wenig, in Aether nicht lösliche Masse dar. Das beim 24 stündigen Behandeln des Nicotinsäure -Aethyläthers mit einer 33proc. Methylamin- lösung bei gewöhnlicher Temperatur entstehende Methylnicotamid^ CfHsNsO, krystallisirt aus Benzol oder aus einem Gemisch von Ligroin und Chloroform in schönen, platten, oft 4 cm langen, bei 104 bis 105® schmelzenden, in Wasser, Alkohol und Chloroform leicht, in Benzol schwer, in Ligroin nicht löslichen Nadeln. Es giebt in wässeriger oder salzsaurer Lösung mit Quecksilberchlorid ») Arch. ph. nat. [41 5, 113—128. — •) Ann. Chem. 141, 277. — ») Da- wlbat 165, 380. — *) Ber. 27, 1787; JB. f. 1894, S. 2049. 2412 Methyl-, Amyl-, AUylniootamid. Niootanilid. Methylallylnicotamid. einen weifsen, flockigen Niederschlag. Durch dreistündiges Kochen in methylalkoholischer Lösung mit Jodmethyl wird es in das kurze, hellgelbe, bei 174» schmelzende, in kaltem Wasser sehr leicht lös- liche, Krystalle bildende Jodmethylat^ CjHgNjO.CHsJ, übergeführt, welches beim Behandeln mit Silbemitrat in das entsprechende, kleine, weifse, unter Zersetzung bei 155 bis 156o schmelzende Prismen darstellende Methylnitrat übergeführt wird. Während das Jodmethylat der Nicotinsäure beim Behandeln mit Silberoxyd das schon von Jahns i) beschriebene Trigonellin liefert, erhält man beim Behandeln des Jodmethylats des Methylnicotamids mit Silber- oxyd eine sehr alkalische Lösung des Methylhydrats, welches sich beim Eindampfen in Methylamin und Trigonellin^ C7H7NO2.H2O, spaltet. Das durch Behandeln des Nicotinsäure-Aethyläthers mit Amylamin bei gewöhnlicher Temperatur gewonnene Amylnicot- amid, CnHigNaO, stellt eine dicke, unter 8mm Druck bei 191 bis 193^ siedende Flüssigkeit dar, und das in gleicher Weise aus dem Ester und AUylamid erhaltene Ällylnicotamid^ C9H10N2O, bildet eine syrupartige, gelbe, unter gewöhnlichem Druck bei 315 bis 316® und unter 8 mm Druck bei 186 bis 189® siedende Ver- bindung. Das einmal durch fünfstündiges Erhitzen äquimole- kularer Mengen von Nicotinsäure und Anilin auf 150<> und ferner durch Behandeln von Nicotinsäure (1 Mol.) mit Phosphorpenta- chlorid, Abdestilliren des gebildeten Phosphoroxychlorids, Ver- setzen des entstandenen Chlorids mit Anilin im Ueberschuls und Zersetzen des gebildeten Ghlorhydrats des Nicotanilides mit Alkali oder Alkalicarbonat dargestellte Nicotanütd^ Ci2H,oN20.2H20, krystallisirt aus Wasser mit 2 Mol. Krystallwasser in Nadeln, welche bei 85 <) schmelzen, dagegen im wasserfreien Zustande aus einem Gemisch von Ligroin und Benzol, oder von Ligroin und Chloroform in kurzen, farblosen, bei 132<^ schmelzenden Nadeln, und ist in heifsem Wasser, Alkohol, Chloroform und Benzol lös- lich; in kaltem Wasser und Ligroin unlöslich. Das in analoger Weise dargestellte Nicotyl-p-töluidin, CisHjaNgO, krystallisirt aus siedendem Wasser in prächtigen, farblosen, oft 5 bis 6 cm langen, bei 150'^ schmelzenden Nadeln, welche die gleichen Löslichkeits- verhältnisse besitzen, wie das Nicotanilid. Das bei der Einwirkung von Piperidin auf den Nicotinsäure -Aethyläther in wässeriger Lösung entstehende Piperidinnicotat^ C5H4NCOOH.C5H11N, bildet lange, farblose, bei 122^ schmelzende Nadeln. Ein Methyüülylnicot' amid durch Behandeln des Nicotinsäure- Aethyläthers in wässeriger ») Ber. 20, 2840; JB. f. 1887, S. 2162 ff. Dioxymcotinsäure (2,4-Diozypyridin-5-carbon8aure). 2413 Lösung mit Methylallylamin zu erhalten, gelang nicht Dasselbe entstand aber aus dem durch Behandeln von Methylnicotamid in Benzollösung mit Kalium gewonnenen und einen gelblichen, krystallinischen Niederschlag darstellenden Kaliumsah des MeOiyU nicoiamids ^ G5H4NCONKGHS, durch Behandeln desselben mit Allyljodid. Das so erhaltene Methylallylnicotamid bildet eine dicke Flüssigkeit, es gelang aber nicht, dasselbe durch Wasserentziehung in das Nicotyrin^ das erste Oxydationsproduct des Nicotins, über- zuführen. Auch beim Erhitzen eines Gemisches von Methylnicot- amid und AUylalkohol im geschlossenen Rohre auf 160 bis 170® konnte die Bildung von Nicotyrin nicht nachgewiesen werden. Wt G. Errera. Condensationsproducte aus Orthoameisensäure- ester und Acetondicarbonsäureester '). — Verfasser erhielt beim Erhitzen von 1 Mol. Orthoameisensäureester (37 g) mit 1 Mol. Acetondicarbonsäureester (50 g) und 2 Mol. Essigsäureanhydrid (51g) zwei Verbindungen, welche durch ihre verschiedene Lös- lichkeit in Benzol getrennt wurden. Die in Benzol leicht lösliche Verbindung erwies sich als Oxytrimesinsäureester^ Ci^HisOj, welcher aus Alkohol in weiXsen, bei 83® schmelzenden Nadeln krystalli- sirte und mit dem vonOst^) beschriebenen Ester völlig identisch gefunden wurde. Die in Benzol schwer lösliche Verbindung wurde als 2,4- Dioxypyridin - 5 - carbonsäureester^ (DioxynicotinsäureesterJ, CsH^NO«, erkannt, der aus Wasser in glänzenden, flachen, weifsen Nadeln, aus Alkohol in kürzeren Krystallen, aus Benzol in kleinen Blättchen krystallisirt und unter Zersetzung bei 213® schmilzt Die Baryunwerbindung , (CsHsN04)2Ba.6H2 0, bildet einen kry- stallinischen,. flockigen Niederschlag. Die Monoacetylverbindung^ C5H8N02(C2HhO)COOG2H,, durch Erhitzen des Esters mit Essig- säureanhydrid dargestellt, krystallisirt aus Alkohol in glänzenden, weilsen, flachen Nadeln, aus Benzol in kleinen, dicken Krystallen und schmilzt bei 147 bis 148®. Die Monobromverbindung, CöH^» BrN02(COOCjH5), wird durch Behandeln des Esters mit Brom- wasser in weifsen, derben, am Licht sich gelb färbenden, bei etwa 225®, ohne zu schmelzen, sich unter Schwärzung zersetzenden, in Wasser, Benzol und Ligroin unlöslichen Nadeln erhalten. Durch wässerige Kalilauge wird der Ester zu der 2^ 4 -Dioxypyridin- Ö-carbonsäure (Dioxynicoiinsäure)^ CgH-^NO^, verseift, welche äufserst feine, mikroskopische, bei etwa 310® schmelzende Nadeln darstellt. Die aus dem Monobromdioxynicotinsäureester durch Verseifen mit ») Gazz. chim. ital. 28, I, 481—499; Ber. 31, 1682—1692. — «) J. pr. Chem. [1] 14, 97. 2414 2, 4-Dioxypyridm. PyridondicarbonBäure. wässeriger Älkalilauge gewonnene Monobromdioxynicotinsäure^ CeH4BrN04, erscheint als ein krystallinisches , in Wasser kaum, in Alkohol leichter lösliches, bei etwa 250<>, ohne zu schmelzen, verkohlendes Pulver. Das J2^ d-Dioxypyridin, CsHßNOj, wird durch Erhitzen der Dioxynicotinsäure bezw. ihres Esters mit concen- trirter Salzsäure im geschlossenen Bohre erhalten, krystallisirt aus Wasser in grofsen, weilsen, undurchsichtigen, aus Alkohol in glänzenden, durchsichtigen Krystallen, die nach Messungen von La Valle dem rhombischen Systeme angehören, schmilzt unter Zersetzung bei 260 bis 265o und löst sich sehr wenig in kaltem Wasser und Alkohol, fast gar nicht in Aether. Die wässerige Lösung reagirt schwach sauer und giebt mit Eisen- chlorid eine rothbraune Färbung, mit Quecksilberchlorid eine weifse Fällung, mit Platinchlorid aber keine Fällung. Das scäzsawre Sah stellt eine weilse, strahlige, krystallinische Masse dar. Durch Bromwasser wird das Dioxypyridin in das Dibromdioxypyridin^ C^HjEr^NOa, umgewandelt, welches aus Wasser in weifsen Nadeln, aus Weingeist in kleinen Prismen krystallisirt und sich bei 225 bis 240<* in eine schwarze Masse verwandelt. Wird das Dioxy- pyridin in Natronlauge gelöst, mit der berechneten Menge Silber- nitrat behandelt und das so gewonnene Silbersalz mit Jodäthyl behandelt, so erhält man das Diäthoxypyridin, CsHisNOs, in Gestalt eines bei etwa 230 bis 232^ siedenden, intensiven Pyridin- geruch besitzenden, mit Wasserdämpfen sehr leicht flüchtigen Oeles, das schwerer als Wasser ist. Das PlatindoppdscUz bildet orangefarbene Nadeln, die Qitecksilberchloridverbindung weilse, bei 1670 schmelzende Nadeln. Das beim Behandeln einer Lösung des Dioxypyridins in Kalilauge mit Benzoylchlorid entstehende Dibenzoyldioxypyridin^ C19H13NO4, krystallisirt aus alkoholhaltigem Wasser in glänzenden, in Wasser, Basen und Säuren unlöslichen, in Weingeist leicht löslichen, bei 103^ schmelzenden Blättchen. Schliefslich erhielt Verfasser noch durch Erhitzen von 2 Mol. Orthoameisensäureester (30 g) mit 1 Mol. Acetondicarbonsäureester (20 g) und 4 Mol. Essigsäureanhydrid (41 g) den d-Pyridon-S, S-di- carbonsäureester ^ CuHisNOg, in Gestalt von silberglänzenden, flachen, bei 251^ schmelzenden, in Wasser und Benzol nicht, in Alkohol schwer, in Alkalien und starken Säuren leicht löslichen Nadeln. Durch mehrstündiges Erhitzen mit concentrirter Salz- säure im geschlossenen Bohre auf 165^ wird der Ester wahr- scheinlich zu der 4'Pyridon-3^ Ö-dicarbonsäure verseift, welche in warmem Wasser wenig, in kaltem Wasser kaum löslich ist, mit Eisenchlorid keine Farbenreaction giebt, bei etwa 315® unter 7-Pyridon. Dioxydinicotinsäureester. 2415 Braunfärbung und Eohlensäureentwickelung schmUzt und beim Erhitzen mit concentrirter Salzsäure im geschlossenen Bohre auf etwa 210 bis 21 5® in das y-Pyridon übergeht, welches eine in Wasser und Alkohol sehr leicht, in Aether und Chloroform sehr schwer lösliche, krystallinische Masse darstellt, mit Bromwasser einen in glänzenden Schuppen krystallisirenden, oberhalb 300^ ohne zu schmelzen, Terkohlenden Niederschlag giebt, und in wässeriger Lösung mit Quecksilberchlorid und Platinchlorid keine Fällungen liefert. Wt G. Errera. Derivate der Glutaconsäure 11^). — Verfasser fand, dafs die früher von ihm 2) durch Condensation von Chloroform mit Cyanessigester in Gegenwart von Natriumäthylat erhaltenen Verbindungen, welche er als die Cyangruppe enthaltende Ver- bindungen mit offener Kette angesehen hatte, sehr wahrscheinlich als zur Gruppe der Pyridine gehörig angesehen werden müssen, indem sich ergab, dafs die früher (1. c.) als Cyancwrhoxylglutacon' Säureester angesprochene Verbindung CnHisNO« nichts anderes ist, als der schon von Guthzeit^) beschriebene Dtoxydinicotinsäure- ester. Durch Condensation von Cyanessigester mit dem Aethoxy- methylenmalonsäureester erhielt Verfasser nämlich eine mit der früher (1. c.) von ihm beschriebenen Verbindung, CnHisNO^, vollkommen identische Verbindung, woraus geschlossen werden muXste, dafs diese Verbindung CnHigNOe der Dioxydinicotin- säureester ist Die früher (1. c.) ebenfalls beschriebene Verbindung CiiHieNaOe ist das aus dem wenig beständigen Nitrile des a,)/-Dicyanglutaconsäureesters entstandene Amid, welches unter Ammoniakabspaltung in den Dioxydinicotinsäureester übergeht Der früher bei 19P angegebene Schmelzpunkt des Dioxydinicotin- Säureesters wurde jetzt auch bei 199<^ gefunden, wie ihn Guthzeit (1. c.) auch angiebt Beim Behandeln des Esters mit der theo- retischen Menge Natrium erhält man das früher (1. c.) schon be- schriebene Natritfmsalis ^ C9HsNOeNa.2H20. Endlich mufs der früher (L c.) ebenfalls schon beschriebene Ester, C9H9NO4, und das Monobromderivat, CgHgBrNO«, desselben als der Äethylester der 2, ß'Dioxjfpyridin-S-carbonsäure bezw. dessen Monobromderivat angesehen werden. Wt Siegfrid Ruhemann und K. C. Browning. Bildung des Dihydroxydinicotinsäure-Aethyläthers aus Cyanessigsäure-Aethyl- äther*). — Die Verfasser studirten die Einwirkung von Chloro- ») Gazz. chim. ital. 28, I, 268—274; Ber. 31, 1241—1246. chim. ital. 27, II, 393; JB. f. 1897, S. 1673 f. — ») JB. f. 1893, S. 1741 f. — *) Chem. Soc. J. 73, 280—286; Chem. News 77, 116. 2416 Dibydroxydinicotinsäareester. a, ct'-Dihydroxypyridm. form auf Gyanessigsäure-Aethyläther in Gegenwart von Natrium- äthylat Sie erhielten beim Behandeln einer Lösung von 9,2 g Natrium in 150 g Alkohol mit 22,6 g Gyanessigsäure-Aethyläther und 12 g Chloroform die Natriumverbindung des Dicyanglutacon- säure -Äethyläthers, COOC2H5-C(CN)=CH-CNa(CN)-COOC,H5 .2HsO, die aus heifsem Wasser in langen, gelben, 2 MoL Kry- stallwasser enthaltenden Nadeln krystallisirt Dieselbe giebt beim Behandeln mit Silbemitrat die entsprechende Süberverbindung, C„HiiAgN2 04, in Gestalt eines gelblichen, in Wasser sehr schwer löslichen Niederschlages, und beim Behandeln mit Kupfersulfat die correspondirende Kupferverbindung^ (CiiHiiN2 04)2Cu.4HjO, in Form yon rothbraunen, glänzenden, in Wasser löslichen Nadeln. Der durch Zersetzen der Natriumverbindung mit Salzsäure ge- wonnene IHcyanglutaconsäure-Aethyläther^ CnHi^NjO^, krystallisirt aus Aceton in gelben, glänzenden, unter Zersetzung bei 187 bis 188® schmelzenden Tafeln und zersetzt sich nicht, wie der Di- carboxyglutaconsäure-Aethyläther^) mit Ammoniak, sondern wird beim Behandeln mit wässerigem Ammoniak in die Ammonium' Verbindung^ CiiHnN2 04.NHj. V2H5O, übergeführt, welche fast farblose, seideglänzende, in kaltem Wasser ziemlich leicht, in heifsem Wasser äufserst leicht lösliche, bei 162 bis 163® unter Zersetzung schmelzende Nadeln darstellt Durch Kochen mit ver- dünnter Salzsäure wird der Dicyanglutaconsäure-Aethyläther bezw. seine Natriumverbindung in den Dihydroxydinicotinsäure-Aethyl- äther^ CnHigNOg, übergeführt, welcher aus Alkohol in farblosen, bei 202^ schmelzenden Nadeln krystallisirt und in alkoholischer Lösung mit Eisenchlorid eine röthlich violette Färbung giebt. Beim andauernden Kochen mit Salzsäure zersetzt er sich unter Bildung von a^a'-Dihydroxypyridin, Aufser einer Natrium- und Ammoniumverbindung giebt der Dihydroxydinicotinsäure-Aethyl- äther auch eine aus Alkohol in zarten, farblosen, bei 198^^ sich zersetzenden Nadeln krystallisirende Phenylhydraeinverbindung^ C„Hi;iNO«.NH2NHC6H5. Beim Sättigen der Lösung des Dihydr- oxydinicotinsäure-Aethyläthers in concentrirter Salzsäure mit Chlor erhält man den Olhydroxydichlornicotinsäure- Aethyläther ^ CjjHj NO4CI2. Derselbe bildet, aus Alkohol krystallisirt, farblose, glän- zende, bei 248«^ sich zersetzende Tafeln, giebt in alkoholischer Lösung mit Eisenchlorid eine röthlich violette Färbung und ent- hält keine CO-, sondern zwei Hydroxylgruppen, da er mit Phenyl- *) Siehe Ruhemann und Morell, Chem. Soc. J. 59, 748; JB. f. 1891, S. 1702 f. Nitro-, Amidopsendolutidostyril. NitropBeudolutidoBtyrilcarbonsäure. 2417 hydrazin kein Phenylhydrazon, sondern nur ein Additionsproduct üefert Wt J. N. Collie und Thomas Tickle. Darstellung einiger Nitro- und Amidooxylutidine. Theil I^). — Die Verfasser er- hielten Näropseudölwtidostyril ^ CjHyNsO:,, durch Nitriren von Pseudolutidostyril ») (3 bis 4 g) in schwefelsaurer Lösung (6ccm) in einem gut gekühlten Gemische von rauchender Salpetersäure und Schwefelsäure. Der beim Eingiefsen des Nitrirungsproductes in das zehnfache Volumen Wasser ausfallende Nitrokörper krystal- lisirt aus SOproc. Essigsäure in hellgelben, unter Zersetzung bei 243 bis 250<> schmelzenden Nadeln, ist mit Wasserdämpfen nicht flüchtig, giebt mit Alkalien schöne, gelbe Verbindungen, und wird durch Zinn und Salzsäure zu Amidopsendolutidostyril , C5NH (6113)2 (0H)NH2, reducirt. Das bei der Reduction entstehende sahsaure Sole desselben, CyHioNaO.HCl, bildet Nadeln, zersetzt sich beim langsamen Erhitzen bei 235 bis 240^ und schmilzt beim raschen Erhitzen unter Zersetzung aber erst gegen 300®. Das aus dem- selben durch Behandeln mit Sodalösung abgeschiedene Amido- psetidölutidostyril erscheint nach dem Umkrystallisiren aus Wasser in nadeiförmigen, bei 205® (corr.) schmelzenden, in heilsem Wasser sehr leicht, in kaltem Wasser weniger löslichen Krystallen und ist bei 1000 schon nicht mehr beständig. Seine wässerige Lösung reducirt Silbernitrat- und Platinchloridlösung und giebt mit Eisen- chlorid anfangs eine rothe und dann eine hellgrüne Färbung. Seine Lösung in concentrirter Schwefelsäure giebt auf Zusatz eines Tropfens Salpetersäure eine starke purpurrothe Färbung.
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TLR5 signalling is hyper-responsive in porcine cystic fibrosis airways epithelium. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, 2022, 21 (2), pp.e117-e121. ⟨10.1016/j.jcf.2021.08.002⟩. ⟨hal-03556846⟩
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TLR5 signalling is hyper-responsive in porcine cystic fibrosis airways epithelium
Isabelle Fleurot, Raquel López-Gálvez, Pascal Barbry, Antoine Guillon, Mustapha Si-Tahar, Andrea Bähr, Nikolai Klymiuk, Jean-Claude Sirard, Ignacio Caballero
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Short Communication TLR5 signalling is hyper-responsive in porcine cystic fibrosis airways epithelium
Isabelle Fleurot a,1, Raquel López-Gálvez a,1, Pascal Barbry b, Antoine Guillon c,d, Mustapha Si-Tahar c,d, Andrea Bähr e, Nikolai Klymiuk e, Jean-Claude Sirard f, Ignacio Caballero a,∗ a INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR-1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F06560 Sophia Antipolis, France; c Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France d INSERM U1100, Centre d’étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), 37000 Tours, France e CIMM-Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models, LMU Munich, Germany f Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France b a r t i c l e i n f o
. It is unclear whether lung inflammation is related to an intrinsic defect in the immune response or to chronic infection. We aimed to determine whether TLR5-mediated response is defective in the CF airway epithelium. We used a newborn CF pig model to study intrinsic alterations in CF airway epithelium innate immune response. Airway epithelial cells (AECs) were stimulated with flagellin or lipopolysaccharide to determine responses specific for TLR5 and TLR4, respectively. We observed a significant increase in cytokine secretion when CF AECs were stimulated with flagellin compared to wild type (WT) AECs. These results were recapitulated when AECs were treated with an inhibitor of CFTR channel activity. We show that TLR5-signalling is altered in CF lung epithelium at birth. Modulation of TLR5 signalling could contribute to better control the excessive inflammatory response observed in CF lungs.
1. Introduction
Cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common lethal genetic disease in the Caucasian population, is a recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, rendering the protein non-functional [1]. It is characterized by chronic bacterial infection, mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, persistent inflammation with exacerbated recruitment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) into the lungs, excessive release of proteases and ultimately lung tissue destruction [1]. There is a long-standing debate regarding the links between CFTR mutations and the development of persistent infection and inflammation [1]. While some suggest that CFTR dysfunction leads to intrinsic inflammation [2], others hypothesize that excessive inflammation is rather the result of a lung environment that favours bacterial colonization [3]. The development of the mutated CFTRF508/F508 pig [4] and the CFTR−/− knockout pig [5], which mimic the human CF symptoms show that there is no intrinsic airways inflammation in naive, non-infected lungs [4]. However, their immune response upon a bacterial challenge seems to be altered facilitating lung colonization by the pathogen and consequently a pro-inflammatory lung environment [6]. Understanding the processes leading to this altered inflammatory response would be crucial to improve CF therapies. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the main family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system. In the CF context, TLR4 and TLR5, which interact with LPS and flagellin, respectively, are known to be major factors in the immune response to P. aeruginosa [7]. In particular, TLR5 response to flagellin has been suggested to play a role in the excessive inflammation observed in CF airway epithelial cells [8]. Here, we aimed to determine whether TLR5 signalling is defective in the CF airway epithelium using primary AECs from newborn CFTR−/− piglets.
∗
Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (I. Caballero).
R. López-Gálvez, P. Barbry et al. (2022) e117– Fig. 1. Newborn CFTR−/− piglets present an exacerbated TLR5 response. (A) Gene transcription analysis in airway epithelial cells from wild-type pigs treated with 50 μM of apical GlyH-101 or the vehicle for 24 h and stimulated for 5 h with 200 μl of either 100 ng/ml of apical FliC174-400 or the vehicle. Gene expression levels are shown relative to the mock group (treated with the vehicle). (B) Real-time RT-qPCR analysis of airway epithelial cells from newborn CFTR+/+ and CFTR−/− piglets stimulated for 5 h with either 200 μl of 100 ng/ml of apical FliC174-400 or the vehicle. Data were analysed by two-way ANOVA, using pig genotype and flagellin stimulation as factors, followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test. Data are representative of four experiments.
I R P Barbry .
2. Materials and methods 2.3. Production of recombinant flagellin 2.1. Ethics statement
The recombinant flagellin FliC174-400 came from S. enterica serovar Typhimurium FliC and was produced with an histidine tag, as described previously [10]. All experiments were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at INRAE. All experimental procedures were evaluated by the Ethics Committee of the Val de Loire (CEEA VdL, committee N°19) and approved by the Ministry of Higher Education and Research (APAFIS#1166-2015071615392426 Notification and APAFIS#1012520170602162555 Notification).
2.4. Development of a differentiated primary culture of airway epithelia (AECs) from newborn cystic fibrosis piglets
Bronchial epithelial cells from newborn CFTR+/+ and CFTR−/− piglets were differentiated under air-liquid-interface conditions as described in [11]. 2.2. Animals 2.5. cDNA pre-amplification and RT-qPCR on the BioMark HD real-time PCR platform
Male and female CFTR+/− transgenic pigs were provided by the LMU Munich, Germany [5], transferred to INRAE, Centre Val de Loire at Nouzilly (UE-PAO, INRAe Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France) and mated to generate CFTR+/+, CFTR+/− and CFTR−/− piglets. Piglets were genotyped and sacrificed as described in Guillon et al. [9]. Samples were collected within 6 hours of birth. Extracted total RNA was converted to cDNA by reverse transcription of 20 ng of RNA using the Nucleospin® RNA XS kit (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Pre-amplification was performed with cDNA diluted 1:10 in TE (10 mM Tris, 0.1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0, Fluka
Bio-
Fig. 2. Real-time qPCR analysis of differentiated airway epithelial cells from newborn CFTR+/+ and CFTR−/− piglets stimulated with LPS. Real-time RT-qPCR analysis of airway epithelial cells from newborn CFTR+/+ and CFTR−/− piglets stimulated for 5 h with 200 μl of 1 μg/ml of apical LPS. Gene expression was normalized against the unstimulated (Mock) CFTR+/+ group. Data were analysed by two-way ANOVA, using pig genotype and LPS stimulation as factors, followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test. Data are representative of three experiments. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 21 (2022) e117–e121 chemika #93283) using a Preamp Master Mix (Fluidigm, # 1005581). The pre-amplification thermal cycle conditions were: 95°C for 2 min followed by 14 cycles of 95°C for 15 seconds and 60°C for 4 min. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed in a 48 × 48 Dynamic Array Integrated Fluidic Circuits (Fluidigm). The quantitative RT-PCR data were analyzed using the 2Ct method. The results are expressed as relative fold change (Fc) in comparison with the wild type unstimulated control.
2.6. Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis were performed using the statistical package R version 4.0.1 and the packages ggplot2 and ggpubr. Intergroup differences were analysed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
3. Results 3.1. Flagellin induces an inflammatory response in airway epithelial cells that is exacerbated in cystic fibrosis
Airway epithelial
cells from WT piglets (cultured under ALI conditions) were treated for 24 h with GlyH-101 (a CFTR inhibitor) and then stimulated apically with the recombinant flagellin FliC174-400. We observed that inhibition of CFTR activity with GlyH-101 upregulated the expression of genes coding for inflammatory cytokines (CCL2, CXCL2) and regulation of the immune response (NFKBIA, NFKBIE) after flagellin administration (Fig. 1A). We also observed that a 24h supplementation of the AECs with GlyH101 was enough to increase the gene expression of the evaluated genes in the absence of an inflammatory stimulus (Fig. 1A). Our data suggest that TLR5 signalling could be altered after pharmacological inhibition of the CFTR channel. However, GlyH101 could also affect other types of Cl— conductance [12]. To confirm the data, we used AECs from newborn CFTR+/+ or CFTR−/− pigs. Stimulation of CFTR−/− AECs with FliC174-400 resulted in a significantly increased expression of CXCL2 CXCL8, which are known to play an important role in the recruitment of neutrophils into the lungs, NFKBIA and NFKBIZ genes (Fig. 1B). This excessive response to an inflammatory stimulus seemed to be specific for TLR5 since LPS stimulation did not induce a significant overexpression of inflammatory genes in CFTR−/− cells (Fig. 2). In addition, no differences were found in either TLR4 or TLR5 gene expression between CFTR+/+ or CFTR−/− AECs (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Real-time qPCR analysis of TLR4 and TLR5 expression in differentiated airway epithelial cells from newborn CFTR+/+ and CFTR−/− piglets. Gene expression was normalized against the CFTR+/+ group. Data were using the Mann– Whitney–Wilcoxon test. Data are representative of four independent experiments. role played by TLR5 signalling in the exaggerated cytokine production [8]. In addition, a recent study showed a decreased secretion of airway surface liquid in response to flagellin-expressing P. aeruginosa in the CF pig airways in vivo, suggesting a possible defect in TLR5 signaling [15]. No differences were observed when CFTR−/− AECs were stimulated with LPS, which could be related to a decreased sensitivity of AECs to LPS [16]. A possible mechanism explaining the CFTR−/− AECs increased response to flagellin could be the existence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the CF airways. ER-stress have been linked to chronic inflammatory diseases, such as CF [17]. In this regard, in vitro induction of ER-stress in the AECs increases their inflammatory response to flagellin [18]. Moreover, we observed that thapsigargin-induced ER-stress in the AECs leads to increased response to flagellin but not LPS (unpublished results). Our results differ somehow from a study by Bartlett et al [6] who analysed the impact on airway epithelium of heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus [6], which does not express flagellin [15], and which is therefore unable to activate TLR5 signalling. Very consistently, a recent study showed opposite effect in the induction of IL8 by S. aureus and P. aeruginosa in BEAS-2B airway epithelial cells, with P. aeruginosa strongly inducing IL-8 secretion, and S. aureus having a minimal effect [19]. In conclusion, our results suggest that TLR5 response is dysregulated in the CF airway epithelium. We point to TLR5 signalling as a key player in this exacerbated inflammatory response. Our data open new leads toward the design of novel immune-modulatory therapies targeting TLR5 that could improve the management of lung inflammation in CF. 4. Discussion
Regulation of innate immunity in CF has been a topic of controversy throughout the years. We have investigated this question in a relevant translational model of cystic fibrosis, the CF pig model [5]. Porcine lungs share many physiological features with those of humans. Moreover, the pig model also displays a similar lung inflammation upon infection by P. aeruginosa, the main CF pathogen, as observed in humans [13]. Also, recent findings show that newborn CF piglets do not present intrinsic inflammation in the lungs, which spontaneously develops later in life [4]. This feature makes the newborn CF pig model especially well-suited to evaluate early defects in innate immune signalling, avoiding confounding effects that could modify the airway epithelium response to an inflammatory stimulus. Our data, however, points to an exacerbated inflammatory response in the airway epithelium driven by TLR5 signalling dysregulation that does not seem to be related with a receptor overexpression. This is in line with earlier studies that describe an overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines airway epithelia from CF patients [14]. This fits also with the known major Declaration of
Competi
ng Interest
JC Sirard is inventor or co-inventor of Patent Applications WO2009156405, WO2011161491, WO2015011254 and e120 I. Fleurot, R. López-Gálvez, P. Barbry et al. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 21 (2022) e117–e121 WO2016102536 directed to recombinant flagellins for the prophylactic and therapeutic use in infectious diseases. [6] Bartlett JA, Ramachandran S, Wohlford-Lenane CL, Barker CK, Pezzulo AA, Zabner J, et al. Newborn Cystic Fibrosis Pigs Have a Blunted Early Response to an Inflammatory Stimulus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016;194(7):845–54. [7] Ramphal R, Balloy V, Jyot J, Verma A, Si-Tahar M, Chignard M. of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the lung requires the recognition of either lipopolysaccharide or flagellin. J Immunol 2008;181(1):586–92. [8] Blohmke CJ, Park J, Hirschfeld AF, Victor RE, Schneiderman J, Stefanowicz D, et al. TLR5 as an anti-inflammatory target and modifier gene in cystic fibrosis. J Immunol 2010;185(12):7731–8. [9] Guillon A, Chevaleyre C, Barc C, Berri M, Adriaensen H, Lecompte F, et al. Computed Tomography (CT) Scanning Facilitates Early Identification of Neonatal Cystic Fibrosis Piglets. PLoS One 2015;10(11):e0143459. [10] Porte R, Fougeron D, Munoz-Wolf N, Tabareau J, Georgel AF, Wallet F, et al. A Toll-Like Receptor 5 Agonist Improves the Efficacy of Antibiotics in Treatment of Primary and Influenza Virus-Associated Pneumococcal Mouse Infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015;59(10):6064–72. [11] Caballero I, Ringot-Destrez B, Si-Tahar M, Barbry P, Guillon A, Lantier I, et al. Evidence of early increased sialylation of airway mucins and defective mucociliary clearance in CFTR-deficient piglets. J Cyst Fibros 2020. [12] Melis N, Tauc M, Cougnon M, Bendahhou S, Giuliano S, Rubera I, et al. Revisiting CFTR inhibition: a comparative study of CFTRinh -172 and GlyH-101 inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol 2014;171(15):3716–27. [13] Chevaleyre C, Riou M, Brea D, Vandebrouck C, Barc C, Pezant J, et al. The Pig: A Relevant Model for Evaluating the Neutrophil Serine Protease Activities during Acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lung Infection. PLoS One 2016;11(12):e0168577. [14] Carrabino S, Carpani D, Livraghi A, Di Cicco M, Costantini D, Copreni E, et al. Dysregulated interleukin-8 secretion and NF-kappaB activity in human cystic fibrosis nasal epithelial cells. J Cyst Fibros 2006;5(2):113–19.
Luan X, Belev G, Tam JS, Jagadeeshan S, Hassan N, Gioino P, et al. Cystic fibrosis swine fail to secrete airway surface liquid in response to inhalation of pathogens
. Nat Commun 2017;8(1):786. [16] Guillot L, Medjane S, Le-Barillec K, Balloy V, Danel C, Chignard M, et al. Response of human pulmonary epithelial cells to lipopolysaccharide involves Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent signaling pathways: evidence for an intracellular compartmentalization of TLR4. J Biol Chem 2004;279(4):2712–18. [17] Tang AC, Saferali A, He G, Sandford AJ, Strug LJ, Turvey SE. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Chemokine Production in Cystic Fibrosis Airway Cells: Regulation by STAT3 Modulation. J Infect Dis 2017;215(2):293–302. [18] Fu Z, Bettega K, Carroll S, Buchholz KR, Machen TE. Role of Ca2+ in responses of airway epithelia to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, flagellin, ATP, and thapsigargin. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007;292(1):L353–64. [19] Chekabab SM, Silverman RJ, Lafayette SL, Luo Y, Rousseau S, Nguyen D. Staphylococcus aureus Inhibits IL-8 Responses Induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Airway Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2015;10(9):e0137753.
Isabelle Fleurot
: Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Writing – Review & Editing Raquel
Lopez-Galvez
: Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Writing – Review & Editing Pascal
Barbry
: Investigation, Writing – Review & Editing, Resources, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition Antoine
Guillon
: Investigation, Writing – Review & Editing
Mustapha Si-Tahar
: Validation, Writing – Original draft, Writing – Review & Editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition Andrea Bähr: Resources Nikola
i
Klymi
uk
: Resources, Funding acquisition
Jean-Claude Sirard
: Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – Original draft, Writing – Review & Editing, Resources, Project administration, Funding acquisition
Ignacio Caballero:
Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing
Original draft, Writing – Review & Editing, Visualization, Resources, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Association Vaincre la Mucoviscidose (grants RF20150501357, RF20160501644 and RF20170502036) and by Agence Nationale de la Recherche (grant ANR-18-CE200024). The authors are grateful to the Unité Expérimentale de Physiologie Animale de l’Orfrasière INRAe–Research Centre of Tours (France) for their technical support. References [1] Bodas M, Vij N. The NF-kappaB signaling in cystic fibrosis lung disease: pathophysiology and therapeutic potential. Discov Med 2010;9(47):346–56. [2] Jacquot J, Tabary O, Le Rouzic P, Clement A. Airway epithelial cell inflammatory signalling in cystic fibrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008;40(9):1703–15. [3] Hoegger MJ, Fischer AJ, McMenimen JD, Ostedgaard LS, Tucker AJ, Awadalla MA, et al. Impaired mucus detachment disrupts mucociliary transport in a piglet model of cystic fibrosis. Science 2014;345(6198):818–22. [4] Stoltz DA, Meyerholz DK, Pezzulo AA, Ramachandran S, Rogan MP, Davis GJ, et al. Cystic fibrosis pigs develop lung disease and exhibit defective bacterial eradication at birth. Sci Transl Med 2010;2(29):29ra31. [5] Klymiuk N, Mundhenk L, Kraehe K, Wuensch A, Plog S, Emrich D, et al. Sequential targeting of CFTR by BAC vectors generates a novel pig model of cystic fibrosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012;90(5):597–608. e121.
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0xbe5077ed, Anubian Noob, BackSlash, Luiggi Mendoza, Realdeo, Sotirios Delimanolis, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1065197, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1759845, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1911388, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2197700, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2872852, https://stackoverflow.com/users/438154
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How do I refer to a variable from a method in the same class
I surprisingly find this confusing. I must be missing something.
So I have this simple syntax
public class OMG{
public static void main(String args[]){
int hi=2;
letsDoIt();
System.out.println(hi);
}
public static void letsDoIt(){
hi+=1;
}
}
Obviously this cause an error, since hi is a local variable.
Judging from my experience from python I added this
public class OMG{
public static void main(String args[]){
int hi=2;
letsDoIt();
System.out.println(hi);
}
public static void letsDoIt(){
this.hi+=1;
}
}
Which adds extra error when non-static variable cannot be accessed from a static method.
I added static to hi
public class OMG{
public static void main(String args[]){
static int hi=2;
letsDoIt();
System.out.println(hi);
}
public static void letsDoIt(){
this.hi+=1;
}
}
The compiler scolds me for a illegal expression. I substitute the static with private (which some SO answers, recommend) but same error.
Where's my mistake? Is there any way I can solve this, without making global class?
You must put static int hi=2; out of the main method body.
You should start by reading a java tutorial and not base its syntax on some other language.
I suggest you read up on the concept of scope. See also here. Then you might want to find out what the keyword static means when applied to a method.
@SotiriosDelimanolis Unfortunately, I failed to find a java tutorial which covers this. I have a Java book beside me, but nothing about "this", so I made a stab in the dark.
You couldn't find a book or tutorial that covered the keywords this and static?
I tried, there's 2 question on 'this'. It talks about 3 function of 'this' but left out a example of the function of ' this ' in this kind of example.
That's because your example is not an example of an application of this. You need to read between the lines. The tutorials will tell you the purpose of this and static. You apply it accordingly.
@Realdeo my answer covers how can you use this to solve the problem.
You cannot declare static variables inside a method because static modifier means that a method or field belongs to the class.
The easiest solution to this problem would be to declare the variable as static class variable. Using this approach, you also need to remove this from this.hi in lestDoIt method. The code would be like this:
public class OMG {
static int hi=2;
public static void main(String args[]) {
letsDoIt();
System.out.println(hi);
}
public static void letsDoIt() {
hi+=1;
}
}
Another solution may be using a non static variable hi. This would need you to also remove the static modifier to the letsDoIt method to access to hi field, because static methods cannot access to instance fields because, as explained above, static means that a method or field belongs to the class and not to a specific object instance of the class.
The solution would be:
public class OMG {
int hi=2;
public static void main(String args[]) {
//note that we have to create a new instance of OMG
//because, again, static methods cannot access to non-static methods/fields
OMG omg = new OMG();
omg.letsDoIt();
System.out.println(omg.hi);
}
public void letsDoIt() {
this.hi+=1;
}
}
More info:
Java Tutorials. Using the this Keyword
Java Tutorials. Understanding Class Members
Static variables are variables of the class, not its instances. You can't have a static variable inside a method.
To fix this error, move hi outside the main method (keeping it static). Also get rid of the this in letsDoIt().
public class OMG {
static int hi=2;
public static void main(String args[]){
letsDoIt();
System.out.println(hi);
}
public static void letsDoIt() {
hi+=1;
}
}
I don't understand why you give a better explanation about static keyword on Java in another question but not here...
Also remove the this reference in the letsDoIt method
@LuiggiMendoza I don't follow. Another question I answered? Do you know which one?
There are two elements causing your issue.
variable hi must be referenced within a shared context between your main method and your letsDoIt method
because your main method is static, and so your letsDoIt, the will only have visibility on static fields (unless passed an instance as argument, that is)
Hence:
Declare hi as a static field of OMG:
public class OMG {
static int hi;
...
Remove the local variable declaration in your main method.
Reference it with OMG.hi or just hi within a static context, not with this.hi as this implies an instance of Main, which is not visible from a static context
You can not do "this.hi+=1" in a static context and in order to access the hi variable from "letsDoIt()" you have to declare it as a class variable like I did in the code below:
public class OMG{
public static int hi;
public static void main(String args[]){
hi=2;
letsDoIt();
System.out.println(hi);
}
public static void letsDoIt(){
hi+=1;
}
}
@LuiggiMendoza No, you can't. As this refers to the insance, and in a static context there is no instance at all. It will not compile.
@BackSlash oh right, I forgot that the method was static, silly me :).
| 6,427 |
https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%20%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%B9%DB%8C
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
فالکوپینگ مونیکیپالیٹی
|
https://ur.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=فالکوپینگ مونیکیپالیٹی&action=history
|
Urdu
|
Spoken
| 52 | 177 |
فالکوپینگ مونیکیپالیٹی ( سویڈش: Falköping Municipality) سویڈن کا ایک municipality of Sweden جو Skaraborg County میں واقع ہے۔
جڑواں شہر
شہر فالکوپینگ مونیکیپالیٹی کے جڑواں شہر کوکے ماکی، Hobro، Sigulda municipality و Fontanellato ہیں۔
مزید دیکھیے
سویڈن
فہرست سویڈن کے شہر
حوالہ جات
سویڈن کی بلدیات
Short description is different from Wikidata
| 23,328 |
https://github.com/padmarajkb/metamodel-membrane/blob/master/core/src/main/java/org/apache/metamodel/membrane/app/registry/cache/CachedTenantRegistryWrapper.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
metamodel-membrane
|
padmarajkb
|
Java
|
Code
| 379 | 1,139 |
package org.apache.metamodel.membrane.app.registry.cache;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import org.apache.metamodel.MetaModelException;
import org.apache.metamodel.membrane.app.exceptions.NoSuchTenantException;
import org.apache.metamodel.membrane.app.exceptions.TenantAlreadyExistException;
import org.apache.metamodel.membrane.app.registry.TenantContext;
/**
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* software distributed under the License is distributed on an
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
import org.apache.metamodel.membrane.app.registry.TenantRegistry;
import org.apache.metamodel.util.FileHelper;
import com.google.common.cache.CacheBuilder;
import com.google.common.cache.CacheLoader;
import com.google.common.cache.LoadingCache;
import com.google.common.cache.RemovalListener;
import com.google.common.cache.RemovalNotification;
import com.google.common.util.concurrent.UncheckedExecutionException;
public class CachedTenantRegistryWrapper implements TenantRegistry {
/**
* The default timeout (in seconds) before the cache evicts and closes the
* created {@link TenantContext}s.
*/
public static final int DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 10 * 60;
private final TenantRegistry delegate;
private final LoadingCache<String, TenantContext> loadingCache;
public CachedTenantRegistryWrapper(TenantRegistry delegate) {
this(delegate, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
}
public CachedTenantRegistryWrapper(TenantRegistry delegate, final long cacheTimeout,
final TimeUnit cacheTimeoutUnit) {
this.delegate = delegate;
this.loadingCache = CacheBuilder.newBuilder().expireAfterAccess(cacheTimeout, cacheTimeoutUnit).removalListener(
createRemovalListener()).build(createCacheLoader());
}
private RemovalListener<String, TenantContext> createRemovalListener() {
return new RemovalListener<String, TenantContext>() {
@Override
public void onRemoval(final RemovalNotification<String, TenantContext> notification) {
final TenantContext tenantContext = notification.getValue();
// TenantContexts could be closeable - attempt closing it here
FileHelper.safeClose(tenantContext);
}
};
}
private CacheLoader<String, TenantContext> createCacheLoader() {
return new CacheLoader<String, TenantContext>() {
@Override
public TenantContext load(final String key) throws Exception {
return delegate.getTenantContext(key);
}
};
}
@Override
public List<String> getTenantIdentifiers() {
return delegate.getTenantIdentifiers();
}
@Override
public TenantContext getTenantContext(String tenantIdentifier) throws NoSuchTenantException {
try {
return loadingCache.getUnchecked(tenantIdentifier);
} catch (UncheckedExecutionException e) {
final Throwable cause = e.getCause();
if (cause instanceof RuntimeException) {
throw (RuntimeException) cause;
}
throw new MetaModelException("Unexpected error happened while getting TenantContext '" + tenantIdentifier
+ "' from cache", e);
}
}
@Override
public TenantContext createTenantContext(String tenantIdentifier) throws IllegalArgumentException,
TenantAlreadyExistException {
final TenantContext tenantContext = delegate.createTenantContext(tenantIdentifier);
loadingCache.put(tenantContext.getTenantName(), tenantContext);
return tenantContext;
}
@Override
public void deleteTenantContext(String tenantIdentifier) throws NoSuchTenantException {
delegate.deleteTenantContext(tenantIdentifier);
loadingCache.invalidate(tenantIdentifier);
}
}
| 4,710 |
https://github.com/michaelarnauts/wso-wsf-php/blob/master/wsf_c/axis2c/include/axis2_handler_desc.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
wso-wsf-php
|
michaelarnauts
|
C
|
Code
| 1,151 | 2,793 |
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
* The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
#ifndef AXIS2_HANDLER_DESC_H
#define AXIS2_HANDLER_DESC_H
/**
* @defgroup axis2_handler_desc handler description
* @ingroup axis2_desc
* handler description captures information on a handler. Each handler in the
* system has an associated handler description. Deployment engine would create
* handler descriptions based on configuration information. When handlers are
* loaded from shared libraries, the information captured in handler description
* would be used.
* @{
*/
/**
* @file axis2_handler_desc.h
*/
#include <axutil_utils_defines.h>
#include <axutil_qname.h>
#include <axutil_param.h>
#include <axutil_param_container.h>
#include <axis2_phase_rule.h>
#include <axis2_handler.h>
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C"
{
#endif
/** Type name for struct axis2_handler_desc */
typedef struct axis2_handler_desc axis2_handler_desc_t;
/**
* Gets QName.
* @param handler_desc pointer to handler description
* @param env pointer to environment struct
* @return pointer to QName, returns a reference, not a cloned copy
*/
AXIS2_EXTERN const axutil_string_t *AXIS2_CALL
axis2_handler_desc_get_name(
const axis2_handler_desc_t * handler_desc,
const axutil_env_t * env);
/**
* Sets QName.
* @param handler_desc pointer to handler description
* @param env pointer to environment struct
* @param name pointer to string representing handler name
* of QName
* @return AXIS2_SUCCESS on success, else AXIS2_FAILURE
*/
AXIS2_EXTERN axis2_status_t AXIS2_CALL
axis2_handler_desc_set_name(
axis2_handler_desc_t * handler_desc,
const axutil_env_t * env,
axutil_string_t * name);
/**
* Gets phase rules.
* @param handler_desc pointer to handler description
* @param env pointer to environment struct
* @return pointer to phase rule struct containing phase rules
*/
AXIS2_EXTERN axis2_phase_rule_t *AXIS2_CALL
axis2_handler_desc_get_rules(
const axis2_handler_desc_t * handler_desc,
const axutil_env_t * env);
/**
* Sets phase rules.
* @param handler_desc pointer to handler description
* @param env pointer to environment struct
* @param phase_rule pointer to phase rule struct, handler description
* assumes ownership of the struct
* @return AXIS2_SUCCESS on success, else AXIS2_FAILURE
*/
AXIS2_EXTERN axis2_status_t AXIS2_CALL
axis2_handler_desc_set_rules(
axis2_handler_desc_t * handler_desc,
const axutil_env_t * env,
axis2_phase_rule_t * phase_rule);
/**
* Gets named parameter.
* @param handler_desc pointer to handler description
* @param env pointer to environment struct
* @param name parameter name string
* @return pointer to parameter if found, else NULL. Return a reference
* not a cloned copy
*/
AXIS2_EXTERN axutil_param_t *AXIS2_CALL
axis2_handler_desc_get_param(
const axis2_handler_desc_t * handler_desc,
const axutil_env_t * env,
const axis2_char_t * name);
/**
* Adds given parameter to the parameter list.
* @param handler_desc pointer to handler description
* @param env pointer to environment struct
* @param param pointer to param
* @return AXIS2_SUCCESS on success, else AXIS2_FAILURE
*/
AXIS2_EXTERN axis2_status_t AXIS2_CALL
axis2_handler_desc_add_param(
axis2_handler_desc_t * handler_desc,
const axutil_env_t * env,
axutil_param_t * param);
/**
* Gets all parameters stored within handler description.
* @param handler_desc pointer to handler description
* @param env pointer to environment struct
* @return pointer to array list containing parameters, returns a
* reference, not a cloned copy
*/
AXIS2_EXTERN axutil_array_list_t *AXIS2_CALL
axis2_handler_desc_get_all_params(
const axis2_handler_desc_t * handler_desc,
const axutil_env_t * env);
/**
* Checks if the named parameter is locked at any level
* @param handler_desc pointer to handler description
* @param env pointer to environment struct
* @param param_name parameter name string
* @return AXIS2_TRUE if the parameter is locked, else AXIS2_FALSE
*/
AXIS2_EXTERN axis2_bool_t AXIS2_CALL
axis2_handler_desc_is_param_locked(
const axis2_handler_desc_t * handler_desc,
const axutil_env_t * env,
const axis2_char_t * param_name);
/**
* Gets the handler associated with the handler description.
* @param handler_desc pointer to handler description
* @param env pointer to environment struct
* @return pointer to handler, returns a reference, not a cloned copy
*/
AXIS2_EXTERN axis2_handler_t *AXIS2_CALL
axis2_handler_desc_get_handler(
const axis2_handler_desc_t * handler_desc,
const axutil_env_t * env);
/**
* Sets the handler associated with the handler description.
* @param handler_desc pointer to handler description
* @param env pointer to environment struct
* @param handler pointer to handler, handler description assumes
* the ownership of the handler
* @return AXIS2_SUCCESS on success, else AXIS2_FAILURE
*/
AXIS2_EXTERN axis2_status_t AXIS2_CALL
axis2_handler_desc_set_handler(
axis2_handler_desc_t * handler_desc,
const axutil_env_t * env,
axis2_handler_t * handler);
/**
* Gets the class name. Class name is the name of the shared library
* file that contains the implementation of the handler.
* @param handler_desc pointer to handler description
* @param env pointer to environment struct
* @return class name string
*/
AXIS2_EXTERN const axis2_char_t *AXIS2_CALL
axis2_handler_desc_get_class_name(
const axis2_handler_desc_t * handler_desc,
const axutil_env_t * env);
/**
* Sets the class name. Class name is the name of the shared library
* file that contains the implementation of the handler.
* @param handler_desc pointer to handler description
* @param env pointer to environment struct
* @param class_name class name string
* @return AXIS2_SUCCESS on success, else AXIS2_FAILURE
*/
AXIS2_EXTERN axis2_status_t AXIS2_CALL
axis2_handler_desc_set_class_name(
axis2_handler_desc_t * handler_desc,
const axutil_env_t * env,
const axis2_char_t * class_name);
/**
* Gets the parent. Parent of handler description is of type parameter
* container.
* @param handler_desc pointer to handler description
* @param env pointer to environment struct
* @return pointer to parent parameter container, returns a reference,
* not a cloned copy
*/
AXIS2_EXTERN axutil_param_container_t *AXIS2_CALL
axis2_handler_desc_get_parent(
const axis2_handler_desc_t * handler_desc,
const axutil_env_t * env);
/**
* Gets the parent. Parent of handler description is of type parameter
* container.
* @param handler_desc pointer to handler description
* @param env pointer to environment struct
* @param parent pointer to parent parameter container struct, handler
* description assumes ownership of struct
* @return AXIS2_SUCCESS on success, else AXIS2_FAILURE
*/
AXIS2_EXTERN axis2_status_t AXIS2_CALL
axis2_handler_desc_set_parent(
axis2_handler_desc_t * handler_desc,
const axutil_env_t * env,
axutil_param_container_t * parent);
/**
* Frees handler description.
* @param handler_desc pointer to handler description
* @param env pointer to environment struct
* @return AXIS2_SUCCESS on success, else AXIS2_FAILURE
*/
AXIS2_EXTERN void AXIS2_CALL
axis2_handler_desc_free(
axis2_handler_desc_t * handler_desc,
const axutil_env_t * env);
/**
* Gets the param container.
* @param handler_desc pointer to handler description
* @param env pointer to environment struct
* @return pointer to parameter container, returns a reference,
* not a cloned copy
*/
AXIS2_EXTERN axutil_param_container_t *AXIS2_CALL
axis2_handler_desc_get_param_container(
const axis2_handler_desc_t * handler_desc,
const axutil_env_t * env);
/**
* Creates handler description struct instance.
* @param env pointer to env pointer to environment struct
* @param name pointer to string representing handler name, can be NULL, create function
* clones this
* @return pointer to newly created handler description struct
*/
AXIS2_EXTERN axis2_handler_desc_t *AXIS2_CALL
axis2_handler_desc_create(
const axutil_env_t * env,
axutil_string_t * name);
/** @} */
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
#endif /* AXIS2_HANDLER_DESC_H */
| 46,393 |
https://github.com/xuezhihuixzh/flutter_wanandroid/blob/master/lib/data/model/user_model.dart
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
flutter_wanandroid
|
xuezhihuixzh
|
Dart
|
Code
| 216 | 756 |
class UserModel {
UserData data;
int errorCode;
String errorMsg;
UserModel({this.data, this.errorCode, this.errorMsg});
UserModel.fromJson(Map<String, dynamic> json) {
data = json['data'] != null ? new UserData.fromJson(json['data']) : null;
errorCode = json['errorCode'];
errorMsg = json['errorMsg'];
}
Map<String, dynamic> toJson() {
final Map<String, dynamic> data = new Map<String, dynamic>();
if (this.data != null) {
data['data'] = this.data.toJson();
}
data['errorCode'] = this.errorCode;
data['errorMsg'] = this.errorMsg;
return data;
}
}
class UserData {
bool admin;
List<dynamic> chapterTops;
List<int> collectIds;
String email;
String icon;
int id;
String nickname;
String password;
String publicName;
String token;
int type;
String username;
UserData(
{this.admin,
this.chapterTops,
this.collectIds,
this.email,
this.icon,
this.id,
this.nickname,
this.password,
this.publicName,
this.token,
this.type,
this.username});
UserData.fromJson(Map<String, dynamic> json) {
admin = json['admin'];
if (json['chapterTops'] != null) {
chapterTops = new List<Null>();
json['chapterTops'].forEach((v) {
chapterTops.add(v);
});
}
collectIds = json['collectIds'].cast<int>();
email = json['email'];
icon = json['icon'];
id = json['id'];
nickname = json['nickname'];
password = json['password'];
publicName = json['publicName'];
token = json['token'];
type = json['type'];
username = json['username'];
}
Map<String, dynamic> toJson() {
final Map<String, dynamic> data = new Map<String, dynamic>();
data['admin'] = this.admin;
if (this.chapterTops != null) {
data['chapterTops'] = this.chapterTops.map((v) => v.toJson()).toList();
}
data['collectIds'] = this.collectIds;
data['email'] = this.email;
data['icon'] = this.icon;
data['id'] = this.id;
data['nickname'] = this.nickname;
data['password'] = this.password;
data['publicName'] = this.publicName;
data['token'] = this.token;
data['type'] = this.type;
data['username'] = this.username;
return data;
}
}
| 26,598 |
https://github.com/vfishv/SmartChart/blob/master/app/src/main/java/com/bin/david/smartchart/bean/MainItem.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
SmartChart
|
vfishv
|
Java
|
Code
| 66 | 188 |
package com.bin.david.smartchart.bean;
/**
* Created by huang on 2017/10/13.
*/
public class MainItem {
public Class clazz;
public String chartName;
public MainItem(Class clazz, String chartName) {
this.clazz = clazz;
this.chartName = chartName;
}
public Class getClazz() {
return clazz;
}
public void setClazz(Class clazz) {
this.clazz = clazz;
}
public String getChartName() {
return chartName;
}
public void setChartName(String chartName) {
this.chartName = chartName;
}
}
| 30,790 |
https://openalex.org/W3010969208
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,020 |
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the associations between body mass index, prostate cancer, advanced prostate cancer, and prostate-specific antigen
|
Sean Harrison
|
English
|
Spoken
| 14,306 | 25,850 |
Systematic review and meta‑analysis of the associations
between body mass index, prostate cancer, advanced prostate cancer,
and prostate‑specific antigen Sean Harrison1,2 · Kate Tilling1,2 · Emma L. Turner1 · Richard M. Martin1,3 · Rosie Lennon4 · J. Athene Lane1,3 ·
Jenny L. Donovan1,5 · Freddie C. Hamdy6 · David E. Neal6,7 · J. L. H. Ruud Bosch8 · Hayley E. Jones1 Sean Harrison1,2 · Kate Tilling1,2 · Emma L. Turner1 · Richard M. Martin1,3 · Rosie Lennon4 · J. Athene Lane1,3 ·
Jenny L. Donovan1,5 · Freddie C. Hamdy6 · David E. Neal6,7 · J. L. H. Ruud Bosch8 · Hayley E. Jones1 Received: 23 August 2019 / Accepted: 27 February 2020 / Published online: 11 March 2020
© The Author(s) 2020 * Sean Harrison
[email protected] Cancer Causes & Control (2020) 31:431–449
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-020-01291-3 Cancer Causes & Control (2020) 31:431–449
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-020-01291-3 REVIEW ARTICLE 5
National Institute for Health Research Collaboration
for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West,
University Hospitals Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, England
6
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University
of Oxford, Oxford, England
7
Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
8
Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Utrecht,
Utrecht, The Netherlands Abstract Purpose The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and prostate cancer remains unclear. However, there is an inverse
association between BMI and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), used for prostate cancer screening. We conducted this review
to estimate the associations between BMI and (1) prostate cancer, (2) advanced prostate cancer, and (3) PSA. Purpose The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and prostate cancer remains unclear. However, there is an inverse
association between BMI and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), used for prostate cancer screening. We conducted this review
to estimate the associations between BMI and (1) prostate cancer, (2) advanced prostate cancer, and (3) PSA. Methods We searched PubMed and Embase for studies until 02 October 2017 and obtained individual participant data
from four studies. In total, 78 studies were identified for the association between BMI and prostate cancer, 21 for BMI and
advanced prostate cancer, and 35 for BMI and PSA. We performed random-effects meta-analysis of linear associations of
log-PSA and prostate cancer with BMI and, to examine potential non-linearity, of associations between categories of BMI
and each outcome. Methods We searched PubMed and Embase for studies until 02 October 2017 and obtained individual participant data
from four studies. In total, 78 studies were identified for the association between BMI and prostate cancer, 21 for BMI and
advanced prostate cancer, and 35 for BMI and PSA. We performed random-effects meta-analysis of linear associations of
log-PSA and prostate cancer with BMI and, to examine potential non-linearity, of associations between categories of BMI
and each outcome. Results In the meta-analyses with continuous BMI, a 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI was associated with a percentage change
in PSA of − 5.88% (95% CI − 6.87 to − 4.87). Using BMI categories, compared to normal weight men the PSA levels of
overweight men were 3.43% lower (95% CI − 5.57 to − 1.23), and obese men were 12.9% lower (95% CI − 15.2 to − 10.7). Prostate cancer and advanced prostate cancer analyses showed little or no evidence associations. Conclusion There is little or no evidence of an association between BMI and risk of prostate cancer or advanced prostate
cancer, and strong evidence of an inverse and non-linear association between BMI and PSA. The association between BMI
and prostate cancer is likely biased if missed diagnoses are not considered. Eligibility criteria We performed a systematic review in which we included
original articles published in peer reviewed journals that
measured an association between BMI and total prostate
cancer incidence and/or advanced prostate cancer; and stud-
ies that measured an association between BMI and PSA,
including supplements and meeting abstracts; human rand-
omized controlled trials (RCTs), case–control, cohort, cross-
sectional, and non-randomized experimental studies. If the
abstract did not specifically mention BMI but mentioned
height or weight, we acquired the full text to determine if
BMI was calculable from data included in the publication. g
BMI has also been inversely associated with prostate-
specific antigen (PSA) [10], although no previous meta-
analysis of this relationship exists. The presence of such an
association could bias observed relationships between BMI
and prostate cancer as PSA testing often plays a key role in
diagnosis. More specifically, a negative association between
BMI and PSA could lead to a spurious negative association
or mask a positive association between BMI and localized
prostate cancer, as obese men, with lower PSA values, would
be less likely to be offered a biopsy as the result of a PSA
test. A negative association between BMI and PSA could
also induce a spurious positive association between BMI
and advanced prostate cancer, as obese men may be diag-
nosed later, due to their lower PSA levels. In addition, if the
association between BMI and prostate cancer (or advanced
prostate cancer) is non-linear, then studies with different
distributions of BMI will give rise to different estimates
of the BMI-prostate cancer association. There may also be
an association between BMI and prostate cancer screening
behavior (including uptake of PSA testing), though stud-
ies have shown conflicting results. In the USA, men with
high BMI values were more likely to receive PSA tests [11],
whereas in the UK men with both very low and high BMI
values were less likely to receive a PSA test [12]. This fur-
ther complicates the relationship between BMI and prostate
cancer diagnosis (though not BMI and PSA values), and this
review does not aim to assess this association. Abstract rds Prostate cancer · Prostate-specific antigen · Body mass index · Screening · Meta-analysis · Syste Vol.:(0123456789)
1 3
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this
article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-020-01291-3) contains
supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Sean Harrison
[email protected]
1
Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical
School, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
2
Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit,
University of Bristol, Bristol, England
3
National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical
Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS
Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, England
4
Department of Environment and Geography, University
of York, York, England
5
National Institute for Health Research Collaboration
for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West,
University Hospitals Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, England
6
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University
of Oxford, Oxford, England
7
Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
8
Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Utrecht,
Utrecht, The Netherlands Electronic supplementary material The online version of this
article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-020-01291-3) contains
supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 5
National Institute for Health Research Collaboration
for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West,
University Hospitals Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, England
6
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University
of Oxford, Oxford, England
7
Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
8
Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Utrecht,
Utrecht, The Netherlands 5
National Institute for Health Research Collaboration
for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West,
University Hospitals Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, England
6
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University
of Oxford, Oxford, England
7
Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
8
Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Utrecht,
Utrecht, The Netherlands * Sean Harrison
[email protected] [email protected]
1
Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical
School, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
2
Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit,
University of Bristol, Bristol, England
3
National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical
Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS
Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, England
4
Department of Environment and Geography, University
of York, York, England (0121 23456789)
3 432 Cancer Causes & Control (2020) 31:431–449 We systematically reviewed the literature for all relevant
studies and performed meta-analyses. We also examined
these relationships using individual participant data (IPD)
from prostate cancer studies. Abstract In analyzing the IPD studies,
we aimed to account for incomplete and PSA-dependent
diagnosis by imputing prostate cancer status for all men who
did not receive a biopsy, and in doing, avoid potential bias
resulting from an association between BMI and PSA. Background Prostate cancer is the second commonest male cancer
worldwide, [1] and the most commonly diagnosed cancer
in men in the UK, with an estimated 47,151 diagnoses in
2015 [2]. Generally, most prostate cancers are slow grow-
ing, but can metastasize to the bones, lungs, and brain. Worldwide, there were an estimated 307,000 deaths from
prostate cancer in 2012 [1], and in the UK, around 11,600
men died from prostate cancer in 2016 [2]. Our objectives were to i) precisely quantify the (assumed
linear) associations between BMI and prostate cancer,
advanced prostate cancer, and PSA; ii) update previ-
ous meta-analyses using all relevant evidence, including
case–control studies; and iii) explore potential non-linear-
ity in these associations. Our overall aim was to understand
whether BMI is a risk factor for prostate cancer, and to iden-
tify whether failure to account for the role of PSA in many
prostate cancer diagnoses is likely to lead to biased estimates
of the association between BMI and prostate cancer. Body mass index (BMI) has been associated with
many cancers [3], but its association with prostate can-
cer is unclear. Previous meta-analyses and reviews have
suggested that BMI is not associated with prostate cancer
[4, 5], positively associated with prostate cancer [6, 7],
inversely associated with localized prostate cancer [8], and
positively associated with advanced [8], aggressive [9],
high-grade, and fatal prostate cancers [4]. These meta-
analyses were either limited to cohort studies [4, 5, 7, 8] or
in need of updating [6, 7]. Additionally, no meta-analysis
assessed potential non-linear associations between BMI
and risk of prostate cancer or advanced prostate cancer. We therefore sought to perform an updated review of the
literature, including more studies, and additionally exam-
ining non-linear associations. Data sources We searched Medline and Embase databases up to 02 Octo-
ber 2017 for studies in humans associating BMI with either
prostate cancer or PSA. The search query was as follows
(each term as a text word search): (BMI or body mass index
or obese or obesity or body weight or body size or adipos-
ity) AND (prostate cancer or prostate neoplasm or PSA or
prostate-specific antigen) NOT psoriatic arthritis. Psoriatic
arthritis was excluded as its initialism is also PSA. We also
reviewed the reference lists of previous meta-analyses for
further studies for inclusion [6, 8, 14]. Duplicate studies
were removed prior to download using the Ovid deduplica-
tion tool. We estimated linear associations, taking BMI as a con-
tinuous exposure variable, and assessing the possibility
of non-linear associations by coding BMI as a categori-
cal exposure. Specifically, we estimated linear associa-
tions between BMI and the log odds of prostate cancer or
advanced prostate cancer, and between BMI and log trans-
formed PSA. For simplicity, we refer to linear associations
as “continuous” throughout. The following BMI categories
were used: normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2), overweight
(25 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m2), and obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). We refer to these as “categorical” associations throughout. g
g
When several papers reported on the same study, for con-
tinuous associations we prioritized papers that presented
continuous effect estimates (e.g., HR or OR per 1 kg/m2
increase in BMI) over papers presenting categorical effect
estimates (e.g., HR or OR for overweight and obese groups
versus normal weight), and these were prioritized over mean
differences. For categorical associations, we extracted esti-
mates from papers presenting categorical associations only. If duplicate studies presented the same effect estimate types
in multiple papers, the paper with the largest number of
participants was used in the meta-analysis. If both adjusted
(e.g., for potential confounders such as age, ethnicity, etc.)
and unadjusted results were given in the same paper, the
most-adjusted model was used in the meta-analysis.fi Eligibility criteria We excluded reviews, books, commentaries, letters, and
animal and cell-line studies; studies examining pre-malig-
nant disease if there was no mention of prostate cancer or
PSA; studies where BMI was measured after diagnosis of
prostate cancer, as this increases the likelihood of reverse
causality; and studies that we considered to be at critical risk
of bias (see ‘Risk of Bias Assessment’ below).f We determined the effect estimate to be for advanced
prostate cancer if the individual studies labeled the effect as
“advanced” or “aggressive,” or if the effect was for locally
advanced, extra-prostatic, nodular or metastatic prostate
cancer. Advanced prostate cancer represents clinically
meaningful cancer, with lower survival rates than non-
advanced cancers. High-grade prostate cancer on its own
was not considered equivalent to advanced prostate cancer
and was not extracted, as the definition of “high-grade” has
been inconsistent over time, incorporating Gleason scores 1 3 3 3 433 Cancer Causes & Control (2020) 31:431–449 (the definition of which has changed over time [13]), tumor,
node, metastases [TNM] scores, and PSA levels. (the definition of which has changed over time [13]), tumor,
node, metastases [TNM] scores, and PSA levels. as an outcome rather than PSA as we assumed a multiplica-
tive association between BMI and PSA, which fits with the
theory that haemodilution is responsible for any observed
association [16]. Studies reported associations in a variety
of ways; a detailed list of the statistical conversions used to
estimate the ORs, HRs, and regression coefficients and their
standard errors (SEs) is in Supplementary appendix 1. Data extraction One author (SH) screened the titles and abstracts of all
papers for inclusion and retrieved full texts for all studies
that met the inclusion criteria. Full texts were also sought
if no abstract was available or if the abstract did not include
sufficient information to decide on inclusion. We also sought
full texts for conference abstracts, if a corresponding full text
was not found in the original search. If no full text could be
found, and the abstract provided insufficient information for
inclusion, the study was excluded. We excluded one pub-
lished paper where we could not locate a full text [15]. One author (SH) screened all full texts for inclusion, and
one of three independent reviewers (KT, ET, HJ) reviewed
the first 60 full texts to check for consistency. We resolved
any inconsistency with discussion to clarify screening crite-
ria. A random subset of the remaining studies [30 full texts]
was also reviewed by the independent reviewers to check for
drift from inclusion/exclusion criteria. If the data were insufficient to estimate a regression coef-
ficient, OR or HR and SE, we extracted a p value, the num-
ber of participants and direction of association from the most
relevant analysis for use in an albatross plot [17]. Risk of bias assessment The overall risk of bias was not low in any study, as all
studies were observational and thus potentially subject to
unmeasured confounding. We determined that a study had a critical risk of bias if
i) age was not accounted for in either the design or analy-
sis of the study and, for BMI-prostate cancer case–control
studies, if there was more than a 3-year difference in the
mean or median ages of cases and controls, because age is
strongly associated with BMI [22], prostate cancer risk [23],
and PSA [23]; or ii) if the design of the study was such that
participation was conditional upon PSA levels, both for the
association between BMI and PSA (as this would involve
conditioning on the outcome) and the association between
BMI and prostate cancer (as this would involve conditioning
on a collider) [24]. For each IPD study, we requested data measured at
baseline on BMI and PSA, as well as age, family history
of prostate cancer and ethnicity. We also requested data on
prostate cancer status (including tumor, node, metastases
[TNM], and Gleason scores). For each man who was not
biopsied, we imputed prostate cancer status by the end of
the study in which he participated using multiple imputa-
tion. We included baseline age, BMI, log-PSA, family his-
tory of prostate cancer, and study as explanatory variables
to predict prostate cancer status using multiple imputation. BMI, log-PSA, and family history of prostate cancer were
also imputed if missing. Studies with a critical risk of bias were excluded prior to
analysis and were not considered further. In the studies found in the systematic review, it was gen-
erally unclear whether men considered as not having prostate
cancer had received biopsies. Usually, the controls were “not
known to have prostate cancer,” rather than “known not to
have prostate cancer.” Therefore, screening could have intro-
duced bias in the association between BMI and prostate can-
cer. Although we did not consider this a critical risk of bias,
we sought to investigate and quantify this bias using large
studies where biopsy status was known, and IPD available. We checked the validity of the imputation model by
checking whether the predicted incidence of prostate cancer
among men without prostate biopsies was credible, given
results from autopsy studies [30]. Risk of bias assessment Both SH and RL independently extracted all relevant data
from included studies, with disagreements resolved by dis-
cussion. The first ten extractions were also performed by
HEJ, KT, and ELT to check for consistency. SH and RL assessed the risk of bias in each study inde-
pendently using an assessment tool created for a previous
meta-analysis [18], with disagreements resolved by discus-
sion. This tool uses the categories of assessment from a draft
of the ROBINS-I tool [19], and questions from the CASP
case–control and cohort questionnaires [20, 21], see Sup-
plementary appendix 2. We categorized prostate cancer studies as “before” if BMI
was measured on average at least two years before diagnosis
(prospective studies), and “same time” if BMI was measured
on average less than two years before diagnosis. In general,
“before” studies were cohort studies and “same time” stud-
ies were case–control studies. We considered the “before”
studies to be at lower risk of reverse causation. We assessed risk of bias in six categories: confounding,
selection of participants, missing data, outcome measure-
ment, exposure measurement, and results’ reporting. We
assigned overall and category-specific risks of bias: either
low, moderate, high, critical, or unclear (if there was insuffi-
cient information to assign a risk). We based the overall risk
of bias on a subjective combination of the category-specific We extracted data that were (or could be transformed to)
an odds ratio (OR) or hazard ratio (HR) quantifying the con-
tinuous association between BMI and total and advanced
prostate cancer risk, and a regression coefficient for the
association between BMI and log-PSA. Log-PSA was used 1 3 3 Cancer Causes & Control (2020) 31:431–449 434 included men with a PSA less than 3.0 ng/ml, biasing both
the BMI-PSA and BMI-prostate cancer analyses, and as such
was excluded from the meta-analyses due to the critical risk
of bias from conditioning on a collider or outcome. Imputa-
tion is valid if the missing data (prostate cancer status) is
missing at random given other variables in the imputation
model, so imputing prostate cancer is not biased even though
PCPT is restricted to men with a PSA less than 3.0 ng/ml, as
PSA is in the imputation model [29]. risk of biases, looking at the maximum risk of bias that
could have been introduced into the study by each category. Risk of bias assessment Additionally, we visually
inspected a plot of estimated prostate cancer risk against
PSA for the imputed studies, to see whether the predicted
risk of prostate cancer at low PSA levels for each study was
plausible (see Supplementary Appendix 3.4). Individual participant data studies In each of the three included IPD studies, we estimated
associations between BMI and (1) prostate cancer, (2)
advanced prostate cancer, and (3) PSA. We restricted the
analyses to men with white ethnicity (due to low numbers
of non-white men and therefore difficulties in imputation),
and adjusted the analyses for age, family history of prostate
cancer (for prostate cancer analyses), and prostate cancer
status (for the PSA analyses). Full details of the IPD studies,
the imputation method, and statistical analyses are available
in Supplementary Appendix 3. Studies that offered prostate biopsies if the participants’
PSA were above threshold values (screening studies) were
excluded from our systematic review for having a critical
risk of bias. However, we noted that some of the largest
potentially relevant studies for our research questions were
screening studies, and that bias due to screening could
potentially be accounted for using imputation of prostate
cancer status if IPD were available. This would then allow
these studies to be included in the meta-analyses. Combining data We approached four prospective studies looking at pros-
tate cancer to obtain IPD: Krimpen [25], Prostate Cancer
Prevention Trial (PCPT) [26], Prostate, Lung, Colorectal,
and Ovarian cancer screening trial (PLCO) [27] and Pros-
tate Testing for cancer and treatment trial (ProtecT) [28]. These studies were chosen because they were large studies of
prostate cancer with known PSA screening protocols, or the
biopsy status of all participants was known. Key to inform-
ing the imputation model was PCPT, which offered biopsies
to all participants regardless of PSA level. This information
allowed us to predict prostate cancer status for men with a
PSA level below the threshold for biopsy in the other three
studies using multiple imputation. However, PCPT only Funnel plots Funnel plots [34] were drawn to assess for small study
effects in each analysis [35]. In total, 9,513,326 men from 67 studies were included
in the HR and OR meta-analyses, (9,351,795 in 30 HR
studies, 161,531,383 in 37 OR studies); of these, 201,311
(2.1%) men had prostate cancer (157,990 cases [1.7%] in
HR studies, 41,863 [25.9%] in OR studies). The random-
effects meta-analyses (Figs. 2 and 3) estimated the average
HR and OR for prostate cancer for a 5 kg/m2 increase in
BMI to be 1.01 (95% CI 0.99–1.04, p = 0.29) and 0.99
(95% CI 0.96–1.02, p = 0.64), respectively. There was
strong evidence for heterogeneity in effect estimates
across studies for the studies reporting an HR (p < 0.001,
I2 = 79.9%), and studies reporting an OR (p < 0.001,
I2 = 65.8%). Pooled estimates from fixed-effect meta-
analyses were essentially the same. Meta‑analysis We combined estimates from studies identified through the
systematic review and the IPD studies using random-effects
and fixed-effect meta-analyses. We performed separate meta-
analyses of continuous and categorical associations for each
outcome (prostate cancer, advanced prostate cancer, and
PSA). All meta-analysis results are presented in forest plots. Studies presenting HRs and ORs were analyzed and pre-
sented separately. For studies presenting ORs, “same time”
and “before” studies were meta-analyzed in subgroups, We combined estimates from studies identified through the
systematic review and the IPD studies using random-effects
and fixed-effect meta-analyses. We performed separate meta-
analyses of continuous and categorical associations for each
outcome (prostate cancer, advanced prostate cancer, and
PSA). All meta-analysis results are presented in forest plots. Studies presenting HRs and ORs were analyzed and pre-
sented separately. For studies presenting ORs, “same time”
and “before” studies were meta-analyzed in subgroups, 3 3 3 Cancer Causes & Control (2020) 31:431–449 435 remaining studies would have altered the overall interpreta-
tion of the evidence. remaining studies would have altered the overall interpreta-
tion of the evidence. and labeled as such in forest plots. Studies presenting HRs
were all classed as “before” studies, and labeled simply
“HR.” The results are presented as the HR or OR for pros-
tate cancer or advanced prostate cancer and percentage
change in PSA for a 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI. Heterogene-
ity was tested for and quantified using the Cochran’s Q and
I2 statistics [31, 32]. Continuous BMI Of the 78 studies examining the association between BMI
and prostate cancer [25, 27, 28, 36–110], 11 (14%) could
not be included in the meta-analysis due to insufficient
data but were included in the albatross plot [100–110]. All studies are detailed in Supplementary Table 1, with
the results of the risk of bias assessment in Supplementary
Table 2. All studies in the meta-analysis adjusted for age
in either the study design or analysis, while 23 studies
(34%) adjusted for smoking status, 22 (33%) for ethnicity,
20 (30%) for family history of prostate cancer, 13 (19%)
for education, 10 (15%) for area, 10 (15%) for diabetes,
10 (15%) for physical activity, 9 (13%) for alcohol, 6 (9%)
for diet, and 6 (9%) for income. No other variable (of 24
other variables) was adjusted for in more than four studies. Results In total, 9,127 papers were found that had keywords for
BMI and prostate cancer or PSA. After title and abstract
screening, 725 papers remained (see Fig. 1, PRISMA flow
diagram). After full text screening, risk of bias assessment,
and removal of papers reporting the same studies, 78 stud-
ies examined the association between BMI and prostate
cancer [67 with data for meta-analysis], 21 studies exam-
ined the association between BMI and advanced prostate
cancer [18 with data for meta-analysis], and 35 studies
examined the association between BMI and PSA [20 with
data for meta-analysis, one of which only had data for
categorical associations]. In meta-analyses of categorical associations, studies
from the systematic review were included if they presented
ORs or HRs for overweight and/or obese men relative to
normal weight men (for the outcomes of prostate cancer
and advanced prostate cancer) or means and SDs of PSA
or log-PSA for each of these BMI categories (for the out-
come of PSA). ORs and HRs that were presented for other
categories of BMI were not used (such as morbidly obese,
BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2), though we combined the mean and SD
of PSA for different categories with neighboring catego-
ries when sufficient information was available. A summary of all results is given in Table 1. BMI and prostate cancer Meta-regression [33] was used to determine if the effect
estimates from individual studies included in the meta-
analyses varied by study-level factors. For all meta-regres-
sions, we considered ethnicity (non-white versus white in
each study, defined as > 80% white participants or from a
country with a majority white population), mid-year of
recruitment, mean BMI in the study, and the overall risk of
bias (high versus medium). For the associations between
BMI and prostate cancer and advanced prostate cancer, we
also considered the mean age at diagnosis, and study mean
time between BMI measurement and diagnosis. PSA • Continuous: ○ Percentage change = − 5.88% (95% CI − 6.87 to − 4.87, p < 0.001) • Categorical: Overweight versus normal weight:
○ Percentage change = − 3.43% (95% CI − 5.57 to − 1.23, p = 0.002) • Categorical: Obese versus normal weight: g
g
○ Percentage change = − 12.9% (95% CI − 15.2 to − 10.7, p < 0.001) ○ Percentage change = − 12.9% (95% CI − 15.2 to − 10.7, p < 0.001) Meta-regression (Supplementary Table 3) on study-
level variables did not explain any of the heterogeneity. to be 1.02 (95% CI 0.98–1.05, p = 0.35) with no evidence of
heterogeneity (I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.66), and the average OR was
estimated to be 0.99 (95% CI 0.91–1.08, p = 0.81, combined
across ORs for BMI measured before and at the same time
as prostate cancer diagnosis) with little evidence of hetero-
geneity (I2 = 32.6%, p = 0.19). The average HR for prostate
cancer between obese and normal weight men was estimated
to be 0.97 (95% CI 0.93–1.01, p = 0.16), with no evidence
of heterogeneity (I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.80), and the average OR
was estimated to be 0.90 (95% CI 0.81–1.00, p = 0.05, com-
bined across ORs), with some evidence of heterogeneity
(I2 = 41.6%, p = 0.10). Fixed-effect models gave very simi-
lar results. Prostate Cancer • Continuous:
○ HR = 1.01 (95% CI 0.99–1.04, p = 0.29)
○ OR = 0.99 (95% CI 0.96–1.02, p = 0.64) ○ HR = 1.01 (95% CI 0.99–1.04, p = 0.29) ○ OR = 0.99 (95% CI 0.96–1.02, p = 0.64) • Categorical: Overweight versus normal weight:
○ HR = 1.02 (95% CI 0.98–1.05, p = 0.35)
○ OR = 0.99 (95% CI 0.91–1.08, p = 0.81)
• Categorical: Obese versus normal weight:
○ HR = 0.97 (95% CI 0.93–1.01, p = 0.16)
○ OR = 0.90 (95% CI 0.81–1.00, p = 0.05) Table 1 Summary of results Table 1 Summary of results Linear models used random-effects meta-analysis, estimating the average effect across all studies for a 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI. Categorical
models used random-effects meta-analysis, estimating the average effect across all studies Albatross plots As not all studies reported enough information to be
included in the meta-analyses, we also present albatross
plots containing results from studies with and without suf-
ficient information to be included in the meta-analyses [17]. These are plots of the p value of an association against the
number of participants and can be used to assess heteroge-
neity between studies and assess the rough magnitude of an
association using limited information. By indicating which
studies had insufficient data to contribute to meta-analysis on
the albatross plots, we determined whether inclusion of the 1 3 3 436 Cancer Causes & Control (2020) 31:431–449 1 PRISMA flow diagram showing the number of studies in each stage of the systematic review Fig. 1 PRISMA flow diagram showing the number of studies in each stage of the systematic review There was limited evidence of (positive) small study
effects on the funnel plot for HRs, but not ORs (Supple-
mentary Figs. 1 and 2). The albatross plot (Supplementary
Fig. 3) showed that the eleven studies without sufficient
information for meta-analysis were spread evenly across
both positive and negative effect sizes, consistent with the
null result seen in the meta-analysis. From a meta-analysis including only IPD studies, the
estimated average OR for prostate cancer for a 5 kg/m2
increase in BMI was 0.98 (95% CI 0.95–1.01) (Supple-
mentary Appendix 3.6). Analyzed without imputation
(complete case analysis), the estimated OR was only 0.94
(95% CI 0.91–0.97). 1 3 437 Cancer Causes & Control (2020) 31:431–449 Linear models used random-effects meta-analysis, estimating the average effect across all studies for a 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI. Categorical
models used random-effects meta-analysis, estimating the average effect across all studies Advanced Prostate Cancer • Continuous:
○ HR = 1.06 (95% CI 1.01–1.12, p = 0.013)
○ OR = 1.00 (95% CI 0.94–1.06, p = 0.99)
• Categorical: Overweight versus normal weight:
○ HR = 1.04 (95% CI 0.94–1.15, p = 0.44)
○ OR = 1.09 (95% CI 0.91–1.29, p = 0.35)
• Categorical: Obese versus normal weight:
○ HR = 1.15 (95% CI 0.92 to 1.44, p = 0.22)
○ OR = 1.00 (95% CI 0.82–1.23, p = 0.97) • Continuous:
○ HR = 1.06 (95% CI 1.01–1.12, p = 0.013)
○ OR = 1.00 (95% CI 0.94–1.06, p = 0.99) • Categorical: Overweight versus normal weight:
○ HR = 1.04 (95% CI 0.94–1.15, p = 0.44)
○ OR = 1.09 (95% CI 0.91–1.29, p = 0.35)
C
i
l Ob
l
i h • Categorical: Obese versus normal weight:
○ HR = 1.15 (95% CI 0.92 to 1.44, p = 0.22) g
g
○ HR = 1.15 (95% CI 0.92 to 1.44, p = 0.22) ○ OR = 1.00 (95% CI 0.82–1.23, p = 0.97) Categorical BMI Thirteen of the studies included in the continuous meta-
analyses above presented HRs or ORs for overweight and/
or obese men versus normal weight men [25, 27, 28, 45, 52,
53, 60, 69–72, 78, 111]. Only ten studies presented HRs
or ORs for overweight men, whereas all thirteen presented
HRs or ORs for obese men versus normal weight men. In
total, there were 252,771 participants and 32,277 men with
prostate cancer included in this meta-analysis; two studies
[53, 111] did not report how many men were in each BMI
subgroup and were not included in these totals. The heterogeneity in the average OR for prostate can-
cer between obese and normal weight men may have been
due to differences between IPD and non-IPD studies. There
was no evidence of heterogeneity for either IPD (OR = 0.97,
95% CI 0.91–1.04, p = 0.46) or non-IPD (OR = 0.77, 95%
CI 0.67–0.89, p < 0.001) studies when considered separately
(I2 = 0.0% for both, p = 0.93 and p = 0.54, respectively). Supplementary Table 4 shows the mean BMI, total num-
ber of men, and number of men with prostate cancer in each
category of BMI, and Supplementary Table 5 shows the HRs
and ORs for prostate cancer for each study for overweight
and obese versus normal weight men. Forest plots are pre-
sented in Supplementary Figs. 4 and 5. For the random-
effects meta-analysis, the average HR for prostate cancer
between overweight and normal weight men was estimated 1 3 Cancer Causes & Control (2020) 31:431–449 438 Fig. 2 Forest plot for the association between BMI and prostate cancer (hazard ratios) Fig. 2 Forest plot for the association between BMI and prostate cancer (hazard ratios) BMI and Advanced Prostate Cancer (39%) for education, 6 (33%) for diabetes, and 5 (28%) for
physical activity. No other variable (of 15 other variables)
was adjusted for in more than four studies. Continuous BMI In total, 1,146,847 men were included from 18 studies
(1,052,344 in 11 HR studies, 94,503 in seven OR studies);
of these, 12,037 (1.0%) men had advanced prostate cancer
(8,123 [0.8%] in HR studies, 3,914 [4.1%] in OR stud-
ies). The random-effects meta-analyses (Fig. 4 and Fig. 5)
estimated the average HR and OR for advanced prostate
cancer for a 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI to be 1.06 (95% CI
1.01–1.12, p = 0.013) and 1.00 (95% CI 0.94–1.06, p = 0.99),
respectively. There was little evidence for heterogeneity in
effect estimates across studies reporting an HR (I2 = 24.4%,
p = 0.21), and no evidence for heterogeneity in effect esti-
mates across studies reporting an OR (I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.54). The fixed-effect analysis showed essentially the same results. Of the 21 studies examining the association between BMI
and advanced prostate cancer [25, 27, 28, 40, 42, 49, 52–55,
57, 58, 65, 93, 98, 103, 104, 107, 112–114], 3 studies (14%)
could not be included in the meta-analysis due to insuffi-
cient data but were included in an albatross plot [103, 104,
107]. The studies examining the association between BMI
and advanced prostate cancer are detailed in Supplemen-
tary Table 6, with the results of the risk of bias assessment
in Supplementary Table 7. All studies in the meta-analysis
adjusted for age in either the study design or analysis, while
9 studies (50%) adjusted for smoking status, 9 (50%) for
family history of prostate cancer, 8 (44%) for ethnicity, 7 1 3 3 3 Cancer Causes & Control (2020) 31:431–449 439 Fig. 3 Forest plot for the association between BMI and prostate cancer (odds ratios) When IPD studies were analyzed separately, the estimated
average OR for advanced prostate cancer for a 5 kg/m2
increase in BMI was 1.00 (95% CI 0.92–1.09), Supplemen-
tary Appendix 3.6. The effect estimate when analyzed with-
out imputation (complete case analysis) was slightly lower,
with an estimated average OR of 0.98 (95% CI 0.89–1.08). studies without sufficient information for meta-analysis
all estimated a positive association between BMI and
advanced prostate cancer risk. One small study of 1,474
men, Putnam (2000) [104], estimated an inconsistently
strong effect. Because this study was so small, it does not
change our interpretation of the meta-analyses. BMI and PSA Supplementary Table 9 shows the mean BMI, total
number of men, and number of men with advanced pros-
tate cancer in each category of BMI, and Supplementary
Table 10 shows the HRs and ORs for advanced prostate
cancer, for each study for overweight and obese versus
normal weight men. Forest plots are presented in Supple-
mentary Figs. 9 and 10. For the random-effects meta-anal-
ysis, the average HR for advanced prostate cancer between
overweight and normal weight men was estimated to be Continuous BMI When IPD studies were analyzed separately, the estimated
average OR for advanced prostate cancer for a 5 kg/m2
increase in BMI was 1.00 (95% CI 0.92–1.09), Supplemen-
tary Appendix 3.6. The effect estimate when analyzed with-
out imputation (complete case analysis) was slightly lower,
with an estimated average OR of 0.98 (95% CI 0.89–1.08). The funnel plots (Supplementary Figs. 6 and 7) did
not show evidence of any small study effects. The alba-
tross plot (Supplementary Fig. 8) showed that the three g
The funnel plots (Supplementary Figs. 6 and 7) did
not show evidence of any small study effects. The alba-
tross plot (Supplementary Fig. 8) showed that the three Meta-regression (Supplementary Table 8) did not show
evidence of any variation in results due to study-level
variables. 3 Cancer Causes & Control (2020) 31:431–449 440 Fig. 4 Forest plot for the association between BMI and advanced prostate cancer (hazard ratios) Fig. 4 Forest plot for the association between BMI and advanced prostate cancer (hazard ratios) 1.04 (95% CI 0.94–1.15, p = 0.44), with no evidence of
heterogeneity (I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.74), and the average OR
was estimated to be 1.09 (95% CI 0.91–1.29, p = 0.35),
with no evidence of heterogeneity (I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.78). The average HR for advanced prostate cancer between
obese and normal weight men was estimated to be 1.15
(95% CI 0.92–1.44, p = 0.22), with evidence of hetero-
geneity (I2 = 53.7%, p = 0.02), and the average OR was
estimated to be 1.00 (95% CI 0.82–1.23, p = 0.97), with
no evidence of heterogeneity (I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.74). Fixed-
effect models gave very similar results. Categorical BMI Six of the studies included in the continuous meta-analysis
presented HRs or ORs for overweight and/or obese men
versus normal weight men [25, 27, 28, 52–54]. Only five
studies presented results for overweight versus normal
weight men, whereas all six presented results for obese
versus normal weight men. In total, there were 169,530
participants included in this analysis, and 2,381 men had
advanced prostate cancer (1.4%) (one study [53] did not
report how many men were in each BMI subgroup and was
not included in these totals). Continuous BMI Of the 34 studies providing information on the association
between BMI (as a continuous variable) and PSA [25, 27,
28, 115–145], 15 studies (42%) could not be included in the
meta-analysis due to insufficient data but were included in
an albatross plot [131–145]. All included studies are detailed 1 3 3 Cancer Causes & Control (2020) 31:431–449 441 Fig. 5 Forest plot for the association between BMI and advanced prostate cancer (odds ratios) Fig. 5 Forest plot for the association between BMI and advanced prostate cancer (odds ratios) Meta-regression (Supplementary Table 13) did not
explain any of the observed heterogeneity. in Supplementary Table 11, with the results of the risk of
bias assessment in Supplementary Table 12. All studies in
the meta-analysis adjusted for age in either the study design
or analysis, while 9 studies (47%) adjusted for ethnicity. No
other variable (of 13 other variables) was adjusted for in
more than four studies. Categorical BMI Sixteen of the studies included in the continuous meta-anal-
ysis presented PSA or log-PSA levels for overweight and/
or obese men and normal weight men [25, 27, 28, 115–122,
124, 125, 127, 129, 146], and one further study presented
only categorical results [147]. Overall, there were 17 studies
and 218,700 participants included in this analysis. In total, 264,970 men from 19 studies were included in
the meta-analysis. The random-effects meta-analysis (Fig. 6)
estimated the average percentage change in PSA for a 5 kg/
m2 increase in BMI to be -5.88% (95% CI − 6.87 to − 4.87,
p < 0.001). There was strong evidence for heterogeneity in
effect estimates across studies (I2 = 60.0%, p < 0.001). The
fixed-effect analysis showed essentially the same result
with narrower confidence intervals (percentage change in
PSA = -− 5.99%, 95% CI − 6.48 to − 5.49, p < 0.001). Supplementary Table 14 displays the average log-PSA
in each BMI subgroup for all 17 included studies, and
Supplementary Table 15 displays the percentage MD
in PSA for all comparisons. Forest plots are presented
in Supplementary Figs. 13 and 14. For the random-
effects meta-analysis, the average percentage change in
PSA between overweight and normal weight men was
estimated to be − 3.43% (95% CI − 5.57 to − 1.23, The funnel plot (Supplementary Fig. 11) showed little
evidence of small study effects. The albatross plot (Sup-
plementary Fig. 12) showed that the excluded studies were
broadly consistent with the meta-analysis effect size. 1 3 Cancer Causes & Control (2020) 31:431–449 442 Fig. 6 Forest plot for the association between BMI and PSA. AD aggregate data from systematic review, IPD individual participant data sociation between BMI and PSA. AD aggregate data from systematic review, IPD individual participant data Fig. 6 Forest plot for the association between BMI and PSA. AD aggregate data from systematic review, IPD individual participant data PSA between obese and normal weight men (percentage
change = -12.1%, 95% CI − 13.2 to − 11.1, p < 0.001). p = 0.002), with strong evidence of heterogeneity across
studies (I2 = 80.9%, p < 0.001), and the average percent-
age change in PSA between obese and normal weight
men was estimated to be − 12.9% (95% CI − 15.2 to
− 10.7, p < 0.001), with strong evidence of heterogene-
ity across studies (I2 = 69.5%, p < 0.001). Overall prostate cancer There was no compelling evidence to suggest there is a
linear association between BMI and prostate cancer risk
as the effect estimate was null with a very tight confidence
interval, nor an association between being overweight and
prostate cancer risk, and only weak evidence for a small
reduction in prostate cancer risk in obesity. However, there
is likely a reduced risk of being diagnosed with prostate
cancer in overweight/obese men due to the role of PSA
screening or testing in many prostate cancer diagnoses. This is reflected in our analyses of the IPD studies: the
complete case analysis in which we ignored the problem
of incomplete diagnosis (not all men being biopsied) sug-
gested a negative association between BMI and prostate
cancer. This association was attenuated to the null after
imputation of missing prostate cancer status in non-biop-
sied men. This finding is consistent with our hypothesis
regarding the expected direction of bias due to the negative
association of BMI with PSA. Markozannes conducted a meta-analysis of prospective
studies of BMI and combined advanced, high-grade, and
fatal prostate cancer using WCRF data, which included 23
studies with 1,676,220 participants and 11,204 men with
advanced/high-grade/fatal prostate cancer (0.67%) [4]. The RR for advanced/high-grade/fatal prostate cancer for
a 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI was 1.08 (95% CI 1.04–1.12). The effect estimate may be increased in the WCRF analysis
by the inclusion of high-grade and/or fatal prostate cancers
or exclusion of case–control studies. Kyrgiou et al. [3] con-
cluded that there was weak evidence for a positive associa-
tion between increasing BMI and advanced prostate cancer
risk, with a RR for advanced prostate cancer for a 5 kg/
m2 increase in BMI of 1.09 (95% CI 1.02–1.16), although
our meta-analysis included more up-to-date studies with a
stricter inclusion criteria. Obese men with prostate cancer may also have a higher
risk of missed diagnoses due to having larger prostates
[148], which are associated with a lower likelihood of
detecting prostate cancer at biopsy [149, 150]. Bias from
PSA testing will be highest in populations with a high level
of PSA screening. In other populations, obesity may affect
the chance of receiving a PSA test, and therefore receiving a
prostate cancer diagnosis, for example, if obese men access
primary care more. Overall, our results are consistent with previous meta-
analyses. A random-effects dose–response meta-analysis of
prospective studies was conducted by Markozannes et al. Discussion There was some evidence to suggest a positive linear asso-
ciation between BMI and the risk of advanced prostate can-
cer, but only among studies reporting an HR (HR = 1.06,
95% CI 1.01–1.12, p = 0.013). This association was null in
studies reporting an OR (OR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.94–1.06), but
still consistent with a small positive association in studies,
such that the difference between the two groups of stud-
ies may be due to chance or differences in study design or
population. Additionally, there may be collider bias [24] in
both estimates from conditioning on prostate cancer, since
any unmeasured confounders associated with both prostate
cancer and advanced prostate cancer could induce an asso-
ciation between BMI and advanced prostate cancer. Categorical BMI The pooled
estimates from fixed-effect meta-analyses were slightly
lower for the change in PSA between overweight and
normal weight men (percentage change = -2.56%, 95% CI
− 3.34 to − 1.78, p < 0.001), but similar for the change in The difference in log-PSA between the obese and
normal groups (-0.139) was almost four times the differ-
ence between the overweight and normal weight groups
(-0.035). The weighted mean BMI across all studies was
22.2 kg/m2 for the normal BMI category, 26.5 kg/m2 for
the overweight category, and 31.3 kg/m2 for the obese
category. We therefore consider this evidence that there
is a non-linear association between BMI and log-PSA. 1 3 443 Cancer Causes & Control (2020) 31:431–449 Overall prostate cancer [4]
using data from the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)
as part of the continuous update project [151]. Markozannes
included 39 studies with 3,798,746 participants and 88,632
men with prostate cancer (2.3%) for the association between
BMI and prostate cancer (excluding studies on mortality),
including many of the same studies we included in our meta-
analysis. The pooled risk ratio (RR) for prostate cancer for
a 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI was 1.00 (95% CI 0.97–1.03),
consistent with our results. In addition, an umbrella review
of systematic reviews and meta-analysis by Kyrgiou et al. [3]
concluded that there was no strong evidence for an associa-
tion between BMI and prostate cancer risk, with a summary
OR for prostate cancer for a 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI of 1.03
(95% CI 0.99–1.06). Strengths and Limitations We synthesized data from many studies, including par-
ticipants from many different populations at different time
points, improving generalizability. The total number of par-
ticipants included in analyses was also very large, and as
such all pooled effect estimates were precise. By including
studies where BMI was measured before, and those where it
was measured at the same time as prostate cancer detection, f We synthesized data from many studies, including par-
ticipants from many different populations at different time
points, improving generalizability. The total number of par-
ticipants included in analyses was also very large, and as
such all pooled effect estimates were precise. By including
studies where BMI was measured before, and those where it
was measured at the same time as prostate cancer detection,
we could compare different study types: there was little dif-
ference between these two study types for all outcomes in
the continuous analyses, suggesting the findings are robust to
reverse causation of BMI change by prostate cancer diagno-
sis. By including IPD studies and imputing prostate cancer
status in men who were not biopsied, we were able to show
and account for bias in the association between BMI and
prostate cancer from PSA testing. we could compare different study types: there was little dif-
ference between these two study types for all outcomes in
the continuous analyses, suggesting the findings are robust to
reverse causation of BMI change by prostate cancer diagno-
sis. By including IPD studies and imputing prostate cancer
status in men who were not biopsied, we were able to show
and account for bias in the association between BMI and
prostate cancer from PSA testing. f
There was also evidence of heterogeneity between stud-
ies examining the associations between BMI and PSA. As
with the prostate cancer studies, the PSA studies adjusted for
different confounders, therefore residual confounding may
have increased heterogeneity. It is also possible the associa-
tion between BMI and PSA varies by population, though
our meta-regressions did not find any explanatory factors. i
There was at least a moderate risk of bias for all studies,
as all studies were observational and therefore could have
been biased by unobserved confounding. We attempted to
limit effects of bias by identifying key confounders and only
including studies without a critical risk of bias. Strengths and Limitations There was
also no evidence from the meta-regression that the studies
with a medium risk of bias had systematically different effect
estimates than those with a high risk of bias. A further strength of this study was the inclusion of stud-
ies where only a p value and number of participants could
be extracted, using albatross plots. However, there are limitations. Many of the studies
included in the meta-analysis compared men with a diag-
nosis of prostate cancer versus men without a diagnosis of
prostate cancer. In the screening studies, most men were
not biopsied. Assuming that none of these men had prostate
cancer would be a strong assumption and likely lead to bias. We addressed this problem by treating prostate cancer status
as missing in these men and using multiple imputation. We
performed checks on the validity of our imputation model,
but we note the limitation that our results may have been
sensitive to the choice of this model. In the meta-analysis of
all studies, we limited bias due to testing for prostate can-
cer with PSA by excluding studies that exclusively screened
for prostate cancer (and thus would have the greatest bias),
but as PSA screening is used in general practice the bias
could not be entirely removed. The proportion of prostate
cancers detected by testing with PSA likely varied in each
study, potentially accounting for some of the heterogene-
ity in studies examining the association between BMI and
prostate cancer and advanced prostate cancer. Indeed, all
the heterogeneity between OR results for prostate cancer
between obese and normal weight men were due to differ-
ences between the imputed IPD studies versus the non-IPD
studies. In the categorical analyses, it was only possible to
combine studies presenting results for specific categories
of BMI. As such, relatively few studies were included; a
superior approach would be to gather IPD from all eligible
studies and to determine the precise form of any non-linear
associations, which would also allow more accurate correc-
tions to men’s PSA levels. PSA There was strong evidence of an inverse association between
BMI and PSA, which we found to be likely non-linear,
decreasing more quickly between overweight and obese
than normal weight and overweight. On average, obese men
have an estimated 12.9% lower PSA than a normal weight
man, and overweight men 3.4% lower PSA. We could only
find one previous review of the association between BMI
and PSA, which did not include a meta-analysis or estimate
effect size [152]. Their conclusion was that many studies
reported an inverse association between BMI and PSA, in
agreement with our findings. i
It could thus be potentially beneficial to account for BMI
when interpreting the results of a PSA test, however, pro-
spective research would be necessary to confirm whether
this would have a beneficial effect on prostate cancer-
related outcomes. One suggestion based on these results is
to increase an overweight man’s PSA by 3.5% (multiply by
1.035) before comparing to a threshold, and an obese man’s 1 Cancer Causes & Control (2020) 31:431–449 444 could be due to heterogeneity across populations, methods
of diagnosing prostate cancer, or differential adjustment
for confounders in each study-specific analysis. Equally,
because the studies may not have used the same definition
of advanced prostate cancer, and because advanced prostate
cancers could be locally advanced prostate cancer, nodes or
metastatic cancer, these studies may be relatively heteroge-
neous. This may have attenuated any association between
BMI and advanced prostate cancer. Additionally, PSA test-
ing rates changed differently over time in different countries,
and although we tested for an effect of changing PSA testing
rates over time using meta-regression, we may not have been
able to capture differences in effect estimates for prostate
cancer between studies from changing PSA testing rates, as
well as differences between countries. PSA by 13% [10, 153]. As an example of the impact of doing
so, 23% of men in ProtecT were obese, and 1.9% of these
men had an observed PSA of less than 3.0 ng/ml, but a ‘cor-
rected’ PSA above a 3.0 ng/ml threshold for biopsy when
adjusted for the effect of BMI on PSA. Conclusion There was little evidence of any association between BMI
and prostate cancer risk, and some evidence for a small posi-
tive association with advanced prostate cancer risk. There
was, however, strong evidence for an inverse non-linear
association between BMI and PSA. There was evidence
from IPD studies to suggest this could bias the association
between BMI and prostate cancer in screening studies. Stud-
ies in populations where PSA testing is involved in diagno-
sis of prostate cancer should determine whether an expo-
sure could be associated with PSA, and thus whether the
observed association with prostate cancer could be biased. Overall, there were large amounts of heterogeneity
between non-IPD studies in the continuous analyses of
BMI and prostate cancer, and advanced prostate cancer. This 1 3 1 3 445 Cancer Causes & Control (2020) 31:431–449 18 Dec 2015]. https://globocan.iarc.fr/Pages/fact_sheets_cance
r.aspx Acknowledgments ProtecT Support: The ProtecT trial is funded
by the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health
Technology Assessment Programme (projects 96/20/06, 96/20/99,
ISRCTN20141297) with the University of Oxford (Oxford, UK) as
sponsor. The views and opinions expressed herein are our own and do
not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Health. We acknowl-
edge the tremendous contribution of all the ProtecT study participants,
investigators, researchers, data monitoring committee, and trial steer-
ing committee. We acknowledge the support from the Oxford NIHR
Biomedical Research Centre through the Surgical Innovation and
Evaluation Theme and the Surgical Interventional Trials Unit, and
Cancer Research UK through the Oxford Cancer Research Centre. This
work was supported by Cancer Research UK project Grants C11043/
A4286, C18281/A8145, C18281/A11326, and C18281/A15064 and a
programme grant (the CRUK Integrative Cancer Epidemiology Pro-
gramme, ICEP: C18281/A19169). The authors would like to acknowl-
edge the support of the National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI)
formed by the Department of Health, the Medical Research Council
(MRC), and Cancer Research UK. The NCRI provided funding through
ProMPT (Prostate Mechanisms of Progression and Treatment), and this
support is gratefully acknowledged. The ProtecT funding source had no
role in the design, conduct of the study, collection, management, analy-
sis and interpretation or preparation, review, or approval of the arti-
cle. PCLO Support: The authors thank the Nation Cancer Institute for
access to NCI’s data collected by the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and
Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Conclusion The statements contained herein are
solely those of the authors and do not represent or imply concurrence
or endorsement by NCI. PCPT Support: Research reported in this pub-
lication was supported in part by the National Cancer Institute of the
National Institutes of Health under Award Numbers UM1CA182883
and U10CA37429. The content is solely the responsibility of the
authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the
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according to obesity in a screened Korean population. Asian J
Androl. 15(6):770–772 Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 141. Taghavi R, Aameli M, Jahed-Ataeian S, Hasanzade J (2014)
Relationship between body mass index and prostate specific
antigen in patient with lower urinary tract symptoms. Urology
84(4):S318–S319 1 3 1 3 1 3
| 38,010 |
https://superuser.com/questions/451167
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,012 |
Stack Exchange
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Chad Harrison, El Monty, Heero Yuy, Julian Knight, Maximus, Rodrigo Machuca, TheXed, billc.cn, devhustler, https://superuser.com/users/1166616, https://superuser.com/users/1166617, https://superuser.com/users/1166618, https://superuser.com/users/1166637, https://superuser.com/users/1166829, https://superuser.com/users/1166839, https://superuser.com/users/1166879, https://superuser.com/users/134506, https://superuser.com/users/139371, https://superuser.com/users/142485, https://superuser.com/users/58320, https://superuser.com/users/58450, https://superuser.com/users/85983, user1166618, user142485, user2372898, venkatesh Varma
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English
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Spoken
| 405 | 572 |
Unable to connect windows 7 to a network.
No matter what I do I am unable to get a windows 7 computer to connect to any networks. Wired or wireless, I always get a "limited access" error. I have searched google for possible solutions and have been u able to find any
Gonna need more info. Is this DHCP? Static?
What does ipconfig in your command prompt yield?
While connected to a network that should give you access: Go to Control Panel>Network and Sharing Center>Wireless Network Connection (or however you are connected)>Properties>Click on Internet Protocol Version 4 so it is highlighted>click properties. Is 'Obtain an IP address automatically' selected along with 'Obtain DNS server address automatically'?
I have checked all the settings for ipv4. It is auto dhcp and ipconfig looks normal minus an invalid ip address.
@TheX could you update your question with the output of ipconfig /all?
I had this problem for the longest time when troubleshooting my neighbors computer. After about a four hour headache I ran System File Checker. This fixed it instantly.
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/929833
Yeah yes I remember having to do this before. Thanks for reminding me. I will let you know if it works.
Try uninstalling the driver and reinstalling the driver and reboot your computer
I encountered a problem similar to yours at a pharmacy that needed technical support.
Also try to reset the router and then see what happens.
Whoops wrong answer.
Its most likely a driver error. Check your device manager and make sure that you have a network adapter driver, and that its up to date, (IE there isn't a little exclamation mark next to it.) If you recently installed windows, its possible that you either didn't install the network card/driver, or that its not properly configured. What kind of laptop do you have? I would recommend going to the manufacturer site and manually updating your drivers.
I have tried 3 different network adapters 2 of them I know work.
Seems like you don't fill "Default gateway" for TCP/IP v4?
Default gateway is not required for IPv4 but it is sensible to use it. For DHCP, it should be set for you though not all routers provide it.
AFAIK, gateway is "required" for Windows 7, otherwise network will be "Unidentified".
You might be right about W7, I can't confirm because all of my networks have it set correctly - I am "old school" after all ;)
| 47,269 |
Q_WT_L_381_1
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WTO
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Open Government
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Various open data
| null |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 605 | 864 |
. /.WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONWT/L/381
13 December 2000
(00-5410)
TURKEY – PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT FOR BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
Request for a Waiver
Decision of 8 December 20001
The General Council,
Taking note of the request of Turkey for a waiver from its obligations under paragraph 1 of
Article I of the GATT 1994 to the extent necessary to permit Turkey to afford duty-free or preferential
treatment to eligible products originating in Bosn ia-Herzegovina without being required to extend the
same duty-free or preferential treatment to like products of any other Member;
Recognizing that the exceptional situation in Bosnia-Herzegovina and the efforts being made
by the Members to provide for the preservation of peace and for economic reconstruction;
Taking into account that in accordance with the Article XXIV of GATT 1994, the customs
union established between Turkey and the European Communities requires the application of same
duties and regulations of commerce for imports from other Members and non-members;
Noting that Turkey accepts that the facilities granted to eligible products originating in
Bosnia-Herzegovina is intended to promote economic expansion and recovery in a manner consistent
with the objectives of the GATT 1994 and should not be used in a way to prejudice the interests of
other Members and it is not its aim to cause imports into Turkey of products from Bosnia-
Herzegovina to replace imports of like products from other sources;
Considering that the tariff preferences provided under the waiver by Turkey shall not
constitute an impediment to the reduction or elimination of tariffs and other restrictions to trade on a
most-favoured-nation basis;
Considering that Bosnia-Herzegovina has not yet acceded to the WTO;
Acting pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 3 of Article IX of the WTO Agreement;
Decides as follows:
1. Subject to the terms and conditions set out hereunder, the provisions of paragraph 1 of
Article I of the GATT 1994 shall be waived until 31 December 2006 to the extent necessary to permit
Turkey to provide duty-free or preferential treatm ent to eligible products originating in Bosnia-
Herzegovina without being required to extend the same duty-free or preferential treatment to like
products of any other Member.
2. Such duty-free or preferential treatment shall be designed not to raise barriers or create undue
difficulties for the trade of other Members. Turkey shall consult promptly with any member on the
1 Adopted in accordance with the Decision-Making Procedures under Articles IX and XII of the WTO
Agreement agreed by the General Council (WT/L/93).WT/L/381
Page 2
operation of its preferential or duty-free concessions in respect of Bosnia-Herzegovina, or any other
matter arising in respect of this Decision.
3. Where a Member considers that its benefits under the GATT 1994 are or may be impaired
unduly as a result of implementation of the duty-free or preferential treatment put place by Turkey
and covered by this Decision, Turkey shall examine the possibility of a satisfactory adjustment of thematter. This decision does not affect Members’ rights as set forth in the Understanding of Waivers of
Obligations under the GATT 1994.
4. Turkey shall report annually to the General Council on the preferences and duty-free
treatment afforded to eligible products from Bosn ia-Herzegovina, including the extent to which such
preferences and duty-free treatment derogate from Turkey’s MFN concessions, with a view to
facilitating the annual review provided for in paragraph 4 of Article IX of the WTO Agreement.
5. Accession to the WTO by Bosnia-Herzegovina will not affect the application of this Decision.
6. For the purposes of this Decision, the phrase “eligible products” shall mean a product or
products listed in the chapters of 25-97 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of Turkey.
__________.
| 22,202 |
statistiquegnra00frgoog_61
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French-PD-diverse
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,874 |
Statistique générale, topographique, scientifique, administrative, industrielle, commerciale, agricole, historique, archéologique et biographique du département de la Gironde
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Féret, Édouard, 1844-1909
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French
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Spoken
| 4,901 | 11,809 |
4 juin 1877. Actuel 1869. SdÉc 1879. 23 mai 1800 Numero 1869 Mai 1898 13 octobre 1875 11 août 1870 Judiciaire 1873 10 mai 1899 Projet 1870 Août 1869 11 août 1898 16 octobre 1868 Édito 1871 Mars 1889 11 décembre 1895 3 novembre 1807 14 novembre 1874 10 février 1856. 7 octobre 1871. Juin 1872. 2 décembre 1868. 2 août 1876. Odoéo, 1869. 14 mai 1878. 28 novembre 1872. Normandie. 1878. Bureau 1877. Blanquefort. Bordeaux. Cadillac. Cenlieux. Castels-en-Dorlhoy. Consteston-sur-Dordogne. Cissé. Cognac. Morgaux. Guitracon. Queyrac. Bas-Auer-de-Cubzac. Saint-Ciers-sur-Gironde. Saint-Fort-la-Grande. Saint-Julien. Saint-Loubès. Saint-Savin-de-Bordeaux. 975 LIVRE X. — VOIES DE COMMUNICATION. Bureaux télégraphiques du département de la Gironde (suite) BUREAUX Saint-Seurin-de-Cubzac Saint-Symphorien Saint-Vivien Saint-Yzans Sauternes Sauveterre Soulac Talais Targon La Teste Uzeste Valeyrac Verdon (Le) Vertheuil Villandraut NOMBRE de dépêches En 1877 RECETTES 995 178 91 520 377 473 1,529 706 318 1,193 119 393 963 368 717 UG 613 90 388 10 111 20 167 60 1,073 70 536 90 583 m 1,932 90 316 60 999 10 905 90 959 90 h% 60 NOMBRE de dépêches En 1872 RECETTES 696 715 19 Bureaux télégraphiques. 1680 508 85 790 963 911 50 145 90 159 10 16 60 998 199 10 369 951 10 375 319 70 DATE de l'ONVRE 1er juillet 1869. 9 avril 1877. 6 juin 1868. 17 décembre 1872. 6 juin 1874. 16 juin 1866. 17 juin 1867. 10 juillet 1872. 28 mai 1874. 27 août 1873. 4 mars 1869. 29 décembre 1872. 16 juin 1872. 1er juin 1868. 17 décembre 1868. En 1877 Actuel le Bureau. Bordeaux. SISTÈME 526 — 20 Cap de Arcachon 493 Pointe de Grave 1,284 Bureaux de gare, Arveyres, Beautiran, Gérons, Goutras, Les Églisottes, Facture, Gironde, Grave d'Ambarès, Lamothe, Lormont, Pessac, Saint-Denis, Saint-Émilion, Saint-Etienne, Saint-Laurent, Saint-Loubès, Saint-Médard, Saint-Sulpice, La Teste, Yvoires. TABLE ALPHABÉTIQUE DES MATIÈRES et le Bonêt de Bière, certains succès, [dù » Chantiers, 877. îsîsïï; », 45fi. ! 1), 531. 9 lie ills|)ar9i<in ilu quel nuiu espée de plâtre, Alcalua (tricution d'), Glii. 903. Ali<i9'37. AlluiOBlles chimie liiii pAtiur légu, 317. Alluvions, 11, *!,(«. A mal le 1M-Baïn, Ampélographie, 47 AOC, 10. Anthropologie 11), cuisine: Anos. 85. A n immu i tion i douaux en tSTï, 5 Amniote et hydrant Animaux 35. A. lues. 83. A upréparasion, 178. Aristotiles, -fc. Aryennes (galle d'), 18. 3 de l'ordre de As.|ui:"s|piirtd;).<« liera de t-Jiai Aviculturement, 600. Avinie (culture de ï), 5 Agriculture économique, 74. Baillycaudal Dordogne. 139. fijiesdub^ssind'Acca lion. Bancs De l'isle de la Dordogne, Banque de France, 718. Ibourse de Paris, 631. BAniment menu département de province, 367. aurnerni du l'untinguin, 331. n™vc de(, rurssiuii, 13i. Bibliothèque de la ville de Garant du, 47l. Bibliothèque de l'inhumation de Bordeaux, 67. Bibliothèque du musée de Lazare, 165. Bibliothèque des Pacauds, 418. Bibliothèque du grand séminaire, 40. Bibliothèque du Cercle Bibliothèque populaire de l'Université clinique, TABLE ALPHABÉTIQUE DES MATIÈRES. Blavo (grotte de), 2, 733. Blaf (budget de), 78). Blé et sa graine, 330. Blé, 715. Foncier baïorien, 310. Bourse du Haut-Rhin, Fonds (cadeau), 66. Baudelaire, 589. Bauchot, 601 Boucles, ésil. Boumeaux, 589. Bourdaine (eau de), 74. Bourgport de, 140. Boutainier (cuisiner), 503. Bourse (galerie), 1,503. Bourse (économique), 5^. Bruts (les de l'île), 5i5. Brut (de Duilios), 560 & 5G. Crèvecoeur (élevage), 588. Biscuit (le), malaisé, 131. Brigue (le), Brigueiron, 6m Bide (dernier mois pour l'octroi 1878, 7M, 7618nH(i Budget de la ville de Bordeaux, Cabotage en France, 730. Caboulaga daug li'S princi paux ports da Id Gironde, Ml. Codou, Ta. Marché, 719. Cadastre, 799. Cider, 831. Cadillac: (port de), m. Café, 590, Ts. Enlloué clu Médoc, 13. Caisses, 685. Caisses d'épargne, 97. Caisses d'apports scolaires, 870, 897. Calcite d'eau douce, 8, 9, II. Calcaire Brassier, 7. Calcaires, 166. Calcaires Littéraires, 167. Cales du port de Bordeaux, 106. Canaille (espèce), 313. Canal du 1 —. Canal de Saulnier des marais, 87. Canal de Bordeaux à l'Atlantique (Navigation). Canalisation du Dropt, 133. Canal, 161, 9311. Carote (ruisseau, de), 145. Cap Ferrel (phare du), 178. Capricorne (espèce), 313. Carelles des récoltes de vins de 1875 1876, 505. Canule (culture de l'), 831. Carrières, 610. Carrosserie, 618. Caries à jouer (droits sur les), 818. Carrillon (ruisseau, du), 87. Carton, 651. Carton ble Blanch. 655. Cartonnage, 655. Case d'soufflets. 867. Castel d'Almont (maison de), 901. Castels (port de), 116. Castillon (pont de), 144. Caudal (riivière), 18. Caverne (port du), 18. Canal ou de Sauvignac (étang de), 168. Gironde, 471. Céron (port de), 111. Ceinture d'études, 389. Chaîne, 501. Chambres consultatives d'agriculture, 568. Chambre de commerce de Bordeaux, 674. Chaussements, 657. Chaussée du Vallon, 631, 719. Chapelle d'Ambes (port de), 14. Chocolat, 641. Chocolat (espèce), 533. Choiseul du Pully, 631, 719. Choiseul (ruisseau), 87. Ciel (espèce), 533. Cinq realités d'intérêt économique, 944. Chemins de fer d'intérêt local, 953. Chemins de fer de la Gironde, 85. Chinois, 539. Chrysanthème (espèce), 533. Cigare (produit), 631. Ciment (produit), 641. Cimetière (de l'empereur), 100. Cinna (espèce), 641. Cinq Realités d'intérêt économique, 944. Circonférence (espèce), 533. Circonférieurs (personnes), 533. Circulation (espèce), 533. Cirrhose (maladie), 533. Cité (ouvrage), 533. Claie (espèce), 313. Clair (espèce), 533. Clapiac (espèce), 533. Clé (espèce), 533. Clichy (espèce), 533. Coqueret (espèce), 533. Cornac (espèce), 533. Cornouiller (espèce), 533. Coron (espèce), 533. Crabe (espèce), 533. Crapaud (espèce), 533. Crassane (espèce), 533. Crimini (espèce), 533. Crocus (espèce), 533. Croque-mort (espèce), 533. Crotté (espèce), 533. Crète (espèce), 533. Cuisinier (profession), 533. Cure (rivière), 18. Classes d'adultes (110 mines et femme) de la Société à l'Île Élémentaire à la Faculté de Droit, 378. Ordinaire, 789. Ruché, Jean, 393. Collège des Jésuites, 311. Législature, actuelles et gratuites, 315. Collège du Prieur, SUS. Collèges communaux des Illes, de l'École et de l'Université, 389. Collège de la Ville de Rome, Sal. Cumières depuis la vapeur. Commerce de Bordeaux (notices sur ses principales branches). 708. Commerce aérien sur, 697. Stalagmigraine, 761. L'épidémie de 1810 et de 1878. Conseil central d'hygiène, 933. Discours régulier, 538. Conseil municipal de la Société d'agriculture de la Girarde, 71. Influences, 891. Conseil général, 757. Conseils d'arrondissement, 761. Consommation à Bordeaux, 330, 334. Qualifications géologiques, 1 TABLE ALPHABÉTIQUE DES MATIÈRES. Ballon d'acier, 797. Contributions distinctes, 796. Contributions historiques pour l'étude, 18, 19, 814, 815. Coulisses maritime, 177. Couleur biologique, 799. Couléisme et hydraulique à la maison, 761. Cacao (café de port de), m. Culture, 470. Coupes de couture, 1. Communauté agricole, 183. Cour d'appel, 838. Cour des vins (lui, 793. Cours d'agriculture et d'appréciation, 538. Cours de femmes de l'Université argentine pour l'étude de l'histoire de la Bordeaux de renommée, 1, 378. Cours d'architecture, 338. Cours de chemie, pour les baguettes, 385. Cours d'administration politique, 897. Crassans, 718. Crises du marché, 60e. Crises (Économie (Cuba), 2. Cuivre (monnaie caïque), 780. Cuivre pur de prétendue fusion, 787. Culbute calculatrice, 743. Culture du phylirulieu, 718. Culture des jardins, 780. Culture des oliviers, 731. Culture des vignes, 831. Culture de la viande, 478. Démographie nationale en 1877 ou en 1880 (par comptage), 795, 790. Dupuis ce caillouteux de l'Éduse Ira-de-vi-Mersel du Lot Do Îs nnus unui W* gn .>, CO 69 61 187 5 C B 383 Epen lallua et da le DISTRICT. Hydrographie. 886. Eco la di des. 31 Eliu Ira-de-vi, 388. Eaux potables, 776. Bcolet primaires, 761. liaouta et victuailles de Bordeaux, 311. Electeurs (répartition des), 811. Diablotins de l'administration, 791. Electrice de Quinoline [V], 793. Bibliothèque régulatrice de 1877. 881. Élections caissières générales, Élections municipales de 1878, 782. Enlèvement des déportés 905. Eau chaude pour les manufactures, 878. Engrais 465. Bourgneuf), ruisseau, 148. Fagea 477. Eau douce, 611. Kan de jeunes 383. Eu 41 grenier individuel, 815. Eu grenier (mode et Amana. Eu grenier principale 385. liautout Secondaire de l'assemblée. 760. Eu cinq raffineries de sucre. 700. En pâtes d'Égypte, 706. En pâtes-non filles, f" École de l'Est, 313, est. École de port d'), 119. École I'), ruisseau, 146. Espagnes (rubrique de l' 630. Ensemble 719. En trompes de l'âne. Détails sur la culture de la laine, 781. En bâtiments pécuniaires, 791. Eau usée dans les mines, 540. Eau dans les montagnes du), 153. Entre les gouttes. Eau et bois aux Bords de la Dordogne, 741. Les rois des propriétaires 0 8,459. Au, 698, 701. Fuculier, 318. Fruits de la région (colonies particulières de). Constructeur de l'île de), 650. Falaise 10. 11. 148. Rivière du Lot et Gironde, 77. Féculier, 714, 715. Mécanisme de l'État. Paysannerie plorienne. 831. Riguer, 851. Fleuraud (Château du), 187, 980 TABELL ALPHABÉTIQUE DES MATIÈRES. Flaillac (port de), 144. Fleurs, 647. Poires, 681. Pom Boudeau, ruisseau, 147. Fonderies de cuivre, zinc, plomb et bronze. 634. Fontaines naturelles sans crues ou périglaciaires, 155, 156. Fonte, 228. Forges et fonderies pour la marine, 598. Forces, 867. Fourrages, 537. Fromages, 726. Froment (culture du), 522. Fronsac (port de), 143. Fruits de table frais, 714. Fruits oléagineux, 715. Fumadelle (Ile de, 68. Fumière et engrais, 468. Futaies, 539. Gamago (la), ruisseau, 146. Garoncine, extrait de grec, 719. Garantie des matériaux dorés et d'argent, 818. Gardes champêtres et gardes forestiers, 873. Garonne, 57, 59, 61, 63, 89, 970. Garonne (débit et lit de la), 91,93. Garonne (entrée et passes de la), 69. Garonnelle (port de la), 111. Gaz, 273. Gaz de la ville de Bordeaux, 335.594. Gelées intempestives, 201, 469. Gemmage, 541. Gendarmerie, 871. Génissac (port de), 143. Gestas (le), ruisseau, 145. Gironde (la), 57 & 65, 970. Gironde (entrée et passes de la), 69. Gironde (port de), 135. Glaces (les), 92. Glaces (commerce des), 643. Gommes pures exotiques, 726. Goulée (port de), 81. Grappe, 476. Gratuité des écoles primaires, 367. Graves (les), 42. Gruvose (la), ruisseau, 146. Gravures, 719. Grêles, 212 à 224, 470. Grimard (cale de), 118. Groupe girondin de l'Association française pour l'avancement des sciences, 413. Grues, 107. Gua (chenal du), 89. Guin, ruisseau, 133. Gua mort (le), 129. Guano et autres engrais, 727. Gue (Ch. de), ou de Coulée, 86. Habillements, 318. Habitations et bâtiments ruraux, 461. Halles et marchés, 334. Haras et Courses, 573. Haricot (culture du), 829. Hauts-fourneaux, 535. Hivers mémorables à Bordeaux, 2')0. Hôpital militaire, 868. Hôpital Saint-André, 880. Hôpital Saint-Jean, 935. Hôpital de Cadillac, 891. Hôpital de Lesparre, 894. Hôpital de Saint-Nicolas de Blaye, 889. Hôpital Saint-Antoine de Bazas, 892. Hôpital Saint-James de Libourne, 893. Hôpital de Sainte Foy, 893. Hôpitaux et hospices de Bordeaux (fondateurs et bienfaiteurs des), 879. Horte (galle de l'), 86. Horticulteurs, 565. Horticulture, 564. Hospices dus à la charité privée, 894. Hospices des enfants assistés 886. Hospices des épileptiques, 897. Hospices civils de Bordeaux, 877. Hospice général Pellegrin, 888. Hospices des Incurables, 884. Hospice de la maternité, 885. Hospice des petites sœurs des pauvres, 894. Hospice des vieillards, 885. Hospice (les vieillards du Tondu), 897. Hospice Saint-Etienne de Saint-Macaire, 891. Hospice Saint-Jean de la Hôle, 890. Hospice Saint-Joseph de Langon, 891. Hospice Saint-Lazare de Bourg, 890. Hospice Saint-Roch de Montgur, 891. Hôtel de la marine, 874. Hôtels, 590. Houille crue, 727. Hourcat, 476. Hourtin et de Carcans (étang de), 186. Hourtin (phares de), 178. Huiles fixes pures, 715, 726. Huiles de graines (fabrication des), 614. Huîtres, 716. Hure (Ruisseau), 131. Hygiène publique, 307. Hygiène (institutions d'), 933. Ile des oiseaux, 189. Iles de la Girarde, 61. Iles de la Caruque, 942. Ilots de la Dordogne, 138. Imprimeries, 658. Indigo, 723. Industrie, temps ancien, 575. Industries (étude des principales), 292, 903. Injection des bois, 644. Inondations principales depuis 1771, 97. Inspection maritime, 876. Insectes, 235. Institutions agricoles et encouragements, 567. Institutions ayant favorisé l'industrie, 576. Institutions de crédit, 678. Instruction primaire en 1874-75 et en 1838, 364. Instruction primaire (dépenses de l'État), 367. Instruction publique, 341, 848. Instruction publique (l'État et la municipalité de Bordeaux), 379. Instruction publique (Libourne), 394. Instruments de la ferme, 402. Isle, 58, 60, 62, 74, 147. Issan (port d'), 83. Izon (port d'), 142. Jalles, affluents de la Gironde, 87. Jardin public et Jardin des plantes, 440. Jourdanne (Port de), 101. Jurançon ; 476. Justice civile et commerciale, 838. Justice criminelle, 846. Labours, 510. Labours de la visine, 479. Lacanau (étang de), 1157. La Fosse (Montoil-Vivienne), cabotage, 735. Lagrange (port de), 101. Lagunes, 168. Laines renaissance (Chalure de), 626. Laines (lavage des) et dépôt des carcasses de moulin de la mat, 626. Laine en masse, 721. Lamarque (port de), 87. La Mothe ou de Latile (R. de I. 86). Landes (les), 34,300, 519,852. Langage, 323. Langoiran (port de), 193. La Hérole (budget de), 781. La Roque de l'Isle (port de), 184. Langon (port de), 194. Le Teste (port de), 191. Laurice (la), 144. Expéditions insurrectionnelles, 571. Lignac (bureau des), 538. Lignac ou Lignier (bureau de), 715, 791. Le Moyne (budget de), 781. Le Pérol (ou celle de), 151. Lille (parlement de), 111. Lysoe (la), 183. TABLE ALPHABÉTIQUE DE Vapereau 1899 701. répertoire il. Vaisseau expédition et répertoire par colonne, 731. Périgueux, 334, 685. Harel, 63. Marées, 161. L'Hydrograhie de la, 784. Lidoire (digue), 151. Oistern (port de la), 816. Dépenses de la, 581. Vassoula, 476. Mature, 598. Mécanique (ateliers de), 641. Médecins de l'Académie, 461. Médic, 461. Médic (musique), 461. Médic (médecin), 461. Médic, 478. Ménage (maison de), 511. Nercorie, 117. Marseille, 175. Métallurgie, 761. Moteur (la), 411. Morta (arrondissement de), 883. Murat, 813. Mouillage du port de), 611. Groupe maritime commercial de Bordeaux, 691. Vapeur du couler, 691. Département, depuis 1837, 697. Monvement des marchandises par la Terre, 727. Mule, 861. Municipalités, 768. Marier, 1151. Catalogue, 477. Musée d'art et dépendances, 841. Musée de l'École supérieure de commerce et d'industrie, 841. Muséum d'histoire naturelle, 411. Museums (théâtre de), 410. Museums (bibliothèque), 410. Naissances par achats, 919. Nattier, 646, 710. Navalcultruerie, 530. Navigation du haut de la Gironde, 98. Navales de la Dordogne, 194. Navires à voile et à vapeur, différés par la, 497. Table alphabétique des matières. Octroi (objets frappés d'un droit d'octroi), m Octroi de Bordeaux, 782. Œuvre des écoles apostoliques, 896. Œuvre de petits Savoyards, 896. Oidium (D, 47). Oignon (culture de), 581. Oiseaux, 231. Orages et grêles, 212 à 224. Organisation administrative, 752. Organisation financière, 790. Organisation judiciaire, 830. Organisation religieuse, 741. Orge (culture de), 525. Ormeau, 589. Oropherie sous marine devant la Gironde, 180. Orphelinats, 896. Oseraies, 547. Osier, 548. Ostréiculture, 623. Ouvrages d'or et d'argent (fèvection des), 592. Ouvrages en peau, 720. Ouvriers, 920. Ovine (espèce), 560. Pacages, 587. Paillet (port de), 121. Pain de sucre (port du), 140. Papeterie, 654. Papier, 719. Parapluies, 692. Passes de la Gironde et de la Garonne, 69, 70. Passes (travaux pour l'amélioration des passes), 71. Pâte à papier, 541. Pâte à papier de bois, 653. Pâtes alimentaires, 613. Patins (lieu du), 67. Pâtisseries, 666. Paul (galle de), 127. Peaux brutes, 720. Peaux préparées, 720. Pêcher, 549. Poissons, 100, 140, 616 à 623. Pellagre (le), 310. Penouille, 476. Pensionnats de demoiselles, 863. Pépinières, 552. Péréquation, 797, 799. Perpignan (port de), 112. Personnel enseignant, 870. Personnel militaire résidant dans la Gironde, 865. Pessac (port de), 145. Petit Chartron (port du), 142. Pétrole (raffineries de), 648. Peugue, ruisseau, 128. Phares de la Gironde, 75 à 78. Phares du littoral, 178. Pharmacies et drogueries (inspection des), 998. Photographie, 662. Phylloxéra (le), 408, 472. Pibran (chenal de), 86. Pierres tendres ou dures, 267. Pierre à chaux, 268. Pignon, 476. Pilotes manœuvriers, 78. Pimprenelle (la), ruisseau, 134. Pin maritime (culture du), 539. Piquette, 498. Pisciculture, 568. Plage (port de), 141, 735. Plantes nuisibles aux céréales, 527. Plantes textiles, 583. Plassac (port de), 84. Platan (port de), 119. Plâtre, 643. Plomb, 639. Pluies, 203, 206 à 211. Pôdensac (port de). 121. Poids public (régie du), 783. Pointe de Grave, 184, 972. Poirier, 550. Pois (culture des), 529. Poissons, 234, 622. Poivre, 729. Pomme de terre (culture de la), 529. Pommier, 550. Pontaillac (ancien phare de), 77. Pont de Bordeaux, 960. Pont métallique de Bordeaux, 949. Pont métallique de Langon, 951. Ponts sur routes départementales, 962. Ponts sur chemins vicinaux, 964. Ponts et chaussées (service des), 938. Population, 278. Population dans les villes ou communes principales (progrès de la), 285. Population (densité de la), 286. Population des principaux pays étrangers (densité de la), 287. Population (distribution de la), 288. Population classée par sexe et selon l'origine et la nationalité, 289. Population par âge et selon le sexe et l'état-civil, 289. Population classée d'après le degré d'instruction, 290. Population classée par profession, 291. Population par culte, 292. Population agricole, 456. Population industrielle, 582. Importation commerciale de la Gironde, 674. Population de Bordeaux avant 1806, 298. Population de Bordeaux (progrès de la), 300. Population de Bordeaux, étudiée comme celle du département, 300. Population dans les prisons départementales de la Gironde, 855. Porcelaines et faïences (fabrication de), 650. Porc (espèce), 563. Porge (étangs du), 168. Portets (cale de), 119. Ports de la Dordogne, 140. Ports de la Garonne, 101, 112. Ports de la Gironde, 80, 83, 967. Port de Bordeaux (aménagements du), 108. Port de Bordeaux (histoire du), 116. Ports de l'Île, 149. Ports du bassin d'Arcachon, 191. Ports, travaux de défenses et d'améliorations, 967. Postes électrosémaphoriques, 74. Poste aux lettres, 828. Poteries en fonte, 639. Poteries diverses, 650, 718. Poterie, 718. Poudrerie, 592. Poudres (chose sur les), 861. Poulierie eno. Prairies, 535, 537. Préfets de la Gironde depuis 1799, jusqu'en 1877, 736. Préfecture, 736. Préfiguration (port de), 123. Pré salés, 189. Primes d'honneur, 569. Prison de Bordeaux, 786. Prison municipale, 864. Prisonniers libérés (Société de patronage des), 931. Préfecture, 461. Production vinicole de la Gironde par cantons, 511. Production vinicole par communes, 517. Produits bitumineux, 643. Produits chimiques, 680. Produits fabriqués (valeur des), 586. Produits naturels, 232. Produits résineux, 652, 714. Propriété industrielle, 580. Protozoaires, 236. Prunier, 550. Prud'hommes (conseil des), 578, 846. Publications scientifiques et littéraires, 430. Puits, 173. Puits artésiens. 159. Quais du port de Bordeaux, 106, 107. Quartiers maritimes et syndicats, 817. Bades de la Gironde, 1. Rades de la Gironde, 104. Garniture nationale de salpêtre, 582. Rails sur les quais, 108. Rayonnaires, 296. Rayson (chenal de), ou 4e Mapon, ou de Saint-Etienne, 86. Recensement de 1876, 299. Récépissés, 700. TABLE ALPHABÉTIQUE DES MATIÈRES. Féculier, 851. Féculier de l'Île de Ré, 135. Religion, 310. Reliure, 651. Embarquement, 75. Réparation des navires (Bureau de), 112. Réparation des plantes, 137-150. Rentes, 133. Ricard (pays), 81. Rhubarbe, 411. Riz en paille et au gruillage, 77. Docks, 118, 318, 171. Saint-Adrest (port de), 113. Saint-Chrisostome (quartier de), 113. Saint-Ferme (quartier de), 113. Saint-Louis du Phébus (port de), 113. Saint-Hubert (port de), 113. Saint-Pierre-de-l'Île (quartier de), 113. Saint-Vincent (halte de), 113. Saint-Vincent-de-Paul (quartier de), 113. Saint-Vincent-lès-Poole (quartier de), 113. Saint-Vincent (port de), 113. Saint-Vincent (Île de Ré), 83. Sais, 115, 172. Semis, 511. Semeur, 477. Séminaires, 360. Société d'agriculture, 105. Société des amis de l'arrondissement de Bordeaux, 117. Société d'horticulture élémentaire, 417. Société d'agriculture, 411. Société des études médicinales, 413. Société d'entomologie, 415. Société les Amis de la Bibliothèque de la Gironde, 419. Sociétés et associations de bienfaisance, 908. Société de bienfaisance des temps passés, 588. Divers, nos. Commencez elder industrie à Bardeaus. 677. Gociélez_uncunioin_gommet à bien, 9!1. Suciaté de Béarn. Philé Fam Marchande, 413, 677. Sorcière d'horticulture, 419. Sécurité la Justice sur l'île, 9m. Chirurgie. 403. Société médicale d'Émulation Société protectrice de l'enfance, HO. Socle 16 prolétariats dos omis des pauvres, 919. Société proliférante en faveur des veuves et dos orphelins. 919. Société de Sainte-Catherine, 418. Société de Saint-Vincent de Société des sciences. Société savante Lie. Sol (division du): Sol à mesures de divers Houlques Sorgho à balais Cultivateur, 7 Sources et réservoirs, 151, 158, 171. Sources intensivement irriguées ou Sourds-Muets, 391. Sourdeurs-Montcelles, 189, Sous-préfet niros, 7i. Soussans (port de), 88. Souya (la) rue Souya, 131. Spécialités industrielles dans la Vroade, 151. Sucre (raffineries de), 608. Sucras, 715, 713, 817. Suicides, 883. Syndicat médical, 403. Tabacs, 340, 715, 819, Tapioca (culture du), 534. Tabacs (manufacture des), 991. Tableaux du musée de Bardeaus, 447. Tableaux (collection léonard de), 418. Taillée (la), ruisseau, 88. Taille de la vigne, 479. Taillis, 543. Tour noire, 639. Tapis et couvertures de laine (manufacture de), 617. Tapis en toile peinte, 611. Turial (le), 148. Tarnes, ruisseau, 147. Tartuffe (cale de), 137. Tartares (acide de potasse). Teinturier, 276. Teinturerie. 638. Télégraphiques (bureau), 97R, Télégraphie (batterie), 973. Tremblay (observatoire), 181 à 198. Théâtre, 451. Théorème (observations), 181 à 198. Théâtroge, 410. Timbre, 831. Tiquelon (maison de), 87. Tirant d'eau dans l'ancienne Bordeaux: l'Etat, 95. Tirant d'eau (divers), 984. Tissus de chanvre et coton ou grisette. 627. Tissus de coton, 724. Tissus de laine, 721. Tissus divers, 716. Tonnage des navires à voile et à vapeur, 687. Tonnellerie, 600. Topinambour (culture du), 590. Topographie. 1. Toulenne (cale de), 124. Tour de Mons ou de Margaux (île de), 68. Tourbe, 205. Tourne (cale du), 120. Transit, 707. Travaux de défense exécutés à la Pointe de Grave et à l'Embouchure de la Gironde, m. Travaux de défense et amélioration des ports, 967. Trépanles de terre, 223. Trésorerie générale, 794. Tribunaux civils de première instance, 840. Tribun, do comm., 678, 843. Tribunaux du ressort de l'ancien Parlement de Bordeaux, 834. Tribunaux correctionnels, 831. Trônes, 585. Trembléens de terre, 223. Trésorerie générale, 794. Tribunaux civils de première instance, 840. Tribun, do comm., 678, 843. Tribunaux du ressort de l'ancien Parlement de Bordeaux, 834. Tribunaux correctionnels, 831. Trompes, 216. Truffes, 716. Tuileries, 641. Université, 811. Usages parisiens, 322. Vaccin (dépôt de), 935. Vaches laitières, 538. Vallées (les) et les vallons, 62. Vanille, 727. Variole, 314. Vayres (courte de), 112. Vendanges et vinification, 493. Vénériens (dépôt des), 933. Venoyrol, ruisseau, 116. Vents, 203. Verdun, 473. Verrerie, 612, 603. Verres, 718. Vertébrés, 212. Verte (lieu), 67. Vétements, 629, 631, 717. Viandes fraîches ou salées, 726. Vicinal (service). 942. Vicinalité de Bordeaux, 313. Vignes (le), ruisseau, 138. Vigne (frais de culture de), 480, 484, 487, 488. Vignes de la Gironde (par sites des), 470. Vignobles, maladies ou accidents, 469. Vignobles de la Gironde, leur sol, 468. Vignonet (port de), 144. Vinaigre (fabrication du), 608. Vins (exportation des), 703. Vin de presse, 498. Vinification, 468, 493. Violle (port de), 121. Virvée (la), ruisseau, 147. Vitescale (port de), 85. Viticulture et vinification, 468. Voies de communication, 937. Voilure, 599. Voilures publiques, 317, 591. Aurop, inpSn-BUr, 038. Auil<iuiu.*TO. Aurolle ilo Paladiuos (aôuû ri,lil'|,PI7. Bailliv, 371,375. IluitldltL.), SB9. Balaresquo (J.-C ), 431. ilafiiresiiuc (H.), SfiE, 677. «aIg<ieno(lîilm.),575. llal^uoriaiiiDior,G71. UBl^uerie IP.-1.^.], 880. BalAuerie-SlutluausrB, 675. 960. laour fPierre), BIS. larckliaiiaeD (Q.),4I9. larriil, S3I. larreme. 410. Bjudréfrlo), lei. Unuilrimitil (A.), ffi, 311, 3t, as. lliiuingarlen, ai, Uaiimcpirluer, 186, IS7. Ujiiruiii (l'uliUe), 430, 658, U,>EiQ,lll,ll3. Baaun>(>nl(b:iiadrO, 3i, 183. lludoul (Gnhrial), m EtiiMJ.-J.) BfLInmv, Itellplji'. B, m. a Nolff BalIeymE^, 181. BanoiSl (H.). 2R9. i74, «6. U6ras(Km.). 6Rg DcrRurel. M6, 383. ltBrj[ùs(J,),57t. Rergtiauï 01 Miiury, IBi. Ilaraut 0, 116. Uirl (PjiiI), 834, 3iî. Ilcrt, de Tulids, 56d, 57Ï. Biri«iid«i. iai, «î, S7i,S7o, 337. Bllliûl (T.), IB, Î3, 17, Ï74, 3TS. Blanc, a». 330. lllundianl. Ï8S. Blundinrd-ljilmr (0.), Bsn, BlalHirnu li.i, K80. mork [M1. «17. son, 36S, liTli, 58J. K«a, 736, 853. " / t^ Cabnrrus, 675 Cnliomnu (M'i'A.I, 890. namimn (A.), i¥l. Cnimiel do Priasa; [U">|, r.ipdrbon (J.-P,-B.), BSO. p,ipciio (1*1, nos. (A.de).fl7. Ciimïon-Utouf (J.'do), CnrpÔnficr.eaa. Cnsulton-fiuperron , 571 986 TABLE ALPHABETIQUE DBS NOMS. Catros GéniDd, S66. Caudéran (l'abbe 0.), tBl ^4, 329. Caveone, 192. Cazenave, 891. Cazenave (B.)> 880. Céaac Moncaux, 329. Chainbrelent^38, 3». 544,570. Cliammade (l'abbé G.-J ), 880. Champmas (l'abbé X.)t 329. Chaotolat, 263. CbarriGr (l'abbé), 363. Charriol. 565. Chaumel (J.-A.). 880. Chaumet (S.), V^* Jouvente, 880. Cbemalé, 110. Chervin, 303, 385. Ciievaiier, 752. Cheverus (M'f de), 898. Chopin, ingéDieur, 955. Ciébra (de), 449. Clauzet (A.),410. Clavaud (Ann.)i 263, 38L Clerc, 572. Clerc, Tessier et C», 84. Clossmao, 554. 565. Clouzct aîné, 873, 376. Gluzan (l'abbé), 302. Godur,957. Coëffart, 384. Cœunst (l'abbé), 932. Collegno (de), 9,274. ColoDiUa (A. de La), 890. Cornet (A. de), 880. Gortès (EmmuQuel), 675. Cotte (R.-P.). 195, 206, 231. Gotleau (G.), 276. Couturier, 162. Couraud (Fréd.), S70. Courréjelongue, 570. Croizetle-Desnoyers. 32, 510. Cunit, ingénieur, 952. Curaleau, 876. Guraol (baron de), 880. Dador, 329, Damas (Junior), 675. Danflou (J.-R.), 880. Dargelas, 382. Darnal (J.), 850. Darquoy, 273. Darcaq (Cl.), 233. Darroman, 570. Daumas (général), 426. Dauzat, 383. 417. David (de Libournes), 430, 448. David-Gervais, 918. Deffès, 565. Dégranges, 451. Delahante et Cie, 686. Deas, 423. Debos (J.). 29, 30, 31, 232, 237, 283, 274. Delbos (Th.), 237. Delboy, 96. Delcros, 438. Delesso, 4. 31, 180. 182. Deligny, 96. Delfourie (E.), 274, 276. Delisle (L.), 425 Delpil (J.), 324. 424, 658. Delord (É.), 880. Dilurbe, 350, 886. Delzounès (Voisins de Soyres), 88). Dosbarats, 560. Desbiey (l'abbé), 33. Deschamps, ingénieur, 71, 96, 117, 960. Descombes, 274. Desfourniers, 675, 878. Desmaison (Jr.), 904. Dospaigne, 890. Devannes, 338. Deyres, 51. Dezeimeris (R.), 419. Didier Béchade, 675. Docteur (A.), 263. Donnet (Mgr le cardinal), 917. Douillard de La Malmaudy, 189. Drœling, 71. Drory (Ed.), 411. Drouot (P.-A.), 274. Drouyn (Léo), 437. Drouilhot-Larargue, 565. Duhalen (P.-E.), 233. Dubois (Paul), 570. Duboul (J.-E), 599. Dubreuilh (Dr Ch.), 936. Dubreuilh (Th.), 411. Ducarpe (Junior), 409. Ducaunès-Duval, 431. Durandal (Mlle), 565. Duchon-Doris (junior), 674. Dueos, 162. Ducros, 110. Dadon (baronne), 565. Dufour-Duborgier, 411. 416, 572, 675. Dufrénoy, 5, 35. Du Mon, 162. Du Peyrat (A.), 329. Dupont, avocat, 388. Dupont (C), 423. Dupont, vétérinaire du département, 407, 556. Dupouy, 68. Dupreuilh, 375. Dupuch (Mlle), 864. Durand, architecte, 331, 863. Durand-Morange (A.), 593. Durassié et Troquard, 105. Durassié (l'abbé), 472. Durippe de Maisonneuve, 268, 382, 440. Dussumier (J.-J.), 439. Duthil, 570. Duval (Mme A.), 879. Duvergier (Mme), 585. Escarpit, 440. Eshricht, 234. Etcheverry (d'), 451. Fabre de la Bénodière, 419. Fabre, Vle Larrivière, 880. Faget (Marius), 485. Fargue, ingénieur, 93. Fau, 605. Faugères et Bombard, 956. Faure (Lucien), 675. Fauré, 36, 37, 155, 310. Faure (J.-J.), 169, 170, 171, 175, 176, 177. Pieffe, 388. Filhol, 155. Fillon, 338. Fischer (Dr P.), 134, 236, 440. Fondateur, 67. Fourcand (E.), 401, 75. Fresnel, 75. Fritz-Sollier. 315. Fumel (de), 572. Gachet (1er), 263, 261, 381. Garau (Anselme), 329. Garros, architecte, 751. Garros (Pey de), 328. Gaschet (Dr), 232, 333, 563. Gassies (J.-B.), 234, 383, 440, 443. Gaspard (D. de), 231. Gaulieur (E.), 343, 431, 436, 451, 658, 753. Gaussons (l'abbé), 391. Gautier (J.-E.). 675. Gautier aîné, 425, 751, 918. Gellibert (Mme U.), 893. Gères (J. de), 336. Gérger (J.-B.) 421, 413. Gergerès (Dr), 338. Gervais, 489. Gillot-Laumont, 31. Gintrac (B.), 855. Gintrac (H. L) 311, 855, 418. Giraudeau, 560. Giraudeau (Bug.) 1. Glasser (G.), 57 à 64. Glotin, 413. Gossolet (J.) 574. Goubau, avocat, 678. Gouget, 481. Goumin (E.), 360. Goul-Dosmartres, 407. Gouteyron, 880. Grammont, 675. Gras (C), 409. Grateloup (Dr), 235, 274, 276. Grenier et Guignard, 238. Gros, 893. Groult (J.-J.), Groult, 116. Guadet, 324. Gué (Julien et Roscat), Guénard, 448. Guestier (P. F.) 572. Guestier (Daniel), 675. Guibert 875. Guilland, 274. Guillol de Suduiraut (P), 571. Guitard, 216. Guyot, 195, 206, 207. Guyot, 876. Hallié, 639. Hameau (Dr), 261. Haussez (Bêche), 257. Heine, 554. TABLE ALPHABÉTIQUE DES NOUVEAUTÉS, 381 Hiller (M. de), 407. Vigny, 375. Vigny (M.), 375. Lui (Albert), 531. Lui (C.), 531. Lui (Ed.), 531. Lui (Em.), 531. Lui (Er.), 531. Lui (Eug.), 531. Lui (Eus.), 531. Lui (Georgius), 531. Lui (Guil.), 531. Lui (Henri), 531. Lui (J.-A.), 531. Lui (Jac.), 531. Lui (Jean), 531. Lui (Louis), 531. Lui (Ma.), 531. Lui (Mél.), 531. Lui (Nic.), 531. Lui (Paul), 531. Lui (Pierre), 531. Lui (Raym.), 531. Lui (Thé.), 531. Lui (Tib.), 531. Lui (Vict.), 531. Lunay 73. Michel (P--), 601. Molinier, 429. Morand (A.), 319. Mun (il Prévôt), 411. Mun (Maurice), 383. Murat (P.-L.), 880. Muret (P.), 838. Muret (S.), 337, 537, 653, 375, 377, 381. Muret (R.), 330. Lun (M. de), 601. Librarian-Borderie, 678. Librairie, 898. Larivière (J.-G.), 680. [..lenze (Ci,), 439. Lncoinliu(l'ulilié), 380. Ijcoiir (!■.). 38:J. S97. Lai.T(ni(roUW).S6a. Lafirgue (Jules), a7B. Lnl'ayo. SHB. LiiTiii, Jii Lanaon, 891, 261, *7S. 7^1. ■e |Uu< 67,870. IBS. IIO, m. 96 La t L-agcauge (M" t^alieas, S6I. Lnjnrd. 678. LaliiDila (Armand). 07j. [,alantia (CharlM), 489. '^jilanilti (rloj. de tàiajs, 5S jttatiue, S3S. ^limnD (L.). 90. ..amarlo, 185 ..omoliia 11.], a71. ^amollie, neKoi^lanl. 879. amotlie (L. 6e 195, M, a07. 3TS, aïs, BSI, .tSfl. [i.ii)Ouroiu> IM'I* iJe), D3I. uicclia, 311. 338. inBaloflo (M" d ' e.aii, e(ti.),D ^mpourB-ptmïplai», 339. '). 303, ÎO). Jlozuiîi, 7.S!, MKlIur.&Ti. Muraii(U.i, i36,8:)3. Mer™iiV(,.i,K8(>. Mcrillon |U>°'),Së5. my, 16. 17, 18. Ï,'l9, Î),!1,M. h!ydiiiutl(ll),890. Piorlol (M"), è«. Pinaueaa (Ci.), 865. Pigaaenu {L.),!I7t. Pigooo, 6. __ Plumoau ID'), 4Cn. Poctiel, 116. _ Portai (barua F. de), 4Î9. I Potocltl, 416. Pori'uMPliul),'675.' PreLler lM°"). 5GS. Princeleau, 381. PrgmlHuburlI.^S. rroin(J.),56),S7I,S7S. TABLE ALPHABETIQUE DES NOMS. Puzinicr (capîLihe), 917. PuUsdPHacuDneM(du|,t33. I-Wjos, 6». luénoLia nabol ('"). S90. llanJiery de Lava Runp. Î77. HfluVin (V.). S. B. 3â, ÏJ^ 18a, ÏU leJeuil, 891. HAgis ■(□«. !K4. Iteit [F*l, 407. œt, 571. lËgaird (J.I, S». téonauld, lacËaieur, tlS, 117, 9». HeiDliïnl {Elisl, V" di! J.-O S'.raluklQXBO, m. Rendu (V.I, iît. lAvel (rnlibéi, Kl, [eTolnl pare, 9^. lBy,67ï. Leynouunl. 319. .. iâre,891 lobaRlla, «6. lalionlile Cllmena, til. ;^j-.'r Sjuireaii 373 374 &njliLro(J.L63t. Suuluier, 4tj. Schrader iFgid.), 373, 873, 378. Scliroder (P.-D.). BSO. Scoll(T.-a..S.),4l7, Soziiinanu Je Luifdbc, S5i, 870,57*. Sciaiiourel lE.l, *>7. SeiiliLi(U.-J.J V<> U.OlBnyer, Sorni O'iÎDO, 113. Sarrol tlx 9G. Sii^nl |L'ul>b6), 3t9. Sicard, il)7. Sieuzac (U.), 880. SUlimuD |i:ii.},S3). Simopol, S7I< Sinière, 571. Surepli lUiK}, 874. S<iuli6tioMiaeuu,i00. Sourj^el, 68. Souverbie (tV), Slrabon. Gâl. Supsol, 570. Tavernier, 116. Ti-jaier, Si. Toulère, "1.75,875. Taumou'ldel. 851. Tuuraouor (11.', ÏTI. Û,W' Verdie, 3ÎS, 3». Vergci (CI, 373,376. Veraèa (de], ianèuieur, M, VitiDial. 189. ViKuon, iiiBùulaur, SIS. Ville (U.).6tô. Villicl, 390. Vinic, 488. Vital.Carlei. 879. Vivent (de), 71. Vivio|A.}.4ïl. 4!ll,fô8. Volloiru, SS4, 3SS. n M M THE UNIVHHirr or MCMOAN OMOUATE UBRARY MAR 2 i 19' H PAU Dw *AIJ**" I i w •'^^!5> IIHIIHIIIIIIIIIIII. 4 3 9015 02195 1648 K M M ^•>ïav!f». ■^AU^ W .vrvc DONOTREMOVE OR MUTILATE CARD.
| 37,650 |
https://github.com/buaaladeng/myh5/blob/master/src/page/edit/header.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,018 |
myh5
|
buaaladeng
|
Vue
|
Code
| 255 | 991 |
<template>
<header>
<div class="creat-logo">
<router-link to="list">
<svg class="icon" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#icon-logo"></use>
</svg>
</router-link>
</div>
<div class="creat_con">
<ul>
<li>
<svg class="icon" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#icon-logo"></use>
</svg>
<span>文本</span>
</li>
<li>
<svg class="icon" aria-hidden="true">
<use xlink:href="#icon-logo"></use>
</svg>
<span>背景</span>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="create-action">
<ul>
<li>
<span>预览和设置</span>
</li>
<li>
<span>保存</span>
</li>
<li>
<span>发布</span>
</li>
<li class="quit">
<span>退出</span>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</header>
</template>
<script>
import {
mapState,
mapActions
} from 'vuex'
import Header from '@/components/header/header.vue'
import * as api from '@/api/index'
import $ from 'jquery'
export default {
components: {},
computed: {},
methods: {},
mounted() {},
data() {
return {
}
}
}
</script>
<style lang="scss" scoped>
$headerHeight:56px;
header {
display: flex;
justify-content: space-between;
height: $headerHeight;
position: fixed;
width: 100%;
left: 0;
right: 0;
top: 0;
z-index: 1000;
box-shadow: 0 0 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, .16);
align-items: center;
.creat-logo {
width: 72px;
border-right: 1px solid #e6ebed;
a {
font-size: 45px;
display: block;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
text-align: center;
color: #1593ff;
}
}
.creat_con {
ul {
display: flex;
align-items: center;
li {
height: $headerHeight;
justify-content: center;
width: 60px;
cursor: pointer;
text-align: center;
position: relative;
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: center;
color: #333;
font-size: 13px;
svg {
font-size: 20px;
}
&:hover {
background: #2495fc;
color: #fff;
}
}
}
}
.create-action {
ul {
display: flex;
li {
padding: 0 8px;
margin-right: 8px;
cursor: pointer;
text-align: center;
border-radius: 3px;
color: #fff;
background-color: #1593ff;
transition: .3s;
span {
font-size: 12px;
line-height: 32px;
}
&:hover {
background: #258ce4;
}
&.quit {
background: #666;
&:hover {
background: #fc2f6c;
}
}
}
}
}
}
</style>
| 1,274 |
desmachinesvape01fragoog_15
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,870 |
Des machines à vapeur: Leçons faites en 1869-1870 à l'École impériale des ...
|
François Prosper Jacqmin, Ecole nationale des ponts et chaussées (France)
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,925 | 12,167 |
2,74 2,60 l.'O 0,06 2,50 » 2) 18 21 34 50 » 1570 720 i'30 166,5 200 » 48 29,50 » 7 > » 24 16 20 3 » 204 DES MACHINES A VAPEUR. de Napier ; machine de Watt à balanciers latéraux de Napier; type caractéristique du steamer à grande dunette. V Shannon (compagnie Péninsulaire), trois mâts; étrave droite en fer ; type de bâtiment à spar-deck complet; machine à balanciers latéraux ; Napier constructeur. S*" Guyenne (ligne du Brésil), en fer; formes Cunard, mais plus fines ; machine oscillante, type Penn ; trois mâts ; construit aux ateliers delà Ciolat. 9"* Aigle, yacht impérial de France; coque en fer à fines formes, construite à Cherbourg; machine oscillante, type Penn, construite par Mazeline. lO'* Belot (navigation de la Saône) ; formes élégantes et effi lées; coque et machine construites par M. Corady. Belle vi tesse; il remontait en sept heures, sur la Saône, 156 kilom., et, sur le Rhône, lOôkilom. 11° Mississipi (compagnie Bonardel, navigation du Rhône); construit au Creuzot, puis allongé dans les ateliers de la com pagnie Bonardel ; petite vitesse ; coque en tôle de 6 à 4 milli mètres ; machine unique, construite au Creuzot, à cylindre de grande course et horizontale à la hauteur du pont; un seul corps de chaudière tubulaire directe en arrière de la machine; excellent type, parfaitement approprié à la navigation du Rhône. DlmeDsIoiM extraordinaires dn Great-Eastcm. — La Construc tion du Great'Eastern est une des entreprises les plus auda cieuses qui aient été faites par Thomme, et, malgré son insuccès relatif, elle conservera toujours ce caractère. Dans la pensée de Brunel, le Great-Eastern devait être em ployé à un service régulier entre l'Angleterre et TAustralie ; il représentait à charge 31,000 tonneaux de déplacement, savoir : Poids de la coque 8.400 tonneaux Poids des appareils moteurs 2.600 Poids de Tapprovisionnement de combustible . 12 . 000 Poids disponible pour le fret 8.000 Ce chiffre énorme de 12,000 tonneaux de combustible repré MÂGHUfES DE NAVIGATION HARITiME OU FLUVIALE. 205 sentait tout l'a ppro vision nement nécessaire pour aller en Australie. En reliUchant sur la côte d'Afrique et au Cap, on aurait pu prendre, chaque fois, 5,000 tonnes de charbon et augmenter beaucoup l'espace offert au commerce. Des aménagements étaient faits pour 4,000 passagers civils : 800 de !'• classe; 2,000 de 2« — 1,200 de 5* — Les passagers civils pouvaient être remplacés par 10,000 hommes de troupe. Les dimensions principales sont les suivantes : Longueur 210-,00 Largeur de la coque Sd^^SO Largeur entre les roues 36",65 Creux du ponl supérieur à la quille 17", 70 Tu^t deau lège 6-,10 Tirant d'eau à charge 9-,15 Le Great'Eastem a reçu les deux modes de propulseurs : une paire de roues à aubes, une hélice à quatre ailes. Les roues à aubes sont mues par quatre machines oscillantes, construites par Scott Russel. L'hélice est mue par quatre machines directes horizontales, construites par Watt de Birmingham. n y a vingt chaudières tubulaires à retour de flammi!, divisées en cinq groupes de quatre chaudières, deux pour les machines des roues, trois pour les machines de l'hélice. Le service du navire exige vingt canots, et deux petits stea mers à hélice de 420 tonneaux et de 70 chevaux sont pendus à proximité des roues. Deux machines de 70 chevaux servent à la manœuvre des cabestans et à celle des manœuvres décale. Enfin dix machines, de 10 chevaux chacune, sont réparties en divers points du 206 DES MACHINKS A VAPEUR. navire pour la manœuvre des pompes alimentaires et divers autres travaux. Le tableau ci-après donne les dimensions principales des macliines : MACHINES UOIES OfratlJlRTBS A 45* HÉUCES rtXES BOEItONTALSS Puissance nominale 1.400 r>.tioj 4 2.36 4,266 ï«»-,75 17-, 70 30 3,975 0,015 » » 29,71 8 40 1.783-^68 1.700 6.200 4 2.56 1.220 2*-,75 7,314 4 » » 11,30 0.80 • 48,76 12 72 2.727 Puissance réelle en chevaux de 7j^". .. Nombre de cvlindres Diamëti*e d'un cylindre Course du piston Pression de la vapeur Diamètre du propulseur. . . .~* Nombre d'aubes ou d'ailea Longueur des ailes Largeur des ailes Pas de l'hélice Diamètre de l'arbre du propulseur. . . , Longueur de l'arbre du propulseur. . .. Nombre des corps de chaudières Nombre des foyers Surface de chauffe totale Au point de vue-commercial, la construction du GreaUEastem a été une mauvaise affaire : le capital énorme englouti dans sa construction n'a donné aucune rémunération, et on conçoit cet insuccès. Un navire qui a un tirant d^eau de 9 mètres ne peut entrer que dans un très-'petit nombre de ports; presque tou jours même il doit rester en rade et ne peut dès lors prendre ou donner des marchandises que par l'intermédiaire de cha lands. En second lieu, il est très-diflicile de trouver dans un port une quantité de marchandises suffisante pour remplir d*aussi vastes emplacements, et, trouvât-on cette marchandise, que le temps nécessaire au chargement, à Tarrimage, au dé chargement, entraine comme chômage du navire une perte d'intérêts très-appréciable. Après dix-huit trajets entre Livcrpool et NewYork, le Great MACHINES DE NAVIGATION MARITIME OU FLUVIALK. 207 Eastem a dû interrompre son service, et après avoir subi une violente tempête qui a enlevé les roues et le gouvernail, mais qai a montré en même temps l'indestructibilité de la coque du navire. Depuis cette interruption, le Great-Eastern a accompli une tâche immense, et que lui seul pouvait accomplir, Tim mersion des câbles transatlantiques, et il semble que ce dernier service à lui seul justifie la hardiesse de la conception de Brunel. YiteMe des navirea. — La vitosse dcs navircs se mesure habi tuellement en milles à l'heure (le mille valant 1852 mètres), ou en nœuds, c'est-à-dire en longueurs de 15'",43 pendant trente secondes. La longueur du nœud a été fixée de manière que le nombre de nœuds à la demi-minute soit égal au nombre de milles à l'heure. Un navire qui marche à 10 nœuds fait 10 milles à l'heure. La vitesse du nœud représente 0*^,51 4 par seconde ; les nœuds du loch ne sont distants que de 14'",62. On estime que cette longueur correspond à 15", 43, en raison de Tentraînement, par le remous du navire, du flotteur jeté à la mer. La vitesse des navires a fait de grands progrès depuis quel ques années, ainsi que le démontre le tableau ci-après, publié par M. Flachat pour les navires de la compagnie Cunard, qui ont été transformés de manière à donner les vitesses suivantes : Navires construits en 1840 8%8 — 1842 9%8 *-^ lo4o, .•••.•■•■.•. lU ,d — 1849 10-,75 — 1852 11%37 — 1862 et années suivantes 12'',32 L*augmentation de la vitesse a dépassé les espérances des constructeurs, et elle a démontré que les résistances à vaincre ne croissaient pas avec la surface du maitre-couple. Le Great Eastern n'a pas toutefois justifié les espérances auxquelles nous 208 DES MACUIiNES A VAPEUR. venons de faire allusion. La vitesse moyenne résultant de ses dix-huit trajets entre Liverpool et TAmérique a été de 13",398 avec un maximum de 14°,25. La vitesse moyenne résultant de 47 voyages du Scotia^ grand navire à roues, a été de 12'*,32 avec un maximum de i4'',46, un peu supérieur à celui du Great-Eastem ; les machines de ce grand bâtiment ne sont peut-être pas en rapport avec ses di mensions, puis sa coque doit être aujourd'hui couverte d'in crustations. La Ville-de-Paris et le Perdre ont obtenu dans deux de leurs traversées de Brest à New-York une vitesse moyenne de 1 4 nœuds; leur moyenne générale est de 12', 75 et 12", 85. Les vitesses dont nous venons de parler sont des moyennes calculées sur de longs voyages. On a obtenu, dans des temps calmes et pour des essais de courte durée, 15, 16 et même 18 nœuds ; mais on ne saurait considérer ces vitesses comme acquises à des services réguliers. Rapport entre le« yrUmmmem et les eonfloiiiiiiatloBs de eomaStmm' tibie. — Nulle part l'augmentation de vitesse ne se paye plus cher que dans la navigation transatlantique. Les navires de la compagnie Cunard, en 1842, filaient 9°,8; ils embarquaient 600 tonnes de charbon. Vingt ans plus tard, on obtenait 12°,32, c'est-à-dire une augmentation de vitesse de 33 p. 100 en viron, mais il fallait avoir des navires capables de contenir 16 à 1,800 tonnes de combustible, c'est-à-dire faire une dépense triple. Le Great-Eastem gagnait un nœud sur ces derniers navires, mais il brûlait 4,000 tonnes de charbon. En définitive, on peut résumer la question de la vitesse en disant : Pour augmenter la vitesse, il faut augmenter la force et le poids de la machine ; il faut par suite augmenter dans une énorme proportion le poids du charbon à transporter et diminuer l'espace utilisable commercialement. Si on imposait à l'express de Paris à Marseille l'obligation de prendre au dé MACHWES DE NAVIGATION MARTTIME OU FLUVIALE. 209 pari tout son combustible et toute son eau, il ne pourrait peut être pas prendre plus d'une voilure à voyageurs. Si on veut obtenir de la vitesse, il faut la payer, et comme le nombre des voyageurs désireux de réduire à sa dernière limite la durée d'un trajet est encore très-faible, il faut que par des subventions convenables les grands Ëtats payent la vitesse qu'ils considèrent comme indispensable pour les services postaux. 11 se passe pour la navigation transatlantique un fait écono mique analogue à celui constaté sur les chemins de fer, et sur tout sur les chemins de fer français : le public apprécie la vitesse, mais il aime encore mieux le bon marché. Le dernier navire de la compagnie Cunard, China, marche moins vite que les avant-derniers, Scotia et Peisia^ mais il consomme 400 tonnes de combustible de moins et peut, par conséquent, baisser le prix du fret. Pour la marine de guerre, la question de la quantité de com bustible change toutes les conditions anciennes. En parlant des modifications apportées par l'emploi des cuirasses, M. le contre amiral Paris s'exprime ainsi : « Par la manière dont la cuirasse fera désormais com battre, elle supprime les voiles, ramène à l'idée de l'ancien rostre et réduit le navire à son combustible, six jours à toute vitesse. » Quelques tonnes de charbon de plus ou de moins, un navire pourra terminer un glorieux combat ou être réduit à flotter sur l'eau comme une masse inerte. Flotte commerelale transoeéaBleane dm TAngleterre et de la Vnmee. — L'Angleterre possède, depuis plusieurs années, quatre grandes compagnies qui desservent avec une régularité parfaite les relations commerciales entre l'ancien et le nouveau monde. L'effectif de chacune de ces compagnies était, à la fin de Tannée 4865, constitué de la manière suivante : I. i4 210 DES MACHINES A VAPEUR. NOMS DES COMPAGNIES NOMBRE DK RATIMS TONNAGE NOMBRE ME OIBVADI-TAPBOB Gunard 32 19 53 14 68 50.060T 33.362 84.472 29.488 100.414 12.284-* 9.390 19.510 5.766 17.691 Royal-Mail Péninsulaire et Orientale L'Angleterre possédait en outre 11 au tre« compagnies moins puissantes que les précédentes, mais disposant en semble d'un efièctif de. ...... 186 298. 396» 64.641-* Nous rappelons, encore une fois, que les chevaux sont des chevaux nominaux représentant 5 ou 4 chevaux de 75 kilo graratnètres. La France ne peut mettre en parallèle avec ces grandes entre prises que deux compagnies : la compagnie Générale Transat lantique et les Messageries impériales, qui possèdent le matériel énuméré ci-après : 0^ Générale Transatlantique. Messageries impériales. .. 21 navires. 80. 750 T. I7.000-* 63 112.146 18.640 Ces deux grandes compagnies françaises ne le cèdent en rien à leurs rivales d'Angleterre; elles peuvent lutter avec chacune d'elles au point de vue du nombre des navires^ du tonnage, de la force en chevaux, de la rapidité dans la marche, du confort et des avantages de toute nature oiTerts aux voyageurs, et cepen dant elles ne semblent pas jouir de la faveur publique : au lieu d'être soutenues et encouragées comme une œuvre nationale, elles sont attaquées souvent avec injustice, et certaines per sonnes envisageraient leur ruine avec satisfaction. D'autres compagnies s'organisent et prennent notamment à Marseille une grande importance ; nous citerons les compagnies Valeri et Marc-Fraissinet« MACHINES DE NAYIGATInN MARITIME OU FLUVIALE. 2îl iiaTale cominepeiAle des États-Unis. — NoUS man quons de documents récents sur la puissance comparative des flottes commerciales de l'Angleterre, de la France et des Étals Unis. Nous avons trouvé, dans l'enquête sur la marine mar chande, quelques chiffres qui ne peuvent que faire singulière ment réfléchir tous ceux qui prennent intérêt à la prospérité de notre pays. Ces chiffres sont les suivants : iriTIinS A TAPEUR. nOMBRK. TORRA». En 1850. États-Unis » 427.890 Angleterre 1.185 168.342 France 126 13.925 En 1860. États-Unis > 867.937 Angleterre 2.000 454.527 France 314 68.025 Sans aucun doute, notre marine a progressé depuis 1860; mais les marines rivales ne sont pas restées stationnaires, et, à ne considérer que les États-Unis, nous ne savons pas si les flottes commerciales de tous les États européens réunies pourraient égaler la flotte de la grande confédération américaine. Flotte A Yapenr de comlMit de Tilngleferre et de la France. — Au 1*' janvier 1867, la flotte à vapeur de combat de rAnglelenc se composait de 441 navires, savoir : 399 navires en fer ou en bois jaugeant 422.754 T. et ayant 91 . 66''' 42i]avires cuirassés jaugeant 139.163 — 27.440 Ensemble 441 561.917 119.106 La France pouvait, à la même époque, mettre en ligne : 314 navires de fer ou de bois ayant une force de 73,845 che vaux. Les flottes cuirassées se faisaient à peu près équilibre. N'y a-t-il pas pour des nations civilisées, pour la France surtout, une disproportion énorme entre la flotte commerciale et la flotte de guerre? Combien le pays ne serait-il pas plus riche si les sommes énormes englouties, chaque année, par la flotte do 212 DKS MACHINES A VAPEUR. combat, avaient été employées à augmenter la flotte commer ciale ? Fome dM MiTlrM enârmmém et blindés. — II n'entre paS dans le programme de ce cours de parler de la forme des navires cuirassés et blindés et de la transformation incessante que subit le matériel militaire naval en Europe et en Amérique. Celte transformation, d'ailleurs, n'est malheureusement point arrivée à son terme ; et les nations civilisées ont dépensé des millions par centaines sans être arrivées à savoir si les cuirasses sont invulnérables à Tartillerie ou si Tartillerie se joue des cui rasses. A quelle profondeur sous la ligne de flottaison faut-il des cendre les cuirasses pour éviter le choc de l'éperon ? Doit-on substituer les bordages obliques du Dunderberg^ aujourd'hui le RochambeaUj que la France a acheté plus de 12 millions de francs, aux bordages verticaux de l'ancienne flotte, d'une flotte ancienne de deux ou trois ans? 11 est probable que nous dépen serons encore bien des millions sans jamais être fixés à cet égard. Nous ne pouvons pas cependant passer sous silence trois grands faits économiques qui nous paraissent résulter de cette transformation du matériel naval. Chaque jour, la part attribuée au mécanicien l'emporte sur la part laissée au marin. Les chantiers des Etats et les arsenaux doivent disparaître devant les chantiers de l'industrie privée. La victoire dans les guerres maritimes est assurée aux nations les plus riches. Sans la machine à vapeur, personne n'eût songé à fabriquer les plaques de blindage, ni tenté de donner la vie et le mou. vement à ces masses énormes. Toutes les anciennes notions de Tart nautique deviennent insuffisantes devant des construction de forme si nouvelle et si étrange. Ainsi les monitors ne présentent au-dessus de la ligne de flot MACHINES DE NAVIGATION MARITIHË OU FLUVIALE. 213 taison qu'un pont rasé et balayé sans cesse par les vagues ; au milieu émerge une tourelle qui semble attachée à un rocher ou à un glaçon flottant. Pendant sa traversée de Terre-Neuve à Queen'stown en Ir lande, le monitor américain le Miantonomoahj à l'exception des deux tourelles, a été presque constamment sous Teau ; par cer tains temps l'épaisseur des vagues qui couvraient le pont variait entre un et deux mètres. On peut dire que tout l'équipage a vécu sous l'eau. Quelle entente ne faut-il pas entre le marin et le mécanicien pour ar river à rendre possibles de pareilles situations ! Non-seule ment la machine à vapeur doit faire marcher le navire, mais il faut qu'elle actionne des ventilateurs qui envoient de l'air dans les chambres occupées par les hommes, il faut qu'elle fasse tourner les plaques mobiles sur lesquelles sont arrimées les deux ou trois pièces de canon qui constituent l'armement. Quelle importance prend dans tout ceci le mécanicien, et com bien peu reste-t-il au marin ! En second lieu, les chantiers des États ou les arsenaux peu* vent-ils suffire pour ces créations gigantesques? Nous ne le pensons pas. Si on poursuivait ce but, on arriverait à leur donner des développements inouïs et à créer des ateliers sujets à de longs chômages lorsque, la transformation achevée, on n'aurait plus à s'occuper que de l'entretien. Or, des ateliers mécaniques qui chôment sont des ateliers qui périssent. Aussi, qu'on l'ait voulu ou non, à côté des grands établisse ' ments de TEtat se sont créés, eu Angleterre et en France, des établissements parliculiers qui rivalisent avec les premiers, qui acceptent la commande d'un navire cuirassé valant 5 à 6 millions, comme on prenait autrefois un navire de 300,000 fr., et qui, en cas de ralentissement dans les commandes de l'Étal, s'ingénient à trouver de l'ouvrage et qui en trouvent. Nous pensons que l'on doit grandement se réjouir de la création de ces immenses ateliers, qui sont pour le pays une 214 DES MAGUINES A VAPEUR. source incessante de travail et de prospérité, et qui sauront satisfaire à tous les besoins quels qu'ils soient. Eniin, nous avons dit que la victoire, dans les guerres mari times, est assurée aux nations les plus riches; nous ne citerons qu'un chiffre. L'Amirauté anglaise a vendu en 1 868 : 4 vaisseaux de ligne ; 5 frégates de !'• classe. Le tonnage de ces 9 vaisseaux s'élevait à . . . 24 . 500 T. La force en chevaux nominaux à 4.000 Ils avaient coûté ensemble 50.000.000 fr. Leur transformation avait coûté 50.000.000 Ensemble iOO.OOO.OOOfr. Ils ont duré douze ans. L'Amirauté les a vendus 1,500,000 fr. Sans tenir compte de l'intérêt du capital engagé, la dépré ciation de cliacun de ces navires a été d environ 2,500 fr. par jour. Chaque nation peut appliquer le même chiffre à sa flotte et calculer ce qu'elle perd journellement. Il n'y a que les nations industrielles et commerçantes qui puissent supporter de pareilles perles, et la victoire restera infailliblement à la plus riche. Mais ne cherchons pas à sup [luler ce que l'on pourrait faire d'utile à l'humanité avec de pareilles ressources. Navlffatioii llnYiale. Prtigrès réalisés. — La navigation fluviale, plus peut-être que la navigation maritime encore, a été trans formée par la machine à vapeur et la substitution du fer au bois. Au point de vue du moteur, la navigation fluviale ne pouvait, comme la navigation maritime et sauf de bien rares exceptions, compter sur Taction du vent. A la descente des fleuves, elle utilisait le cours des eaux ; à la remonte et dans les biefs des eaux tranquilles des canaux, elle devait recourir à MACHINES DE NAVIGATION MARITIME OU FLUVIALE. 215 la force des animaux et même à celle des hommes. Il n'y a pas vingt-cinq ans que l'on voyait encore sur les rives du Rhône des files de 60 à 80 chevaux halant péniblement des barques lourdement chargées, qui remontaient d'Arles à Lyon ; souvent les animaux et les hommes qui les conduisaient devaient en trer dans l'eau pour permettre aux barques de suivre les pas ses sinueuses du chenal. Tous ceux qui ont vu ce spectacle ne l'oublieront jamais : l'homme était vainqueur dans sa lutte contre le cours des eaux, mais la victoire était longtemps in décise et bien pénible à obtenir. La navigation fluviale avait et a encore à vaincre bien des obstacles que ne rencontre pas la navigation maritime : tirant d'eau variable et souvent insuffisant, sujétions relatives à la hauteur disponible sous les ponts au moment des grandes crues, à la largeur des écluses, des pertuis, etc. Les travaux exécutés par les ingénieurs des ponts et chaus sées ont amélioré le cours de nos rivières et de nos fleuves ; mais le véritable progrès a été dû à la vapeur et aux ingénieurs mécaniciens, et parmi ces derniers nous nommerons Bourdon, à qui l'industrie doit le marteau-pilon. Nous citerons ce qui s'est passé sur le Rhône. Avant 1839, le Rhône ne possédait que des bateaux de bois ayant 50 mètres de longueur, 6",50 de largeur, 1",10 de tirant d'eau. Ils étaient mus par des machines anglaises de 70 à 80 che vaux ; en 70 heures ils reniontaient d'Arles à Lyon 60 à 70 tonnes de marchandises avec une consommation de 25 à 50 tonnes de combustible. Le tableau ci-après indique le changement survenu en dix ans, grâce à la triple coopération de Bourdon, des propriétaires du Creuzot, MM. Schneider, et des armateurs MM. Bonardel. 216 DES MACHINES A VAPEUR. DURES NOMS DRS RAVIRR8 ANNÉBS LONGUEUR LAROECR tirant d'bau FORCE DE LA MACUIHS DK LA rbhonte d'arlbs A LTOR TO;«>AfiB Gbocodili. •. Marsodir.. .. 1839 60 6 1-.20 80«^ 80 Mistral. . .. SiBOCO. . .. 1840 1841 et 1842 65 5.70 1 .20 100 100 FOUDRB OURAGAR. .. 67 5.70 1 .20 120 • 120 Grbozot. .. 1843 1 Ml«8I88IPI... Missouri. • . , à 75 6.30 1 .10 150 ë 150 Althbh 1844 S Talabot. . .. s Bourdon. . • , 1 1846 90 7 1 .10 260 .a -«0 300 FULTOR .... Napoléon... Yille-d'Autun. j s Aigle. . .. 1847 100 7 1 .10 340 Océan. . .. 1848 110 6 1 .10 400 Méditerranée. Océan. . .. Méditebraréb. 1850 1 133 6 1 .10 300 600 En résumé, disent MM. Flachat et Boutmy, dans une notice consacrée à la mémoire de Bourdon, lors de l'apparition des premiers bateaux de Bourdon sur le Rhône, les bateaux à va peur, avec leurs machines anglaises, mettaient 70 heures pour remonter d'Arles à Lyon 70 tonnes de marchandises en brûlant 50 tonneaux de charbon. En 1850, onze ans après, les bateaux de Bourdon remontaient en 58 heures 600 tonneaux, avec 50 tonneaux de combustible pour le double voyage aller et retour. Le prix du fret s'abaissait de 60 à 1 2 fr. On constaterait des résultats semblables sur tous les fleuves et sur toutes les rivières navigables de notre pays. Malgré l'im portance des travaux d'amélioration exécutés chaque année par l'État, nous ne craignons pas d'affirmer que, dans un grand nombre de cas, l'emploi de la machine à vapeur a suffi pour MACHINES DE NAVIGATION MARITIME OU FLUVIALE. 217 transformer la navigation. Des bateaux porteurs, plus forts, plus grands, plus rapides, ont été substitués à l'ancien matériel, et cet ancien matériel lui-même, grâce aux moyens nouveaux de remorquage et de louage, a pu être employé dans des conditions de régularité, de sécurité, de puissance même, absolument in connues autrefois. Sur plusieurs voies navigables, le commerce a pu s'exonérer des dépenses d'assurances, et la prédiction que nous avons formulée pour la navigation maritime est déjà presque entièrement accomplie pour la navigation fluviale. Serrlees d'omnibiifl sor les rivières. — Les ParisiensOUt dû à l'Exposition universelle de 1867 l'installation sur la Seine de services de bateaux-omnibus qui, organisés depuis longtemps à Londres, n'avaient fonctionné en France qu'à Lyon. Tout le monde connaît les Mouches, qui passent à tout instant sous nos ponts. Nous ne pouvons que donner leurs dimensions et les condi tions principales de leur installation : Longueur, 22 mètres ; Largeur, 5^,60 ; Tirant d'eau à vide, 1",10 ; Tirant d'eau à charge, 1",50 ; Nombre maximum de voyageurs, 110 ; Propulseur à hélice à 3 branches, 1 mètre de diamètie, et recouverte de 0"',10 à 0"*,55 d'eau ; Machine à pilon d'une puissance nominale de 18 chevaux, à cylindre vertical, à détente fixe et sans condensation ; Chaudière cylindrique tubulaireà foyer intérieur ; Tension maxima de la vapeur, 6 atmosphères. § 4. — Remorquage dans les ports, sur les rivières et sur les canaux. Mtm wim t m rendus p^r les reoMtrqiiears dans les ports et A la des rivières. — Nous sommcs cxposés à des redites Si8 DES MACHINES A. VAPEUR. mais, ici encore, nous devons constater la transformation ra* dicale que l'emploi de la vapeur a permis d'obtenir dans ces trois opérations : Remorquage à l'entrée d'un port ; Mouvements dans l'intérieur d'un port ; Remonte des fleuves et rivières. Réduits à l'emploi de la voile, les navires stationnaient souvent pendant plusieurs jours, et quelquefois pendant des semaines, devant l'enti ée d'un port sans pouvoir en approcher, et, quand le vent devenait favorable, il fallait encore des peines infinies pour aborder les passes de l'avant-port. Aujourd'hui, dès qu'un navire ordinaire est signalé au large, un remorqueur à vapeur se dirige vers lui et, au bout de quelques heures, le ramène malgré le vent et malgré la marée. Dans l'intérieur des grands ports, le passage d'un navire d'un bassin dans un autre s'effectuait et s'effectue, dans trop d'en droits encore, à l'aide de manœuvres à bras. Le plus petit re morqueur suffit à opérer le déplacement des plus grands navires, et, dans un espace de temps très-court, plusieurs navires peuvent successivement accoster un même quai de déchargement. Nous le dirons encore en parlant des appareils relatifs au chargement des marchandises, la vulgarisation dans les ports des appareils à vapeur, jointe à l'usage des remorqueurs, équivaut souvent à la création de nouveaux bassins. Enfin le remorquage des bateaux dans les fleuves et les rivières présente sur l'emploi des chevaux et des hommes des avantages immenses :. Facilité de suivre toutes les variations du chenal pour garder la ligne de plus grande profondeur des eaux ; Facilité de remonter les lourds chargements ; Rapidité dans le travail; Suppression à peu près absolue des servitudes du halage et du contre-halage qui grevaient si lourdement quelquefois les propriétés riveraines des grands cours d'eau. MAGUINbS DE NAVIGATION HAUITIME OU FLUVIALE. 2i9 rs dn port du Bavre. — Au port du Havrc il y avait, en 1868, 14 remorqueurs pour le service du port et la remonlc jusqu'à Rouen. L'entrée dans le port des navires en provenance de la petite ou de la grande rade, et Yèciproquement, est payée à prix dé battu suivant le temps et le vent. Pour le service entre le Havre et Rouen, les prix sont les suivants : Remonte, bateaux chargés 3 fr. » par tonneau. — — sur lest 2 » — Descente, — chargés 4 75 — — — sur lest i • — Dans les fleuves à rives plates et dans lesquels se fait senlir rinfluence de la marée, on ne concevrait plus aujourd'hui la possibilité de faire un remorquage avec des chevaux. Sur les 1 4 remorqueurs du Havre : 5 ont des chaudières timbrées à 7 atmosphères : 2 — 6 — 2 — 4 — 2 — 5 — L'emploi des hautes pressions parait donc convenir à ce genre de travail, et au Havre on n'a constaté aucun des in convénients que l'on attribuait à ce mode d'emploi de la vapeur. Au point de vue du mode de transmission, aucun système ne parait avoir d'avantages marqués, et les machines des remor queurs ont des cylindres fixes ou oscillants, droits ou ren versés. La haute pression s'emploie avec avantage pour les remor queurs du Havre, parce qu'on est à l'embouchure d'une rivière et que l'on emploie, par suite, de l'eau assez peu salée. Kemorqueim dB port de Harseiiie. — Le remorquage se fai sait dans le port de Marseille, en 1866, au moyen de cinq ba 220 DES MACHINES A TAPEUR. leaux, dont Tun a 80 chevaux de force, deux 60, et deux 50 ; en tout 500 chevaux. Les remorqueurs font à Marseille trois genres d'opérations distinctes : La première consiste à conduire un navire de l'ancien bassin dans les nouveaux, et réciproquement ; La deuxième, à sortir les navires ou à les amener dans le port, en se renfermant dans certaines limites aux abords ; La troisième, à faire des opérations à des distances plus ou moins éloignées, soit sur les côtes de France, soit même sur les côtes d'Italie ou d'Espagne. Pour satisfaire à ces diverses opérations et faire la part des mauvais temps, il est bon, pour un port important, d'avoir des navires de dilTérentes forces, de 80 chevaux pour les mauvais temps et les voyages à distance, de 50 pour les remorquages ordinaires, de 50 pour les passages d'un bassin à l'autre. Le type de 80 chevaux parait préférable pour un port dont l'impor tance ne comporte qu'un remorqueur. Sur les cinq remorqueurs de Marseille, trois sont à un seul cylindre vertical fixe, le quatrième est à deux cylindres hori zontaux, le cinquième h un seul cylindre horizontal. Quatre ont des chaudières tubulaires timbrées à 5 atmo sphères; elles marchent normalement à 2 atmosphères 1/2; le cinquième a une chaudière à tombeau travaillant à 1 atmo sphère 1/2. Les tarifs du remorquage sont de 0',50 par tonneau de jau geage pour rentrée ou la sortie du port du Frioul. Us varient de 50 fr. (pour les navires de 100 à 150 tonneaux) à 100 fr. (pour les navires de 500 à 600 tonneaux), au port Napoléon, et de 25 fr. (pour les navires de 100 à 125 tonneaux) à 85 fr. (pour les navires de 400 à 600 tonneaux), au port ancien et au port de la Joliette. Ces machines ont une pression moyenne de 2 atm. 1/2. Il est impossible d'avoir des pressions plus élevées à cause des dé MACHINES DE NAVIGATION MARITIME OU FLUVIALE. n pots salins dont l'élévation de température augmente l'impor tance. § 5. — Touage des bateaux sur les rivières et sur les canaux. ~ llalage i la vapeur. TmMire •!» chaiDe noyée. — MM. Chanoine et de Lagrené, dans un mémoire trés-intéressant inséré dans les Annales des Ponts et Chaussées^ novembre et décembre i 865, ont donné du louage la définition suivante : « Le touage est un remorquage qui s'exécute au moyen d'une machine à vapeur placée dans un bateau et qui prend son point d'appui sur une chaîne placée au fond du chenal, suivant toute la longueur du cours d'eau à parcourir. Cette chaîne est fixée à ses deux extrémités et disposée de façon à s'enrouler sur un ou deux cylindres mus par une machine à vapeur placée soit à bord d'un bateau spécial qui prend le nom de toueur, soit sur un bateau ordinaire chargé de marchandises. La rotation im primée aux cylindres détermine l'enroulement ou le déroule ment de la chaîne. » Nous n'avons pas à examiner ce mode de remorquage au point de vue général du choix à faire entre les divers modes de traction sur les rivières et sur les canaux. La solution de cette question dépend de considérations commerciales et de l'état dans lequel se trouve chaque voie navigable. En supposant la préférence accordée au touage, nous ne nous occuperons ni de la chaîne noyée, ni des détails d'exécu tion du service ; nous ne considérerons que les machines em ployées dans cette opération. Toaase cvr la iMivte Seine. — Un service très-régulicr de touage existe sur la haute Seine entre Paris et Montereau, sur une longueur de 102 kilomètres. Avant l'établissement de ce *i22 DES MACHINES A VAPEUR service, la remonte des bateaux assemblés en trait et remor qués par des chevaux exigeait 6 à 8 jours ; aujourd'hui elle s'effectue en 3 jours et presque à heures fixes. Le service se fait avec 7 loueurs : 1 de 16 chevaux ; 1 de 24 ; 5 de 35 à 40. Les toueurs de 35 à 40 chevaux présentent les dispositions suivantes : Coque en fer à fond plat ; Machines motrices placées au milieu du bateau avec cylin dres inclinés, condensation et détente variable; Chaudières tubulaires, à foyer intérieur, timbrées à 5 atmo sphères et placées à chaque extrémité du bateau, de manière à donner un bon équilibrage des poids; Consommation : 2^,500 par cheval et par heure ; Vitesse maxima à la remonte : 6 kilom. à l'heure ; Vitesse moyenne: 2 kilom. à 2^,05. Les loueurs de la haute Seine ne croisent pas ; ils marchent les uns à la suite des autres comme les anciens relais de poste. Quand un loueur remontant rencontre un loueur avalant, il lui cède son convoi et descend en chercher un autre. Les premières chaînes faites en fer de 19 millim. pesaient de 7 à 8 kilog. le mètre ; elles étaient trop faibles et ont dû être remplacées par des chaînes faites en fer de 22 millim. qui pèsent 11 kilog. le mètre. Le louage de la haute Seine fournit en somme un service très* régulier, et son organisation peut être cité.e comme une solu tion très-pratique ettrès-satisfaisante du louage sur les rivières à faible pente. Toiuice ftar la bame Seine. — Sur la basse Seine, il y a qua tre chaînes noyées : La première dan» la traversée de Paris ; La deuxième entre Paris et l'embouchure de TOîse; La troisième entre Tembouchure de l'Oise et Rouen ; La quatrième entre Rouen et la Mailleraie. NâGIIINES de NAVIGATfON MARITIME OU FLUVIALE. 225 Les machines employées sont plus puissantes que celles qui font le service sur la haute Seine, mais les dispositions princi pales sont les mômes. Entre Rouen et la Mailleraie, le service du louage n*a point donné d'excellents résultats ; les navires arrivent à Rouen avec le flot et une remorque plus vite qu'avec le toueur. ToMce MT le eanal Saint-Hartin * PaHs. — Le caual Saint Martin a été recouvert d^me voûte entre la place de la Rastille et le boulevard du Prince-Eugène, et enfermé entre deux murs profonds jusqu'au faubourg du Temple. Il importait de faire aussi rapidement que possible le touage des bateaux entre ces deux points extrêmes ; il s'effectue sur une chaîne noyée en fer de 16 millim., pesant 4^,60 le métré courant. La machine à vapeur, d'une force de 20 chevaux, ne brûle que du coke, pour éviter toute fumée aux habitations riveraines du canal. Toaaf e mmr le Meff de partage da eaaal de Boorgogne. — Une chaîne noyée a été placée dans le bief de partage du canal de Boargogne; ce bief, qui a 6,100 métrés de longueur, comprend le souterrain de Pouilly, dont la traversée présentait de grandes difficultés pour la navigation. Les Annales des Ponts et Chaussées ont donné, en 1868, des détails très-intéressants sur ce service. Au point de vue économique, nous devons noter que Les dépenses de l'exploitation sont de 13,500 fr. Les recettes — de 8,500 ce qui entraine une perte annuelle de 5,000 fr. non compris l'intérêt et l'amortissement du capital employé à l'installa tion, installation jugée déjà insuffisante puisque l'on signale la nécessité d'acheter un second toueur. Nous considérons des résultats semblables comme regret tables. L'État doit assurer par un bon entretien la circulation sur les routes, sur les fleuves et sur les canaux ; mais il ne doit pas prendre le rôle d'entrepreneur de traction, et si, exception 224 DES MACHINES À VAPEUR. nellement, il est conduit à subir une mesure de ce genre, ce ne devrait pas être aux dépens du trésor public. Toaagf) sor les eaiMiox * l'aide de locooioUles. — DanS tOUS les exemples que nous venons de citer, le loueur est un bateau spécial portant sa machine et ses chaudières. M. Bouquié a pro posé d efîectuer ce service à l'aide de petites machines locomo biles placées sur un bateau portant un chargement. Des expé riences ont été faites sur le canal Saint-Denis, sur le canal Saint Quentin et sur rOise. Les résultats ont été satisfaisants ; outre la machine, le bateau portait un chargement de 255 tonnes. Résolue au point de vue de la traction d'un bateau k Taide d'une faible machine, la question ne parait pas l'étrQ encore quant h la dépense et au prix de revient de la tonne kilomé trique. Si l'on se décide à faire la dépense d'une chaîne noyée, il nous parait préférable d'employer une chaîne lourde et assez résistante pour permettre le touage d'un convoi et non d'un seul bateau. Dans tous les cas, les questions de touage méritent l'atten tion des ingénieurs, et l'emploi des chaînes permettra peut* être sur les chemins de fer l'accès de rampes inabordables avec les machines actuelles. Tomige SOT un point fixe. — Le touagc sur un point fixe, pour franchir des rapides, est employé sur la Saône et sur le Rhône ; le point fixe est une ancre avec un câble de 1 ,200 à 1 ,500 mètres de longueur. — Le train remorqué par un bateau à vapeur se haie sur ce point fixe, que Ton reporte en amont, si le rapide ne peut être franchi en une seule fois ; on perd ainsi beaucoup de temps, mais si le nombre des rapides est peu considérable, on peut employer ce système avec succès et effectuer le voyage avec des remorqueurs de force moyenne. Signalons aussi un mode fout particulier de remorquage, usité uniquement sur le Rhône, et qui consiste dans l'emploi des grappins. MACHINES DE NAVIGATION MARITIME OU FLUVIALE. 325 pe sar le RhAne A l'aide de Crappiaui. — LeS Grap pins sont des bateaux dans le milieu desquels se trouve une roue dont les tourillons sont supportés par un châssis en charpente. Ce châssis est mobile autour d'un axe placé à Texirémité opposée à celle qui supporte la roue : la roue peut alors reposer constamment sur le fond du lit, où elle prend des points d'appui au moyen de griffes dont sa circonférence est pourvue. Deux roues à palettes complètent le système et permettent au bateau de se mouvoir lorsque le grappin ne fonctionne pas. Trois bateaux fondés sur ce principe fonctionnent actuelle ment : La VUle-de-Beaucaire: longueur 124 mètres, La Ville-de-Lyon: longueur 115 La Ville-d* Avignon : longueur 87 Chaque Grappin porte 6 machines à vapeur : 2 machines à l'avant pour lever le grappin ; force totale : 30 chevaux ; 2 machines au centre pour la marche des grappins et des roues à palettes ; force : 180 chevaux ; 2 machines à l'arrière pour le treuil : 30 chevaux. Toutes les machines sont à cylindres horizontaux. Les grandes sont à condensation (3 atmosphères 1/2) ; les petites sont à haute pression et échappement libre (3 atmosphères 1/2). Dans les grandes machines, la course du piston est de 2°',50 ; le diamètre du cylindre est de 0",90 ; le nombre de coups de piston est de 8 à 10 par minute pour la remonte, et de 14 à 16 pour la descente. Dans les petites machines, la course du piston est de 1",00 et son diamètre de 0",30. Les Grappins n'ont qu'une chaudière à dôme avec 3 foyers à flamme directe, 3 cylindres tubulaires et un réservoir de vapeur cylindrique. Le nombre des tubes est de 111, et I. 15 226 DES MACHINES À VAPEUR. leur diamètre intérieur de 0",10. La surface de chauffe est de 160",7. Les roues à palettes ont un diamètre de 6 mètres ; celui de la couronne du grappin est de 4"',84; les 16 rayons de cette roue forment dents en saillie de 0'°,60 à 0",80. Les roues à palettes et le grappin fonctionnent habituelle ment en même temps ; la marche du grappin peut être suspen due au moyen d'un embrayage place sur l'arbre de la roue de commande. La vitesse, quand le grappin fonctionne, est de 5 kilom. à l'heure environ. Un Grappin peut remorquer 600 tonnes de marchandises, non compris 1,600 tonnes de jauge de bateaux vides. Généralement les convois sont composés de 2 ou 3 bateaux chargés et de 8 à 10 bateaux vides; le nombre des bateaux s'élève quelquefois à 20. L'équipage comprend 22 hommes, dont 14 se tiennent constamment sur le Grappin, et les autres sur les bateaux remorqués. Lorsque le remorqueur est en marche et qu'on arrive à un endroit du fleuve où la profondeur de l'eau ne permet plus au grappin d'atteindre le fond, le convoi est amarré au rivage el en môme temps retenu au remorqueur par un câble de fer, qui se déroule à mesure que le bateau avance avec le secours des roues seules ; la roue dentée est remise en mouvement quand le grappin trouve un fond sur lequel il puisse fonction ner. On fait alors, au moyen du sifflet à vapeur, les signaux nécessaires ; les amarres du convoi sont enlevées et le convoi est rappelé près du remorqueur par les machines d'arrière. Le Grappin stationne ordinairement pendant ce temps. Lon gueur du câble reliant le remorqueur au convoi, 800 à 1,000 mètres. Le service des Grappins a lieu entre Arles, Beaucaire et Lyon ; quelquefois ils descendent jusqu'à Bouc. La durée du trajet en tre Arles et Lyon, aller et retour, est en moyenne de 10 jours; MACIIWES DE NAVIGATION MARITIME OU FLUVIALE. 2Î7 et cette durée varie suivant le vent et la hauteur de l'eau danb le fleuve. Le prix demandé pour la remonte d*une tonne est extrê mement variable. Enfin, Tulilité des remorqueurs les Grappins parait surtout consister dans la remonte à peu de frais des bateaux vides qui ont porté leurs chargements' dans les ports du Midi. CHAPITRE Vil MACHINES LOCOMOTIVES g 1*'. — Ensemble de la machine locomotiye. — Premiers essais. — Conoours de Liverpool. Slmi^lielté de la oiacUBe loeomoUve. — La machine locomo live est le plus merveilleux instrument de travail qui existe ; c'est presque un être animë^ qui joint à une force prodigieuse une admirable docilité. . La machine locomotive est en même temps une machine simple. Une chaudière cylindrique, portant elle-même son foyer, ^produit la vapeur à une pression comprise habituellement entre 5 et 9 atmosphères. Condpite dans deux cylindres symé triquement placés par rapport à l'axe de la chaudière, la vapeur détermine le mouyementalternatif dedeux pistons, et ce mou vement est transformé en mouvement circulaire par une bielle et une manivelle. Enfin la machine étant pesante, les roues, au lieu de tourner sur elles-mêmes, avancent sur le sol sur lequel elles reposent. La machine locomotive consiste tout entière : * Le livre de la Sagme dans l'Ancien Testament ne semble-t-il pas avoir donné une description exacte des machines locomotives? « Ignotas bestias vaporem i^'nium spirantes, fhmi odorem proferentes, et horrendas ab oculis scintillas emit tentes. » MACHINES LOGOIIOÎIVES. 2-i9 1* En un générateur produisant une quantité de vapeur .cor respondant à une dépense facilement calculable ; V En un poids suffisant pour créer une adhérence qui transforme un mouvement de rotation en mouvement de trans lation. NotfoB de l'adhérenee. — Le mot adhérence^ dont nous ve nons de faire usage, et qui est celui adopté dans la langue des ateliers, doit être entendu dans un tout autre sens que celui employé dans les traités de physique. Dans ces derniers, l'adhé rence est la force qui s'oppose à la séparation de deux surfaces planes ou courbes en contact, tandis que le phénomène qui détermine le déplacement d'une machine locomotive est celui du frottement au dépari. L'expression d'adhérence a prévalu et est universellement admise. C'est avec ces deux éléments, — la production de la vapeur d'une part, l'adhérence résultant du poids d'autre part, — que la machine doit vaincre toutes les résistances qui s'opposent à son propre déplacement et à celui du train auquel elle est attelée. C'est en développant ces deux éléments, tour à tour ou simul tanément, que l'on est arrivé aux machines actuelles, et l'étude historique de la machine locomotive se réduit presque à Tétude des moyens employés pour augmenter la surface de chauffe et le poids de la machine. La notion exacte de l'adhérence fut longtemps peu connue. On croyait qu'une roue, dont l'essieu recevait un mouvement de rotation, tournerait elle-même sur place, et on pensait que le mouvement de translation ne s'obtiendrait que si on substi tuait au contact d'un rail et d'une roue lisse le contact d'une roue armée de dents ou de crochets s'imprimant dans le sol, ou même une véritable roue dentée roulant sur une crémail lère longitudinale. On imagina même de transmettre le mouvement alternat! T des pistons à deux patins s'appuyant successivement sur le sol et faisant en quelque sorte des enjambées comme un homme 250 DES MÀGillNËS A VAPEUR. OU un animal», Ce n'est qu'en 1812 qu'on reconnut rinutilité de ces complications) et Stephenson père construisit une ma chine à six roues roulant sur des rails lisses. Les cylindres étaient placés dans TintérLeur de la chaudière, et le mouvenoent des pistons était transmis aux roues par une chaine sans fin ; on peut voir cette transmission exécutée sur les cylindres com presseurs à vapeur, employés par les ingénieurs de la ville de Paris pour Pentretien des chaussées. PirodociioB de la Yapenr. — La question do Tadhércnce était résolue, mais celle de la production de la vupeur ne Tétait pas avec les chaudières connues à cette époque. Longtemps mènîe il y eut comme une déclaration d'impossibilité de la part des ingénieurs, et, dit-on, de Stephenson lui-même. En effet, en se donnant comme condition du problème à remplir une vitesse ^J'Hermînée, on calculait: Le nombre de tours de rouas que la machine devait faire dans une heure ; On en déduisait: Le nombre de coups de pislon, Le nombre de cylindrées de vapeur à dépenser. lin rapprochanlle volume total de vapeur ainsi déterminé de la puissance de vaporisation connue des chaudières de machines lixcs, on trouvait des différences telles que rien ne faisait en trevoir la possibilité d'arriver à une production de vapeur en rapport avec la dépense prévue. La découverte presque simultanée do la chaudière tubulaire et de l'échappement de la vapeur dans la cheminée, vint heu reusement changer la puissance de vaporisation des anciens foyors, et rendit possible la production d'une quantité de va peur inespérée. On peut dire qu'avec ces deux découvertes, la machine locomotive élait créée. Les avantages de la chaudière à tubes pour la production de la vapeur sont si grands, que certains constructeurs ont déclaré qu'il élait inutile] de chercher un autre mode de vaporisation. MACHINES LOCOMOTIVES. 234 et que la chaudière tubulaire devait être aussi bien employée pour les machines fixes que pour les machines locomotives et les locomobiles. Nous avons fait connaître les motifs pour lesquels nous n*adoptons point une manière de voir aussi absolue en ce qui concerne les machines fixes. Mais pour les machines locomotives, il n'y a point de restriction à faire, et la chaudière tubulaire constitue véritablement la machine elle-même. Ilacfalaes andeniiea. EsmiIs aatérienrs aux travaux de Ste pheasmi^ — Nous avous brièvement énonce les idées des pre miers ingénieurs qui s'occupèrent d'appliquer la machine à vapeur à la traction des véhicules sur les routes. Nous ne men tionnerons que pour mémoire les machines successivement proposées par Sébastien Cugnot, en 1769, par Trewithick et Vivian en 1802, par Murray en 1811, par Blackelt en 1812, et par Stephenson père en 1814. Les dessins de ces machines ont été plusieurs fois reproduits: il suffit d'y jeter un coup d'oeil pour apprécier ces essais, nous ne dirons pas sans valeur, mais si éloignés de la machine actuelle. Ce n'est qu'à partir de 1829 qu apparut, au concours de liverpool, la véritable machine locomotive construite par Robert Slephenson, la machine contenant une chaudière tubulaire et un échappement dans la cheminée.
| 3,787 |
6924829_1
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Court Listener
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 1,691 | 2,200 |
JOSEPH, J.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of burglary in the first degree. ORS 164.225. He appeals, assigning as error the denial of a motion for mistrial, the admission of certain evidence, the denial of a motion for acquittal based upon the alleged lack of corroboration of accomplice testimony, and the denial of a motion for new trial based upon newly discovered evidence.
Sometime around midnight on March 17, 1976, Mark Clifton and Richard Plieth went to the Mt. Scott golf course and nightclub (Mt. Scott) with the intention of breaking in and stealing "booze and money.” When they arrived they found that Mt. Scott was a more popular "after hours” spot than they had assumed; two burglars were already at work there. As they approached the rear of the building, Clifton and Plieth encountered a man whom they later identified as the defendant standing outside the Mt. Scott office. Another man, later identified as Eddie Joe Mustain, was inside the building.
Clifton and Plieth explained to defendant that they were "there to burglarize the place ourselves.” When defendant told them that he and Mustain were getting the money, Plieth and Clifton decided to abandon their plans to take money and told defendant that they only wanted alcohol. Defendant replied that that would be all right as long as Clifton and Plieth "stuck close by.”
Plieth and Clifton entered Mt. Scott and gathered up a case of wine and some stereo equipment. While they were doing so, they saw defendant and Mustain a couple of times but did not communicate or cooperate with them in any way. There is no indication that Clifton or Plieth made any attempt to "stick close by” defendant and Mustain. While inside, Plieth thought he smelled wires burning, but neither he nor Clifton saw a cutting torch or any other burglary tools.
*334As Clifton and Plieth were moving the wine and stereo equipment outside the building, they saw defendant and Mustain leaving. One was carrying a black bag and the other was carrying one or two plastic buckets.
The burglary (or burglaries) was (were) later discovered by a security guard. The safe had been opened with a cutting torch and about $300 in coins taken. In addition, several vending machines had been broken into.
Early on the morning of May 4, 1976, a deputy sheriff observed a Volkswagen van parked along Highway 30 near the Troutdale bridge. Later that morning another deputy spotted Mustain about a quarter of a mile from the van. He was soaking wet and was carrying $533 in cash. The deputy asked him why he was wet and why he was carrying so much money. He also asked about the van. Although Mustain at first denied any knowledge of the van, he later asked another deputy to retrieve his cigarettes from the vehicle. The deputy then saw in the van a plastic bucket full of coins and currency and a black bag, which subsequently was found to contain a cutting torch. Also in the van was a wallet containing defendant’s identification.
Defendant and Mustain were jointly tried and convicted of burglary in the first degree. Mustain’s appeal is the subject of a separate case, decided this day.
Defendant first assigns as error the denial of his motion for mistrial based upon the admission of testimony by the deputy sheriff that he had first asked Mustain why he was soaking wet and then why he was carrying $533 in cash, and that Mustain had replied that he had fallen in the river twice. Before the deputy related Mustain’s answer to the second question, defendant moved for a mistrial. Defendant asserts that the deputy’s testimony constituted inadmissible evidence of other crimes.
*335Although Mustain’s arrest was apparently a consequence of an investigation of a crime other than the Mt. Scott burglary, the prosecution was careful to keep that from the jury. The jury heard no testimony which in terms related that arrest to any other crime. There was nothing from which the jury could draw an inference that Mustain had committed some other crime. The trial court properly denied the motion for mistrial.
Defendant’s second assignment of error concerns the admission into evidence of the black bag and its contents. In particular he contends that the state failed adequately to establish a "chain of custody” and that the evidence was irrelevant because it was not linked to the crime or to defendant. After the bag was seized from the van, it was checked in by the property clerk of the sheriff’s department. It was later sent to the state of Washington as part of an investigation there. There was no testimony by the Washington authorities. The property clerk did testify, however, that the bag appeared to be the same one as had been checked in on May 4 in connection with the arrest of Mustain.
In State v. Anderson, 242 Or 368, 374, 409 P2d 681, 683-84 (1966), the court observed that in order for evidence to be admissible "ordinarily * * * a foundation * * * must be laid by the testimony of each person who had possession or custody of the article.” The court held, however, that
"* * * this is not an inexorable rule of law and the ultimate question always is whether the proof shows with reasonable certainty that the article offered is the identical article taken from the accused. The question is addressed in the first instance to the sound discretion of the trial judge.” 242 Or at 374.
Considering the nature of the article, the circumstances surrounding its preservation and custody and the likelihood of intermeddlers tampering with it, the "chain of custody” objection was properly overruled. *336State v. Anderson, supra; see State v. Reese, 25 Or App 231, 236, 548 P2d 998, 1001 (1976).
Defendant argues that the black bag and the cutting torch found inside it were irrelevant because they were not linked to the crime. We do not agree. Both Clifton and Plieth testified that the bag offered into evidence resembled the one they had seen in the possession of defendant or Mustain at Mt. Scott, and an expert witness testified that a cutting torch had been used to open the Mt. Scott safe. See State v. Planck, 3 Or App 331, 473 P2d 694, rev den (1970), cert denied, 406 US 973 (1971).
Defendant makes a similar objection with reference to the van. That vehicle and the evidence found in it were linked to Mustain. About that there is no serious argument. Although the evidence was not discovered until two months after the burglary, defendant has pointed to no prejudicial effect which would outweigh its probative value. See State v. Manrique, 271 Or 201, 205, 531 P2d 239, 241 (1975); compare State v. Flett, 234 Or 124, 380 P2d 634 (1963). Having been linked to the crime and to Mustain, the evidence was admissible. If the jury chose to believe Clifton and Plieth’s testimony that Mustain and defendant were the two burglars they encountered at Mt. Scott, defendant would be chargeable with the acts of Mustain committed in furtherance of their common criminal purpose, see State v. Cantrell, 1 Or App 454, 463 P2d 593 (1970), and could be convicted of burglary in the first degree even if he had never been in actual possession of the bag and its contents. The evidence was, therefore, properly admitted.
ORS 136.440(1) provides that "[a] conviction cannot be had upon the testimony of an accomplice unless it is corroborated by other evidence that tends to connect the defendant with the commission of the offense.” Defendant moved for acquittal on the grounds that Clifton and Plieth were accomplices as a matter of law and their testimony was uncorroborated. The court *337sent the issue to the jury, fully instructing them as to the definition of "accomplice.” ORS 136.440(2) defines an accomplice as one "who, according to the evidence adduced in the action, is criminally liable for the conduct of the defendant under ORS 161.155 and 161.165 * * ORS 161.155 provides:
"A person is criminally liable for the conduct of another person constituting a crime if:
* * * *
"(2) With the intent to promote or facilitate the commission of the crime he:
* * * *
"(b) Aids or abets or agrees or attempts to aid or abet such other person in planning or committing the crime * *
In State v. Fitzgerald, 14 Or App 361, 366, 513 P2d 817, 820 (1973) we held that "[t]he question of whether a state’s witness is an accomplice is for the jury when different inferences can be drawn from the evidence.” There was evidence from which the jury could have inferred that Clifton and Plieth agreed to "stick close by” and that they so agreed with the required intent. These, however, were not the only inferences which could have been drawn from the evidence. The issue was properly left to the jury.
Finally, defendant assigns as error the denial of his motion for a new trial based upon newly discovered evidence. That evidence was as follows: In July, 1976, a cutting torch was stolen from Condon Motors. As a result of the investigation of that theft, defendant obtained an invoice from Central Oregon Welders indicating that a cutting torch with the same serial number as that seized from Mustain had been delivered to Condon Motors on January 23, 1976. There was no evidence, however, that the cutting torch stolen in July was the same one delivered in January. In fact, at the hearing on the motion the manager of Condon Motors testified that he sold a used cutting torch every month or two and kept only one on hand at *338any given time. Thus, it is not likely that the torch stolen in July was the one delivered in January. The evidence would probably not have changed the result had a new trial been granted. Therefore the motion was properly denied. State of Oregon v. Davis, 192 Or 575, 235 P2d 761 (1951); State v. Toth, 30 Or App 285, 566 P2d 1218, rev den (1977).
Affirmed.
| 28,972 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsis%20eximia
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Pepsis eximia
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https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pepsis eximia&action=history
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Cebuano
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Spoken
| 37 | 66 |
Kaliwatan sa insekto ang Pepsis eximia. Una ning gihulagway ni Lucas. Ang Pepsis eximia sakop sa kahenera nga Pepsis, ug kabanay nga Pompilidae. Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Insekto
Pepsis
| 45,530 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3729016
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
| null |
Law & Order: UK, series 4
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 562 | 1,096 |
quarta stagione di Law & Order: UK
lista di episodi della quarta stagione
quarta stagione di Law & Order: UK serie Law & Order: UK, numero d'ordine 4, seguito da quinta stagione di Law & Order: UK, preceduto da terza stagione di Law & Order: UK
quarta stagione di Law & Order: UK istanza di stagione televisiva
quarta stagione di Law & Order: UK numero di episodi
quarta stagione di Law & Order: UK emittente originale ITV
quarta stagione di Law & Order: UK lingua originale dell'opera inglese
quarta stagione di Law & Order: UK identificativo Freebase /m/0f_r2m1
Law & Order: UK, series 4
season of television series
Law & Order: UK, series 4 part of the series Law & Order: UK, series ordinal 4, followed by Law & Order: UK, series 5, follows Law & Order: UK, series 3
Law & Order: UK, series 4 instance of television series season
Law & Order: UK, series 4 number of episodes
Law & Order: UK, series 4 original broadcaster ITV
Law & Order: UK, series 4 original language of film or TV show English
Law & Order: UK, series 4 Freebase ID /m/0f_r2m1
Law & Order: UK, seizoen 4
Law & Order: UK, seizoen 4 serie Law & Order: UK, volgnummer 4, volgende Law & Order: UK, seizoen 5, vorige Law & Order: UK, seizoen 3
Law & Order: UK, seizoen 4 is een seizoen van televisieserie
Law & Order: UK, seizoen 4 aantal afleveringen
Law & Order: UK, seizoen 4 oorspronkelijk uitgezonden door Independent Television
Law & Order: UK, seizoen 4 taal van film of televisieprogramma Engels
Law & Order: UK, seizoen 4 Freebase-identificatiecode /m/0f_r2m1
Law & Order: UK (sezona 4)
Law & Order: UK (sezona 4) je(su) Televizijska sezona
Law & Order: UK (sezona 4) originalni jezik engleski jezik
Law & Order: UK (sezona 4) Freebase broj /m/0f_r2m1
Law & Order: UK/Staffel 4
Staffel von Law & Order: UK
Law & Order: UK/Staffel 4 Teil der Reihe oder Serie Law & Order: UK, Ordnungsnummer 4, Nachfolger Law & Order: UK/Staffel 5, Vorgänger Law & Order: UK/Staffel 3
Law & Order: UK/Staffel 4 ist ein(e) Staffel
Law & Order: UK/Staffel 4 Anzahl der Episoden
Law & Order: UK/Staffel 4 Sender der Erstausstrahlung ITV
Law & Order: UK/Staffel 4 Originalsprache Englisch
Law & Order: UK/Staffel 4 Freebase-Kennung /m/0f_r2m1
saison 4 de Londres, police judiciaire
saison de série télévisée
saison 4 de Londres, police judiciaire série Londres, police judiciaire, rang dans la série 4, suivi par saison 5 de Londres, police judiciaire, précédé par saison 3 de Londres, police judiciaire
saison 4 de Londres, police judiciaire nature de l’élément saison de série télévisée
saison 4 de Londres, police judiciaire nombre d'épisodes
saison 4 de Londres, police judiciaire diffuseur original ITV
saison 4 de Londres, police judiciaire langue originelle du film ou de l'émission de télévision anglais
saison 4 de Londres, police judiciaire identifiant Freebase /m/0f_r2m1
Ред и закон: ВБ (4. сезона)
Ред и закон: ВБ (4. сезона) серијал Law & Order: UK, редни број 4, следи Ред и закон: ВБ (5. сезона), претходи Ред и закон: ВБ (3. сезона)
Ред и закон: ВБ (4. сезона) је телевизијска сезона
Ред и закон: ВБ (4. сезона) број епизода
Ред и закон: ВБ (4. сезона) изворна мрежа ITV
Ред и закон: ВБ (4. сезона) изворни језик дела енглески језик
Ред и закон: ВБ (4. сезона) Фрибејз /m/0f_r2m1
| 4,027 |
https://github.com/RoshniCh/busboardMVC-js/blob/master/controllers/testController.js
|
Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| null |
busboardMVC-js
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RoshniCh
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JavaScript
|
Code
| 601 | 2,372 |
const Bus = require('../models/Test');
exports.getTestData = (req, res) => {
let topBus = [
new Bus('line', 'towards', 'time')
];
res.render('testView', {
topBus: topBus,
})
}
exports.getBusHTML = (req, res) => {
var XMLHttpRequest = require("xmlhttprequest").XMLHttpRequest;
var passedPostcode = req.params.postcode
// validatePostcode(passedPostcode)
// function validatePostcode (passedPostcode){
// var urlValPostcode = `api.postcodes.io/postcodes/${passedPostcode}/validate`
// var requestPost = new XMLHttpRequest()
// requestPost.open('GET', urlValPostcode, true)
// requestPost.onreadystatechange = function () {
// if (requestPost.readyState === 4) {
// // console.log(requestPost.responseText)
// var reqPost = requestPost.responseText
// // console.log(reqPost)
// if (reqPost){
// validPostcode(passedPostcode)
// }else {
// res.render('errorView')
// }
// }
// }
// requestPost.send()
// }
validPostcode(passedPostcode)
function validPostcode(passedPostcode){
var urlLatLong = `https://api.postcodes.io/postcodes?q=${passedPostcode}`
//getUrlLongLat(passedPostcode);
//var urlLatLong = getUrlLongLat()
var requestLL = new XMLHttpRequest()
requestLL.open('GET', urlLatLong, true)
requestLL.onreadystatechange = function () {
if (requestLL.readyState === 4) {
var reqLL = JSON.parse(requestLL.responseText)
getStopArr(reqLL)
}
}
requestLL.send()
}
function getStopArr(reqLL){
var latitude = getLat(reqLL)
var longitude = getLong(reqLL)
var urlStopCode = `https://api.tfl.gov.uk/Stoppoint?lat=${latitude}&lon=${longitude}&stoptypes=NaptanPublicBusCoachTram`
var requestSC = new XMLHttpRequest()
requestSC.open('GET', urlStopCode, true)
requestSC.onreadystatechange = function () {
if (requestSC.readyState === 4) {
var reqSC = JSON.parse(requestSC.responseText)
var stopCode1 = getStopCode(reqSC, 1);
var stopCode2 = getStopCode(reqSC, 2);
var urlBus1 = makeUrlBus(stopCode1);
var urlBus2 = makeUrlBus(stopCode2);
getBuses(urlBus1, urlBus2);
// if (reqSC.stopPoints.length >= 2){
// var stopCode1 = getStopCode(reqSC, 1);
// var stopCode2 = getStopCode(reqSC, 2);
// var urlBus1 = makeUrlBus(stopCode1);
// var urlBus2 = makeUrlBus(stopCode2);
// var topFive1 = getBuses(urlBus1);
// // var topFive2 = getBuses(urlBus2);
// // var topBus = []
// // topFive1.forEach(bus => topBus.push(new Bus(bus.line, bus.towards, bus.time)))
// // topFive2.forEach(bus => topBus.push(new Bus(bus.line, bus.towards, bus.time)))
// } else if (reqSC.stopPoints.length == 1){
// var stopCode1 = getStopCode(reqSC, 1);
// var urlBus1 = makeUrlBus(stopCode1);
// var topFive1 = getBuses(urlBus1);
// var topBus = []
// topFive1.forEach(bus => topBus.push(new Bus(bus.line, bus.towards, bus.time)))
// } //else {topBus = {bus:"No bus stop nearby"}}
// res.render('testView', {
// topBus : topBus,
// })
}
}
requestSC.send()
}
// function getUrlLongLat(){
// // console.log("Enter your post code(no spaces)")
// // let postcode = readline.prompt()
// let postcode = "NW51TL"
// return `https://api.postcodes.io/postcodes?q=${postcode}`
// }
function getLat(reqLL){
return reqLL.result[0].latitude
}
function getLong(reqLL){
return long = reqLL.result[0].longitude
}
function getStopCode(reqSC, n){
return reqSC.stopPoints[n-1].id
}
function makeUrlBus(stopPoint){
return `https://api.tfl.gov.uk/StopPoint/${stopPoint}/Arrivals`
}
function getBuses(urlBus1, urlBus2){
var requestBus1 = new XMLHttpRequest()
requestBus1.open('GET', urlBus1, true)
requestBus1.onreadystatechange = function () {
if (requestBus1.readyState === 4) {
var reqBus1 = JSON.parse(requestBus1.responseText)
var requestBus2 = new XMLHttpRequest()
requestBus2.open('GET', urlBus2, true)
requestBus2.onreadystatechange = function () {
if (requestBus2.readyState === 4) {
var reqBus2 = JSON.parse(requestBus2.responseText)
findBuses(reqBus1, reqBus2)
}
}
requestBus2.send()
}
}
requestBus1.send()
}
function findBuses(reqArray1, reqArray2){
let buses1 = reqArray1.map(bus => {
return{station: bus.stationName, line : bus.lineId, time: bus.timeToStation, towards: bus.towards}
})
buses1.sort((a, b) => {
return a.time - b.time
})
let topFive = [];
for (let a = 0; a<= 4 && a<buses1.length; a++){
topFive.push(buses1[a])
}
let buses2 = reqArray2.map(bus => {
return{station: bus.stationName, line : bus.lineId, time: bus.timeToStation, towards: bus.towards}
})
buses2.sort((a, b) => {
return a.time - b.time
})
let topFive2 = [];
for (let a = 0; a<= 4 && a<buses2.length; a++){
topFive2.push(buses2[a])
}
// return topFive
// if (reqArray[0].platformName === 'null') {
// console.log(`${reqArray[0].stationName}`)
// }else{
// console.log(`${reqArray[0].stationName}: Bus stop ${reqArray[0].platformName}`)
// }
// topFive.forEach(bus => console.log(`${bus.line} towards ${bus.towards} : ${toMinutes(bus.time)}`))
// var topBus =
// res.render('testView', {
// topBus : topBus,
var topBus = []
topFive.forEach(bus => topBus.push(new Bus(bus.station, bus.line, bus.towards, bus.time)))
// topBus = topFive.map(bus => {return new Bus(bus.station, bus.line, bus.towards, bus.time)})
var topBus2 =[]
topFive2.forEach(bus => topBus2.push(new Bus(bus.station, bus.line, bus.towards, bus.time)))
res.render('testView', {
topBus : topBus,
topBus2 : topBus2,
})
}
function toMinutes(seconds){
if (Math.floor(seconds / 60) >= 1){return `${Math.floor(seconds/60)} mins`
} else{return 'due'}
}
};
| 35,398 |
https://github.com/adobe/target-java-sdk/blob/master/src/test/java/com/adobe/target/edge/client/ondevice/client/geo/DefaultGeoClientTest.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference
| 2,022 |
target-java-sdk
|
adobe
|
Java
|
Code
| 238 | 881 |
/*
* Copyright 2021 Adobe. All rights reserved.
* This file is licensed to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy
* of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under
* the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS
* OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language
* governing permissions and limitations under the License.
*/
package com.adobe.target.edge.client.ondevice.client.geo;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
import com.adobe.target.delivery.v1.model.Geo;
import com.adobe.target.edge.client.ClientConfig;
import kong.unirest.GetRequest;
import kong.unirest.Headers;
import kong.unirest.HttpResponse;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.mockito.Mockito;
public class DefaultGeoClientTest {
@Test
void testDefaultGeoClient() {
String domain = "test.com";
ClientConfig clientConfig =
ClientConfig.builder().organizationId("testOrgId").onDeviceConfigHostname(domain).build();
DefaultGeoClient geoClient = spy(DefaultGeoClient.class);
geoClient.start(clientConfig);
String ip = "127.0.0.1";
String url = "https://" + domain + DefaultGeoClient.GEO_PATH;
String city = "SAN FRANCISCO";
String regionCode = "CA";
String countryCode = "US";
float latitude = 37.74f;
float longitude = -122.24f;
GetRequest request = mock(GetRequest.class);
@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
HttpResponse response = mock(HttpResponse.class);
Headers headers = new Headers();
headers.add(DefaultGeoClient.GEO_HEADER_CITY, city);
headers.add(DefaultGeoClient.GEO_HEADER_REGION, regionCode);
headers.add(DefaultGeoClient.GEO_HEADER_COUNTRY, countryCode);
headers.add(DefaultGeoClient.GEO_HEADER_LATITUDE, String.valueOf(latitude));
headers.add(DefaultGeoClient.GEO_HEADER_LONGITUDE, String.valueOf(longitude));
Mockito.doReturn(response).when(request).asEmpty();
Mockito.doReturn(headers).when(response).getHeaders();
Mockito.doReturn(request).when(geoClient).geoRequest(any(), any(), any());
Geo geoResponse = geoClient.lookupGeo(ip);
verify(geoClient).geoRequest(eq(url), eq(DefaultGeoClient.GEO_IP_HEADER), eq(ip));
assertEquals(city, geoResponse.getCity());
assertEquals(regionCode, geoResponse.getStateCode());
assertEquals(countryCode, geoResponse.getCountryCode());
assertEquals(latitude, geoResponse.getLatitude(), 0.01);
assertEquals(longitude, geoResponse.getLongitude(), 0.01);
}
}
| 24,678 |
https://github.com/mingrammer/flask-pymongo/blob/master/tests/test_url_converter.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-2-Clause
| 2,021 |
flask-pymongo
|
mingrammer
|
Python
|
Code
| 36 | 203 |
from util import FlaskPyMongoTest
from flask_pymongo import BSONObjectIdConverter
from bson import ObjectId
from werkzeug.exceptions import NotFound
class UrlConverterTest(FlaskPyMongoTest):
def test_bson_object_id_converter(self):
converter = BSONObjectIdConverter("/")
self.assertRaises(NotFound, converter.to_python, ("132"))
assert converter.to_python("4e4ac5cfffc84958fa1f45fb") == \
ObjectId("4e4ac5cfffc84958fa1f45fb")
assert converter.to_url(ObjectId("4e4ac5cfffc84958fa1f45fb")) == \
"4e4ac5cfffc84958fa1f45fb"
| 42,576 |
https://github.com/vsupa/psp/blob/master/backend/common-core/src/test/java/com/vsupa/core/SensitiveInfoMaskTest.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Unlicense
| 2,018 |
psp
|
vsupa
|
Java
|
Code
| 38 | 162 |
package com.vsupa.core;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
/**
* @author Maxwell.Lee
* @date 2018-02-05 19:56
* @since 1.0.0
*/
public class SensitiveInfoMaskTest {
@Test
public void maskMobile() {
Assert.assertEquals("123****4321", SensitiveInfoMask.maskMobile("12300004321"));
Assert.assertEquals(null, SensitiveInfoMask.maskMobile("12300004321="));
Assert.assertEquals(null, SensitiveInfoMask.maskMobile("12300"));
}
}
| 624 |
https://github.com/Alpha-Directorate/AlphaSSS/blob/master/content/plugins/buddypress-xprofile-custom-fields-type/lang/es_ES.po
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,015 |
AlphaSSS
|
Alpha-Directorate
|
Gettext Catalog
|
Code
| 839 | 2,888 |
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: BuddyPress Xprofile Custom Fields Type v2.1.5\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-03-11 12:42+0100\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2015-03-11 12:42+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Sol Huebner <[email protected]>\n"
"Language-Team: \n"
"Language: es_ES\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"X-Poedit-KeywordsList: __;_e;_x\n"
"X-Poedit-Basepath: ../\n"
"X-Generator: Poedit 1.7.4\n"
"X-Poedit-SearchPath-0: .\n"
#: bp-xprofile-custom-fields-type.php:105
msgid ""
"BuddyPress Xprofile Custom Fields Type plugin needs <b>BuddyPress 2.0</b>, "
"please install or upgrade BuddyPress."
msgstr ""
"El plugin \"BuddyPress Xprofile Custom Fields Type\" necesita <b>BuddyPress "
"2.0</b>, por favor instala o actualiza BuddyPress."
#: bp-xprofile-custom-fields-type.php:233
#: bp-xprofile-custom-fields-type.php:355
msgid "yes"
msgstr "sí"
#: bp-xprofile-custom-fields-type.php:233
#: bp-xprofile-custom-fields-type.php:355
msgid "no"
msgstr "no"
#: bp-xprofile-custom-fields-type.php:249
#: bp-xprofile-custom-fields-type.php:371 classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_File.php:58
msgid "Download file"
msgstr "Descargar archivo"
#: bp-xprofile-custom-fields-type.php:425
#: bp-xprofile-custom-fields-type.php:449
msgid "This is a required field"
msgstr "Este campo es obligatorio."
#: bp-xprofile-custom-fields-type.php:431
#: bp-xprofile-custom-fields-type.php:476
#, php-format
msgid "Image type not allowed: (%s)."
msgstr "Tipo de imagen no permitido: (%s)."
#: bp-xprofile-custom-fields-type.php:434
#: bp-xprofile-custom-fields-type.php:480
#, php-format
msgid "Max image upload size: %s MB."
msgstr "Tamaño máximo de imagen: %s MB."
#: bp-xprofile-custom-fields-type.php:438
#: bp-xprofile-custom-fields-type.php:496
#, php-format
msgid "File type not allowed: (%s)."
msgstr "Tipo de archivo no permitido: (%s)."
#: bp-xprofile-custom-fields-type.php:441
#: bp-xprofile-custom-fields-type.php:500
#, php-format
msgid "Max file upload size: %s MB."
msgstr "Tamaño máximo de archivo: %s MB."
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Birthdate.php:12
msgid "Birthdate Selector"
msgstr "Selector de fecha de nacimiento"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Birthdate.php:104
msgid "Check this if you want to show age instead of birthdate:"
msgstr ""
"Marque esta opción si quiere mostrar la edad en lugar de la fecha de "
"nacimiento:"
# no option picked in select box
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Birthdate.php:224
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Birthdate.php:249
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Birthdate.php:257
msgid "----"
msgstr ""
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Birthdate.php:235
msgid "January"
msgstr "Enero"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Birthdate.php:236
msgid "February"
msgstr "Febrero"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Birthdate.php:237
msgid "March"
msgstr "Marzo"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Birthdate.php:238
msgid "April"
msgstr "Abril"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Birthdate.php:239
msgid "May"
msgstr "Mayo"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Birthdate.php:240
msgid "June"
msgstr "Junio"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Birthdate.php:241
msgid "July"
msgstr "Julio"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Birthdate.php:242
msgid "August"
msgstr "Agosto"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Birthdate.php:243
msgid "September"
msgstr "Septiembre"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Birthdate.php:244
msgid "October"
msgstr "Octubre"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Birthdate.php:245
msgid "November"
msgstr "Noviembre"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Birthdate.php:246
msgid "December"
msgstr "Diciembre"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_CheckboxAcceptance.php:12
msgid "Checkbox Acceptance"
msgstr "Casilla de aceptación"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Color.php:12
msgid "Color (HTML5 field)"
msgstr "Color (Campo HTML5)"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Datepicker.php:12
msgid "Datepicker (HTML5 field)"
msgstr "Selector de fecha (Campo HTML5)"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Email.php:12
msgid "Email (HTML5 field)"
msgstr "E-mail (Campo HTML5)"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_File.php:12
msgid "File"
msgstr "Archivo"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_File.php:60 classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_File.php:67
msgid "Check this to delete this file"
msgstr "Marca esta casilla para borrar el fichero"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Image.php:12
msgid "Image"
msgstr "Imagen"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Image.php:60 classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Image.php:67
msgid "Check this to delete this image"
msgstr "Marca esta casilla para borrar la imagen"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_MultiSelectCustomPostType.php:12
msgid "Custom Post Type Multiselector"
msgstr "Selector múltiple de tipo de post personalizado"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_MultiSelectCustomPostType.php:87
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_SelectCustomPostType.php:79
msgid ""
"There is no custom post type. You need to create at least one to use this "
"field."
msgstr ""
"No hay ningún tipo de post personalizado. Debes de crear al menos uno para "
"utilizar este tipo."
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_MultiSelectCustomPostType.php:92
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_SelectCustomPostType.php:84
msgid "Select a custom post type:"
msgstr "Selecciona un tipo de post personalizado:"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_MultiSelectCustomPostType.php:94
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_SelectCustomPostType.php:86
msgid "Select..."
msgstr "Seleccionar…"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_SelectCustomPostType.php:12
msgid "Custom Post Type Selector"
msgstr "Selector de tipo de post personalizado"
#: classes/Bxcft_Field_Type_Web.php:12
msgid "Website (HTML5 field)"
msgstr "Sitio web (Campo HTML5)"
#~ msgid ""
#~ "Buddypress Xprofile Custom Fields Type plugin needs <b>Buddypress 2.0</"
#~ "b>, please install or upgrade Buddypress."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "El plugin \"Buddypress Xprofile Custom Fields Type\" necesita "
#~ "<b>Buddypress 2.0</b>, por favor instala o actualiza Buddypress."
#~ msgid "http://yourwebsite.com"
#~ msgstr "http://tusitioweb.es"
#~ msgid "[email protected]"
#~ msgstr "[email protected]"
#~ msgid "Field type unrecognized"
#~ msgstr "Tipo de campo no reconocido"
#~ msgid "Email"
#~ msgstr "Email"
#~ msgid "Website"
#~ msgstr "Sitio web"
#~ msgid "Datepicker"
#~ msgstr "Selector de fecha HTML5"
#~ msgid "Custom Post Type:"
#~ msgstr "Tipo de post personalizado:"
#~ msgid "Show age (hide birthdate)"
#~ msgstr "Mostrar edad (ocultar fecha de nacimiento)"
#~ msgid "*"
#~ msgstr "*"
#~ msgid "Nobody"
#~ msgstr "Solo yo"
#~ msgid ""
#~ "Please make sure you fill in all required fields in this profile field "
#~ "group before saving."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Por favor, asegúrese de rellenar todos los campos obligatorios en este "
#~ "grupo de campo de perfil antes de guardarlo."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "There was a problem updating some of your profile information, please try "
#~ "again."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Hubo un problema al actualizar algunos de sus datos de perfil, por favor "
#~ "inténtelo de nuevo."
#~ msgid "Changes saved."
#~ msgstr "Los cambios se han guardado."
#~ msgid "yourwebsite.com"
#~ msgstr "tusitioweb.es"
#~ msgid "Color"
#~ msgstr "Color"
#~ msgid "Number"
#~ msgstr "Número"
#~ msgid "(required)"
#~ msgstr "(required)"
#~ msgid "Friends Suggest Widget"
#~ msgstr "Widget Sugerencias Amigos"
#~ msgid "Friend Suggestions"
#~ msgstr "Sugerencias de Amigos"
#~ msgid "Title"
#~ msgstr "Título"
#~ msgid "Max Number of suggestions:"
#~ msgstr "Número máx. de sugerencias:"
#~ msgid "We don't have enough details to sugggest a friend yet"
#~ msgstr "No tenemos suficiente información para sugerir amigos todavía."
| 49,959 |
https://github.com/wb1491/rootCMS/blob/master/template/index/default/content/Show/show_img.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,017 |
rootCMS
|
wb1491
|
Hack
|
Code
| 110 | 800 |
<template file='Content/header_file.php'/>
<div class="conbox Mfont">
<h4 class="con-cru">
<a href="{$config_siteurl}">{$Config.sitename}</a> >
<navigate catid="$catid" space=" > " />
</h4>
<div class="content">
<h2 class="con-tit">{$title}</h2>
<p class="con-info"> <span id="hits">0</span> {$updatetime} </p>
<h5 class="con-dis border Mbreak">{$description}</h5>
<ul class="photocon" id="Gallery">
<volist name="imgs" id="vo">
<li><a title="{$vo.alt}" href="{$vo.url}"><img src="{$vo.url}" alt="{$vo.alt}" /></a></li>
</volist>
</ul>
<div class="content Mbreak">
<php>
$tcontent = preg_replace("/font-family:[^;]+;/","",$content);
$tcontent = preg_replace("/font:[^;]+;/","",$tcontent);
echo $tcontent;
</php>
</div>
<ul class="prenext">
<li> <pre target="1" msg=" " /></li>
<li> <next target="1" msg=" " /></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function (){
//点击
$.get("{$config_siteurl}api.php?m=Hits&catid={$catid}&id={$id}", function (data) {
$("#hits").html(data.views);
}, "json");
});
$(document).ready(function(){
var options = {};
$("#Gallery a").photoSwipe(options);
});
</script>
| 40,793 |
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frases%20de%20risco%20e%20seguran%C3%A7a
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Frases de risco e segurança
|
https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frases de risco e segurança&action=history
|
Portuguese
|
Spoken
| 271 | 533 |
Frases de risco e segurança, também conhecidas como frases R/S, são códigos de risco e frases para a descrição sistemática de compostos químicos perigosos. As frases R/S consistem de frases indicadoras de riscos específicos (frases R), indicadas pela letra "R", e frases de recomendações de prudência/segurança (frases S), indicadas pela letra "S". Essas letras são seguidas de um número, cuja combinação indica uma única frase que possui o mesmo significado em diferentes idiomas.
Há ainda a possibilidade de combinações entre frases indicadoras de risco, onde os números (precedidos pela letra R) são separados:
por um hífen (-), quando se trata de indicações distintas, referentes a riscos (R) específicos, e não devem ser confundidas com indicações de faixa de frases compreendidas;
Exemplo: R34-37.
por um traço oblíquo (/), quando se trata de uma indicação combinada, reunindo numa só frase a menção aos riscos específicos;
Exemplo: R36/37/38.
Por exemplo, as frases R/S para o ácido clorídrico na forma gasosa (37%) são "R: 34-37 S: 26-36-45".
As frases correspondentes na língua portuguesa são:
Risco:
R34 — "Provoca queimadura"
R37 — "Irritante para as vias respiratórias"
Segurança:
S26 — "Em caso de contacto com os olhos, lavar imediatamente e abundantemente com água e consultar um especialista"
S36 — "Usar vestuário de protecção adequado"
S45 — "Em caso de acidente ou de indisposição, consultar imediatamente o médico (se possível mostrar-lhe o rótulo)"
Estas frases, sua utilização e a regulamentação sobre elas foram definidas primeiramente pelo anexo IV da "Diretiva 67/548/EEC" da União Europeia, denominada "Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations". A lista foi consolidada e editada novamente na "Diretiva 2001/59/EC".
Ligações externas
Segurança química
Declarações
| 2,616 |
https://github.com/Ujjawalgupta42/Hacktoberfest2021-DSA/blob/master/10. Linked List/LL.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
Hacktoberfest2021-DSA
|
Ujjawalgupta42
|
C++
|
Code
| 134 | 454 |
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class node
{
public:
int data;
node* next;
public:
node(int val)
{
data = val;
next= NULL;
}
};
class singlylinkedlist
{
node* head;
public:
//insertion at end
void append(int val)
{
node* n = new node(val);
if(head==NULL)
{head=n;
return;}
node* temp= head ;
while(temp->next!=NULL)
{temp = temp->next;}
temp->next=n;
}
//insertion at head
void prepend(int val)
{
node* n = new node(val);
n->next = head;
head = n;
}
//print the linked list
void show()
{
node* temp = head;
while(temp!=NULL)
{
cout<<temp->data<<"->";
temp = temp->next;
}
cout<<"NULL"<<endl;
}
//insertion at desired position
void insert(int position , int val)
{
node * n = new node(val);
}
};
int main()
{
int z;
cin >>z;
singlylinkedlist s1;
singlylinkedlist s2;
s1.append(1);
s1.prepend(2);
s1.append(3);
s2.append(4);
s2.append(5);
s2.append(6);
s1.prepend(z);
s1.show();
cout<<endl;
s2.show();
}
| 48,906 |
https://github.com/dram/metasfresh/blob/master/backend/de.metas.adempiere.adempiere/base/src/main/java/de/metas/impexp/processing/IImportProcess.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
RSA-MD
| 2,022 |
metasfresh
|
dram
|
Java
|
Code
| 311 | 833 |
/**
*
*/
package de.metas.impexp.processing;
/*
* #%L
* de.metas.adempiere.adempiere.base
* %%
* Copyright (C) 2015 metas GmbH
* %%
* This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
* published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the
* License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
* License along with this program. If not, see
* <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.html>.
* #L%
*/
import java.util.Properties;
import org.adempiere.service.ClientId;
import org.adempiere.util.api.IParams;
import org.adempiere.util.lang.impl.TableRecordReferenceSet;
import de.metas.process.PInstanceId;
import de.metas.util.ILoggable;
/**
* All processes that are importing data should implement this interface.
*
* NOTE to developers: instead of implementing this class, please consider extending {@link ImportProcessTemplate}.
*
* @author Teo Sarca, www.arhipac.ro
* <li>FR [ 2788276 ] Data Import Validator https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=2788276&group_id=176962&atid=879335
*/
public interface IImportProcess<ImportRecordType>
{
String PARAM_DeleteOldImported = "DeleteOldImported";
String PARAM_IsValidateOnly = "IsValidateOnly";
String PARAM_Selection_ID = "Selection_ID";
String PARAM_IsInsertOnly = "IsInsertOnly";
String PARAM_IsDocComplete = "IsDocComplete";
/** Sets the processing context */
IImportProcess<ImportRecordType> setCtx(Properties ctx);
IImportProcess<ImportRecordType> clientId(ClientId clientId);
/** Sets process parameters to be used */
IImportProcess<ImportRecordType> setParameters(IParams params);
/** Sets the {@link ILoggable} where status notices shall be reported */
IImportProcess<ImportRecordType> setLoggable(ILoggable loggable);
IImportProcess<ImportRecordType> selectedRecords(TableRecordReferenceSet selectedRecordRefs);
IImportProcess<ImportRecordType> selectedRecords(PInstanceId selectionId);
IImportProcess<ImportRecordType> validateOnly(boolean validateOnly);
IImportProcess<ImportRecordType> completeDocuments(boolean completeDocuments);
/** @return import table model class */
Class<ImportRecordType> getImportModelClass();
/** @return The Name of Import Table (e.g. I_BPartner) */
String getImportTableName();
/**
* Run the import.
*/
ImportProcessResult run();
/**
* Delete import records
*
* @return how many rows were deleted
*/
int deleteImportRecords(ImportDataDeleteRequest request);
}
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revuedelestlaustrasie3_4
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French-PD-diverse
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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Revue de l'Est (L'Austrasie)
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None
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French
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Spoken
| 7,232 | 11,775 |
En amour comme en philosophie, il a eu un idéal, et cette vision l’a poursuivi au milieu des débauches auxquelles il se livrait, ainsi que nous l’apprennent l’histoire de sa vie et ses propres aveux, avec une sorte de frénésie, en homme qui veut échapper à des idées importunes. Un jour il ren contra une femme que sa liaison avec lui suffirait à protéger contre l'oubli si elle n’y échappait déjà par ses écrits diver sement appréciés mais dont on ne peut cependant nier le mérite et la portée; et dès le premier instant il sentit que ce n’était point là une de ces attaches passagères, fondées sur un désir sensuel ou le caprice du moment. Lorsqu'elle devint infidèle, lorsque le lien qui l’attachait à elle fut brisé, il ne s’y trompa point et vit que c’était pour la vie, qu’il emporterait sa blessure au fond de la tombe. Jamais il n’a renié son amour : et soit que, dans le commen cement, sa douleur s’épanchât en plaintes amères, soit que plus tard 1l lui pardonnât son abandon, toujours il a reli gieusement gardé le souvenir des moments heureux et trop courts passés avec elle : hd Un jour, je fus aimé, j'aimais ; elle était belle, J'enfouis ce trésor dans mon âme immertelle Et je l'emporte à Dieu. Les maîtresses de Chénier ne sont pas des femmes qu'il arrache à leurs devoirs d’épouse et de mère. Ce sont des courtisanes grecques : des Aspasies ou des Phrynés, vivant au milieu d’un luxe élégant, accompagnant leurs voix de la harpe pendant les joyeuses orgies, sachant aussi, je pense, ANDRÉ CHÉNIER ET ALFRED DE MUSSET. 39 apprécier les vers que leur adressaient Chénier, Lebrun et ses gais compagnons. C’est, en un mot, le plaisir couvert de fleurs, paré des grâces et des charmes qui le relèvent et le distinguent du vice ignoble et honteux. Parfois, comme Horace et Lydie, on devenait inconstant et volage; une brouille survenait, puis bientôt, la jalousie s’én mêlant, l’an cien amour renaissait, et, comme Horace et Lydie, on volait dans les bras l’un de l’autre plus enflammés que jamais. Voilà l'histoire des premières années d'André : des ruptures suivies de réconciliations ,. mais rien qui ressemble à la passion profonde et incurable &’Alfred äe Musset. Les poésies de Chénier nous le montrent occupé d’épiîtres amoureuses, s'amusant sans arriére-pensée, mais Jamais ne décélent d’intentions mauvaises, de tendances corruptrices. Si, laissant de côté ses élégies, on examine ses idylles, où le poëte s’est reporté aux temps mythologiques, où tout est grec, le lieu, les faits, les acteurs, on admire quelle grâce fraiche et décente il a toujours su garder dans des peintures qui, tracées par une autre main, paraitraient à coup sûr, je ne dirai pas voluptueuses, mais licencieuses. Ce sont de ces statues antiques plus chastes en leur nudité que telle autre plus voilée en apparence mais moins pudique au fond. Pour mieux faire ressortir ma pensée, je prends une de ses idylles qui m'a toujours singulièrement frappé. C’est celle qu’il a intitulée Lydé. Une nymphe, sous les rayons d’un soleil brûlant, suit dans la vallée, malgré les ronces qui déchirent ses pieds, les traces d’un adolescent dont la beauté l’a cnarmée. Puis, lorsqu'elle l’a trouvé, elle cherche par ses discours, par ses caresses, en écartanl les draperies qui couvrent sa poitrine, à éveiller en lui l’ardeur des sens, à faire naître en son jeune cœur l’amour qu’il ignore. Cest ce qu’un jurisconsulte appellerait une excitation de mineur à la débaûche. Eh bien! je ne sais si cela lient au temps où la scène se passe, rien dans ce tableau si chaud + 40 ARYUE DE L'EST. de couleur, dans la peinture si vive des ardeurs qui con sument la jeune nymphe, ne révolte en nous le sentiment de l’honnèête. | | Quoiqu'il en soit de cette opinion personnelle, il est une assertion que je puis émettre sans crainte d’être démenti, c’est que jamais le temps donné au plaisir ne lui fit oublier celui qu’il devait au travail, et que toujours l’étude de l’art eut la part la plus large dans son existence. Il voyait arriver sans effroi le moment où il ne ressentirait plus De l’âge d'amour les ardeurs inquiètes *. Il se voyait couronné de cheveux blancs, vivant dans une humble chaumière, au bord de la Marne *, et mourant avec Je calme du sage de La Fontaine: Au sein de ses amis, il éteint son flambeau. Et ceux qui l’ont connu pleurent sur son tombeau. JT savait bien comment employer les loisirs de sa vieil lesse, quand la beauté ne ferait plus palpiter son cœur: c’est alors, dit-il, C’est alors, qu’exilé dans mon champêtre asile, De l’antique sagesse admirateur tranquille, Du mobile univers interrogeant la voix, J'irai de la nature étudier les lois. Par quelle main sur soi la terre suspendue Voit mugir autour d’elle, Amphitrite étendue, Quel Titan foudroyé respire avec effort, Des cavernes d’Etna la ruine et la mort #. ll est inutile de continuer la citation. On le voit, c’est le rêve de Virgile qu’il désire réaliser; c’est le plan de son Fragm. d’Idylles, xx. 2 Élég. xni. ; 3 Élég. xxiv. 4 Fragm. d'Élég, xt. ANDRÉ CHÉNIER ÆT ALFRED DE MOSSET. éi Hermès, sa plus belle espérance, ce vaste travail dont il amassait déjà les matériaux, qui, détruisant les préjugés et les superstitions et faisant connaître les causes des phéno ménes et leur véritable nature, devait servir au triomphe de la vérité et assurer le bonheur des humains. Hélas ! à cette heure nous poursuivons encore, sans grande foi en l’avenir, la réalisation de ces espérances qu'il avait conçues avec tous les hommes du dix-huitième siècle. Com bien il dut être affecté des tristes résultats et des excès san glants auxquels aboutit ce réveil de l'esprit humain qu’il avait salué comme le commencement d’une ère nouvelle pour les nations. Mais si cette révolution, dont nous recueil lons aujourd’hui les bénéfices et dont il ne vit que les hor reurs, trompa cruellement l'attente de Chénier, elle fut aussi pour lui une occasion d’utiliser ses belles facultés et de déployer ses nobles instincts. Il était né avec un caractère modeste, un cœur ouvert à l'amitié et aux sentiments tendres. Sensible avant tout aux charmes de la nature, il aimait le calme et la tranquillité, et, sans les événements qui sur vinrent, il aurait vécu dans cette laborieuse oisiveté si chère aux anciens, tantôt fixant sur la loile les sites qui l'avaient frappé, tantôt errant sous les ombrages un livre à la main. Un moment sous-lieutenant dans le régiment d’'Angou mois, la vie el la discipline militaires ne lui avaient procuré qu'ennuis el dégoûts. Ensuite; probablement par respect pour son père, il suivit en qualité d’attaché d’ambassade le comte de la Luzerne qui l’emmena à Londres. Ce fut une des époques les plus malheureuses de son existence. Il fut atteint de la maladie qui règne sur les bords de la Tamise et y vit tout en noir. Laissons là, s’écrie-t-il : Laissons là les Anglais, Nation toute à vendre à qui veut la payer. Laissons leur jeunesse... mélancolique Au sortir du gymnase ignorante et rustique, De contrée en contrée aller au monde entier Offrir sa joie ignoble et son faste grossier. 42 REVUR D£ L'EST. Si de cetie appréciation de la jeunesse de la Grande Bretagne nous passons à celle des poëtes, voici les pre mières lignes de son jugement sur eux : Les poètes anglais, trop fiers pour être esclaves, Ont même du bon sens rejeté les entraves. Bientôt souffrant, je ne dirai pas des dédains, mais des politesses hautaines des grands, trouvant le joug de son emploi trop pesant, il revint en France jouir de l’indé pendance à laquelle aspirent tous les vrais poëtes, se pro mellant de couler désormais ses jours dans une honnête médiocrité, loin des puissants de la terre, Une pauvreté libre est un trésor si doux ! A ce moment de son relour en France, les États géné raux venaient de s’assembler et commençaient l’œuvre de la régénération sociale. Quoique appartenant à la caste privilégiée, Chénier, comme Lafayelte et tant d’autres jeunes gens de la noblesse, partageait les sentiments des hommes de 89. Il afficha franchement ses opinions politiques dans le Serment du Jeu de Paume, où il applaudit à la chute de la Bastille et se réjouit des conquêtes de la liberté. Mais bientôt la foule affranchie devint à son tour oppressive ; les insurrections se multipliaient et le sang commençait à couler. Esprit plus juste que Marie-Joseph, son frère, il sut s’arrêler à temps sur la pente où glissait ce dernier. Avec tous les hommes modérés, il s’efforça, notamment dans sa Leltre aux Français sur leurs véritables ennemis, d'arrêter le torrent et de s’opposer à l'anarchie qui débor dait. Au moment où tant d’autres abandonnaient le terrain, où l’on pouvait déjà entrevoir quelle serait la récompense des bons citoyens qui voulaient une liberté fondée sur les lois, il ne déserta pas son poste, et lui, fait pour une vie retirée et tranquille, il se tint hardiment sur la brèche, ANDAË CHÉNIER ET ALFRED DE MUSSET. 45 bravant la haine des partis; il se multiplia, et, jusqu’au dernier moment, il lutta pour la cause de la royauté cons titutionnelle, bientôt pour la vie même du roi. On a trop oublié, en effet, la part qu'il prit aux efforts tentés pour sauver l’infortuné Louis XVI. Tronchet, Deséze et Males herbes en ont absorbé toute la gloire. Et cependant, outre les nombreux articles publiés par Chénier dans divers jour naux, c’est à sa plume infatigable qu'est due la rédaction de la plupart des pièces de la défense; c’est lui qui écrivit la lettre émouvante et si digne par laquelle Louis XVI, condamné à mort, en appelait de l'arrêt de la Convention au jugement du peuple français. Alfred de Musset se distingue aussi par une haine égale de toute sujélion, par un amour semblable pour l’indé pendance. Aprés avoir essavé du droit et de la médecine, il se livra lout entier au culte de la poésie. Si l’on examine sa vie politique, on peut dire qu’il a pratiqué le précepte d’Épicure, si généreusement mis en oubli par Chénier. picure, pensant peut-être qu’il ne manquera Jamais de gens prêts à se dévouer au gouvernement des nations et que souvent l'ambition, cette source de tourments pour les hommes, se cache sous le prétexte spécieux d’un zèle ardent pour le bien de ses semblables, recommande au sage de se tenir loin des affaires. C’est ce que fit Musset. Ce n’est certes pas lui qu’on peut accuser d’avoir, dans la même journée, varié du blanc au noir, de n'avoir élé que e chantre du vainqueur et l'écho de la passion populaire. Ses sympathies étaient acquises au gouvernement de Juillet. Trois pièces de vers en font foi, et.encore dans la plus belle, celle intitulée Le treize juillet, on doit voir plutôt les larmes versées sur la tombe de l’ami, que Îles regrets donnés au prince éminent vers lequel la France avait alors les yeux tournés, comme la Rome d’autrefois vers son Jeune Marcellus. Moins que tout autre je songerai à lui faire un reproche é£ REVUE DE L'EST. de s'être abstenu d’une participation active à la vie pu blique. Je comprends parfaitement qu’un homme se livre en paix à son amour pour les lettres, sans préoccupation étrangère, surtout si cet homme, qui ne veut pas se ranger dans le parti rétrogade, trouve celui de l’action assez puis sant, el craint qu'en accélérant sa marche il n’imprime une secousse trop violente à la machine gouvernementale et ne la brise sur le chemin du progrès. Cependant, je dois le dire, c'est avec douleur qu’on remarque en lui ce froid dédain pour les enthousiasmes de son époque, ce sourire moqueur pour tout ce qui émouvail ses contem porains. Les exemples abondent dans ses œuvres. Ouvrez les premières pages de la Confession d’un enfant du siècle et voyez avec quelle ironie il parle de ces luttes de la tri bune qui ont illustré la Restauration. Plus tard, l’insurrec tion grecque passionnait tous les esprits. Dans Mardoche il fait allusion à cette noble cause qui a peut-être perdu pour nous de son prestige, et 1l se rit de ce bon peuple Hellène Dont les flots ont rougi la mer Hellespontienne Et taché de leur sang tes marbres, à Paris. Maintenant, Musset est-il bien sincère? Cette ironie ‘n'est-elle pas le masque sous lequel il cherche à cacher l'émotion profonde qu’excitent en lui les belles choses et les grandes actions ? N'est-ce pas plutôt qu’il lui a manqué une occasion, un but digne de ses efforts, auquel il aurait consacré son génie et son talent? On est en droit de le supposer lorsqu'on songe à l'inspiration patriotique et nationale qui a dicité sa réponse au Rhin Allemand, à cette verve avec laquelle, évoquant de glorieux souvenirs, il rappelle à l’étranger les exploits de nos soldats. Il resterait beaucoup à dire : j’aurais encore voulu faire remarquer chez Alfred de Musset et Chénier cette qualité éminente de notre esprit et de notre langue, cette netteté ANDAË CHÉNIER ET ALFRED DE MUSSRT. 4 avec laquelle ils rendent leurs idées; faire voir que chez eux jamais le vide et le creux de la pensée ne se dissi mulent sous le luxe de l’image ou la sonorité de l’expres sion ; j'aurais voulu montrer Musset imitant la manière de Chénier à s’y méprendre' et puisant à son tour, comme son devancier, à la source grecque et latine, peut-être à son propre insu. Puis, come le juge d’un concours, il m’eût fallu essayer de les classer entre eux , et malgré les genres si divers, où a excellé Musset, je crois que j'aurais, non sans hésitation, décerné la couronne à celui des deux qui n’a pu arriver à sa pleine maturité, à l’auteur du Jeuns Malade et de la Tarentine. Mais ce serait une trop grande témérité à moi de prononcer entre ces deux génies, et je préfère tirer de cette étude comparée des deux poëtes cet enseignement, que la culture des lettres est une des plus sûres jouissances que nous puissions goûter ici-bas. Les premières productions d’Alfred de Musset lui valu rent l’entrée des salons et les applaudissements de la société élégante, à cet âge où l’on apprécie le plus la gloire et la renommée. L’ivresse des premiers triomphes passée, lorsque le malheur vint le visiter et que son cœur déborda d'amertume, la poésie ne fut-elle pas sa seule consolation ? Ne se sentait-il pas soulagé et apaisé lorsqu'il avait épan ché ses douleurs dans le sein de la blonde apparition, maîtresse fidèle ou sœur bien-aimée, qui accourait vers lui, un luth à la main, dans ses nuits d’insomnie ? Mais c’est dans la vie de Chénier que cette influence 1 Voici la verte Ecosse et la brune Italie, Et la Grèce, ma mère, où le miel est si doux, Argos et Ptéléon, ville des hécatombes, Et Messa, la divine, agréable aux colombes, ‘ Et le front chevelu du Pélion changeant, Et le bleu Titarèse, et le golfe d’argent, Qui montre dans ses eaux, où le cygne se mire La blanche Oloossonne à la blanche Camyre. (Nuit de Mai.) 46. REVUE DE L'EST. bienfaisante des lettres se fait surtout sentir. Ses impressions du moment; gaies ou mélancoliques, il les fixait sur le papier pour les relire plus tard, y puiser la leçon du passé et goûter les Joies du souvenir. Avec quel ravissement il se plongeait dans l’étude de la langue grecque, la plus belle de toutes, cherchant à lui ravir les secrets de son style, et bien payé de ses peines lorsque ses essais reflétaient quel que chose de la diction et de la forme antique. Et quand vinrent les jours mauvais, sa plume exercée dans le silence du cabinet se plia sans peine à l'expression de sa pensée, et rendit avec précision et énergie les idées si justes qu’il avait sur les événements contemporains. Il eut la satisfaction d’avoir été à la hauteur de sa tâche et d’avoir prêté un concours utile, sinon efficace, à la cause de la liberté sainement entendue. Sa supériorité dans la polémique attira sur lui l'attention publique, et bientôt on fut obligé de l’arracher à Paris, de le dérober à la vengeance de ceux qu'il avait blessés, en le cachant chez quelques amis. Dans cette retraite, il revint à ses livres chéris et ils lui firent prendre en patience l’inaction où le retenait la sollicitude de ses parents. À Saint-Lazare, nous le retrouvons, échappant par les fictions riantes de l'imagination à la sombre réalité de l'heure présente, charmant ses compagnons d’infortune par le récit de ses compositions poétiques, cherchant à ramener le sourire sur les lèvres de Mlle de Coigny et à suppléer, par les vers gracieux qu’il lui adressait, aux hommages res pectueux et empressés qui l’entouraient dans les salons de sa famille. Enfin quand, le 7 thermidor, la fatale charrette vint cher cher l’hécatombe offerte chaque jour à la déesse sanglante qui avait usurpé le nom et la place de la liberté, Chénier vit s’asseoir à ses côtés un de ses amis, le poëte Roucher. Tout le monde sait que, pendant celte marche funébre, leur entretien roula sur l’harmonieux Racine, et que faisant une A ANDRÉ CHÉNIER ET ALFRED DE MUSSET. 47 touchante application de ses vers au hasard heureux qui leur permettait de se serrer une dernière fois la main, ils récitèrent la première scène d’Andromaque : Oui, puisque je retrouve un ami si fidèle, Ma fortune va prendre une face nouvelle. Ainsi la muse qui avait embelli la jeunesse d'André, qui l'avait consolé dans ses découragements, vint encore à son secours au dernier moment et, jusqu’à la fin, lui voila l'horreur de l’échafaud. J. SECHEHAYE. LES INSCRIPTIONS CUNÉIFORMES ET LES TRAVAUX DE M. OPPERT 11. — L'ÉCRITURE ET LA LANGUE DE L’ANTIQUE ASSYRIE À l’origine même des études cunéiformes, Munter et après lui Grotefend avaient considéré avec raison les inscrip tions persépolitaines de la troisième espèce comme devant s'adresser spécialement et dans leur propre langue, aux habi tants des empires de Babylone et de Ninive; non-seulemen 1 ils déterminérent sans grande peine la direction de ce troisième système graphique qui devait être évidemment lu comme 1l avait été écrit, en allant de droite à gauche, mais ils pressentirent aussi d’une manière générale le caractère idéogrammatique particulier à la nouvelle écriture. Grotefend alla même plus loin: il rapprocha avec beaucoup de soin les textes assyriens contenus dans les épigraphes des Aché ménides des inscriptions trouvées dans les ruines de Babylone. L'examen des caractères gravés sur un cylindre que le voyageur Ker-Porter avait apporté en Europe, les * Voir la première partie dans la Revue de septembre et octobre 1864, p. 451, et la seconde dans celle de mars et avril 1865, p. 122. LES INSCRIPTIONS CUNÉIFORMES. 49 spécimens recueillis par la compagnie des.Indes Jui per mirent d'affirmer qu’à Babylone et à Persépolis on avait affaire à deux variétés d’un seul et même système graphique. Avec cette ingénieuse audace qui l’avait déjà si bien servi, il indiqua sur les briques de Babylone la signature royale de Nabuchodonosor. Bien que l'identification des écritures de Persépolis et de Babylone eut ouvert à la science une voie nouvelle, les progrès du déchiffrement furent d’abord très lents. On arriva assez facilement à décomposer le texte assyro-persépolitain en coupures correspondant exactement aux passages expliqués des textes iraniens et médiques; mais, contre l’attente géné rale, cette métñnode dévoila des difficultés inattendues. Les noms propres assyriens apparaissaient le plus souvent sous une forme hiéroglyphique, et les secours qui avaient donné une si puissaute impulsion aux travaux des égyplologues faisaient défaut à l’assyriologie. Sur la pierre de Rosette, le texte copte donnait à l’investigateur la prononciation exacte de l’idéogramme dans la langue égyptienne. La langue de l'Iran ou celle des Mèdes touraniens était loin de correspondre aussi bien à la prononciation assyrienne. Les monogrammes mésopolamiens, bien différents de ceux, de l’Egyple, ne pré sentaient d’ailleurs qu’une image détigurée et absolument méconnaissable de l’objet qu’ils avaient primitivement repré senté plus ou moins exactement. Ajoulez que: l'antiquité classique était beaucoup plus avare de renseignements posiufs sur Ninive ou Babylone que sur nu les Ru lies ou le panthéon de l'Egypte. 3 Le premier résultat des essais de déchiffrement n’en était pas moins fort curieux. Lorsque l’on trouvait dans une inscription persane la légende ordinaire : X... roi des rois, elc., on voyait figurer sur le texle assyrien correspon dant un groupe composé de six flèches dirigées daas le même sens, qui représentait évidemment le mot ou l’idée de roi. Ce groupe.se répétait avec adjonction. de quelques 1866 4 50 CU RAVUE DE L'EST. nouveaux signes pour exprimer le génitif pluriel : des rois: C'était là bien certainement ce qu’on pouvait déja appeler l'idéogramme royal. | Les grandes découvertes auxquelles sont à jamais attachés les noms de MM. Botta et Layard vinrent tout d’un coup imprimer une impulsion nouvelle aux travaux des assyrio logues. On sait que la destruction de Ninive avait pleinement justifié les prophéties vengeresses des Nabi d'Israël. De limmense et populeuse cité que Jonas avait mis trois jours à parcourir, à traverser peut-être, on ignorait jusqu’à l'emplacement. Le consul de France à Mossoul, M. Botta, entreprit, en 1842, des fouilles qui, aprés être restées quelque temps infructueuses, firent apparaître au soleil une sorte de Pompéi ninivite : c’était le palais d’un des plus redoutables conquérants assyriens qui, après plus de trois mille ans de silence et d’oubli, sortait intact de son tumulus de-sable pour nous livrer un trésor archéologique d’une incomparable valeur. | Le consul anglais, M. Layard, ne fout pas moins heureux à Koyoundjick et à Nimroud, au confluent du Tigre et du grand Zab, que M. Botta à Khorsabad. Pendant plusieurs années, les fouilles et‘ les envois aux musées d'Europe conti nuérent sur une vaste échelle. L’Angleterre confia l'étude des antiquités assyriennes à MM. Taylor et Loftus, que le colonel Rawlinson avait d’ailleurs déjà précédés. En 1852, le gouvernement français chargea , de son côté, MM. Fresnel et Oppert d’une exploration spéciale et complète des empires babylonien et ninivite. C’est à ce dernier voyage que nous devons le grand ouvrage capital de l’assyriologie contempo raine, FEæpédition scientifique en Mésopotamie de M. Oppert, que nous avons eu souvent l’occasion de citer. Sur les murs des palais de Koyoundjick et de Khorsabad on avait retrouvé, avec de légères différences , le système graphique des troisièmes colonnes de Persépolis, celui des [4 briques de Babylone. (était bien là l'écriture assyrienne , LES INSCRIPTIONS CUNÉIFORMES. 51 babylonienne ou ninivite. Il ne s'agissait plus que d'éclairer ces monuments antiques pleins de mystères, sorte de Sphynx qui posait la plus difficile des énigmes. On se mit à l’œuvre en Europe avec une ardente impétuosité que le bruit fait à l’occasion des découvertes de MM. Botta et Layard justi fiait pleinement. M. Lowenstern essaya tout d’abord de rapprocher les signes cunéiformes des lettres hébraïco-phéniciennes. C’était là une voie sans issue qui ne pouvait donner de sérieux résultats. M. de Longpérier, nommé conservateur du nouveau musée assyrien de Paris, déchiffra avec beaucoup de bon heur, en s’appuyant sur l’analyse comparée des textes per sépolitains , les légendes rovales du palais de Khorsabad. Il lut le premier le nom du monarque ninivite qui avait fait construire ce superbe édifice : Sargoun, le roi grand el puissant , roi des bataillons, roi du pays d’Assour. M. Botta reprit en même temps la thèse de Grotefend et démontra, avec une rigueur soutenue par la plus consciencieuse éru dition , l’identité des formes graphiques de Persépolis, de Khorsabad et de Babylone , auxquelles il ajouta même celles des inscriptions qui venaient d’être découvertes en Arménie. M. Botta acquit en même lemps la certitude que les formes grammaticales étaient analogues à Khorsabad et à Persépo lis. Elles étaient en effet caractérisées par des assemblages de caractères, représentant évidemment à l'œil des inflexions, des désinences semblables, sinon communes. Après quelques tentatives, d’abord assez peu fructueuses, M. de Saulcy imprima une direction des plus fécondes aux nouvelles études cunéiformes. En prenant pour base de ses recherches, les noms propres contenus dans les inscriptions des Achéménides et la détermination des caractères qui y entraient, par leur comparaison avec les mots iraniens, le célèbre orientaliste put entreprendre enfin l'interprétation et l’analyse d’un texte assyrien assez étendu. Tont en se n ‘59 À REVUE DA L'EST. sentant arrêté par de grandes difficultés, il obtint, d’une manière générale pour les caractères assyriens, une valeur alphabétique et détermina ainsi cent vingt caractères dont l'articulation consonnante. a été, dans la plupart des cas, confirmée par les travaux ultérieurs. M. de Saulcy ne craignit pas de publier plus tard la traduction de certaines parties d’un texte cunélforme purement assyrien, extrail des inscriptions du palais de Khorsabad. C'était là un véri table coup d’audace, un peu prématuré sans doute, mais qui n’en a pas moins donné d'importants résultats. Le plus grand tort de M. de Sauley à été de rester trop longtemps convaincu-du caractère alphabétique des signes cunéitormes de la troisième éspêce, lui qui, dès le. début, avait -paru entrevoir le syllabisme de cette écriture! C’était au docteur Hincks de Dublin qu'était réservée la démonstration scienti fique el correcte du caractére syllabique des iettres assy rennes ”. | | Sir Henri Rawlinson se déciüa, à peu près en même lemps, à comiupiquer aux savanis européens le texle assyrien de l'épigraphe du roc de Bisitoun, qui ne fournis sail pas moins d’une centaine de noms propres traduits et déterminés par le texte H'aniën *, Il y joignit un alphabet compreuant près de 290 caractères dont la plupart avaient malheureusement une valeur très imparfaitement justifiée. f D à . Get important travail, qui, à certains égards, restait en arrière des découvertes de MM. Hincks et de Sauley, eut pour premier eflet de jeter aux yeux du. public un grand discrédit sur les études assyriennes. Les analyses critiques du savant colonel démontraient en effet , de la façon la plus précise, que ceriains signes assyrieus élaient susecptibles de deux prunonciations , sinon de. deux valeurs absolument l V.'surtout Mémoires de l'Acad. roy. d’Irlande. 23e vol. Dublin 1852. 2 Juurnat de la Suciété asiatique, 1. 14. 1854. LES INSCAIPTIONS CUNÉIFORMES. 53 différentes et n'ayant entre elles aucun rapport:phonétiqne. C'était là le phénomène que sir Rawlinson appelait la poly phonie. Si l’on voulait, par exemple, appliquer 8 la lecture du groupe cunéiforme qui répondait sur le mont Bisitoun à l'iranien Nabuchadrachara (Nabuchodonosor), les valeurs graphiques déjà déterminées , on lisait couramment le mot an-pa-sa-du-sis, qui s’éloignait étrangement du nom ÂNa boucoudourioussour parfaitement déchiffré sur les briques de Babylone et le cylindre de Ker-Porter. Le nom de Baby lone , correspondant à l'iranien Babyrus, au. mot Bab-ilou des briques, était exprimé à Bisitoun par ce mot inexpli cable : Dintirki ! | Le redoutable et étrange problème qui se dressait devant les assyriologues, ébranla sérieusement la confiance si sympathique que le public lettré avait jusqu'alors accordée aux premiers essais de lecture et de déchiffrement. Dans ces circonstances criliques, la Société asiatique de Londres résolut de tenter une épreuve suprême et décisive. Elle prit l'initiative d’une expérience hardie dont la très heureuse issue devait restituer à l’assyriologie la faveur qu’elle avait si légitimement conquise dans l'opinion publique. La grande inscription de Téglath-Phalassar, un des mo narques assyriens sur lesquels les livres sacrés des Juifs fournissent quelques renseignements positifs, fut traduite séparément, isolément par les plus savants assyriologues, et chacun de leurs essais fat adressé, sous pli cacheté, au président de la Société qui en confia l’examen à une com mission spéciale. Ce qu'il y a de plus singulier, c’est que les membres de cette commission reconnaissaient leur propre incompétence en assyriologie, et qu'ils devaient se barner exclusivement à comparer les traductions pour constater leurs similitudes ou leurs divergences. Quatre célèbres orientalistes , MM. Oppert, Hincks, Rawlinson et Fox Talbot, avaient accepté les condinons de l’épreuve. Le rapport de la commission, publié dans les Dé REVUE DK L'EST. annales de la Société asiatique de Londres, établit la côncordance très satisfaisante et vraiment inespérée des quatre traductions, tout en signalant quelques lacunes et des différences ‘ d’ailleurs très rares. Ce triomphe éclatant est le signal d’une ère nouvelle dans l’histoire des études assyriennes. Elles reposent désor mais sur une base aussi solide que les travaux qui ont eu pour objet la langue et l’écriture de l’ancienne Egypte. Depuis 1857, les magnifiques travaux de M. Oppert, les dernières recherches de MM. Rawlinson, Ménant et Talbot, ont jeté de bien vives et nouvelles lumières sur ce champ, autrefois si obscur et si périlleux de lassyriologie. On peut affirmer aujourd’hui que, grâce à tant de laborieux et savants efforts, les lois générales de la lecture des textes assyriens forment un corps de doctrine harmo nieux et à peu près complet, et que par conséquent le déchiffrement exact et rigoureux des épigraphes baby loniennes ou ninivites est déjà un fait acquis pour l’avenir des sciences philologiques. Il L'écriture assyrienne a présenté à l’origine, nous venons de le voir, des difficultés incomparables. Les obstacles qui s’accumulaient à l’entrée des mystères de l’antique Chaldée, se sont pourtant évanouis comme des fantômes dès qu'on a pu formuler deux grands principes généraux qui expliquent et dominent tout le système graphique des vieux empires rmésapotamiens. La découverte de ce double caractère a été, sur le terrain de la philologie, l’œuvre du temps et le fruit d’une longue ‘ Inscription de Téglath-Phalassar, etc., Londres 1857. — V. aussi Ménant, loc. cit. 149. LES INSCRIPTIONS CUNÉIFOAMES. 55 expérimentalion. Ainsi la première vue de M. Hincks sur le syllabisrne de l'écriture des troisièmes colonnes persé politaines , n’a été d’abord qu’une pure hypothèse, mais cet ingénieux soupçon s’est élevé à la hauteur d’une vérité positive lorsqu'il est devenu susceptible d’une application universelle-et d'une démonstration rigoureuse. La méthode des cunéiformisants, la méthode philologique, a été à cet égard, on ne saurait trop le dire, parfaitement comparable à celle des physiciens et des naturalistes. Les formes réelles de l'écriture assyrienne n'ont apparu dans toute leur originale pureté qu'après l’essai et l’échec successif de plusieurs vues erronées. Plusieurs hypothèses étaient venues à tour de rôle révéler leur impuissance dans de vains essais d'interprétation. C’est sur la ruine de ces diverses erreurs que la vérité s’est montrée, qu’elle a fait disparaître de prétendues monstruosités auxquelles l’exclu sivisme des premiers systèmes avait prêté une existence imaginaire, qu'elle a enfin révélé toute la simplicité, la netteté des lois qui régissent le système graphique des assyriens. À la suite des travaux de MM. Oppert, Ménant, Rawlinson, il est devenu aujourd’hui presque facile de. donner une forme synthétique, vraiment didactique à l’expo sition des principales données de l'écriture mésopotamienne. L'idée qui sortira de cette courte analyse, sans être com plète et approfondie, sera, nous l’espérons, aussi claire qu’exactce. Le premier caractère le plus apparent du système assy rien c’est le syllabisme. Tant qu’on a voulu attribuer aux lettres des inscriptions du troisième degré une valeur pure ment alphabétique, analogue à celle des caractères de J’alphabet hebraïco-phénicien, père commun des alphabeis de l’Europe civilisée et de l’Asie occidentale moderne, on n’est arrivé à rien de précis et de sûr. On en avait été même réduit à imaginer ce qu’on appelait l’homophonte, Q phénomène bizarre qui consistait à admettre la coexis 56 _. REYUR DE L'EST. tence de signes nombreux pour exprimer une seule -et même lettre. Là où, le principe du syllabisme une fois découvert, on reconnut des signes très distincts dont l’arti culation consonnante restait, il est vrai, la même, mais en s’unissant à des voyelles différentes, tantôt initiales et tantôt désinentes, — on ne voyait à l’origine que des formes diverses représentant une même leltre. Les caractères qui expri maient, par exemple, les diverses modalités phonétiques: ra, ri, rou, ar, ir, our étaient considérés comme autant d’homo phones représentant une même valeur, celle de la lettre R. Il n'est pas difficile de se rendre compte des moyens d'investigation et de vérification que fournirent, à cet égard, les noms d’hommes ou de villes contenus dans les textes de Persépolis ou de Bisitoun. Dans les noms propres, on le sait, la partie radicale et même le plus souvent l’articu lation consonnante tout entière varient fort peu en passant d’une langue dans une autre. Le nom de Darius, par exemple, ne subit pas de modification sérieuse dans ses diverses formes: iranien, Daryvus; grec, Aapstos, Darios ; latin, Darius; hébreu, 27 Dariush. On pouvait donc attribuer d'avance la valeur Da au premier signe qui, dans le texte assyrien, correspondait au mot iranien Daryvus.On lisait en assyrien, en suivant ces principes, le nom du mo narque persan Daryaous Les valeurs syllabiques donnaient donc un résultat très satisfaisant. Fallait-il une contre-épreuve rigoureuse? [1 n’y avait pas besoin d’aller la chercher bien loin. Le nom de la Médie, en iranien Mada, se trouvait à plusieurs reprises exprimé dans les inscriptions trilingues. Le même signe assyrien, qu’on avait lu Da en tête du nom du roi persan, apparaissait au milieu du mot Médie : Ma-da-i, dans le texte de la troisième colonne. Cette signification da, indiquée d’abord par Hincks, a été d’ailleurs confirmée depuis par des vérifications innombrables. Les inscriptions purement assyriennes de Babylone ou de Ninive, dès qu’on leur a appliqué les valeurs déjà acquises | LES INSCRIPTIONS CUNÉIFORMES. | #7 dans l’anolyse des inscriptions trilingues, ont fourni un grand nombre de noms qui se sont trouvés parfaitement en rap port avec les tranécriptions et les prononciations grecque, latine ou hébraïque. | _Tels sont par exemple : Abdimilkouti, Abdimelech, un des rois de Sidon. Dimaska, Damas ; Libanna, Liban; Kaldi, Chaldée ; Yaouda, Judée ; en hébreu 7%, Jéoudé ; Oursalimmi, Jérusalem: en hébreu Dù: L', frousalim, elc. ‘Le syllabisme de l'écriture assyrienne est au-dessus de toute critique. M. Ménant, en suivant les traces de M. Oppert, a pu même donner à l’ensemble de cet alphabet syllabique une forme synthétique très satisfaisante et en exposer toules les lois, ainsi que les lacunes apparentes, avec une méthode. aussi savante que rigoureuse * Mais le système graphique des vieilles civilisations assises sur les bords du Tigre et de l’Euphrate n’est pas seulement syllabique. Parallèlement à l'alphabet, dont nous venons de constater la nature, existe ung autre sorte d’écriture, com posée des mêmes éléments, des mêmes assemblages de clous et de flèches, par cela même qu’elle est dessinée, gravée au moyen du même instrument, du même apez ; ce second système présente un caractère bien différent. Parfaitement comparable aux hiéroglyphes égyptiens ou aux mono grammes chinois, cette nouvelle écriture est purement idéographique. | Nous avons déjà eu occasion de parlér d’un signe dont M. Botta avait compris dès le début la signification, ces six flèches inclinées dans des directions concentriques vers Ja droite qui correspondaient bien certainement à l’iranien kchaliya, roi. Au lieu de ce monogramme, on trouvait à * Ménant. Les Écrilures cunéiformes, in fine, 200 et suiv. 58 AEVUE DE L'EST.. Persépolis même le titre royal persan traduit dans quelques textes des troisièmes colonnes par une suite de trois letires qui donnaient le mot Sd-ér-rou, Sérou. Il est évident que ces deux signes ont la même valeur puisqu'ils traduisent éga lement un même mot du persan des Achéménides. Sérou n’est donc que l'expression phonétique, syllabique, du mot qui est représenté idéalement, figurativement par les six fléches de M. Botta. | Pour reconnaître le vrai caractère de l’écriture des troi sièmes inscriptions, 1 n’y a au fond qu’à généraliser et qu’à étendre celte première donnée. L'originalité de l'écriture assyrienne réside à peu prés tout entière dans ce point que les signes syllabiques et les idéogrammes y sont mêlés, confondus, employés côle à côte dans le même texte, dans la même phrasé, dans le même mot. Jamais l'Égypte antique, qui a possédé tout à la fois pendant une longue suite de siècles une écriture hiéroglyphique et un système phoné tique , ne les a étroitement unis et mélangés d’une mauière aussi absolue. Elle a, il est vrai, fait usage tour à tour de : l’une et de l’autre, mais d’une manière généralement exclusive, dans des textes distincts ou même en vue de desti nations différentes. À Ninive et à Babylone, signes syllabi ques, monogrammes, tout a été indistinctement employé à la fois, et c’est ce bizarre et parfait alliage qui a amoncelé tant d'obstacles devant les premiers pas des assyriologues. Qui aurait pu, à l’origine, se douter que tel assemblage de coins élait dans son essence susceptible de deux sens ne présentant aucune analogie, aucun rapport, et n’exprimant l’un qu’un son, qu’une syllabe, l’autre qu’une pure idée, une chose, un mot? On comprend avec quel effroi sir Raw linson, voulant appliquer les valeurs phonétiques qui lui paraissaient certaines à la lecture des noms de Nabuchodo nosor et de Babylone tels qu’ils apparaissaient sur le roc de Bisitoun, épela fort nettement An-pa-sa-du-sis et Din-tir-k! En désespoir de cause, le savant orientaliste se vit contraint. LES INSCRIPTIONS CUNÉIFORMES. 9 d'admettre que les lettres assyriennes pouvaient avoir plu sieurs valeurs différentes. C’est là le phénomène général auquel il donna le nom de polyphontie, et que la vraie notion des idéogrammes mésopotamiens a réduit depuis à sa juste valeur. | Le problème trouve en effet dans l’état actuel de la science une solution facile. Les noms propres assyriens ont tous un sens complexe ; ils expriment d’ordinaire une formule dé précative. On peut les rapprocher très exactement à cet égard de certains noms que l’on retrouve dans la plupart des langues. 1l nous suffira de citer le français Dieudonné, le latin Deodatus, le grec @voëopos, l’hébreu Nalanaël, qui ont une signification identique: don de Dieu. Le mot Nabuchodonosor contient une invocation adressée à une des divinités les plus importantes du Panthéon baby lonien. (e nom par lequel nous avons traduit l’hébraïique Néhoucanetzar doit être lu dans sa forme syllabique assy _rienne, telle qu’elle nous est fournie avec la plus entière certitude par les inscriptions trilingues de Persépolis Na bou-cou-dou-ri-ous-sour. Or, les trois mots Nabou-coudouri oussour doivent être traduits : « Le dieu Nabou ou Nébo protége ma famille. » Les cinq caractères auxquels on voulait d’abord appliquer la valeur des cinq lettres syllabiques : An-pa-sa-du-sis, doi vent être lus en leur attribuant une signification purement idéographique, ce qui donne le résultat suivant: 10 An, c’est le monogramme général de la divinité qui précède constamment tout nom de Dieu; 2 pa, idéogramme qui à l’origine paraît avoir figuré un instrument agricole, la herse, symbole de la surveillance et de la direction de l’agricul ture, un des attributs caractéristiques du dieu Nubou ; 30 sa, monogramme dont les syllabes condouri sont la tra duction phonétique et qui exprime l’idée de famille ou de race; 49 et 5° dusis, autre idéogramme complexe qui ap. paraît dans d’autres textes et traduit dans une inscription 60 REVUE DE L'EST. cunéiforme de Suse l'impératif iramien: Patar, protège, garde !. | Les deux formes si dissemblables du nom de Nabucho donosor ont donc un sens identique et expriment abso lument la même phrase. Il en serait de même pour toutes les autres formes du même mot dans lesquelles on mélan gerait indistinctement les monogrammes el les leitres pho nétiques. Théoriquement, il n’y a pas moins de huit ma nières d’unir ces deux séries d'éléments hétérogènes. Il y a donc huit façons d’écrire le nom du célèbre monarque; et on les a retrouvées en effet à peu près toutes sur les divers. monuments de Babylone. | Le nom de la capitale de la Chaldée nous fournit un second exemple non moins frappant du double caractère du système graphique assyrien. Le persan Babyrus, Babylone (la lettre r remplaçant L qui n’existe pas dans l'alphabet iranien), est traduit dans le texte de la troisième colonne par trois lettres syllabiques : ba-bi-lou. Ces trois signes cu néiformes ne se retrouvaient plus à Bisitoun.. A la place qu'ils auraient dû occuper, sir Rawlinson déchiffra trois coractères qu’il fallait prononcer Din-tir-ki. Ce sont là évi demment trois idéogrammes et leur signification n’est plus douteuse: Ville du pays des langues. C'était là un des noms de l’immense capitale qui rappelle l'antique tradition bi blique, mais il est encore une autre forme graphique de Babylone d’un usage beaucoup plus fréquent. Dans la plu part des monuments babyloniens, sur les briques innom brables par exemple qui ont servi depuis un temps immé morial de matériaux de construction aux riverains de l’Eu phrate, le nom de la grande gité est représenté par quatre monogrammes ; le dernier n’est que l'indication du nom de” * Pour toat ce qui concerne l’onomatplogie assyrienne, on doit consulter l'excellent ouvrage de M. Ménant, Les Noms propres assyriens, Paris, Dupont, 1861. LES INSCRIPTIONS CUNÉIFOAMES. 61 ville qui précëde; les trois autres représentent exactement non-seutement le sens, mais encore l’exacte prononciation de la forme syllabique Ba-bi-lou. En effet, le premier a la valeur idéographique de porte qui, en assyrien, se dit bab ou babe. Le second est l’idéogramme divin dont nous avons déjà parlé ; le troisième est le symbole du dieu Ilou, los de Diodore, la divinité suprême des Assyro-Babyloniens. Babylone signifie donc à proprement parler porte du Dieu Ilou, et son expression hiéroglyphique ordinaire se trouve en même lemps correspondre à la prononciation exacte da mot, telle que nous la fournissent les troisièmes colonnes de Persépolis. | | Non-seulement les noms propres, mais en général tous les mots sont susceptibles de revêtir une expression en partie svilibique et en partie monogrammalique. Ce phé nomène se présente notamment dans un cas très fréquent dont M. Oppert a le premier énoncé les lois. Il arrive sou vent qu'un seul et même idéogramme peut représenter plu sieurs idées étroitement unies ou du moins très voisines. Tel est par exemple le monogramme de la lumière qui ex prime à la fois les trois notions de Soleil, de Jour et à’ Au rore. Or, dans le langage comme dans l'écriture pure ment phonélique, jour se dit youm (le 1 hébraïque), le soleil samsi, l'aurore sadoû. Pour figurer ces divers mots on écrira le plus souvent à Ninive et à Babylone le monogramme qui se rapporte à l’idée fondamentale et commune, mais ôn aura soin de le faire suivre de la termi naison, exprimée en caractéres syllabiques, que leur attribue le langage, terminaison qui suffira alors pour en déterminer très nettement le sens. | Soit par exemple le monogramme de la lumiêre que nous réprésentons par L, mais qui est conslitué en réalité par un grand clou perpendiculaire flanqué à gauche, vers sa tête, de deux petits clous obliquant de haut en bas vers la gauche : | 62 ° REVUE DE L'EST. L + le caractère syllabique oum représentera youm, jour. L + — si — samsi, soleil. L + — doù — sadoü, aurore. Ce procédé que l’on a désigné sous le nom de complément phonétique résulte d’ailleurs si naturellement de l’emploi commun et simultané des signes idéographiques et des ca raclères phonéliques qu’on a pu en constater l’existence ou du moins en reconnaître des traces dans l'écriture japo naise comme dans les inscriptions hiéroglyphiques de l’an tique Egypte. Aucun système graphique connu ne présente pourtant au même degré le double et saisissant caractère qui donne à l’épigraphie assyrienne une incomparable originalité. La seulement les deux grandes conceptions originaires qui ail leurs ont donné naissance à des formes fondamentales de l'écriture non-seulement distinctes, mais exclusives l’une de l'autre, se trouvent indistinctement juxtaposées et unies.
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https://github.com/tuxmonteiro/cloud-meter/blob/master/cloud-meter-core/src/main/java/org/cloudmeter/model/AbstractInitializer.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
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cloud-meter
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tuxmonteiro
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Java
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Code
| 34 | 144 |
package org.cloudmeter.model;
import org.apache.jmeter.testelement.TestElement;
public abstract class AbstractInitializer implements ModelInitializer {
public static final String EMPTY_STRING = "";
protected void baseElement(TestElement ele, String name) {
ele.setEnabled(true);
ele.setProperty(TestElement.ENABLED, true);
ele.setName(name);
ele.setProperty(TestElement.NAME, name);
ele.setTestClass(ele.getClass().getName());
}
}
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https://github.com/IcaroTARique/Embarcados_tmp/blob/master/volumes/calculoNumerico-webfiles/assets/scripts/etapa01/bissecao.cpp
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
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Embarcados_tmp
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IcaroTARique
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C++
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Code
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#include <bits/stdc++.h> // DAQUI A GENTE USA A FUNÇAO ABS() QUE DÁ O VALOR ABSOLUTO DO NUMERO... ( linha 30 )
#include <cmath> // PARA MAIS INFORMAÇOES, CONSULTE: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/cmath/
#define EPSILON 0.0000000000001 // APROXIMACAO SUFICIENTE
#define PI 3.14159
using namespace std;
// CLASSE MENSAGEM
class mensagem {
public:
void versao(){
cout<<"Versão 0.001"<<endl<<endl;
}
void ajuda(){
cout<<"\nUso: ./bissecao [OPÇÕES]\n\nOPÇÕES:\n\n -o [Arquivo] Arquivo de saída.\n\n Ex.: -o ./diretorio/saida.csv\n\n -b [Base] Define a base.\n\n Ex.: -b 10\n\n -p [Precisão] Define a precisão.\n\n Ex.: -i 3\n\n -l [LimInferior] Define o limite inferior.\n\n Ex.: -l -3\n\n -u [LimSuperior] Define o limite superior.\n\n Ex.: -u 3\n\n -h Mostra esta tela de ajuda e sai\n -v Mostra a versão do programa e sai\n\n\nExemplo completo de uso:\n\n./double-point -o ./diretorio/saida.csv -b 10 -p 3 -l -3 -u 3\n\n";
}
void erro(){
cout<<"Opção inválida, tente novamente. Use -h para ajuda."<<endl<<endl;
}
};
double func(double x)
{
// aqui tu define a função, vai ter q receber do usuario pelo site la, a biblioteca cmath tem a porra toda (exponencial,cosseno,logaritmo,etc..)
//return (pow(x,3) - pow(x,2) -1);
return ((0.3*PI*pow(x,2)*(9-x))-1); // funcao que caiu na prova..
}
void bissecao(string saida, double a, double b)
{
ofstream output;
output.open(saida.c_str());
int count =1; // contador para contar iteraçoes
// verifica se o intervalo inserido é valido, para ser valido essa multiplicacao tem que dar menor que 0;
if ((func(a) * func(b)) >= 0)
{
cout << "Interalo invalido, nao temos raizes no intervalo ou podemos ter mais de uma raiz e isso causou um problema!.\n";
return;
}
double c = a; // esse c é o intervalo de cima, vulgo a aproximacao da raiz..
while ((b-a) >= EPSILON) // condicao de parada...
{
c = (a+b)/2; // pega o valor medio
if (func(c) == 0.0) // verifica se é zero, se for zero já achou a raiz..
break;
else if (func(c)*func(a) < 0) // aqui faz a nova verificao para determinar o novo intervalo..
b = c;
else
a = c;
output << "Iteracaoo numero: " << count << " | Raiz aproximada: " << setprecision(15) << c << endl;
count++;
}
output.close();
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
mensagem exibir;
int numParametros = argc;
string nomePrograma=argv[0], arquivoSaida;
double a, b; // aqui é definido os intervalos a e b, isso aqui tu pega do usuario..
if ( numParametros == 2 ){
if (argv[1][0] == '-' ){
switch(argv[1][1]){
case 'v':
case 'V':
exibir.versao();
return 0;
break;
case 'h':
case 'H':
exibir.ajuda();
return 0;
break;
default:
exibir.erro();
return 1;
}
}
} else if ( numParametros == 7 ){
int i = 0;
while ((++argv)[0]){
// TESTA APENAS PARAMETROS IMPARES, PARA NAO ELIMINAR VALORES COM MENOS NA FRENTE, NO CASO DE NUMEROS NEGATIVOS (EXEMPLO: -3)
if ( ((++i)%2) ) {
if (argv[0][0] == '-' ){
switch(argv[0][1]){
case 'o':
arquivoSaida = argv[1];
break;
case 'a':
a = atof(argv[1]);
break;
case 'b':
b = atof(argv[1]);
break;
default:
cout << "Arquivo saida: " << arquivoSaida << endl;
cout << "A: " << a << endl;
cout << "B: " << b << endl;
exibir.erro();
return 1;
}
}
}
}
// EXECUTION PROGRAM
bissecao(arquivoSaida, a, b);
} else {
exibir.erro();
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
| 47,232 |
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stripped%20Live%20in%20UK
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Stripped Live in UK
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https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stripped Live in UK&action=history
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Russian
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Spoken
| 176 | 461 |
Stripped live in UK — третий музыкальный DVD Кристины Агилеры, вышедший в 2004 году.
Stripped live in UK не включает в себя «Make Over», которую Агилера исполняла после «Can't Hold Us Down», а также песню «I Prefer You», которая шла после «At Last».
Список композиций
Stripped Intro Pt. 1
Dirrty
Get Mine, Get Yours
The Voice Within
Genie in a Bottle
Can't Hold Us Down
Salsa/Contigo En La Distancia/Falsas Esperanzas
Infatuation
Come On Over (All I Want Is You)
Cruz
Loves Embrace
Impossible
At Last
Lady Marmalade
Walk Away
Fighter
Stripped Pt. 2
What A Girl Wants
Beautiful
Дополнения
Эксклюзивное интервью с Кристиной о её альбоме Stripped, о The Stripped Tour и о её жизни вне музыки.
Интервью с музыкантами, танцорами, стилистами, хореографами, которые помогали делать шоу.
«Гастрольный автобус Гилберта» — встреча с танцором Кристины Гилбертом Салдиваром.
«Одна ночь в Милане» — встреча Кристины и Донателлы Версаче в Милане, столице высокой моды.
«RSVP» — Кристина Агилера отвечает на вопросы фанатов
Чарты
Примечания
Видеоальбомы Кристины Агилеры
Концертные альбомы 2004 года
Концертные альбомы RCA Records
Видеоальбомы 2004 года
| 44,893 |
sn93053725_1901-07-30_1_1_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,260 | 8,020 |
WATERBURY, CONN., TUESDAY, JULY 30, 1901 PRICE TWO CENTS. VOL XIV NO 199. MEN AND BOSSES Were Equally Happy Today Over Strike Outlook. A SETTLEMENT IN SIGHT President Shaffer in Consultation With Western Members of Board an Hour Before Appointed Time The Question as to What Constitutes a Union Might One of the Leading Features. Pittsburgh, Pa., July 30. That the great steel strike would be declared off before the close of the day was the general impression here this morning and the feeling of exultation among the manufacturers as well as the strikers was the best indication that both sides were glad that an amicable agreement of the differences was in sight. The hour fixed for the meeting of the general executive board of the Amalgamated association was 10 o'clock, but an hour earlier than that President Shaffer was conferring with the western members of the board, and at 9:40 o'clock the entire committee was called together. Immediately after the committee had filed into the room the doors were locked and a sentinel placed outside. Previous to the meeting, all efforts to get an expression from the officials as to its probable outcome were unsuccessful. Secretary Williams stated that they had all been pledged to secrecy and to say anything whatever would be a breach of faith. When the committee assembled, President Shaffer placed before it the terms upon which the United States Steel corporation will settle the strike, and the concessions the Amalgamated officials agreed to make when in conference with J. P. Morgan last Saturday. A long discussion then ensued. If the deal is approved, there will be a conference with the combine officials later. Little doubt is entertained, however, that the action of President Shaffer and Secretary Williams will be ratified. The representatives of the steel interests are in easy communication by telephone and a conference will at once follow. The combine conferees will probably be the same as at the previous conference and will include Veryl Preston, late president of the American Steel Hoop Co; Vice-President W. M. Leeds of the American Tin Plate Co, John Warner, general superintendent of the American Sheet Steel Co, and I. W. Jenks, manager of the American Steel Hoop Co. The important question to be decided is to what constitutes a union mill. The Amalgamated people claim a mill is union as soon as they have secured a foothold in it. On the other hand, the steel people argue that a mill is not union until at least a majority of the skilled workmen have joined the Amalgamated organization. Up on the settlement of this question, it is thought, will hinge the settlement of the strike. The combine conferees are located at the Hotel Schenley, where they were met this morning by W. E. Corey, president of the Carnegie Steel Co., and the others interested in the strike, they also refuse to say anything as to what will be done today. New York, July 30. It was learned here today upon high authority that the action of the executive board of the Amalgamated association at Pittsburgh today, when it passes upon the peace proposals agreed upon at the conference here on Saturday, will be decisive. There exists no arrangement for further negotiation, and peace of a continuance of the strike hinges upon the vote. The statement that Warn Arms and a group of officials of the companies forming the United States Steel corporation were to go to Pittsburgh for a further discussion with the labor leaders, was erroneous. The agreement of Saturday was complete and its force depends upon its ratification by the Amalgamated association and the subsidiary companies of the United States Steel corporation. The latter action is, however, a mere formality. If the Amalgamated executive board approves the basis of settlement, the strike will be over; if it disposes it will continue in effect and the same state that existed before. Messrs. Shaffer and Williams arrived in Pittsburgh on July 30. An air and expectancy pervaded McKeesport this morning, the strikers at Demmitts. The W. Dewees Wood plant being hopeful that the Pittsburgh conference will call the strike before night. Hundreds of idle men are lounging around the gate of the mills evidently ready to go to work as soon as a chance be given them. Both mills remained quiet during the night. Morning trains from and down the Monongahela where mining camps abound, brought hundreds of the better class of strikers who have gone into seclusion when the strike came. They are now ready to return to work and their strike will be ended within the next forty-eight hours. Pittsburgh, July 30. The Amalgamated executive board is still in session. Ex-Vice President James is guarding the door and nothing of the proceedings can be learned. 11:10 a.m. A short recess was taken at 11 o'clock and the conference has again resumed. The members of the board refused absolutely to say what had been done or as to the prospects of accepting the terms arranged at the New York meeting. President Shaffer's voice can be heard addressing the meeting, but it is impossible to get near enough to hear what he is saying. 12:00 p.m. The conference adjourned for a time to meet at 1:00 this afternoon. The members came out they were apparently in good humor, but were not approached on the platform of a proposed settlement. General Wood and the Morro Canal from Havana. In the cure of tuberculosis, Dr. Charles Gresswell has just issued a bulletin in connection with it. Chicago, July 30. A special to the Tribune from Denver says: Dr. Charles Gresswell, chairman of the sanitary committee of the National Live Stock association, has issued a bulletin on the subject of human and bovine tuberculosis, which is of especial interest in connection with the theory of Dr. Koch as expressed at the international tuberculosis congress in London last week. Dr. Gresswell says in part: "The telegraphic Report of Dr. Koch's statement that he has discovered such important differences between bovine and human tuberculosis that, in his opinion, the diseases are not intercomnunicable, as was commonly supposed, is one of the most important to the cattle industry and to the public, and the evidence for and against should be carefully weighed and final judgment suspended until, as Dr. Koch himself so justly recommends, a corroboration of his results have been obtained by other observers. "Without being an alarmist, I think it necessary to sound a note of warning that conclusions so much hoped for should not too readily be accepted, and that as cattlemen, or dairymen, we certainly must not yet congratulate ourselves that the necessity for restrictions and repressive measures against bovine tuberculosis is over nor that this disease in cattle has now no terrors for the human being." She Can Retain the Name of Her Former Husband Although She Divorced Him, The House of Lords Has Upheld the Decision of the Court Which Decided Against Earl Cowley. London, July 30. The house of lords has finally settled the moot question whether or not a peeress after divorce and re-marriage is entitled to retain her divorced husband's title. The point was raised by Earl Cowley, who objected to the lady who divorced him, continuing to call herself. Countess Cowley, after she had married again, the verdict of the lower court was in favor of the earl, but that of the appeal court favored the lady, and now the house of lords has upheld the latter's right to the name of Countess Cowley. Dividend is unprecedented. First National of New York Pays One Thousand Per Cent. New York, July 30. One thousand per cent dividend has been declared by the directors of the First National Bank. This breaks oil records. Dividends 100 per cent, or $100 annual profit on a share worth at par $100, have not been so uncommon the First National has made such distributions for many years but $1,000 dividend on a stock worth at par $100 has been presented. The Chemical National Bank pays 50 per cent a year to stockholders, while there are several banks, trust companies and even some industrial concerns, including the Standard Oil Company, paying from 50 to 100 per cent a year. The dividend on the old First National bank stock of $500,000 amounts to $5,000,000. But some of the novelties taken out of the fact when it is said that the declaration is made not from earnings on a capital stock of $500,000, but also from the earnings on $5,000,000 surplus fund and divided profits of a sum almost equal; and further that the dividend was made to facilitate the bank's increase in capital from $500,000 to $10,000, with a surplus of $10,000,000 making it the largest bank in the country as to capital and surplus. And an interesting feature of this transaction is that a harmony agreement among three of the biggest banks of the country, the First, the Chase and the National Bank of Commerce, has been made by the large stockholders, including J. Pierpont Morgan. Officers of the First National bank hesitated to talk about the big dividend yesterday, but finally admitted an extraordinary dividend had been declared. It was learned, however, that such action was necessary to complete easily the plan to absorb the National Bank of the Republic. The scheme to merge the latter bank has been approved by a majority of its stockholders, and only details remain before the First National bank as made the position that befits its name. PURCHASE OF UNION LOOP. Sufficient Stockholders have signified their approval of the plan. Chicago, July 30. President Clarence Buckingham of the Northwestern elevated road states that the purchase of the Union Loop will be ratified at Thursday's meeting, sufficient stockholders having signified their approval of the plan. Representatives of the Blair syndicate are expected to arrive tomorrow from the east to close up the deal. Rumors of negotiations have been renewed for the consolidation of the west and south side elevated lines, but officials of all the lines deny that there is a possibility of any action at this time. However, it is generally conceded to be a foregone conclusion that should the question of charging fares for the three sections of the city as at present carried out be decided favorably, amalgamation plans will be quickly taken up and settled for one or two roads at least. WOMAN POSTMASTER. Washington, July 30. Mrs. L. Labbie was today appointed postmaster at Willinggrass, Mo. COUNTESS Oil STRIKE. Ordered to Go Out by the Cy Front Federation. The Delegates Were Unanimous In Asking The Men To Go Out The Strike Is The Result of The Lockout of The Teamsters San Francisco, July 30. The labor troubles in this city reached their culmination late last night when the City Front Federation ordered a general strike on the docks of San Francisco, Oakland, Mission Rock, and Port Costa to go into effect this morning. The resolution to strike received the unanimous endorsement of every delegation to the federation. The meeting of the federation was a long one and there was much heated argument but when the resolution came to a vote every delegate present voted in favor of striking. The following unions were represented, comprising all the workers on the waterfront: Sailors union of the Pacific, four local unions of Longshoremen, Marine firemen, Brotherhood of Teamsters, Ship and Steamboat Joiners, Porters, Packers, Warehousemen, Ship Clerks, Pile Drivers, and Bridge Builders, Hoisting Engineers, Steam and Hot Water Fitters and Coal Teamsters. This action, which is a direct outcome of the lockout of the teamsters, will have for its immediate effect the cessation of a labor in and around the great docks of the city about San Francisco bay. The Sand Teamsters union and the Oakland Teamsters union also ordered a strike. This will make a total of over 25,000 union workmen who have stopped work since the middle of May. Unless the proprietors and managers are able to secure sufficient non-union help to load and man their vessels, the strike will practically mean the closing of the port and the suspension of business in the wholesale and manufacturing sections of San Francisco and Oakland. Members of the Employers association state that they have fully considered the cost of the strike and are prepared to meet it. The steamship managers will hold a meeting today to consider their course. The industrial conciliation committee of the municipal league made a strenuous effort yesterday to avert the threatened strike but without avail... The City Front Federation has issued a statement in which it reviews the situation and states that the strike was not ordered until all honorable means of effecting a settlement had been tried in vain. San Francisco, July 30 Owing to the strike of the water front federation, the business section of the city is completely tied up and it is feared that business stagnation will ensue. Although a large number of men have been secured to fill the strikers' places, little merchandise has been handled and there have been no disturbances. TO INSPECT THE BRIDGE. District Attorney Philbin Appoints Edwin Duryea. New York, July 30. District Attorney Philbin appointed as his engineer to inspect the Brooklyn bridge Edwin Duryea of Brooklyn. Mr Duryea's appointment was made as a result of several conferences Mr Philbin has had with engineers of this city, including William Barclay Parsons. Mr Duryea was recommended as an eminently competent and proper person to make a thorough investigation. The bridge. Mr. Duryea is under instructions to inspect the bridge and ascertain whether or not the bridge is now safe under present conditions. Mr. Duryea, said that it would take six weeks to make the inspection and have his report finished. Mr. Duryea has been an engineer for sixteen years; he is a graduate of Cornell and for four years was in the employ of the East River Bridge commission. The Brooklyn Eagle last night said "Luther W. Stevens, a mining engineer and chemist, makes one of the most sensational disclosures respecting the bridge that has yet been made public, and if he has seen and heard aright it shows more clearly than ever the necessity for caution and activity in repair. Mr. Stevens was installing some work on the bridge at the time, and in order to keep his job and get his money he made no report of what he learned. He discovered that when the girder buckled three years ago, the cradle on the Brooklyn tower was drawn out of place and pulled within a few inches of the river edge. The cradle is the iron frame that supports the big cables. When this was reported the "regular bridge engineers" instructed the discoverer "to keep his mouth shut." The slipping of the cradle might have meant disaster. It would certainly have precipitated a panic. He realizes that the time has passed for silence and he makes this matter public at last. It is better late than never, and it becomes evident that inspections must not be confined to the roadways or the cables, but must be extended to the towers, anchorage, and every part of the bridge." ENGLISH CRICKETERS. Philadelphia, July 30. A visit from a team of English amateur cricketers, captured by B. J. T. Bosanquet, is now practically assured for next fall. A meeting of the Associated Cricket clubs has been held here for the purpose of considering a letter received from Captain John P. Green, a Philadelphia patron of the game, stating that Mr. Bosanquet was willing to bring over a team, provided the legitimate expenses of his party were guaranteed. The local committee cabled to Captain Green accepting the terms. Mr. Bosanquet will bring with him a number of the most expert amateur players in England. DOCKMEN NOV Chicago Alliance Francaise Receives Gift From Wealthy Capitalist. Chicago, July 30. The advent of two French lecturers at the University of Chicago yesterday was made memorable by the announcement of a gift to the Chicago branch of the Alliance Francaise from a capitalist of Paris. The donor is Robert Lebaudy, a wealthy sugar refiner, who sent without solicitation 10,000 francs to be devoted to the uses of the alliance in affiliation with the university. In a letter to the French consul, Henri Merou, through whom the money was received, M. Lebaudy gave strong hints of other donations to follow. The money will be used in bringing to Chicago eminent men of France to lecture to the students on the French language, art, and institutions. Time we mm No Fear of Plague Gaining a Foothold Dr Doty Says That Some Men Are Alarmists Conditions Are Different In Plague Stricken India from What They Are Here There the People Associate With Vermin and Rats. -New York. July 30. The possibility of the spread of bubonic plague throughout the American continent having been discussed as a probability by Dr Walter Kempster of Milwaukee, Wis, has brought out adverse opinions from a number of New York physicians of more than local prominence. They condemn the views of Dr Kempster as alarmist and calculated to cause a panic, though the fact that he spent some time abroad studying the origin and spread of plagues and scourges, under the Harrison administration, gives added weight to his statement to the effect that there is danger under existing sanitary conditions and unless immediate measures are taken to stamp it out. Dr A. H. Doty, health officer of the port, said that while the plague might be destructive to the people in India, the conditions were different here. In India people slept with rats and vermin. In the last three years the plague had been in Rio de Janeiro, Lisbon and San Francisco, but there had been no devastation at any of those places. Dr Doty declared he had no fear whatever of the plague gaining any foothold here, and he did not think, any practical sanitarian had. Growth of the Disease in New York 123456 123456 TO BUY OSBORNE HOUSE. William Waldorf Astor Wants to Pre- . Sent it to His Daughter. New York, July 30. The possibility that Osborne House, on the Isle of Wight, where Queen Victoria died, may pass into the possession of an American, is suggested in a dispatch to the World, which says: "King Edward wants to get rid of Osborne House because of its inaccessible and because it costs $60,000 a year to keep it up. "William Waldorf Astor is said to have offered to pay any price the king might fix, desiring to present the famous royal residence to his daughter when she marries the Duke of Roxburgh, but it was found that under Queen Victoria's will the king is only given a life title to the palace. "Rumor says Mr. Astor now wishes to lease the property. "Senator William A. Clark of Montana, is reported to have written to the king asking him how much he will take." "Charles T. Yerkes also is reported to be a bidder." MOLDERS GO TO WORK. Received No Concessions From Employers of Eleven Factories. Chicago, July 30. President H. W. Hoyt of the National Founders' association has given out a statement that the iron molders employed by 11 of the firms belonging to the association have returned to work without any concessions on the part of the employers. Further, it was reported that there would be a meeting of the executive committee of the Fifth district of the founders' association tomorrow. President Fox of the International Union of Molders will be in the city this week. President Hoyt said the object in calling this committee together was To get concerted action in filling the places of the strikers who did not return to work. HAS SPAIN NOTHING TO OFFER. Madrid, July 30. The premier, Senor Sagasta, in an interview just published, scouts the idea of any political outcome resulting from the visit of the German squadron to Spain. He says Spain has nothing to offer. She must reorganize her army, navy, and internal administration before dreaming of alliances. The German squadron of warships now at Cadiz, went there to meet and escort to Germany Field Marshal Count Von Waldersee, who arrived at Suez July 24, on his return from China. TROLLEY PARTY INJURED. Stamford, July 30. A special car, chartered by 50 Stamford people for a trolley ride to Bridgeport, late last night, collided with a car owned by Darien on the return trip. Several of the excursionists were severely injured, and one of them, Miss Sarah Walker, may die. The railroad officials issued a statement this morning, in which the accident was a broken chain which connected the brake with the engine. ARRIVAL OF STEAMERS. Boston, July 30. Arrived Lancaster from Liverpool. MRS. CAMPION'S MONEY. Courts Busy Hearing Evidence As To Claims. Miss Delaney's Bill for Services Rendered Several Witnesses Examined Today The Box Which Contained the Dead Woman's Money and Belongings Also Presented in Court. The claim of Miss Kate Delaney for $1,500.01 against the estate of the late Mrs. Margaret Campion still continues to engage the attention. Of Attorneys U. G. Church and E. A. Pendleton, commissioners upon the estate. Yesterday afternoon Dennis Delaney, a brother of the claimant, testified that there was no agreement between his sister and Mrs. Campion as to pay for the letter's services as nurse, etc., but it was understood that Mrs. Campion was to take care of her in her will, which was taken to mean that she was to "leave all she had" to claimant. In January, 1898, witness visited Mrs. Campion, who gave him to understand the above at that time. He knew himself that claimant had not had one dollar in payment for her services from Mrs. Campion for five years. In 1898 it was thought by claimant's parents to have her return home, but this view was reconsidered. Mrs. Campion talked frequently with witness regarding money troubles and once he lent her $50. She paid this sum back. The Delaneys were not related to deceased, but were always very good friends of hers. After deceased had sold her house, she wanted to know if she could be accommodated at witness's parents' home. Witness informed her she could be, but at the same time reminded her that she had numerous other friends and relatives. Nevertheless, deceased preferred to go to the Delaneys. She died at this place. While staying at this place, she frequently said, she was to leave all her property to claimant. Mrs. Campion had an insurance policy issued upon her life, but witness paid the premiums upon it for the last three years of its existence. Before that, his father, paid them. One of the witnesses, a woman, told him, that claimant, worked very hard for Mrs. Campion; so hard, in fact, that she did not know how she stood it. She was sure she herself could not stand it. Mrs. Campion was of a strong character, inclined to be what witness called "bossy." Michael Guilfoile, the well-known dealer in meats, was the next witness. He testified to his knowledge of deceased, her character and disposition. This closed the evidence for the claimants. Mrs. Mary A. Delaney of 189 Maple Street; was the first witness for the estate. With a burst of tears, she took the stand and it was some time before she began her testimony. She had it understood that she was not related only in a very distant way to deceased. She was a frequent caller to deceased's home during the latter years of her life. A year ago last, Ash Wednesday, she remembered very well as a particular evening on which she called to see Mrs. Campion, because she heard that Mrs. Campion was dying. This she found to be incorrect, but still the old lady was very ill. She was full of complaints against claimant. She saw Dennis Delaney, who had just testified, bending over Mrs. Campion's bed, and when he left, claimant came out and asked her into the bedroom. Mrs. Campion gave free rein to Her complaints, claimant having left the room. About the way she had been used, by claimants. Two weeks later, she called again, and once more Mrs. Campion complained. On this occasion, she said she paid the claim very well, for her services, at first $3 a week, and some time after $4 a week. Witness was positive that Mrs. Campion had said to her that she made it a point to keep all bills paid up. All this witness had forgotten until last Friday evening; when she was informed that she would have to appear in this case. Then it all rushed back upon her with painful feelings, for it recalled the death of Lizzie Oxley, a girl to whom Mrs. Campion was dearly attached, and whose place in her affections was taken up by the claimant, according to all appearances, for it was then that Miss Delaney became a member of Mrs. Campion's household. Mrs. Annie Strachan, a niece of the deceased, was on the stand the greater part of this forenoon. She was an ardent witness for the estate and practically corroborated all Mrs. Delaney had testified. She had many a verbal encounter with Representative Guilfoile. The box in which Mrs. Campion kept her savings and all her valuable papers was in evidence this morning. FLOGGING ABOLISHED. Choate Tells Englishmen That It's Out of Date Here. London, July 30. Mr. Choate, presiding yesterday at the distribution of prizes to pupils of the London university school, alluded deprecatingly to the "delicate subject of flogging," which had been abandoned, he said, "years and years ago in America." His utterances have led to some editorial comment in the morning papers, the Standard defending the "ancient method." Mr. Choate suggested in the course of his remarks that Great Britain and the United States, should exchange prize boys, distributing them in their respective schools and thus promote the "altogetherness of the two countries." One holds out. All Other Local A. O. U. W. Lodges Favored Classified Assessment. New Haven, July 30. Only one of the local lodges of the American Order of United Workmen is still standing out against a classified assessment, and in this lodge opinion is divided. A prominent member of the order in this city said, in speaking of the matter, that it was hoped soon to bring this lodge into line with the rest. He said that from the latest reports Bridgeport and Menden were unanimous for the change. Until reports are received from all over the state, no further steps can be taken. Some of the Barbers are Opposed to Closing So Early. Preparations are being made to form a boss barbers' union in this city, and in pursuance of this plan a meeting will be held on Thursday evening at P. J. Duval's, 230 South Main street. It is said that a number of the boss barbers are opposed to the new closing hours which the journeymen have adopted and which are expected to go into effect on August 1. The old closing hours were as follows: Monday night, 7 o'clock; all other nights 9 o'clock except Saturday night, when 12 o'clock is the hour. The new closing hours are as follows: Monday, 6 o'clock; Tuesday, Thursday, Friday, 8 o'clock; Wednesday, 9 o'clock; Saturday, 12 o'clock. A boss barber, in speaking of the matter today, said, he would not stand for the new hours. He would rather close up his shop before he would agree to them. He says he would be satisfied if his customers were, but that already he had lost several of them. Those who work in the shop have no time to get shaved except at night, and all cannot be shaved in one or two hours each evening except for two. He thought that 8 o'clock on Monday night, 8 o'clock on Friday night, 9 o'clock on every other night except Saturday, when the shop would close at 12 o'clock, would be O.K. hours. Jerry Denny Will Give Up Baseball in Derby. The Town Has Not Given the Ex-National Leaguer the Support He Wanted After To-day's Game In This City He Will Dispose of His Team to Two Derbyites. Derby, July 30. Jerry Denny, like Roger Connor of Waterbury, has become tired of trying to run a ball team on hot air, and as the fans would not come out here to see the game, the team will play its last game under Denny's management at Waterbury today. Tonight Denny will sell his team to Julius Horley and Frank Thornton, both residents of Derby and popular in this place. They are well known members of the lodge of Elks, and if they cannot make the game pay then Derby is slated for a drop out of the league. MARRIED IN BUFFALO. The Groom Got All The Money The Bride Had and Fled. New York, July 30. Jersey City yesterday saw the last act of a love romance, that began in Hudson, N.Y., culminated in a wedding at the Pan American show in Buffalo and then went out like a poorly lighted pipe with the disappearance of the bridegroom and $5,000 which his bride had given into his keeping. Mrs. Robert C. Giles caled at Jersey City, police headquarters and told the story. She is a tall, fine-looking brunette who frankly admitted to 35 years. Her husband, who has disappeared, is only 28 years old, but he has a beautiful dark mustache. She was Miss Catherine Hearn when she had the $5,000 and a prosperous millinery business in Hudson a few weeks ago. Mr. Giles, was a sewing machine agent, who went to Hudson after doing business in Jersey City, and in the river city met, wooed and won the milliner. They went to Buffalo and were married there on July 2. They saw their electrical display, the exhibits, the beautiful buildings and the Midway in the beginning of their honeymoon. Incidentally, the bride says, she handed over her $5,000. The happy couple went to Niagara Falls, then to Pittsburgh and Harrisburg, and on last Friday arrived in Jersey City. They registered at the Pennsylvania hotel, Montgomery and Greene streets. Last Saturday the bridegroom brought a friend to the hotel, introduced him to the bride and excused himself on the plea of a business engagement. Mrs. Giles hasn't Seen him since. James Larkin, a detective, was sent out to investigate after the bride had told her story. He found that when the couple arrived in Jersey City last Friday, Giles sent his wife's trunk to the Pennsylvania hotel, but shipped his own baggage over to New York. When the detective's report was repeated to Mr. Giles, she cried a little, then she remarked that her bridegroom was lost to her forever, probably; also her $5,000. Thinking it all over, she smiled a little, then laughed philosophically and said: "Well, I guess I will go back to Hudson. I can still trim hats, anyway." KIPLING'S LATEST POEM. It's Not Received With Favor by Some of the British. New York, July 30. Rudyard Kipling's latest poem, "The Lesson," bearing on the Boer war, has not, says a Tribune dispatch from London, increased his popularity. He is said to have written another poem in which he meets out rough and ready justice to various British generals. Mr. Kipling, says the dispatch, is a strong military partisan, and is thorough-going in his contempt for Aldershot fussiness and red tape. He expresses colonial and imperial rather than British opinion of the military failures during the war. BAD WALLINGFORD FIRE. Wallingford, Conn., July 30. A two-story wooden building owned and occupied by Mrs. John Doyle, a widow with eight children, was burned this morning, the inmates escaping in their night clothing. Some of them jumped from windows, while others, including Mrs. Doyle, were rescued. Who is well advanced in years, were assisted down a ladder by firemen. The loss, $2,000, is covered by insurance. ANOTHER DISGUSTED K1BERLY SAYS M Will Not Act on Schley Court of Inquiry. HEART TROUBLE THE CAUSE. He Has Sent a Note to Secretary Long Asking, to Be Excused - Secretary, Long's Sweeping Order to the Members of the Naval Department Some of the Incidents the Board of Inquiry Will Be Called Upon to Investigate. Washington, July 30. A letter has been received at the navy department from Admiral Kimberley, asking to be excused from acting on the Schley court of inquiry, on account of the state of his health. The admiral is understood to be suffering from hearty uneasiness. Secretary Long's action in ordering all naval officers to be examined from discussing the Schley-Sampson controversy will put an end to the indiscriminate talking in which naval officers have been indulging ever since the Sampson-Schley controversy came to the front again. There already is in the naval regulations a paragraph forbidding officers from commenting upon cases that are about to be officially investigated, but as this prohibition seems to have escaped the attention of the officers, the secretary thought that he would emphasize it by a special order. The order is universal in its scope, not being limited merely to naval officers but including all who are in the naval service. The secretary felt he could not make its application, too broad, and under its operation not even the clerks in the navy department will be permitted to discuss the case for publication. The issuance of the order is regarded as an absolute necessity in view of the fact that the court of inquiry will convene next month. It is said In the navy department thai no word has been received from Ad miral Schley respecting the composi- tion of the court, but it is expected a letter will, arrive acknowledging the receipt of a copy of the precept, or order convening the court.- It is not believed that he will offer any objec tion to the wording of this document or to the personnel of the court. The report current that paragraph! five of the precept, which charges Reap Admiral -Schley with ."disobedience' will be amended, has no .foundation' in fact. This phrase was not Inserted until it was found that Schley himself had expressed his regret because he could not obey the orders, of the department.. Comment has been caused by the paragraph which? directs the board to examine into the propriety of Schley's action in withdrawing his squadron from in front of Santiago harbor every night and sailing out to sea. This par agraph was based upon Schley's own statement that he had executed thia maneuver. .-- It is interesting to note ..that the Spanish officials in x Santiago regarded this withdrawal as one of the inex plicable things of the American , plan of campaign. The fact is brought out with some emphasis In a book which has recently been published by the office of - the Naval Intelligence, entitled '.'Notes on . the War With Spain." The first part of this volume consists of; the translation of a tiiary kept by Lieu-. tenant Jose Muller y Tejeiro, second in command of the naval force in Santi ago province; the period covered being from the arrival of Cervera's fleet, on May 19, until the surrender. In this diary Lieutenant Muller writes as fol lows: ,. "Another problem: Why did the hostile ships, which remained all day long in front of the mouth of the harbor, disappear at dark, instead of continuing to watch it during the night? I do not know. The whole coast is accessible and the ground so high that it can be distinguished perfectly even in stormy weather, so that there was no danger in remaining there in calm weather, such as we have had all of this year." The query which arose in the mind of this Spanish naval officer was discussed by the American officers in the navy department in Washington, and the fact that it has never been satisfactorily answered led to the incorporation of a paragraph in the precept concerning the nightly withdrawal of the Schley squadron. ALL RECORDS BEATEN. Thirty Out of Forty-Eight Pass West Point Exams. Westport, N. Y., July 30. Among the candidates who successfully passed the examinations and were today admitted to the military academy as cadets are Fred A. Cook, of Vermont; Ellery W. Niles, of Maine; Clarence K. Lyman, of Hawaii, and Calvin P. Titus and Halcy Dunwood, at large. Forty-eight reported for examination. Thirty were successful, six failed, two were rejected by the medical board and ten alternates passed for whom no vacancies exist. The number which passed beats all records. Titus is the young man who was the first to scale the wall at Pekin, China. Lyman, of Hawaii, is the first cadet to be appointed from the government's new possessions. The corps now numbers 454 cadets, within 15 of the full number provided for. DIED FROM HEART DISEASE. New Haven, Conn, July 30. Near death has been fixed upon as the cause of death in the case of George E. Meade, formerly of Hartford and Norwich, whose dead body was found in his room, at his boarding house here yesterday. Edward F. Lewis of Linden street, who has been ill some time with typhoid fever, had a relapse last week and until last night his chances of recovery were very slim. He is now expected to recover.
| 5,208 |
https://github.com/skyusuf15/fecund-college/blob/master/resources/views/profile/profile.blade.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
fecund-college
|
skyusuf15
|
PHP
|
Code
| 317 | 1,467 |
@extends('layouts.admin')
@section('title')
Create Student Profile
@endsection
@section('styles')
<link href="{{ url('css/bootstrap-fileinput.css') }}" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="{{ url('css/components.min.css') }}" rel="stylesheet">
@endsection
@section('content')
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="panel panel-default">
<div class="panel-heading">Gallery</div>
<div class="panel-body">
<div class="portlet-body">
<form role="form" id='student_data' action="/save/student" enctype="multipart/form-data">
{{ csrf_field() }}
<div class="profile-content">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="portlet light ">
<div class="portlet-title tabbable-line">
<div class="caption caption-md">
<i class="icon-globe theme-font hide"></i>
<span class="caption-subject font-blue-madison bold uppercase">Profile Account</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet-body">
<div class="tab-content">
<!-- PERSONAL INFO TAB -->
<div class="tab-pane active" id="tab_1_1">
<p> Please upload student image before you proceed with the registration. <br /><br /></p>
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<div class="fileinput fileinput-new" data-provides="fileinput">
<div class="fileinput-new thumbnail" style="width: 200px; height: 150px;">
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<span><a class="btn btn-primary file_preview">Upload Image</a></span>
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<span class="label label-danger">NOTE! </span>
<span>Attached image thumbnail is supported in Latest Firefox, Chrome, Opera, Safari and Internet Explorer 10 only </span>
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<label class="control-label">Email</label>
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<label class="control-label">Facebook ID</label>
<input type="text" name="facebook_id" placeholder="john.doe" class="form-control"> </div>
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<label class="control-label">Twitter ID</label>
<input type="text" name="twitter_id" placeholder="@JohnDoe" class="form-control"> </div>
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<input type="text" name="linkedin_id" placeholder="JohnDoe15" class="form-control"> </div>
<div class="margiv-top-10">
<a href="javascript:;" class="btn green submit"> Submit
</a>
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</div>
<!-- END PERSONAL INFO TAB -->
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</form>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
@endsection
@section('script')
<script src="https://widget.cloudinary.com/global/all.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function() {
$(".file_preview").on('click', function(){
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| 23,155 |
US-201916673659-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,019 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,272 | 6,546 |
Pneumatic tire and mold for vulcanization-molding same
ABSTRACT
A pneumatic tire has a turned-up carcass ply and a non-turnup carcass ply. The turned-up carcass ply is turned up around bead cores in respective bead portions from the inside to outside of the tire so as to form a pair of turned up portions extending radially outwardly on the axially outsides of the respective bead cores, and a main portion extending between the turned up portions. The non-turnup carcass ply extends between the bead portions and terminates to have edges positioned on the axially outsides of the respective turned up portions. The bead portions are each provided on its outer surface with vent lines protruding therefrom and extending continuously in the tire circumferential direction. The vent lines include a radially outer vent line formed radially outside the edges of the non-turnup carcass ply, and a radially inner vent line formed radially inside the edges of the non-turnup carcass ply.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a pneumatic tire having a carcass and a mold for vulcanization-molding the pneumatic tire.
BACKGROUND ART
Patent Document 1 below discloses a pneumatic tire for a light truck, and the tire is provided with a radial ply carcass composed of a turned-up carcass ply and a non-turnup carcass ply in order to increase the rigidity of the bead portions and improve the durability of the bead portions.
- Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2005-059802
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention
In the tire disclosed in Patent Document 1, however, at the position of each of the radially inner edges of the non-turnup carcass ply, a step is formed on the outer surface of the partly-built raw tire, and air is liable to be trapped in this position in the built raw tire, which causes molding defect during vulcanization-molding the tire.
The present invention was made in view of the problem as described above, and a primary objective of the present invention is to provide a pneumatic tire and a mold for vulcanization molding the same in which both prevention of the molding defect and durability of the bead portions can be achieved.
According to one aspect of the present invention, a pneumatic tire comprises:
a tread portion,
a pair of sidewall portions,
a pair of bead portions each with a bead core embedded therein, and
a carcass composed of carcass plies extending between the bead portions through the tread portion and the sidewall portions, wherein
the carcass plies include a turned-up carcass ply and a non-turnup carcass ply,
the turned-up carcass ply extends between the bead portions and is turned up around the bead core in each bead portion from the axially inside to the outside of the tire so as to form a pair of turned up portions extending radially outwardly on the axially outsides of the respective bead cores, and a main portion extending between the turned up portions, and
the non-turnup carcass ply extends between the bead portions and terminates so that edges thereof are positioned on the axially outsides of the respective turned up portions, wherein
each of the bead portions is provided on the outer surface with vent lines protruding therefrom and extending continuously in the tire circumferential direction, wherein
the vent lines include
a radially outer vent line formed at a radial position radially outside a radial position of the above-said edges of the non-turnup carcass ply, and
a radially inner vent line formed at a radial position radially inside the radial position of the above-said edges of the non-turnup carcass ply.
It is preferable that the radial positions of the non-turnup carcass ply's edges are within the radial extents of the respective bead cores.
It is preferable that the radially outer vent line is located radially outside a bead heel, and the radially inner vent line is located radially inside the bead heel.
Each of the sidewall portions comprise a sidewall rubber disposed on the axially outer side of the non-turnup carcass ply, and the radially inner vent line is preferably located at a radial position substantially same as a radial position of a radially inner edge of the sidewall rubber.
It is preferable that each bead portion is provided with a reinforcing filler disposed between the non-turnup carcass ply and the sidewall rubber, and having a radially inner edge located at a radial position between those of the radially outer vent line and the radially inner vent line.
It is preferable that each bead portion is provided with an insulation rubber extending radially inwardly from a position on the axially inner side of the main portion of the turned-up carcass ply, then extending radially outwardly along the turned up portion, and terminating so as to have an edge at a radial position between the radially inner vent line and the radially outer vent line.
It is preferable that each bead portion is provided with radial vent lines extending between the radially outer vent line and the radially inner vent line.
It is preferable that the radial vent lines extends radially inwardly from the radially outer vent line, beyond the radially inner vent line, and then terminate.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a mold for vulcanization-molding the pneumatic tire described above, comprises a bead ring for forming the bead portions is provided with vent grooves to form the vent lines.
Therefore, in the pneumatic tire according to the present invention, since the edge portions of the non-turnup carcass ply overlap the turnup portions (edge portions) of the turned-up carcass ply, the carcass can increase the rigidity of the bead portions and thereby improve the durability of the bead portions.
Since the bead portions are each provided with the circumferentially continuously extending vent lines which are respectively positioned radially inside and outside the non-turnup carcass ply's edges, even if air is trapped in a step formed by each edge of the non-turnup carcass ply during building a raw tire, the air can be discharged when the vent lines are formed during vulcanization molding the tire. Thus, the bead portions can be reduced in the occurrence of molding defects due to the air remained undischarged. Therefore, in the pneumatic tire according to the present invention, the molding defects can be lessened, and the durability of the bead portions can be improved.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional partial view of a pneumatic tire as an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the bead portion thereof.
FIG. 3 is a partial side view of the bead portion.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional partial view of a vulcanization mold for vulcanization molding the pneumatic tire.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention is applied to pneumatic tires for light trucks, passenger cars and the like, in particular, suitably applied to a pneumatic tire for light trucks.
Therefore, taking a light truck tire as an example, embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a meridian cross-sectional partial view of a pneumatic tire 1 as an embodiment of the present invention (hereinafter, simply referred to as the “tire” 1) under its normally inflated unloaded condition.
The normally inflated unloaded condition is such that the tire is mounted on a standard wheel rim and inflate to a standard pressure but loaded with no tire load.
The standard wheel rim is a wheel rim officially approved or recommended for the tire by standards organizations, i.e. JATMA (Japan and Asia), T&RA (North America), ETRTO (Europe), TRAA (Australia), STRO (Scandinavia), ALAPA (Latin America), ITTAC (India) and the like which are effective in the area where the tire is manufactured, sold or used.
The standard pressure and a standard tire load are the maximum air pressure and the maximum tire load for the tire specified by the same organization in the Air-pressure/Maximum-load Table or similar list.
For example, the standard wheel rim is the “standard rim” specified in JATMA, the “Measuring Rim” in ETRTO, the “Design Rim” in TRA or the like. The standard pressure is the “maximum air pressure” in JATMA, the “Inflation Pressure” in ETRTO, the maximum pressure given in the “Tire Load Limits at various Cold Inflation Pressures” table in TRA or the like.
In this application including specification and claims, various dimensions, positions and the like of the tire refer to those under the normally inflated unloaded condition of the tire unless otherwise noted.
The tire 1 in this embodiment comprises a tread portion 2, a pair of sidewall portions 3, a pair of bead portions 4 each with a bead core 5 embedded therein, a carcass 6 comprising carcass plies 7 extending between the bead portions 4 through the tread portion 2 and the sidewall portions 3, and a tread reinforcing belt 8 disposed radially outside the carcass 6 in the tread portion 2.
The carcass plies 7 include
a turned-up carcass ply 7A disposed on the inner side in the tire radial direction in the tread portion, and
a non-turnup carcass ply 7B disposed on the outer side in the tire radial direction of the turned-up carcass ply 7A in the tread portion.
The turned-up carcass ply 7A extends between the bead portions 4 through the tread portion 2 and the sidewall portions 3, and is turned up around the bead core 5 in each bead portion from the inside to outside of the tire to form a pair of turned up portions 7 b and a main portion 7 a therebetween.
The turnup portions 7 b extend radially outwardly into the respective sidewall portions and terminate so that both edges 7 c are located in the respective sidewall portions 3 in this example.
The non-turnup carcass ply 7B extends between the bead portions 4 through the tread portion 2 and the sidewall portions 3, and terminate in the respective bead portions 4 without being turned up, that is, the non-turnup carcass ply 7B is composed of a main portion 7 d only.
In this example, both edges 7 e of the non-turnup carcass ply 7B are positioned axially outside the respective turned up portions 7 b.
Such carcass 6 can increase the rigidity of the bead portions 4, and thereby the durability of the bead portion 4 can be improved.
As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the outer surface of the bead portion 4 is provided with vent lines 9 extending continuously in the tire circumferential direction.
Here, a vent line 9 is a small rib or ridge protruding from the outer surface of the bead portion 4, and formed by a vent groove 23 a (shown in FIG. 4) formed in a shaping surface of a mold 20 for vulcanization molding the raw tire.
Such vent grooves are used to discharge air existing between the shaping surface of the mold 20 and the outer surface of the raw tire and/or inside the raw tire.
The vent lines 9 are formed by the rubber of the raw tire entered into the vent grooves after the air has been discharged.
As shown in FIG. 2, in each bead portion 4, the vent lines 9 include
a radially outer vent line 9A located radially outside the non-turnup carcass ply's edge 7 e, and
a radially inner vent line 9B located radially inside the non-turnup carcass ply's edge 7 e.
In general, air is liable to remain undischarged at the non-turnup carcass ply's edge 7 e as a step is formed on the outer surface as shown in FIG. 2.
However, when the vent lines 9A and 9B are formed during vulcanization molding the tire, the air can be discharged through the vent grooves corresponding to the vent lines. Therefore, molding defect in the bead portion can be prevented, and the durability of the bead portion 4 can be improved.
In each of the sidewall portions 3, a sidewall rubber 10 is disposed on the axially outer side of the non-turnup carcass ply 7B.
The sidewall rubber 10 in this embodiment extends into the bead portion 4.
The sidewall rubber 10 in this embodiment extends radially inwardly beyond the bead core 5 in the tire radial direction. On the axially outside of the non-turnup carcass ply 7B, the sidewall rubber 10 in this embodiment covers the edge 7 e of the non-turnup carcass ply 7B. This facilitates the improvement in the durability of the bead portion 4.
In the present embodiment, the radially inner vent line 9B is located at the radially inner edge 10 a of the sidewall rubber 10 in order to effective discharge air during vulcanization molding the tire, which air is liable to remain undischarged from a step formed at the radially inner edge 10 a Thus, molding defect in the bead portion 4 can be prevented.
The bead portion 4 has a bead base 11 contacting with a bead seat of a wheel rim (not shown) when the tire is mounted on the wheel rim.
The bead portion 4 has a bead toe 11 a and a bead heel 11 b.
The bead toe 11 a is an axially innermost point of the bead base 11 in the meridian section of the tire. The bead heel 11 b is an imaginary point at which a line which is extended axially outwardly along the bead base 11 intersects with
a line which is extended radially inwardly along a substantially flat part of the axially outer surface of the bead portion contacting with a rim flange (not shown) of the wheel rim, in the meridian section of the tire under its in the normal state.
In the present embodiment, the radially outer vent line 9A is located radially outside the bead heel 11 b.
The distance L1 in the tire radial direction between the radially outer vent line 9A and the bead heel 11 b is preferably set in a range from 1.0 to 2.5 mm.
Such radially outer vent line 9A can effectively discharge air during vulcanization molding the tire, if air is trapped at the step formed by the non-turnup carcass ply's edge 7 e, therefore, molding defect of the bead portion 4 can be prevented.
Preferably, the radially inner vent line 9B is located radially inside the bead heel lib.
The distance L2 in the tire radial direction between the radially inner vent line 9B and the bead heel lib is preferably 1.0 to 2.5 mm.
In the present embodiment, the radially inner vent line 9B is disposed in the bead base 11.
Such radially inner vent line 9B can effectively discharge air during vulcanization molding the tire, if air is trapped at a step formed by the radially inner edge 10 a, therefore, molding defect of the bead portion 4 can be prevented.
In the present embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, each bead portion 4 is further provided with radial vent lines 12 connecting between the radially outer vent line 9A and the radially inner vent line 9B.
Each radial vent line 12 is a small rib or ridge protruding from the outer surface of the bead portion 4, and formed by a vent groove 23 a (shown in FIG. 4) formed in the shaping surface of the mold 20 for vulcanization molding the raw tire.
Preferably, 12 to 24 radial vent lines 12 are arranged circumferentially of the tire in each bead portion 4.
Such radial vent lines 12 can lead air existing between the radially outer and inner vent lines 9A and 9B to the vent lines 9A and 9B at the time of vulcanization molding the tire, and the molding defect of the bead portion 4 can be more effectively prevented.
Preferably, the radial vent lines 12 extend radially inwardly from the radially outer vent line 9A beyond the radially inner vent line 9B, and immediately terminate at a distance L3 from the radially inner vent line 9B. The distance L3 is preferably 1 to 3 mm. In other words, the length L3 in the tire axial direction of the inner portion of the radial vent line 12 extending from the radially inner vent line 9B to the axially inner end of the vent line 12 is preferably 1 to 3 mm. Even if the radially inner edge 10 a is displaced from the radially inner vent line 9B due to manufacturing variations, and air is trapped in a step formed at the radially inner edge 10 a, such extended inner portions of the radial vent lines 12 can discharge the air during vulcanization molding the tire. Thus, the molding defect of the bead portion 4 can be more effectively prevented.
In the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1, the edges 7 c of the turned up portions 7 b of the turned-up carcass ply 7A are located in the vicinity of the maximum tire width portion 3 a where the cross sectional width of the tire is maximum. The edges 7 e of the non-turnup carcass ply 7B are located axially outside the bead cores 5 in the respective bead portions 4. More specifically, each edge 7 e in this example is positioned within the radial extent of the bead core 5. Such carcass plies 7 can increase the rigidity of the bead portion 4, and the durability of the bead portions 4 can be improved.
In the present embodiment, the tread reinforcing belt 8 has a three-layer structure comprising a first belt ply 8A disposed onto the radially outside of the carcass 6, a second belt ply 8B disposed onto the radially outside of the first belt ply 8A, and a third belt ply 8 c disposed onto the radially outside of the second belt ply 8B.
The tread reinforcing belt 8 increases the rigidity of the tire 1 so as to withstand heavy loads, and suppress movement of the carcass plies 7, therefore, the tread reinforcing belt 8 can improve the durability of the bead portions 4.
As shown in FIG. 2, each bead portion 4 is provided, between the turnup portion 7 b and the main portion 7 a of the turned-up carcass ply 7A, with a rubber bead apex 13 extending radially outwardly from the bead core 5 in a tapered manner to have a triangular cross section.
The bead apex 13 can maintain an appropriate rigidity of the bead portion 4 and can improve the durability of the bead portion 4.
In this embodiment, between the sidewall rubber 10 and the non-turnup carcass ply 7B in each bead portion 4, there is disposed a reinforcing filler 14 extending radially outwardly from its radially inner edge 14 a which is located between the radially outer vent line 9A and the radially inner vent line 9B. Thus, air trapped in a step formed by the radially inner edge 14 a can be discharged when the vent lines 9A and 9B are formed during vulcanization molding the tire, and thereby molding defect can be reduced.
Preferably. the reinforcing filler 14 in this example is extended into the sidewall portion, for example, the radially outer edge 14 b thereof is positioned at a radial height comparable to the radial height of the bead apex 13. Such reinforcing filler 14 can improve the rigidity and the durability of the bead portion 4.
In the present embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the bead portion 4 is provided with an insulation rubber 15. The insulation rubber 15 is disposed along the turned-up carcass ply 7A so as to extend from the main portion 7 a to the turnup portion 7 b of the turned-up carcass ply 7A.
Preferably, the insulation rubber 15 extends between the bead portions 4 through the tread portion 2 and the sidewall portion 3. The insulation rubber 15 improves the air permeation resistance of the tire 1, and can prevent the leakage of air from the inside to the outside of the tire 1. This prevents the bead portion 4 from being overload when the air pressure of the tire becomes insufficient, and can improve the durability of the bead portion 4.
The insulation rubber 15 in this example terminates at a position on the axially outside of the turnup portions 7 b, and the terminal end 15 a of the insulation rubber 15 is preferably located between the radially outer vent line 9A and the radially inner vent line 9B.
Such bead portion 4 can discharge air trapped in a step formed by the terminal end 15 a, when the vent lines 9A and 9B are formed during vulcanization molding the tire, thereby molding defect can be reduced.
FIG. 4 shows a cross section of a mold 20 for vulcanization molding the tire 1.
In this embodiment, the mold 20 comprises a tread ring 21 for molding the tread portion 2, side rings 22 for molding the respective sidewall portions 3, and bead rings 23 for molding the respective bead portions 4.
The mold 20 is used together with an expandable bladder 24. The bladder 24 is disposed inside the raw tire 1 get in the mold 20 and expanded to press the tire against the mold 20.
Each bead ring 23 is provided with air vent grooves 23 a for forming the above-mentioned circumferential vent lines 9 (9A and 9B) and the radial vent lines 12.
The vent grooves 23 a are for discharging air existing between the raw tire 1 and the mold 20 and/or inside the raw tire during vulcanization molding the tire in order to prevent the molding defect of the bead portions of the vulcanized tire 1.
While detailed description has been made of preferable embodiments of the present invention, the present invention can be embodied in various forms without being limited to the illustrated embodiments.
Comparison Tests
Based on the structure shown in FIG. 1, pneumatic tires of size 205/80R15 109/107N having specifications shown in Table 1 were experimentally manufactured by using vulcanization molds whose structures were the same as that shown in FIG. 4 except for vent grooves.
Then, the rate of occurrence of molding defects of each test tire was checked, and each vulcanized test tire was measured for the bead retaining force of the bead portions as follows.
<Occurrence Rate of Molding Defect>
1920 pieces of each test tire were manufactured, and the occurrence of molding defects such as bareness of rubber wag observed, and the number of the tires having molding defects was counted to obtain the occurrence rate.
The obtained occurrence rates are shown in Table 1 in percentage, wherein the smaller the numerical value, the lesser the molding defects.
<Bead Retaining Force>
Using a bead compression machine for measuring the expansion force of a tire bead, each vulcanized test tire was measured for the bead seat contact pressure to evaluate the bead retaining force.
The results are indicated in Table 1 by an index based on comparative example 1 being 100, wherein the larger the numerical value, the higher the bead durability.
TABLE 1 Comparative Comparative Embodiment Embodiment Embodiment Tire Example 1 Example 2 1 2 3 Present or Absent of Radially outer vent line absent present present present present Whether Position of Non-turnup carcass ply's edges — outside inside inside inside is inside or outside Range between Radially outer vent line and Radially inner vent line Present or Absent of Radial vent lines absent present present absent present Distance L1 (mm) between — 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.5 Radially outer vent line and Bead heel Distance L2 (mm) between 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Radially inner vent line and Bead heel Occurrence rate of molding defect (%) 2.5 3.8 0.0 1.2 1.5 Bead retaining force 100 100 100 100 100 Embodiment Embodiment Embodiment Embodiment Embodiment Tire 4 5 6 7 8 Present or Absent of Radially outer vent line present present present present present Whether Position of Non-turnup carcass ply's edges inside inside inside inside inside is inside or outside Range between Radially outer vent line and Radially inner vent line Present or Absent of Radial vent lines present present present present present Distance L1 (mm) between 1.0 2.5 3.0 1.5 1.5 Radially outer vent line and Bead heel Distance L2 (mm) between 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 2.0 Radially inner vent line and Bead heel Occurrence rate of molding defect (%) 0.5 0.4 1.7 0.5 0.3 Bead retaining force 100 100 100 105 95
From the test results, it was confirmed that the pneumatic tires according to the present invention were reduced in the occurrence of molding defects, while maintaining the bead retaining forces comparable to the comparative examples. Thus, the tires according to the present invention can achieve THE reduction of molding defects and the durability of the bead portions.
DESCRIPTION OF THE REFERENCE SIGNS
- 1 pneumatic tire - 2 tread portion - 4 bead portion - 5 bead core - 7 carcass ply - 7A turned-up carcass ply - 7B non-turnup carcass ply - 7 a main portion - 7 b turnup portion - 7 e non-turnup carcass ply's edges - 9 vent line - 9A radially outer vent line - 9B radially inner vent line
The invention claimed is:
1. A pneumatic tire comprising: a tread portion, a pair of sidewall portions, a pair of bead portions each with a bead core embedded therein, and a carcass composed of carcass plies extending between the bead portions through the tread portion and the sidewall portions, wherein the carcass plies include a turned-up carcass ply and a non-turnup carcass ply, the turned-up carcass ply extends between the bead portions and is turned up around the bead core in each bead portion from the axially inside to the outside of the tire so as to form a pair of turned up portions extending radially outwardly on the axially outsides of the respective bead cores, and a main portion extending between the turned up portions, and the non-turnup carcass ply extends between the bead portions and terminates so that edges thereof are positioned on the axially outsides of the respective turned up portions, wherein each of the bead portions is provided on the outer surface with circumferential vent lines protruding therefrom and extending continuously in the tire circumferential direction, wherein the circumferential vent lines include a radially outer circumferential vent line formed at a radial position radially outside a radial position of the above-said edges of the non-turnup carcass ply, and a radially inner circumferential vent line formed at a radial position radially inside the radial position of the above-said edges of the non-turnup carcass ply,. wherein each of the bead portions is provided on the outer surface with radial vent lines protruding therefrom and extending radially inwardly from the radially outer circumferential vent line, beyond the radially inner circumferential vent line, and terminate.
2. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the radial positions of the non-turnup carcass ply's edges are within the radial extents of the respective bead cores.
3. The pneumatic tire according to claim 2, wherein each of the sidewall portions comprise a sidewall rubber disposed on the axially outer side of the non-turnup carcass ply, and the radially inner circumferential vent line is located at a radial position substantially same as a radial position of a radially inner edge of the sidewall rubber.
4. The pneumatic tire according to claim 3, wherein each of the bead portions is provided with a reinforcing filler disposed between the non-turnup carcass ply and the sidewall rubber, and having a radially inner edge located at a radial position between those of the radially outer circumferential vent line and the radially inner circumferential vent line.
5. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the radially outer circumferential vent line is located radially outside a bead heel, and the radially inner circumferential vent line is located radially inside the bead heel.
6. The pneumatic tire according to claim 5, wherein each of the sidewall portions comprise a sidewall rubber disposed on the axially outer side of the non-turnup carcass ply, and the radially inner circumferential vent line is located at a radial position substantially same as a radial position of a radially inner edge of the sidewall rubber.
7. The pneumatic tire according to claim 6, wherein each of the bead portions is provided with a reinforcing filler disposed between the non-turnup carcass ply and the sidewall rubber, and having a radially inner edge located at a radial position between those of the radially outer circumferential vent line and the radially inner circumferential vent line.
8. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein each of the sidewall portions comprise a sidewall rubber disposed on the axially outer side of the non-turnup carcass ply, and the radially inner circumferential vent line is located at a radial position substantially same as a radial position of a radially inner edge of the sidewall rubber.
9. The pneumatic tire according to claim 8, wherein each of the bead portions is provided with a reinforcing filler disposed between the non-turnup carcass ply and the sidewall rubber, and having a radially inner edge located at a radial position between those of the radially outer circumferential vent line and the radially inner circumferential vent line.
10. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein each of the bead portions is provided with an insulation rubber extending radially inwardly from a position on the axially inner side of the main portion of the turned-up carcass ply, then extending radially outwardly along the turned up portion, and terminating so as to have an edge at a radial position between the radially inner circumferential vent line and the radially outer circumferential vent line.
11. A mold for vulcanization-molding a pneumatic tire comprising: a tread portion, a pair of sidewall portions, a pair of bead portions each with a bead core embedded therein, and a carcass composed of carcass plies extending between the bead portions through the tread portion and the sidewall portions, wherein the carcass plies include a turned-up carcass ply and a non-turnup carcass ply, the turned-up carcass ply extends between the bead portions and is turned up around the bead core in each bead portion from the axially inside to the outside of the tire so as to form a pair of turned up portions extending radially outwardly on the axially outsides of the respective bead cores, and a main portion extending between the turned up portions, and the non-turnup carcass ply extends between the bead portions and terminates so that edges thereof are positioned on the axially outsides of the respective turned up portions, wherein each of the bead portions is provided on the outer surface with circumferential vent lines protruding therefrom and extending continuously in the tire circumferential direction, wherein the circumferential vent lines include a radially outer circumferential vent line formed at a radial position radially outside a radial position of the above-said edges of the non-turnup carcass ply, and a radially inner circumferential vent line formed at a radial position radially inside the radial position of the above-said edges of the non-turnup carcass ply, wherein each of the bead portions is provided on the outer surface with radial vent lines protruding therefrom and extending radially inwardly from the radially outer circumferential vent line, beyond the radially inner circumferential vent line, and terminate, the mold comprising bead rings for forming the bead portions which are provided with vent grooves for forming the circumferential vent lines and the radial vent lines..
| 49,288 |
https://github.com/jaab/eShopOnWeb/blob/master/src/Web/Pages/Wish/WishItemViewModel.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
eShopOnWeb
|
jaab
|
C#
|
Code
| 51 | 108 |
namespace Microsoft.eShopWeb.Web.Pages.Wish
{
public class WishItemViewModel
{
public int Id { get; set; }
public int CatalogItemId { get; set; }
public string ProductName { get; set; }
public decimal UnitPrice { get; set; }
public decimal OldUnitPrice { get; set; }
public string PictureUrl { get; set; }
}
}
| 19,627 |
https://github.com/dizzyfool/genna/blob/master/util/tags.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
genna
|
dizzyfool
|
Go
|
Code
| 139 | 325 |
package util
import (
"fmt"
"strings"
)
// Annotation is a simple helper used to build tags for structs
type Annotation struct {
tags []tag
}
type tag struct {
name string
values []string
}
// NewAnnotation creates annotation
func NewAnnotation() *Annotation {
return &Annotation{}
}
// AddTag ads a tag if not exists, appends a value otherwise
func (a *Annotation) AddTag(name string, value string) *Annotation {
for i, tag := range a.tags {
if tag.name == name {
a.tags[i].values = append(a.tags[i].values, value)
return a
}
}
a.tags = append(a.tags, tag{name, []string{value}})
return a
}
func (a *Annotation) Len() int {
return len(a.tags)
}
// String prints valid tag
func (a *Annotation) String() string {
result := make([]string, 0)
for _, tag := range a.tags {
result = append(result, fmt.Sprintf(`%s:"%s"`, tag.name, strings.Join(tag.values, ",")))
}
return strings.Join(result, " ")
}
| 42,551 |
in.ernet.dli.2015.100127_9
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,660 | 10,961 |
“ Le Mendiant” and “ L'Aveiigle’' are, says Villemain, “a page tom as it were from some old Greek manuscript, but written by something more than a modern pen.” Of these delicious idylls we can but quote the shortest : — “MNAZILCJS AND CHLOA Chloe, 0 flower-strewn borders ! 0 tall reeds blowing In.rhytlimio tune to the water flow- ing ! “MNAZILE ET CHLOA Cklo€, * Fleurs, bocage sonore, et mobiles ro- , seaux, on murmure Z4phyre an mnrmure des eaux, Poet and Political Martyr, Oh, tell me ia Mnazilas near your glades ? Often he comes to your peaceful shades, Aud often I wish that the wandering air Would bring me a message that he is there. ” Mnasilus. * 0 stream I the mother of flowers, you hold This scented dell in your girdling fold ; Why do you not bring to your winding thrall Ghloe, the daintiest flower of all !" Chloe, * If he blit knew that I came to dream Of love, and of him beside the stream ! Oh, if a glaricu or a tender smile Could make him tarry a little while * Mnazilua» ‘ Oh, if some kind god would breathe a word Of the thoughts with which my heart is stirr d. Then dare I pray her, when she was near me, To let me love her, at least to hear me I” Chloe. “ 0 joy, 'tis he ! — he speaks — I tremble — Be quiet, O lips ! 0 eyes, dissemble !” Mnazilus. * The foliage rustled — methought I heard — ’Tis she 1 0 eyes, say never a word !” Chloe. ** What, Mnazilus here ? how strange to meet With you in this lonely green retreat !*’ Mnazilue, ** Alone I lay in the shady grass, And never expected a soul to pass 1*’ f ISL Parlez, le beau Mnazile est-il sous vos ombrages 1 * II visile souvent vos paisibles rivages. Souvent j’ecoute, et Tair qui gdmit dans vos bois A mon oreille au loin vient apporter sa voix.** Mnazile. ** Onde, mdre des fleurs, nalade traos- parente, Qui presses mollement cette enceinte odoraute, Ameuez-y Ghlo6, 1’amour de mes re- gards. Vos Lords m'offreut souvent sea ves- tiges 6pars. Souvent ma Louche vient, sous vos Bombres allees, Baiser Therbe et les fleurs quo ses pas ont foul£es.” Chloe. ** Oh I s’il pouvait savoir quel amoureux ennui Me rend cher ce bocage ou je rdve delui ! Tcut-Ctre je devrais d’uu souris favor- able L’inviter, Tengager d. me trouver aim- able.” Mnazile. **Si pour m’encourager quelque dieu bienfaileur Lui disait que sou nom fait palpiter mon cceur ! J’aurais dfl Tinviter, d’une voix douce et teudre, A se laisser aimer, h m’aimer, m’en- tendre.” Chloe. ” Ah ! je Tai vu ; e’est lui. Dieux ! je * vais lui parler ! 0 ma boucLe ! 6 mes yeux ! gardez de vouB troubler.” Mnazile. **Le feuillage a fiemi. Quelque robe l^gbre . .. C'est elle ! 6 mes regards 1 ayez soin de VOUB taire.” Chloe. ** Quo! ! Mnazile est ici ? Seule, errante, mes pas Cherchaieut ici le frais dt ne t’y cro- yaient pas.” Mnazile. Seul, au bord de ces flots que le tilleul couronne, J* avals fui le solell et n*attendais per- Bonne'* Andri Chenier : This is a very epitome of first love, with its blushing coyness, its new-born strange, unuttered desires. Of the “ Fragments,’* due also to this period, we quote a specimen, which in the origi- nal has a wonderful blending of simplicity, innocence, and volupte:— ** I was but a weakly infant, she a stately maid and tall, Yet with many a smiling promise, many a soft and winsome call. She would snatch me to her bosom, cradle me and rock me there, Let my childish lingers trifle with the glories of her hair ; Smifther me awhile with caresses— for a moment’s space again, As if shucked with my o’erboldness, feign to chide, but only feign. Yet it was when lovers thronged her, a confused and bashful host, That the proud disdainful beauty caress’d and fondled me the most. Often, often — (oh, how foolish child- hood's innocent alarms !) — Has she cover’d me with kisses as I struggled in her arms ; While the shepherds murroui’d round us, as triumphantly 1 smiled, * Oh what thrilling joys are wasted ! Oh I too kappy, happy child !’ *’ In spite, however, of these pleasant labours, and of severer studies, for these he never abandoned, the routine of duties and pleasures, of watches and balls, incidental to a garrison life, be- came so insupportable to Andre Chenier that after a six months’ trial he resigned his commission, left Strasbourg, and returned home to enjoy the precious liberty of poverty. But as soon as he reapplied himself to his books, he found that his health had been most seriously injured by over-work. He writes despon- dingly to one of his friends ; — ** 1 am dying — my brief daytime ended ere the evening gloom. And my poor rose faded, wither’d, while as yet ’twaa scarce in bloom ; Life for me had many pleasures, lightly, softly flitting by ; I have scarce bad time to taste them — scarce, and yet, behold, 1 die !” Nor was this alarm uncalled for ; and though, owing chiefly to the tender nursing of his mother, the poet’s life was spared, his medical advisers considered it most essential that he should for a while be completely severed from his books. The brothers Tru- daine, with a loving solicitude, pianned a journey that they thought would tempt him away, and insisted that the invalid **Jemeurs. Avant le soir j’ai fini ma journSe. A peine ouverte an jour, ma rose s’est fanee. La vie eut bieu pour moi des volagei douceur B Je la gofltais h peine, et voilk que je meurs.” **J’dtaiB nn faible enfant qu’elle dtait grande et belle ; Elle mesouriaitetm'appelait prdsd’elle. Debout sur ces genoux, mou innocente main Parcourait ses cbeveux, son visage, son sein, Et sa main quelqucfois, aimable et carcssante, Feignait de chklier mon enfance impru- dente. O'est devant scs amants, auprSs d’elle confus, Que la fiere beautc me carcssait le plus. Que de fois (mais, hdlas ! que sent-on k cet kge 1) Les baisers de sa bouehe ont pressd inon visage ! Et les bergers disaieut, me voyant tri- omphant : * 0 ! que de biens perdus ! 0 trop heureux enfant !’ ” 133 Poet and Political Martyr, should accompany them to the East. The hope of viewing in reality the ruins of that old world he saw so often in his dreams — the glorious relics of Rome and Athens, the gorgeous splendours of the Orient — revived hope, and even health. “ Under a love- lier sky,” he writes, “my sickness and misery will be charmed away.” They went through Italy, Asia Minor, and Greece, and Chenier was thus the first poet to open the road to the East to Chateaubriand, Lamartine, Byron, Gautier, and others, who have again sung the beauties of its scenery, its grandeur, its mag- nificence. For his own part, however, he saw much and wrote but little, and in that little an excited admiration is visible, which by its o#n enthusiasm is compelled to fall back upon memories rather than to create anew. The ultimate effect of this journey upon his art is evident enough ; but his contemporary writings consist chiefly of fragments of poetry and prose intermingled, meant eventually to be used in one grand poem, but very beau- tiful in their rough form, fresh from the quarry of a master-mind. In Italy, in Greece, lands where the arts were born, his hand tried vainly to fix upon paper the glories of rapidly succeeding images of landscape loveliness, of grass-grown stones and moul- dering ruins instinct with the pure art of times now dead, yet still calling up burning thoughts of liberty and glory. At Maples he first heard Italian music, and he continues : — “ The blood rushes to my face, and they tell me that my reason has need of soothing hellebore. But first for things far more important ! .... 1 fly to the Ibrum, to the senate. 1 am surrounded with sublime shadows. 1 hear the voices of Gracchus, of Cinciiinatus, Cato, Brutus. 1 see tlie palace where Germanicus and his wife have dwelt. .... Perish those who say that admiration for those antique models is a prejudice, who will not confess that those grand virtues which alone are solid and enduring, belong only to lands where liberty is cherished ! Hos ufinam inter heroas tellus me prima tulisset. Ah ! if 1 had lived in those times I . , . . But oh, my two friends, my lellow voyagers I I cannot even wish to have lived in a better world, Irom which you should have been absent. Would to heaven that we had been there together ! We would have formed a triumvirate more virtuous than that But let us live now as those great men lived then I Let Fortune act towards us as she please ; we are three to one against her T' In the epistle written on quitting France, his affections had been divided between the friends he left behind and those with whom he was to travel, but a genuine joy sparkles through his songs when in good health and glorious spirits he returned. No sooner was he again Settled in his family than he betook himself to bis studies with the same energy as of old — rising 134 A ndrS Chenier : ■before daylight and burning the midnight oil ; it being still his primary ambition to master the entire circle of human know- ledge^ and then to devote this wealth of learning to his art. ** Work ! work I'* he sings, dare to achieve this glorious victory ! Still is there need of further proofs, of further reasons ! Work on I — a great example is a powerful witness I . . . Oh, if I could some day. Throughout Chenier's whole career, the distinction becoming more vividly demarcated month by month, there were two sides to his character ; the one belonging to the pursuit of pleasure, to the world of elegance and beauty and sparkling wit, to the dis- cussion of political questions (this last was in graver times to absorb the rest) ; the other, his own inner life, given wholly and solely to meditation, to study, to poetry. And at this epoch study and pleasure seem to have shared his days between them ; the one in no wise interfering with the other. When he could escape from his books it was to fling himself at the feet of Camille ; and the love he felt for her — the joyousness of eager youth, the exuberance of a desire to be caressed — was then cele- brated in poetry whose passionate and gracious sweetness has never been surpassed. All the beauty of ancient singers, all the secret mysteries of many years of midnight toil, were used to sound her praises, for “in them he found,” says Villemain, “ that natural and gracious abandon, that variety of tone, that expres- sive simplicity and frankness of feeling which has and needs no other ornament than its own vivacity, its own innocent boldness — exquisite qualities, which other writers at the close of the eighteenth century stifled under the tawdry finery of a finnikin eleganca'^ But still the love for Madame de Bonneuil — for “ Camille” that is — though eve/* so beautifully expressed, was the passion of Romeo for Rosaline, not for Juliet — a training merely for young feelings longing for sympathy and affinity. Seeking an inspiration in her arms, he still loved his art more than his mistress. “ Camille est un besoin dont rien ne me soulage — a want essential to the perfection of his genius, but not yet an ab- sorbing portion of his very self. It was, however, in vain that his friends urged him to tune his lyre to loftier airs ; love was natu- ral to his age, essentially natural to his genius ; and his artistic instincts prompted him to write only upon subjects he could thoroughlji feel, for which he had ample knowledge and a perfect training. *But somatimes now, obedient to your will, Or lured by vagrant fancy I would still The lofty deeds of ‘ riuLaroh’s Men ' rehearse In spirit-stirring, generous sounding verse ; My voice, accustomed to voluptuous charms, Kefuses, struggles, flies in wild alarms; My hand toriiieutod, tries in vain to clasp The labour'd beauties flitting from its grasp j But if, soon wearied, my dull'd spirit flies Again to those poor nothings you de- spise, If I slug Camille's charms, my loving song In glowing verse flows trippingly along; Verses to chant her praise around me spring, In clustering crowds to heaven and earth they cling ; All things for her have verses, for they seem To sparkle in each wavelet on the stream ; They take the birds' sweet voice and brilliant hue. They hide in flower- buds, rich with pearly dew ; Her breast Las all the peach's ripest bloom, Her mouth the rose's smile and rare peifume ; The bee tho* flitting from that flower to this, Bears no such honey as her balmy kiss. All nature brings a poem within my reach, ^ Sweet as her breath, melodious as her speech ; Jadis, il m'en souvient, qnand les bois du Fermesse Becevaient ma preinidre et bouillante jeunesse, Plein de ces gran^ objets, ivre de chants guerriers, Respirant la m616e et les cruels lauriers, Je me couvrais de fer, et d'une main sanglante J'auimais aux combats ma lyre tur- bulenle ; Des arrets du destin prophdte au- dacieux, J'abandonnais la terre et volais chez les dieux. ** Si quelquefois encore, 4 tes oonseils docile, Ou jouet d'un esprit vagabond et mobile, Je veux, de nos h4ros admirant les ex- ploits, A des SODS gcufireux solliciter ma voix, Aux sons voluptneux ma voix ac- coutum6e Fait, se refuse et lutte, iucerlaine, alarm 6e ; £t ma main, dans mes vers de travail, tourmentfis, Poursuit avec effort de penibles beauUs. Mais si, bieut^t lasse de oes poursuites fulles, ^ Je retouroe 4 mes rieus que tu nommes frivoles, Si je chaute Camille, alors ecoute, voi ! Les vers pour la chanter naissent autouT de moi. Tout pour elle a des vers ! Ils renais- sent eu foule ; Ils brillent dons les flots da ruisseau ^ qni s'ecoule ; Ils preuuent des oiseaux la voix et les couleurs ; Je les trouve caebds dans les replis des fleurs. Son sein a le duvet de ce fruit que je touche ; Ceite rose au matin sourit cumme sa bouche ; Le miel qn'ici I'abeille eat soin de deposer Ne vaut pas 4 mon cesur le miel de sou baiser. Tout pour elle a des^ vers 1 Ils me viennent sans peiue, Doux comme son parler, doux comuie sun baleiue. i 86 Andre Chenier : Wbate*er she does or says, a word, a Quoi qu’elle fasse 012 dise, un mot, nn look, , geste heiireax, Would fill tie pages of a mighty book, Demande uu gros volume & mes vers aiuoureux. Oh happy he who breathes in every line Seductive wishes, like these songs of mine. Whose glowing muses guide him on his lyre, In every note he sings, to love’s desire 1 ’Twas last night when 1 lay at Camille’s feet, I heard her soft lips lovingly repeat, In pride for me and for herself in shame, A song, in which I sang my darling’s fame. If these sweet lips had breathed in Virgil’s days. He would have sang of nought but Camille's praise ; And saved poor Dido from her wild desire For Eneas’ fickle love, and from the funeral pyre.” “Heureux qni pent trouver des muses complaisantes, Dont la voix sollicite et mdne & ses d^sirs Dne jeune beauld qu’appelaient ses soupirs. Hier, entre ses bras, sur sa Idvre fiddle J'ai surpris quelques vers que j'avais fails pour elle, £t sa bouche, au moment que je Tallais quitter, M’a dii * Tos vers sont doux, j’aime d les repetcr.’ • Si cette voix efit dit mdme chose k Virgile, Abel, dans ses hameaux il efit chantd Camille, N’efit point cberche la palme au som- met d’ Helicon, Et le glaive d’Enee e(it epargnd Didon.’* But even at this time the love for Camille, full of outbreaks and lovers* quarrels as it was, was far from an absorbing passion. II veut qu*on aime reellement la beaute qu*on celbbre," — we cannot doub'o the veracity with which lie wrote it — and Lycoris and Glycere, Amelie and Rose were often passing rivals. There was then a strange Bohemian world in Paris of men of letters, artistvS, grand lords and ladies — noble sometimes, always beautiful and often more than light 0 ’ loves. But a few years back and Voltaire, like another Jeremiah, had prophesied the end of all existing order, of every present rule and form of society and rank. They were Aow standing as it w'ere upon the abyss of a volcano. The air was heavy with the sulphurous fumes of an eruption that might at any moment be precipitated, that could not possibly be long delayed. It was too late to look back, too early to look forward, and pleasure — sparkling as the raillery of French philosophy, mad as the orgies of the Roman Empire, cynical as the innermost thoughts of Diogenes — was the aim of each man's life and each woman's life. It was the time of those famous suppers given by La Reyniere, of which Retif de 1% Bretonne was the indiscreet historian ; and in his voluminous and garrulous works we find express mention of the presence of Andre Chenier and les Trudaines in February 1784, and March 1786. At these rioctea cceneeque deum met all who were most famous in Paris, for wit, for beauty, for thoroughness in some sort, were it only the thoroughness of profligacy. Politics were eagerly debated ; poems that were to make a reputation 137 Poet and Political Martyr, were first read, the past, the present, the future of the nation discussed— and this in the midst of songs and music and'dancing, of mad peals of ringing laughter interrupting orgies unutterably amorous — men forgetting all but pleasure, women mindful of nothing but their beauty. Chdnier has given us the spirit of these meetings in an elegy never to be forgotten, but scarcely to be quoted here. This same elegy shows us, however, that these were but passing Eclairs de plaisir in the midst of a student’s life. Watching beside her son’s sick couch for restless, feverish nights together, the mother again implores him to tell her what fatal malcidy it is that ails him — to confess to her — to her only : — “ ’Tis your poor mother’s prayer, ’Tis she who rear'd you wdth a mother’s caie ; Clasp’d in these arms, and nestling on this breast She saug your childish troubles into rest; She wiled your pattering footsteps thro’ the hall, • With many a promised gift and beckon- ing call ; She bade you love her, till yonr prat- tling voice Miinick'd the sound and made her heart rejoice. 0 cold pale lips, why should you madly shun To taste this healing potion ? 0 my son ! Would I could press you to these breasts of mine, And pour my life’s warm essence into thine ! ” ^ And he replies : — ** C’cst ta mbre, ta vieille inconsolable mote, Qui plcure, qui jadis te guidait pas d pas, T’asscyait sur son sein, te portait dans ses bras, Quo tu disais aimer, qui t’apprit A lo dire ; Qui ebantait, et souvent te forfait A Bourire Lor.<«que tea jeunes dents, par de vives douleuTB, De tes yeux enfantins faisaient couler des pleura. Tiens, presse de ta Ibm, hdlas ! pale et glac^e, Par qui cettemamelle^tait j^iBpreBe6e, Un sue qui te nourisse et vienuo A ton secours, Comme autrefois mon lait nourrit tes premiers jours.” 138 AndN Chinier : ** 0 hills of Eiymanthus, Talleys, glades ! O fresh fioDorons winds that stir the shades, And make the water tremble, till its breast Seems surging ’gainst the charm of too deep rest ; For there, my mother, there beside the lake. Comes never deep-fang’d wolf nor Tenom’d snake ; — But damsels, dancing in a hundred throngs — 0 lovely face, 0 pleasure-days, 0 songs ! No other place on earth is half so fair, 0 twining limbs, and flowers, and flow- ing hair ! 0 dainty feet, shall I ne’er see you more ? 0 mother, bear mo to the happy shore — Oh ! let me see this once before 1 die— Q'he still smoke floating in the lazy sky Above the cot, ah in weird shapes it twines, And that sweet maid beneath the clus- tering vines, Cheering her father with her maiden wiles. And sweet home converse, and sweet home-bred smiles. 0 Goils ! I see her as she makes her way With tardy /ootsteps, o’er the waves of hay; 1 see her resting radly, as she weeps Above the tomb where her dead mother sleeps. Soft yearning eyes, 0 will you ever shine Thro’ loving tears, upon a tomb of mine ? And when you near it, darling, will you wait To murmur for a moment against FateV’ 0 cdteaux d’Eiymanthe 1 6 vallons ! 6 bocage ! 0 vent sonore et frais qui troublais le feuillage, Et faisais fr^mir I'onde, et sur leur jeune sein Agitais les replis de lenr robe de lin 1 De Idgeres beautes troupe agile et dansanle . .. Tn sais, tu sais, ma mdre ? anx bords de rErymauthe, Lk, ni loops ravissevus, ni serpents, ni poisons . .. 0 visage divin ! 6 f6tes I 6 chansons ! Des pas entrelac^s, des fleurs, uiie onde pure, Aucun lieu n’est si beau dans toute la nature. Dienx ! ces bras et ces fleurs, ces cheveux, ces pieds nus, Si biaucs, si delicate ! je ne les verrai plus ! Oh ! portez, portez-moi sur les bords d’Erymanthe, Que je la voie encor, cette vierge char- man te I Oh ! que je voie au loin la fumde k longs flats S’dleverde cetoitau borddecetencloB . , Assise a tes c6l6s, ses discours, sa tendresse. La voir, trop heureux pore I enchanter ta vieillesse. Dieux I par dessus la haie 6Iev6e en reniparts, Je la vois, d pas lents, en longs cheveux 6 pars, Seule, sur un tombeau, pensive, in- animee, S’arrcteretpleurer sa mere bien-aim6e. Oh ! que tes yeux sent doux 1 que ton visige est beau ! Yiendras-tu point aussi pleurer sur mon tombeau ? Viendras tu point anssi, la plus belle des belles, " Dire sur mou tombeau : * Les Farquei • sent cruelles !” Endeavouring to discover which of the neighbouring beauties it was, his mother runs through their names, and when with a disparaging dread she mentions Daphnis, he interrupts : — “Mother 1 what would you say ? That she is proud and pitiless as they Who sit on starry thrones? Yet all who see Have loved her madly — loved in vain like me. “ Dieux I ma mdre^ tais-toi, Tais-toi. Dieux ! qu’as-tu dit ? TSUo eet fidre, inflexible ; Comme les immortels, elle est belle et b terrible ! Mille amanls I’ont aim^e : ils Font aim6e en vain. Poet and Politieal Martyr. 139 0 mother, let me die, nor let her learn With what a djing passionate love I yearn. 0 death ! 0 torment ! 0 sweet mother mine ! You see me how I sicken, how I pine — Seek her before 1 die, perchance your Will tell of her loved mother mourn'd with tears — 0 take this basket fill'd with fruits and flowers, This onyx cup won in Corinthian strife, This ivory Love — the hamlet's pride and ours — Take my young goats — 0 take my heart — my life — Throw all beneath her feet, tell her that I With burning passion languish till I die ; Fall at the old man’s feet, with tears and sighs Adjure him by the gods, the seas, the skies ; 0 mother, start, and if you come again, Without good tidings you will come in vain.” * * My son shall live, 'tis fond hope tells me this.” She bent her down for one last linger- ing kiss ; On that pale brow, how wan beyond its years, But one long kiss, and then with streaming tears She went her way with aged trembling feet Half/failing, and half struggling to be fleet. She came again with panting, bated breath— 0 you shall live, my son ! away, O death !” Then fell beside his couch. The old man came And the young damsel, blushing in sweet shame ; Quivering with hope, and joy, the suf- ferer hid His trembling head beneath the cover- lid. With lips that falter’d and with cheeks ablaze — « “ Pear, you have had no joy for throe long days. Comme eux j’aurais tronv£ qnelque refus hiiutain. Non, garde que jamais elle soit in- form6e... Mais, 6 mort ! t tourment 1 6 mhre bien-aimee t Tu vois dans quels ennuis d6p6risBent mes jours. £cuute ma priere et viens & mon secours : Je meurs ; va la trouver. Que tes traits, que ton flge, Be sa mdre ses yeux offrent la sainte image ; Tiens, prends cette eorbeille et nos fruits les plus beaux ; Prends noti'e Amour d'ivoire, honnenr de ces hameaux ; Prends la coujie d'onyx & Corinthe ravie; Prends mes jeunes chevreaux, prends mon ccBur, prends ma vie, Jette tout i. ses pieds ; apprends-lui qui je suis ; Bis-lui que je me meurs, que tu n'as plus de fils. Tom be aux pieds du vieillard, g^mis, implore, presse ; Adjure cieux et mers, dieu, temple, autel, ddesse ; Pars ; ct si tu reviens sans les avoir fl6chi8, ^ Adieu, ma mere, adieu, tu n'auras plus de fils.” ** — J'aurai toujours un fils ; va, la belle esperance Me dit.” Elle s’incline, et, dans un doux silence Elle couvre ce front, term par les douleurs, *Be baisers matemels entrem^lds de pleura. Puis elle sort en hflte, inquidte et tremblaiite, Sa demarche de crainte et d’&ge chan- celante. Elle arrive ; et bientdt revenant sur sea pas, Haletaute, de loin : ‘*Mon cher fils, tu vivras, „• Tu vivras.” Elle vient s’asseoir prbs de la couche : Le vieillard la suivait, le sourire iL la buuche, * La jeune beUe aussi, rouge et le front bai8s6, Vient, jette sur le lit un coup d'oeil. L’insense Tremble ; sous ses tapis il vent cacher sa tdte. ** Ami, depuis trois joai% tu n'es d'au* cune ftte,” 140 Andre Chinxer: They tell me that a foolish girl, that I Can sai^e you from your suffering — Would you die ? Sweet, live for me, and let our homes be one ! Your parent have a daughter — mine a son r ” Dit elle ; “que fais tu? Pourquoi veur- tu mourir ? Tu Bouffres. On me dit que je peuz te gu6rir ; Yis, et formons ensemble une seule famille : Que mon pere ait un fils, et ta mdre une fille.” To this period are due also the grand fragments of Snzanne and Hermes, in the latter of which, from a modern standpoint, he aimed at rivalling Lucretius’s Natttra Rerum. “ There would,’' says Sainte-Beuve, “ have been three books, dealing (1) with the creation of the world, with animals and man ; (2) on man, the mechanism of his senses, his intelligence, his errors from first birth to the dawn of civilization and the origin of religion ; (3) upon society politic, the constitution of morals and the discovery of the sciences. The whole to have been closed by an expose of the system of the world according to the most advanced scientific notions of the time.” Such, at five and twenty, were the works written, began and projected. “Nothing,” be tells us, “is finished to-day, but all will be ended to-morrow !” Joseph had already flung himself, with his versatile and irre- gular talents, into the arena of public writing ; being hissed and praised, arid hissed again ; but Andre had sufficient confidence to wait. His works were, and he must silently have felt it, for the world’s wonderment to the end of time, not for the garrulous small talk of contemporary cackle. The stern necessities of which Horace sings, the dure necessite of Andre's elegies, now put an end to these quiet labours, to this independent standing. His family, though en- joying a good social standing, were far from wealthy ; and his father, a man of intensely active life, insisted that he should em- brace a diplomatic career. The elegy of Liberie was written in the March of 1787, while hope was struggling with duty, and is, tinder disguise, a precious revelation of his soul. La Liberte consists of a dialogue between a goat-herd and a shepherd, the former a free man, the latter a slave. The goat- herd with presents and tender words tries to charm away the brutal ignorant despairing hatred of the other, but his words, his hopes, his own enjoyments only exasperate the shepherd's misery ; — Shepherd, ** Curse them 1 Fatherland and Virtue are but empty sounding names, Full of subtle bitter gibings at my own cruel wrongs and shames, Le Berger. “ Va, patrie et vertu ne sont que de vains DOIQS, outefois tes discours sont pour moi des affronts : Poet and Political Martyr. UJ For the liberty you prate of and the happiness you rave, Make me wish you, too, were fettered with the thraldom of a slave.'* Goatherd. Nay, poor shepherd, I would wish you all the pleasures of the free ! — Have the great gods in their mercy no one remedy for thee ? — There are balms and pure lustrations, of oblivious sweets combined, Precious unctions for the gaping wounds and venoms of the mind : There are magic songs whose music soothes the bitterness of tears — ’* Shepherd. Life to me is one eternal circle of unend- ing fears, All my days arc girt with slavish labour till the end is come — Tel I, too, possess a vassal, trembling terror stricken, dumb — And to teach the dog I own him, I, in bitter mute despair, Pile on him, with blows and curses, all the wrongs they make me bear.” Goatherd. Has the earth, our teeming mother, with her garnerings of gladness, Has she not the power to banish thoughts of dim despair and sadness! See the landscape, see the summer, uuw her journey has begun. Prodigal of all her treasures, laughing children of the Sun, Coming like a lusty lover, with a gay and happy mien Caressing di the springtime's colours with infinities of green. See the peaches shaping daily, as they ripen in their bloom, Till their sun-kiss’d sides are luscious with the fragrance of perfume ! Mark the white and purple blossoms, decking every bearing tree, Coming to announce the glory of the fruit that is to be ! And beside the grassy borders see the fields of waving corn — Golden forests proudly struggling with a burthen scarcely borne, Waiting for the joyous harvest for the sickle and the sheaf, For the rustic gods of autumn — of celestial nobles chief— Peace and Ceres proudly entering with a look serenely grand — ^ With wheat-ears round the ample brow, and with wheat-ears in the-kand. Ton prfiteudu bonheur et m'af&ige, et me brave ; Comme moi, je voudrais qne tu fusses esclave." Le Chewier. ** Et moi, je te voudraLs libre, heureux comme moi. Mais les dieux n*ont-ils point de remdde pour toi ? II est des baumes doux, des lustrations pures, Qui peuvent de notre fime assoupir les blesBures Et de magiques chants qui tarisseut les pleura.” Le Berger, ** 11 n'en est point ; il n'est pour mui que des douleurs, Mon sort est de servir, il faut qu'il s'accoinplisse. Moi, j*ai cc chien aussi, qui tremble h mon service ; C'est inon esclave aussi. Mon d6sespo!r muet Ne peat renJre qu'tL lui tous les maux qu'on me fait. Le Chewier. La terre, notre mere, et sa douce richesse ^ Scnt-elles sans pouvoir pour bannir ta tristesse ? Vois la belle campagne 1 et vois I'et^ vermeil. Prodigue de tresors, brilliants fils du Boleil, Qui vient, fertile amaut d'une heureuse culture, Yarier du printemps P uniforme ver- * dure ; Vois Tabricot naissant, sous les yeux d un beau ciel, Arrondir son fruit doux et blond comme le roiel. Vois la pourpre des fleurs dont le p6cher se pare Nous annoncer I'ficlat des fruits qn'il nous prepare. Au bord de ces pr48 verts regarde ces guerets, De qui les blfis tonffus, jaanissantes forets, ^ Du joyeux moissonneur attendent la faucille. D’ agrestes d4it6s quelle noble famille 1 La R4colte et la Paix, aux yeux purs et sereins, Les fipis sur le front, les 6pi8 dans les 142 A ndrS CMnier : Coming in the rosy traces of the path Qui viennent, snr les pas de la belle where young Hope goes, Esp^rance, And emptying out the golden horn, Verser la come d’or oA fleurit Tabou- from whence great Plenty flows.** dance. But the shepherd declares that to slavish eyes the earth is hideous, sterile, aud unfruitful, to be tilled with cruel labour, to be reaped for a taskmaster ; not a mother but a harsh step-mother. In December, 1787, he started for London under the patronage of M. de Luzerne, the French ambassador at the English court, who had been among the first to recognise his talents. Here at once he obtained the situation of secretary to the embassy. There Were, however, no special duties attached to the office, and deter- mined to receive no money that had not been fairly earned, he quietly resolved to starve rather than draw upon his salary. He spent months of painful poverty before the ambassador fathomed this reluctance, and his Grace, feigning to be very angry, though secretly admiring the young secretary’s independence, made him draw the money forthwith. Andre Chenier hated England and the English — a nation he confesses to have been eager, enterprising, calculating, and con- stant in its projects ; but ready to sell its all to those who had wherewith to purchase. In a few pages negligent in style, but poignant with suffering, he has left us an eloquent testimony of his dreary life here. Alone and uncared for, far away from friends and sympathy, he still studied and wrote during the day, and in the night he went abroad to seek an uncongenial companionship in English taverns and coffee houses. Wounded by the exclusive pride of the English aristocracy he entered heartily into the great liberal movement then astir, and in the companionship of Priestley and Price, and in their doctrines, he found hopes akin to his own ; and the fellowship of public duties, if not the actual pleasure of private friendship. English literature was scarcely more to his taste. Among our poets he admired only Thomson and Milton ; the others, he declares, “too haughty to be slaves, had rejected the trammels even of good sense,^’ and he bids the French bards “ shun the cloying sweetness of the singers of the cloudy north.” Two years of this lonely life became insupportable. One night in April, 1789, in a common tavern, he wrote down the bitter feelings of his heart, rendered all the more desolate by events that were then occurring elsewhere. For this was the most memorable year in the world^s history. Day by day the tardy news came of some new movement upspringing to be of the gravest moment to his country. The storm was gathering to a head, and now the political, the patriotic feelings of his double life were intensely aroused. ThrougSa the years of work, of study, of dreamings, the ideal of a pure liberty had beckoned hikn on- Poet and Political Martyr, 1 43 ward, and now be longed more than ever to aid his fatherland, to cheer his fellow-countrymen forward in the glorious march to freedom already commenced. His banishment became daily more painful, and after the news of the days of June, he could bear it no longer, but fled across the Channel. Centuries of down crushing, of the monopoly of land, of wealth, of comfort by the few, who, fortunate through the accident of birth, looked upon the rest as beasts of burthen, or as pretty playthings, created to minister to their comforter their pleasure ; the glaring opposites of tyranny and serfage, of splendour and misery, had driven the minds of every generous youth throughout the world mad with the wildest schemes of liberty. At that period even Wordsworth and Southey were the rankest republicans — were •from afar eagerly watching the struggles of a regenerating nation. To the literary men of Paris the crisis was still more in- telligible and tangible, for they acknowledged that to thqir craft, to the writings of the eighteenth century past, present, and to come, ail the good and all the bad of the revolution would be due. Chenier’s first step was, together with his immediate friends^ to join the “Society of 1789” — a powerful and brilliant club, meeting in the sumptuous rooms of the Palais Royal, and num- l>ering among its members the most enlightened, most moderate, 144 Andif CMiiier: in a word most aristocratic, of the revolutionary party. Doing all that he 'attempted thoroughly, Chenier entered into all their schemes with ardour and enthusiasm, was the life and soul of the Society, till finally the post of secretary devolved upon him. Changing its title into the “ Societd des Amis de la Constitution,*' the club, dreading the excesses that everywhere were foreshadowed, established a journal of their own. Loving Republicanism with all the fervour of a poet’s mind, no sooner were its glorious theories smutched and befouled with the taints of anarchy and the threat- enings of murder, than he severed himself from those who like the high priests of the Druids thought to celebrate their doctrines, to inaugurate their new social religion, with the blood of many guiltless victims. He abated, however, not one single tittle of the grand and generous principles he had before professeil ; he clave to them ever with the same energy, sj)oke of them still with the same eloquence, but while proclaiming aloud the glorious theories of liberty, he attacked with a virtuous indignation the growing lust for anarchy. Was the birth -hour, the time of tra- vail and labour-pangs, the moment for discord and riot and de- bauchery and murder more hideous in their thoroughness than any the earth had yet suffered to fall upon her ? In No. 13 of the Society’s journal appeared the famous ‘‘Avis au peuple fran^ais sur ses veritables ennemis,” signed by Andrd Ghdnier. Reprinted in a pamphlet form and trans- lated into English, Geiman, and Polish, this brochure enjoyed, almost at once, an European circulation, even King Stanislaus sending the author a congratulatory letter with a medal of honour. “ When a great nation,” he commences, “ after having grown old in error and in carelessness, outwearied by miseries and oppressions, at last awakes from its long lethargy, and by a just and legitimate insur- rection re-enters into all its rights, upsetting and reversing that order of things which has violated all, it cannot in a moment hope to find itself quietly and calmly established in that new state which must succeed the old. The strong impetus given to so powerful a mass causes it to vacillate a while before settling in equilibrium. In these times of tumult every human passion is aroused, and, as most men have strong passions and weak judgments, they all of them wish to do something, not for a moment knowing what should be done, and thus put themselves at the mercy of those clever scoundrels whom the wise ni'an follows with his eyes, watching whither they are tending, noting their out-goings and their precepts, and finally unmasking the interested motives that animate all, and branding them as public ene- mies to the general weal.” The revolution, he declared, was. just, and must triumph by just means— the true enemies of liberty being tfcose who wished to establish a hated and unjust tyranny. No invective, no im- Poet and Political Martyr^ 145 prudence even, was spared in this onslaught upon the partisans of violence : — I take some joy in deserving the esteem of men of worth, in thus offering myself to the hatred and the vengeance of these villains sprung from the gutter ; these corrupt professors of disturbance whom I have unmasked. 1 have thought to serve liberty in rescuing it from their praises If, as 1 still hope, they will succumb to the weight of reason, it will be honourable to have contributed ever so little to their downfall. If they triumph these are the men by whose hands it were better to be hanged than clasped as friends and comrades.” Even by his own party this manifesto was very coldly received. The hasty blood of the French nation is never in times of excite- ment to be cooled by advice, however gently given, and the moderation he here preached as an essential doctrine of brother- hood and liberty did but madden their stormy passions the more. The other editors of the paper seceded from him, and the journal ceased to appear. This quarrel with his party caused him to retire awhile, though still preserving his membership in the Society. Not perhaps without a feeling of regret, he cries, “ Dis- gusted with men and things, unknown and poor, and content with being so, I spend my days in retirement, in study, and in friendship.” The end of 1790 and the first part of 1791 still belong to the poet. He laboured incessantly at the ^completion of his poems, and, though separated from the party of disorder, could not suppress his admiration for the glorious conquests of the revolution, which he celebrated in glowing language in “ Le Jeu de Paume,” dedicated to his friend David, the painter. This was one of the two poems that appeared during his lifetime. With the ringing tones of Pindar, and the fiery spirit of the grand old Greeks, he sung their victories, and yet reproduced the ideas already expressed in “L’Avis.” But the hour had not yet come to give the world his poems, and he returned to prose. At the close of the year he presented himself to the electors of La Seine as a candidate for the public assembly, but Chenier was scarcely the man to win the suffrages of a heated mob. He was too proud, too honest, too independent. He is said to have also at this time applied for the post of ambassador to Switzerland. The two defeats, however, were scarcely felt ; he was one of those few men who are as far removed from personal ambition as they are from personal fear. France sorely needed earnest- ness, boldness, thoroughness, and outspokenness, and he was still willing, nay eager, to give up the quiet, which was to him only less dear than the art which it enabled him to cultivate, because he held that “ every citizen fs bound to this manner of a patriotic contribution of his views and his ideas to the common fund.’* [Vol. XeVin. No. CXClIl.]-Nxif Sbeies, Vol. XLII. No. I. L 146 Andrf CMnier : When the new year commenced, poetry and study were set aside, and his time was entirely devoted to politics. From February to August his letters appeared at least once a week in the Journal de Faria. In the feelings that animated his political inspirations during his short political career there is no tinge of ambition, no longing to snatch the power from weaker men by proving himself the stronger ; there is only the healthy moral hatred of a man of cultivation and intelligence against brute strength and blatant street shriekings ; of wisdom against utterest folly ; of kindliness and honesty against rascality and infamous scheniings. Andrd Chdnier commenced his first continuous effort in politics on the 12th February, 1792, by an article in the Journal de PariSy attacking the ridiculous and indecent preface inserted by Manuel before the “Lettres de Mirabeau et de Sophie.’* Though in a manner a journalist he still preserved the independence of his views. Knowing nothing pei-sonally of the editors of the papers to which he contributed, he made use — then a common practice — of the convenient method of supplements, open to all who chose to pay, and boldly replied to those who insisted that there was a unity of fellowship between him and their editors, that there exists no common bond, but that of those who arm twenty villages against a band of robbers.” In the February of this year began that sad and deplorable dispute between the two bn^thers to which such sinister omen has too often been attached.
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https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%BA%BD%EC%A7%80
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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꺽지
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https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=꺽지&action=history
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Korean
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Spoken
| 84 | 368 |
꺽지는 쏘가리과의 물고기로 한국의 고유종이다.
특징
몸길이 25cm 정도이고 몸빛은 회갈색 바탕에 7-8개의 짙은 가로띠가 있다. 새우, 작은 곤충 등을 잡아먹는다. 경계심이 많고, 자기 영역에 대한 텃세가 강하다. 산란기는 5-6월이며, 알을 낳아 돌 밑에 둥그스름하게 붙여 놓는다. 어미는 알이 부화할 때까지 알 주위를 맴돌며 알을 돌본다. 맛이 좋아 사람들에게 인기가 많다. 수명은 5-6년이다. 근연종으로 꺽저기(Coreoperca kawamebari)가 있다.
분포 지역
하천 중상류의 물이 맑은 곳에서 살며, 바위나 자갈이 많이 깔린 곳의 돌 밑에서 볼 수 있는 고유 민물고기이다.
쏘가리과
1896년 기재된 물고기
한국의 고유종 동물
| 7,125 |
https://github.com/LShun/p1xt-cs-backend/blob/master/Books/think-java-2/src/c7-array-references/Histogram.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
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p1xt-cs-backend
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LShun
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Java
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Code
| 103 | 234 |
import java.util.Random;
public class Histogram {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] scores = randomArray(30);
int[] counts = new int[100];
for (int score : scores) {
counts[score]++;
}
}
public static int[] randomArray(int size) {
Random random = new Random();
int[] a = new int[size];
for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
a[i] = random.nextInt(100);
}
return a;
}
public static int inRange(int[] a, int low, int high) {
int count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
if (a[i] >= low && a[i] < high) {
count++;
}
}
return count;
}
}
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/76777125
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Stack Exchange
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https://stackoverflow.com/users/1186624, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2001654, musicamante, relent95
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English
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Spoken
| 302 | 537 |
PyQt5 Sidebar Widget Not Collapsing as Expected
I'm developing a PyQt5 application that incorporates a sidebar widget for displaying various types of information. The sidebar is implemented using QDockWidget and QStackedLayout. I want this sidebar to be collapsible, but it's not behaving as intended.
Here's the relevant code for creating the sidebar:
class Sidebar(QDockWidget):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
# Create a QStackedLayout for the contents of the dock widget
self.layout = QStackedLayout()
# Various sections
self.alerts_list = QListWidget()
self.layout.addWidget(self.alerts_list)
# More widgets added to the layout...
# Create a QWidget to hold the layout
widget = QWidget()
widget.setLayout(self.layout)
# Set the dock widget's widget to the layout widget
self.setWidget(widget)
I add this sidebar to my QMainWindow as follows:
self.sidebar = Sidebar()
self.addDockWidget(Qt.LeftDockWidgetArea, self.sidebar)
The sidebar appears on the interface as expected. However, it doesn't collapse when I click on it. I have tried employing QGroupBox and QSplitter in my attempts to make the sidebar collapsible, but to no avail.
When I run the program, I receive the error:
QWidget::setLayout: Attempting to set QLayout "" on QWidget ""
which already has a layout. I believe this could be related to my issue, but I'm not certain how to resolve it.
Could anyone provide some guidance on how to make the sidebar collapsible? Any suggestions or insights would be greatly appreciated. Thank you
"it doesn't collapse when I click on it" why should it collapse? Did you attempt to implement that behavior? And what do you mean by "collapsible"? Should it hide completely or should it have a smaller size? Please provide a valid [mre].
I also can't understand 'collapsible sidebar'. Normally we say a QDockWidget collapses(disappears) when you click the 'x' button of it. You mean it? Then post a [mre]. The posted code does not show anything that can possibly disable that behavior.
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Petition for certification denied.
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Suzanne Louise Topalian (born 1954) is an American surgical oncologist. She is the Bloomberg-Kimmel Professor of Cancer Immunotherapy in the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. In this role, she studies human anti-tumor immunity.
Early life and education
Topalian was born to father Malcolm F. Topalian in Alpine, New Jersey. Her father was the president of the Topalian Trading Company, a rug concern in New York. She played piano growing up and won first prize in a Tri-State competition. Upon graduating from high school, Topalian received her undergraduate degree from Wellesley College and her medical degree from Tufts University School of Medicine in 1979. She then completed her residency in general surgery at the Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia under the guidance of Surgical Residency Director Herbert Cohn. Following this, she held two fellowships at both the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and National Cancer Institute (NCI).
Career
Upon completing her fellowship at NCI in 1989, Topalian intended to leave but was persuaded to stay and work with tumor immunologist Steven Rosenberg. She remained at the institute's Surgery Branch for 21 years before joining the faculty at Johns Hopkins University to lead the Melanoma Program in the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center. Her work with the program led to a landmark publication in 2012 showing that nivolumab (Opdivo) produced dramatic responses in people with advanced melanoma and in those with lung cancer. Following this study, Topalian also found that the drug Opdivo caused some patients to have lasting responses that continued even after stopping the drug. She was later named one of Nature's 10 in 2014 for her ability to establish immunotherapy as an important treatment modality in cancer.
As the Director of the Melanoma Program, Topalian researches modulating immune checkpoints such as PD-1 and PD-L1 in cancer therapy, and discovering biomarkers predicting clinical outcomes following treatment. In 2015, she was the recipient of the David Karnofsky Memorial Award for her contributions to the research of cancer. The following year, Topalian returned to her original research on Opdivo and found that over one-third of advanced melanoma patients were still alive five years after starting therapy with the cancer drug. While continuing to study human anti-tumor immunity, Topalian was elected to the American Association of Physicians and named the co-recipient of the Taubman Prize Awarded for Ground-Breaking Work in Cancer Immunotherapy. In October 2017, Topalian was elected to the National Academy of Medicine as someone who has "made major contributions to the advancement of the medical sciences, health care and public health."
In 2018, Topalian was appointed the Bloomberg-Kimmel Professor of Cancer Immunotherapy in the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy. She was also elected to serve on Dragonfly Therapeutics, Inc.'s Scientific Advisory Board.
Personal life
Topalian married Drew Pardoll in 1993.
References
External links
1954 births
Living people
Physicians from New Jersey
American oncologists
Women oncologists
Wellesley College alumni
Tufts University School of Medicine alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
People from Alpine, New Jersey
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THE INDIANAPOLIS JOURNAL, SUNDAY, DECEMBER 30, 1891. WHOLESALE TRADE 31 AM' LINES DID LITTERS BUSINESS IV IS 4 THAN IN 1883. Retailer Met Their Hill More Promptly Increase In Sales of Heavy Groceries. The wholesale merchants have reached A point where they can quite accurately estimate the results from the business transacted in the year that is about to close. The grocers have suffered less the last two years through the general depression in business than any other branch unless it be the confectioners. Inquiry among the wholesale grocers shows that in heavy groceries, such as sugars, coffees and provisions, the sales of 1881 were in excess not only of 1883 but of 1882 as well, while in fancy groceries the sales of this year were fully up to those of 1883, but do not foot up as favorably as in 1892. More sugars, coffees and provisions were handled in the last twelve months by the fourteen wholesale grocers than in any former year. The yearly exhibit of the boot and shoe men is no, as favorable as for 1882 or 1892. The first half of the year, the falling behind in volume of preceding years, was marked. In the last half, business was much better, especially the last three months, than in 1833, but not of sufficient volume to overcome the deficit of the first half of 1833. Leather dealers say their business for 1834 was in excess of that of 1833, especially since August. The milliners, in summing up the year's business, find that it averages well with 1833 and 1834. This year there was a third establishment of this character in the competition, but the two old establishments held their trade fully as well as had been expected. There are but few branches of business in Indianapolis which have developed more satisfactorily than has the millinery trade. In July and August, the dry goods merchants were blue. Trade was slow and prices unsettled, but the last four months they have had an excellent trade. Prices did not vary much and the dry goods men will go out of the year with sales aggregating up to the annual average of the last five years. The hardware men had hard, sledding the first six months of the year, but from July up to Dec. 1 there was more building going on and the demand for hardware became perceptibly better, but none have done the business they did in 1833 and hardly up to that of 1833. The wholesale confectioners say it has been the banner year in their business. One reason is that they have reached into new territory, another that they have increased the varieties of confectionery they manufacture. The wholesale saddlery and harness dealers have worked hard to keep their business on a par with 1893, and say they came near doing so, but it was considerably below that of 1832. The last three months they found a decided improvement in trade. The wholesale furniture dealers had a bad year. They may have sold as many articles, but the lower grade of goods have sold the best. The failure of so many furniture manufacturers and the throwing of their goods on the market at extremely low prices, has been felt by the dealers who have struggled through the year to keep matters moving. Dealers in fancy toys and like goods came out of the year in fine condition, trade of the last three months being large beyond precedent. The wholesale dealers in crockery and glassware report a fair trade. Owing to the failure of the fruit crop, the number of fruit jars, which is a very important item, was greatly curtailed, but the sales of glassware, especially cut glass, have been large beyond expectations, and being expensive, it swelled the money realized from the sale of goods up to that of preceding years. Then, for fancy crockery, there has been a great demand. It was a poor year with the wholesale whisky men. The times have been so hard with the class of people who use such liquors freely, that they have taken to drinking more beer. Still, the whisky men speak of their trade as improving of late. Dealers in canned goods and dried fruits have had a trying year. Their goods come more under the head of luxuries and people in moderate circumstances, when times are dull, manage to get along without either. Then the large supply of apples and oranges and the low prices at which they have sold in the last ninety days has cut an important figure in decreasing the demand for canned goods and dried fruits. Dealers in artistic goods, such as pictures, frames, etc., have had a busy year, the people who purchase this class of goods being usually in circumstances that hard times do not affect their purse. There is one feature of the year's business which deserves special mention. The wholesale men state that they do not remember the time when the retail merchants have closed the year with so few hills outstanding against them having the year through paid for their goods with unusual promptness, showing that the good crops of wheat, oats, corn and hogs raised in Indiana, Illinois and Ohio, from which the wholesale men of Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio draw the most of their trade, have been turned into cash and the money put in circulation. SETTLING THE HILL ESTATE. Final Report to Be Made Thursday Compromise with Relatives. Probate Agent Buskirk, of the Union Trust Company, will go to LaPorte Monday to prepare for a settlement of the John Hilt estate, of which V. T. Malott is executor. John Hilt was president of the Hilt Ice Company, and was one of the wealthiest men in LaPorte county. At his death he left an estate valued at $1400,000, of which Mr. Malott became the executor. or. The Union Trust Company a compositor on the Sentinel, but with the introduction of type-setting machines on that paper, he secured employment in a job printing office. Colonel Rose's war record was a fine one. He was born in North Carolina in 1821, and came to this State when he was sixteen years old. He was a printer in Indianapolis in 1843, town marshal about ten years later, and afterward chief of police. This position he resigned to enter the army as captain of Company I, Twenty-sixth Indiana. He came out as a colonel, having participated in thirty-two battles. Shortly after he returned from the war, his wife died. He was one of the men who organized Typographical Union, No. 1, in this city. Three children survive him: Emmett Rose, of this city; Mrs. Frank Rines, of Frankfort, and William Rose, of Texas. The funeral will be held from the residence of Emmett Rose, No. 57 Galling street. Funeral of Samuel Pomeroy. The funeral services of Samuel Pomeroy, the old man who died suddenly Thursday night, will be conducted this morning from No. 62 South Mississippi street. A sister of the deceased arrived in the city yesterday from Wabash. The remains will be buried in the lot of the Typographical Union, to which organization Pomeroy belonged. Sketching Club Open Day. It was open day at the Sketching Club yesterday afternoon. The club had its annual meeting, with Miss Selleck, who entertained the members in a charming manner. A paper on the "Elements in Japanese Art," which had been prepared by Miss Leah Fletcher, who is now absent in South Carolina, was read by the president. This was followed by a description of a Japanese chrysanthemum show by Mrs. Amy Du Mont. The article, after being an eyewitness of the affair, was illustrated by Japanese works of art in china, metal, and cloth. Refreshments were served in true Japanese style. This was indeed "open day." The mothers of the members had been invited. Souvenirs, in metal, with Japanese decorations, were presented each guest. BISHOP KNICKERBACHER ILL. Some Alarm Expressed by His Friends Over His Condition. Bishop Knickerbacker was too ill yesterday to leave his bed and fears of pneumonia were expressed by some of his friends. His condition is accounted serious, he caught a severe cold Friday and had some complication of heart trouble. It was expected that he would officiate today at the ordination to the Episcopal priesthood of two candidates, Rev. A. F. Morgan, of New Albany, and Rev. F. L. Collins, of Connersville, the latter of Shorn has accepted a call from the Holy Innocents Church of Evansville. But when the candidates called upon him yesterday he was unable to receive them. An effort was immediately made by a committee of the local clergy to secure Bishop Seymour, of Springfield, Ill., and if that fails, it was expected to postpone the ordination. HONOR TO T. C. STEELE CHICAGO CRITICS - RANK III3I AS A FAMOUS AMERICAN ARTIST. Ills Exhibition of Expressionist Pic tures at Lorn do Tnft's Stndlo At tracts Much Attention. Chicago art people are the first to give to T. C. Steele, of Indianapolis, the general recognition which his high ranking as an American artist deserves, and the critics In that city, during the last week, have written columns about his works, which are now. on exhibition at Lorado Taft's studio. The following, from the Chicago Record, shows the new laurels Mr. Steele has gained: "T. C. Steele ran up from Indianapolis yes terday to discover that he had suddenly be come a famous American artist. All day long he was the center of a changing group of visitors in Lorado Taft's sculptural stu dio, where the greatest works of himself and his confreres were on exhibition under the auspices of the Central Art Association. "Robert Vonnoh was there, full of enthusiasm and praise for the genius of his new brother in the world of American impressionism. Charles Francis Browne, who calls himself a 'conservative painter' to distinguish his manner from the radical impressionism of the day, was of the party, and instant to commend the canvases of the Indianapolis group. Mr. Taft and Mr. Garland, foremost among the appreciative men who brought Steele and his associates to daylight in the Chicago art world, presented the visitors to the Indiana artist and assisted him in keeping up a conversation, for Mr. Steele is retiring and somewhat uncomfortable under praise. Toward night, having heard an unending series of laudatory comments all day long, he began to be enough at ease to say a few words about himself, his artistic friends and his school of art. "Mr. Steele is somewhat more than forty years old, apparently, and in his facial features bears a remarkable likeness to Du Maurier, the English artist-author. In manner he is modest, cordial and sincere, and quite free of common affectations." "We are greatly gratified over the warm reception of our pictures in Chicago," said Mr. Steele. It was somewhat of a surprise to us, too, for the same exhibition caused very little comment in Indianapolis. In fact, the newspapers hardly mentioned the exhibition at all, and comparatively few went to see it. But in Chicago, we have received very flattering attention and praise. It appears that picture lovers are beginning to like the impressionistic manner and to understand it. It is true that the usual standard of popular approval is shown by the sales, and judged by that standard, we have made little headway, I suppose, for we have sold few of the landscapes, and all of us make a living in other lines at portrait and teaching. But when we heard of the interest shown over the exhibition here, we felt that perhaps sentiment was changing toward the impressionistic idea more than we had supposed in our rather isolated position. We are greatly pleased." It may seem strange, but the fact is that I was very much surprised when I found my pictures at the world's fair hung among the impressionistic works. Before that, I had been working along with Forsyth, Stark, Gruelle, and Adams, trying to paint nature as it impressed me, faithfully and with feeling, but thinking very little about manner or anything else. A word or two about my idea of art. The artist, it seems to me, should endeavor to convey in his work accurate ideas of his impressions of nature. Of course, his impressions will vary from others impressions. Just as his temperament varies from theirs, but if he succeeds in showing what he saw in his particular mood, he is successful. Harmony and the other elements of a work of art are, of course, instinctive with the true artist, and a kind of expression unconsciously. I would hardly say that the production of harmony should be the end of a picture, as harmony is an essential of art. Forsyth and I were in Munich together nine years ago. When we returned, we worked together in Indianapolis for awhile and then separated. Adams, Stark, and Gruelle had the same ideas that we had and naturally we fell into a style. For nine years, we have kept at it without any apparent encouragement until lately. Though together, I think we have maintained our individualities. Forsyth's work has a distinct personal element. I think, he paints splendidly. His "Reflection" fairly sings. Stark, too, does fine work. Gruelle is a young man wholly self-taught and somewhat defective in color, but he is overcoming that fault. His sentiment is fine and he has good dramatic faculty, so I expect him to become a first-rate painter. "After all that is said, there is, it seems to me, very little "realism" in art. Even painter's work is tinged with his own temperament, and for that reason is not strictly rational. Some persons complain that they cannot find colors in nature as high-keyed as those they see in our pictures. Well, I can only say that I have no colors on my palette as brilliant as those which I see in nature. It is strange that color escapes the eye as it does. Several wealthy art lovers of Chicago are talking of buying examples of the Indiana school for the Art Institute and for private collections." CITY NEWS NOTES. Good skating on ice three or four inches thick is reported at Broad Ripple. Mrs. Sarah B. Alford, of Peru, is a candidate for the position of State Librarian. Robert D. Hatcher, of Lafayette, candidate for reading clerk of the Senate, is in the city circulating among the members of the upper horse. Rev. Dr. H. A. Cleveland, formerly of the Meridian-street M. E. Church, of this city, has been appointed temporary pastor of the Wesley M. E. Church, of Minneapolis. The Portfolio Club held its annual Christmas party last night. The time was spent in dancing and distributing presents from a Christmas tree. Nearly all the members were in fancy dress and the rooms were elaborately decorated. William H. Overholt, of Chicago, and his newly-married wife, the late Miss Carrie Bernhamer, sister of Will F. A. Bernhamer, of this city, and daughter of Charles Bernhamer, of Shelbyville, spent the past week here visiting their near relatives. During the past week, a large and valuable colored glass window from the Tiffany Glass and Decorating Company, of New York, has been on exhibition in the west parlor of the Propylaeum, under the auspices of the Sketching Club. The window is an artistic production. No admission fee is charged. Miami's Treasurer Protests. Settlements were made yesterday by counties as follows: Miami, $1,500; schools, $1,931; Ripley, $13,901; schools, $7,419.45. William H. Zimmerman, treasurer of Miami county, endorsed on the settlement sheet the following: "This settlement, as to my fees, is made under protest, and I expressly reserve the right to claim, and do claim, fees as provided under the fee and salary law of 1901." The French Club Meeting. A meeting of the French Club was held at the home of President Jaillet last evening. After the essay on "Montesquieu" by Prof. Jaillet, a short business meeting was held during which a report of the treasurer was given showing the purchase of thirty-two volumes and the "Figaro," the "Review des deux Mondes" and the "Courrier de États Unions" for one year. Notification was given of the election of officers on Jan. 15. The United States minister to Turkey, Mr. Terrell, had an audience with the Sultan Friday. MR. BYNUTS CHARGES COUNTY GRAND JURY MAY INVESTIGATE GATE ATTEMPTED BRIBERY. Other Big Cases that the Inquisitorial Royal May Take Up the Coming Terra. The new grand jury will be drawn Jan. 7, but as Prosecutor Wiltsle and deputy will go into the Winnie Smith murder case on that date, the members will not be called until a week later. Judge McCray, of the Criminal Court, was asked yesterday if he intended making any changes in the grand jury system. "No radical changes will be made," he said, "but the next grand jury will not cost the county as much money as the body has heretofore. After this, when the grand jury is through, it is through. I am going to stop this business of the jury putting in a day at each of the county institutions. I don't think it necessary either for the jury to visit these places every time it convenes. Once every six months is enough, and I will instruct the members accordingly." "Will there be an investigation of cases particularly important?" "Yes, but I am not at liberty to speak of them at this time." "Do you intend to instruct the grand jury to investigate the County Commissioners or the charges against the Board of Public Works?" "I can't say what I will do about those matters at this time. There are a number of matters such as the charges of bribery made by Congressman Bynum and Geologist Blatchley. If it is found that there is any basis for these charges I may have them investigated." THE CITY PAID THE COSTS. Sellers Farm Damage Salts Compromised by the City. The suits of Mary Terrill and seventy-eight other plaintiffs against the city of Indianapolis, for damages, was dismissed yesterday in Room 1, Superior Court. The suits were brought two years ago by West Indianapolis citizens, and involved nearly $200,000. The complaints alleged that the Sellers farm, utilized by the city as a garbage dumping ground, had grown to be a nuisance to the suburb of West Indianapolis, and that the odors arising from the ground were inimical to the health of those living in the vicinity. The suits were settled advantageously to the city, the compromise, including the settlement of the costs and attorney's fees, aggregating about $1,570. In Room 3, of the Superior Court, twenty-eight suits of a similar character, were dismissed. Argument in Alabama-Street Case. The suit of Evans and others against Treasurer Holt to enjoin the collection of assessments on the Alabama-street paving Improvement was concluded in the Superior Court yesterday evening, but no decision was rendered. The attorneys for the plaintiffs contended in argument that the contractor, instead of filling the crevices between the blocks in accordance with the specifications, had tried a new experiment. The defendants admitted this charge, but refused to disclose in court the nature of the material used. The defendants averred that they could not be enjoined from collecting assessments before they were due, and that the plaintiffs could have no cause for complaint until suit was brought against them. Wants Damages for Saturation. The case of Hattie Wallace vs. the Standard Oil Company was yesterday transferred from the courts of Shelby county to the federal court. The plaintiff demands $3,000 damages for the death of her son, aged seventeen, who was employed by the company's agent to clean a tank. His clothes, when he left his work, were saturated with kerosene, and, while he was warming before the fire in the office, they caught fire and he was burned to death. Probate Matters. The will of Mary B. Coffin was probated yesterday. The document provided that her residence, No. 31 Hoyt avenue, be sold and the proceeds, after the payment of the just debts of the decedent, be divided equally between her five children and one grandchild. Clarence Weir was named as executor. Walter Sinks Furgeson was yesterday appointed administrator of the estate of Mary J. Sinks. Bond, $1,600. Two Store Conspirators Sentenced. Judge McCray, of the Criminal Court, yesterday sentenced Richard Smock and Sarah Smith, the forgery conspirators, to the State prison for two years. The court has taken the case of William Bell, a co-conspirator, under advisement. The Smith woman received the verdict cheerfully, and requested that she be taken to the woman's prison at once. The Dewald & Gall Assignment Probate Commissioner O'Bryan yesterday held an examination in the Dewald & Gall assignment in reference to the validity of certain mortgages given on the stock prior to the assignment. The examination revealed a conflict of evidence as to the date of the execution of the mortgages. Calls: the Criminal Docket. The Criminal Docket will be called on Monday morning. There are a great many old cases pending on the docket in which the name of the attorney employed in the case does not appear. Bonds will also be received on Monday. DAILY VITAL STATISTICS DEC. 29. Births. August and Barbara Merkt, 201 Massachusetts avenue, boy. Charles and Anna Mock, Beech Grove, boy. William and Jennie Huntsinger, 240 Forest avenue, boy. Frank and Delia Scherrer, 443 Indiana avenue, boy. J. F. and Nora Chamberlain, Michigan road, boy. J. M. and Emma Spahr, 33 Bright street, girl. Charles and May Kingsley, 83 Minerva street, boy. W. J. and Rachel Bennett, 43 Nordyke street, girl. Paul and Mary Bonner, 51 Cattmann street, boy. George and Clara Oshorn, 12 Eckert street, girl. 17. G. and Margery Sullivan, 295 Excelsior avenue, girl. J. J. and Kate McCarter, 503 South New Jersey street, boy. Frank A. and Anna Orme, 306 Fletcher avenue, girl. James and Laura Masse, 306 Malott avenue, girl. G. M. and Bettie Thompson, $20 Blake street, girl. William and Emma Adair, 278 Jefferson avenue, girl. Martin and L. Jensen, 268 Rock street, girl. Total number of births during the week, fifty-four. Deaths. Alma H. ough, nine weeks, North Indianapolis, congestion of lungs. Joseph Gilbert, fifty-seven years, 318 East Vermont street, typhoid fever. Thomas A. Smith, thirty-four years, 235 Hodley avenue, West Indianapolis, morphine poison. Mrs. Morrow, 41 North Capitol avenue, pulmonary convulsions. Infant Morrow, 413 North Capitol avenue, stillborn. Mary Batty, one month, 33 Gatling street, scarlet fever. Toil number of deaths during the week, forty-four. Marrace Lireuiti. Joseph M. Steele and Jennie U. Wilson. Christoph Katlns and Bertha Sohaffner. Jefferson McIlenry and May Battles. Edward Ehlers and Fannie V. Greene. Edward S. Cornell and Ada Gertrude Cant. John M. Fas and Mary Wood. Mysterious Bicycle Company. The convict bicycle factory at Michigan City, in which at least one State officer is interested, as stated in the Journal before the last election, is in operation. Tax Commissioner D. IV Allen, of Frankfort, who was in the city yesterday, says orders are connected with the company. Articles of association have not been filed, as far as can be ascertained. SWITCHED A.1510 CONTRACT. Street-Car Company "Will Get Its Gas from Indianapolis Company. The Citizens' Street-railroad Company has ceased receiving its natural gas for power purposes from the Manufacturers Gas Company, having signed a contract with the Indianapolis company. F. A. W. Davis, of the Manufacturers Gas Company, says the street-car company's contract amounted to $23,000 a year. Mr. Pearson, of the Indianapolis company, says there is no truth in the report that the company will be compelled to shut off a number of patrons in West Indianapolis in order to supply the new contract. Mr. Pearson believes a considerable portion of the complaints as to a weak gas supply comes from people who have allowed the mixers to become clogged. The Manufacturers company claims to have a plentiful supply of gas. HE GIVES UP SALARY TREASURER. HOLT READJUSTS HIS OFFICE USED RECEXT DECISION. Says the County Will Profit by It Amounts Collected on Sewer Assessment. County Treasurer Holt yesterday refunded to the County Commissioners the $3,000 which he had drawn on his salary before the recent decision of the Supreme Court on the fee and salary law. Under the law, as passed by the last Legislature, the salary of Treasurer Holt was $12,000. Of the amount he had drawn but one-quarter. Under the recent decision the fee and salary law as applied to county treasurers, recorder and auditors was declared unconstitutional, which made it necessary for Treasurer Holt to return the amount of salary drawn. The old law, under which the county treasurer is compelled to operate, provides a salary of $800 with fees. The treasurer is allowed 6 percent on delinquents and 1 percent on the first $100,000 collected. After that he is allowed one-half of 1 percent on collections. Treasurer Holt says that the Supreme Court's decision affecting his office will make a difference of from $3,000 to $1,000 a year in favor of the county. "The business of this office belonging to the city of Indianapolis is three times as large as that transacted for the county," said Mr. Holt, "and yet the treasurer gets but $2,000 a year for it. The city could not take charge of the work and do it for $7,000 a year. For nearly six months I have had twenty-two men at work on the big sewer assessments which we are just now completing. Next week there will be a rush of people paying their sprinkling and sweeping." In the assessments, which will continue for several weeks." The force of deputies at the county treasurer's office have completed the footings of the amounts collected on the sewer assessments as follows: North Mississippi street, accepted Nov. 19, $99,535.93; Fourteenth street, accepted Aug. 8, $201,235.54; Kentucky avenue, accepted Oct. 29, $54,539.63; East Washington street, accepted Sept. 26, $13,539.75; South Mississippi street, $22,998. IN THE SUBURBS. Haughville. There was a fancy dress ball at the Maennerchor Hall, Haughville, last night. Mrs. T. Mannot, of Ohio, spent several days last week with her brother, Mr. Moroney, of Haughville. The Friends of Haughville closed a series of meetings last night. Today they have their Christmas exercises. The Haughville Town Board will meet Wednesday night. Sealed bids for the improving of Haughville streets will be opened. One night last week, when the mercury in the thermometer was trying to force its way out at the bottom, an unknown man ran down the main street of Haughville in search of the town marshal. He inquired for him of everyone whom he met, and all decided that a terrible crime had been committed. Marshal Huddleson was at last found, and the unknown man, while trying to regain his breath, said that a few minutes before, while walking along the National pike near Eagle creek, his attention had been attracted to a woman, heavily veiled and clothed in black, carrying a basket which she evidently attempted to conceal beneath her cloak. The man said that his suspicions were aroused, and he followed her. When she reached the bank of the creek she peered anxiously around through the darkness and then cautiously placed her basket in the deepest water. She quickly secured a heavy rail and placed it on the basket in order to weight it down beneath the water. The unknown man had waited to see no more for he thought murder had been committed. Accordingly, Marshal Huddleson the unknown and a few others who wished to see the mystery solved, started for the scene of the tragedy. Upon arriving at the place, the rail was found as stated. It was removed and the doughty marshal waded into the freezing water. He grasped the handle of the basket and carried it ashore. All gathered round to see if the dead infant could be identified. The cover of the basket was solemnly removed and there lay the dead bodies of four puppy dogs. West Indianapolis. The Athenian Debating Society of West Indianapolis held its regular meeting last night. A challenge was issued to the Mt. Jackson society for a Joint debate, to occur sometime in January. Yesterday, before Magistrate Herig, of West Indianapolis, Gus Rahke and James Ross pleaded guilty to keeping gambling rooms and were fined. James Bain, saloon keeper, also pleaded guilty to assault and battery and was fined $12. Hardy, the burglar, who was arrested last week for robbing a house in West Indianapolis, and who gave the officials so much trouble, had a hearing before Justice of the Peace Herig yesterday. The evidence was all against him, and he was held for grand jury action under a $2,000 bond. Some public-spirited citizen of West Indianapolis put in circulation a petition directed to the Council, praying that that body would compel the gas company to furnish more fuel. Just how this feat was to be accomplished is not stated in the paper. It is said that when it was presented for signatures at the stockyards a genuine football rush ensued. THE RIGHT TO MISS. No Excuse for Expressing Disapproval in the Modern Theater. New York Commercial Advertiser. The traditions of the stage are all in favor of hissing as a means of expressing dissatisfaction with a performance. There was probably never any talk of putting persons out of the Globe for hissing the plays of Will Shakespeare or the acting of any of the robust spouters. Pepys, in his prodigious record of trivial events, now grown interesting through the mellowing influence of time, mentions hissing as quite a In the matter of course, the matter of course. Times have changed, however. This is the newspaper age in which one may know in advance exactly the character of the performance and the qualities of the actors. There are theaters enough from which he may choose the kind of play and players he likes, and need make no mistake. He is no longer lured to a playhouse under false pretenses, the newspapers giving a fair, even if somewhat favorable review of the play. The fate of a play and a player is no longer determined by the first-nighters the critics of the stalls whose applause or whose hiss was once the final verdict. The number of play-goers is no longer limited so that in falling below the demands of one set the performance is doomed. Nor is it the right of any class to insist that a particular theater, whose plays and company are usually up to the level they require, shall not descend below that level in bidding for a more profitable business. With the present number of theaters and the heavy expense, a large freedom must be left to managers in the selection of plays. Since the public may know in advance exactly what a theater offers, and since there is variety enough in the dramatic line to please nearly every taste except that of the cuss which is in the audience to support it. At the theater, the class, for example, which complains because Shakespeare is neglected, the right to his may be denied with every appearance of reason. If one does not like what a particular theater offers, let him go elsewhere. He has no more right to disturb those who like what the particular theater offers. To visit a highly cultured audience, he would be a great pleasure to see a crowded house and hiss because of the effects in the play. OUTLIVES COLD STEEL VICTORIA HAS WORN OCT THREE OF ENGLAND'S SOVEREIGN SEALS. A Fourth That Is to Cost $2,500 Is Now Being Manufactured with Much - Solemn Ceremony. London Letter in New York Press. Queen Victoria is a perennial monarch. She seems as firmly rooted as the living rocks. She has outlasted her lamented husband by many years; she has seen her government practically pass from her hands into those of a parliament elected by the people; she has sent black-edged mourning notes to the relatives of no less than thirteen other European rulers who have died during her reign; she has seen the beginning as well as the fruition of most of the big things of modern civilization; she has watched her own son, the Prince of Wales born when she was by no means young, change slowly into an old man (and promises to outlive him and keep him off the throne, too); she has made and watched more momentous history than any living sovereign, and now she has worn out her third great seal. The ordering of a new one is a very solemn matter, and London is agape over it, as London is agape over everything that concerns royalty. It must be made of a certain metal, by a certain maker. In a certain way, and its manufacture is watched with as much solicitude as Uncle Sam would show over the turning out of a $30,000,000 issue of government bonds. The great seal of England is that whereby all patents, warrants, commissions, etc., coming from the Queen are sealed. In law every corporation must make its contracts, etc., under seal, and the Queen being, according to legal interpretation, a corporation, her acts are done under seal. The great seal is therefore the token of the public faith of the kingdom expressed in the highest and most solemn form. There is also a minor seal, which is put upon charters signed by the sovereign before they come to the great seal, and upon some documents which do not pass the great seal at all. The seal is applied by stamping both sides of a wax disk, which is appended to the official document by two strings. THE LORD PRIVY SEAL. The keeper of the minor or privy seal is now called the lord privy seal. He is of the privy council, and is one of the great officers of the kingdom. But the guardian of the great seal is a still more important personage. He is styled the lord keeper, who now usually combines his office with that of lord chancellor. The lord keeper or lord chancellor is a functionary of the greatest weight and power of any now subsisting in the kingdom, and is superior in point of precedence to every temporal lord. He is a privy councillor by his office, and Speaker or President of the House of Lords by prescription. Being formerly a churchman (until Sir Thomas More there had scarcely been any lay chancellor) the Lord Chancellor presided over the Chapel Royal, and became and is still keeper of his sovereign's conscience. So much for the guardian. Of the great seal. The history of the great seals of England is remarkable. The first English king, an impression of whose seal has come down to us, was Edward the Confessor. "We have impressions of two of his seals, and both of them are about two inches and three-quarters in diameter, which is a great deal larger than a ring seal could be, but is much smaller than any of those of his successors. These seals of King Edward are among the first in which a king is represented seated on his throne. The inscription on each of the seals is the same, and runs thus: "Sigillum Eduardl Anglorum Bassilei." In the great seal of William the Conqueror the inscription round one side is: "Hoc Normannorum Willehmum nosce patronum," and on the other side is continued this: "Hoc Anglis regem signo fatearis cundem," which, being translated, signifies: "Know by this William Js chief of the Normans," and "By this know the same William is King of the English." Impressions of seals have mostly been made in wax, and by squeezing a cake of wax between two engraved seals, and all state seals have been so made ever since. The words "de L gratia" were not upon the first few seals of English kings. The first who used them was Henry I, but all the English sovereigns have since then adopted them. Richard I's great seal was four inches in diameter. The first seal of Queen Mary was not larger than four inches in diameter, but on her marriage with Philip of Spain she had a new great seal made, representing them both, and this was made five inches and a half in diameter. Since that time the size of the great seal has increased little, that lately in use being but six inches in diameter. SEALS OF EARLY KINGS. The seals of the early kings down to the time of Henry III were rudely engraved, but that king's seals show greater ornamentation of the throne on which the king is seated. From his day till the time of Henry VIII the great seals form a most beautiful, and choice collection in the pure Gothic style, and some of them are exceedingly rich and elegant. The seal of Queen Elizabeth is curious. "Good Queen Bess", appears in her starched ruff on a dress which reminds one of the crinoline so dear to the woman of the last generation. Near her shoulders hover clouds, from which, on each side, an arm and hand project, holding up the royal mantle. The great seals of the commonwealth were out of the regular course of seals. On one side was a representation of the Parliament in solemn conclave assembled, with an inscription, "In the first year of freedom, by God's blessing restored, 1648." On the other side was a map of England. In the year 1631 a similar seal was made, but in the map Ireland was included. Oliver Cromwell did not, however, permit this to last long, for he dismissed the Parliament and their seal, too, and as Lord Protector had a new great seal engraved having on his obverse his effigy on horseback and the inscription, "Olivvarlus, Del Gratia, Republicae Angelica, Scotiae et Hieronymae, etc., Protector." On the reverse were the arms supporters, helmet and crest of the three kingdoms, with an escutcheon bearing his own arms in the middle. Instead, however, of the usual arms of England and Scotland, the cross of Sir George for England and that of St. Andrew for Scotland were substituted, in the unsealed state of things which followed the death of Oliver two more great seals were made, one for Richard Cromwell, and upon his resignation another for the Parliament, but upon the Restoration their natural order was resumed, and since then the chief occurrence worthy of notice with regard to the great seals is that James dropped the great seal in the river Thames when making his escape at the time of the revolution in order to prevent the possibility of anything being done in his name and under the authority of the King. City of his seal.
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Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.